levamisole profile

Levamisole is a synthetic antiparasitic drug that was originally used to treat infections caused by roundworms and other parasites. It was also used in the treatment of cancer, but this use has been largely discontinued due to concerns about its safety. Levamisole is a chiral molecule, and only the levorotatory enantiomer (S-levamisole) is pharmacologically active. The synthesis of levamisole typically involves a multi-step process that begins with the reaction of 2-methylphenol with formaldehyde and dimethylamine. Levamisole has been shown to have a variety of effects, including immunomodulatory activity, anthelmintic activity, and antineoplastic activity. Its immunomodulatory activity is thought to be due to its ability to stimulate the immune system by enhancing the activity of natural killer cells and other immune cells. Levamisole's anthelmintic activity is thought to be due to its ability to paralyze and kill parasitic worms. Levamisole's antineoplastic activity is thought to be due to its ability to inhibit the growth of cancer cells. Despite its potential therapeutic benefits, levamisole can cause a variety of side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, and headaches. In some cases, levamisole can also cause more serious side effects, such as agranulocytosis (a severe decrease in the number of white blood cells) and liver damage. Because of these potential risks, levamisole is no longer widely used as an anthelmintic or antineoplastic agent. However, it is still used in veterinary medicine to treat parasitic infections in animals. Levamisole is also being studied as a potential treatment for a variety of other diseases, including autoimmune diseases and neurological disorders. Research into the therapeutic potential of levamisole is ongoing.'

Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6) [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	26879
CHEMBL ID	1454
CHEBI ID	6432
SCHEMBL ID	19227
MeSH ID	M0012431

Synonym
AC-18929
BIDD:GT0372
AB00053661-07
BRD-K73107279-003-03-4
DIVK1C_000667
KBIO1_000667
NCI60_001476
l-tetramisol
(6s)-6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole
wormicid
l-2,3,5,6-tetrahyro-6-phenylimidazo(2,1-b)thiazole
einecs 238-836-5
(s)-(-)-levamisole
ketrax
(-)-tetramisole
levamisol [inn-spanish]
levotetramisole
levamisolum [inn-latin]
vermisol 150
levamisole [inn:ban]
imidazo(2,1-b)thiazole, 2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenyl-, (s)-
levomysol
levamisol
imidazo(2,1-b)thiazole, 2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenyl-, (6s)-
lepuron
SPECTRUM_001609
P00039 ,
l(-)-levamisole
(6s)-6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole
2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenyl-imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole, (s)-
IDI1_000667
SPECTRUM5_001645
BSPBIO_002563
LOPAC0_000690
C07070
14769-73-4
levamisole
DB00848
l-tetramisole
KBIO2_002089
KBIO2_007225
KBIOGR_001436
KBIOSS_002089
KBIO2_004657
KBIO3_001783
SPECTRUM4_001078
SPECTRUM2_000865
PRESTWICK1_000182
PRESTWICK0_000182
SPBIO_000909
SPECTRUM3_000962
NINDS_000667
SPBIO_002024
PRESTWICK2_000182
NCGC00162225-02
HMS2090O04
6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole(levamisole)
bdbm50241179
6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole(tetramisole)
levamisole;6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole
tetramisole;6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole
6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole (levamisole)
cid_68628
(s)-6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole
NCGC00162225-03
CHEMBL1454 ,
tetramisole, (s)-
chebi:6432 ,
TCMDC-125847 ,
ketrax (tn)
levamisole (inn)
D08114
AKOS001637203
A808675
2880d3468g ,
levamisolum
unii-2880d3468g
CCG-204775
NCGC00162225-05
levamisole [mi]
levamisole [who-dd]
levamisole [inn]
levamisole [mart.]
levamisole [vandf]
levamisole [green book]
(6s)-6-phenyl-2h,3h,5h,6h-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole
gtpl7210
DL-429
SCHEMBL19227
AB00053661-08
levovermax
totalon
(s)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole
(s)-(-)-tetramisole
(-)-6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole
(-)-6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole
imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole, 2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenyl-, (6s)-
AB00053661_10
AB00053661_09
DTXSID4023206 ,
CS-W009271
SBI-0050668.P003
DS-4066
Q417097
(-)-levamisole
SDCCGSBI-0050668.P004
14769-73-4 (free base)
NCGC00162225-14
C72809
NCGC00162225-04
NCGC00162225-08
EN300-7407664
HY-A0106
levamisolum (inn-latin)
(6s)-6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo(2,1-b)(1,3)thiazole
levamisole (mart.)
levamisolo
(s)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenylimidazo(2,1-b)thiazole
(-)-6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo(2,1-b)thiazole
p02ce01
tramisol pour-on
levamisol (inn-spanish)
totalon topical cattle anthelmintic
(-)-6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo(2,1-b)(1,3)thiazole
dtxcid103206

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Levamisole is a commonly utilized adulterant for illicit drugs such as cocaine. "	( A severe case of Levamisole-induced vasculitis. Ambur, A; Nyckowski, T, 2022)	2.5
"Levamisole (LEV) is a veterinary drug that often remains in animal food. "	( Selection of aptamer targeting levamisole and development of a colorimetric and SERS dual-mode aptasensor based on AuNPs/Cu-TCPP(Fe) nanosheets. Duan, N; Li, C; Song, M; Wang, Z; Wu, S, 2023)	2.64
"Levamisole hydrochloride is a highly soluble drug, but there is no clear evidence of high permeability in humans, indicating that it should provisionally be assigned to BCS class III."	( Biowaiver Monograph for Immediate-Release Dosage Forms: Levamisole Hydrochloride. Abrahamsson, B; Cristofoletti, R; de Meijer, M; Dressman, J; Kambayashi, A; Langguth, P; Mehta, M; Parr, A; Polli, JE; Shah, VP; van Veldhuizen, C; Wegman, K, 2023)	1.88
"Levamisole is a broad-spectrum anthelmintic which permanently activates cholinergic receptors from nematodes, inducing a spastic paralysis of the worms. "	( Functional validation of the truncated UNC-63 acetylcholine receptor subunit in levamisole resistance. Courtot, É; Miclon, M; Neveu, C; Reaves, B; Wolstenholme, AJ, 2023)	2.58
"Levamisole (LMS) is a small molecule used in the treatment of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS). "	( Levamisole suppresses activation and proliferation of human T cells by the induction of a p53-dependent DNA damage response. Bouts, AHM; Butter, L; Claessen, N; Florquin, S; Guikema, JEJ; Hoebe, RA; Khan, GH; Scheper, M; Veltkamp, F, 2023)	3.8
"Levamisole is an immunomodulatory drug which can trigger development of levamisole-induced multifocal inflammatory leukoencephalopathy (LIMIL) in patients treated for helminthic invasion, aphthous stomatitis, cancer, or cocaine users. "	( [Clinical case of levamisole-induced multifocal inflammatory leukoencephalopathy]. Arzumanian, NS; Averchenkov, DM; Bejsheeva, MT; Brylev, LV; Fominykh, VV; Grazhdantseva, LY; Guekht, AB; Ivakina, ED; Ivashchenko, RA, 2019)	2.29
"Levamisole is an immunomodulatory medication previously used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and some types of cancers; it was banned for use in humans in 2000 owing to its harmful side effects. "	( Cocaine Use and Levamisole-Induced Vasculitis: A Multiple Case Study. Engels, D, )	1.92
"Levamisole is an increasingly common cutting agent used with cocaine. "	( A case series and literature review on patients with rhinological complications secondary to the use of cocaine and levamisole. Gardiner, Q; Green, RJ; Oparka, R; Ross, PD; Vinod, K, 2020)	2.21
"Levamisole (L) is an anthelmintic agent that is widely used in clinical practice. "	( [Multifocal inflammatory levamisole-induced leukoencephalopathy]. Belova, AN; Belova, EM; Rasteryaeva, MV; Solovieva, VS, 2020)	2.3
"Levamisole is a drug originally prescribed as an antihelmintic. "	( A fatal case after an intravenous injection of levamisole. Drevin, G; Lelièvre, B; Maillart, CR; Marcorelles, P; Schmitt, F; Suply, B, 2021)	2.32
"Levamisole is an imidazole derivative used in the treatment of various cancers, dermatological diseases, and parasitosis. "	( Rare presentation of levamisole-induced leukoencephalopathy in a pediatric patient: seizure. Hız, S; Okur, D; Paketçi, C; Yiş, U, 2021)	2.38
"Levamisole (LVM) is an anthelminthic drug; it has immune-modulating effects through induction of type 1 immune response."	( Levamisole Therapy in COVID-19. Al-Gareeb, AI; Al-Kuraishy, HM; Alexiou, A; Alkazmi, L; Batiha, GE, 2021)	2.79
"Levamisole is an antihelminthic drug with immunomod- ulatory properties. "	( Levamisole-induced Necrosis Syndrome: Presentation and Management. Alex, G; Bokhari, F; Fredericks, C; Messer, T; Morton, M; Poulakidas, S; Yon, JR, 2017)	3.34
"Levamisole (LVM) is a common adulterant in clandestinely manufactured cocaine (COC), with a range of well-documented deleterious health effects. "	( Discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine-levamisole combinations in Sprague-Dawley rats. Gauvin, DV; Poling, A; Zimmermann, ZJ, 2018)	2.19
"Levamisole is an immunomodulator and has been applied to prevent relapses of recurrent HSV infection."	( The effect of levamisole in the treatment of recalcitrant recurrent erythema multiforme major: An observational study. Chen, CB; Chung, WH; Hui, RCY; Kuan, YZ; Liu, RF, 2018)	1.56
"Levamisole is a veterinary antihelminthic, chemotherapeutic agent, and immunomodulator that also is used as an adulterant and cutting agent in cocaine distribution. "	( Levamisole-induced vasculitis. Cross, JM; Freet, DJ; George, TC; Huzar, TF, 2019)	3.4
"Levamisole is an effective immunomodulator for OLP patients; however, it should be used with caution and administered with regular blood monitoring."	( Treatment effectiveness of levamisole plus prednisolone on oral lichen planus patients with emphasis on levamisole-induced agranulocytosis or pancytopenia. Chang, TF; Lin, CJ; Lu, SY, 2019)	1.53
"Levamisole (Lms) is an anthelminthic drug with immunomodulatory activity. "	( Impact of levamisole in co-administration with benznidazole on experimental Chagas disease. Brandão Peres, R; Britto, C; Cristina Demarque, K; da Cruz Moreira, O; de Melo Oliveira, G; de Nazaré Correia Soeiro, M; Diego de Souza Campos, J; Finamore Araújo, P; França da Silva, C; Lima da Costa, K; Machado Cascabulho, C; Meuser Batista, M; Nefertiti da Gama, A; Rocha Simões-Silva, M, 2019)	2.36
"Levamisole is a broad-spectrum nicotinic anthelmintic drug; widely used in veterinary medicine. "	( Biochemical, immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties of levamisole at different storage conditions and administration routes. Abdel-Fattah, Yel-S; Ali, SH; Shaimaa, AM, 2012)	2.06
"Levamisole is an anti-helminthic drug and gained forensic interest after it was found that it was used as a cocaine adulterant. "	( Determination of levamisole, aminorex, and pemoline in plasma by means of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and application to a pharmacokinetic study of levamisole. Hess, C; Madea, B; Mehling, LM; Musshoff, F; Ritke, N; Ruehs, H; Sydow, K, 2014)	2.18
"Levamisole is a veterinary anthelmintic drug with immunomodulatory properties in humans. "	( Dermatologic complications from levamisole-contaminated cocaine: a case report and review of the literature. Gaertner, EM; Switlyk, SA, 2014)	2.13
"Levamisole is an effective alternative therapy in frequently relapsing and steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome."	( Efficacy of levamisole in children with frequently relapsing and steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome. Ekambaram, S; Geminiganesan, S; Mahalingam, V; Nageswaran, P; Priyadarshini, S; Udani, A, 2014)	2.22
"Levamisole is a common adulterant in cocaine distributed in the United States and has been reported to cause microvascular thrombosis and vasculitis with resultant skin necrosis in cocaine abusers. "	( Facial cutaneous necrosis associated with suspected levamisole toxicity from tainted cocaine abuse. Falcone, MT; Formeister, EJ; Mair, EA, 2015)	2.11
"Levamisole is an agent previously used in humans and later withdrawn from the US drug market due to concerns of agranulocytosis.It is currently used as an adulterating agent in cocaine, bringing to light toxicities typically manifested by vasculitis and skin necrosis.We report a case of a 36-year-old crack cocaine user who presented with a purpuric rash on her face and limbs. "	( Old drug new trick: levamisole-adulterated cocaine causing acute kidney injury. Ammar, AT; Livak, M; Witsil, JC, 2015)	2.18
"Levamisole is an antihelminthic and immunomodulator withdrawn from North American markets in 2005 after reports of agranulocytosis."	( Genetic determinants of cocaine-associated agranulocytosis. Buxton, JA; Carleton, B; Gardy, J; Kuo, M; Omura, J; Purssell, R; Ross, C; Tzemis, D, 2015)	1.14
"Levamisole is an anthelmintic drug that acts by activating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the nematode neuromuscular junction and causing paralysis. "	( Transient effects of levamisole on Brugia malayi microfilariae. Afify, HA; Farghaly, AM; Mostafa, E; Storey, B; Taha, AA; Wolstenholme, AJ, 2015)	2.18
"Levamisole is an increasingly common cocaine adulterant that can cause severe and rapid onset cutaneous vasculitis in humans. "	( Surgical Management of Levamisole-Adulterated Cocaine Induced Soft Tissue Necrosis: Case Study and Treatment Algorithm. Brichacek, M; Logsetty, S; McEvenue, G; Shahrokhi, S, )	1.88
"Levamisole is an immunomodulatory drug that was previously used to treat various medical conditions, including parasitic infections, nephrotic syndrome, and colorectal cancer. "	( Prednisone and vardenafil hydrochloride for refractory levamisole-induced vasculitis. Kranc, CL; Mandrell, J, 2016)	2.12
"Levamisole is an antihelminthic agent originally approved as an immunomodulator in the treatment of autoimmune disorders and as a chemotherapy adjunct."	( Levamisole-Adulterated Cocaine Toxicity: Would You Recognize It? Cherlopalle, S; Enja, M; Lippmann, M; Lippmann, S, 2016)	2.6
"Levamisole is an adulterant that is added to cocaine to enhance its euphoric effects."	( ANCA Associated Vasculitis Secondary to Levamisole-Adultered Cocaine with Associated Membranous Nephropathy: A Case Series. Bernstein, K; Collister, D; Gibson, IW; Karpinski, M; Ryz, K; Sathianathan, C, 2017)	1.44
"Levamisole is a common adulterant in cocaine and has previously been associated with a variety of serious complications including multifocal inflammatory leukoencephalopathy (MIL). "	( Confirmed case of levamisole-associated multifocal inflammatory leukoencephalopathy in a cocaine user. Brown, EG; Chow, DS; Josephson, SA; Vitt, JR, 2017)	2.23
"Levamisole is an antihelmintic drug that stimulates antibodies formation increasing both T response, and neutrophilic response, and quimiotaxis. "	( [Dermatopathy associated with levamisole-induced reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy]. Bibas Bonet, H; Boente, Mdel C; Primc, NB, 2008)	2.08
"Levamisole is an agent without much potential use alone, but through immunomodulation, may synergistically improve the efficacy of other drugs like doxycycline in the treatment of acne vulgaris."	( Doxycycline plus levamisole: combination treatment for severe nodulocystic acne. Ansarin, H; Behzadi, AH; Hasanloo, J; Sadigh, N; Savabynasab, S, 2008)	2.13
"Levamisole is a known contaminant of cocaine and, via this route, has been associated with otherwise unexplained agranulocytosis. "	( Clinicopathologic features of agranulocytosis in the setting of levamisole-tainted cocaine. Baumbach, J; Brackney, M; Curtis, BR; Czuchlewski, DR; Ewers, C; Fekrazad, MH; Foucar, K; Hjelle, B; Manna, J; Martinez, A; McFarland, JG; Nolte, KB; Rabinowitz, I, 2010)	2.04
"Levamisole is a popular drug for treatment of these patients."	( Effect of levamisole in steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome. Ataiee, N; Fereshtehnejad, SM; Hoseini, R; Isfahani, ST; Madani, A; Moghtaderi, M; Mohseni, P; Rahimzadeh, N, 2010)	1.48
"Levamisole is an anthelminthic drug with immunomodulatory properties that has been found to be an adulterant of cocaine in the last 2 years. "	( Necrosis of ears after use of cocaine probably adulterated with levamisole. Burgués, M; Castellanos, M; Chico, R; Cullen, D; de la Hera, I; Ortiz, PL; Petiti, G; Rodríguez-Peralto, JL; Sanz, J; Sanz, V; Vanaclocha, F; Villar, M; Zarco, O, 2011)	2.05
"Levamisole is a veterinary anti-helminthic used to treat several autoimmune conditions but also commonly utilized as an additive in cocaine distribution. "	( Levamisole induced necrosis of the skin and neutropenia following intranasal cocaine use: a newly recognized syndrome. Cherpelis, B; Keshishian, J; Lakshmi, S; Mouzakis, J; Rumbak, M; Sinnott, J; Somboonwit, C, 2011)	3.25
"Levamisole is an antihelminthic agent found in nearly 70% of seized U.S. "	( Levamisole exposure and hematologic indices in cocaine users. Babu, KM; Bastan, W; Chai, PR; Hack, JB; Machan, J, 2011)	3.25
"Levamisole is an antihelmintic and immunomodulator used as a dewormer and in combination with other forms of chemotherapy to treat colon cancer, melanoma, and head and neck cancer. "	( Leukoencephalopathy after levamisole for the treatment of verrucae. Cheng, YC; Po, HL, 2011)	2.11
"Levamisole is a chemotherapeutic and immunomodulatory agent currently marketed as a veterinary anthelmintic."	( Palpable purpura complicated by streptococcal toxic shock syndrome resulting in limb necrosis and amputation: a case of levamisole and cocaine coingestion. Freyer, CW; Peters, M, 2012)	1.31
"Levamisole is a pharmaceutical with anthelminthic and immunomodulatory properties that was previously used in both animals and humans to treat inflammatory conditions and cancer. "	( Levamisole in cocaine: unexpected news from an old acquaintance. Hoffman, RS; Larocque, A, 2012)	3.26
"Levamisole is an immunomodulatory agent that was used to treat various cancers before being withdrawn from the United States market in 2000 because of adverse effects. "	( Complications associated with use of levamisole-contaminated cocaine: an emerging public health challenge. Federman, DG; Ladizinski, B; Lee, KC, 2012)	2.09
"Levamisole is a widely available, inexpensive, white powder used as a "cutting agent" in cocaine to expand volume and increase profits."	( Cutaneous vasculopathy associated with levamisole-adulterated cocaine. Marnejon, TP; Tan, D; Tran, H, 2013)	1.38
"Levamisole is a veterinary antihelminthic used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and colorectal cancer in humans. "	( Agranulocytosis from levamisole-adulterated cocaine. Arnold, JJ; Caldwell, KB; Graham, OZ, )	1.89
"Levamisole is an immunopotenciator drug which is used as an antihelmintic drug as well as very effective remedy on cellular immunity compared with humoral immunity. "	( The effect of levamisole combined with the classical treatment in chronic brucellosis. Akdeniz, H; Buzgan, T; Demiröz, AP; Evirgen, O; Irmak, H; Karahocagil, MK, 2003)	2.12
"Levamisole is an anthelmintic agent that exerts its therapeutic effect by acting as a full agonist of the nicotinic receptor (AChR) of nematode muscle. "	( Molecular basis of the differential sensitivity of nematode and mammalian muscle to the anthelmintic agent levamisole. Bartos, M; Bouzat, C; De Rosa, MJ; Rayes, D, 2004)	1.98
"Levamisole is an effective CTA agent when administered by oral intubation, but it is readily detected by a number of species when mixed directly in food."	( Masking the taste of the conditioned taste aversion agent levamisole using an ion-exchange resin, for practical application in wildlife management. Cotterill, JV; Cowan, DP; Massei, G, 2006)	1.3
"Levamisole (Decaris) is an anthelminthic agent."	( [The possible teratogenic effect of levamisole treatment during pregnancy]. Czeizel, E; Kazy, Z; Puchó, E, 2005)	1.32
"Levamisole is a safe and effective steroid sparing drug, in steroid dependent and frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome, for the prolongation of remission, especially in older children."	( Levamisole in steroid dependent and frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. Ahmed, TM; Hafeez, F; Samina, U, 2006)	3.22
"Levamisole is likely to be an effective anthelmintic on most farms at times of the year when the impact of Ostertagia spp is not high."	( Field studies investigating anthelmintic resistance in young cattle on five farms in New Zealand. Mason, PC; McKay, CH, 2006)	1.06
"Levamisole is a synthetic phenylimidazolthiazole that was first introduced in 1966 as an anti-helmintic agent. "	( Levamisole enhances immune response by affecting the activation and maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Chen, LY; Chiang, BL; Lin, YL, 2008)	3.23
"Levamisole is an anthelmintic drug which also has immunomodulatory properties. "	( Levamisole and bovine mastitis. Anderson, JC, 1984)	3.15
"Levamisole is a synthetic, orally administered, relatively nontoxic compound with immunorestorative ability. "	( Evaluation of levamisole as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for treatment of ANLL. Schiffer, CA; Schimpff, SC; Van Sloten, K; Wiernik, PH, 1983)	2.07
"Levamisole is a drug of choice for treatment of ascariasis. "	( Use of levamisole in parasitic infections. Miller, MJ, 1980)	2.16
"Levamisole is a drug chemically related to metronidazole. "	( Levamisole does not produce chromosome fractures. Gómez-Estrada, H; Vázquez-Escobosa, C, 1981)	3.15
"Levamisole does not seem to be an effective drug for the treatment of extensive juvenile papillomatosis and according to the literature not a harmless drug."	( Levamisole in the treatment of juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis. Bos, CE; Bos, JH; Schouten, TJ; van den Broek, P; van der Pot, PJ, 1981)	2.43
"Levamisole is an immunomodulatory agent which is used in the adjuvant therapy of certain malignancies. "	( Reversible thrombocytopenia with levamisole. Lassam, NJ; Winquist, EW, 1995)	2.02
"Levamisole seems to be a simple, safe, and fairly effective remedy for controlling the activity of the disease process in vitiligo patients who have limited and slow-spreading disease. "	( Effect of prolonged treatment with levamisole on vitiligo with limited and slow-spreading disease. Khera, V; Pasricha, JS, 1994)	2.01
"Levamisole is an efficacious addition or alternative, with a low incidence of side effects, in the treatment of frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome, particularly so in yet steroid-dependent patients."	( [The treatment with levamisole of frequently recurring steroid-sensitive idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children]. Altrogge, H; Amon, O; Kemper, MJ; Müller-Wiefel, DE; Timmermann, K, 1998)	2.07
"Levamisole is a drug with an unknown mode of action that has been used to boost immunity in infectious diseases including leprosy, and in some cancers."	( Levamisole induces interleukin-18 and shifts type 1/type 2 cytokine balance. Gillespie, KM; Mathieson, PW; Szeto, C, 2000)	2.47
"Levamisole is an effective and safe drug for children who have SSNS with FR and/or SD."	( Levamisole in steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome children with steroid-dependency and/or frequent relapses. Chi, CS; Fu, LS, )	2.3
"Levamisole is a welcome addition to the list of penicillamine-like drugs. "	( The place of levamisole in the armamentarium for rheumatoid arthritis. Huskisson, EC, 1978)	2.07
"Levamisole is a heterocyclic compound that is an effective antihelminthic agent and is also immunoregulatory. "	( Mode of action of levamisole. Goldstein, G, 1978)	2.03
"Levamisole acts as an antianergic chemotherapeutic agent as it restores cell-mediated immunity in immunodepressed patients and prolongs the remission period."	( [Levamisole as an immunostimulating factor]. Smogorzewska, E, 1979)	1.89
"Levamisole was found to be a well-tolerated, highly effective single-dose ascaricide."	( An evaluation of levamisole for treatment of ascariasis. Arfaa, F; Bennett, E; Farahmandian, I; Katz, N; Miller, MJ; Winsor, E, 1978)	1.32
"Levamisole is a drug which enhances defective cellular immune responses."	( A randomized double-blind trial of levamisole in the therapy of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. De Cock, W; De Cree, J; Verbruggen, F; Verhaegen, H, 1978)	1.26
"Levamisole, which is an anthelminthic, can restore depressed cell-mediated immunity (CMI) under some circumstances. "	( Lack of levamisole effect on experimental herpes keratitis. Kaufman, HE; Varnell, ED, 1977)	2.13
"Levamisole proved to be a potent inhibitor of neutrophilic alkaline phasphatase already at very low concentrations."	( Inhibition of the alkaline phosphatase of equine, bovine and rat neutrophilic leukocytes with levamisole at low concentrations. Jalanka, H; Lindberg, LA, 1975)	1.19
"Levamisole is an effective antihelminthic drug with immunomodulatory and anticancer activities in model systems. "	( Levamisole potentiation of fluorouracil antiproliferative activity mimicked by orthovanadate, an inhibitor of tyrosine phosphatase. Kovach, JS; Schaid, DJ; Svingen, PA, 1992)	3.17
"Levamisole is a synthetic, orally active agent that has antihelmintic and immunomodulatory properties."	( Levamisole in the adjuvant treatment of colon cancer. Hutson, PR; Mutch, RS, 1991)	2.45

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Levamisole has a broad range of immunomodulatory effects, including both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on immune responses."	( Levamisole-a Toxic Adulterant in Illicit Drug Preparations: a Review. Logan, BK; Midthun, KM; Nelson, LS, 2021)	2.79
"Levamisole has a narrow margin of safety, and overdosing in calves can easily occur if the dose rate is not based on their actual weight or health status."	( Suspected levamisole intoxication in calves. Dwyer, C; Müller, KR, 2016)	1.56
"Levamisole has a low degree of hepatic extraction in rabbits."	( Effect of first-pass hepatic metabolism on the disposition of levamisole after intravenous administration in rabbits. Diez, MJ; Fernández, MN; García, JJ; Sahagún, AM; Sierra, A; Sierra, M; Villanueva, I, 2003)	2
"Levamisole has been increasingly used as an additive drug since it extends the stimulating effects of cocaine."	( Tumefactive inflammatory leukoencephalopathy in cocaine users: Report of three cases. Auger, C; Castilló, J; de Sèze, J; Kremer, S; Lhermitte, B; Maciag, E; Pessini, LM; Pottecher, J; Rovira, A, 2020)	1.28
"Levamisole has anti-parasite and antitumor activities, but the anti-lung cancer mechanism has not been studied. "	( Levamisole enhances DR4-independent apoptosis induced by TRAIL through inhibiting the activation of JNK in lung cancer. Chen, SZ; Li, Y; Ni, J; Qiao, X; Shang, Y; Wang, C; Wang, W, 2020)	3.44
"Levamisole has a broad range of immunomodulatory effects, including both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on immune responses."	( Levamisole-a Toxic Adulterant in Illicit Drug Preparations: a Review. Logan, BK; Midthun, KM; Nelson, LS, 2021)	2.79
"Levamisole has shown clinical benefits in the management of COVID-19 via its immunomodulatory effect. "	( Efficacy and safety of Levamisole treatment in clinical presentations of non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Habtemariam, S; Jelodar, MG; Karimzadeh, I; Meybodi, ZA; Mousavinasab, SR; Roostaei Firozabad, A; Saghafi, F; Sahebnasagh, A, 2021)	2.37
"Levamisole has been considered the least toxic and least expensive steroid-sparing drug for preventing relapses of steroid-sensitive idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (SSINS). "	( A randomized clinical trial indicates that levamisole increases the time to relapse in children with steroid-sensitive idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Bagga, A; Bouts, AH; Cornelissen, EAM; Davin, JC; Emma, F; Gruppen, MP; Gulati, A; Jansen-van der Weide, MC; Massella, L; Maternik, M; Merkus, MP; Niaudet, P; Raes, A; Schurmans, T; van de Walle, J; van Dyck, M; Zurowska, A, 2018)	2.19
"Levamisole has been reported in a high proportion of seized cocaine in North America and has been associated with multiple cases of skin necrosis."	( Plasmapheresis and steroid treatment of levamisole-induced vasculopathy and associated skin necrosis in crack/cocaine users. Adam, DN; Garvey, B; Jakubovic, H; Pavenski, K; Streutker, CJ; Vandenberghe, H, )	1.12
"Levamisole has been also identified as a cocaine adulterant."	( Determination of levamisole in the plasma of patients with falciparum malaria using high-performance liquid chromatography. Chiadmi, F; Schlatter, J, 2013)	1.45
"Levamisole has been shown to stimulate the immune response in immunocompromised humans and animals. "	( Pharmacokinetics of an immunomodulating dose of levamisole in weaned pigs. Božić, F; Flajs, D; Peraica, M; Prevendar Crnić, A; Speranda, M; Suran, J, 2013)	2.09
"Levamisole has been identified as a cocaine adulterant in the United States since 2002. "	( Levamisole-adulterated cocaine: Two fatal case reports and evaluation of possible cocaine toxicity potentiation. Barbera, N; Indorato, F; Romano, G, 2016)	3.32
"Levamisole has a narrow margin of safety, and overdosing in calves can easily occur if the dose rate is not based on their actual weight or health status."	( Suspected levamisole intoxication in calves. Dwyer, C; Müller, KR, 2016)	1.56
"Levamisole has been increasingly used as an adulterant of cocaine in recent years, emerging as a public health challenge worldwide. "	( Cocaine/levamisole-induced systemic vasculitis with retiform purpura and pauci-immune glomerulonephritis. Barros, EJ; da Silva, DR; Dode, RS; Friderichs, M; Nicolella, AR; Schaefer, PG; Sebben, VC; Thomé, GG; Veronese, FV, 2016)	2.31
"Levamisole-cut cocaine has become a concern because it is known to cause a necrotizing purpuric rash, autoantibody production, and life-threatening leukopenia."	( Prednisone and vardenafil hydrochloride for refractory levamisole-induced vasculitis. Kranc, CL; Mandrell, J, 2016)	1.4
"Levamisole (LEV) has been used successfully on an alternate-day regime of 2.5 mg/kg in steroid-dependant nephrotic syndrome (SDNS) to maintain remission. "	( Efficacy of higher-dose levamisole in maintaining remission in steroid-dependant nephrotic syndrome. Abeyagunawardena, AS; Abeyagunawardena, S; Jayaweera, H; Karunadasa, U; Tennakoon, S; Thalgahagoda, S, 2017)	2.2
"Levamisole has increasingly been discovered in street cocaine as an adulterant. "	( Levamisole: a dangerous new cocaine adulterant. Chang, A; Osterloh, J; Thomas, J, 2010)	3.25
"Levamisole has been employed as an immunomodulatory agent in conjunction with 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of colon cancer relapse. "	( Anti-proliferative effect of levamisole on human myeloma cell lines in vitro. Nageshwari, B; Ramanadham, M, )	1.87
"Levamisole has been identified as a cocaine adulterant in the United States since 2003."	( Levamisole in cocaine: unexpected news from an old acquaintance. Hoffman, RS; Larocque, A, 2012)	2.54
"Levamisole has recently been implicated as a cause of cutaneous vasculopathy in cocaine abusers. "	( Cutaneous vasculopathy and neutropenia associated with levamisole-adulterated cocaine. Arora, NP, 2013)	2.08
"Levamisole has no direct cytotoxic effect and no additive or synergistic cytotoxic effect when combined with 5-FU on two colon cancer cell lines. "	( Antitumor effects of 5-fluorouracil on human colon cancer cell lines: antagonism by levamisole. Eckert, GJ; Grieshop, NA; Loehrer, PJ; Sidner, RA; Wiebke, EA, 2003)	1.99
"Levamisole has a low degree of hepatic extraction in rabbits."	( Effect of first-pass hepatic metabolism on the disposition of levamisole after intravenous administration in rabbits. Diez, MJ; Fernández, MN; García, JJ; Sahagún, AM; Sierra, A; Sierra, M; Villanueva, I, 2003)	2
"Levamisole (LMS) has immunomodulatory activity, stimulates the immune system of healthy, normal volunteers and has been proposed previously as a colon cancer preventive agent."	( Immunomodulation with low dose levamisole in patients with colonic polyps. Holcombe, RF; McLaren, CE; Milovanovic, T, 2006)	2.06
"Levamisole (LEV) has been used as an immunomodulating medication in patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers and as an adjuvant for chemotherapy. "	( Levamisole-induced multifocal inflammatory leukoencephalopathy: clinical characteristics, outcome, and impact of treatment in 31 patients. Hsieh, ST; Huang, JW; Hwang, JJ; Lien, HC; Lin, YH; Liu, HM; Wu, KD; Wu, VC; Yang, CC, 2006)	3.22
"Levamisole has been shown to be an effective, penicillamine-like drug. "	( Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with levamisole. Huskisson, EC, 1980)	1.97
"Levamisole has been added to cultures of bone marrow and peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). "	( Effects of levamisole on T lymphocyte colony formation by cells from bone marrow aspirates. Gordon, MY, 1981)	2.1
"Levamisole has little or no curative action on infections with whipworms and pinworms."	( Use of levamisole in parasitic infections. Miller, MJ, 1980)	1.44
"Levamisole has not been proven to be useful."	( Specific and nonspecific immunotherapy as an adjunct to curative surgery for cancer of the lung. Hollinshead, AC; Stewart, TH, )	0.85
"Levamisole has been successfully used therapeutically in twenty-eight cases of chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis. "	( Levamisole and immune response phenomena in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Butler, PG, 1982)	3.15
"Levamisole has the additional attraction of being less immunosuppressive in patients whose immune response is already impaired."	( Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Jacobs, P; Kahn, LB; King, HS, 1982)	0.99
"Levamisole has been used by many authors as an immunostimulant agent but the relationship between oral doses, plasma level and the therapeutic effects were not known. "	( Gas-chromatographic determination of levamisole in human plasma-normalization and reliability of the method. Gamot, AP; Haguenoer, JM; Lesieur, D; Rousseau, F, 1981)	1.98
"Levamisole has been used to treat a patient with disseminated neonatal herpes simplex infection. "	( Disseminated neonatal herpes simplex infection treated with levamisole. Report of a case. Benetos, S; Constantopoulos, A; Lagos, P; Matsaniotis, N, 1980)	1.95
"Levamisole, which has immunostimulant activity, is now being used to treat some forms of cancer. "	( Levamisole: evidence for activity on human haemopoietic progenitor cells. Lai, CC; Price, GB; Senn, JS, 1980)	3.15
"Levamisole has been approved for the treatment of colon cancer in combination with 5 Fluorouracil."	( Levamisole as an immunopotentiator for T cell deficiency. Schwartz, SA; Taki, HN, 1994)	2.45
"Levamisole has been demonstrated to stimulate the activity of T effectors in patients with rheumatic arthritis directly and indirectly via production of the factors influencing effector functions. "	( [The effect of new biologically active substances on effector T-lymphocytes in vitro]. Shirinskiĭ, VS; Zhuk, EA, )	1.57
"Levamisole has shown variable efficacy in reducing ulcer frequency and duration in patients with minor RAU."	( Treatment strategies for recurrent oral aphthous ulcers. Barrons, RW, 2001)	1.03
"Levamisole has been reported to stimulate depressed T-cell activity and enhance B lymphocyte function and restore delayed hypersensitivity reactions in immune-depressed patients."	( Levamisole treatment enhances protective antibody response to hepatitis B vaccination in hemodialysis patients. Kayataş, M, 2002)	2.48
"Levamisole (LMS) has been shown to be capable of enhancing the proliferative response of normal owl monkey peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to PHA, and, to a lesser degree, of increasing the level of spontaneous DNA synthesis. "	( Augmentation of the in vitro mitogenic response of owl monkey peripheral blood lymphocytes by levamisole and loss of this effect with the development of herpesvirus saimiri-induced lymphoma. Neubauer, RH; Rabin, H, 1978)	1.92
"Levamisole has no influence on either early or total rosette-forming capacity of normal lymphocytes."	( Spontaneous rosette formation in vitro under the effect of agents affecting the cyclic nucleotide system of circulating lymphocytes of normal subjects. Gergely, P; Kalmár, L; Láng, I; Nékám, K; Petrányi, G, 1978)	0.98
"Levamisole has also prevented further attacks to date."	( Levamisole and the treatment of Herpesvirus hominis infections. A case report. Adno, J, 1978)	2.42
"Levamisole has been shown to be easily administered and is well-tolerated, especially when compared to other immune adjuvants such as bacillus Calmette-Guerin or Corynebacterium parvum."	( Preliminary report of the use of levamisole in the treatment of bladder cancer. deKernion, J; Kaufman, JJ; Lincoln, B; Skinner, DG; Smith, RB, 1978)	1.26
"Levamisole has been used in several rheumatic diseases other than rheumatoid arthritis (RA). "	( A critical review of the effect of levamisole in rheumatic diseases other than rheumatoid arthritis. Rosenthal, M, 1978)	1.98
"Levamisole hydrochloride has been used for both herpes simplex virus and recurrent aphthous stomatitis."	( Iontophoresis treatment. Lekas, MD, )	0.85
"Levamisole has no effect on the primary lesion but potentiates the secondary lesions."	( A comparison of coumarin and levamisole on parameters of the inflammatory response. Koh, MS; Willoughby, DA, 1979)	1.27
"Levamisole has no effect on tubulin polymerization."	( DL-2-Oxo-3-(2-mercaptoethyl)-5-phenylimidazolidine. A sulfhydryl metabolite of levamisole that interacts with microtubules. Aerts, F; De Brabander, M; Geuens, G; van Belle, H; van de Veire, R; van Ginckel, R, 1978)	1.21
"Levamisole has been reported to act as an immunological adjuvant. "	( In vitro stimulation of murine lymphoid cell cultures by levamisole. Badger, AM; Cooperband, SR; Kaiser, CW; Merluzzi, VJ, 1975)	1.94
"Levamisole has been examined for its ability to control local growth and pulmonary metastases of transplanted rat tumours. "	( Levamisole treatment of local and metastatic growth of transplanted rat tumours. Baldwin, RW; Hopper, DG; Pimm, MV, 1975)	3.14
"Levamisole has been shown to augment the in vitro responsiveness of lymphocytes to PHA stimulation. "	( Levamisole augmentation of lymphocyte hyporesponsiveness to phytohaemagglutinin in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Chan, SH; Lee, SK; Simons, MJ; Stanley, NF, 1976)	3.14
"Levamisole (LMS) has been considered an immunorestorative agent capable of enhancing host's antitumor immune responses. "	( Role of levamisole as immunomodulant in mouse lymphoma model. Bulgarini, B; De Vecchis, L; Giuliani, A; Turriziani, M, 1991)	2.16
"Levamisole has been used in a wide array of clinical research and treatment settings over the past two decades, ranging from such diseases as helminthic infestations to various autoimmune diseases. "	( Levamisole: known effects on the immune system, clinical results, and future applications to the treatment of cancer. Calabro, BA; Green, I; Hamilton, JM; Parkinson, DR; Stevenson, HC, 1991)	3.17

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Levamisole is used because it is an odorless powder, with physical properties similar to cocaine, and it has reasonable cost and availability, being widely used in veterinary medicine."	( Levamisole in Illicit Trafficking Cocaine Seized: A One-Year Study. Bernardini, S; Ialongo, C; Marsella, LT; Martello, S; Mineo, F; Noce, G; Pieri, M; Pignalosa, S; Russo, C; Vernich, F, )	2.3
"Levamisole is known to cause agranulocytosis in humans."	( The cocaine cutting agent levamisole is frequently detected in cocaine users. Drummer, OH; Pope, JD; Schneider, HG, 2018)	1.5
"Levamisole can cause agranulocytosis, leaving patients susceptible to fulminate and opportunistic infections and also can cause a debilitating cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis."	( Levamisole-induced occlusive necrotizing vasculitis of the ears after use of cocaine contaminated with levamisole. Buchanan, JA; Eberhardt, AM; Vogel, JA, 2011)	2.53
"Levamisole was shown to enhance in vitro blastogenic responses of bovine lymphocytes to nonspecific mitogens (phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen) as well as to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and purified protein derivative. "	( Levamisole and bovine immunity: in vitro and in vivo effects on immune responses to herpesvirus immunization. Babiuk, LA; Misra, V, 1981)	3.15
"Levamisole did not produce a significant increase in normal NK cytotoxicity but did improve the killing of lymphocytes from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma."	( Depressed natural killer cell activity in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. In vitro effects of interferon and levamisole. Kew, M; Rabson, AR; Son, K, 1982)	1.19
"Levamisole therapy can cause marked but reversible complications, many of which have immunopathologic features."	( Immunomodulatory effects of levamisole. Brunner, CJ; Muscoplat, CC, 1980)	1.28
"Levamisole is known to enhance an impaired immune response. "	( Effect of levamisole on the immune status of malnourished children. Prakash, MS; Rao, VM; Reddy, V, 1998)	2.15
"Levamisole was found to produce a concentration-dependent decrease of ALP activity in kidney and brain."	( Differences between duodenal and jejunal rat alkaline phosphatase. Azevedo, I; Calhau, C; Hipólito-Reis, C; Martel, F, 2000)	1.03
"Levamisole did not enhance normal RFC."	( Action of levamisole on E-rosette forming cells and serum adenosine deaminase in Hodgkin's disease. Auteri, A; Di Perri, T; Laghi Pasini, F; Mattioli, F; Volpi, L, 1979)	1.38
"Levamisole did not activate normal macrophages in vitro."	( Nonspecific macrophage activation by systemic adjuvants. Evaluation by lysosomal enzyme and in vitro tumoricidal activities. Bruley-Rosset, M; Florentin, I; Khalil, AM; Mathé, G, 1976)	0.98
"Levamisole seems to increase the susceptibility of inbred C57Bl/10 mice to the infection with S."	( [Effects of non-specific immunopotentiators on experimental Schistosoma mansoni infection. I. Levamisole]. Abath, FG; Coutinho, EM; de Carvalho, AB; Montenegro, SM; Teixeira, KM, )	1.07

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Levamisole-treated hookworms showed a decline in heat flow and oscillation amplitude in a dose-response manner."	( A novel isothermal microcalorimetry tool to assess drug effects on Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Necator americanus. Braissant, O; Flores, D; Keiser, J; Panic, G, 2016)	1.16
"Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. "	( Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs. Adesogan, AT; Courtney, CH; Gaskin, JM; Huisden, CM; Kang, T; Raji, AM, 2010)	1.8
"Levamisole treatment was performed before, during and after infecting U-937 human macrophage cells with C."	( The effects on immune response of levamisole treatment following infection of U-937 macrophages with Candida albicans. Kaya, EG; Ozbilge, H; Torun, YA; Ustundag, MB, 2011)	1.37
"Levamisole-treated human DC also enhanced T cell activation towards type 1 T helper immune response by inducing interferon-gamma secretion."	( Levamisole enhances immune response by affecting the activation and maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Chen, LY; Chiang, BL; Lin, YL, 2008)	2.51
"Levamisole treatment of sections eliminated all reaction product in the brush border, but did not affect the IDPase activity the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)."	( Transepithelial endoplasmic reticulum in rat proximal convoluted tubule. Novikoff, AB; Quintana, N; Spater, HW, 1983)	0.99
"Levamisole/DNFB treatment, on the other hand, had little to no effect on the course of the disease when compared with untreated NZB/NZW mice."	( Thiabendazole-induced suppression of renal damage in a murine model of autoimmune disease. Dore-Duffy, P; Elgebaly, SA; Forouhar, F, 1984)	0.99
"Levamisole treatment of CVB3m-inoculated mice also increased the reactivity of splenic and peripheral blood T lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin on day 8 p.i., but not day 6 p.i., compared with the respective responses by lymphocytes from CVB3m-inoculated mice."	( Levamisole exacerbates coxsackievirus B3-induced murine myocarditis. Duffey, PS; Gauntt, CJ; Gudvangen, RJ; Paque, RE, 1983)	2.43
"Levamisole treatment decreased renal morphologic changes and abolished cell-sensitivity to renal antigen."	( Effect of levamisole on cell sensitivity in rats with experimental Heymann's nephritis. Gordovskaya, NB; Savitsky, SN; Tareyeva, IE; Varshavsky, VA, 1984)	1.39
"Levamisole-treated mononuclear cells from normal volunteers or from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), when cultured with normal allogeneic lymphocytes, did not significantly influence the ability of the latter cells to proliferate when stimulated with either phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or concanavalin A (Con A). "	( Effects of levamisole on in vitro suppressosr cell function in normal humans and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Blank, S; Lomnitzer, R; Rabson, A, 1980)	2.09
"Levamisole treatment, shortly after housing in January, improved the live lambing percentage each year, by an average of nine lambs per 100 ewes mated."	( Effect of levamisole treatment on lambing performance of winter housed ewes. Allen, NL; Brown, DC; Ward, CJ, 1984)	1.39
"Levamisole group was treated with Mitomycin C (day 0, 20 mg, day 1, 10 mg, one shot i.v.), Tegafur (600 mg/day, p.o.) and levamisole (150 mg/day, p.o.)."	( [Effect of levamisole in postoperative adjuvant immunochemotherapy of stomach cancer--randomized controlled study of MMC-tegafur combination therapy with or without levamisole. 1]. Abe, O; Fujimoto, S; Furue, H; Furusawa, M; Hashimoto, I; Hattori, T; Inokuchi, K; Itoh, I; Koga, S; Kondo, T; Niimoto, M; Ogawa, N; Ohya, M; Orita, K; Sugiyama, Y; Tamada, R; Toda, T, 1982)	1.38
"The levamisole group was treated with Mitomycin C, 5-FU and levamisole."	( [Effect of levamisole in postoperative adjuvant immunochemotherapy of stomach cancer--randomized controlled study of MMC-5-FU combination therapy with or without levamisole. 1]. Furue, H; Furusawa, M; Hattori, T; Hioki, K; Hirano, M; Inokuchi, K; Itoh, I; Iwanaga, T; Izuo, M; Kondo, T; Kosaki, G; Miura, K; Niimoto, M; Ogawa, N; Orita, K; Taguchi, T; Takemiya, S; Tamada, R; Tomita, M; Tsuji, H; Yura, J, 1982)	1.14
"Levamisole treatment improved the blast transformation response but did not produce clinical remission in contrast to polychemotherapy, which produced clinical remission as well as improvement of the blast transformation response."	( The relationship between disease activity, treatment response, and immunologic reactivity in immunoblastic lymphadenopathy: a longitudinal study of treatment with levamisole and cytostatics. Birkeland, SA; Brincker, H, 1981)	1.18
"The levamisole treatment "in vitro' produced an increase in the active-T and total T-lymphocyte counts and led to the decrease of null-cell numbers."	( Study of lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. In vitro effect of levamisole on T-lymphocyte population. Fehér, J; Jakab, L; Pozsonyi, T, )	0.83
"Levamisole treatment of effector cells from TCC-bearing rats did not affect the NK activity, yet it increased the cytotoxicity of non-adherent cells on TCC target cells."	( Disease-related lymphocyte cytotoxicity in rats bearing transitional cell carcinoma of bladder. Effect of immunomodulators. Lindner, A; Madgar, I; Many, M; Moroz, C; Twig, S, 1982)	0.99
"The levamisole-treated group also showed significant radiologic clearing compared with the control group."	( Levamisole as an adjunct in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Kumar, P; Kumar, R; Malaviya, AN; Singh, MM, 1981)	2.19
"Levamisole treatment was also associated with complete in vitro correction of PMN bactericidal abnormality, improvement of PMN chemotactic abnormality and augmentation of in vitro lymphocyte response to PHA."	( Levamisole in chronic pyoderma. Alcid, DV; Gocke, DJ; Kesarwala, HH; Kulkarni, KN; Papageorgiou, P; Szep, R, 1982)	2.43
"Levamisole treatment of uninfected animals resulted in low levels of antibodies reacting with promastigote antigens, but not in positive delayed intradermal responses."	( Leishmania mexicana in C3H mice: BCG and levamisole treatment of established infections. Grimaldi, GF; Hoff, R; Moriearty, PL, 1980)	1.25
"levamisole/5-FU) treatment. The TP-5 treatment also increased splenic T-lymphocyte responsiveness to nonspecific mitogens by 2.3-fold."	( Enhancement of antitumor effects of combined chemoimmunotherapy. Fowler, WC; Gerçel-Taylor, C; Taylor, DD; Weese, JL, 1993)	1.01
"In levamisole treated IBDV infected birds the HA titres were comparable to those of uninfected controls."	( Immunomodulating effects of levamisole in chicks immunocompromised by infectious bursal disease virus. Dhawedkar, RG; Singh, KC, 1993)	1.09
"Levamisole treatment was also associated with an increase in the percentage and intensity of delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions and in the absolute lymphocyte-counts."	( Levamisole in advanced human breast cancer. Feierstein, JN; Glait, H; Mickiewicz, E; Olivari, AJ; Rojas, AF, 1976)	2.42
"Levamisole treatment 5-8 days after BCNU treatment resulted in significant recovery of DNA synthetic capacity."	( Effect of levamisole (NSC-177023) on DNA synthesis by lymphocytes from immunosuppressed C57BL mice. Chirigos, MA; Filegelman, MJ; Woods, WA, )	1.26
"Levamisole treatment restored the E-rosette formation and improved or cured the inflammatory lesions in 10 out of 11 patients."	( Levamisole treatment of inflammatory acne. Restoration of impaired T-cell function accompanied by clearing of the lesions. De Cock, W; De Cree, J; Verhaegen, H, 1979)	2.42
"Levamisole treatment was started in 8 patients with inactive SLE. "	( [Clinical experience with levamisole treatment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (author's transl)]. Kojer, M; Kolarz, G; Menzel, J; Scherak, O; Smolen, J, 1979)	2
"Levamisole-treated cells consistently showed higher cyclic GMP levels and it is postulated that by maintaining intracellular cyclic GMP levels, microtubular assembly and cell motility might be enhanced."	( In vitro stimulation of neutrophil motility by levamisole: maintenance of cgmp levels in chemotactically stimulated levamisole-treated neutrophils. Anderson, R; Glover, A; Koornhof, HJ; Rabson, AR, 1976)	1.23
"A levamisole hydrochloride-treated group of these rabbits developed milder, more rapidly healing epithelial lesions than an untreated group."	( Treatment of herpes simplex keratitis with levamisole. Friedlaender, M; Okumoto, M; Smolin, G, 1978)	1.08
"Levamisole treatment had less effect on the amount of immunoglobulins in serum: the values were rarely abnormal before treatment and the changes were small, but reached statistical significance at six months."	( Measurements of humoral immunity during treatment with levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis--a review. Vischer, TL, 1978)	1.23
"Levamisole treatment significantly increased low E-rosettes in these patients and this was accompanied by a remarkable clinical improvement and a significant reduction of haemolytic complement activity."	( Restoration by levamisole of low E-rosette forming cells in patients suffering from various diseases. De Cock, W; De Cree, J; Verbruggen, F; Verhaegen, H, 1977)	1.33
"Levamisole treatment reversed this deficiency and normalized lymphocyte mitogen responses."	( Correlations of clinical and laboratory effects of treatment with levamisole in autoimmune disease. Levy, J, 1978)	1.22
"Levamisole pretreatment resulted in significant increases over control values in the metabolism of aminopyrine and aniline in vitro, and in microsomal content of cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome b5."	( Induction of rat hepatic mixed function monooxygenases by levamisole. Reinke, LA; Rosenberg, H; Stohs, SJ, 1976)	1.22
"All levamisole-treated animals, were successfully commenced on daily DEC, as a prophylactic measure, while an anaphylactic-type reaction occurred when this drug was administered to 1 of the 2 control animals."	( Levamisole as a microfilaricidal agent in the control of canine dirofilariasis. Amis, TC; Mills, JN, 1975)	2.18
"In levamisole-treated cultures the synthesis of type X collagen and its deposition within the matrix were inhibited."	( Modulation of type X collagen gene expression by calcium beta-glycerophosphate and levamisole: implications for a possible role for type X collagen in endochondral bone formation. Boot-Handford, RP; Grant, ME; Thomas, JT, 1990)	1.02
"In levamisole pretreated animals on the other hand, the 'take' was much lower (68.18%) with extended prepatent period (125.87 days)."	( Susceptibility of Mastomys natalensis to Brugia malayi following pretreatment with antifilarials. Murthy, PK; Sen, AB; Tyagi, K, 1990)	0.79
"Levamisole treatment was associated with a risk of granulocytopenia and agranulocytosis (10%), but, as in the authors' previous studies, this seemed to be totally reversible and did not worsen the prognosis."	( Levamisole in the treatment of stage II breast cancer. Five-year follow-up of a randomized double-blind study. Gröhn, P; Heinonen, E; Holsti, L; Holsti, P; Klefström, P, 1985)	2.43
"Treatment with levamisole for a period of 2-29 months (mean, 9.4 ± 6.0 months) effectively reduced the high mean serum SMA titer (71.0 ± 7.2) at baseline to an undetectable level (0) in all SMA-positive OLP patients, regardless of different initial serum SMA titers."	( Modulation of serum smooth muscle antibody levels by levamisole treatment in patients with oral lichen planus. Chen, HM; Chia, JS; Lin, HP; Sun, A; Wang, YP; Wu, KM, 2013)	0.98
"Treatment with levamisole for 2-29 months significantly reduced the high serum SMA to an undetectable level, and significantly improved the signs and symptoms in all treated OLP patients."	( Modulation of serum smooth muscle antibody levels by levamisole treatment in patients with oral lichen planus. Chen, HM; Chia, JS; Lin, HP; Sun, A; Wang, YP; Wu, KM, 2013)	0.98
"Pretreatment with levamisole (10(-7) M), decreased the E(max) (p < or = 0.01) and pD2 (p < 0.05) of bethanechol concentrations (10(-8)-10(-3) M) significantly."	( The effect of levamisole on sheep trachea alone and with trichlorfon combination. Baydan, E; Ince, S; Yildirim, E, 2008)	1.03
"Treatment with levamisole and colchicine can result in a significant reduction of serum IL-6, IL-8 or TNF-alpha level in MCBD patients."	( Treatment with levamisole and colchicine can result in a significant reduction of IL-6, IL-8 or TNF-alpha level in patients with mucocutaneous type of Behcet's disease. Chia, JS; Chiang, CP; Liu, BY; Sun, A; Wang, YP, 2009)	1.06
"Treatment with levamisole plus vitamin B12 for a period of 2-50 months and treatment with vitamin B12 only for a period of 4-44 months could effectively reduce the high serum GPCA level to undetectable level in 100 and 10 OLP patients, respectively. "	( Modulation of serum gastric parietal cell antibody level by levamisole and vitamin B12 in oral lichen planus. Chia, JS; Chiang, CP; Lin, HP; Sun, A; Wang, YP, 2011)	0.96
"Treatment with levamisole for 2-38 months reduced the high serum ANA to an undetectable level, and significantly improved the signs and symptoms in all treated OLP patients."	( Modulation of serum antinuclear antibody levels by levamisole treatment in patients with oral lichen planus. Chia, JS; Lin, HP; Sun, A; Wang, YP, 2011)	0.96
"Treatment with levamisole for a period of 0.5-7.5 months significantly reduced the mean serum TNF-alpha level from 22.6 +/- 3.4 pg/mL to 6.2 +/- 0.8 pg/mL (P<0.001) in 60 patients with EOLP."	( Levamisole can reduce the high serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha level to a normal level in patients with erosive oral lichen planus. Chia, JS; Chiang, CP; Sun, A; Wang, JT, 2007)	2.12
"Treatment with levamisole in vitro also improved the levels of E rosettes."	( Effect of levamisole on E rosette inhibition by serum of malnourished children. Salimonu, LS, 1983)	1.01
"Treatment with levamisole had a similar effect on embryogenesis, however it was much less marked."	( The effects of diethylcarbamazine, mebendazole and levamisole on Onchocerca volvulus in vivo and in vitro. Gomez-Rojo, E; Greene, BM; Mackenzie, CD; Rivas-Alcala, R; Taylor, HR, 1984)	0.86
"Treatment with levamisole and fenbendazole was curative."	( Pleural effusion as a sequela to aelurostrongylosis in a cat. Miller, BH; Roudebush, P; Ward, HG, 1984)	0.61
"For treatment, levamisole and thymopoietin pentapeptide (TP-5) were given."	( [Pyoderma vegetans of facial orifices in T-cell immunodeficiency]. Djawari, D; Hornstein, OP, 1984)	0.61
"Treatment with levamisole resulted in clinical and radiological cure."	( Lagochilascaris minor infection in Venezuela. Report of a case. de Valera, Y; Medrano, CE; Ochoa, FR; Volcan, GS, 1982)	0.6
"The treatment with Levamisole regularized the laboratory data and, as a result, determined a consequent important improvement of the patient."	( [Treatment with levamisole in a case of deficiency of the neutrophil granulocyte function associated with an increase in plasma IgA and recurrent dermal abscess infections]. Altomare, GF; Brugo, MA; Fioroni, A; Morandotti, A; Pigatto, PD, 1982)	0.93
"Pretreatment with levamisole for up to 19 h had no effect on the lymphocyte proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA)."	( Regulation of human natural killing by levamisole. Dawson, JR; Shau, H, 1982)	0.86
"Pretreatment with levamisole completely prevented this effect, whereas levamisole treatment following incubation with uremic serum resulted in a partial correction of the E-rosette formation."	( Effect of uremic serum on E-rosette formation of normal lymphocytes modulated by levamisole. Kaufman, S; Modai, D; Peller, S; Shaked, U; Weissgarten, J, 1981)	0.81
"Treatment with levamisole (0.1 and 1 micrograms/mL) caused the levels of MHC class I expression to increase approximately threefold above control levels on HCT-15 and LoVo colon tumor cells (P < .05 in each case) compared with untreated cells, caused minimal increases on HT-29 cells (to 1.5 times control levels), but caused no significant increases on SW-620 colon tumor or A-375 melanoma cells. "	( Levamisole effects on major histocompatibility complex and adhesion molecule expression and on myeloid cell adhesion to human colon tumor cell lines. Fisher, MC; Kimball, ES, 1996)	2.09
"were treated with levamisole (150 mg/day, 3 days/wk) to stimulate the immune reactions."	( Levamisole-induced immunostimulation in spondylarthropathies. Goebel, FD; Goebel, KM; Hahn, E; Neurath, F; Schubotz, R, 1977)	2.02
"Treatment with Levamisole, BCG and herpes antigen vaccine was successful."	( [Therapy of recurrent herpes simplex and its surveillance by MIF determination: with levamisole, BCG, urushiol and herpes antigen vaccine (author's transl)]. Jarisch, R; Sandor, I, 1977)	0.82
"Treatment with Levamisole (LMS) suppresses this difference in response to PMF and restores normal weight in 24 days."	( [Cachexia in mice induced by a fraction of Brucella melitensis. Modification by levamisole or by diethyldithiocarbamate of soda]. Guillaumin, JM; Renoux, G; Renoux, M, 1976)	0.82
"Rats treated with levamisole alone had significantly higher rates of survival than placebo-treated controls 14 days after injection of virus."	( Immunopotentiation and antiviral chemotherapy in a suckling rat model of herpesvirus encephalitis. Balk, MW; Bass, JW; Crumrine, MH; Fischer, GW, 1976)	0.58
"Treatment with levamisole in patients with rheumatoid arthritis reduced significantly titers of rheumatoid factor and the amount of circulating immune complexes as determined by the Clq binding activity. "	( Measurements of humoral immunity during treatment with levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis--a review. Vischer, TL, 1978)	0.86
"Treatment with levamisole promoted the development of gingivitis and aggravated the severity of established gingivitis, although the amount of bacterial plaque at the gingival margin was not significantly increased."	( The effect of levamisole on gingival inflammation in man. Ivanyi, L; Lehner, T, 1977)	0.96
"Treatment with levamisole frequently results in clinical improvement in rheumatoid arthritis, but this is not clearly related to a stimulatory effect on cell-mediated immunity."	( Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with levamisole: long-term results and immune changes. Pinals, RS; Runge, LA; Tomar, RH, 1979)	0.87
"Treatment with levamisole at a dosage of 5 mg/kg results in complete disappearance of the worms."	( [Toxocariasis in calves. Recent diagnosis and treatment (author's transl)]. De Nollin, S; Thienpont, D; Vanparijs, O; Vermeiren, G, 1977)	0.6
"Treatment with levamisole also augmented the proliferation of the hepatic NPC."	( Augmentation of the immune response of the murine liver by levamisole. Cohen, SA; Doerr, RJ; Hsueh, CT; Johnkoski, JA, 1992)	0.87
"Treatment with levamisole alone had no detectable effect."	( Levamisole and fluorouracil for adjuvant therapy of resected colon carcinoma. Emerson, WA; Fleming, TR; Glick, JH; Goodman, PJ; Haller, DG; Laurie, JA; Macdonald, JS; Moertel, CG; Tormey, DC; Ungerleider, JS, 1990)	2.06
"Cell treatment with levamisole (200 micrograms/ml), methisoprinol (1 mg/ml), or adenine or adenosine (33 or 100 micrograms/ml, respectively) potentiated the anti-encephalomyocarditis virus activity of human interferon by 8- to 32-fold."	( Potentiation by levamisole, methisoprinol, and adenine or adenosine of the inhibitory activity of human interferon against encephalomyocarditis virus. García, RA; Muñoz, A; Pérez-Aranda, A, 1986)	0.93
"Treatment with levamisole can be useful in some patients with the frequently relapsing form of the disease."	( Immunoregulation with levamisole in children with frequently relapsing steroid responsive nephrotic syndrome. Alon, U; Drachman, R; Drukker, A; Etzioni, A; Mor, J; Ohali, M; Schlesinger, M; Shapira, H, 1988)	0.93
"Treatment with levamisole alone inhibited the serum AP activity (mainly of skeletal origin in mice) by 18.4 and 61.3% for the low and high dose respectively."	( Alkaline phosphatase inhibition by levamisole prevents 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-stimulated bone mineralization in the mouse. Garba, MT; Marie, PJ, 1986)	0.89
"Treatment with levamisole and vanadate lowers the overall rate of glucose metabolism and alters the effects of fructose."	( Effects of fructose, levamisole and vanadate on insulin action in rat adipose tissue. Akintilo, AO; Blakely, SR; Pointer, RH, 1987)	0.93

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Agranulocytosis, which must be differentiated from leukopenia, was seen as the most severe side effect of levamisole in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	( A study of the hematological side effects of levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis with recommendations. Mielants, H; Veys, EM, 1978)	0.73
" We studied whether Lev was directly toxic to three human colorectal carcinoma cell lines (HCT 116, SNU-C4, and NCI-H630)."	( Toxicity of levamisole and 5-fluorouracil in human colon carcinoma cells. Allegra, CJ; Grem, JL, 1989)	0.66
" In conclusion, levamisole appears to be too toxic and non-specific to be useful in studying and regulating the metabolism, toxicity and radioprotection of WR-2721."	( Modification of WR-2721 toxicity and radioprotection by an inhibitor of alkaline phosphatase. Brown, DQ; Gold, J; Hardiman, J; Mann, DJ; Pittock, JW; Pogach, R; Shaw, LM, 1986)	0.62
"Liver damage in calves, produced by the oral administration of the flukecide, carbon tetrachloride, increased the toxic effect of diazinon but not of levamisole, whereas the presence of a renal tubular lesion caused by mercuric chloride enhanced the toxicity of both commonly used anthelmintic compounds."	( The effect of induced liver, kidney and lung lesions on the toxicity of levamisole and diazinon in calves. Abdelsalam, EB; Ford, EJ, 1987)	0.7
" The largest difference in parasite infection between treatments was the level of exposure of sheep to Trichostrongylus spp, which was negligible on the safe pastures."	( Effects of helminth infection on the pre-weaning production of ewes and lambs: comparison between safe and contaminated pasture. Axelsen, A; Dobson, RJ; Donald, AD; Donnelly, JR; Morley, FH; Waller, PJ, 1987)	0.27
" In 20 sows given levamisole gel (8 mg of levamisole HCl/kg) orally just before breeding, 4 to 6 weeks after breeding, 4 to 6 weeks before farrowing, and just before farrowing, there were no adverse effects."	( Efficacy, safety, and residue evaluation of levamisole gel formulation in sows. Berger, H; Boyd, JE; DeLay, RL; Fisher, RK; Gale, GO; Garces, TR; Simkins, KL, 1987)	0.87
" Adverse clinical signs were not observed in cattle treated with the recommended dosage level of 8 mg/kg."	( Anthelmintic efficacy, safety, and residue evaluation of levamisole gel formulation in cattle. Berger, H; Gale, GO; Garces, TR; Simkins, KL; Steller, WA; Wang, GT, 1984)	0.51
"7%) suffered gastric adverse reactions; 8 (3."	( Side effects of levamisole given to neoplastic patients as adjuvant to surgery: a new case of agranulocytosis. Bagolan, P; Colizza, S; Di Paola, M, 1981)	0.61
" The complex containing Zn(II) was less toxic and manifested higher immunomodulating activity than LMS."	( Synthesis, toxicity and immunomodulating activity of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes of L(-)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole (levamisole). Astroug, HA; Ivanov, DS; Kovachev, TB; Marinova, SP; Mitcheva, MK; Stamberov, PN; Stoychkov, JN, 1994)	0.49
"We studied the levamisole toxic effects in adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer."	( [Toxicity of levamisole in adjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer]. Beerblock, K; de Gramont, A; Demuynck, B; Grangé, JD; Krulik, M; Louvet, C; Navarro-Carola, E; Soubrane, D; Varette, C, 1993)	1.01
" 5-Fu+LVLD is significantly more toxic than the other two regimens in terms of neutropenia, mucositis and diarrhea."	( Retrospective evaluation of toxicity in three different schedules of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with resected colorectal cancer. TTD Spanish Cooperative Group. Alonso, MC; Antón, A; Aranda, E; Camps, C; Checa, T; Díaz-Rubio, E; Fonseca, E; Gallen, M; Navarro, M; Sastre, J, )	0.13
" Treatment dosages were adjusted if toxic events above WHO grade 2 occurred."	( Toxicity and effects of adjuvant therapy in colon cancer: results of the German prospective, controlled randomized multicenter trial FOGT-1. Beger, HG; Link, KH; Staib, L, )	0.13
" Although the regimens were generally well tolerated, there were unexpected adverse effects in both healthy volunteers and infected subjects."	( The safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of levamisole alone, levamisole plus ivermectin, and levamisole plus albendazole, and their efficacy against Onchocerca volvulus. Addy, ET; Ardrey, AE; Attah, SK; Awadzi, K; Edwards, G; Favager, S; Opoku, NO; Quartey, BT; Yamuah, LK, 2004)	0.58
" viteae homogenate did not protect against adverse reactions to a subsequent microfilaricidal treatment."	( Lethal LPS-independent side effects after microfilaricidal treatment in Acanthocheilonema viteae-infected rodents. Müller, HA; Zahner, H, 2005)	0.33
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."	( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling. Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)	0.32
" These toxic effects include hyperthermia, hypotonic hyponatremia due to its arginine vasopressin secretagogue-like effects, rhabdomyolysis, and cardiovascular collapse."	( Nephrotoxic effects of common and emerging drugs of abuse. Herlitz, LC; Niles, JL; Pendergraft, WF; Rosner, M; Thornley-Brown, D, 2014)	0.4
" In comparison with few minor adverse events in other two cohorts, several serious adverse events were documented in the tacrolimus group."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of common steroid-sparing agents in idiopathic nephrotic children. Babu, BG; Basu, B; Mahapatra, TK, 2017)	0.46
" Taking together the long-term efficacy and safety data observed, MMF appears as a safe and effective alternative to tacrolimus in managing pediatric FRNS/SDNS."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of common steroid-sparing agents in idiopathic nephrotic children. Babu, BG; Basu, B; Mahapatra, TK, 2017)	0.46
"Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (dioxins) are classed as persistent organic pollutants and have adverse effects on multiple functions within the body."	( Protective effects of levamisole, acetylsalicylic acid, and α-tocopherol against dioxin toxicity measured as the expression of AhR and COX-2 in a chicken embryo model. Całkosiński, I; Dobrzyński, M; Gamian, A; Gostomska-Pampuch, K; Kowalczyk, A; Kuropka, P; Ostrowska, A; Ziółkowski, P; Łukaszewicz, E, 2017)	0.77
" In this review, all adverse effects associated with therapeutic levamisole and levamisole-adulterated cocaine are described."	( Adverse effects of levamisole in cocaine users: a review and risk assessment. Brunt, TM; Pennings, E; van den Berg, J; Venhuis, B, 2017)	1.02
"Individuals with high microfilarial densities (MFDs) of Loa loa are at risk of developing serious adverse events (SAEs) after ivermectin treatment."	( Safety and Efficacy of Levamisole in Loiasis: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Clinical Trial. Bikita, P; Boussinesq, M; Campillo, JT; Chesnais, C; Hemilembolo, M; Louya, F; Missamou, F; Pion, SDS, 2022)	1.03
" Safety outcomes were occurrence of SAE and adverse event frequency during the first week."	( Safety and Efficacy of Levamisole in Loiasis: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Clinical Trial. Bikita, P; Boussinesq, M; Campillo, JT; Chesnais, C; Hemilembolo, M; Louya, F; Missamou, F; Pion, SDS, 2022)	1.03
"5mg/kg levamisole caused more mild adverse events (10/85 vs."	( Safety and Efficacy of Levamisole in Loiasis: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Clinical Trial. Bikita, P; Boussinesq, M; Campillo, JT; Chesnais, C; Hemilembolo, M; Louya, F; Missamou, F; Pion, SDS, 2022)	1.49

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"A compartmental and non-compartmental pharmacokinetic study was carried out on rabbits after intravenous (i."	( Pharmacokinetics of levamisole in rabbits after intravenous administration. Diez, MJ; García, JJ; Sierra, M; Terán, MT, 1992)	0.61
" Pharmacokinetic study of this compound was conducted in parallel."	( Lymphocytes T and pharmacokinetics after a single oral dose of levamisole in healthy and cancer subjects. Adenis, L; Brunet, C; Cappelaere, P; Cazin, JC; Cazin, M; Demaille, A; Devulder, B; Gosselin, P; Granier, AM; Luyckx, M, 1983)	0.51
" Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated a 1-compartment open model with higher plasma bioavailability of levamisole after IM injection."	( Pharmacokinetics of [3H]levamisole in pigs after oral and intramuscular administration. Alvinerie, M; Escoula, L; Galtier, P, 1983)	0.79
" The levamisole plasma and urine data were subjected to pharmacokinetic analysis using NONMEM software."	( Pharmacokinetics of levamisole in cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil. Connolly, M; Ding, C; Gwilt, P; Kremer, A; Tempero, M, 2000)	1.14
" Pharmacokinetic parameter values for levamisole were similar to those obtained previously in healthy subjects and other cancer patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of levamisole in cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil. Connolly, M; Ding, C; Gwilt, P; Kremer, A; Tempero, M, 2000)	0.9
" On the other hand, the pharmacokinetic analysis (compartmental and non-compartmental) showed significant differences in AUC, Cl, V(ss) and V(a), but there were no significant differences when lambda- beta were compared."	( Intra-arterial pharmacokinetics and pulmonary first-pass of levamisole in rabbits. Diez, MJ; Fernández, N; García, JJ; Pereda, P; Sahagun, AM; Sierra, M, 2002)	0.56
" The pharmacokinetic parameters for levamisole alone and the combinations were determined in Trial 1 and then compared with historical data for ivermectin and albendazole, given as single agents, to determine if drug-drug interaction had occurred."	( The safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of levamisole alone, levamisole plus ivermectin, and levamisole plus albendazole, and their efficacy against Onchocerca volvulus. Addy, ET; Ardrey, AE; Attah, SK; Awadzi, K; Edwards, G; Favager, S; Opoku, NO; Quartey, BT; Yamuah, LK, 2004)	0.85
" The assay was successfully used to analyze human plasma samples in a pharmacokinetic study where levamisole was administered as a liniment."	( A sensitive LC-MS/MS method for determination of levamisole in human plasma: application to pharmacokinetic study. Ding, L; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Tong, L; Wang, J; Wang, Z; Wen, A; Yang, L, 2011)	0.84
" The aim of the present study was to compare the pharmacokinetic disposition of levamisole (LVM)-oxyclozanide (OXZ) combination in sheep and goats following per os administration."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of levamisole-oxyclozanide combination in sheep and goats following per os administration. Aksit, D; Gokbulut, C; Veneziano, V; Yalinkilinc, HS, 2014)	0.91
"Here, we present the first pharmacokinetic data regarding levamisole in children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome."	( Population pharmacokinetics of levamisole in children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. de Boer, A; de Vries, PJ; Dorlo, TP; Gruppen, MP; Kreeftmeijer-Vegter, AR, 2015)	0.95
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of levamisole were determined in the Caspian salmon after intramuscular (IM), oral by gavage, and oral by feed administrations."	( Pharmacokinetics of levamisole after intramuscular and oral administrations to Caspian salmon (Salmo trutta caspius). Giorgi, M; Hosseinifard, SM; Jalali Mothahari, A; Kazemi, S; Moghaddamnia, AA; Sadati, NY; Tabari, MA; Youssefi, MR, 2020)	1.16
" Serial blood samples were taken for LVS determination with HPLC-UV and pharmacokinetic analysis was carried out based on the non-compartmental approach."	( Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy of levamisole in Ascaridia galli experimentally infected ducks. Mostafavi Niaki, ST; Poźniak, B; Salehi, A; Tabari, MA; Youssefi, MR, 2022)	0.98

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Postoperative 5-FU combined with levamisole increases 5 year survival in colon cancer patients (Duke C) by 30% (1)."	( Immunological alterations induced by adjuvant treatment of postoperative colon carcinoma Duke's B or C with levamisole in combination with 5-FU. Baisier, A; De Brabander, M; De Crée, J; De Ridder, R; Demoen, B; Jagers, E; Roels, V; Vandebroek, J; Vogels, O; Wassenaar, H, )	0.63
"The strategic use of moxidectin or closantel in combination with levamisole (LEV) to control gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in the highlands of central Kenya was examined."	( Strategic use of moxidectin or closantel in combination with levamisole in the control of nematodes of sheep in the highlands of central Kenya. Gichigi, MN; Maingi, N; Munyua, WK, 2002)	0.79
"Levamisole combined with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was previously shown to significantly reduce tumor relapses and improve patient survival when given postoperatively in patients with resected stage III colon cancer."	( Randomized clinical trial of high-dose levamisole combined with 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin as surgical adjuvant therapy for high-risk colon cancer. Krook, JE; Kugler, JW; Mahoney, MR; Morton, RF; O'Connell, MJ; Rayson, S; Rowland, KM; Sargent, DJ; Shepherd, L; Windschitl, HE, 2006)	2.05
"Eight hundred seventy-eight patients who had undergone complete surgical resection of high-risk stage II/III colon cancer were stratified by known prognostic factors and randomized to receive 1 of 2 treatment regimens: standard-dose levamisole combined with 5-FU and leucovorin; or high-dose levamisole combined with the same chemotherapy."	( Randomized clinical trial of high-dose levamisole combined with 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin as surgical adjuvant therapy for high-risk colon cancer. Krook, JE; Kugler, JW; Mahoney, MR; Morton, RF; O'Connell, MJ; Rayson, S; Rowland, KM; Sargent, DJ; Shepherd, L; Windschitl, HE, 2006)	0.79
"It was not possible to improve the efficacy of surgical adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with high-risk colon cancer by giving levamisole at its maximum tolerated dose in combination with 5-FU and leucovorin."	( Randomized clinical trial of high-dose levamisole combined with 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin as surgical adjuvant therapy for high-risk colon cancer. Krook, JE; Kugler, JW; Mahoney, MR; Morton, RF; O'Connell, MJ; Rayson, S; Rowland, KM; Sargent, DJ; Shepherd, L; Windschitl, HE, 2006)	0.81
" In the present study, we have investigated the immunogenicity of the Duffy-binding like (DBL)-domain of the Pf332 molecule in combination with different adjuvants in four animal species."	( Immunogenicity of the Plasmodium falciparum Pf332-DBL domain in combination with different adjuvants. Chen, Q; Du, C; Jiang, N; Lu, H; Nilsson, S; Wahlgren, M; Yin, J, 2010)	0.36
" A cohort of 118 patients with mAA received a novel immunosuppressive strategy of cyclosporine alternately combined with levamisole (CSA and LMS regimen), which included 42 newly diagnosed and 76 chronic (disease duration >6 months) cases."	( A promising immunosuppressive strategy of cyclosporine alternately combined with levamisole is highly effective for moderate aplastic anemia. Ge, M; Huang, J; Huang, Z; Li, X; Nie, N; Shao, Y; Shi, J; Zhang, J; Zheng, Y, 2013)	0.82
" The novel immunosuppressive strategy of cyclosporine A (CsA) alternately combined with levamisole (LMS; CsA + LMS regimen) can dramatically improve the response rate and survival in aplastic anemia from those of our previous study."	( Cyclosporine Combined with Levamisole for Lower-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes. Ge, M; Huang, J; Huang, Z; Li, X; Nie, N; Shao, Y; Shi, J; Wang, M; Zhang, J; Zheng, Y, 2015)	0.94
"The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of pyrimethamine (PYR) and sulfadiazine (SDZ) combined with levamisole and echinacea on the survival of mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii."	( In Vivo Efficacy of Drugs against Toxoplasma gondii Combined with Immunomodulators. Bilgin, K; Hokelek, M; Köksal, ZŞ; Yanik, K; Yılmaz, EM, 2016)	0.65
" The major objective of the present study was to explore the effect of immunomodulator-levamisole in combination with Glucantime in end-stage unresponsive patients with anthroponotic CL (ACL)."	( A single-group trial of end-stage patients with anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis: Levamisole in combination with Glucantime in field and laboratory models. Aflatoonian, MR; Bamorovat, M; Fekri, A; Heshmatkhah, A; Keyhani, A; Khosravi, A; Mostafavi, M; Naderi, A; Oliaee, RT; Parizi, MH; Sharifi, I; Varma, RS, 2019)	0.96

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"05) in the bioavailability of any of the anthelmintics tested between parasitized and non-parasitized animals."	( Effect of parasitism with Nematodirus battus on the pharmacokinetics of levamisole, ivermectin and netobimin. Coop, RL; Jackson, E; Jackson, F; McKellar, QA; Scott, E, 1991)	0.51
" The drug is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration and is extensively metabolized by the liver."	( Levamisole in the adjuvant treatment of colon cancer. Hutson, PR; Mutch, RS, 1991)	1.72
" Except for the absorption rate of levamisole which is approximately twice as rapid in women as in men, there is no marked difference in the pharmacokinetics of levamisole between healthy men and women."	( Novel assay and pharmacokinetics of levamisole and p-hydroxylevamisole in human plasma and urine. Caillé, G; Kouassi, E; Larivière, L; Léry, L; Vézina, M, )	0.68
" Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated a 1-compartment open model with higher plasma bioavailability of levamisole after IM injection."	( Pharmacokinetics of [3H]levamisole in pigs after oral and intramuscular administration. Alvinerie, M; Escoula, L; Galtier, P, 1983)	0.79
" The bioavailability of levamisole to the systemic compartment was less after oral and intraruminal administration than after subcutaneous administration."	( Pharmacokinetics of levamisole in sheep. Bogan, JA; Galbraith, EA; Marriner, SE, 1982)	0.89
" The method was applied to human plasma samples in a comprehensive bioavailability study of levamisole in healthy volunteers, and to plasma and tissues in a residue trial in cattle."	( Determination of levamisole in plasma and animal tissues by gas chromatography with thermionic specific detection. Heykants, J; Michielsen, L; Woestenborghs, R, 1981)	0.82
"The bioavailability of levamisole in rabbits was determined after subcutaneous and oral administration at three dose levels of 12."	( Bioavailability of levamisole administered by subcutaneous and oral routes in rabbits. Diez, MJ; García, JJ; Sierra, M; Terán, MT, 1994)	0.93
"Alkaline phosphatase (AP) and ecto-5'-nucleotidase (e5'NT) belong to same family that hydrolyze the extracellular nucleotides and ensure the bioavailability of nucleotides and nucleosides at purinergic receptors."	( Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of novel chalcone sulfonamide hybrids as potent intestinal alkaline phosphatase inhibitors. Ejaz, SA; Iqbal, J; Khan, S; Lecka, J; Nisa, ZU; Saeed, A; Sévigny, J; Siddique, MN, 2017)	0.46
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
" The relative bioavailability for gavage and feed routes was 54."	( Pharmacokinetics of levamisole after intramuscular and oral administrations to Caspian salmon (Salmo trutta caspius). Giorgi, M; Hosseinifard, SM; Jalali Mothahari, A; Kazemi, S; Moghaddamnia, AA; Sadati, NY; Tabari, MA; Youssefi, MR, 2020)	0.88
"The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of fenbendazole and levamisole were determined in Caspian turtles after a single intravenous (i."	( Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacies of fenbendazole in comparison with levamisole in helminth-infected Caspian turtles (Mauremys caspica). Abouhosseini Tabari, M; Giorgi, M; Khabbazian, FG; Navidi, N; Yazdani Rostam, MM; Youssefi, MR, 2023)	1.38
" The mean oral bioavailability was slightly below 50% in both experimental groups."	( Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy of levamisole in Ascaridia galli experimentally infected ducks. Mostafavi Niaki, ST; Poźniak, B; Salehi, A; Tabari, MA; Youssefi, MR, 2022)	0.98

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Responses varied with dosage of drug and age of mice."	( Alteration of lymphocyte function in NZB/NZW mice. IV. Response to levamisole. Hahn, BH; Knotts, LL, 1979)	0.5
"The effects of different antirheumatic drugs administered according to various dosing regimes on tuberculin hypersensitivity in rats have been assessed quantitating the changes of exudate volume and mononuclear cells immigration at the site of challenge."	( Delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin in rats: effects of antirheumatic drugs. Arrigoni-Martelli, E; Binderup, L; Bramm, E, 1979)	0.26
" After breaking the code and switching placebo patients to levamisole and non-responders to an alternate dosage schedule, 46 of 60 patients noted clinical improvement."	( Double-blind study of levamisole in aphthous stomatitis. Cardarelli, C; Kaplan, B; Pinnell, SR, 1978)	0.82
" Assuming that potentiation of immune responsiveness is of benefit to patients suffering from Behçet's syndrome, the development of clinical trials employing levamisole appears justified, as long as the drug dosage is carefully monitored."	( Studies on levamisole, a potentially useful drug in the treatment of Behçet's syndrome. Sampson, D, 1978)	0.85
" Three of these patients received concomitant maintenance corticosteroid therapy, the dosage of which could be reduced in each case."	( [Clinical experience with levamisole treatment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (author's transl)]. Kojer, M; Kolarz, G; Menzel, J; Scherak, O; Smolen, J, 1979)	0.56
" This decline was even more pronounced if a raised larger dosage of levamisole was administered for 6 months."	( Levamisole in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease. Berényi, E; Kávai, M; Szabolcsi, M; Szegedi, G, 1979)	1.94
" The described dose-response relationship mandates the use of multiple doses in evaluation experiments, to establish efficacy and especially to design optimal dose schedules for experimental and clinical application of any agent modifying the host defense system activity."	( Immunostimulation or immunodepression? Bliznakov, EG, 1977)	0.26
"Twenty-six patients with rheumatic polyarthritis (serologically positive) were treated with levamisole at a daily dosage of 150 mg."	( [Treatment of rheumatic polyarthritis with levamisole in 26 patients]. d'Anglejan, G; Debeyre, N; Guedj, D; Lermusiaux, JL; Ryckewaert, A, 1977)	0.74
" It was administered in a flexible dosage schedule: 50 mg."	( A randomized double-blind trial of levamisole in the therapy of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. De Cock, W; De Cree, J; Verbruggen, F; Verhaegen, H, 1978)	0.54
" However, important variables of the polyglycans are the molecular weight, type of branching, negative charge, epitope density, degradability, dosage and the sequence between mitogen and antigen."	( Immunological responses to bacterial plaque in the mouth. Lehner, T, )	0.13
" The dosage regimen is discussed."	( Levamisole and the treatment of Herpesvirus hominis infections. A case report. Adno, J, 1978)	1.7
"Studies in which levamisole has been used with success in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases may provide information useful in cancer treatment with regard to optimal dosage regimens and methods for monitoring laboratory effects."	( Correlations of clinical and laboratory effects of treatment with levamisole in autoimmune disease. Levy, J, 1978)	0.83
" The results favor intermittent administration of levamisole in a dosage that is adapted to the patient's weight or body surface."	( Effects of levamisole treatment in cancer patients. Amery, WK; Verhaegen, H, 1978)	0.9
" Levamisole at a dosage of 3 mg/kg daily for 8 days showed marked reduction in both microfilaria rate and microfilaria density and immediately thereafter mf-rate steadily increased almost up to pre-treatment level, the mf-density however showed only marginal increase."	( Levamisole and mebendazole in the treatment of bancroftian infection. Das, M; Narasimham, MV; Rao, CK; Roychowdhury, SP, 1978)	2.61
" Levamisole, if dosed adequately, appears to be a very suitable adjuvant treatment in resectable lung cancer patients as judged from its efficacy and its lack of troublesome side-effects."	( Adjuvant therapy with levamisole in resectable lung cancer. Amery, WK; Cosemans, J; Gooszen, HC; Lopes Cardozo, E; Louwagie, A; Stam, J; Swierenga, J; Vanderschueren, RG; Veldhuizen, RW, 1978)	1.48
" A weight-related dosage of levamisole was used (2."	( Levamisole (R 12564) in the prevention of recurrent upper respiratory tract infections in children: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Casneuf, J; De Loore, F; Heck, E; Van Eygen, M, 1979)	2
" Amodiaquine in a total dose of 40 mg/kg appears to be macrofilaricidal, but because of the slight possibility of blood dyscrasias, mass chemotherapy with this dosage could not be recommended."	( Preliminary screening of antifilarial activity of levamisole and amodiaquine on Wuchereria bancrofti. McMahon, JE, 1979)	0.51
" Tumor growth was measured in the various dosage groups, and at 6 months after tumor induction the animals were sacrificed."	( Dose dependence of immunopotentiation and tumor regression induced by levamisole. Kurtz, BE; Lewis, JD; Metzig, J; Peters, TG; Sampson, D, 1977)	0.49
" In view of the potential widespread use of the drug in the treatment of human cancer, a study was undertaken in rats bearing breast cancer to determine whether a similar dose-response effect would be observed in terms of tumor growth."	( Immunopotentiation and tumor inhibition with levamisole. Sampson, D, 1978)	0.52
" The augmentation is dosage dependent and, in some patients, of long duration."	( Effect of levamisole on cell-mediated immune responses in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Chan, SH; Goh, EH; Simons, MJ, 1978)	0.66
" Only the group given levamisole prophylactically for 8 weeks before tumor inplantation showed a significant difference from control mice but a tenfold increase in dosage in this drug did not exert a comparable effect."	( The influence of nonspecific immunotherapy on the course of murine melanoma. Ritts, RE; Woods, JE, 1977)	0.57
" Treatment with levamisole at a dosage of 5 mg/kg results in complete disappearance of the worms."	( [Toxocariasis in calves. Recent diagnosis and treatment (author's transl)]. De Nollin, S; Thienpont, D; Vanparijs, O; Vermeiren, G, 1977)	0.6
" Dosing with D-penicillamine (25 mg/kg) and levamisole (5 mg/kg) at the time of challenge produced a significant enhancement of the reaction."	( Pertussis vaccine pleurisy: a model of delayed hypersensitivity. Arrigoni-Martelli, E; Dieppe, PA; Huskisson, EC; Willoughby, DA, 1976)	0.52
"Injectable levamisole was used to control Paraspidodera uncinata in guinea-pigs of both sexes, pregnant and non-pregnant, and was found to be safe and efficient at a dosage rate of 25 mg/kg bodyweight."	( Control of Paraspidodera unicinata in guinea-pigs with levamisole. Eliazian, M; Shahlapour, A; Tamiji, Y, 1975)	0.89
" Dose-response experiments showed that lower concentrations of both ivermectin and closantel were not as effective in reducing larval growth."	( Reduced growth of Lucilia cuprina larvae fed serum from sheep treated with anthelmintics. East, IJ; Eisemann, CH; Kerlin, RL, 1992)	0.28
" Good dose-response data were obtained with thiabendazole, levamisole, pyrantel tartrate and ivermectin allowing the determination of the 50 per cent lethal concentration and of resistance factors when resistant strains were available."	( A microlarval development assay for the detection of anthelmintic resistance in sheep nematodes. Hubert, J; Kerboeuf, D, 1992)	0.53
" If a properly dosed and administered drug failed to reduce herd mean pretreatment fecal egg count by 80%, it was considered ineffective in that flock, and the presence of parasites resistant to that drug was inferred."	( Survey for drug-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes in 13 commercial sheep flocks. Fleming, S; Moncol, D; Uhlinger, C, 1992)	0.28
" In the latter case, control was achieved by dosing either the ewes in the early part of the grazing season, or the lambs from June onwards."	( Effectiveness of strategic anthelmintic dosing in controlling Haemonchus contortus infections in sheep in the United Kingdom. Hunt, KR; Quick, JM; Taylor, MA; Wilson, CA, 1991)	0.28
"The chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, assay methodologies, adverse effects, and dosage of levamisole are described, and the clinical studies of levamisole therapy in patients with colorectal carcinoma are reviewed."	( Levamisole in the adjuvant treatment of colon cancer. Hutson, PR; Mutch, RS, 1991)	1.94
" Another strain (VJ) was isolated from another commercial pig herd, which was dosed with pyrantel citrate four times a year for at least 8 years."	( Resistance to levamisole and cross-resistance between pyrantel and levamisole in Oesophagostomum quadrispinulatum and Oesophagostomum dentatum of pigs. Bjørn, H; Nansen, P; Roepstorff, A; Waller, PJ, 1990)	0.64
" When analyzed analogously to previous work, the results confirmed a dose-response relationship: that is, there appeared to be an improved disease-free survival for patients receiving higher doses of adjuvant chemotherapy."	( Association of disease-free survival and percent of ideal dose in adjuvant breast chemotherapy. Currie, V; Geller, NL; Hakes, TB; Kaufman, R; Petroni, GR, 1990)	0.28
" The positive influence of the above drugs on the clinical picture of pyelonephritis enabled the duration of antibacterial therapy, the dosage and the frequency of antibiotic use to be reduced."	( [Clinico-pathogenetic substantiation of the immunocorrective treatment of pyelonephritis in infants]. Kirillov, VI, 1990)	0.28
" Blood samples were taken for analysis of levamisole 1 day prior to dosing and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 days following the third dose."	( Toxicity and tissue residue depletion of levamisole hydrochloride in young goats. Babish, JG; Coles, GC; Gutenmann, WH; Lisk, DJ; Tritschler, JP, 1990)	0.81
" There was thus no evidence of benefit from levamisole in the dosage schedule studied."	( Controlled clinical trial of levamisole in short-course chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis. A Kenyan/Zambian/British Medical Research Council Collaborative Study. , 1989)	0.83
" contortus was not removed at a dosage of 200 micrograms kg-1 live mass."	( South African field strains of Haemonchus contortus resistant to the levamisole/morantel group of anthelmintics. Alves, RM; Gerger, HM; van Schalkwyk, L; van Schalkwyk, PC; van Wyk, JA; Visser, EL, 1989)	0.51
" The optimal dosage varied according to the treatment route and dosage schedule."	( Inhibition of murine hepatitis virus infections by the immunomodulator 2,3,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-2-phenyl-8,8-dimethoxy-imidazo[1,2a]pyridine (PR-879-317A). Call, EW; Huffman, JH; Murray, RJ; Radov, LA; Sidwell, RW; Warren, RP, 1987)	0.27
"A markedly increased incidence of large angular secondary lysosomes was observed in the proximal tubular cells of male Wistar rats dosed orally with levamisole, 75 mg/kg body weight for 15 days."	( The effects of levamisole on urinary enzyme measurements and proximal tubule cell inclusions in male rats. Evans, GO; Goodwin, DA; Parsons, CE; Read, NG, 1988)	0.83
" The pressor response to levamisole was not modified by either reserpinization, acute bilateral adrenalectomy or pretreatment with cocaine, whereas pretreatment with dexamethasone, nialamide or pyroaallol shifted the dose-response curve to the right."	( Investigation of some effects of levamisole on dog blood pressure. Gulati, OD; Hemavathi, KG; Shah, KK, )	0.72
" In these 7 children prednisolone dosage could be decreased significantly or discontinued altogether (44."	( Immunoregulation with levamisole in children with frequently relapsing steroid responsive nephrotic syndrome. Alon, U; Drachman, R; Drukker, A; Etzioni, A; Mor, J; Ohali, M; Schlesinger, M; Shapira, H, 1988)	0.59
"Kidneys from male and female Wistar rats dosed with 1 of 3 chemically unrelated pharmacological agents, a pyrazoline BW540C, a naphthoquinone BW58C and the levoisomer of tetramisole, levamisole or the light hydrocarbon Decalin, were examined by light and electron microscopy."	( Induction and exacerbation of hyaline droplet formation in the proximal tubular cells of the kidneys from male rats receiving a variety of pharmacological agents. Astbury, PJ; Morgan, RJ; Parsons, DN; Port, CJ; Read, NG, 1988)	0.47
"Resorantel at a dosage rate of 130 mg kg-1 live body mass was found to be highly effective against Houttuynia struthionis in ostriches when dosed alone or in combination with fenbendazole or levamisole."	( The anthelmintic efficacy of resorantel against Houttuynia struthionis in ostriches. Ashburner, AJ; du Plessis, C; Gruss, B; Malan, FS; Roper, NA, 1988)	0.46
" All dogs reacted adversely to intravenous dosage and one died."	( Levamisole pharmacokinetics and bioavailability in dogs. Church, DB; Sangster, NC; Van Gogh, H; Watson, AD, 1988)	1.72
" Relative potencies of the drugs were determined from dose-response relationships and the rank order of effectiveness was as follows: carbachol much greater than levamisole greater than pyrantel greater than morantel."	( Actions of potent cholinergic anthelmintics (morantel, pyrantel and levamisole) on an identified insect neurone reveal pharmacological differences between nematode and insect acetylcholine receptors. Gration, KA; Harrow, ID; Pinnock, RD; Sattelle, DB, 1988)	0.71
" The impact of the therapeutic dosing at timed intervals during the first months of the grazing season was remarkable; egg output in the levamisole and ivermectin groups between June and early October was substantially lower."	( Efficacy of early season anthelmintic treatment against gastrointestinal nematodes. Berghen, P; Dorny, P; Hilderson, H; Vercruysse, J, 1988)	0.48
" Thirty per cent of patients receiving Levamisole have recurred in comparison with 26% of those on placebo treatment, and despite a trend in the delay of appearance of distant metastasis in the patients receiving Levamisole (30 months versus 9 months in the placebo patients), this drug does not appear to be effective in altering the disease-free survival or the survival of Stage I patients in the dosage schedule utilized in this study."	( Double blind randomized prospective trial of levamisole/placebo in stage I cutaneous malignant melanoma. Hanley, J; Jerry, M; Loutfi, A; Shakr, A; Shibata, HR, 1987)	0.8
" The toxicity of diazinon was increased in calves with a lung lesion caused by oral dosing with tryptophan, an agent implicated in 'fog fever' of cattle."	( The effect of induced liver, kidney and lung lesions on the toxicity of levamisole and diazinon in calves. Abdelsalam, EB; Ford, EJ, 1987)	0.51
" when dosed before sensitization."	( Immunomodulating activity of Wy-41,770 (5H-dibenzo[A,D]cyclohepten-5-ylidene) acetic acid. Carlson, RP; Datko, LJ; Lewis, AJ; O'Neill-Davis, L, 1986)	0.27
" A statistical model describing the dose-response relationship for a mixed population of susceptible and resistant parasite eggs exposed to anthelmintic was fitted to egg-hatch assay data for each generation and for each selection regimen."	( A genetic model describing the evolution of levamisole resistance in Trichostrongylus colubriformis, a nematode parasite of sheep. Dobson, RJ; Donald, AD; Griffiths, DA; Waller, PJ, 1987)	0.53
" Faecal egg counts monitored for two or three days after dosing and post-mortem worm counts were used to assess the efficacy of these treatments."	( The efficacy of levamisole administered orally or parenterally against Heligmosomoides polygyrus in mice. Britt, DP; Chimwani, DM, 1986)	0.62
" The smaller dosage of levamisole hydrochloride (6 mg/kg) significantly decreased only carcass parasitism to 17% of that in the controls, but did not affect significantly the total parasite load."	( Anthelmintic effect of levamisole hydrochloride or ivermectin on tissue toxocariasis of mice. Barriga, OO; Carrillo, M, 1987)	0.89
"Levamisole, the anthelmintic drug was tried in ENL (Erythema Nodosum Leprosum) cases using double blind control trial in dosage of 150 mg/day on three consecutive days for three months."	( Levamisole in cases of E.N.L. Arora, SK; Sen, PC; Singh, G, )	3.02
"Hamsters infected with laboratory-adapted preadult Necator americanus were dosed with 6 reference anthelmintics."	( Response of preadult Necator americanus to some known anthelmintics in hamsters. Bose, S; Deb, BN; Dhage, KR; Rajasekariah, GR, 1986)	0.27
" When patency was established the sheep were divided into groups of six, and dosed orally with either TBZ (44 mg kg-1, 88 mg kg-1), fenbendazole (FBZ; 5 mg kg-1) or levamisole (7."	( Anthelmintic evaluation of a thiabendazole-resistant strain of Ostertagia circumcincta recovered from sheep in England. Britt, DP; Oakley, GA, 1986)	0.47
" Preliminary results seem to indicate, that the dosage used may be reduced slowly and therapy finally stopped after 3-4 years of treatment in most patients."	( [Therapy of chronic hepatitis (author's transl)]. Arnold, W; Meyer zum Büschenfelde, KH, 1981)	0.26
" Three patients on the levamisole 3-day-weekly dosage interrupted their treatment because of side-effects."	( Once weekly administration of levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis. Fostiropoulos, GA; Marketos, G; Zissis, NP, 1982)	0.86
" The child was treated with interferon (four courses, dosage varying from 2 million U/day to 1 million U three times/week for periods of 10, 28, 80, and 67 days, respectively, interspersed over 9 months) and hyperimmune plasma infusions every 3 weeks."	( Persistent cytomegalovirus infection: association with profound immunodeficiency and treatment with interferon. August, C; Ching, C; Good, RA; Kirkpatrick, D; Lopez, C; O'Reilly, R; Pahwa, R; Pahwa, S; Pasquariello, P; Smithwick, E, 1983)	0.27
" In all 3 studies, levamisole pour-on, at a dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight, was efficacious (90% to 100%) against the adult forms of Trichostrongylus axei, Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia spp, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Nematodirus spp, and Bunostomum phlebotomum."	( Controlled and clinical evaluations of the anthelmintic activity of a levamisole pour-on formulation against gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle. Garcia-Naranjo, F; Guerrero, J; Michael, BF; Newcomb, KM; Rogiers, M; Seibert, BP, 1984)	0.83
"One hundred and forty-four courses of levamisole were given in various dosage schedules for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis from 1976 to 1980."	( Balancing effectiveness and toxicity of levamisole in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Runge, LA; Rynes, RI, )	0.67
" A single dosage (0."	( Synthetic immunomodulators for prevention of fatal infections in a burned guinea pig model. Alexander, JW; Gonce, SJ; Loose, LD; Miskell, P; Stinnett, JD; Tenney, CL, 1983)	0.27
" These three dosage regimes were also associated, respectively, with 92."	( Protection developed against reinfection by Dictyocaulus viviparus following anthelmintic treatment of a one-day-old primary infection in cattle. Oakley, GA, 1981)	0.26
"Levamisole hydrochloride was an efficient microfilaricide when used in dogs at a dosage of 10 mg/kg twice daily for 14 days."	( The effectiveness of levamisole hydrochloride against the microfilaria of Dirofilaria immitis. Atwell, RB; Carlisle, CH; Robinson, S, 1984)	2.03
" In a cross-over-designed test, 5 cattle/treatment group were dosed orally with levamisole 11."	( Anthelmintic efficacy, safety, and residue evaluation of levamisole gel formulation in cattle. Berger, H; Gale, GO; Garces, TR; Simkins, KL; Steller, WA; Wang, GT, 1984)	0.74
" Experience with different dosage regimes of levamisole suggest that 150 mg weekly is the optimal dose."	( Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with levamisole. Huskisson, EC, 1980)	0.79
" Normal TL-CFC produced a biphasic dose-response curve made up of an initial reduction and a secondary return to control values."	( Abnormal adherent cell function in aplastic anaemia demonstrated using levamisole in cultures for T lymphocyte colony-forming cells (TL-CFC). Gordon, MY; Gordon-Smith, EC; King, JA, 1981)	0.5
"Twenty-three patients with Stage III, Stage IV, or recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer were treated with a combination of melphalan and levamisole to determine a tolerable dosage schedule, possible adverse effects, and a general estimate of response rate and duration."	( Chemotherapy of advanced ovarian epithelial carcinoma with melphalan and levamisole: a pilot study of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. Di Saia, PJ; Gusdon, JP; Heise, ER; Herbst, GA; Homesley, HD; Lovelace, JV; Muss, HB; Richards, F; Spurr, CL, 1981)	0.7
" Levamisole was generally well tolerated, but in the dosage and scheduling did not appear to improve the results of the chemotherapy."	( Chemo-immunotherapy with levamisole in metastatic breast carcinoma: a controlled clinical trial. Edwards, AM; McClelland, A; Nutting, M; Paterson, AH; Schinnour, D; Takats, L, 1980)	1.47
" Thus, therapy with such drugs must be individualised; the appropriate agent and dosage should be chosen according to the immune capabilities of individual patients."	( The general immunopharmacology of levamisole. Renoux, G, 1980)	0.54
"Seventy-eight microfilaraemic patients with Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi infections were treated with various oral levamisole hydrochloride total dosage regimes of 150 to 3,150 mg and total diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) of 36 and 126 mg per kg body-weight."	( Drug trials with levamisole hydrochloride and diethylcarbamazine citrate in Bancroftian and Malayan filariasis. Mak, JW; Zaman, V, 1980)	0.81
" For the second series, as the patient refused to be given Amphotericin B he was treated with hot baths and levamisole was administered in a 150 mg daily dosage and 45 days cycles."	( [Transfer factor in diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. Experience with one case]. Argollo, A; de Menezes, JA; dos Reis, VL, 1980)	0.47
" In comparison with the classical dosage schedule of levamisole (150 mg on 3 consecutive days each week) a single weekly dose of 150 mg levamisole was found to be slightly less effective but much better tolerated."	( Levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis. Final report on a randomised double-blind study comparing a single weekly dose of levamisole with placebo. Multicentre Study Group. , 1982)	1.96
" At the dosage of 2,5 mg/kg of levamisole this effect was not present."	( [Effect of levamisole on changes in the of hepatic RES induced by chronic ethanol poisoning]. Adinolfi, L; Andreana, A; Galante, D; Perna, P; Ruggiero, G, 1981)	0.94
" Oral administration of dichlorvos (60 mg/kg, 3 times the anthelmintic dosage level) 1 hour before levamisole injection lowered blood cholinesterase activity to approximately 60% that of the controls, but did not change the LD50 of levamisole."	( Drug interactions of levamisole with pyrantel tartrate and dichlorvos in pigs. Hsu, WH, 1981)	0.8
" Results we have obtained during analysis of this duplication are compatible with the notion that the copy of the unc-22 gene located on the duplication is subject to X chromosome dosage compensation."	( Recovery of duplications by drug resistance selection in Caenorhabditis elegans. Baillie, DL; Marra, MA, 1994)	0.29
" MCHT administered at a dose of 600 micrograms/kg suppresses humoral response of the immunized rats both after a single dosage and five days' treatment at 24 hours intervals."	( Modulation of humoral response in rats by levamisole, mechlorethamine and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. Całkosiński, I; Obmińska-Domoradzka, B, 1994)	0.55
" Because of the potential severity of this interaction, close monitoring of INR and warfarin dosage adjustment is recommended in patients receiving warfarin along with levamisole and 5-FU."	( Possible drug interaction between warfarin and combination of levamisole and fluorouracil. Israel, MK; Scarfe, MA, 1994)	0.72
" This long-term result seen with a more intensive adjuvant levamisole dose and schedule suggests: (1) other levamisole adjuvant trials in patients with colorectal cancer should be examined for long-term outcome; (2) future trials utilising the even higher levamisole dosage required for clinical immunomodulation should proceed cautiously."	( Late mortality and levamisole adjuvant therapy in colorectal cancer. Chlebowski, RT; Lillington, L; Nystrom, JS; Sayre, J, 1994)	0.86
" Ivermectin oral administration, dosage rate of 200 micrograms/kg body weight, had no effect on the occurrence of the blood spots."	( Two cases of parafilariasis in dairy cattle and treatment of hemorrhage with levamisole topical application. Iida, M; Taira, N, 1994)	0.52
" Nilverm given to cattle in high dosage orally did not lead to Prototheca suppressing values in milk sera."	( [Udder compatibility of tetramisole and levamisole hydrochloride and suggestion for the prescription of their intramammary use in cattle against Prototheca zopfii]. Bergmann, A, 1993)	0.55
" Thawed L1 larvae continue development in vitro producing third stage (L3) larvae that are infective to sheep when dosed per os."	( Cryopreservation of the first-stage larvae of trichostrongylid nematode parasites. Gill, JH; Redwin, JM, 1995)	0.29
" Urine, faeces, milk and blood samples were collected from 0-48 h after dosing and tissues were collected 48 h after dosing."	( The disposition of 14C-levamisole in the lactating cow. Feil, VJ; Paulson, GD, 1996)	0.6
" orally in divided dosage for 30 days."	( Combination therapy in Kala-azar. Jha, S; Jha, TK; Singh, IJ; Singh, NK, 1995)	0.29
" Group 1 served as untreated controls, and groups 2, 3 and 4 were dosed with a levamisole SRD, a fenbendazole SRD, and an ivermectin SRD, respectively."	( Effect of three sustained-release devices on parasitic bronchitis in first year calves. Ascher, F; Borgsteede, FH; Cornelissen, JB; Gaasenbeek, CP; van der Linden, JN, 1998)	0.53
" During 12 weeks of twice-weekly dosing with 3000 parasite larvae (L3), eggs were observed in faeces from CRC-treated and untreated lambs given RES L3, but not CRC-treated lambs given SUS L3."	( The effect of continuous drug exposure on the immune response to Trichostrongylus colubriformis in sheep. Brown, AE; Green, R; Leathwick, DM; Miller, CM; Sutherland, IA, 1999)	0.3
" The dosage of levamisole given was 2 to 3 mg/kg daily or every other day, depending on the patients' response."	( Levamisole in steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome children with steroid-dependency and/or frequent relapses. Chi, CS; Fu, LS, )	1.93
" Well dosed 5 FU over a short period of time without folinic acid may be a valuable and inexpensive adjuvant treatment for colorectal cancer."	( Importance of 5-fluorouracil dose-intensity in a double randomised trial on adjuvant portal and systemic chemotherapy for Dukes B2 and C colorectal cancer. Beauduin, M; Brohée, D; Bury, J; Canon, JL; Focan, C; Focan-Henrard, D; Herman, ML; Lecomte, M; Vindevoghel, A, )	0.13
" In addition, in vitro dose-response analyses of LMS's effects on cellular immune function were performed."	( Investigating the role of immunomodulation for colon cancer prevention: results of an in vivo dose escalation trial of levamisole with immunologic endpoints. Brodhag, TM; Holcombe, RF; Milovanovic, T; Stewart, RM, 2001)	0.52
" After completion of the first chemotherapy cycle, LEV was administered orally at a dosage of 150 mg per day on days 1 to 3, once every 2 weeks."	( Toxicity and effects of adjuvant therapy in colon cancer: results of the German prospective, controlled randomized multicenter trial FOGT-1. Beger, HG; Link, KH; Staib, L, )	0.13
" Ewes were dosed after lambing with the aim of controlling their periparturient rise in faecal egg output and lambs were dosed at six-week intervals throughout the summer."	( Failure of moxidectin to control benzimidazole-, levamisole- and ivermectin-resistant Teladorsagia circumcinda in a sheep flock. Bartley, DJ; Jackson, F; Moir, AC; Sargison, ND, 2005)	0.58
" Good dose-response data for the drugs tested was observed at the time of worm recovery from mice, with no worms recovered at the two highest concentrations of levamisole."	( Efficacy of thiabendazole, mebendazole, levamisole and ivermectin against gullet worm, Gongylonema pulchrum: in vitro and in vivo studies. Gotoh, H; Ikadai, H; Ishida, H; Kubota, H; Kudo, N; Oyamada, T, 2008)	0.81
"The in vivo effect of dosing levamisole as a pulse release within an ivermectin (IVM) controlled-release device (CRD) was simulated by periodic dosing of levamisole to Haemonchus contortus-infected sheep already treated with an IVM CRD."	( Overcoming macrocyclic lactone resistance in Haemonchus contortus with pulse dosing of levamisole. LeJambre, LF; Tyrrell, KL, 2010)	0.87
" For all three in vitro tests standard operating procedures (SOPs) were established and successfully used for the detection of responses of non-parasitic and parasitic stages to different anthelmintic substances and the description of dose-response curves."	( Adaptation and evaluation of three different in vitro tests for the detection of resistance to anthelmintics in gastro intestinal nematodes of cattle. Demeler, J; Küttler, U; von Samson-Himmelstjerna, G, 2010)	0.36
" In most cases onset of symptoms in IPH began after six to nine months of aminorex use, with average dosage ranges of 10 to 40 mg per day."	( Aminorex poisoning in cocaine abusers. Bartolini, V; Bertol, E; Karch, SB; Mari, F, 2012)	0.38
"To develop an oral solid dosage form of levamisole suitable for the paediatric population in terms of dose accuracy, palatability, stability and ease of administration."	( Development and evaluation of age-appropriate film-coated tablets of levamisole for paediatric use (2 - 18 years). de Meijer, M; Kreeftmeijer-Vegter, AR; van Veldhuizen, CK; Wegman, KA, 2013)	0.89
" We generated quantitative estimates for intracellular enzyme activity and were able to construct both dose-response and dose-inhibition curves at the single-cell level, resulting in an apparent Michaelis contant Km of 15."	( Probing enzymatic activity inside single cells. Bridle, H; Isaksson, I; Jeffries, GD; Jesorka, A; Olofsson, J; Orwar, O; Weber, SG; Xu, S, 2013)	0.39
" Sheep dosed with artemisinin had maximum feces concentrations 24 h after treatment (126."	( Anthelmintic activity of Artemisia annua L. extracts in vitro and the effect of an aqueous extract and artemisinin in sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Barioni Júnior, W; Cala, AC; Chagas, AC; Ferreira, JF; Foglio, MA; Gonzalez, JM; Magalhães, PM; Oliveira, MC; Rodrigues, RA; Sousa, IM, 2014)	0.4
" Groups IV to IX were dosed daily for 14 days with extract at doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg bwt, respectively, using an intragastric tube."	( Immunomodulatory activity of methanolic leaf extract of Moringa oleifera in Wistar albino rats. Bbosa, GS; Gakunga, J; Kasolo, JN; Nfambi, J; Sembajwe, LF, 2015)	0.42
"9%) after 8 h of injection of antigen in the footpad of rats dosed 500 mg/kg bwt and this later reduced to 25."	( Immunomodulatory activity of methanolic leaf extract of Moringa oleifera in Wistar albino rats. Bbosa, GS; Gakunga, J; Kasolo, JN; Nfambi, J; Sembajwe, LF, 2015)	0.42
" Levamisole-treated hookworms showed a decline in heat flow and oscillation amplitude in a dose-response manner."	( A novel isothermal microcalorimetry tool to assess drug effects on Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Necator americanus. Braissant, O; Flores, D; Keiser, J; Panic, G, 2016)	1.34
"Six simple, accurate, reproducible, and selective derivative spectrophotometric and chemometric methods have been developed and validated for the determination of levamisole HCl (Lev) either alone or in combination with closantel sodium (Clo) in the pharmaceutical dosage form."	( Comparative Study of Univariate Spectrophotometry and Multivariate Calibration for the Determination of Levamisole Hydrochloride and Closantel Sodium in a Binary Mixture. Abdel-Aziz, O; Ahmed, N; El Kosasy, AM; Hussien, EM, 2016)	0.84
"01); and cumulative median (IQR) prednisolone dosage from 4200 (3200-4300) mg/m2 to 1100 (IQR 500-2900) mg/m2 (P<0."	( Levamisole in Frequently-relapsing and Steroid-dependent Nephrotic Syndrome. Bhanudeep, S; Kiruba Samuel, EM; Krishnamurthy, S; Muske, S, 2017)	1.9
" Long-term follow-up trials focused on gonadal toxicity and limitation of maximum dosage of cyclophosphamide should been carried out."	( Efficacy and acceptability of immunosuppressive agents for pediatric frequently-relapsing and steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Li, Q; Li, S; Tan, L; Wan, J; Yang, H; Zou, Q, 2019)	0.51
" We hypothesise that adding levamisole to standard therapy with corticosteroids in children with a first episode of INS will prevent relapses, decrease cumulative dosage of steroids used and improve HRQoL."	( Prevention of relapses with levamisole as adjuvant therapy in children with a first episode of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: study protocol for a double blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial (the LEARNS study). Bouts, AHM; Florquin, S; Haverman, L; Khan, DH; Levtchenko, E; Mathôt, RAA; Reefman, C; Schreuder, MF; van Oers, HA; van Wijk, JAE; Veissi, S; Veltkamp, F, 2019)	1.1
"This work describes the potential applicability of the BCS-based Biowaiver to oral solid dosage forms containing Levamisole hydrochloride, an anthelmintic drug on the WHO List of Essential Medicines."	( Biowaiver Monograph for Immediate-Release Dosage Forms: Levamisole Hydrochloride. Abrahamsson, B; Cristofoletti, R; de Meijer, M; Dressman, J; Kambayashi, A; Langguth, P; Mehta, M; Parr, A; Polli, JE; Shah, VP; van Veldhuizen, C; Wegman, K, 2023)	1.37

Role	Description
antinematodal drug	A substance used in the treatment or control of nematode infestations.
antirheumatic drug	A drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
immunomodulator	Biologically active substance whose activity affects or plays a role in the functioning of the immune system.
immunological adjuvant	A substance that augments, stimulates, activates, potentiates, or modulates the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. A classical agent (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contains bacterial antigens. It could also be endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Its mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy is related to its antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor	An EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	An imidazothiazole that is imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole in which the double bonds at the 2-3 and 5-6 positions have been reduced to single bonds and in which one of the hydrogens at position 6 is replaced by a phenyl group.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
dopamine D1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	8.1995	0.0052	1.3022	8.1995	AID624455
thioredoxin reductase	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	0.6310	0.1000	20.8793	79.4328	AID588453
cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	30.1116	0.0010	8.3798	61.1304	AID1645840
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	26.6795	0.0355	20.9770	89.1251	AID504332
atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 1 precursor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	3.0131	0.1346	10.3950	30.1313	AID1347049
flap endonuclease 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	3.7686	0.1337	25.4129	89.1251	AID588795
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase	Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU927	Potency	8.4921	0.0601	10.7453	37.9330	AID485368
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	1,000.0000	0.1100	7.1903	10.0000	AID1449628
Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	16.1525	0.0150	2.2407	8.6000	AID1402701; AID1406003; AID1422552; AID459065
Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	16.0000	0.3400	0.4650	0.5900	AID411208
Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)	IC50 (µMol)	19.4060	0.3500	2.5740	7.3400	AID1195078; AID1435719; AID1802586; AID1802592; AID1802638
Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)	Ki	1.8100	1.8100	1.8100	1.8100	AID1195078
Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase	Bos taurus (cattle)	IC50 (µMol)	171.7220	0.3500	2.8833	7.3400	AID1283893; AID1283896; AID1802586; AID1802592; AID1802638
5'-nucleotidase	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	20.2000	0.1400	0.7867	1.9000	AID1802592
Phospholipase A-2-activating protein	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	5.0000	0.0110	1.5370	2.5000	AID459064
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
fatty acid metabolic process	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid biosynthetic process	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic process	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transport	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stress	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid metabolic process	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compound	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transport	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transport	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
protein ubiquitination	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transport	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid signaling pathway	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
cholesterol homeostasis	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
response to estrogen	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanol	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cell	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid homeostasis	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipid homeostasis	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bile acid secretion	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of bile acid metabolic process	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transport	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
skeletal system development	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
osteoblast differentiation	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
endochondral ossification	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
developmental process involved in reproduction	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular homeostasis	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
bone mineralization	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
response to lipopolysaccharide	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
response to insulin	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
response to vitamin D	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
response to vitamin B6	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
pyridoxal phosphate metabolic process	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
response to antibiotic	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
response to glucocorticoid	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphate ion homeostasis	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion homeostasis	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to organic cyclic compound	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
cementum mineralization	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
futile creatine cycle	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
inhibition of non-skeletal tissue mineralization	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
response to sodium phosphate	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
dephosphorylation	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
dephosphorylation	Alkaline phosphatase, placental type	Homo sapiens (human)
endochondral ossification	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
developmental process involved in reproduction	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
cellular homeostasis	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
bone mineralization	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
biomineral tissue development	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
response to vitamin D	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
response to vitamin B6	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
pyridoxal phosphate metabolic process	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
response to antibiotic	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
phosphate ion homeostasis	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
calcium ion homeostasis	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
cellular response to organic cyclic compound	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
futile creatine cycle	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
inhibition of non-skeletal tissue mineralization	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
response to sodium phosphate	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
dephosphorylation	Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase	Homo sapiens (human)
dephosphorylation	Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase	Bos taurus (cattle)
phospholipid metabolic process	Phospholipase A-2-activating protein	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin metabolic process	Phospholipase A-2-activating protein	Homo sapiens (human)
inflammatory response	Phospholipase A-2-activating protein	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	Phospholipase A-2-activating protein	Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system development	Phospholipase A-2-activating protein	Homo sapiens (human)
macroautophagy	Phospholipase A-2-activating protein	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phospholipase A2 activity	Phospholipase A-2-activating protein	Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway	Phospholipase A-2-activating protein	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to lipopolysaccharide	Phospholipase A-2-activating protein	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein K63-linked ubiquitination	Phospholipase A-2-activating protein	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic vesicle recycling	Phospholipase A-2-activating protein	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dendrite extension	Phospholipase A-2-activating protein	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron migration	Phospholipase A-2-activating protein	Homo sapiens (human)
proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process	Phospholipase A-2-activating protein	Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin recycling	Phospholipase A-2-activating protein	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
protein binding	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP binding	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid transmembrane transporter activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transmembrane transporter activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
alkaline phosphatase activity	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
inorganic diphosphate phosphatase activity	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion binding	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
pyrophosphatase activity	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activity	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
pyridoxal phosphatase activity	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
ADP phosphatase activity	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphoamidase activity	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphoethanolamine phosphatase activity	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
magnesium ion binding	Alkaline phosphatase, placental type	Homo sapiens (human)
alkaline phosphatase activity	Alkaline phosphatase, placental type	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Alkaline phosphatase, placental type	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Alkaline phosphatase, placental type	Homo sapiens (human)
alkaline phosphatase activity	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
inorganic diphosphate phosphatase activity	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
calcium ion binding	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
pyrophosphatase activity	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
ATP hydrolysis activity	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
pyridoxal phosphatase activity	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
ADP phosphatase activity	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
phosphoamidase activity	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
phosphoethanolamine phosphatase activity	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
magnesium ion binding	Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase	Homo sapiens (human)
protease binding	Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase	Homo sapiens (human)
alkaline phosphatase activity	Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase	Homo sapiens (human)
magnesium ion binding	Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase	Bos taurus (cattle)
alkaline phosphatase activity	Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase	Bos taurus (cattle)
zinc ion binding	Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase	Bos taurus (cattle)
protein binding	Phospholipase A-2-activating protein	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase A2 activator activity	Phospholipase A-2-activating protein	Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin binding	Phospholipase A-2-activating protein	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
basolateral plasma membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
endosome	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculus	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular canaliculus	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial intermembrane space	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial membrane	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular region	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular matrix	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
side of membrane	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Alkaline phosphatase, placental type	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Alkaline phosphatase, placental type	Homo sapiens (human)
side of membrane	Alkaline phosphatase, placental type	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Alkaline phosphatase, placental type	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial intermembrane space	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
mitochondrial membrane	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
extracellular matrix	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
extracellular membrane-bounded organelle	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
side of membrane	Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme	Bos taurus (cattle)
extracellular region	Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase	Homo sapiens (human)
side of membrane	Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase	Homo sapiens (human)
side of membrane	Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase	Bos taurus (cattle)
nucleus	Phospholipase A-2-activating protein	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Phospholipase A-2-activating protein	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Phospholipase A-2-activating protein	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Phospholipase A-2-activating protein	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Phospholipase A-2-activating protein	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Phospholipase A-2-activating protein	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1347107	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347083	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347091	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347106	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347095	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347082	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347100	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347102	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154	Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347105	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347093	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630	Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347097	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347092	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1159607	Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction	2016	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
AID588378	qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation
AID504810	Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347049	Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot screen	2019	Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500	Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID504812	Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID504836	Inducers of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response (ERSR) in human glioma: Validation	2002	The Journal of biological chemistry, Apr-19, Volume: 277, Issue:16	Sustained ER Ca2+ depletion suppresses protein synthesis and induces activation-enhanced cell death in mast cells.
AID588349	qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation of Cytotoxic Assay
AID1347045	Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot counterscreen GloSensor control cell line	2019	Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500	Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347050	Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr2) antagonism - Pilot subtype selectivity assay	2019	Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500	Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1057893	Reduction in ascorbic acid-induced mineralization in human Saos2 cells at 10 uM after 7 days by Alizarin Red S staining-based assay relative to control	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24	Inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: design, synthesis, kinetics, biomineralization and cellular tests.
AID256031	Lethal dose against Haemonchus contortus Lawes ( levamisole and benzimidazole resistant) using NemaTox assay	2005	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 15, Issue:21	Synthesis and anthelmintic properties of arylquinolines with activity against drug-resistant nematodes.
AID1443296	Immuno-regulatory activity in cyclophosphamide-induced immunocompromised Kunming mouse model assessed as GSH-PX activity in kidney at 25 mg/kg administered once daily via gavage for 30 consecutive days measured after 12 hrs of fasting following last dose	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Immunoregulatory effect assessment of a novel melanin and its carboxymethyl derivative.
AID588220	Literature-mined public compounds from Kruhlak et al phospholipidosis modelling dataset	2008	Toxicology mechanisms and methods, , Volume: 18, Issue:2-3	Development of a phospholipidosis database and predictive quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models.
AID1079939	Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID1443292	Immuno-regulatory activity in cyclophosphamide-induced immunocompromised Kunming mouse model assessed as MDA content in serum at 25 mg/kg administered once daily via gavage for 30 consecutive days measured after 12 hrs of fasting following last dose on da	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Immunoregulatory effect assessment of a novel melanin and its carboxymethyl derivative.
AID136627	Nematocidal against Nematospiroides dubius in mouse was determined at 5 mg/kg peroral dose of compound	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 30, Issue:10	Isothiourea derivatives of 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole with broad-spectrum anthelmintic activity.
AID588216	FDA HLAED, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) increase	2004	Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4	Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID1332504	Immunopotentiating activity in sheep RBC-immunized BALB/c mouse assessed as increase in isolated splenic B-cell proliferation at 2.5 mg/kg administered orally for 14 days followed by incubation of isolated splenocytes with ConA for 72 hrs by MTT assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123	Synthesis and immunopotentiating activity of novel isoxazoline functionalized coumarins.
AID459064	Inhibition of PLAP by analogous luminescence assay	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 18, Issue:2	Design and synthesis of selective inhibitors of placental alkaline phosphatase.
AID496824	Antimicrobial activity against Toxoplasma gondii	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID172194	Compound was tested by carrageenan -induced paw edema for percent change in paw volume of control sham operated rats at 150 mg/kg	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9	5,6-Diaryl-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles: a new class of immunoregulatory antiinflammatory agents.
AID1210284	Tmax in female human at 150 mg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID335537	Nematocidal activity against Heteropogon contortus McMaster assessed as inhibition of nematode larval development after 5 days	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Convolutindole A and convolutamine H, new nematocidal brominated alkaloids from the marine bryozoan Amathia convoluta.
AID173999	Inhibition of secondary nonimmune L16 inflammatory lesions was measured; activity value ranges from 37.2 - 112.6	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9	5,6-Diaryl-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles: a new class of immunoregulatory antiinflammatory agents.
AID588219	FDA HLAED, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) increase	2004	Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4	Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID117847	Effect on humoral immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the plaque-forming cell (PFC/10e6 spleen cells) method in experiment 7 at dose 12 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID147185	Anthelmintic activity ( in Vivo ) in mouse, as percentage reduction of Nematospiroides dubius at 62 PPM	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 34, Issue:5	Synthesis and anthelmintic activity of 3'-benzoylurea derivatives of 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole.
AID496829	Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania infantum	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID171883	Change in 7S hemagglutinination titers in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats at 50 mg/kg	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9	5,6-Diaryl-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles: a new class of immunoregulatory antiinflammatory agents.
AID171889	Change in paw edema in oxazolone -induced arthritic rats at 5 mg/kg; (p	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9	5,6-Diaryl-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles: a new class of immunoregulatory antiinflammatory agents.
AID147181	Anthelmintic activity ( in Vivo ) in mouse, as percentage reduction of Nematospiroides dubius at 125 PPM	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 34, Issue:5	Synthesis and anthelmintic activity of 3'-benzoylurea derivatives of 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole.
AID1057898	Cytotoxicity against human Saos2 cells assessed as cell viability up to 10 uM by MTT assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24	Inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: design, synthesis, kinetics, biomineralization and cellular tests.
AID1210263	Elimination half life in fasted dog at 10 mg/kg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID1449628	Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in baculovirus transfected fall armyworm Sf21 cell membranes vesicles assessed as reduction in ATP-dependent [3H]-taurocholate transport into vesicles incubated for 5 mins by Topcount based rapid filtration method	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Dec, Volume: 40, Issue:12	Mitigating the inhibition of human bile salt export pump by drugs: opportunities provided by physicochemical property modulation, in silico modeling, and structural modification.
AID496817	Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma cruzi	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID503311	Antiproliferative activity against human PC3 cells at 10 uM after 120 hrs by MTT assay relative to DMSO	2006	Nature chemical biology, Jun, Volume: 2, Issue:6	Identifying off-target effects and hidden phenotypes of drugs in human cells.
AID1057899	Selectivity ratio of IC50 for intestinal alkaline phosphatase (unknown origin) to IC50 for porcine kidney TNAP at pH 7.8	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24	Inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: design, synthesis, kinetics, biomineralization and cellular tests.
AID588213	Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in non-rodents	2010	Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1	Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID147183	Anthelmintic activity ( in Vivo ) in mouse, as percentage reduction of Nematospiroides dubius at 31 PPM	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 34, Issue:5	Synthesis and anthelmintic activity of 3'-benzoylurea derivatives of 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole.
AID117843	Effect on humoral immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the plaque-forming cell (PFC/10e6 spleen cells) method in experiment 5 at dose 12 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID496823	Antimicrobial activity against Trichomonas vaginalis	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1210287	Renal clearance in human at 150 mg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID116165	Tested increase in foot-pad thickness (mm) by its effect on cellular immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the DHR method in experiment 11 at dose 3 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID1332494	Immunopotentiating activity in sheep RBC-immunized BALB/c mouse assessed as B-cell activation by measuring IgG antibody titer in serum at 2.5 mg/kg, po for 14 days by hemagglutinination technique	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123	Synthesis and immunopotentiating activity of novel isoxazoline functionalized coumarins.
AID246332	In vitro anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus contortus after 2 hr of incubation using larval mobility assay	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-02, Volume: 14, Issue:15	Novel thiophenes and analogues with anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus contortus.
AID1210266	Volume of distribution at steady state in male human at 150 mg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID290242	Immunostimulatory effect against SRBC-induced hormonal response in BALB/c mouse assessed as antibody production	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 17, Issue:6	Immunomodulatory effects of two sapogenins 1 and 2 isolated from Luffa cylindrica in Balb/C mice.
AID1210258	Plasma clearance in dog at 10 mg/kg, iv	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID1079933	Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID1210291	Oral bioavailability in male human at 150 mg	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID459066	Inhibition of IAP by analogous luminescence assay	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 18, Issue:2	Design and synthesis of selective inhibitors of placental alkaline phosphatase.
AID1332486	Immunopotentiating activity in splenic lymphocytes (unknown origin) assessed as effect on proliferation by measuring cell viability at 2.5 ug/ml pretreated followed by incubation of lymphocytes with ConA for 48 hrs by MTT assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123	Synthesis and immunopotentiating activity of novel isoxazoline functionalized coumarins.
AID1662841	Inhibition of bovine kidney TNAP	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 30, Issue:13	An efficient synthetic approach toward a sporadic heterocyclic scaffold: 1,3-Oxathiol-2-ylidenes; alkaline phosphatase inhibition and molecular docking studies.
AID331640	Anthelmintic activity against levamisole-resistant Trichostrongylus colubriformis isolate by larva development assay	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 18, Issue:9	Discovery of amino-acetonitrile derivatives, a new class of synthetic anthelmintic compounds.
AID1332522	Immunopotentiating activity in sheep RBC-immunized BALB/c mouse assessed as CD8-positive T-cell content in spleen at 2.5 mg/kg, po for 14 days by flow cytometry (Rvb = 1.47 +/- 0.04 10'7No_unit)	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123	Synthesis and immunopotentiating activity of novel isoxazoline functionalized coumarins.
AID1443268	Immuno-regulatory activity in cyclophosphamide-induced immunocompromised Kunming mouse model assessed as peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis rate at 25 mg/kg administered once daily via gavage for 30 consecutive days measured after 12 hrs of fasting follow	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Immunoregulatory effect assessment of a novel melanin and its carboxymethyl derivative.
AID117837	Effect on humoral immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the plaque-forming cell (PFC/10e6 spleen cells) method in experiment 2 at dose 12 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID1079934	Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID1210256	Plasma clearance in male human at 150 mg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID496819	Antimicrobial activity against Plasmodium falciparum	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID117844	Effect on humoral immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the plaque-forming cell (PFC/10e6 spleen cells) method in experiment 5 at dose 3 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID116169	Tested increase in foot-pad thickness (mm) by its effect on cellular immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the DHR method in experiment 13 at dose 3 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID1185724	Cytotoxicity against human CEM cells after 72 hrs by Coulter counting method	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-12, Volume: 84	2-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-6-arylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles: synthesis, cytotoxic activity and mechanism of action.
AID1443262	Immuno-regulatory activity in cyclophosphamide-induced immunocompromised Kunming mouse model assessed as body weight at 25 mg/kg administered once daily via gavage for 30 consecutive days measured after 12 hrs of fasting following last dose (Rvb = 30.3 +/	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Immunoregulatory effect assessment of a novel melanin and its carboxymethyl derivative.
AID1079945	Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID1422553	Inhibition of human IAP expressed in African green monkey COS7 cell membranes using CDP-star as substrate pretreated for 5 to 10 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 15 to 20 mins by spectrophotometric method	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-05, Volume: 159	Hybrid compounds from chalcone and 1,2-benzothiazine pharmacophores as selective inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase isozymes.
AID1210265	Volume of distribution at steady state in human at 150 mg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID116164	Tested increase in foot-pad thickness (mm) by its effect on cellular immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the DHR method in experiment 11 at dose 12 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID1443271	Immuno-regulatory activity in cyclophosphamide-induced immunocompromised Kunming mouse model assessed as peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis index at 25 mg/kg administered once daily via gavage for 30 consecutive days measured after 12 hrs of fasting follo	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Immunoregulatory effect assessment of a novel melanin and its carboxymethyl derivative.
AID1210288	Renal clearance in male human at 150 mg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID117841	Effect on humoral immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the plaque-forming cell (PFC/10e6 spleen cells) method in experiment 4 at dose 12 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID1210296	Renal excretion in human at 150 mg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID1210261	Elimination half life in female human at 150 mg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID1593558	Inhibition of cytosolic nucleotidase in MaMel.65-CD73 cell cytosolic extract (unknown origin) at 1 mM using AMP as substrate preincubated for 5 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 60 mins in presence of NaF by malachite green oxalate dy	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-11, Volume: 62, Issue:7	Structure-Activity Relationship of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotides as Ecto-5'-Nucleotidase (CD73) Inhibitors.
AID588217	FDA HLAED, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) increase	2004	Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4	Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID1079937	Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID1210275	AUC in fasted dog at 10 mg/kg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID336226	Antihelminthic activity against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis 4 instar larvae assessed as reduction in motility at 5.0 ug/mL
AID358923	Anthelmintic activity against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis	2001	Journal of natural products, Dec, Volume: 64, Issue:12	New sesquiterpene derivatives from the red alga Laurencia scoparia. Isolation, structure determination, and anthelmintic activity.
AID1210290	Oral bioavailability in human at 150 mg	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID1210294	Oral bioavailability in fed dog at 10 mg/kg	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID1332505	Immunopotentiating activity in sheep RBC-immunized BALB/c mouse assessed as increase in isolated splenic B-cell proliferation at 2.5 mg/kg administered orally for 14 days followed by incubation of isolated splenocytes with LPS for 72 hrs by MTT assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123	Synthesis and immunopotentiating activity of novel isoxazoline functionalized coumarins.
AID136620	Nematocidal against Nematospiroides dubius in mouse was determined at 100 mg/kg peroral dose of compound	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 30, Issue:10	Isothiourea derivatives of 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole with broad-spectrum anthelmintic activity.
AID1332514	Immunopotentiating activity in sheep RBC-immunized BALB/c mouse assessed as ratio of CD4-positive splenic T-cells to CD8-positive splenic T-cells at 2.5 mg/kg, po for 14 days by flow cytometry (RVB = 1.56 +/- 0.09 No_unit)	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123	Synthesis and immunopotentiating activity of novel isoxazoline functionalized coumarins.
AID1443286	Immuno-regulatory activity in cyclophosphamide-induced immunocompromised Kunming mouse model assessed as SOD activity in serum at 25 mg/kg administered once daily via gavage for 30 consecutive days measured after 12 hrs of fasting following last dose on d	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Immunoregulatory effect assessment of a novel melanin and its carboxymethyl derivative.
AID588218	FDA HLAED, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increase	2004	Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4	Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID136619	Nematocidal against Nematospiroides dubius in mouse was determined at 0.5 mg/kg peroral dose of compound; ND means no data	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 30, Issue:10	Isothiourea derivatives of 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole with broad-spectrum anthelmintic activity.
AID1332510	Immunopotentiating activity in sheep RBC-immunized BALB/c mouse assessed as CD8-positive splenic T-cells at 2.5 mg/kg, po for 14 days by flow cytometry (Rvb = 13.3 +/- 0.34%)	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123	Synthesis and immunopotentiating activity of novel isoxazoline functionalized coumarins.
AID1079931	Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID1210257	Plasma clearance in female human at 150 mg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID1443317	Immuno-regulatory activity in cyclophosphamide-induced immunocompromised Kunming mouse model assessed as MDA content in spleen at 25 mg/kg administered once daily via gavage for 30 consecutive days measured after 12 hrs of fasting following last dose on d	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Immunoregulatory effect assessment of a novel melanin and its carboxymethyl derivative.
AID1443277	Immuno-regulatory activity in cyclophosphamide-induced immunocompromised Kunming mouse model assessed as enhancement of B cell-mediated humoral immunity by measuring antibody producing cells in spleen against SRBC at 25 mg/kg administered once daily via g	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Immunoregulatory effect assessment of a novel melanin and its carboxymethyl derivative.
AID117835	Effect on humoral immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the plaque-forming cell (PFC/10e6 spleen cells) method in experiment 1 at dose 12 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID116168	Tested increase in foot-pad thickness (mm) by its effect on cellular immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the DHR method in experiment 13 at dose 12 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID1443311	Immuno-regulatory activity in cyclophosphamide-induced immunocompromised Kunming mouse model assessed as SOD activity in spleen at 25 mg/kg administered once daily via gavage for 30 consecutive days measured after 12 hrs of fasting following last dose on	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Immunoregulatory effect assessment of a novel melanin and its carboxymethyl derivative.
AID588215	FDA HLAED, alkaline phosphatase increase	2004	Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4	Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID1210267	Volume of distribution at steady state in female human at 150 mg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID1185725	Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells after 72 hrs by Coulter counting method	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-12, Volume: 84	2-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-6-arylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles: synthesis, cytotoxic activity and mechanism of action.
AID1422552	Inhibition of human TNAP expressed in African green monkey COS7 cell membranes using CDP-star as substrate pretreated for 5 to 10 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 15 to 20 mins by spectrophotometric method	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-05, Volume: 159	Hybrid compounds from chalcone and 1,2-benzothiazine pharmacophores as selective inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase isozymes.
AID256029	Lethal dose against Haemonchus contortus CAVR (ivermectin resistant) using NemaTox assay	2005	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 15, Issue:21	Synthesis and anthelmintic properties of arylquinolines with activity against drug-resistant nematodes.
AID1057901	Selectivity ratio of IC50 for placental alkaline phosphatase (unknown origin) to IC50 for porcine kidney TNAP at pH 7.8	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24	Inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: design, synthesis, kinetics, biomineralization and cellular tests.
AID1210270	Volume of distribution at steady state in fed dog at 10 mg/kg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID116170	Tested increase in foot-pad thickness (mm) by its effect on cellular immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the DHR method in experiment 14 at dose 12 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID335542	Antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763 at 50 ug/ml after 24 hrs by agar-based microtiter plate assay	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Convolutindole A and convolutamine H, new nematocidal brominated alkaloids from the marine bryozoan Amathia convoluta.
AID1332496	Immunopotentiating activity in sheep RBC-immunized BALB/c mouse assessed as increase in delayed-type hypersensitivity response by measuring left hind foot pad thickness at 2.5 mg/kg, po qd for 7 days and 2 hrs post immunization measured 24 to 72 hrs post	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123	Synthesis and immunopotentiating activity of novel isoxazoline functionalized coumarins.
AID293136	Parasiticidal activity against Haemonchus contortus McMaster	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 17, Issue:4	Discovery of (Z)-2-phenyl-3-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)acrylonitrile derivatives active against Haemonchus contortus and Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea).
AID117845	Effect on humoral immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the plaque-forming cell (PFC/10e6 spleen cells) method in experiment 6 at dose 12 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID256030	Lethal dose against Haemonchus contortus VSRG (benzimidazole resistant) using NemaTox assay	2005	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 15, Issue:21	Synthesis and anthelmintic properties of arylquinolines with activity against drug-resistant nematodes.
AID1443314	Immuno-regulatory activity in cyclophosphamide-induced immunocompromised Kunming mouse model assessed as GSH-PX activity in spleen at 25 mg/kg administered once daily via gavage for 30 consecutive days measured after 12 hrs of fasting following last dose	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Immunoregulatory effect assessment of a novel melanin and its carboxymethyl derivative.
AID1079936	Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID496831	Antimicrobial activity against Cryptosporidium parvum	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID336228	Antihelminthic activity against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis 4 instar larvae assessed as reduction in cast formation at 5.0 ug/mL
AID588214	FDA HLAED, liver enzyme composite activity	2004	Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4	Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID117849	Effect on humoral immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the plaque-forming cell (PFC/10e6 spleen cells) method in experiment 8 at dose 12 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID1210262	Elimination half life in dog at 10 mg/kg, iv	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID1283905	Inhibition of TNAP in C57BL/6J mouse primary osteoblasts assessed as reduction of ascorbic acid and beta-glycerophosphate-induced mineralization at 10 to 40 uM after 6 days by alizarin red-s staining based assay	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 26, Issue:5	Synthesis of benzofuran derivatives as selective inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: effects on cell toxicity and osteoblast-induced mineralization.
AID116719	Acute lethal dose was determined in mice upon subcutaneous administration	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID191934	Cutaneous oxazolone induced contact sensitivity in mouse and percent stimulation in right hind paw was determined at a dose 25 mg/kg perorally	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 27, Issue:1	Antiinflammatory activity of 5,6-diaryl-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles. Isomeric 4-pyridyl and 4-substituted phenyl derivatives.
AID246345	In vitro anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus contortus after 24 hr of incubation using larval mobility assay	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-02, Volume: 14, Issue:15	Novel thiophenes and analogues with anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus contortus.
AID1210277	Cmax in human at 150 mg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID1443299	Immuno-regulatory activity in cyclophosphamide-induced immunocompromised Kunming mouse model assessed as MDA content in kidney at 25 mg/kg administered once daily via gavage for 30 consecutive days measured after 12 hrs of fasting following last dose on d	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Immunoregulatory effect assessment of a novel melanin and its carboxymethyl derivative.
AID116177	Tested increase in foot-pad thickness (mm) by its effect on cellular immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the DHR method in experiment 17 at dose 3 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID459065	Inhibition of TNAP by analogous luminescence assay	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 18, Issue:2	Design and synthesis of selective inhibitors of placental alkaline phosphatase.
AID1443283	Immuno-regulatory activity in cyclophosphamide-induced immunocompromised Kunming mouse model assessed as enhancement of T cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity by measuring paw weight at 25 mg/kg administered once daily via gavage for 30 consecutive	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Immunoregulatory effect assessment of a novel melanin and its carboxymethyl derivative.
AID496832	Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1057908	Inhibition of placental alkaline phosphatase (unknown origin) assessed as para nitrophenylphosphate conversion to p-nitrophenolate at pH 7.8 incubated for 10 mins prior to substrate addition measured after 5 seconds by spectrophotometric analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24	Inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: design, synthesis, kinetics, biomineralization and cellular tests.
AID1332503	Immunopotentiating activity in sheep RBC-immunized BALB/c mouse assessed as increase in isolated splenic T-cell proliferation at 2.5 mg/kg administered orally for 14 days followed by incubation of isolated splenocytes with LPS for 72 hrs by MTT assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123	Synthesis and immunopotentiating activity of novel isoxazoline functionalized coumarins.
AID116171	Tested increase in foot-pad thickness (mm) by its effect on cellular immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the DHR method in experiment 14 at dose 3 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID117839	Effect on humoral immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the plaque-forming cell (PFC/10e6 spleen cells) method in experiment 3 at dose 12 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID331639	Anthelmintic activity against benzimidazole-resistant Haemonchus contortus isolate by larva development assay	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 18, Issue:9	Discovery of amino-acetonitrile derivatives, a new class of synthetic anthelmintic compounds.
AID1079940	Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID117846	Effect on humoral immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the plaque-forming cell (PFC/10e6 spleen cells) method in experiment 6 at dose 3 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID1057894	Reduction in beta-glycerophosphate-induced mineralization in human Saos2 cells at 10 uM after 7 days by Alizarin Red S staining-based assay relative to control	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24	Inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: design, synthesis, kinetics, biomineralization and cellular tests.
AID1332518	Immunopotentiating activity in sheep RBC-immunized BALB/c mouse assessed as CD4-positive T-cell content in spleen at 2.5 mg/kg, po for 14 days by flow cytometry (Rvb = 2.7 +/- 0.12 10'7No_unit)	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123	Synthesis and immunopotentiating activity of novel isoxazoline functionalized coumarins.
AID117838	Effect on humoral immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the plaque-forming cell (PFC/10e6 spleen cells) method in experiment 2 at dose 3 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID496821	Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1443255	Immuno-regulatory activity in cyclophosphamide-induced immunocompromised Kunming mouse model assessed as SOD activity in kidney at 25 mg/kg administered once daily via gavage for 30 consecutive days measured after 12 hrs of fasting following last dose on	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Immunoregulatory effect assessment of a novel melanin and its carboxymethyl derivative.
AID1283896	Inhibition of bovine intestinal alkaline phosphatase using para-nitrophenylphosphate as substrate preincubated for 10 mins at pH 10.4 followed by substrate addition	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 26, Issue:5	Synthesis of benzofuran derivatives as selective inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: effects on cell toxicity and osteoblast-induced mineralization.
AID1444566	Inhibition of human IAP using CDP-star as substrate pretreated for 10 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 10 mins by spectrophotometric method	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-05, Volume: 131	Coumarin sulfonates: New alkaline phosphatase inhibitors; in vitro and in silico studies.
AID173997	Inhibition of primary nonimmune L3 inflammatory lesions was measured; activity value ranges from 10.3 - 73.4	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9	5,6-Diaryl-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles: a new class of immunoregulatory antiinflammatory agents.
AID1057900	Selectivity ratio of IC50 for intestinal alkaline phosphatase (unknown origin) to IC50 for porcine kidney TNAP at pH 10.4	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24	Inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: design, synthesis, kinetics, biomineralization and cellular tests.
AID1079947	Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID1079932	Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID1210282	Tmax in human at 150 mg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID182981	Adjuvant arthritic activity in rat uninjected leg on day 16 tested at 50 mg/kg perorally	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 27, Issue:1	Antiinflammatory activity of 5,6-diaryl-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles. Isomeric 4-pyridyl and 4-substituted phenyl derivatives.
AID1283894	Inhibition of human placental alkaline phosphatase using para-nitrophenylphosphate as substrate preincubated for 10 mins at pH 7.8 followed by substrate addition	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 26, Issue:5	Synthesis of benzofuran derivatives as selective inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: effects on cell toxicity and osteoblast-induced mineralization.
AID1210292	Oral bioavailability in female human at 150 mg	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID1283906	Solubility of compound in water	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 26, Issue:5	Synthesis of benzofuran derivatives as selective inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: effects on cell toxicity and osteoblast-induced mineralization.
AID173995	Inhibition of immune R16 inflammatory lesions was measured; activity value ranges from 80.9 - 272.1	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9	5,6-Diaryl-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles: a new class of immunoregulatory antiinflammatory agents.
AID116166	Tested increase in foot-pad thickness (mm) by its effect on cellular immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the DHR method in experiment 12 at dose 12 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID1402701	Inhibition of human TNAP expressed in COS7 cells preincubated for 5 to 7 mins followed by CDP-star substrate addition measured after 15 to 20 mins by luminescence assay
AID182858	Adjuvant arthritic activity in rat injected leg on day 16 tested at 50 mg/kg perorally	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 27, Issue:1	Antiinflammatory activity of 5,6-diaryl-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles. Isomeric 4-pyridyl and 4-substituted phenyl derivatives.
AID256525	Lethal dose against Ostertagia circumcincta using NemaTox assay; nt denotes not tested	2005	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 15, Issue:21	Synthesis and anthelmintic properties of arylquinolines with activity against drug-resistant nematodes.
AID336227	Antihelminthic activity against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis 4 instar larvae assessed as reduction in viability at 5.0 ug/mL
AID117840	Effect on humoral immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the plaque-forming cell (PFC/10e6 spleen cells) method in experiment 3 at dose 3 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID1332487	Immunopotentiating activity in splenic lymphocytes (unknown origin) assessed as effect on proliferation by measuring cell viability at 2.5 ug/ml pretreated followed by incubation of lymphocytes with LPS for 48 hrs by MTT assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123	Synthesis and immunopotentiating activity of novel isoxazoline functionalized coumarins.
AID136623	Nematocidal against Nematospiroides dubius in mouse was determined at 25 mg/kg peroral dose of compound	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 30, Issue:10	Isothiourea derivatives of 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole with broad-spectrum anthelmintic activity.
AID110748	Change in paw edema in methotrexate-suppressed oxazolone -induced contact sensitivity in mice at 50 mg/kg	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9	5,6-Diaryl-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles: a new class of immunoregulatory antiinflammatory agents.
AID116172	Tested increase in foot-pad thickness (mm) by its effect on cellular immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the DHR method in experiment 15 at dose 12 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID411208	Inhibition of TNSALP	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 19, Issue:1	Design and synthesis of pyrazole derivatives as potent and selective inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP).
AID1210293	Oral bioavailability in fasted dog at 10 mg/kg	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID1057906	Inhibition of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (unknown origin) assessed as para nitrophenylphosphate conversion to p-nitrophenolate at pH 7.8 incubated for 10 mins prior to substrate addition measured after 5 seconds by spectrophotometric analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24	Inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: design, synthesis, kinetics, biomineralization and cellular tests.
AID1079935	Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID1057904	Solubility of the compound	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24	Inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: design, synthesis, kinetics, biomineralization and cellular tests.
AID1210255	Plasma clearance in human at 150 mg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID117850	Effect on humoral immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the plaque-forming cell (PFC/10e6 spleen cells) method in experiment 8 at dose 3 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID1057896	Reduction in ascorbic acid-induced mineralization in human MG63 cells at 10 uM after 7 days by Alizarin Red S staining-based assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24	Inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: design, synthesis, kinetics, biomineralization and cellular tests.
AID1210260	Elimination half life in male human at 150 mg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID335540	Antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 at 50 ug/ml after 24 hrs by agar-based microtiter plate assay	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Convolutindole A and convolutamine H, new nematocidal brominated alkaloids from the marine bryozoan Amathia convoluta.
AID1079948	Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID1326808	Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells assessed as cell growth inhibition after 24 hrs by MTT assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122	Natural product-inspired rational design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 2,3-dihydropyrano[2,3-f]chromen-4(8H)-one based hybrids as potential mitochondrial apoptosis inducers.
AID256526	Lethal dose against Trichostrongylus colubriformis using NemaTox assay; nt denotes not tested	2005	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 15, Issue:21	Synthesis and anthelmintic properties of arylquinolines with activity against drug-resistant nematodes.
AID1057902	Selectivity ratio of IC50 for placental alkaline phosphatase (unknown origin) to IC50 for porcine kidney TNAP at pH 10.4	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24	Inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: design, synthesis, kinetics, biomineralization and cellular tests.
AID136622	Nematocidal against Nematospiroides dubius in mouse was determined at 1 mg/kg peroral dose of compound	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 30, Issue:10	Isothiourea derivatives of 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole with broad-spectrum anthelmintic activity.
AID1406003	Inhibition of human TNAP expressed in COS7 cells using CDP-star as substrate preincubated for 5 to 10 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 20 mins by luminescence-based assay	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 156	Exploration of carboxy pyrazole derivatives: Synthesis, alkaline phosphatase, nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase and nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase inhibition studies with potential anticancer profile.
AID116718	Acute lethal dose was determined in mice upon intravenous administration	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID1079942	Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID1210298	Half life in blood (unknown origin)	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID496818	Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1079938	Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID1283893	Inhibition of bovine intestinal alkaline phosphatase using para-nitrophenylphosphate as substrate preincubated for 10 mins at pH 7.8 followed by substrate addition	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 26, Issue:5	Synthesis of benzofuran derivatives as selective inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: effects on cell toxicity and osteoblast-induced mineralization.
AID1326807	Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition after 24 hrs by MTT assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122	Natural product-inspired rational design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 2,3-dihydropyrano[2,3-f]chromen-4(8H)-one based hybrids as potential mitochondrial apoptosis inducers.
AID1422554	Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for human TNAP expressed in African green monkey COS7 cell membranes to IC50 for human IAP expressed in African green monkey COS7 cell membranes	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-05, Volume: 159	Hybrid compounds from chalcone and 1,2-benzothiazine pharmacophores as selective inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase isozymes.
AID1210264	Elimination half life in fed dog at 10 mg/kg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID1210278	Cmax in male human at 150 mg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID1057911	Inhibition of porcine kidney TNAP assessed as para nitrophenylphosphate conversion to p-nitrophenolate at pH 7.8 incubated for 10 mins prior to substrate addition measured after 5 seconds by spectrophotometric analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24	Inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: design, synthesis, kinetics, biomineralization and cellular tests.
AID1079941	Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID497005	Antimicrobial activity against Pneumocystis carinii	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID588211	Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in humans	2010	Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1	Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1332539	Immunopotentiating activity in sheep RBC-immunized BALB/c mouse assessed as increase in macrophage production by measuring increase in NO production at 2.5 mg/kg administered orally for 14 days followed by incubation with LPS for 48 hrs by Griess assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123	Synthesis and immunopotentiating activity of novel isoxazoline functionalized coumarins.
AID1057897	Cytotoxicity against human MG63 cells assessed as cell viability up to 10 uM by MTT assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24	Inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: design, synthesis, kinetics, biomineralization and cellular tests.
AID1210289	Renal clearance in female human at 150 mg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID496827	Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania amazonensis	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID136625	Nematocidal against Nematospiroides dubius in mouse was determined at 50 mg/kg peroral dose of compound	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 30, Issue:10	Isothiourea derivatives of 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole with broad-spectrum anthelmintic activity.
AID1057905	Inhibition of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (unknown origin) assessed as para nitrophenylphosphate conversion to p-nitrophenolate at pH 10.4 incubated for 10 mins prior to substrate addition measured after 5 seconds by spectrophotometric analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24	Inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: design, synthesis, kinetics, biomineralization and cellular tests.
AID496830	Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania major	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1443308	Immuno-regulatory activity in cyclophosphamide-induced immunocompromised Kunming mouse model assessed as MDA content in liver at 25 mg/kg administered once daily via gavage for 30 consecutive days measured after 12 hrs of fasting following last dose on da	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Immunoregulatory effect assessment of a novel melanin and its carboxymethyl derivative.
AID256028	Lethal dose against Haemonchus contortus (susceptible) using NemaTox assay	2005	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 15, Issue:21	Synthesis and anthelmintic properties of arylquinolines with activity against drug-resistant nematodes.
AID684680	Inhibition of alkaline phosphatase	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17	Fluorogenic assay of alkaline phosphatase activity based on the modulation of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer.
AID453295	Inhibition of porcine kidney tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase at pH 7.8 at 37 degC	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 17, Issue:20	Synthesis and evaluation of benzo[b]thiophene derivatives as inhibitors of alkaline phosphatases.
AID313435	Parasiticidal activity against Haemonchus contortus by larval assay	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 18, Issue:1	Parasiticidal 2-alkoxy- and 2-aryloxyiminoalkyl trifluoromethanesulfonanilides.
AID1443305	Immuno-regulatory activity in cyclophosphamide-induced immunocompromised Kunming mouse model assessed as GSH-PX activity in liver at 25 mg/kg administered once daily via gavage for 30 consecutive days measured after 12 hrs of fasting following last dose o	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Immunoregulatory effect assessment of a novel melanin and its carboxymethyl derivative.
AID1443289	Immuno-regulatory activity in cyclophosphamide-induced immunocompromised Kunming mouse model assessed as GSH-PX activity in serum at 25 mg/kg administered once daily via gavage for 30 consecutive days measured after 12 hrs of fasting following last dose o	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Immunoregulatory effect assessment of a novel melanin and its carboxymethyl derivative.
AID1443274	Immuno-regulatory activity in cyclophosphamide-induced immunocompromised Kunming mouse model assessed as enhancement of B cell-mediated humoral immunity by measuring SRBC half hemolysis value at 25 mg/kg administered once daily via gavage for 30 consecuti	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Immunoregulatory effect assessment of a novel melanin and its carboxymethyl derivative.
AID1283903	Inhibition of TNAP in human Saos2 cells assessed as reduction of ascorbic acid and beta-glycerophosphate-induced mineralization at 30 to 40 uM after 6 days by alizarin red-s staining based assay relative to control	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 26, Issue:5	Synthesis of benzofuran derivatives as selective inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: effects on cell toxicity and osteoblast-induced mineralization.
AID182860	Adjuvant arthritic activity in rat injected leg on day 3 tested at 50 mg/kg perorally	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 27, Issue:1	Antiinflammatory activity of 5,6-diaryl-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles. Isomeric 4-pyridyl and 4-substituted phenyl derivatives.
AID1443280	Immuno-regulatory activity in cyclophosphamide-induced immunocompromised Kunming mouse model assessed as concanavalin A-induced lymphocyte proliferation stimulate index in spleen at 25 mg/kg administered once daily via gavage for 30 consecutive days measu	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Immunoregulatory effect assessment of a novel melanin and its carboxymethyl derivative.
AID1079944	Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID1057895	Reduction in beta-glycerophosphate-induced mineralization in human MG63 cells at 10 uM after 7 days by Alizarin Red S staining-based assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24	Inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: design, synthesis, kinetics, biomineralization and cellular tests.
AID1210295	Renal excretion in human assessed as metabolite excretion at 150 mg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID496825	Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania mexicana	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID117848	Effect on humoral immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the plaque-forming cell (PFC/10e6 spleen cells) method in experiment 7 at dose 3 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID1443302	Immuno-regulatory activity in cyclophosphamide-induced immunocompromised Kunming mouse model assessed as SOD activity in liver at 25 mg/kg administered once daily via gavage for 30 consecutive days measured after 12 hrs of fasting following last dose on d	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Immunoregulatory effect assessment of a novel melanin and its carboxymethyl derivative.
AID1210268	Volume of distribution at steady state in dog at 10 mg/kg, iv	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID1210269	Volume of distribution at steady state in fasted dog at 10 mg/kg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID1174763	Immunomodulatory activity in albino mouse assessed as change in humoral antibody titre at 150 umol/kg, po for 7 days followed by sheep RBC challenge measured on day 14	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-07, Volume: 89	Benzimidazole--ibuprofen/mesalamine conjugates: potential candidates for multifactorial diseases.
AID1210285	Tmax in fasted dog at 10 mg/kg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID1332506	Immunopotentiating activity in sheep RBC-immunized BALB/c mouse assessed as CD4-positive splenic T-cells at 2.5 mg/kg, po for 14 days by flow cytometry (Rvb = 20.7 +/- 0.9%)	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123	Synthesis and immunopotentiating activity of novel isoxazoline functionalized coumarins.
AID116163	Tested increase in foot-pad thickness (mm) by its effect on cellular immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the DHR method in experiment 10 at dose 3 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID1332536	Immunopotentiating activity in sheep RBC-immunized BALB/c mouse assessed as increase in IL2 production in splenocytes at 2.5 mg/kg administered orally for 14 days followed by incubation with ConA for 48 hrs by ELISA	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123	Synthesis and immunopotentiating activity of novel isoxazoline functionalized coumarins.
AID172190	Compound was tested by carrageenan -induced paw edema for percent change in paw volume of control in adrenalectomized operated rats at 150 mg/kg; the % change is Not statistically significant	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9	5,6-Diaryl-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles: a new class of immunoregulatory antiinflammatory agents.
AID496820	Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma brucei	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID116176	Tested increase in foot-pad thickness (mm) by its effect on cellular immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the DHR method in experiment 17 at dose 12 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID1185723	Cytotoxicity against mouse L1210 cells after 48 hrs by Coulter counting method	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-12, Volume: 84	2-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-6-arylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles: synthesis, cytotoxic activity and mechanism of action.
AID1210259	Elimination half life in human at 150 mg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID1283895	Inhibition of human placental alkaline phosphatase using para-nitrophenylphosphate as substrate preincubated for 10 mins at pH 10.4 followed by substrate addition	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 26, Issue:5	Synthesis of benzofuran derivatives as selective inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: effects on cell toxicity and osteoblast-induced mineralization.
AID1210271	AUC in human at 150 mg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID171880	Change in 19S hemagglutinination titers in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats at 50 mg/kg	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9	5,6-Diaryl-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles: a new class of immunoregulatory antiinflammatory agents.
AID1113017	Nematicidal activity against second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita (root-knot nematode) after 1 day by inverted microscopic analysis	2013	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Feb-27, Volume: 61, Issue:8	Potent nematicidal activity of phthalaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, and cinnamic aldehyde against Meloidogyne incognita.
AID1210276	AUC in fed dog at 10 mg/kg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID1079949	Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID116174	Tested increase in foot-pad thickness (mm) by its effect on cellular immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the DHR method in experiment 16 at dose 12 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID116175	Tested increase in foot-pad thickness (mm) by its effect on cellular immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the DHR method in experiment 16 at dose 3 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID1443259	Immuno-regulatory activity in cyclophosphamide-induced immunocompromised Kunming mouse model assessed as recovery from thymus damage by measuring thymus weight index at 25 mg/kg administered once daily via gavage for 30 consecutive days measured after 12	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Immunoregulatory effect assessment of a novel melanin and its carboxymethyl derivative.
AID1079943	Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID1113018	Nematicidal activity against second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita (root-knot nematode) after 1 hr by inverted microscopic analysis	2013	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Feb-27, Volume: 61, Issue:8	Potent nematicidal activity of phthalaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, and cinnamic aldehyde against Meloidogyne incognita.
AID1332502	Immunopotentiating activity in sheep RBC-immunized BALB/c mouse assessed as increase in isolated splenic T-cell proliferation at 2.5 mg/kg administered orally for 14 days followed by incubation of isolated splenocytes with ConA for 72 hrs by MTT assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123	Synthesis and immunopotentiating activity of novel isoxazoline functionalized coumarins.
AID1210281	Cmax in fed dog at 10 mg/kg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID496828	Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania donovani	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1435719	Inhibition of bovine TNAP using CDP-star as substrate preincubated for 5 to 7 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 15 mins by spectrophotometric method	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126	Synthesis, alkaline phosphatase inhibition studies and molecular docking of novel derivatives of 4-quinolones.
AID1332535	Immunopotentiating activity in sheep RBC-immunized BALB/c mouse assessed as B-cell activation by measuring IgM antibody titer in serum at 2.5 mg/kg, po for 14 days measured on day 7 post dose by hemagglutinination technique	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123	Synthesis and immunopotentiating activity of novel isoxazoline functionalized coumarins.
AID1210283	Tmax in male human at 150 mg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID1332538	Immunopotentiating activity in sheep RBC-immunized BALB/c mouse assessed as increase in IFN-gamma production in splenocytes at 2.5 mg/kg administered orally for 14 days followed by incubation with ConA for 48 hrs by ELISA	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123	Synthesis and immunopotentiating activity of novel isoxazoline functionalized coumarins.
AID1210286	Tmax in fed dog at 10 mg/kg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID1332537	Immunopotentiating activity in sheep RBC-immunized BALB/c mouse assessed as increase in IL4 production in splenocytes at 2.5 mg/kg administered orally for 14 days followed by incubation with ConA for 48 hrs by ELISA	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123	Synthesis and immunopotentiating activity of novel isoxazoline functionalized coumarins.
AID116167	Tested increase in foot-pad thickness (mm) by its effect on cellular immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the DHR method in experiment 12 at dose 3 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID1283891	Inhibition of porcine kidney TNAP using para-nitrophenylphosphate as substrate preincubated for 10 mins at pH 7.8 followed by substrate addition	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 26, Issue:5	Synthesis of benzofuran derivatives as selective inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: effects on cell toxicity and osteoblast-induced mineralization.
AID117851	Effect on humoral immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the plaque-forming cell (PFC/10e6 spleen cells) method in experiment 9 at dose 12 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID1195078	Inhibition of bovine kidney non-specific alkaline phosphatase using CDP-star chemiluminescent substrate assessed as change in luminescence by spectrophotometric method	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 23, Issue:10	Diarylsulfonamides and their bioisosteres as dual inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase and carbonic anhydrase: Structure activity relationship and molecular modelling studies.
AID1057907	Inhibition of placental alkaline phosphatase (unknown origin) assessed as para nitrophenylphosphate conversion to p-nitrophenolate at pH 10.4 incubated for 10 mins prior to substrate addition measured after 5 seconds by spectrophotometric analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24	Inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: design, synthesis, kinetics, biomineralization and cellular tests.
AID1443257	Immuno-regulatory activity in cyclophosphamide-induced immunocompromised Kunming mouse model assessed as recovery from spleen damage by measuring spleen weight index at 25 mg/kg administered once daily via gavage for 30 consecutive days measured after 12	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Immunoregulatory effect assessment of a novel melanin and its carboxymethyl derivative.
AID117852	Effect on humoral immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the plaque-forming cell (PFC/10e6 spleen cells) method in experiment 9 at dose 3 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID1210279	Cmax in female human at 150 mg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID1443265	Immuno-regulatory activity in cyclophosphamide-induced immunocompromised Kunming mouse model assessed as macrophage elimination ability against foreign substances by measuring carbon clearance index at 25 mg/kg administered once daily via gavage for 30 co	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 27, Issue:8	Immunoregulatory effect assessment of a novel melanin and its carboxymethyl derivative.
AID588212	Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in rodents	2010	Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1	Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1057910	Inhibition of porcine kidney TNAP assessed as para nitrophenylphosphate conversion to p-nitrophenolate at pH 10.4 incubated for 10 mins prior to substrate addition measured after 5 seconds by spectrophotometric analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24	Inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: design, synthesis, kinetics, biomineralization and cellular tests.
AID1174764	Immunomodulatory activity in albino mouse assessed as change in carbon clearance index at 150 umol/kg, po for 5 days followed by carbon ink challenge	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-07, Volume: 89	Benzimidazole--ibuprofen/mesalamine conjugates: potential candidates for multifactorial diseases.
AID604271	Anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus contortus McMaster by larvel development assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 21, Issue:14	2-Phenylimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine derivatives highly active against Haemonchus contortus.
AID116173	Tested increase in foot-pad thickness (mm) by its effect on cellular immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the DHR method in experiment 15 at dose 3 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID1283892	Inhibition of porcine kidney TNAP using para-nitrophenylphosphate as substrate preincubated for 10 mins at pH 10.4 followed by substrate addition	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 26, Issue:5	Synthesis of benzofuran derivatives as selective inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: effects on cell toxicity and osteoblast-induced mineralization.
AID1210272	AUC in male human at 150 mg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID1210273	AUC in female human at 150 mg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID1326806	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition after 24 hrs by MTT assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 122	Natural product-inspired rational design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 2,3-dihydropyrano[2,3-f]chromen-4(8H)-one based hybrids as potential mitochondrial apoptosis inducers.
AID117842	Effect on humoral immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the plaque-forming cell (PFC/10e6 spleen cells) method in experiment 4 at dose 3 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID1210280	Cmax in fasted dog at 10 mg/kg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID496826	Antimicrobial activity against Entamoeba histolytica	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1210274	AUC in dog at 10 mg/kg, iv	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.
AID1057909	Uncompetitive inhibition of porcine kidney TNAP assessed as para nitrophenylphosphate conversion to p-nitrophenolate at pH 7.8 by Michaelis-Menten plot analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24	Inhibitors of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: design, synthesis, kinetics, biomineralization and cellular tests.
AID1079946	Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID117836	Effect on humoral immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the plaque-forming cell (PFC/10e6 spleen cells) method in experiment 1 at dose 3 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID116162	Tested increase in foot-pad thickness (mm) by its effect on cellular immune response in mice against sheep red blood cells by the DHR method in experiment 10 at dose 12 mg/kg	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12	Synthesis and immunological activity of 5,6,6a,8,9,11a-hexahydronaphth[1',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 5,6,6a,9,10,11a-hexahydroanaphth[2',1':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles.
AID1525042	Insecticidal activity against Caenorhabditis elegans measured at 12 days interval for 60 days
AID147184	Anthelmintic activity ( in Vivo ) in mouse, as percentage reduction of Nematospiroides dubius at 500 PPM	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 34, Issue:5	Synthesis and anthelmintic activity of 3'-benzoylurea derivatives of 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole.
AID1347411	qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Mechanism Interrogation Plate v5.0 (MIPE) Libary	2020	ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7	High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1802592	Alkaline Phosphatase Assay from Article 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.01.003: \\Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of novel chalcone sulfonamide hybrids as potent intestinal alkaline phosphatase inhibitors.\\	2017	Bioorganic chemistry, 02, Volume: 70	Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of novel chalcone sulfonamide hybrids as potent intestinal alkaline phosphatase inhibitors.
AID1802638	Alkaline Phosphatase Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1111/cbdd.12861: \\Isonicotinohydrazones as inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase and ecto-5'-nucleotidase.\\	2017	Chemical biology & drug design, 03, Volume: 89, Issue:3	Isonicotinohydrazones as inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase and ecto-5'-nucleotidase.
AID1802586	Alkaline Phosphatase Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.01.008: \\Facile dimethyl amino group triggered cyclic sulfonamides synthesis and evaluation as alkaline phosphatase inhibitors.\\	2017	Bioorganic chemistry, 04, Volume: 71	Facile dimethyl amino group triggered cyclic sulfonamides synthesis and evaluation as alkaline phosphatase inhibitors.
AID1159585	Biochemical screen of P. falciparum CDPK1	2016	PloS one, , Volume: 11, Issue:3	Biochemical Screening of Five Protein Kinases from Plasmodium falciparum against 14,000 Cell-Active Compounds.
AID1159588	Biochemical screen of P. falciparum CDPK4	2016	PloS one, , Volume: 11, Issue:3	Biochemical Screening of Five Protein Kinases from Plasmodium falciparum against 14,000 Cell-Active Compounds.
AID1159589	Biochemical screen of P. falciparum MAPK2	2016	PloS one, , Volume: 11, Issue:3	Biochemical Screening of Five Protein Kinases from Plasmodium falciparum against 14,000 Cell-Active Compounds.
AID1159586	Biochemical screen of P. falciparum PK6	2016	PloS one, , Volume: 11, Issue:3	Biochemical Screening of Five Protein Kinases from Plasmodium falciparum against 14,000 Cell-Active Compounds.
AID1159587	Biochemical screen of P. falciparum PK7	2016	PloS one, , Volume: 11, Issue:3	Biochemical Screening of Five Protein Kinases from Plasmodium falciparum against 14,000 Cell-Active Compounds.
AID1745854	NCATS anti-infectives library activity on HEK293 viability as a counter-qHTS vs the C. elegans viability qHTS	2023	Disease models & mechanisms, 03-01, Volume: 16, Issue:3	In vivo quantitative high-throughput screening for drug discovery and comparative toxicology.
AID1745855	NCATS anti-infectives library activity on the primary C. elegans qHTS viability assay	2023	Disease models & mechanisms, 03-01, Volume: 16, Issue:3	In vivo quantitative high-throughput screening for drug discovery and comparative toxicology.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	2353 (57.36)	18.7374
1990's	648 (15.80)	18.2507
2000's	428 (10.43)	29.6817
2010's	539 (13.14)	24.3611
2020's	134 (3.27)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	580 (12.83%)	5.53%
Reviews	412 (9.12%)	6.00%
Case Studies	439 (9.71%)	4.05%
Observational	3 (0.07%)	0.25%
Other	3,086 (68.27%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (20)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Superior Efficacy of Azithromycin and Levamisole Versus of Azithromycin Alone in the Treatment of Inflammatory Acne Vulgaris: An Investigator Blind Randomized Clinical Trial on 169 Patients [NCT01348321]	Phase 2/Phase 3	169 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-11-30	Completed
The Efficacy of Levamisole Hcl in Advanced Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma . A Multicenter, Open, Randomized, Prospective Study [NCT03940378]	Phase 3	152 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-02-01	Recruiting
A Single-Arm Phase 2 Study With Optimized Standard Protocol for Severe Aplastic Anemia [NCT02203396]	Phase 2	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-08-31	Recruiting
Multicenter, Randomized, Open, Parallel, Prospective, Exploratory Clinical Study of Arginine Hydrochloride and Levamisole in the Treatment of Advanced HCC [NCT03950518]	Phase 3	300 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-04-10	Recruiting
Longitudinal Study of Efficacy of Standard Albendazole Treatment Versus Levamisole/Pyrantel Pamoate on Soil Transmitted Helminth Infections [NCT00659997]	Phase 4	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-06-30	Completed
Effect of Levamisole Supplementation on Tetanus Vaccination Response Rates in Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial [NCT00705692]	Phase 2	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-03-31	Completed
Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Prednisone Combined With Huaiqihuang Granule Versus Combined With Levamisole for Primary Nephrotic Syndrome in Children: A Prospective, Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Non-inferiority Study [NCT05772871]	Phase 4	402 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-04-26	Recruiting
A Multicenter, Randomised, Double-blind Placebo-controlled Trial Assessing the Efficiency of Levamisole for Maintaining Remission After the First Flare of Steroid Sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome in Children. [NCT02818738]	Phase 3	86 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-06	Completed
Impact of Levamisole and Isoprinosine in Immune-prophylaxis of Egyptian Healthcare Workers Facing COVID-19 [NCT04360122]	Phase 3	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-05-20	Not yet recruiting
Evaluation of Efficacy of Pharmacotherapy Treatment of COVID- 19 Infection Using Oral Levamisole and Formoterol+Budesonide Inhaler and Comparison of This Treatment Protocol With Standard National Treatment of the Disease [NCT04331470]	Phase 2/Phase 3	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-04-04	Recruiting
The Efficacy of Levamisole and Isoprinosine in the Treatment of COVID19: A Proposed Therapeutic Trial [NCT04383717]	Phase 3	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-05-05	Not yet recruiting
A Clinical Trial to Assess the Relative Efficacy of 5-FU + Leucovorin, 5-FU + Levamisole, and 5-FU + Leucovorin + Levamisole in Patients With Dukes' B and C Carcinoma of the Colon [NCT00425152]	Phase 3	2,151 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1989-07-31	Completed
A Single-center, Single-arm, Open, Prospective, and Exploratory Clinical Study on the Efficacy of Acetazolamide Combined With Levamisole in the Treatment of Advanced HCC [NCT04611373]	Phase 3	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-05-01	Recruiting
Phase II Study of the Levamisole Combined With Cyclosporine A in Patients With Classic Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria [NCT01642979]	Phase 2	120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-07-31	Active, not recruiting
Phase II Study of the Levamisole Combined With Cyclosporine A in Patients With Subclinical Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria and PNH in the Setting of Another Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes(PNH-2013) [NCT01760096]	Phase 2	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-01-31	Active, not recruiting
A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Study of Non Transfusion Dependent Non Severe Aplastic Anemia Treated With Cyclosporine, Androgen and Levamisole Hydrochloride [NCT03218657]		248 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-01-01	Recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Levamisole Combined With Standard Prednisolone in Warm Antibody Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia. [NCT01579110]	Phase 2	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-04-30	Active, not recruiting
Postoperative Evaluation of 5-FU by Bolus Injection vs. 5-FU by Prolonged Venous Infusion Prior to and Following Combined Prolonged Venous Infusion Plus Pelvic XRT vs. Bolus 5-FU Plus Leucovorin Plus Levamisole Prior to and Following Combined Pelvic XRT P [NCT00002551]	Phase 3	1,917 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1994-03-31	Completed
Phase III Randomized Trial of 5-FU/Leucovorin/Levamisole Versus 5-FU Continuous Infusion/Levamisole as Adjuvant Therapy for High-Risk Resectable Colon Cancer [NCT00002593]	Phase 3	1,135 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1994-12-31	Completed
Adjuvant Chemoimmunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer [NCT00003063]	Phase 3	1,050 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	1991-11-30	Active, not recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	10.44	26	13	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
3-hydroxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.08	1	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.94	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.08	1	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	EC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	2.46	2	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.39	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	2.05	1	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.11	1	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	7.93	4	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
arsenic acid arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.	1.97	1	0	arsenic oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	4.35	6	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
benzaldehyde [no description available]	2.08	1	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.04	1	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	2.75	3	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	1.95	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	2.37	2	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	5.77	12	2	amino-acid anion
aminooxyacetic acid Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.	2.05	1	0	amino acid; hydroxylamines; monocarboxylic acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
carnitine [no description available]	2.75	3	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	2.41	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	3.48	8	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2.05	1	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	3.38	7	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	2.36	2	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	2.57	2	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	2.95	4	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	4.15	3	1	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenylphosphate nitrophenylphosphate: RN given refers to mono(4-nitrophenyl) ester of phosphoric acid. 4-nitrophenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the mono-esterification of phosphoric acid with 4-nitrophenol.	2.71	3	0	aryl phosphate	mouse metabolite
beta-lysine beta-lysine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.74	3	0	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	2.07	1	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	2	1	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	5.15	3	1	monocarboxylic acid; phosphonic acids	antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.	2.73	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite
creatine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.77	7	1	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	4.33	6	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	2.05	1	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	4.02	4	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	2.74	3	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid [no description available]	2.04	1	0	glycerol monophosphate	algal metabolite; human metabolite
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	1.96	1	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	5.08	14	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydroquinone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	8.08	5	0	imidazole
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	2.65	3	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	2.6	1	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	2.39	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.46	2	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	2.45	2	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	2.01	1	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
acetanilide acetanilide: a phenylacetamide; use ACETANILIDES for the plural group meaning of the singular term. N-phenylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.07	1	0	acetamides; anilide	analgesic
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	2.05	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.69	3	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	2.41	2	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	3.05	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	2.05	1	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	2.05	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.42	2	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	1.97	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phenol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylacetaldehyde [no description available]	2.08	1	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; phenylacetaldehydes	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenylacetic acid phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.	2.05	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid; phenylacetic acids	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; auxin; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; toxin
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	2.42	2	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.	2.6	1	0	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; MALDI matrix material
diphosphoric acid diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.	2.84	3	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	3.8	3	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	3.82	3	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.89	4	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
taurine [no description available]	7.17	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	3.36	7	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptamine [no description available]	3.06	1	0	aminoalkylindole; aralkylamino compound; indole alkaloid; tryptamines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	8.62	21	1	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	1.95	1	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	2.89	4	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	2.08	1	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
isopentenyl pyrophosphate isopentenyl pyrophosphate: substrate for isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; a nonpeptide mycobacterial antigen that stimulates gamma delta T cells. isopentenyl diphosphate : A prenol phosphate comprising 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol having an O-diphosphate substituent.	2.01	1	0	prenol phosphate	antigen; antioxidant; epitope; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; phosphoantigen
catechin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydroxyflavan
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	7.51	2	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	1.97	1	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	7.65	3	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.02	1	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	1.96	1	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	5.84	7	1	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.	3.19	1	0	amphetamines; benzodioxoles	neurotoxin
3-aminobenzamide [no description available]	2.6	1	0	benzamides; substituted aniline	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	3.05	5	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
enprofylline enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.	2.07	1	0	oxopurine	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
pleconaril WIN 63843: structure given in first source	2.6	1	0
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride [no description available]	2.6	1	0
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	2	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
phenytoin [no description available]	3.3	6	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	2.07	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.44	2	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acebutolol Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.	2.73	3	0	aromatic amide; ethanolamines; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	4.73	9	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetarsol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	acetamides; anilide
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	3.02	4	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.	2.05	1	0	acetophenones; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.73	3	0	acetohydroxamic acids; carbohydroximic acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
methacholine methacholine : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the nitrogen is substituted with three methyl groups and a 2-acetoxypropyl group. Parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor drug used in clinical diagnosis.	2.04	1	0	acetate ester; quaternary ammonium ion	bronchoconstrictor agent; cholinergic agonist; epitope; muscarinic agonist; vasodilator agent
ethacridine Ethacridine: A topically applied anti-infective agent.	2.07	1	0	acridines
4-(acetylamino)benzeneacetic acid [no description available]	2.4	2	0	acetamides; anilide
adiphenine adiphenine: was heading 1963-94; use DIPHENYLACETIC ACIDS to search ADIPHENINE 1966-94	2.07	1	0	diarylmethane
ag-1296 6,7-dimethoxy-3-phenylquinoxaline: ATP-competitive inhibitor of receptor kinase	2.03	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
aklomide aklomide: structure	2.07	1	0	carbonyl compound; organohalogen compound
albendazole [no description available]	12.63	96	13	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	3.14	5	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	2.44	2	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin alfuzosin: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; quinazolines; tetrahydrofuranol	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
alprazolam Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.	2.77	3	0	organochlorine compound; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant; sedative; xenobiotic
alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.	2.6	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
altretamine Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.	2.44	2	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	6.12	13	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
ambroxol Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.	2.45	2	0	aromatic amine
amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	2.67	3	0	diamine; organic thiophosphate	antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.	3.29	6	0	dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline	adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	2.4	2	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	2.39	2	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
theophylline [no description available]	9.34	20	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
2-aminothiazole 2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.	2.6	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; primary amino compound
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	3.14	5	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	2.96	4	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amlexanox amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.	3.51	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; pyridochromene	anti-allergic agent; anti-ulcer drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	2.96	4	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
amobarbital Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.	2.05	1	0	barbiturates
amodiaquine Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.	7.71	3	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; phenols; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
amoxapine Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.	2.44	2	0	dibenzooxazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amprolium Amprolium: A veterinary coccidiostat that interferes with THIAMINE metabolism.. amprolium : An organic chloride salt having 1-[(4-amino-2-propylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-2-methylpyridin-1-ium as the counterion. Used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.. amprolium(1+) : A pyridinium ion that is the cationic portion of amprolium, a veterinary drug which is used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.	2.07	1	0	pyridinium ion	coccidiostat
amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.	2.05	1	0	acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole [no description available]	2.44	2	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anethole trithione Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.	2.4	2	0	methoxybenzenes
antazoline Antazoline: An antagonist of histamine H1 receptors.. antazoline : A member of the class of imidazolines that is 2-aminomethyl-2-imidazoline in which the exocyclic amino hydrogens are replaced by benzyl and phenyl groups. Antazoline is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.	2.46	2	0	aromatic amine; imidazolines; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
anthralin Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.	2.05	1	0	anthracenes	antipsoriatic
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	2.07	1	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-10,11-diol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aporphine alkaloid
apraclonidine apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	2.02	1	0	dichlorobenzene; guanidines; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antiglaucoma drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; diagnostic agent; ophthalmology drug
aprindine Aprindine: A class Ib anti-arrhythmia agent used to manage ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	2.39	2	0	indanes
arecoline Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.	2.75	3	0	enoate ester; methyl ester; pyridine alkaloid; tetrahydropyridine	metabolite; muscarinic agonist
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	12.71	21	1	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	2.44	2	0	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	2.73	3	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	13.14	75	11	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azelaic acid nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.	2.02	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; plant metabolite
azelastine azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.02	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
baclofen [no description available]	2.77	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
barbital 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).	2.45	2	0	barbiturates	drug allergen
bendazac bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.	2.05	1	0	indazoles; monocarboxylic acid	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.	2.46	2	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
benserazide Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.	2.07	1	0	carbohydrazide; catechols; primary alcohol; primary amino compound	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
benzamide benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.	2.52	2	0	benzamides
benzbromarone Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.	2.05	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone	uricosuric drug
benzocaine Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.	2.55	2	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline	allergen; antipruritic drug; sensitiser; topical anaesthetic
benzquinamide [no description available]	2.04	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	2.07	1	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
bepridil Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.	2.96	4	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
diminazene Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.	9.32	4	1	carboxamidine; triazene derivative	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
bethanidine Bethanidine: A guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. The precise mode of action is not clear.	2.04	1	0	guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent
betaxolol [no description available]	2.73	3	0	propanolamine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	2.46	2	0	carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.	2.72	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502 bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.	2.05	1	0	biphenyls; imidazoles
bisacodyl Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)	2.46	2	0	diarylmethane
bisoprolol Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.	2.73	3	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bithionol Bithionol: Halogenated anti-infective agent that is used against trematode and cestode infestations.. bithionol : An aryl sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which each phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by hydroxy and at positions 3 and 5 by chlorine. A fungicide and anthelmintic, it was used in various topical drug products for the treatment of liver flukes, but withdrawn after being shown to be a potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders.	7.4	2	0	aryl sulfide; bridged diphenyl antifungal drug; bridged diphenyl fungicide; dichlorobenzene; organochlorine pesticide; polyphenol	antifungal agrochemical; antiplatyhelmintic drug
bretylium bretylium: RN given refers to parent cpd. bretylium : A quaternary ammonium cation having 2-bromobenzyl, ethyl and two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.	2.47	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion	adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent
brimonidine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	imidazoles; quinoxaline derivative; secondary amine	adrenergic agonist; alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent
bromhexine Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).	2.75	3	0	organobromine compound; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	mucolytic
bromisovalum Bromisovalum: A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects.. bromisoval : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-bromisoval. It was previously used for its hypnotic and sedative properties but the use of bromides is now deprecated due to the possibility of the toxic accumulation of bromine in the body.. 2-bromo-N-carbamoyl-3-methylbutanamide : An N-acylurea that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 2-bromo-3-methybutanoyl group.	2.05	1	0	N-acylurea; organobromine compound
seratrodast [no description available]	2.07	1	0	organic molecular entity
brotizolam brotizolam: structure	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
bumetanide [no description available]	2.96	4	0	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bunitrolol bunitrolol: was heading 1975-94 (see under PROPANOLAMINES 1975-90); KO 1366 was see BUNITROLOL 1975-94; use PROPANOLAMINES to search BUNITROLOL 1975-94; a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist with weak antiarrhythmic activity and minor ability to decrease the heart rate	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	2.44	2	0	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
bupranolol Bupranolol: An adrenergic-beta-2 antagonist that has been used for cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, hypertension, glaucoma, and as an antithrombotic.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	2.96	4	0	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
busulfan [no description available]	4.31	4	1	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
butacaine butacaine: was MH 1965-92; BUTAPROBENZ & BUTOCAIN were see BUTACAINE 1978-92; use 4-AMINOBENZOIC ACID to search BUTACAINE 1966-92	2.07	1	0	benzoate ester
butalbital butalbital: management of butalbital withdrawal can be simplified by using a phenobarbital-loading protocol; RN given refers to parent cpd. butalbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by an allyl group and an isobutyl group. Frequently combined with other medicines, such as aspirin, paracetamol and codeine, it is used for treatment of pain and headache.	2.45	2	0	barbiturates	analgesic; sedative
butamben butamben: structure. butamben : An amino acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-aminobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol. Its local anaesthetic properties have been used for surface anaesthesia of the skin and mucous membranes, and for relief of pain and itching associated with some anorectal disorders.	2.07	1	0	amino acid ester; benzoate ester; primary amino compound; substituted aniline	local anaesthetic
butenafine butenafine: studied on experimental dermatophytosis. butenafine : Trimethylamine in which hydrogen atoms attached to different methyl groups are substituted by 1-naphthyl and 4-tert-butylphenyl groups. It is an inhibitor of squalene epoxidase, an enzyme responsible for the creation of sterols needed in fungal cell membranes, and is used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of dermatological fungal infections.	2.02	1	0	naphthalenes; tertiary amine	antifungal drug; EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor
caffeine [no description available]	4.08	14	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	3.29	6	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
beta-glycerophosphoric acid beta-glycerophosphoric acid: plays role in mineralization of bone in vitro. glycerol 2-phosphate : A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group at the 2-position.	3.94	13	0	glycerol monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
metrizoate Metrizoic Acid: A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt.	2.04	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	radioopaque medium
camostat camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.	2.6	1	0	benzoate ester; carboxylic ester; diester; guanidines; tertiary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifibrinolytic drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; serine protease inhibitor
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.6	1	0	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
candesartan cilexetil candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects	2.05	1	0	biphenyls
candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.	2.6	1	0	benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
carbamylcholine [no description available]	2.07	1	0
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	3.14	5	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbazochrome carbazochrome: a hemostatic which increases capillary resistance & activates platelet factors, Note: Adona is a multimeaning tradename	2.04	1	0
carbinoxamine carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.	2.46	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
carisoprodol Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.	2.05	1	0	carbamate ester	muscle relaxant
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	6.89	16	5	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carprofen carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.	2.05	1	0	carbazoles; organochlorine compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; photosensitizing agent
carteolol Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.	2.74	3	0	quinolone; secondary alcohol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
carvedilol [no description available]	2.44	2	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
celecoxib [no description available]	2.44	2	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	2.95	4	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
cetylpyridinium Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.	2.6	1	0	pyridinium ion
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	2.45	2	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	15.22	27	3	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness	2.04	1	0	diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	2.46	2	0	benzodiazepine
chlormezanone Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.	2.44	2	0	1,3-thiazine; lactam; monochlorobenzenes; sulfone	antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; muscle relaxant
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	10.23	33	3	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.	2.04	1	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
chloroxine chloroxine : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 have been substituted by chlorine. A synthetic antibacterial prepared by chlorination of quinolin-8-ol, it is used for the treatment of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp.	2.04	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal drug; antiseborrheic
chloroxylenol chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.	2.8	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; molluscicide
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	2.05	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	3.32	6	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.	2.97	4	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	2.02	1	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	2.05	1	0	isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	2.05	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound	muscle relaxant; sedative
ciclopirox [no description available]	2.02	1	0	cyclic hydroxamic acid; hydroxypyridone antifungal drug; pyridone	antibacterial agent; antiseborrheic
ciglitazone ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; thiazolidinone	antineoplastic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	8.92	22	1	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
aricine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	cinchona alkaloid
cinoxacin Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.	2.44	2	0	cinnolines; oxacycle; oxo carboxylic acid	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate [no description available]	2.99	4	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	2.74	3	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
cisapride Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.	2.44	2	0	benzamides
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	2.74	3	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clenbuterol Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.44	2	0	amino alcohol; dichlorobenzene; ethanolamines; primary arylamine; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
clioquinol Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.74	3	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound; organoiodine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; chelator; copper chelator
clobazam Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	4.48	7	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	2.92	4	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene [no description available]	2.47	2	0	tertiary amine	estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	3.16	5	0	dibenzoazepine	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	2.96	4	0	clonidine; imidazoline
chlorazepate clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.	2.44	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; prodrug
clotiazepam clotiazepam: was heading 1975-94 (see under AZEPINES 1978-90; was Y 6047 see under AZEPINES 1975-77); Y 6047 was see CLOTIAZEPAM 1978-94; use AZEPINES to search CLOTIAZEPAM 1975-94; thienodiazepine derivative with actions similar to those of benzodiazepines	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
clotrimazole [no description available]	4.47	5	1	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cloxyquin cloxyquin: has antitubercular activity; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	organochlorine compound; quinolines
coumaphos Coumaphos: A organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an anthelmintic, insecticide, and as a nematocide.	2.65	3	0	organic thiophosphate; organochlorine compound; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antinematodal drug; avicide; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
cromolyn cromoglycic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is the bis-chromone derivative of glycerol. It is effective as a mast cell stabilizer.	2.07	1	0	chromones; dicarboxylic acid	anti-asthmatic drug; calcium channel blocker
cyclandelate Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.	2.75	3	0	carboxylic ester; secondary alcohol	vasodilator agent
cyclobenzaprine cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	2.44	2	0	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant; muscle relaxant; tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	2.38	2	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
danthron danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.	2.54	2	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	2.42	2	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.41	1	0	indoles	fluorochrome
dapsone [no description available]	12.47	13	2	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
debrisoquin Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.	2.75	3	0	carboxamidine; isoquinolines	adrenergic agent; antihypertensive agent; human metabolite; sympatholytic agent
deferiprone Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.	2.6	1	0	4-pyridones	iron chelator; protective agent
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	2.4	2	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	2.75	3	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	7.75	3	0	primary amine
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	2.05	1	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	8.26	6	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazinon Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	6.97	1	0	organic thiophosphate; pyrimidines	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; nematicide; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	2.75	3	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
dibenzothiophene dibenzothiophene : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a thiophene ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	2.07	1	0	dibenzothiophenes; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent	keratolytic drug
dibucaine Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	topical anaesthetic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	6.64	9	2	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	2.38	2	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
dichlorphenamide Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.	2.46	2	0	dichlorobenzene; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; ophthalmology drug
dichlorvos Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	3.56	9	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organophosphate insecticide	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
dicyclomine Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.	2.07	1	0	carboxylic ester; tertiary amine	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
3,4-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzoic acids
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	9.62	31	6	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
diphenidol diphenidol: shows anti-arrhythmic activity; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. diphenidol : A tertiary alcohol that is butan-1-ol substituted by two phenyl groups at position 1 and a piperidin-1-yl group at position 4.	2.04	1	0	benzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	antiemetic
diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.	2.73	3	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dilacor xr 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate : A lactam that is 2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one in which positions 2 and 3 are substituted by 4-methoxyphenyl and acetoxy, respectively, while the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group.	2.07	1	0	acetate ester; aromatic ether; benzothiazepine; lactam; tertiary amino compound
dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.	4.06	3	1	dithiol; primary alcohol	chelator
dimethadione Dimethadione: An anticonvulsant that is the active metabolite of TRIMETHADIONE.	2.07	1	0	oxazolidinone
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	7.93	4	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
diphenylpyraline diphenylpyraline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. allergen : A chemical compound, or part thereof, which causes the onset of an allergic reaction by interacting with any of the molecular pathways involved in an allergy.. diphenylpyraline : A member of the class of piperidines that is the benzhydryl ether derivative of 1-methyl-4-hydroxypiperidine. A sedating antihistamine, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and hay fever, and in pruritic skin disorders. It is also used as the teoclate salt (piprinhydrinate) as an ingredient in compound preparations for the symptomatic relief of coughs and the common cold.	2.07	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist
dipivefrin dipivefrin: used in treatment of both primary & open angle glaucoma; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. dipivefrin : The dipivalate ester of (+-)-epinephrine (racepinephrine). A pro-drug of epinephrine, the hydrochloride is used topically as eye drops to reduce intra-ocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.	2.02	1	0	ethanolamines; pivalate ester	adrenergic agonist; antiglaucoma drug; ophthalmology drug; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	9.48	7	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disopyramide Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.	2.73	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram [no description available]	2.99	4	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	3.16	5	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	2.05	1	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.	2.49	2	0	aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent
doxepin Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.	2.44	2	0	dibenzooxepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
doxylamine Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.	2.46	2	0	pyridines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antitussive; cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; sedative
droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.	2.74	3	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
dyclonine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aromatic ketone; piperidines	topical anaesthetic
dyphylline Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.	2.46	2	0	oxopurine; propane-1,2-diols	bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	2.73	3	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
econazole Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.	2.74	3	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes
ellipticine ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.	2.13	1	0	indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; polycyclic heteroarene	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
enflurane Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.	2.44	2	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	anaesthetic
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.	2.44	2	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	1.97	1	0
estazolam Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.	2.44	2	0	triazoles; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
profenamine profenamine: was heading 1972-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINES 1972-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search ETHOPROPAZINE 1972-94. profenamine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is phenothiazine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)propyl group. An antimuscarinic, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.	2.46	2	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amino compound	adrenergic antagonist; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
ethosuximide Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.	2.47	2	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector; T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.	2.07	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant
ethoxzolamide Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; benzothiazoles; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
ethyl loflazepate ethyl loflazepate: structure given in first source	2.45	2	0	organic molecular entity
etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.	4.2	6	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
etizolam etizolam: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
etodolac Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.	2.44	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
2-hexyloxybenzamide 2-hexyloxybenzamide: structure	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; benzamides	antifungal agent
brl 42810 [no description available]	2.98	4	0	2-aminopurines; acetate ester	antiviral drug; prodrug
felbamate Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.	2.74	3	0	carbamate ester	anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	2.73	3	0	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fenbendazole Fenbendazole: Antinematodal benzimidazole used in veterinary medicine.. fenbendazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positons 2 and 5 by (methoxycarbonyl)amino and phenylsulfanediyl groups, respectively. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.	9.2	86	10	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug
fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2.43	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	2.44	2	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fenoldopam Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.	2.07	1	0	benzazepine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; dopamine agonist; dopaminergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
fenoprofen Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.	3.48	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.	2.75	3	0	resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	4.45	6	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fenthion Fenthion: Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide.. fenthion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl group. It exhibits acaricidal and insecticidal activities.	1.95	1	0	organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.	2.02	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
fipronil fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.	2.44	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; dichlorobenzene; nitrile; primary amino compound; pyrazoles; sulfoxide
flavoxate Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.	2.04	1	0	carboxylic ester; flavones; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
flecainide Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).	3.14	5	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; piperidines	anti-arrhythmia drug
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	2.76	3	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.	4.01	4	0	aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone	prodrug
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	2.45	2	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine [no description available]	3.13	5	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	2.74	3	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	21.44	318	104	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	3.14	5	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
fluphenazine depot fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.	2.43	2	0	decanoate ester; N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; prodrug
fluphenazine enanthate [no description available]	2.43	2	0	phenothiazines
flurazepam Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.	2.04	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	2.96	4	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	2.96	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
flutazolam flutazolam: structure	2.04	1	0	hemiaminal ether; organic molecular entity
fomepizole Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.	2.05	1	0	pyrazoles	antidote; EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor; protective agent
foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	2.92	4	0	carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furazolidone Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.	2.37	2	0	nitrofuran antibiotic; oxazolidines	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antitrichomonal drug; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	3.14	5	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	2.44	2	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gabexate Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.	2.6	1	0	benzoate ester
gemfibrozil [no description available]	2.95	4	0	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.	2.1	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human metabolite; MALDI matrix material; mouse metabolite
glafenine Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.	2.47	2	0	aminoquinoline; carboxylic ester; glycol; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	2.75	3	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source	2.44	2	0	sulfonamide
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	2.02	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	7.44	2	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glutethimide Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.	2.46	2	0	piperidines
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	2.94	4	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
go 6976 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	indolocarbazole; organic heterohexacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	2.05	1	0
granisetron [no description available]	2.02	1	0	aromatic amide; indazoles
guaiazulene guaiazulene: structure	2.05	1	0	sesquiterpene
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	2.39	2	0	methoxybenzenes
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	2.75	3	0	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
guanfacine Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.	2.02	1	0	acetamides
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	1.97	1	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	2.4	2	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fasudil fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.	2.54	2	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonyldiazepane	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; vasodilator agent
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	3.16	5	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	2.44	2	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
hexachlorophene Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.	2.4	2	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; polyphenol; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
miltefosine miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.	7.82	3	0	phosphocholines; phospholipid	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; protein kinase inhibitor
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	1.98	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
hexestrol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	stilbenoid
hexetidine Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)	2.05	1	0	organic heteromonocyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	2.39	2	0	barbiturates
hexoprenaline Hexoprenaline: Stimulant of adrenergic beta 2 receptors. It is used as a bronchodilator, antiasthmatic agent, and tocolytic agent.	2.07	1	0
hexylresorcinol [no description available]	7.72	3	0	resorcinols
beta-thujaplicin beta-thujaplicin: structure. beta-thujaplicin : A monoterpenoid that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and an isopropyl group at position 4. Isolated from Thuja plicata and Chamaecyparis obtusa, it exhibits antimicrobial activities.	2.6	1	0	cyclic ketone; enol; monoterpenoid	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiplasmodial drug; plant metabolite
hexamethylene bisacetamide N,N'-diacetyl-1,6-diaminohexane: chemical name obtained from Acta Biol Hung 1990;41(1-3):199-208	2.43	2	0	acetamides
homochlorocyclizine homochlorocyclizine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	diarylmethane
hycanthone Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.	7.73	3	0	thioxanthenes	mutagen; schistosomicide drug
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	4.08	4	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.99	4	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.	2.46	2	0	benzothiadiazine; thiazide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	2.36	2	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	5.77	6	1	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.	3.56	8	0	hydroxyether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent; antipruritic drug; anxiolytic drug; dermatologic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	5.31	10	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
phenelzine Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.	2.96	4	0	primary amine
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	5.23	15	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
alverine alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.	2.05	1	0	tertiary amine	antispasmodic drug
idebenone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; primary alcohol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor
ifosfamide [no description available]	2.44	2	0	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	2.74	3	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.	3.14	5	0	bipyridines	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
incadronate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.	2.96	4	0	indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	9.33	44	1	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodamide Iodamide: An ionic monomeric contrast medium. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706). iodamide : A benzoic acid compound having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions, an acetamido substituent at the 3-position and an acetamidomethyl substituent at the 5-position.	2.04	1	0	benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
iodixanol iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.	2.02	1	0	organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
iodoquinol Iodoquinol: One of the halogenated 8-quinolinols widely used as an intestinal antiseptic, especially as an antiamebic agent. It is also used topically in other infections and may cause CNS and eye damage. It is known by very many similar trade names world-wide.. iodoquinol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by iodine. It is considered the drug of choice for treating asymptomatic or moderate forms of amoebiasis.	2.07	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organoiodine compound	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiseptic drug
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	2.44	2	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iopromide iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.	2.02	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; nephrotoxic agent; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iothalamic acid Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
iodipamide Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.	2.45	2	0	benzoic acids; organoiodine compound; secondary carboxamide	radioopaque medium
ioversol [no description available]	2.02	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
iproniazid [no description available]	2.47	2	0	carbohydrazide; pyridines
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	2.54	2	0	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	1.99	1	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoetharine Isoetharine: Adrenergic beta-2 agonist used as bronchodilator for emphysema, bronchitis and asthma.	2.07	1	0	catecholamine
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	2.44	2	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	5.24	12	1	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
isopropamide iodide [no description available]	2.04	1	0	diarylmethane
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.05	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	3.24	6	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.	2.75	3	0	alkylbenzene
isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.	2.44	2	0	benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester
itraconazole [no description available]	2.77	3	0	piperazines
nsc 664704 kenpaullone: inhibits CDK1/cyclin B; structure in first source. kenpaullone : An indolobenzazepine that is paullone in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by a bromo substituent. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta).	2.05	1	0	indolobenzazepine; lactam; organobromine compound	cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	2.46	2	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	3.71	10	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	4.02	4	0	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ketorolac Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.	2.02	1	0	amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.	5.86	7	1	cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	3.59	2	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
kojic acid [no description available]	2.6	1	0	4-pyranones; enol; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; skin lightening agent
labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.	3.14	5	0	benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
lamotrigine [no description available]	2.44	2	0	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	2.73	3	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
lapachol lapachol : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone substituted by hydroxy and 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl groups at positions 2 and 3, respectively. It is a natural compound that exhibits antibacterial and anticancer properties, first isolated in 1882 from the bark of Tabebuia avellanedae.	2.6	1	0
beta-lapachone beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.	2.44	2	0	benzochromenone; orthoquinones	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	9.34	4	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole [no description available]	2.45	2	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
tetramisole 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole : An imidazothiazole that is imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole in which the double bonds at the 2-3 and 5-6 positions have been reduced to single bonds and in which one of the hydrogens at position 6 is replaced by a phenyl group.. tetramisole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levamisole and dexamisole.	7.4	64	0	imidazothiazole	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lobenzarit lobenzarit: prevents autoimmune kidney disease in hybrid mice; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.97	4	0	aminobenzoic acid
lofepramine Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ketone; dibenzoazepine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
lomefloxacin lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.	2.02	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; photosensitizing agent
lomustine [no description available]	11.21	13	4	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	2.54	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	2.76	3	0	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	2.45	2	0	benzodiazepine
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	2.99	4	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.	2.43	2	0	dibenzooxazepine	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
ly 171883 LY 171883: structure in first source; leukotriene receptor antagonist. tomelukast : A member of the class of acetophenones that is 1-phenylethanone substituted at position 2 by a hydroxy group, a propyl group at position 3 and a 4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy group at position 4. A leukotriene antagonist, it exhibits anti-asthmatic activity.	2.07	1	0	acetophenones; aromatic ether; phenols; tetrazoles	anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
4-(dimethylamino)-n-(7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl)benzamide 4-(dimethylamino)-N-(7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl)benzamide: structure in first source. 4-(dimethylamino)-N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]benzamide : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-(dimethylamino)benzoic acid with the amino group of 7-amino-N-hydroxyheptanamide. It is a potent inhibitor of histone deacetylases and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in several human cancer cell lines.	2.6	1	0	benzamides; hydroxamic acid; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
mafenide Mafenide: A sulfonamide that inhibits the enzyme CARBONIC ANHYDRASE and is used as a topical anti-bacterial agent, especially in burn therapy.	2.6	1	0	aromatic amine
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	2.05	1	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	isopropyl ester
maprotiline Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.	2.73	3	0	anthracenes
mazindol Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.	2.46	2	0	organic molecular entity
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	11.02	78	14	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
mebeverine mebeverine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	7.04	1	0	methoxybenzoic acid
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	3.26	6	0	primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	4.18	5	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
meclizine Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.	2.05	1	0	diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.44	2	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
meclofenoxate Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.9	4	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
mefloquine hydrochloride [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.	2.44	2	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinolines; secondary alcohol
memantine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	2.45	2	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	2.05	1	0	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
mephenesin Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; glycerol ether
mephenytoin Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.	2.75	3	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant
mepivacaine Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.	2.05	1	0	piperidinecarboxamide	drug allergen; local anaesthetic
meprobamate Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
benzoic acid [2-methyl-2-(propylamino)propyl] ester [no description available]	2.07	1	0	benzoate ester
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	3.15	5	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mesoridazine Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.	2.04	1	0	phenothiazines; sulfoxide; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.	2.07	1	0	aralkylamino compound; phenylethanolamines; resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	8.15	5	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	2.05	1	0	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methapyrilene Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.	2.46	2	0	ethylenediamine derivative	anti-allergic agent; carcinogenic agent; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative
methazolamide Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.	2.6	1	0	sulfonamide; thiadiazoles
methocarbamol Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.	2.79	3	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester; secondary alcohol
methomyl Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.	1.96	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; nematicide; xenobiotic
methoxyamine methoxyamine: analytical reagent for aldehydes and ketones; strong irritant, can probably produce methemoglobinemia; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.05	1	0	organooxygen compound
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
methoxyflurane Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.	2.46	2	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	hepatotoxic agent; inhalation anaesthetic; nephrotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	2.47	2	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	2.46	2	0	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
methyprylon methyprylon: was heading 1973-94 (see under HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES 1963-72); use PIPERIDONES to search METHYPRYLON 1973-94	2.45	2	0	organic molecular entity
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	2.73	3	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	7.92	4	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	11.84	12	1	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	2.75	3	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.	2.44	2	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	2.97	4	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	2.47	2	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	2.73	3	0	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
midodrine Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.	2.02	1	0	amino acid amide; aromatic ether; secondary alcohol	alpha-adrenergic agonist; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone [no description available]	2.03	1	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.	2.96	4	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.	2.44	2	0	benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist
mitotane Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.	2.47	2	0	diarylmethane
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	2.77	3	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
modafinil Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.	2.45	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfoxide
moxisylyte Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)	2.45	2	0	monoterpenoid
entinostat [no description available]	2.6	1	0	benzamides; carbamate ester; primary amino compound; pyridines; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	2.51	2	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
deet N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.	2.05	1	0	benzamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	environmental contaminant; insect repellent; xenobiotic
acecainide Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.	2.07	1	0	acetamides; benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	2.43	2	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
nabumetone Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	2.99	4	0	methoxynaphthalene; methyl ketone	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
nadolol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	tetralins
nafamostat nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic	2.6	1	0	benzoic acids; guanidines
nafronyl Nafronyl: A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.	2.07	1	0	naphthalenes
naftopidil [no description available]	2.07	1	0	piperazines
nalidixic acid [no description available]	2.45	2	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
naphazoline Naphazoline: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.	2.07	1	0	naphthalenes
nefazodone nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct	2.96	4	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; analgesic; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.39	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.99	4	0	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.	2.05	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	2.44	2	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
niceritrol Niceritrol: An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions.	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	9.45	7	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	2.96	4	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
niflumic acid Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.05	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
nilutamide [no description available]	2.44	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; imidazolidinone	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
nilvadipine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester; nitrile
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimetazepam nimetazepam : A nitrazepam which is substituted at positions 1 by a methyl group. It is used as an anticonvulsant and as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia.	2.04	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound	anticonvulsant; antispasmodic drug; GABA modulator; sedative
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	2.73	3	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.	2.44	2	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
nitrazepam Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).	2.45	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound	anticonvulsant; antispasmodic drug; drug metabolite; GABA modulator; sedative
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	2.74	3	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	2.46	2	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
nitromide nitromide: antibacterial agent for prevention & treatment of Salmonella pullorum infections in chickens & turkeys & for fowl typhoid & paratyphoid; used in feed; structure	2.07	1	0
nizatidine [no description available]	2.44	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound; carboxamidine; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; cholinergic drug; H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.	2.75	3	0	isoquinolines	dopamine uptake inhibitor
masoprocol nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)	2.44	2	0	catechols; lignan; tetrol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; plant metabolite
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	2.73	3	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.	2.96	4	0	organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite
6,7-dimethoxy-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-7,8-dihydro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinolin-5-yl)-3H-isobenzofuran-1-one [no description available]	2.07	1	0	isoquinolines
nylidrin Nylidrin: A beta-adrenergic agonist. Nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor.	2.07	1	0	alkylbenzene
octopamine Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.	2.08	1	0	phenylethanolamines; tyramines	neurotransmitter
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	2.73	3	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
olomoucine olomoucine: inhibits protein P34CDC2. olomoucine : A 9H-purine that is substituted by a (2-hydroxyethyl)nitrilo, benzylnitrilo and a methyl group at positions 2,6 and 9, respectively. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.	2.05	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines; ethanolamines	EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	3.3	6	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	2.44	2	0	carbazoles
orphenadrine Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.	2.47	2	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; NMDA receptor antagonist; parasympatholytic
osalmide osalmide: structure	2.6	1	0	organic molecular entity
oxamniquine Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.	2.45	2	0	aromatic primary alcohol; C-nitro compound; quinolines; secondary amino compound
oxaprozin Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.44	2	0	1,3-oxazoles; monocarboxylic acid	analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxatomide oxatomide: structure; an anti-allergic & an anti-asthmatic. oxatomide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.	2.05	1	0	benzimidazoles; diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.	2.46	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxethazaine [no description available]	2.8	3	0	amino acid amide
oxibendazole oxibendazole: structure	2.07	1	0	benzimidazoles; carbamate ester
oxolinic acid quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.	7.4	2	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; enzyme inhibitor
oxotremorine Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.	2.03	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxprenolol Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.	2.75	3	0	aromatic ether
oxybenzone oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.	2.05	1	0	hydroxybenzophenone; monomethoxybenzene	dermatologic drug; environmental contaminant; protective agent; ultraviolet filter; xenobiotic
benoxinate benoxinate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. oxybuprocaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-amino-3-butoxybenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; an ester-based local anaesthetic (ester "caine") used especially in ophthalmology and otolaryngology.	2.07	1	0	amino acid ester; benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	drug allergen; local anaesthetic; topical anaesthetic
oxyphenbutazone Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.	3.79	3	0	phenols; pyrazolidines	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; drug metabolite; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	2.46	2	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
palmidrol palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.	2.6	1	0	endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine	anti-inflammatory drug; anticonvulsant; antihypertensive agent; neuroprotective agent
pamidronate [no description available]	2.71	3	0	phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	2.8	3	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	2.46	2	0	aromatic amine
patulin Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.	2.03	1	0	furopyran; gamma-lactone; lactol	antimicrobial agent; Aspergillus metabolite; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite
pd 153035 4-((3-bromophenyl)amino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline: structure given in first source. PD-153035 : A member of the class of quinazolines carrying a 3-bromophenylamino substituent at position 4 and two methoxy substituents at positions 6 and 7.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amine; aromatic ether; bromobenzenes; quinazolines; secondary amino compound	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
pd 158780 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aromatic amine; bromobenzenes; diamine; pyridopyrimidine; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pemoline Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.	7.74	3	0	1,3-oxazoles	central nervous system stimulant
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	4.66	6	1	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	2.7	3	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	4.52	7	0	oxopurine
perazine Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.. perazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position.	2.05	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; phenothiazines	dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
perhexiline Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.	2.79	3	0	piperidines	cardiovascular drug
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	3.14	5	0	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacemide phenacemide: anti-epileptic drug; structure	2.46	2	0	acetamides
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	3.92	11	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
phenazopyridine Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.	2.52	2	0	diaminopyridine; monoazo compound	anticoronaviral agent; carcinogenic agent; local anaesthetic; non-narcotic analgesic
phenindione Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)	2.45	2	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone	anticoagulant
pheniramine Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.	2.04	1	0	pyridines; tertiary amino compound
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	7.93	4	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenolphthalein Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.	2.45	2	0	phenols
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amine
phentermine Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.	2.45	2	0	primary amine	adrenergic agent; appetite depressant; central nervous system drug; central nervous system stimulant; dopaminergic agent; sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid 4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.	2.6	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	10.62	10	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.	2.6	1	0	acyl fluoride	serine proteinase inhibitor
o-phthalaldehyde o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.	2.08	1	0	benzaldehydes; dialdehyde	epitope
moxonidine moxonidine: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
1,3a,8-Trimethyl-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-yl methylcarbamate [no description available]	2.07	1	0	pyrroloindole
pimobendan pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source	2.6	1	0	benzimidazoles; pyridazinone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)	7.77	3	0	pyridines
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	2.93	4	0	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.45	2	0	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
pipemidic acid Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.	2.05	1	0	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; pyridopyrimidine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
piperazine [no description available]	5.98	8	1	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	2.07	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirbuterol pirbuterol: structure	2.02	1	0	pyridines
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	2.07	1	0	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
piretanide piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether
pj-34 PJ34 : A member of the class of phenanthridines that is 5,6-dihydrophenanthridine substituted at positions 2 and 6 by (N,N-dimethylglycyl)amino and oxo groups, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 110 nM and 86 nM, respectively) and exhibits anti-cancer, cardioprotective and neuroprotective properties.	2.6	1	0	phenanthridines; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antiatherosclerotic agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	1.95	1	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
ag 1879 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor	2.02	1	0	aromatic amine; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazolopyrimidine	beta-adrenergic antagonist; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert. 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.	2	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; azobenzenes; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; organic phosphate; pyridinecarbaldehyde	purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
practolol Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	2.42	2	0	acetamides; ethanolamines; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
duodote duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents	2.07	1	0	pyridinium ion	antidote to organophosphate poisoning; antidote to sarin poisoning; cholinergic drug; cholinesterase reactivator
pyranoprofen pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	pyridochromene
prazepam Prazepam: A benzodiazepine that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.	2.02	1	0	benzodiazepine
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	6.8	19	1	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	2.74	3	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	2.75	3	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
primidone Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.	2.44	2	0	pyrimidone	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	2.07	1	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	3.28	6	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	2.8	3	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	2.96	4	0	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	3.04	4	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	2.73	3	0	benzamides; hydrazines	antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.	2.47	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antiemetic; cholinergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic
proglumide Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.	2.04	1	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; glutamine derivative; racemate	anti-ulcer drug; cholecystokinin antagonist; cholinergic antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; drug metabolite; gastrointestinal drug; opioid analgesic; xenobiotic metabolite
promazine Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.	2.52	2	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	3	4	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propafenone Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.	2.44	2	0	aromatic ketone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
propiomazine propiomazine: was heading 1966-94 (prov 1966-72); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PROPIOMAZINE 1966-94; phenothiazine derivative used for sedation and as an antiemetic during labor. propiomazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)propyl group at nitrogen atom and a propanoyl group at position 2.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ketone; phenothiazines; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	2.44	2	0	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	3.72	10	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
protoporphyrin ix protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.	1.99	1	0
protriptyline Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.	2.46	2	0	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant
proxyphylline [no description available]	2.04	1	0	oxopurine
pyridinolcarbamate Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)	2.05	1	0	pyridines
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	2.4	2	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	3.12	5	0	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134 quazepam: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	benzodiazepine
quetiapine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	dibenzothiazepine; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
rabeprazole Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.	2.05	1	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.	2.03	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; aromatic ketone; N-oxyethylpiperidine; phenols	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine [no description available]	2.73	3	0	aralkylamine
opc 12759 rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase	2.05	1	0	secondary carboxamide
riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.	2.74	3	0	benzothiazoles
rimantadine Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.	3.8	3	0	alkylamine
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	2.96	4	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate	2.04	1	0	tryptamines	anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
rofecoxib [no description available]	2.96	4	0	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram [no description available]	2.51	2	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
roxarsone Roxarsone: An arsenic derivative which has anticoccidial action and promotes growth in animals.. roxarsone : An organoarsonic acid where the organyl group is 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl.	2.07	1	0	2-nitrophenols; organoarsonic acid	agrochemical; animal growth promotant; antibacterial drug; coccidiostat
4-bromotetramisole 4-bromotetramisole: available in levo & dextro form; L-form potent inhibitor of non specific alkaline phosphatase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	4.05	15	0
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	1.97	1	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
salicylamide salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source	2.47	2	0	phenols; salicylamides	antirheumatic drug; non-narcotic analgesic
salmeterol xinafoate salmeterol : A racemate consisting of equal parts of (R)- and (S)-salmeterol. It is a potent and selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist (EC50 = 5.3 nM). Unlike other beta2 agonists, it binds to the exo-site domain of beta2 receptors, producing a slow onset of action and prolonged activation.. 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A phenol having a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 and a 1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl group at C-4; derivative of phenylethanolamine.	2.02	1	0	ether; phenols; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
sanguinarine benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.	2.17	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; benzophenanthridine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent
salicylsalicylic acid salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.	2.46	2	0	benzoate ester; benzoic acids; phenols; salicylates	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
scriptaid scriptide: provokes translocation of GLUT4 to increase glucose uptake; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	isoquinolines
sebacic acid sebacic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,8-dicarboxy derivative of octane.	2.6	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	human metabolite; plant metabolite
secobarbital Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.	2.04	1	0	barbiturates	anaesthesia adjuvant; GABA modulator; sedative
semustine Semustine: 4-Methyl derivative of LOMUSTINE; (CCNU). An antineoplastic agent which functions as an alkylating agent.. semustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-methylcyclohexyl group.	11.4	16	5	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	2.44	2	0	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride	2.05	1	0	organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-obesity agent; serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	2.97	4	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sk&f 86002 6-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-5-(4-pyridinyl)imidazo(2,1-b)thiazole: inhibits p38 MAP kinase	1.96	1	0	imidazoles
sodium fluoride [no description available]	3.1	5	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
sodium iodide Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.	1.96	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; iodide salt
ipodate Ipodate: Ionic monomeric contrast media. Usually the sodium or calcium salts are used for examination of the gall bladder and biliary tract. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p704)	2.04	1	0
risedronic acid Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.	2.05	1	0	pyridines
sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	2.73	3	0	ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
4-phenylbutyric acid, sodium salt sodium phenylbutyrate : The organic sodium salt of 4-phenylbutyric acid. A prodrug for phenylacetate, it is used to treat urea cycle disorders.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; orphan drug; prodrug
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
fenofibrate [no description available]	2.6	1	0	benzochromenone; delta-lactone; naphtho-alpha-pyrone	platelet aggregation inhibitor; Sir2 inhibitor
imatinib [no description available]	2.78	3	0	aromatic amine; benzamides; N-methylpiperazine; pyridines; pyrimidines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	2.05	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	2.04	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
succinylsulfathiazole succinylsulfathiazole: intestinal antimicrobial agent; structure	2.07	1	0	1,3-thiazoles
sulconazole sulconazole: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sulconazole. An antifungal agent with activity against Candida species, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-[(4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}-1H-imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-ethyl-1H-imidazole in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a (4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanediyl group while a second is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.	2.02	1	0	dichlorobenzene; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes; organic sulfide
sulfacetamide Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.	2.07	1	0	N-sulfonylcarboxamide; substituted aniline	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.	2.93	4	0	aromatic ether; pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfamerazine [no description available]	2.47	2	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen
sulfameter Sulfameter: Long acting sulfonamide used in leprosy, urinary, and respiratory tract infections.. sulfamethoxydiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having a methoxy substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.05	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; leprostatic drug; renal agent
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.71	3	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfamethizole Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.	2.47	2	0	sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	3.37	7	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfanilamide [no description available]	2.4	2	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfaphenazole Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.	2.05	1	0	primary amino compound; pyrazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
sulfapyridine Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.05	1	0	pyridines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; dermatologic drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	8.71	12	3
sulfinpyrazone Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.	2.39	2	0	pyrazolidines; sulfoxide	uricosuric drug
sulfisoxazole Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	2.07	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	2.04	1	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.05	1	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	alkylbenzene
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	2.47	2	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.	2.43	2	0	sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.	2.77	3	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antirheumatic drug; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	4.78	10	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.	2.05	1	0	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.	2.02	1	0	acetylenic compound; ethyl ester; pyridines; retinoid; thiochromane	keratolytic drug; prodrug; teratogenic agent
tegafur [no description available]	10.09	18	3	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
telenzepine telenzepine: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	benzodiazepine
temazepam Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.	2.44	2	0	benzodiazepine
temozolomide [no description available]	2.05	1	0	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
terazosin Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia	2.43	2	0	furans; piperazines; primary amino compound; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.74	3	0	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	3.14	5	0	diarylmethane
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	2.47	2	0	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	2	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide: N,N',N'',N'''-Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide. A specific inhibitor of pseudocholinesterases. It is commonly used experimentally to determine whether pseudo- or acetylcholinesterases are involved in an enzymatic process.	2.01	1	0	phosphoramide
tetrahydroxy-1,4-quinone tetrahydroxy-1,4-quinone: structure. tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone : A hydroxybenzoquinone in which all four protons of the benzoquinone structure are substituted by hydroxy groups. A systemic keratolytic, it is normally supplied as its hydrate (CHEBI:137471).	2.07	1	0	hydroxybenzoquinone	keratolytic drug
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	4.73	9	0	phthalimides; piperidones
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	9.45	101	2	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
2-thiosalicylic acid 2-thiosalicylic acid: a degradation product of thimerosal; RN given refers to parent cpd. thiosalicylic acid : A sulfanylbenzoic acid that is the 2-sulfanyl derivative of benzoic acid.	2.07	1	0	sulfanylbenzoic acid	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic
thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.	3.14	5	0	phenothiazines; piperidines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).	2.44	2	0	aziridines
thiram Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.	2.21	1	0	organic disulfide	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
tiaprofenic acid tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	drug allergen; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tiaramide tiaramide: NTA-194, solantal, FK 1160 refer to mono-HCl salt; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	benzothiazoles
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	3.32	6	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilorone Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.	5	13	0	aromatic ether; diether; fluoren-9-ones; tertiary amino compound	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; interferon inducer; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.	1.96	1	0	imidazoles	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
tioconazole tioconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tioconazole.. 1-{2-[(2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that comprises 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylimidazole carrying an additional (2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy substituent at position 2.	2.02	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; thiophenes
tiopronin Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.	3.25	6	0	N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.	2.73	3	0	benzothiadiazole; imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic agonist; muscle relaxant
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
tolazamide Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	2.47	2	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; potassium channel blocker
tolazoline Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.	7.44	2	0	imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	2.75	3	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
tolmetin Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.	9.26	3	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrroles	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolnaftate [no description available]	2.07	1	0	monothiocarbamic ester	antifungal drug
tolperisone Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)	2.45	2	0	aromatic ketone
ultram 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.	2.73	3	0	aromatic ether; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	2.68	3	0	amino acid
trapidil Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.	2.07	1	0	triazolopyrimidines
trazodone Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.	2.44	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazolopyridine	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.	2.54	2	0	pteridines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
triazolam Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.	2.44	2	0	triazolobenzodiazepine	sedative
trichlormethiazide Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.	2.04	1	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide antibiotic	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
triclosan [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trientine Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.	3.49	2	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	copper chelator
trifluoperazine [no description available]	2.99	4	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trifluperidol Trifluperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES including MANIA and SCHIZOPHRENIA. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p621)	2.46	2	0	aromatic ketone
triflupromazine Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.	2.8	3	0	organofluorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
trigonelline trigonelline: in hydra among other organisms; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure. N-methylnicotinic acid : A pyridinium ion consisting of nicotinic acid having a methyl substituent on the pyridine nitrogen.. N-methylnicotinate : An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.6	1	0	alkaloid; iminium betaine	food component; human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
trimebutine Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.	2.46	2	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
trimeprazine Trimeprazine: A phenothiazine derivative that is used as an antipruritic.	2.07	1	0	phenothiazines
trimethadione Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.	2.96	4	0	oxazolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector
trimethobenzamide trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.	2.6	1	0	benzamides; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	3.62	9	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
trimetrexate Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.	3.51	2	0
trimipramine Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.	2.43	2	0	dibenzoazepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
trioxsalen Trioxsalen: Pigmenting photosensitizing agent obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with ultraviolet light in the treatment of vitiligo.. lactone : Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.. antipsoriatic : A drug used to treat psoriasis.. trioxsalen : 7H-Furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which positions 2, 5, and 9 are substituted by methyl groups. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division, and can lead to cell injury; recovery from the cell injury may be followed by increased melanisation of the epidermis.	2.07	1	0	psoralens	dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent
tripelennamine Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.	2.04	1	0	aromatic amine
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	2.96	4	0	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
tropicamide Tropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.	2.07	1	0	acetamides
tulobuterol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	organochlorine compound
tyrphostin a9 [no description available]	2.6	1	0	alkylbenzene	geroprotector
delavirdine Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	2.52	2	0	aminopyridine; indolecarboxamide; N-acylpiperazine; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
urapidil [no description available]	2.07	1	0	piperazines
urethane [no description available]	2.07	1	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
venlafaxine venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.	2.96	4	0	cyclohexanols; monomethoxybenzene; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; serotonin uptake inhibitor; xenobiotic
vesnarinone [no description available]	2.54	2	0	organic molecular entity
vigabatrin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
xylazine Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.	2.55	2	0	1,3-thiazine; methylbenzene; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; emetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
xylometazoline xylometazoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.07	1	0	alkylbenzene
ici 204,219 zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.44	2	0	carbamate ester; indoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	anti-asthmatic agent; leukotriene antagonist
zm 336372 N-(5-(3-dimethylaminobenzamido)-2-methylphenyl)-4-hydroxybenzamide: an inhibitor of c-Raf; activates Raf-1; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	benzamides
zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.	2.44	2	0	imidazopyridine	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative
zomepirac zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.02	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; pyrroles	cardiovascular drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.03	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide	anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.	2.05	1	0	monochloropyridine; pyrrolopyrazine	central nervous system depressant; sedative
guanidine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic chloride salt	protein denaturant
hydrocortisone acetate hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	0	cortisol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cortisone acetate Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.	2.05	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	13.83	16	5	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	6.98	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	11.88	61	14	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	2.47	2	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.	2.04	1	0	ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	2.75	3	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	2.05	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	2.75	3	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	2.45	2	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	1.97	1	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	4.75	7	1	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	4.49	5	1	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide [no description available]	2.47	2	0	benzodioxoles	pesticide synergist
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	7.58	24	2	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
bromouracil Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.	3.49	2	0	nucleobase analogue; pyrimidines	mutagen
3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid tiratricol : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.	2.05	1	0
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	2.39	2	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
histamine dihydrochloride Ceplene: Tradename for histamine dihydrochloride.	2.05	1	0
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	2.05	1	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	2.05	1	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	3.22	6	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.	2.45	2	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; terminal acetylenic compound	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	2.44	2	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cyclobarbital cyclobarbital: was heading 1977-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1977-90); CYCLOBARBITONE, HEXEMAL, & TETRAHYDROPHENOBARBITAL were see CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; use BARBITURATES to search CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; short to intermediate duration barbiturate used as hypnotic and sedative	2.45	2	0	barbiturates
aldosterone [no description available]	1.99	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
allobarbital allobarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ALLOBARBITONE, DIALLYLBARBITAL, DIALLYLBARBITURIC ACID, & DIALLYLMAL were see ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; a barbiturate derivative with effects of intermediate duration; at lower doses, it is used as a sedative; at higher doses, it displays hypnotic effects	2.05	1	0	barbiturates
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	14.1	119	18	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	10.78	12	2	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
lynestrenol Lynestrenol: A synthetic progestational hormone used often in mixtures with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	1.96	1	0	steroid
norethandrolone Norethandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity.	2.04	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
famophos famophos: structure	1.97	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	12.89	48	14	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	2.47	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
paramethasone Paramethasone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. It has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than HYDROCORTISONE with supplementary FLUDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p737)	2.05	1	0	fluorinated steroid
oxandrolone Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.	2.45	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; oxa-steroid	anabolic agent; androgen
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	2.05	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nad [no description available]	2.05	1	0	NAD	geroprotector
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	2.92	4	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
idoxuridine [no description available]	8.17	10	2	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
metaraminol Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.	2.07	1	0	phenylethanolamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	2.97	4	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.	1.99	1	0	N-arylpiperazine; organic iodide salt; piperazinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	2.49	2	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	2.05	1	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	6.97	1	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	6.96	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
desoxycorticosterone acetate Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.	2.04	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	3.51	8	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	5.16	3	1	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	2.05	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	3.23	6	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cetrimonium bromide cetyltrimethylammonium bromide : The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide.	2.46	2	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	detergent; surfactant
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	2.08	1	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
vincristine [no description available]	2.44	2	0	acetate ester; formamides; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	2.05	1	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sulfamic acid sulfamic acid: standard in alkalimetry; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfamic acid : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.	2.55	2	0	sulfamic acids
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	2.05	1	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	2.75	3	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.	2.44	2	0	steroid ester
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	2.06	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	4.3	6	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	2.47	2	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	2.69	3	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
methyltestosterone Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.	2.05	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enone	anabolic agent; androgen; antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine 9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.	2.05	1	0	benzoquinolizine; cyclic ketone; tertiary amino compound
puromycin aminonucleoside 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.	3.5	1	1	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	3.84	12	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.	2.05	1	0	azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
uridine [no description available]	3.76	3	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	2.4	2	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
ethopabate Ethopabate: An inhibitor of folate metabolism. It is used as a coccidiostat in poultry.	2.07	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	1.96	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.15	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.05	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	2.69	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
tolazoline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzenes
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	3.08	5	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2.6	1	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	3.98	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	2.71	3	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
acepromazine Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; phenothiazines; tertiary amino compound	phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
methoxamine Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .	2.07	1	0	amphetamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	3.58	9	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
niridazole Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.	4.32	6	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound
cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.	2.07	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
bretylium tosylate Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.	2.43	2	0	organosulfonate salt; quaternary ammonium salt	adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent
zoxazolamine Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.	2.57	2	0	benzoxazole
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	7.83	15	1	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
berlition berlition: antioxidant preparation containing alpha-lipoic acid, used in the neuroprotective therapy of chronic brain ischemia for correction of free-radical processes. (R)-lipoic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of lipoic acid. A vitamin-like, C8 thia fatty acid with anti-oxidant properties.. lipoic acid : A heterocyclic thia fatty acid comprising pentanoic acid with a 1,2-dithiolan-3-yl group at the 5-position.	2.07	1	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; lipoic acid; thia fatty acid	cofactor; nutraceutical; prosthetic group
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	2.42	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbaryl Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.	2.05	1	0	carbamate ester; naphthalenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2.4	2	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	2.39	2	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	5.9	32	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
Mebutamate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	2.07	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	12.89	16	1	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
etimizol Etimizol: A xanthine-related, putative nootropic drug.	2.38	2	0
gallamine triethiodide Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)	2.04	1	0
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	2.78	3	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.	2.6	1	0	psoralens	plant metabolite
2-naphthaldehyde 2-naphthaldehyde: structure. 2-naphthaldehyde : A naphthaldehyde that is naphthalene substituted by a formyl group at position 2.	2.08	1	0	naphthaldehyde	mouse metabolite
fluocinolone acetonide Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.	3.8	2	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
triamcinolone diacetate triamcinolone diacetate: lysyl oxidase antagonist; Polcortolon may also refers to triamcinolone	1.96	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	2.47	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.	2.05	1	0	oxo steroid
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	2.07	1	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
benziodarone benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone
tubercidin Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.	2.6	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; ribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.05	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	3.13	5	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	6.04	12	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
trifluridine Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.	6.24	6	1	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	2.37	2	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
4-hydroxypropiophenone [no description available]	2.04	1	0	acetophenones
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	7.9	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available]	2.73	3	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester	adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
sulfobromophthalein sodium bromosulfophthalein sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of bromosulfophthalein.. bromosulfophthalein : An organosulfonic acid that consists of phthalide bearing four bromo substituents at positions 4, 5, 6 and 7 as well as two 4-hydroxy-3-sulfophenyl groups both located at position 1.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	dye
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.02	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol [no description available]	2.44	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound	prodrug; xenoestrogen
methaqualone Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.	2.05	1	0	quinazolines	GABA agonist; sedative
alizarin [no description available]	2.06	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	chromophore; dye; plant metabolite
trypan blue VisionBlue: A trypan blue ophthalmic solution.	2.05	1	0
methandrostenolone Methandrostenolone: A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
cordycepin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines	antimetabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	2.91	4	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinethazone quinethazone: RN given for cpd without isomeric designation. quinethazone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2, 6 and 7 by ethyl, sulfamoyl and chloro groups respectively; a thiazide-like diuretic used to treat hypertension.	2.04	1	0	quinazolines	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	4.36	3	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	1.96	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
carbon disulfide Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.	2.35	2	0	one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound
tribromoethanol tribromoethanol: major descriptor (66-90); on-line search ETHANOL (66-90); INDEX MEDICUS search TRIBROMOETHANOL (66-90)	2.04	1	0	alcohol; organobromine compound
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	3.56	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
mepenzolate bromide [no description available]	2.46	2	0	diarylmethane
allylpropymal allylpropymal: RN given refers to parent cpd. aprobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by an isopropyl and a prop-1-en-3-yl group at position 5.	2.05	1	0	barbiturates
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	2.66	3	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
butobarbital butobarbital: Butobarbital should be distinguished from Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital)	2.05	1	0	barbiturates
carbromal carbromal: was heading 1963-94 (Prov 1963-73); use UREA to search CARBROMAL 1963-94	2.04	1	0	N-acylurea
triparanol Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.	2.04	1	0	stilbenoid	anticoronaviral agent
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	2.05	1	0	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
dichloroacetic acid [no description available]	1.98	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	astringent; marine metabolite
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	2.46	2	0	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
sulfachlorpyridazine Sulfachlorpyridazine: A sulfonamide antimicrobial used for urinary tract infections and in veterinary medicine.. sulfachloropyridazine : A sulfonamide antimicrobial used for urinary tract infections and in veterinary medicine.	2.07	1	0	organochlorine compound; pyridazines; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
dehydrocholic acid Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.	2.05	1	0	12-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-5beta-steroid; 7-oxo steroid; oxo-5beta-cholanic acid	gastrointestinal drug
cyclizine Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.	2.04	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine	antiemetic; central nervous system depressant; cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic
buclizine buclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine carrying (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and 4-tert-butylbenzyl groups.	2.04	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine	antiemetic; central nervous system depressant; cholinergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; local anaesthetic
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	9.62	17	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	2.03	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
thiopropazate thiopropazate: minor descriptor (66-72); major descriptor (73-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-72); THIOPROPAZATE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. thiopropazate : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has a chloro subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-acetoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	2.04	1	0	acetate ester; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
9,10-anthraquinone 9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.	2.6	1	0	anthraquinone
acetrizoic acid Acetrizoic Acid: An iodinated radiographic contrast medium used as acetrizoate sodium in HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY.	2.04	1	0	aminobenzoic acid
pyocyanine Pyocyanine: Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. pyocyanine : An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	2.08	1	0	iminium betaine; phenazines	antibacterial agent; bacterial metabolite; biological pigment; virulence factor
phensuximide phensuximide: major descriptor (73-84); on-line search SUCCINIMIDES (73-84); Index Medicus search PHENSUXIMIDE (73-84); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.07	1	0	pyrrolidines
dimethisoquin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	isoquinolines
penicillin v Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.	2.04	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin
salicylanilide salicylanilide: RN given refers to parent cpd. salicylanilide : An amide of salicylic acid and of aniline; it is therefore both a salicylamide and an anilide.	2.6	1	0	benzanilide fungicide; salicylamides; salicylanilides
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	2.05	1	0	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
gramine gramine : An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3.	2.6	1	0	aminoalkylindole; indole alkaloid; tertiary amino compound	antibacterial agent; antiviral agent; plant metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	3.06	5	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
picryl chloride Picryl Chloride: A hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (Arthritis Rheum 1991 Feb;34(2):180).. 1-chloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene : The C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	7.38	2	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; explosive; hapten
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	2.13	1	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
salicylaldehyde o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	nematicide; plant metabolite
aminacrine Aminacrine: A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.. 9-aminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by an amino group. A fluorescent dyd and topical antiseptic agent, it is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) in eye drops for the treatment of superficial eye infections.	2.6	1	0	aminoacridines; primary amino compound	acid-base indicator; antiinfective agent; antiseptic drug; fluorescent dye; MALDI matrix material; mutagen
pseudoephedrine Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.	2.45	2	0	phenylethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; central nervous system drug; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
decalin decalin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; don't confuse with decaline which has a nitrogen at the juncture of the two rings;. trans-decalin : The trans-stereoisomer of decalin.. decalin : An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon that is the decahydro- derivative of naphthalene.	1.97	1	0	ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon	solvent
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	2.38	2	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
proflavine Proflavine: Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.. 3,6-diaminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds.	3.05	1	0	aminoacridines	antibacterial agent; antiseptic drug; carcinogenic agent; chromophore; intercalator
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	2.07	1	0	xanthene
phenothiazine 10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.	1.96	1	0	phenothiazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
synephrine [no description available]	2.47	2	0	ethanolamines; phenethylamine alkaloid; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; plant metabolite
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	2.04	1	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.	3.48	2	0	carbonyl compound
benzothiophene [no description available]	2.08	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; benzothiophene
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	2.08	1	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
methyl gallate methyl gallate: has both immunosuppressive and phytogenic antineoplastic activities; isolated from Acer saccharinum. methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with methanol. It exhibits anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.	2.6	1	0	gallate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
sym-trinitrobenzene Trinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with three nitro groups in any position.. 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene : A trinitrobenzene in which each of the nitro groups is meta- to the other two.	1.96	1	0	trinitrobenzene	explosive
methylparaben methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.	2.04	1	0	paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
gamma-terpinene gamma-terpinene: RN given refers to gamma-terpinene; structure. gamma-terpinene : One of three isomeric monoterpenes differing in the positions of their two double bonds (alpha- and beta-terpinene being the others). In gamma-terpinene the double bonds are at the 1- and 4-positions of the p-menthane skeleton.	2.07	1	0	cyclohexadiene; monoterpene	antioxidant; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.	2.07	1	0	pyridinium salt
monobenzone monobenzone: structure. monobenzone : The monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone. It is used as a topical drug for medical depigmentation.	2.6	1	0	benzyl ether	allergen; dermatologic drug; melanin synthesis inhibitor
benzonatate benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.	2.07	1	0	benzoate ester; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	anaesthetic; antitussive
glyoxal [no description available]	1.95	1	0	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	2.42	2	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	2.05	1	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	3.78	3	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
decanaldehyde decanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of capric acid (decanoic acid).	2.07	1	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	antifungal agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.	2.05	1	0	peptide ergot alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
estradiol dipropionate estradiol dipropionate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/83	2.43	2	0	steroid ester
neostigmine bromide neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.	2.05	1	0	bromide salt
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.	2.93	4	0	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
mephobarbital Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	2.05	1	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant
paramethadione paramethadione: structure	2.04	1	0	oxazolidinone	anticonvulsant
hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.	2.05	1	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorobenzenes	antifungal agrochemical; carcinogenic agent; persistent organic pollutant
trinitrotoluene Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.	2.05	1	0	trinitrotoluene	explosive
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	2.45	2	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
veratraldehyde [no description available]	2.08	1	0	benzaldehydes; dimethoxybenzene	antifungal agent
piperonal piperonal: has been used as a pediculicide; structure. piperonal : An arenecarbaldehyde that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a formyl substituent at position 5. It has been isolated from Piper nigrum.	2.08	1	0	arenecarbaldehyde; benzodioxoles	fragrance; insect repellent; plant metabolite
ethylene urea ethylene urea: used in manufacture of polymers, finishing agents for textiles & leather, in formulation of plasticizers, lacquers & adhesives; structure. imidazolidinone : An imidazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	2.6	1	0	imidazolidinone; ureas
vanillic acid Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	3.8	1	1	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.05	1	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	3.5	2	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
cinchophen cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94	2.47	2	0	quinolines
chloroprocaine chloroprocaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroprocaine : Procaine in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the carboxylic acid group is substituted by chlorine. It is used as its monohydrochloride salt as a local anaesthetic, particularly for oral surgery. It has the advantage over lidocaine of constricting blood vessels, so reducing bleeding.	2.07	1	0	benzoate ester; monochlorobenzenes	central nervous system depressant; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
2-Methoxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.08	1	0	carbonyl compound
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	2.45	2	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
protocatechualdehyde protocatechualdehyde: found in wheat grains, wheat seedlings, & other plants; RN given refers to parent cpd; see also rancinamycins; structure	2.08	1	0	dihydroxybenzaldehyde
sterogenol hexadecylpyridinium bromide: structure in first source. cetylpyridinium bromide : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and bromide as the anion.	2.05	1	0	bromide salt; pyridinium salt	antiseptic drug; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; surfactant
anileridine anileridine: minor descriptor (64-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search ISONIPECOTIC ACIDS (68-86); RN given refers to parent cpd. anileridine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of isonipecotic acid in which the hydrogen alpha- to the carboxyl group is substituted by a phenyl group, and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl group.	2.04	1	0	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; substituted aniline	opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	2.47	2	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
3-o-methylglucose 3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.	1.98	1	0	D-aldohexose derivative
nafcillin Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.	2.02	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	4.95	12	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
mequinol mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
potassium cyanide [no description available]	1.96	1	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
methohexital Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.	2.02	1	0	acetylenic compound; barbiturates	drug allergen; intravenous anaesthetic
quinestrol Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)	2.05	1	0	17-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
sulfalene Sulfalene: Long-acting plasma-bound sulfonamide used for respiratory and urinary tract infections and also for malaria.	2.04	1	0	pyrazines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide
cycloguanil cycloguanil: the active metabolite of proguanil; antifolate drug; structure in first source. cycloguanil : A triazine in which a 1,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine ring is substituted at N-1 by a 4-chlorophenyl group, at C-2 and -4 by amino groups and at C-6 by gem-dimethyl groups. A dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, it is a metabolite of the antimalarial drug proguanil.	2.05	1	0	triazines	antifolate; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
dydrogesterone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid	progestin
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	4.12	3	1	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
homoarginine L-homoarginine : An L-lysine derivative that is the L-enantiomer of homoarginine.	3.92	13	0	homoarginine; L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	biomarker; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; human metabolite; rat metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	3.11	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	1.99	1	0	indazole
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	1.95	1	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	4.1	3	1	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	2.69	3	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	3.83	12	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	1.95	1	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
propantheline bromide [no description available]	2.46	2	0	xanthenes
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	8.35	7	0	organic cation
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	2.45	2	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
diiodotyrosine Diiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of MONOIODOTYROSINE. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, diiodotyrosine residues are coupled with other monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine residues to form T4 or T3 thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE).. diiodotyrosine : A dihalogenated L-tyrosine which has two iodo-substituents on the benzyl moiety.. 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine : A diiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying iodo-substituents at positions C-3 and C-5 of the benzyl group. It is an intermediate in the thyroid hormone synthesis.	1.96	1	0	diiodotyrosine; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	2.4	2	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.	7	1	0	pseudohalide anion; sulfur molecular entity	human metabolite
chlormadinone acetate Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	2.45	2	0	corticosteroid hormone
norchlorcyclizine norchlorcyclizine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0
disophenol disophenol: structure	8.76	2	1	4-nitrophenols
estradiol 17 beta-cypionate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	steroid ester
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	2.45	2	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
testosterone enanthate [no description available]	2.44	2	0	heptanoate ester; sterol ester	androgen
opipramol Opipramol: A tricyclic antidepressant with actions similar to AMITRIPTYLINE.	2.04	1	0	dibenzoazepine
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	2.66	3	0	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	2.73	3	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
haloxon haloxon: structure	2.36	2	0
phenyramidol phenyramidol: considered as a drug that possibly causes hepatotoxicity	2.05	1	0	aminopyridine
carbutamide Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)	2.45	2	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
glymidine glymidine: was MH 1975-92 (see under SULFONAMIDES 1975-90); GLIDIAZINE & GLYCODIAZINE were see GLYMIDINE 1975-92; use SULFONAMIDES to search GLYMIDINE 1975-92; a sulfonamide hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion. glymidine : A sulfonamide that is N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at position 5 of the pyrimidine ring by a 2-methoxyethoxy group. It is a hypoglycemic drug used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.	2.04	1	0	diether; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	hypoglycemic agent
fluocinonide Fluocinonide: A topical glucocorticoid used in the treatment of ECZEMA.	3.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
nandrolone decanoate Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	2.05	1	0	steroid ester
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	2.15	1	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
bucladesine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; butanamides; butyrate ester	agonist; cardiotonic drug; vasodilator agent
N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-[4-[[(2-chlorophenyl)methylamino]methyl]cyclohexyl]methanamine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	aromatic amine
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	4.35	6	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
prenylamine Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)	2.04	1	0	diarylmethane
benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(n,n-dimethyl-n-2-propenyl-), dibromide Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide: Proposed cholinesterase inhibitor.	2.01	1	0
perflubron perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.	2.05	1	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; perfluorinated compound	blood substitute; radioopaque medium
fluorometholone Fluorometholone: A glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. It has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluorometholone : A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.	2.07	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
cyproterone acetate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; chlorinated steroid; steroid ester	androgen antagonist; geroprotector; progestin
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	2.39	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: active against thimerosal intoxication; acts on cell membranes of tumor cells causing reverse transformation to normal cells; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfur-containing amino acid; thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antidote; antioxidant; hepatoprotective agent
chlorphentermine Chlorphentermine: A sympathomimetic agent that was formerly used as an anorectic. It has properties similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been implicated in lipid storage disorders and pulmonary hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1223)	2.04	1	0	amphetamines
dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.	2.74	3	0	1-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoate	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
glycyrrhetinic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	cyclic terpene ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	immunomodulator; plant metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.68	3	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
lucanthone Lucanthone: One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46). lucanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.	2.52	2	0	thioxanthenes	adjuvant; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; mutagen; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; schistosomicide drug
dichloralantipyrine dichloralantipyrine: 1:2 compound of antipyrine with chloral hydrate	2.04	1	0
cepharanthine cepharanthine: isoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of STEPHANIA; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation. cepharanthine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of Stephania; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation.	2.6	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
aloe emodin aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe. Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.	2.6	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; dihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
chrysophanic acid chrysophanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #2260. chrysophanol : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin with a methyl substituent at C-3. It has been isolated from Aloe vera and exhibits antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.	2.6	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antiviral agent; plant metabolite
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	3.13	5	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
osthol osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source	2.6	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; coumarins	metabolite
dihydralazine Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)	2.75	3	0	phthalazines
flavanone flavanone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure in first source. flavanone : The simplest member of the class of flavanones that consists of flavan bearing an oxo substituent at position 4.	2.6	1	0	flavanones
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	2.05	1	0	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
benzohydroxamic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0
phloretic acid phloretic acid: structure. N-hydroxysuccinimide ester : An ester of N-hydroxysuccinimide.. phloretic acid : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of propionic acid having a 4-hydroxyphenyl group at the 3-position.	2.6	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	3.1	1	0
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2.82	3	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.	2.05	1	0	ergot alkaloid; semisynthetic derivative	dopamine agonist; non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
dithiazanine Dithiazanine: 3-Ethyl-2-(5-(3-ethyl-2-benzothiazolinylidene)-1,3- pentadienyl)benzothiazolium. A benzothiazole that was formerly used as an antinematodal agent and is currently used as a fluorescent dye.. dithiazanine : A cationic C3-cyanine dye with 3-ethylbenzothiazol-2-yl groups at both ends.	2.35	2	0	benzothiazoles; benzothiazolium ion	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
methallenestril methallenestril: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	naphthalenes
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	2.69	3	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.05	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
medroxyprogesterone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
androstenediol Androstenediol: An intermediate in TESTOSTERONE biosynthesis, found in the TESTIS or the ADRENAL GLANDS. Androstenediol, derived from DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE by the reduction of the 17-keto group (17-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES), is converted to TESTOSTERONE by the oxidation of the 3-beta hydroxyl group to a 3-keto group (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES).. androst-5-ene-3beta,17beta-diol : A 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid that is 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-ene carrying an additional hydroxy group at position 17beta.	2.04	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	2.01	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
angelicin angelicin: used as tranquillizer; sedative; or anticonvulsant; structure	2.6	1	0	furanocoumarin
dimenhydrinate gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	diarylmethane
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	1.97	1	0	organic molecular entity
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	2.41	2	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
4-(benzoylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-(benzoylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid: Bepask is calcium salt	2.07	1	0	benzamides
arsenamide Arsenamide: Proposed chemotherapeutic agent against filaria and trichomonas.	3.2	6	0
thiamine monophosphate Thiamine Monophosphate: Thiamine dihydrogen phosphate ester. The monophosphate ester of thiamine. Synonyms: monophosphothiamine; vitamin B1 monophosphate.. thiamine(1+) monophosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) monophosphate.	1.97	1	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
chlormethiazole Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.	2.41	2	0	thiazoles
diperodon diperodon: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.6	1	0	carbamate ester
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	3.88	3	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.	1.97	1	0	carbodiimide	ATP synthase inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; peptide coupling reagent
aminoacetonitrile Aminoacetonitrile: Cyanomethylamine.	3	4	0
levocarnitine (R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.	2.43	2	0	carnitine	antilipemic drug; nootropic agent; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; water-soluble vitamin (role)
decamethonium dibromide [no description available]	2.04	1	0
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	2.43	2	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	2.05	1	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
thiphenamil thiphenamil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	diarylmethane
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	2.07	1	0	phenoxazine
2-nitrobenzaldehyde 2-nitrobenzaldehyde: structure given in first source. 2-nitrobenzaldehyde : Benzaldehyde substituted at the ortho-position with a nitro group.	2.08	1	0	benzaldehydes; C-nitro compound
hematoporphyrin Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.	2.05	1	0
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	3.34	1	1	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
aniline mustard Aniline Mustard: Alkylating anti-neoplastic agent.	6.95	1	0
lithium carbonate Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.	2.66	3	0	carbonate salt; lithium salt	antimanic drug
glycerylphosphorylcholine Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed)	1.98	1	0	glycerophosphocholine
metahexamide metahexamide: major descriptor (64-83); on-line search SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS (64-83); Index Medicus search METAHEXAMIDE (64-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
phenindamine phenindamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	indene
lactulose [no description available]	2.05	1	0	glycosylfructose	gastrointestinal drug; laxative
allyl sulfide allyl sulfide: essence of garlic; inhibits CYP2E1	2.13	1	0	organic sulfide
megestrol acetate [no description available]	4.4	6	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	2.96	4	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
bendazole bendazole: also an NSAID; Russian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.68	3	0	benzimidazoles
6-methyluracil 6-methyluracil: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. 6-methyluracil : A pyrimidone that is uracil with a methyl group at position 6.	4.67	9	0	pyrimidone	metabolite
phendimetrazine phendimetrazine: minor descriptor (66-86); file maintained to MORPHOLINES (66-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search MORPHOLINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0
trimetozine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	morpholines
benzydamine Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.	7.04	1	0	aromatic ether; indazoles; tertiary amino compound	analgesic; central nervous system stimulant; hallucinogen; local anaesthetic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin stearate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aminoglycoside
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	9.49	7	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
precocene ii precocene II: has antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, and antioxidant activities; from plants of genus Ageratum; an antiallotropin compound capable of inhibiting juvenile hormone biosynthesis	1.96	1	0	chromenes	precocenes
butaperazine butaperazine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search BUTAPERAZINE 1966-94	2.04	1	0	phenothiazines
docosanol Tadenan: from powdered bark of Pygaeum africanum (Rosaceae), see also heading for docosanol (a priciple ingredient of extract). docosan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is docosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It is a non-prescription medicine approved by the FDA to shorten healing time of cold sores.. docosanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twenty-two carbon atoms.	2.07	1	0	docosanol; long-chain primary fatty alcohol	antiviral drug; plant metabolite
2-fluoroadenine 2-fluoroadenine : An organofluorine compound that is adenine in which the hydrogen at position 2 (the carbon between the two nitrogens of the pyrimidine ring) is replaced by a fluorine.	2.13	1	0	organofluorine compound; purines	antineoplastic agent
phosmet Phosmet: An organothiophosphorus insecticide that has been used to control pig mange.	1.96	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phthalimides	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
hydroxychloroquine sulfate [no description available]	2.63	2	0
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	2.02	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
vinblastine [no description available]	2.45	2	0
etonitazene etonitazene: was heading 1979-94 (see under BENZIMIDAZOLES 1979-90); ETONITAZIN was see ETONITAZENE 1979-94; use BENZIMIDAZOLES to search ETONITAZENE 1979-94; narcotic analgesic similar to morphine in action; used mainly to study narcotic habituation, tolerance, and withdrawal in laboratory animals	2.41	1	0
deoxycytidine [no description available]	4.66	3	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
oxolamine oxolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	oxadiazole; ring assembly
ethylestrenol Ethylestrenol: An anabolic steroid with some progestational activity and little androgenic effect.. ethylestrenol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is estrane containing a double bond between positions 4 and 5 and substituted by an ethyl group and a hydroxy group at the 17alpha and 17beta positions, respectively. It is an anabolic steroid that has little androgenic effect and only slight progestational activity. It has been used to promote growth in boys with delayed bone growth.	2.04	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alcohol	anabolic agent
estradiol valerate [no description available]	2.44	2	0	steroid ester
cytidine diphosphate choline Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.	1.98	1	0	nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bunamidine bunamidine: veterinary anti-platyhelmintic agent used for taenia infestations; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search AMIDINES (75-85); RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	2.49	2	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
c 137 C 137: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	0
pyrithioxin Pyrithioxin: A neurotropic agent which reduces permeability of blood-brain barrier to phosphate. It has no vitamin B6 activity.	1.96	1	0	methylpyridines
metformin hydrochloride metformin hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of metformin with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride.	2.6	1	0	hydrochloride	environmental contaminant; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
undecane undecane : A straight-chain alkane with 11 carbon atoms.	2.07	1	0	alkane
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	2.07	1	0	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
dehydroepiandrosterone acetate 3beta-acetoxyandrost-5-en-17-one: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	steroid ester
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	2.05	1	0
potassium hydroxide potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH	1.98	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	1.98	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	3.37	1	1	zinc molecular entity
antimycin a [no description available]	2.6	1	0	benzamides; formamides; macrodiolide; phenols	antifungal agent; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; piscicide
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	2.05	1	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	3.85	12	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	1.96	1	0
naftalofos naftalofos: structure	6.42	7	2	organic heterotricyclic compound	anthelminthic drug
flurandrenolone Flurandrenolone: A corticosteroid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream or an ointment, and is also used as a polyethylene tape with an adhesive. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p733)	2.07	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
phenylphosphonic acid phenylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; NM same as N1	1.96	1	0	benzenes
metaxalone [no description available]	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether
nitroxinil Nitroxinil: Proposed anthelmintic for fasciola and liver fluke infestations.	1.95	1	0
spectinomycin Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.	2.41	2	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic hemiketal; cyclic ketone; pyranobenzodioxin; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl 5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl: structure in first source	2.6	1	0	bipyridines
dichlorobenzyl alcohol 2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol : A member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by chlorines.	2.6	1	0	benzyl alcohols; dichlorobenzene	antiseptic drug
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	2.51	2	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.11	1	0	tertiary amine
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	2.44	2	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
bamifylline bamifylline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; selective A1 adenosine receptor antagonist	1.96	1	0	oxopurine
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	2.47	2	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
clothiapine clothiapine: was heading 1975-94 (was see under DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES 1975-90); CLOTIAPINE was see CLOTHIAPINE 1978-94; use DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES to search CLOTHIAPINE 1975-94; antipsychotic similar to clozapine	2.04	1	0	dibenzothiazepine
pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.	2.74	3	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound	antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
flumethasone Flumethasone: An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in veterinary practice.	2.07	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone valerate Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.	2.02	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid ester	anti-inflammatory drug
azaribine azaribine: pyrimidine analogue; anti-metabolite used in psoriasis & mycosis fungoides;. azaribine : A N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine that is 6-azauridine acetylated at positions 2', 3' and 5' on the sugar ring. It is a prodrug for 6-azauridine and is used for treatment of psoriasis.	2.04	1	0	acetate ester; N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine	antipsoriatic; prodrug
aminorex Aminorex: An amphetamine-like anorectic agent. It may cause pulmonary hypertension.	5.66	13	0	benzenes
glaucine glaucine: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer	2.31	1	0	aporphine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyether; tertiary amino compound	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antitussive; muscle relaxant; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; rat metabolite
oxyclozanide Oxyclozanide: Anthelmintic used in grazing animals for fasciola and cestode infestations.	3.48	8	0
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.	2.02	1	0	corticosteroid hormone; hemisuccinate
thioflavin t thioflavin T cation : A benzothiazolium ion obtained by methylation of the thiazole nitrogen of 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-6-methyl-1,3-benzothiazole; the cationic component of thioflavin T.	4.45	5	1	benzothiazolium ion
sulfadoxine Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.	2.97	4	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antimalarial
acadesine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor
acetophenazine acetophenazine: major descriptor (73-85); minor descriptor (64-72); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-72); ACETOPHENAZINE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. acetophenazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the nitogen atom and an acetyl group at position 2.	2.45	2	0	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; phenothiazines	phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	2.77	3	0	dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity	antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.	2.05	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
dicloxacillin Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.	2.07	1	0	dichlorobenzene; penicillin	antibacterial drug
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	1.97	1	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
2,3-diketogulonic acid 2,3-Diketogulonic Acid: Metabolite of ASCORBIC ACID and the oxidized form of the lactone DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID.. 2,3-diketogulonic acid : A carbohydrate acid formally derived from gulonic acid by oxidation of the -OH groups at positions 2 and 3 to keto groups.	1.97	1	0
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	7.37	2	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
cyclacillin Cyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID.	2.02	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial drug
iproclozide iproclozide: structure	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether
megestrol Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.	3.08	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
cephaloglycin Cephaloglycin: A cephalorsporin antibiotic.. cefaloglycin : A cephalosporin antibiotic containing at the 7beta-position of the cephem skeleton an (R)-amino(phenyl)acetamido group.	2.04	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin	antimicrobial agent
tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.	2.44	2	0	2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
streptomycin [no description available]	4.18	5	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine: A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine.. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues.	1.95	1	0	nitrosamine; primary alcohol	carcinogenic agent
dideoxyadenosine Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.	2.6	1	0	adenosines; purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
chromotrope 2r chromotrope 2R: RN given refers to disodium salt. acid red 29 : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 4,5-dihydroxy-3-(phenyldiazenyl)naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid. It is used as the plasma stain in trichrome techniques.	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt	histological dye
cladribine [no description available]	2.44	2	0	organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent
beclomethasone [no description available]	2.74	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; corticosteroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug
fructosamine Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.	1.99	1	0
pyrodifenium bromide pyrodifenium bromide: was heading 1976-94 (see under PYRROLIDINES 1976-90); PRIFINIUM BROMIDE was see PYRODIFENIUM BROMIDE 1976-94: use PYRROLIDINES to search PYRODIFENIUM BROMIDE 1976-94; quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent more specific for the gastrointestinal tract than atropine	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
carbenicillin disodium [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt
dehydroemetine dehydroemetine: was MH 1991-94 (see under EMETINE 1976-90); use EMETINE to search DEHYDROEMETINE 1976-94; amebicide, derivative of emetine. dehydroemetine : A pyridoisoquinoline which was developed in response to the cardiovascular toxicity associated with emetine and results from the dehydrogenation of the heterotricylic ring of emetine. It is an antiprotozoal agent and displays antimalarial, antiamoebic, and antileishmanial properties.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; isoquinolines; pyridoisoquinoline	antileishmanial agent; antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug
estradiol enanthate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	steroid ester
noxiptilin noxiptilin: proposed tricyclic antidepressent; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search DIBENZOCYCLOHEPTENES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	organic tricyclic compound
benorilate benorilate: was heading 1980-94 (see under SALICYLATES 1980-90); was BENORYLATE see under SALICYLATES 1975-79; BENORYLATE was see BENORILATE 1980-94; use SALICYLATES to search BENORILATE 1980-90 & BENORYLATE 1975-79; an ester of aspirin and paracetamol with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases; it has less severe side effects than aspirin	2.45	2	0	carbonyl compound
trimetazidine Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amine
metocurine metocurine: from Chinese herb Cyclea hainanensis Mrr	2.04	1	0	isoquinolines
floxacillin Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.	2.75	3	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
clomacran clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	acridines
imidocarb Imidocarb: One of ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS used especially against BABESIA in livestock. Toxicity has been reported.	7.71	3	0	ureas	antiprotozoal drug
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	9.15	19	2	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
diadenosine tetraphosphate P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate : A diadenosyl tetraphosphate compound having the two 5'-adenosyl residues attached at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions.	1.99	1	0	diadenosyl tetraphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
iprindole Iprindole: A tricyclic antidepressant that has actions and uses similar to those of AMITRIPTYLINE, but has only weak antimuscarinic and sedative effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p257)	2.04	1	0	indoles
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; propanoate ester; steroid ester	antipsoriatic
isometheptene isometheptene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5040	2.04	1	0	secondary amino compound
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	3.8	1	1	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
olsalazine olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.	2.43	2	0	azobenzenes; dicarboxylic acid	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
3-deazaadenosine 3-deazaadenosine: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.6	1	0
tiadenol tiadenol: structure	2.05	1	0	aliphatic sulfide
molindone Molindone: An indole derivative effective in schizophrenia and other psychoses and possibly useful in the treatment of the aggressive type of undersocialized conduct disorder. Molindone has much lower affinity for D2 receptors than most antipsychotic agents and has a relatively low affinity for D1 receptors. It has only low to moderate affinity for cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors. Some electrophysiologic data from animals indicate that molindone has certain characteristics that resemble those of CLOZAPINE. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p283)	2.04	1	0	indoles
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	7.68	3	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	2.01	1	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	6.98	1	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	3.34	1	1	manganese group element atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	2.21	1	0	titanium group element atom
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	1.95	1	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	2.39	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	7.38	2	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.41	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	11.68	49	6	copper group element atom; elemental gold
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	2.88	4	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
zalcitabine Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.	2.77	3	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	2.01	1	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	2.39	2	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
hexocyclium hexocyclium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	amine
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	2.01	1	0	sodium phosphate
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	6.72	12	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	1.96	1	0	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite	1.97	1	0	calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05	1.97	1	0	calcium phosphate	fertilizer
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	2.39	2	0	calcium phosphate
metoprine metoprine: histamine methyltransferase antagonist	2.13	1	0
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	1.95	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	1.95	1	0	dihydrogen
molybdate ion molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid	2.01	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; molybdenum oxoanion	Escherichia coli metabolite
calcium pyrophosphate Calcium Pyrophosphate: An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably HYPOPHOSPHATASIA and pseudogout (CHONDROCALCINOSIS).	1.96	1	0	calcium phosphate
poloxalene Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide).	1.97	1	0	epoxide
sizofiran Sizofiran: A beta-D-glucan obtained from the Aphyllophoral fungus Schizophyllum commune. It is used as an immunoadjuvant in the treatment of neoplasms, especially tumors found in the stomach.	1.95	1	0
aluminum sulfate aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.	2.46	2	0	aluminium sulfate
lead nitrate lead nitrate: RN given refers to unspecified lead nitrate	2.41	2	0	inorganic nitrate salt; lead coordination entity
ancitabine Ancitabine: Congener of CYTARABINE that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action.. ancitabine : An organic heterotricyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the oxo group of cytidine to the 2' position with loss of water to give the corresponding cyclic ether. A prodrug, it is metabolised to the antineoplastic agent cytarabine, so is used to maintain a more constant antineoplastic action.	2.52	2	0	diol; organic heterotricyclic compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
amopyroquine amopyroquine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.05	1	0
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	8.31	37	3
clortermine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	amphetamines
stanozolol Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.	4.06	3	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anabolic agent; androgen
chloropyramine chloropyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.6	1	0	aminopyridine
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	2.44	2	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
nicofuranose nicofuranose: derivative of nicotinic acid that produces fewer side effects than pure nicotinic acid; used in peripheral vascular disease; also proposed as anticholesteremic; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line search NIACIN/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search NIACIN/AA (83-84), NICOTINIC ACIDS (75-82)	2.04	1	0	organooxygen compound
arabinofuranosylcytosine triphosphate Arabinofuranosylcytosine Triphosphate: A triphosphate nucleotide analog which is the biologically active form of CYTARABINE. It inhibits nuclear DNA synthesis.	1.97	1	0
melarsonic acid melarsonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	2.21	1	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
3-carene 3-carene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.07	1	0	monoterpene
(1S,2R)-tranylcypromine (1S,2R)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1S,2R)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.	2.07	1	0	2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
apazone Apazone: An anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout.. apazone : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine bearing a dimethylamino substitutent at position 3 and a methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the nitrogens at positions 1 and 2 are both acylated by a carboxy group of propylmalonic acid.	3.48	2	0	benzotriazines	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; uricosuric drug
parbendazole parbendazole: anthelmintic used against a variety of gastrointestinal parasites; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZIMIDAZOLES; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.72	3	0	benzimidazoles; carbamate ester
cloforex cloforex: carbamic ethyl ester of chlorphentermine; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2275	2.04	1	0	amphetamines
xipamide Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.	2.46	2	0	benzamides
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	2.73	3	0	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
clobutinol clobutinol: was minor as SILOMAT mapped to AMINO ALCOHOLS (63-79)	2.04	1	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
thiamphenicol [no description available]	2.45	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent; immunosuppressive agent
pizotyline Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.	2.05	1	0	benzocycloheptathiophene	histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	2.02	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	7.04	8	1	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug	2.73	3	0	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
n'-nitrosonornicotine N'-nitrosonornicotine: structure; a potent carcinogen in laboratory animals	2.6	1	0	pyridines; pyrrolidines
levamisole hydrochloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
fluorides [no description available]	2.38	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.	9.5	7	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector
metergoline Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.	2.07	1	0	carbamate ester; ergoline alkaloid	dopamine agonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
clonixin Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.	2.17	1	0	aminopyridine; organochlorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; lipoxygenase inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
fenclozic acid fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0
stannic oxide tin dioxide : A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.	2.05	1	0	tin oxide
decoquinate Decoquinate: A coccidiostat for poultry.	2.08	1	0
iodine [no description available]	2.67	3	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	5.86	7	1	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
razoxane Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.	2.39	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine
capobenic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	benzamides
cephapirin Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	2.02	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
diftalone [no description available]	2.07	1	0
fludarabine phosphate fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.	2.04	1	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
carbimazole Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	2.47	2	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; carbamate ester	antithyroid drug; prodrug
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	2.73	3	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	3.06	5	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
4-anisaldehyde 4-anisaldehyde: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for methoxy moieties; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #696. p-methoxybenzaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes consisting of benzaldehyde itself carrying a methoxy substituent at position 4.	2.01	1	0	benzaldehydes	bacterial metabolite; human urinary metabolite; insect repellent; plant metabolite
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	2.91	4	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenisatin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	indoles
thymolphthalein Thymolphthalein: Used as a pH indicator and as a reagent for blood after decolorizing the alkaline solution by boiling with zinc dust.	2.13	1	0	terpene lactone
tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.	8.77	3	0	chlorocarbon; chloroethenes	nephrotoxic agent
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.74	3	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
isothiuronium Isothiuronium: An undecenyl THIOUREA which may have topical anti-inflammatory activity.	1.96	1	0
rafoxanide Rafoxanide: Veterinary anthelmintic for grazing animals; used to treat fluke, hookworm and other infestations.	8.49	8	0
metipranolol Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.	2.02	1	0	acetate ester; aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
proquazone proquazone: nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent; structure	2.04	1	0	pyrimidines
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	2.51	2	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
halazepam halazepam: structure	2.73	3	0	organic molecular entity
butachlor butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amide; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
du-21220 Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.	2.02	1	0	benzyl alcohols; polyphenol; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
dihydro-beta-erythroidine Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine: Dihydro analog of beta-erythroidine, which is isolated from the seeds and other plant parts of Erythrina sp. Leguminosae. It is an alkaloid with curarimimetic properties.. dihydro-beta-erythroidine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the partial hydrogenation of the 1,3-diene moiety of beta-erythroidine to give the corresponding 2-ene.	2.92	4	0	delta-lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	nicotinic antagonist
prospidium Prospidium: An antineoplastic dispiropiperazine derivative.	1.96	1	0
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	1.98	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
rose bengal b disodium salt [no description available]	2.47	2	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.74	3	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
dexchlorpheniramine dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer	2.05	1	0	chlorphenamine
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.44	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
cambendazole Cambendazole: A nematocide effective against a variety of gastrointestinal parasites in cattle, sheep, and horses.	9.44	7	0
frentizole frentizole: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
ripazepam [no description available]	2.04	1	0	benzenes
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	2.01	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	3.11	5	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	2.73	3	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.	2.46	2	0	tryptamines
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	2.41	1	0	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nicergoline Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.	2.05	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	2.05	1	0	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
carbidopa carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.	2.07	1	0	catechols; hydrazines; monocarboxylic acid	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
moricizine Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.	2.43	2	0	carbamate ester; morpholines; phenothiazines	anti-arrhythmia drug
vidarabine phosphate Vidarabine Phosphate: An adenosine monophosphate analog in which ribose is replaced by an arabinose moiety. It is the monophosphate ester of VIDARABINE with antiviral and possibly antineoplastic properties.	3.97	2	0
amineptin amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.	2.46	2	0	amino acid; carbocyclic fatty acid; carbotricyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor
bitolterol bitolterol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bitolterol : The di-4-toluate ester of (+-)-N-tert-butylnoradrenaline (colterol). A pro-drug for colterol, a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist, bitolterol is used as its methanesulfonate salt for relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.	2.02	1	0	carboxylic ester; diester; ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; prodrug
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	4.38	6	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
feprazone Feprazone: A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15)	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
flubendazole flubendazole: the p-fluoro analog of mebendazole. flubendazole : A member of the class of mebendazole in which the benzoyl group is replaced by a p-fluorobenzoyl group. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.	4.86	8	1	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; organofluorine compound	antinematodal drug; teratogenic agent
pirprofen pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure	2.05	1	0	pyrroline
sisomicin Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).	1.95	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic; beta-L-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	2.73	3	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	2.93	4	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
amitraz amitraz: ixodicide (tick control); structure. amitraz : A tertiary amino compound that is 1,3,5-triazapenta-1,4-diene substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and 2,4-dimethylphenyl groups at positions 1 and 5.	6.99	1	0	formamidines; tertiary amino compound	acaricide; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
etoposide [no description available]	2.96	4	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	2.74	3	0	catecholamine; secondary amine	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
enilconazole enilconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. enilconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-enilconazole. A fungicide used to control a wide range of fungi including Tilletia and Helminthosporium spp. on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals. In veterinary medicine, it is used topically for the treatment of fungal skin infections in cattle, dogs, and horses; it is also used by inhalation for the treatment of aspergillosis in ostriches.. 1-[2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles in which the hydrogen at position 1 is replaced by a 2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group.	1.96	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
avridine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	amino alcohol
halofantrine halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria	2.45	2	0	phenanthrenes
penbutolol Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.	2.02	1	0	ethanolamines
etidocaine Etidocaine: A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.. etidocaine : An amino acid amide in which 2-[ethyl(propyl)amino]butanoic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. Used as a local anaesthetic (amide caine), it has rapid onset and long action properties, similar to bupivacaine, and is given by injection during surgical procedures and during labour and delivery.	2.04	1	0	amino acid amide	local anaesthetic
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	7.02	10	1	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
lentinan [no description available]	9.95	7	0
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	2.45	2	0	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
hydroxymaprotilin hydroxymaprotilin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	0
ticrynafen Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antihypertensive agent; hepatotoxic agent; loop diuretic
guanadrel guanadrel: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanadrel : A spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of the keto group of cyclohexanone with the hydroxy groups of 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)guanidine. A postganglionic adrenergic blocking agent formerly used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the management of hypertension, it has been largely superseded by other drugs less likely to cause orthostatic hypotension (dizzy spells on standing up or stretching).	2.02	1	0	guanidines; spiroketal	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent
triazinate triazinate: structure	3.78	2	1
methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	3.14	5	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent
pyridoxal phosphate [no description available]	2.6	1	0	pyridinecarbaldehyde
tocainide Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.	2.44	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	anti-arrhythmia drug; local anaesthetic; sodium channel blocker
bezafibrate [no description available]	2.47	2	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
sq-11725 Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.	2.73	3	0
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	3.16	5	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
flunixin meglumine flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.	7.17	1	0	organoammonium salt	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimustine Nimustine: Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. The drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms.. nimustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-ylmethyl] group. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.	1.96	1	0	aminopyrimidine; N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
levobunolol Levobunolol: The L-Isomer of bunolol.. levobunolol : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclic ketone; propanolamine	antiglaucoma drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.41	2	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
amidantel amidantel: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	6.97	1	0
lonidamine lonidamine: structure. lonidamine : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole that is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by 2,4-dichlorobenzyl and carboxy groups, respectively.	6.99	1	0	dichlorobenzene; indazoles; monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; antispermatogenic agent; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
vecuronium bromide Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.	2.02	1	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent; nicotinic antagonist
benoxaprofen benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.	4.01	4	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antipsoriatic; antipyretic; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; nephrotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; protein kinase C agonist
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141	2.73	3	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes	agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide
pinazepam pinazepam: structure	2.05	1	0	benzodiazepine
pirfenidone pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	2.05	1	0	pyridone	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxfendazole [no description available]	7.3	40	3	benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; sulfoxide	antinematodal drug
desogestrel Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).	2.05	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
muzolimine Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene
butibufen butibufen: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	monoterpenoid
nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug	2.6	1	0	benzamides; carboxylic ester
sufentanil Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	2.02	1	0	anilide; ether; piperidines; thiophenes	anaesthesia adjuvant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
torsemide Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.	2.44	2	0	aminopyridine; N-sulfonylurea; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; loop diuretic
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	2.45	2	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
cefmetazole Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.	2.02	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
desflurane Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.	2.44	2	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
prenalterol Prenalterol: A partial adrenergic agonist with functional beta 1-receptor specificity and inotropic effect. It is effective in the treatment of acute CARDIAC FAILURE, postmyocardial infarction low-output syndrome, SHOCK, and reducing ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION in the SHY-RAGER SYNDROME.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether
forphenicine forphenicine: alkaline phosphatase inhibitor from Actinomycetes; structure	3.06	1	0
closantel closantel: structure. N-{5-chloro-4-[(4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl]-2-methylphenyl}-2-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzamide : An aromatic amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid with the amino group of aniline substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by methyl, (4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl, and methyl groups respectively.. closantel : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-clostanel. An anthelmintic, it is used (as the dihydrate of the sodium salt) in veterinary medicine for the treatment of fluke and nematode infections.	7.51	30	5	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; organoiodine compound; phenols
tilomisole tilomisole: structure given in first source	8.35	7	0
lorcainide [no description available]	2.04	1	0	acetamides
idarubicin Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.	2.43	2	0	anthracycline antibiotic; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative
laurocapram laurocapram: enhances percutaneous absorption of different chemicals; structure given in first source	2.17	1	0
clorsulon clorsulon: potent fasciolicide; structure	1.96	1	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
cefonicid Cefonicid: A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.. cefonicid : A cephalosporin bearing {[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.02	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.74	3	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	2.95	4	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	8.29	6	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.	2.44	2	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
staurosporine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	indolocarbazole alkaloid; organic heterooctacyclic compound	apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; geroprotector
foscarnet sodium trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	2.05	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antiviral drug
lodoxamide [no description available]	2.02	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
indalpine indalpine: selective 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0	indoles
azimexon [no description available]	6.68	7	1
oltipraz oltipraz : A 1,2-dithiole that is 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione substituted at positions 4 and 5 by methyl and pyrazin-2-yl groups respectively.	2.6	1	0	1,2-dithiole; pyrazines	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimutagen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; neurotoxin; protective agent; schistosomicide drug
atracurium Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.	2.43	2	0	diester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
butoconazole butoconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. butoconazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl]butyl group. An antifungal agent, it is used as its nitrate salt in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.	2.02	1	0	aryl sulfide; conazole antifungal drug; dichlorobenzene; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes
moxalactam Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.	2.05	1	0	cephalosporin; oxacephem	antibacterial drug
lidamidine lidamidine: synonym WHR-1142A refers to HCl; structure	2.07	1	0	ureas
nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.	2.05	1	0	nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide	potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent
naftifine naftifine: allylamine der; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. naftifine : A tertiary amine in which the nitrogen is substituted by methyl, alpha-naphthylmethyl, and (1E)-cinnamyl groups. It is used (usually as its hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of fungal skin infections.	2.02	1	0	allylamine antifungal drug; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
bw-755c 4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.	2.37	2	0
pergolide Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.	2.43	2	0	diamine; methyl sulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	2.9	4	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.44	2	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
encainide Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.	2.44	2	0	benzamides; piperidines	anti-arrhythmia drug; sodium channel blocker
talniflumate talniflumate: an anti-inflammatory molecule for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma	2.07	1	0	benzofurans
triclabendazole [no description available]	3.8	2	1	aromatic ether
nedocromil Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.	2.44	2	0	dicarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fiacitabine fiacitabine: anti-herpes virus agent which also inhibits growth of certain human tumor cell lines in vitro.	2.6	1	0
doxofylline doxofylline : An oxopurine that is a derivative of xanthine, methylated at N-1 and N-3 and carrying a 1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl group at N-7, used in the treatment of asthma.	2.04	1	0	oxopurine	anti-asthmatic drug; antitussive; bronchodilator agent
cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.44	2	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
alfentanil Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.	2.73	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	central nervous system depressant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
miglustat miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.	2.05	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(1-imidazolyl)ethanone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone
dazoxiben dazoxiben: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0
cefotetan Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.	2.73	3	0
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	2.72	3	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
tolrestat tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	naphthalenes	EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
enoximone Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone
piritrexim piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.77	3	0
levocabastine levocabastine: for the temporary relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis	2.02	1	0	piperidines
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	2.96	4	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
remoxipride Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.	2.07	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	2.72	3	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
cabergoline Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.	2.02	1	0	N-acylurea	antineoplastic agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
bambuterol bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.	2.05	1	0	carbamate ester; phenylethanolamines	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
atomoxetine hydrochloride Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.	2.05	1	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
quinapril Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.96	4	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; isoquinolines; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
alpidem [no description available]	2.07	1	0	imidazoles
gepirone gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	3.87	2	1	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
dopexamine dopexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	catecholamine
lonapalene RS 43179: used in treatment of psoriasis	2.07	1	0	naphthalenes; organochlorine compound
fosphenytoin fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source	2.02	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	2.05	1	0	naphthoic acid
ranolazine Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.	2.6	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary alcohol
ipsapirone [no description available]	2.07	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
brequinar brequinar : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline substituted by 2'-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl, methyl, carboxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6, respectively. It is an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that is required for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. The compound exhibits antineoplastic and antiviral properties.	2.6	1	0	biphenyls; monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; EC 1.3.5.2 [dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	2.7	3	0	3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	2.6	1	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
sematilide sematilide: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
thiophenoxyacetic acid thiophenoxyacetic acid: structure	1.96	1	0
esmolol methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.	2.43	2	0	aromatic ether; ethanolamines; methyl ester; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
adapalene Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.	2.02	1	0	adamantanes; monocarboxylic acid; naphthoic acid	dermatologic drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
adefovir adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	2.6	1	0	6-aminopurines; ether; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent
aromasil [no description available]	2.03	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
prinomide prinomide: RN given from Toxline; RN not in Chemline 7/87; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	anilide
sparfloxacin [no description available]	2.44	2	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone
zileuton [no description available]	2.74	3	0	1-benzothiophenes; ureas	anti-asthmatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
remacemide remacemide: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	stilbenoid
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	2.05	1	0	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.	2.77	3	0	phosphonic acids; pyrimidone	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent
tiagabine Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.	2.04	1	0	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	anticonvulsant; GABA reuptake inhibitor
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	2.02	1	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
bromfenac bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amino acid; benzophenones; organobromine compound; substituted aniline	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celgosivir celgosivir: inhibits glycoprotein processing & the growth of HIVs	2.6	1	0
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	2.49	2	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
ibutilide ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt	2.02	1	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
remifentanil Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.	2.02	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidinecarboxylate ester	intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; sedative
atorvastatin [no description available]	2.72	3	0	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	3.15	5	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
duloxetine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	duloxetine
irinotecan [no description available]	6.64	11	0	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	2.99	4	0	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ibandronic acid Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	2.05	1	0
ziprasidone ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.	2.44	2	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; indolones; organochlorine compound; piperazines	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
zanamivir Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.	2.6	1	0	guanidines	antiviral agent; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
adefovir dipivoxil bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	2.54	2	0	6-aminopurines; carbonate ester; ether; organic phosphonate	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent; prodrug
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	2.6	1	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	5.09	5	0	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	4	14	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
octyl gallate [no description available]	2.6	1	0	gallate ester	food antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	4.13	16	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
dimethylhydrazines Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.	3.97	4	0
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	1.97	1	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
paroxetine hydrochloride paroxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of paroxetine. It is an antidepressant drug.	2.07	1	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
halofuginone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	quinazolines
ortho-cept ethinyl estradiol-desogestrel combination: Ethinyl Estradiol and Desogestrell given in fixed proportions; has proved to be an effective & well-tolerated oral contraceptive, which improves cycle control & has a beneficial effect on acne	2.05	1	0
trovafloxacin trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.	2.05	1	0
verapamil hydrochloride verapamil hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil hydrochloride and (S)-verapamil hydrochloride.	2.07	1	0
cefprozil [no description available]	2.44	2	0	cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
methylprednisolone aceponate methylprednisolone aceponate: RN given for (6alpha,11beta)-isomer	2.02	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
dexamethasone 17-valerate dexamethasone 17-valerate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure	2.02	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
dexamethasone dipropionate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	stilbenoid
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	2.54	2	0	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.	2.54	2	0	aryl sulfide; benzamides; organic heterobicyclic compound; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; HIV protease inhibitor
adamantylamide-alanyl-isoglutamine adamantylamide-alanyl-isoglutamine: RN from Toxline	2.38	2	0
doxapram hydrochloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydrochloride	central nervous system stimulant
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	3.57	9	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
mevastatin mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.	2.03	1	0	2-pyranones; carboxylic ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
chloroquine diphosphate [no description available]	3.35	1	1
ursolic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
propamidine propamidine: structure given in first source. propamidine : A polyether that is the bis(4-guanidinophenyl) ether of propane-1,3-diol. Used (as its isethionate salt) for the treatment of minor eye or eyelid infections, such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; guanidines; polyether	antimicrobial agent; antiseptic drug
meglumine antimoniate Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.	3.51	2	0
1,5-anhydroglucitol 1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.	2.05	1	0	anhydro sugar	human metabolite
betulinic acid [no description available]	2.54	2	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
arctigenin arctigenin: precursor to catechols; in many plants	2.6	1	0	lignan
baicalin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
plerixafor plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.	2.6	1	0	azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant
amprenavir [no description available]	2.54	2	0	carbamate ester; sulfonamide; tetrahydrofuryl ester	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	2.49	2	0	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
medicagenic acid medicagenic acid: aglycone constituent of lucerne saponins, upon which their fungastatic & hemolytic activity depends	2.17	1	0	triterpenoid
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	2.6	1	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
n-acetylaspartic acid N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.01	1	0	N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acyl-L-aspartic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite
aica ribonucleotide AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.	2.15	1	0	1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole	cardiovascular drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
nile red nile red : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one substituted at position 9 by a diethylamino group.	2.25	1	0	aromatic amine; cyclic ketone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose pentagalloylglucose: pentahydroxy gallic acid ester of glucose; a phytogenic antineoplastic agent and antibacterial agent. 1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose : A galloyl-beta-D-glucose compound having five galloyl groups in the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.6	1	0	gallate ester; galloyl beta-D-glucose	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent; radical scavenger
cephalotaxine [no description available]	2.6	1	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; cyclic acetal; enol ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound
desipramine hydrochloride desipramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of desipramine.	2.6	1	0	hydrochloride	drug allergen
mefloquine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.6	1	0	hydrochloride
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	2.05	1	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
fenclofenac fenclofenac: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.4	2	0	aromatic ether
sinefungin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	adenosines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
iopamidol Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.	2.02	1	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound; pentol	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
proxicromil proxicromil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.07	1	0
bendamustine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzimidazoles
erdosteine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
aloxistatin aloxistatin: a membrane-permeable cysteine protease inhibitor. aloxistatin : An L-leucine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3S)-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)oxirane-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of N-(3-methylbutyl)-L-leucinamide.	2.6	1	0	epoxide; ethyl ester; L-leucine derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide	anticoronaviral agent; cathepsin B inhibitor
droxicam droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.	2.05	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; pyridines	cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prodrug
resorantel resorantel: structure	1.97	1	0
salazodin salazodin: structure	1.97	1	0
propazole propazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.6	1	0	benzimidazoles
ceftezole ceftezole: RN given refers to (6R-(trans))-isomer; structure. ceftezole : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [2-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)acetamido side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.04	1	0	cephalosporin; thiadiazoles
etofibrate etofibrate: analog of clofibrate with nicotinic acid substituted on the 2-carbon of the ethyl ester group; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
torbafylline torbafylline: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
mizolastine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzimidazoles
prulifloxacin prulifloxacin: structure given in first source	2.6	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic
intoplicine intoplicine: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	pyridoindole
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	2.54	2	0	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
bergenin bergenin: RN refers to (2R-(2alpha,3beta,4alpha,4aalpha,10bbeta))-isomer; structure	2.6	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	metabolite
hexestrol bis(diethylaminoethyl ether) hexestrol bis(diethylaminoethyl ether): minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search HEXESTROL/AA (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0	stilbenoid
dexfenfluramine Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.	2.73	3	0	fenfluramine	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
iridium radioisotopes Iridium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of iridium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ir atoms with atomic weights 182-190, 192, and 194-198 are radioactive iridium isotopes.	1.99	1	0
dexamisole dexamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has R configuration.	3.28	6	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antidepressant
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	2.49	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
synthalin a synthalin A: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. synthalin : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of decamethylenediguanidine with 2 mol eq. of hydrogen chloride.. synthalin A : A member of the class of guanidines that is decane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 10-positions.	2.05	1	0	guanidines	hepatotoxic agent; hypoglycemic agent; nephrotoxin
methyridine methyridine: veterinary anthelmintic & nematocide; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search PYRIDINES (75-85)	2.91	4	0	pyridines
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	1.97	1	0	phenanthroline
diazobenzenesulfonic acid diazobenzenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0
flucofuron flucofuron: structure given in first source. flucofuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each nitrogen is substituted by a 4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group.	2.13	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine pesticide; organofluorine pesticide; phenylureas	epitope
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	1.96	1	0	anthocyanidin chloride
ibopamine ibopamine: structure given in UD 31;67a & in 2nd source	2.05	1	0	benzoate ester; phenols
disobutamide [no description available]	2.04	1	0	acetamides
medetomidine Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.	2.05	1	0	imidazoles
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	3.14	5	0	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nilverm [no description available]	1.97	1	0	organic molecular entity
picosulfate sodium picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure	2.05	1	0	aryl sulfate; pyridines
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	2.54	2	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
traxanox traxanox: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.37	2	0	pyridochromene
pirlindole pirlindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym pyrazidol refers to mono-HCl; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2812	2.05	1	0	carbazoles
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.6	1	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
brinzolamide brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent	2.6	1	0	sulfonamide; thienothiazine	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
dienogest [no description available]	2.05	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; aliphatic nitrile; steroid hormone	progesterone receptor agonist; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
timegadine timegadine: first source states that SR 1368 is synonym for cpd; SR 1368 is a different cpd in Chemline; structure given in first source	7.37	2	0
artemether Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.46	2	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; organic peroxide; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial
epiroprim epiroprim: an analog of trimethoprim with improved antimicrobial and pharmacokinetic properties; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
morphazinamide morphazinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for mono-HCL: 1473-73-0; structure in Merck Index	2.05	1	0	morpholines; pyrazines; secondary carboxamide
2,2',2''-terpyridine 2,2',2''-terpyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine : A tridentate heterocyclic ligand that binds metals at three meridional sites giving two adjacent 5-membered MN2C2 chelate rings.	2.13	1	0	terpyridines	chelator
leucyl-glycyl-glycine leucyl-glycyl-glycine: RN given refers to (L-Leu)-isomer. Leu-Gly-Gly : A tripeptide composed of one L-leucine and two glycine residues joined in sequence.	1.98	1	0	tripeptide	metabolite
dipropylacetamide dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.	2.52	2	0	fatty amide	geroprotector; metabolite; teratogenic agent
oxprenolol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.6	1	0
enrofloxacin Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.	2.07	1	0	cyclopropanes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate 6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate: used for therapy of Paget's disease of bone & malignant hypercalcaemia	2.05	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
erythromycin propionate erythromycin propionate: form in which erythromycin estolate is principally absorbed	2.02	1	0	erythromycin derivative
romazarit [no description available]	2.02	1	0
uk 68798 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; potassium channel blocker
dexrazoxane Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.	2.44	2	0	razoxane	antineoplastic agent; cardiovascular drug; chelator; immunosuppressive agent
netobimin netobimin: structure given in first source	2.67	3	0
antebate betamethasone butyrate propionate: a topical corticosteroid	2.02	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
opipramol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.6	1	0
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	2.05	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
moroxydine [no description available]	2.6	1	0	biguanides
rexigen clobenzorex: RN given refers to (+)-isomer; structure	2.05	1	0
mepindolol mepindolol: 2-methyl deriv of pindolol; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.07	1	0	indoles
fpl 52791 FPL 52791: also has anti-allergic properties; related to sodium cromoglycate; structure	2.07	1	0
ciamexon [no description available]	1.96	1	0
aceclofenac [no description available]	2.05	1	0	amino acid; carboxylic ester; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clociguanil clociguanil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.45	2	0
olaquindox olaquindox: used in prevention of swine dysentary; growth promoting additive in pig feed; structure	2.38	2	0	quinoxaline derivative
tebuquine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
epanolol epanolol: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	acetamides
cyclobutyrol cyclobutyrol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclobutyrol : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid in which the hydroxy group is geminal to a 1-carboxypropyl group on a cyclohexane ring.	2.05	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	bile therapy drug
terlipressin terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.	2.05	1	0	polypeptide
thioxolone tioxolone : A 1,3-benzoxathiole having a hydroxy substituent at the 6-position.	2.6	1	0	benzoxathiole	antiseborrheic
ubenimex ubenimex: growth inhibitor	7.45	10	1
methotrimeprazine Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.	2.07	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; cholinergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
honokiol [no description available]	2.6	1	0	biphenyls
isoflavone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	isoflavones
clevudine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
nobiletin nobiletin : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.6	1	0	methoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lycorine lycorine: from bulbs of LYCORIS & other plants; RN given refers to (1 alpha,2 beta)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5444. lycorine : An indolizidine alkaloid that is 3,12-didehydrogalanthan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions and 2 and a methylenedioxy group across positions 9 and 10. Isolated from Crinum asiaticum, it has been shown to exhibit antimalarial activity.	2.6	1	0	indolizidine alkaloid	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
lividomycin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	lividomycins	metabolite
gentamicin c1 [no description available]	2.04	1	0
leupeptin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	bacterial metabolite; calpain inhibitor; cathepsin B inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor
2-(4'-methylpiperazino-1-methyl)-1,3-diazafluoranthene 1-oxide 2-(4'-methylpiperazino-1-methyl)-1,3-diazafluoranthene 1-oxide: structure	2.04	1	0
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	2.54	2	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
chaparrinone chaparrinone: quassinoid which inhibits protein sunthesis & DNA synthesis in cells; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	triterpenoid
thianthrene 5-oxide thianthrene 5-oxide: used as a probe of the electrophilicity of hemoprotein oxidizing species; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
hederagenin [no description available]	2.17	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin	plant metabolite
echinocystic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0	triterpenoid
calpeptin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	amino acid amide
fangchinoline [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; macrocycle	anti-HIV-1 agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
tryptanthrine tryptanthrine: minor constituent of traditional Chinese medicine qing dai	2.13	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
maslinic acid (2Alpha,3beta)-2,3-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid: from Luehea divaricata and Agrimonia eupatoria	2.6	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.	2.77	3	0	hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
3,4-Methylenedioxyacetophenone [no description available]	2.08	1	0	benzodioxoles
rosiglitazone [no description available]	4.76	5	0	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
trimethylsilyl cyanide [no description available]	2.08	1	0
cryptolepine cryptolepine: fused indole-quinoline; structure in first source; from CRYPTOLEPIS sanguinolenta. cryptolepine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-indolo[3,2-b]quinoline in which the hydrogen at position N-5 is replaced by a methyl group.	2.05	1	0	indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound	anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; cysteine protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
flunisolide flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones	2.02	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
ro 22-3581 [no description available]	2.13	1	0
chloroquine diphosphate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
albendazole sulfoxide albendazole sulfoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	5.02	9	1	sulfoxide
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	2.73	3	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
loganin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; cyclopentapyran; enoate ester; iridoid monoterpenoid; methyl ester; monosaccharide derivative; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
ethylhydrocupreine ethylhydrocupreine: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. optochin : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of 10,11-dihydrocinchonan bearing hydroxy and ethoxy substituents at positions 9 and 6' respectively.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; cinchona alkaloid	EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	4.58	25	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
nsc-172755 butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)	2.07	1	0
cinchonine [no description available]	2.49	2	0	(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol; cinchona alkaloid	metabolite
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	3.74	2	1	iditol	fungal metabolite
moexipril [no description available]	2.76	3	0	peptide
sennoside B sennoside B : A member of the class of sennosides that is (9R,9'S)-9,9',10,10'-tetrahydro-9,9'-bianthracene-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4', by beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy groups at positions 5 and 5', and by oxo groups at positions 10 and 10'.	2.04	1	0	oxo dicarboxylic acid; sennosides
aucubin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
fluocinolone [no description available]	3.37	1	1	fluorinated steroid
5-bromouridine 5-bromouridine : A uridine having a bromo substituent at the 5-position.	3.06	1	0	uridines	mutagen
catalpol [no description available]	2.6	1	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate 5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate: do not confuse with alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate	2	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
fosthiazate fosthiazate: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	organic phosphonate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
n-hexadecyl-n,n-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
adenosine 5'-methylenediphosphate [no description available]	2.92	4	0	nucleoside diphosphate analogue
lekoptin (S)-verapamil : A 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile that has S configuration.	2.6	1	0	2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile
lopinavir [no description available]	2.05	1	0	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
levcromakalim [no description available]	2.07	1	0	1-benzopyran
dimethacrine dimethacrine: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search ACRIDINES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0	acridines
desethylchloroquine desethylchloroquine: metabolite of chloroquine	2.05	1	0	aminoquinoline
wr 158122 WR 158122: structure	2.13	1	0
foxes Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.	7.36	2	0
3-heptyl-4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methylquinoline 3-heptyl-4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methylquinoline: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
wr 159412 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
cinchonidine cinchonidine: has antimalarial activity; diastereoisomer of cinchonine with distinct physiochemical properties; RN given refers to parent cpd(8alpha,9R)-isomer. cinchonidine : 8-epi-Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (R configuration). A diasteroisomer of cinchonine, it occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.	2.49	2	0	(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol; cinchona alkaloid	metabolite
n-methyladenosine N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.	2.6	1	0	methyladenosine
benzyloxyamine benzyloxyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
hexylcaine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	7.89	4	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	2.03	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
mizoribine [no description available]	4.72	3	0	imidazoles	anticoronaviral agent
wr 1065 WR-1065 : An alkanethiol that is the N-3-aminopropyl derivative of cysteamine. Used as the S-phosphorylated prodrug, amifostine, for cytoprotection in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	1.96	1	0	alkanethiol; diamine	antioxidant; drug metabolite; radiation protective agent
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	2.07	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
sr141716 [no description available]	2.47	2	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	2.47	2	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
ecgonine methyl ester ecgonine methyl ester: major metabolite of cocaine; RN given refers to parent cpd (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer. ecgonine methyl ester : The O-debenzoyl analogue of cocaine.	2.81	3	0	methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	analgesic; central nervous system depressant; metabolite; mouse metabolite; opioid analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
fpl 55712 FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors	2.07	1	0	aromatic ketone
fructose 2,6-diphosphate fructose 2,6-diphosphate: phosphofructokinase activator synthesized via Mg-ATP & fructose-6-P. beta-D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	1.99	1	0	D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
selenomethionine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; selenomethionine	plant metabolite
artesunic acid [no description available]	2.06	1	0
epibatidine epibatidine: a powerful, though toxic, pain killer produced by the poison arrow frog, Epipedobates tricolor; structure given in first source; more potent than morphine but acts at nicotine rather than opiate receptors	2.02	1	0
sivelestat sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source	2.57	2	0	N-acylglycine; pivalate ester
pyronaridine [no description available]	2.54	2	0	aminoquinoline
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline	2.45	2	0	alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
geniposide [no description available]	2.6	1	0	terpene glycoside
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	2.51	2	0	proanthocyanidin
deguelin deguelin: a natural product from Mundulea sericea; RN refers to (7aS-cis)-isomer; structure given in first source. deguelin : A rotenone that is 13,13a-dihydro-3H-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7(7aH)-one substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10, and by two methyl groups at position 3 (the 7aS,13aS-stereoisomer). It exists in abundant quantities in the bark, roots, and leaves of the Leguminosae family of plants and reported to exert anti-tumour effects in various cancers.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; diether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; plant metabolite
fingolimod fingolimod : An aminodiol that consists of propane-1,3-diol having amino and 2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl substituents at the 2-position. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A prodrug, fingolimod is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase to active metabolite fingolimod-phosphate, a structural analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate.	2.05	1	0	aminodiol; primary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; CB1 receptor antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
daidzin daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).	2.6	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
ecteinascidin 743 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	acetate ester; azaspiro compound; bridged compound; hemiaminal; isoquinoline alkaloid; lactone; organic heteropolycyclic compound; organic sulfide; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; marine metabolite
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	3.77	2	1
tadalafil [no description available]	2.03	1	0	benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
6-methyl-2-ethyl-3-hydroxypyridine 6-methyl-2-ethyl-3-hydroxypyridine: compound used in second source was chlorhydrate; has been used as retinoprotector	1.96	1	0
5-hydroxydopamine 5-hydroxydopamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	catecholamine
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	1.96	1	0
phaseolinone phaseolinone: RN from toxlit 8/88; isolated from Macrophomina phaseolina; structure given in first source	7	1	0
fr 41565 heptanoyl-gamma-D-glutamyl-L-meso-diaminopimelyl-D-alanine: synthetic cpd; also immunoactive peptide isolated from Streptomyces active against multiplication of HSV-1 & HSV-2 virus	3.08	1	0
sophocarpine [no description available]	2.6	1	0
nitisinone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; cyclohexanones; mesotrione	EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
tafenoquine tafenoquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tafenoquine.. N(4)-{2,6-dimethoxy-4-methyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]quinolin-8-yl}pentane-1,4-diamine : An aminoquinoline that is 8-aminoquinoline which is substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 6, a methyl group at position 4, and a m-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5, and in which the amino substituent at position 8 is itself substituted by a 5-aminopentan-2-yl group.	2.05	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; primary amino compound; secondary amino compound
marimastat marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.	2.54	2	0	hydroxamic acid; secondary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
clofarabine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	adenosines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
elacridar Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source	2.6	1	0
anhydroecgonine methyl ester anhydroecgonine methyl ester: structure given in first source	2.21	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
valdecoxib [no description available]	2.03	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mitiglinide mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
fpl-52694 FPL-52694: mast cell stabilizer; RN given refers to parent cpd; FPL-52694 is mono-Na salt; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
sm 1213 amiprilose: immunopotentiator	1.95	1	0
desethylamodiaquine desethylamodiaquine: metabolite of amodiaquine	2.05	1	0
diucifon diucifon: contains 6-methyluracil & p,p-2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylpyrimidinyl-5-sulfonaminodiphenylsulfone	3.21	6	0
4-aminophenylphosphate 4-aminophenylphosphate: RN refers to di-Ag salt; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
n,n-dideethylchloroquine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
celastrol [no description available]	2.6	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	2.05	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tazobactam Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.	2.04	1	0	penicillanic acids; triazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
n-(n-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine N-(N-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine: inhibits calcium-activated neutral protease; see also record for E-64; RN given refers to (2-S-(2alpha,3beta)(R*)-isomer)	2.6	1	0	leucine derivative
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.	2.05	1	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organoiodine compound	adenosine A3 receptor agonist
ramatroban [no description available]	2.07	1	0	organic molecular entity
vadimezan vadimezan : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 5,6-dimethyl-9-oxoxanthen-4-yl group.	2.6	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; xanthones	antineoplastic agent
e 64 E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)	2.6	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide; epoxy monocarboxylic acid; guanidines; L-leucine derivative; zwitterion	antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; protease inhibitor
amigluracil amigluracil: amphatericin B antagonist; Russian drug; glucosamine salt of 4-(6)-methyluracil	1.96	1	0
cp 46665 CP 46665: immunomodulator; RN given refers to di-HCl	1.96	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	10.77	32	10	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
3,6-diamino-9-(4-(methylsulfonyl)aminophenyl)aminoacridine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
ne 58051 NE 58051: inhibits tumor cell adhesion to extracellular matrices; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
xaliproden xaliproden : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-naphthyl)ethyl group and at position 4 by a m-trifluoromethylphenyl group.	2.07	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; naphthalenes; tertiary amino compound; tetrahydropyridine	serotonergic agonist
antiprimod azaspirane: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
n-isobutyrylcysteine N-isobutyrylcysteine: RN given refers to L-isomer	2.07	1	0
sulbactam [no description available]	2.05	1	0	penicillanic acids
olmesartan medoxomil Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.	2.05	1	0	biphenyls
dexpanthenol dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid	2.07	1	0	amino alcohol; monocarboxylic acid amide	cholinergic drug; provitamin
umifenovir umifenovir: an antiviral agent	2.6	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
safinamide safinamide: short-acting inhibitor of MOA-B; FCE 26743 is (S)-isomer, FCE 28073 is (R)-isomer; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	amino acid amide
quilostigmine quilostigmine: RN given for (3aS,cis)-isomer; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	pyrroloindole
ilomastat CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor	2.54	2	0	hydroxamic acid; L-tryptophan derivative; N-acyl-amino acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
imiloxan [no description available]	2.07	1	0	benzodioxine
wr 242511 WR 242511: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
aspartame [no description available]	2.07	1	0	carboxylic acid; dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; methyl ester	apoptosis inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; micronutrient; nutraceutical; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	D-xylose
ompi OMPI: levamisole metabolite; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	4.31	6	0
tempol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aminoxyls; hydroxypiperidine	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; catalyst; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	1.96	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate: may also contain chlorocresol (UD 25:22R)	2.31	1	0
bw 58c [no description available]	1.97	1	0
docetaxel [no description available]	2.44	2	0	hydrate; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent
atazanavir atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).	2.54	2	0	carbohydrazide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	2.96	4	0	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	2.05	1	0	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
cariporide cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
tezosentan tezosentan: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
vatalanib [no description available]	2.07	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; pyridines; secondary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
phenylalanyl-glycyl-glycine phenylalanyl-glycyl-glycine: RN given refers to (L-PHe)-isomer. Phe-Gly-Gly : A tripeptide composed of one L-phenylalanine and two glycine residues joined in sequence.	2.4	2	0	tripeptide	metabolite
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	2.47	2	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
vx 497 N-3-(3-(3-methoxy-4-oxazol-5-ylphenyl)ureido)benzylcarbamic acid tetrahydrofuran-3-yl ester: structure in first source	2.6	1	0
clevidipine clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	dihydropyridine
jtt 501 JTT 501: an insulin sensitizer; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
bcx 1812 [no description available]	2.6	1	0	3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; acetamides; cyclopentanols; guanidines	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
hyoscyamine Hyoscyamine: The 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.. (S)-atropine : An atropine with a 2S-configuration.	2.07	1	0	tropane alkaloid
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	6.5	8	1	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
paraherquamide paraherquamide: structure very similar to marcfortine A; RN given refers to the (1'alpha,5'abeta,7'beta,8'abeta,9'abeta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 6/90	2.93	4	0
lactitol lactitol : A glycosyl alditol consisting of beta-D-galactopyranose and D-glucitol joined by a 1->4 glycosidic bond. It is used as a laxative, as an excipient, and as replacement bulk sweetener in some low-calorie foods.	2.07	1	0	glycosyl alditol	cathartic; excipient; laxative
olmesartan olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866	2.6	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
telbivudine [no description available]	2.6	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
celastrol methyl ester celastrol methyl ester: isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii; potent inhibitory activity on both Kir2.1 and ERG1 potassium channels, leading to LONG QT SYNDROME	2.6	1	0	carboxylic ester
pf 1022a PF 1022A: structure given in first source; isolated from Mycelia Sterilia	3.83	2	1	cyclooctadepsipeptide
resiquimod S 28463: structure given in first source	2.6	1	0	imidazoquinoline
centperazine centperazine: bridged deriv of diethylcarbamazine; potential antifilarial cpd	2.66	3	0
clofibride clofibride: structure	2.04	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.	2.74	3	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
fpl 52757 FPL 52757: FPL 52758 is Na salt of FPL 52757; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0
tanshinone ii a tashinone IIA: a cardiovascular agent with antineoplastic activity; isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	abietane diterpenoid
calcium pyrophosphate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
my 12-62c MY 12-62c: from Pseudomonas methanica KY4634. 2-heptyl-4-quinolone : A quinolone consisting of quinolin-4(1H)-one carrying a heptyl substituent at position 2.. 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline : A monohydroxyquinoline that is 4-hydroxyquinoline bearing an additional heptyl substituent at position 2.	2.13	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	antibacterial agent; iron chelator; metabolite; signalling molecule
wy 41770 Wy 41770: produced no gastric irritation in rats; structure	1.96	1	0
n-(1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-pyrrolidinyl)maleimide N-(1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-pyrrolidinyl)maleimide: structure in first source	1.93	1	0	aminoxyls; dicarboximide; maleimides; pyrrolidines
paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	3.8	3	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
avasimibe [no description available]	2.05	1	0	monoterpenoid
anacardic acid anacardic acid: isolated from Anacardium occidentale; monophenol monooxygenase inhibitor. anacardic acid : A hydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by a pentadecyl group at position 6. It is a major component of cashew nut shell liquid and exhibits an extensive range of bioactivities.	2.6	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybenzoic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
boswellic acid boswellic acid: ursane type; RN given refers to (3alpha,4beta)-isomer; active principle of salai guggal; see also record for salai guggal	1.98	1	0	triterpenoid
aminopterin Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.	2.04	1	0	dicarboxylic acid	EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; mutagen
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	2.05	1	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	2.03	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
fpl 59257 FPL 59257: abolishes cough response & partly inhibits bronchoconstriction produced by leukotrienes C & D	2.07	1	0
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	8.7	10	0
ropivacaine Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.	2.44	2	0	piperidinecarboxamide; ropivacaine	local anaesthetic
migalastat migalastat: a potent inhibitor of glycolipid biosynthesis	2.6	1	0	piperidines
sb 203580 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
erlotinib [no description available]	2.57	2	0	aromatic ether; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist; protein kinase inhibitor
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	2.15	1	0	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	3.34	1	1	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
zeneca zd 6169 Zeneca ZD 6169: an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
l 694,458 DMP 777: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
limonin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	epoxide; furans; hexacyclic triterpenoid; lactone; limonoid; organic heterohexacyclic compound	inhibitor; metabolite; volatile oil component
sibenadet sibenadet: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
scutellarin scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.	2.6	1	0	glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	2.01	1	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
deflazacort deflazacort: structure	2.05	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
carbocysteine Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	2.04	1	0	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	mucolytic
etravirine [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aminopyrimidine; aromatic ether; dinitrile; organobromine compound	antiviral agent; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
latrepirdine latrepirdine: structure	2.07	1	0	methylpyridines; pyridoindole	geroprotector
chelidonine chelidonine: benzophenanthridine derived from scoulerine from Chelidonium majus; RN given refers to parent cpd (chelidonine, (5bR-(5balpha,6beta,12alpha))-isomer)	2.6	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; alkaloid fundamental parent; benzophenanthridine alkaloid
olpadronic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0
troleandomycin Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.	2.05	1	0	acetate ester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyketide; semisynthetic derivative	EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor; xenobiotic
anabasine Anabasine: A piperidine botanical insecticide.. (S)-anabasine : The (S)-enantiomer of anabasine.. anabasine : A pyridine alkaloid that is pyridine substituted by a piperidin-2-yl group at position 3.	2.15	1	0	anabasine
4-n-butylresorcinol 4-n-butylresorcinol: structure in first source	2.6	1	0	resorcinols
ramelteon ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist	2.07	1	0	indanes
lapatinib [no description available]	2.07	1	0	furans; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
darunavir Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.	2.6	1	0	carbamate ester; furofuran; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
dapivirine Dapivirine: effectively prevented human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in cocultures of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and T cells, representing primary targets in sexual transmission	2.6	1	0
deferasirox Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.	2.05	1	0	benzoic acids; monocarboxylic acid; phenols; triazoles	iron chelator
tbc-11251 sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	benzodioxoles
sorafenib [no description available]	2.07	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
santonin Santonin: Anthelmintic isolated from the dried unexpanded flower heads of Artemisia maritima and other species of Artemisia found principally in Russian and Chinese Turkestan and the Southern Ural region. (From Merck, 11th ed.)	1.97	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; santonin	plant metabolite
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.	2.05	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C29-steroid; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	anticholesteremic drug; antioxidant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
estradiol 3-benzoate 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.	2.02	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; benzoate ester	estrogen receptor agonist; xenoestrogen
cortisone [no description available]	5.88	4	1	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dromostanolone propionate dromostanolone propionate: RN given refers to (2alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer	2.04	1	0	3-oxo-5alpha-steroid; steroid ester	antineoplastic agent
nsc 74859 NSC 74859: inhibits Stat3 binding activity; structure in first source. S3I-201 : An amidobenzoic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of [(4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonyl)oxy]acetic acid with the amino group of 4-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid.	2.6	1	0	amidobenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; tosylate ester	STAT3 inhibitor
anisomycin Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.	2.13	1	0	monohydroxypyrrolidine; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
benzarone benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure	2.05	1	0	1-benzofurans
estramustine Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.	2.73	3	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; carbamate ester; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; radiation protective agent
lupeol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite
phenethicillin phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.	2.46	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin
berbamine [no description available]	2.6	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
noscapine Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; cyclic acetal; isobenzofuranone; organic heterobicyclic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antitussive; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
homoharringtonine Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.	2.05	1	0	alkaloid ester; enol ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; protein synthesis inhibitor
u-104 SLC-0111: a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
wortmannin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	2.37	2	0
7-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(2-oxopropyl)-8-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-oxanyl]-1-benzopyran-4-one [no description available]	2.6	1	0	glycoside
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.	2.05	1	0	carbamate ester; organochlorine compound; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor; retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
nsc 663284 NSC 663284: structure in first source	2.15	1	0	quinolone
bortezomib [no description available]	2.54	2	0	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
neocryptolepine neocryptolepine: isolated from the roots of the African plant Cryptolepis sanguinolenta; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	2.77	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
tizoxanide tizoxanide: major metabolite of nitazoxanide; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	salicylamides
1-hydroxypentane-1,1-bisphosphonate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
cimadronate cimadronate: increases serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in rats via stimulating renal 1-hydroxylase activity; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
1,1-hydroxyoctanodiphosphonate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
nexavar [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organosulfonate salt
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	1.96	1	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	2.65	3	0
bradykinin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
hexacyanoferrate iii hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	3.06	5	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	2.42	2	0
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	2.05	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
laminaran beta-1,3-glucan: component of fungal cell walls; also used as antitumor polysaccharide; unspecified D usually means BETA-GLUCANS; beta-1,3-D-glucan is also available; glucan phosphate is also available; biosynthesis is inhibited by echinocandins (cyclic hexapeptides). laminarin : A polysaccharide composed of beta-(1->3)-linked glucose residues containing sporadic beta-(1->6)-linkages as branch points or inter-residue linkages and 2-3% D-mannitol at some reducing termini.	2.42	2	0
bekanamycin bekanamycin: kanendomycin is the sulfate of bekanamycin; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	kanamycins
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	2.4	2	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	3.77	11	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
salicin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; aryl beta-D-glucoside; benzyl alcohols	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
puromycin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	2.44	2	0	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
pentostatin Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.	2.02	1	0	coformycins	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
n-formylmethionine N-formyl-L-methionine : A L-methionine derivative in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a formyl group.	1.96	1	0	L-methionine derivative; N-formyl amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	metabolite
trimethyllysine trimethyllysine: stimulates growth of tumor cells; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	1.96	1	0	alpha-amino-acid cation	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
hygrine hygrine: RN given refers to (R)-isomer. hygrine : A 1-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)acetone that has R configuration. It is a pyrrolidine alkaloid found in the coca plant, Erythroxylum coca.	2.11	1	0	1-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)acetone; pyrrolidine alkaloid	plant metabolite
arbutin hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.6	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
fructans (2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.	1.96	1	0
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	2.04	1	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	3.47	7	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
conessine conessine : A steroid alkaloid that is con-5-enine substituted by a N,N-dimethylamino group at position 3. It has been isolated from the plant species of the family Apocynaceae.	2.6	1	0	steroid alkaloid; tertiary amino compound	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; H3-receptor antagonist; plant metabolite
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	2.44	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	8.24	6	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
cefoxitin Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.	2.02	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; cephamycin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	2.75	3	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.	2.77	3	0	L-asparagine derivative; quinolines	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
abacavir abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.	2.6	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; drug allergen; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
netilmicin Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.	2.73	3	0
trimethaphan camsylate trimethaphan camsylate : The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.	2.05	1	0
metyrosine alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.	2.02	1	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
rocuronium bromide rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.	2.02	1	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
erythromycin estolate Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.	2.05	1	0	aminoglycoside sulfate salt; erythromycin derivative	enzyme inhibitor
terconazole terconazole: structure & RN for (cis)-isomer from first source. terconazole : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-terconazole. It has broad-spectrum antifungal activitiy and is used for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections (Candida).. (2R,4S)-terconazole : A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have R and S configuration, respectively.	2.02	1	0	1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine
bacampicillin bacampicillin: ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bacampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.	2.02	1	0	penicillanic acid ester	prodrug
linezolid [no description available]	2.57	2	0	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
(S)-bicalutamide (S)-bicalutamide : A N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide that is the (S)-enantiomer of bicalutamide.	2.07	1	0	N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide
canaline canaline: structure	2.05	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	2.73	3	0
cephaelin cephaelin: do not confuse with cephalin of brain; after emetine this is the most important alkaloid of ipecac; protein synthesis inhibitor. cephaeline : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having a hydroxy group at the 6'-position and methoxy substituents at the 7'-, 10- and 11-positions.	2.6	1	0	pyridoisoquinoline
(-)-usnic acid (-)-usnic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of usnic acid.	2.6	1	0	usnic acid	EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
securinine securinine: a quinolizine pseudoalkaloid (not from amino acid) from Securinega suffurutiosa or Securinini nitras	3.38	1	1	indolizines
cyclopamine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	piperidines	glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal: a proteasome inhibitor. acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal : A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and norleucinal residues joined in sequence.	2.51	2	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	cysteine protease inhibitor
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	2.65	3	0	tripeptide
devazepide Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.	2.47	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; indolecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cholecystokinin antagonist; gastrointestinal drug
hetacillin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial drug
pseudolycorine pseudolycorine: alkaloid isolated from Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis Roem, N. papyraceus or Lycoris radiata Herb; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	phenanthridines
tolterodine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	tertiary amine	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant
gestonorone caproate Gestonorone Caproate: A long-acting potent progestogen structurally related to PROGESTERONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1185)	1.96	1	0	organic molecular entity
doxorubicin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	anthracycline
halcinonide Halcinonide: A glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of DERMATITIS; ECZEMA; or PSORIASIS. It may cause skin irritation.	2.07	1	0	organic molecular entity	SMO receptor agonist
metrizamide Metrizamide: A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.	2.07	1	0	amino sugar
medigoxin Medigoxin: A semisynthetic digitalis glycoside with the general properties of DIGOXIN but more rapid onset of action. Its cardiotonic action is prolonged by its demethylation to DIGOXIN in the liver. It has been used in the treatment of congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE).	2.04	1	0	cardenolide glycoside
erythromycin ethylsuccinate Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.	2.44	2	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin derivative; ethyl ester; succinate ester
amcinonide amcinonide: structure	2.02	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; spiroketal	anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone acetate [no description available]	2.43	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; acetate ester; fluorinated steroid; steroid ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
ao 128 AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.06	1	0	cyclodextrin
acarbose [no description available]	2.44	2	0	amino cyclitol; glycoside
maleic acid maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.	1.97	1	0	butenedioic acid	algal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	2.08	1	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	7.11	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	2.03	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	4.6	8	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	8.07	5	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	2.6	1	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	6.4	13	1	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.05	1	0	D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
docosahexaenoate efalex: a mixture of fish oil and primrose oil; used as a high-docosahexaenoic acid fatty acid supplement. docosahexaenoic acid : Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.. docosahexaenoate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of docosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.. all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid : A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.	2.05	1	0	docosahexaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	algal metabolite; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.41	2	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	5.3	6	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
cerivastatin cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.	2.44	2	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pyridines; statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).	2.44	2	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrimidines; statin (synthetic); sulfonamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; cardioprotective agent; CETP inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	11.65	176	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	2.05	1	0	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	12.49	23	2	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
mupirocin Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.	2.02	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester; epoxide; monocarboxylic acid; oxanes; secondary alcohol; triol	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	2.9	4	0
lycopene [no description available]	2.6	1	0	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	2.44	2	0	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	5.47	5	1	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
drf 2725 ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma	2.05	1	0
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amide
benzoylecgonine benzoylecgonine: cocaine is benzoyl methyl ecgonine; RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer; structure. ecgonine benzoate : A benzoate ester metabolite of cocaine formed by hydrolysis of the methyl ester group, catalysed by carboxylesterases.	8.25	5	0	benzoate ester; tropane alkaloid	epitope; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	3.77	3	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
epothilone a Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).	2.03	1	0	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent; tubulin modulator
alitretinoin Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.	2.05	1	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; metabolite; retinoid X receptor agonist
roflumilast [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; benzamides; chloropyridine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound	anti-asthmatic drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
L-cycloserine L-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has S configuration. An antibiotic isolated from Erwinia uredovora.	2.6	1	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one	anti-HIV agent; anticonvulsant; EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2.73	3	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
imidazolidines [no description available]	4.31	6	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thymopentin Thymopentin: Synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. It is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and other primary immunodeficiencies.	3.98	4	0	oligopeptide
decitabine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
teniposide [no description available]	2.44	2	0	aromatic ether; beta-D-glucoside; cyclic acetal; furonaphthodioxole; gamma-lactone; monosaccharide derivative; phenols; thiophenes	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
purvalanol a 6-((3-chloro)anilino)-2-(isopropyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-9-isopropylpurine: purvalanol A is the (1R)-isomer;	2.05	1	0	purvalanol
cefamandole Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.	2.02	1	0	cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	5.18	6	2	actinomycin	mutagen
bevirimat bevirimat: an HIV inhibitor; disrupts late step in processing HIV Major Core Protein p24, preventing the capsid precursor p25 from being converted to mature capsid p24. bevirimat : A pentacyclic triterpenoid obtained by the formal condensation of 2,2-dimethylsuccinic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of betulinic acid. It is isolated from the Chinese herb Syzygium claviflorum. The first in the class of HIV-1 maturation inhibitors to be studied in humans, bevirimat was identified as a potent HIV drug candidate and several clinical trials were conducted, but development into a new drug was plagued by numerous resistance-related problems.	2.6	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	HIV-1 maturation inhibitor; metabolite
tiazofurin tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).	2.05	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-glycosyl compound; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; prodrug
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	12.01	15	6	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	2.51	2	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.54	2	0	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	trypanocidal drug
dibekacin Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.	2.04	1	0	kanamycins	antibacterial agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
gw 257406x maribavir: has antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus	2.6	1	0
rubitecan rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.	2.05	1	0	C-nitro compound; delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
micafungin Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.	2.05	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; echinocandin	antiinfective agent
shikonin shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities	2.6	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
4,4-difluoro-N-[(1S)-3-[3-(3-methyl-5-propan-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]-1-phenylpropyl]-1-cyclohexanecarboxamide [no description available]	2.6	1	0	tropane alkaloid
cmx 001 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
amd 8664 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
bay 41-4109 BAY 41-4109: structure in first source	2.6	1	0
bay 57-1293 pritelivir: herpes simplex virus 1 helicase-primase inhibitor	2.6	1	0
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	2.45	2	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
2'-c-methylcytidine 2'-C-methylcytidine: structure in first source	2.6	1	0
isoxanthohumol isoxanthohumol: structure in first source	2.6	1	0	flavanones
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	2.05	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.	2.39	2	0	organic sodium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
ditiocarb sodium [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
jp-1302 [no description available]	2.13	1	0
4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-n-hydroxybutanamide 4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-N-hydroxybutanamide: a c-FLIP inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether
Tetrahydropiperine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzodioxoles
TCMDC-138263 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	harmala alkaloid
mecarbinate [no description available]	2.6	1	0
sch 22219 alclometasone dipropionate : A prednisolone compound having an alpha-chloro substituent at the 7-position, an alpha-methyl substituent at the 16-position and O-propanoyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.	2.02	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; propanoate ester; steroid ester	anti-inflammatory drug
carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.	2.06	1	0	triterpenoid
carbenoxolone [no description available]	2.46	2	0
geraniol [no description available]	2.01	1	0	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
tropacocaine tropacocaine: RN given refers to (exo)-isomer; structure	2.11	1	0
citral citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.	2.08	1	0	enal; monoterpenoid; polyprenal	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	2.05	1	0	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
retinol acetate retinol acetate: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	acetate ester
picibanil Picibanil: A lyophilized preparation of a low-virulence strain (SU) of Streptococcus pyogenes (S. hemolyticus), inactivated by heating with penicillin G. It has been proposed as a noncytotoxic antineoplastic agent because of its immune system-stimulating activity.	13.15	13	3	penicillinate anion
ilepcimide ilepcimide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation	2.05	1	0	benzodioxoles
discodermolide [no description available]	2.05	1	0	diterpenoid
flavin mononucleotide [no description available]	2.04	1	0	flavin mononucleotide; vitamin B2	bacterial metabolite; coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cocaethylene cocaethylene: RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer; cocaine metabolite produced in vivo when cocaine and ethanol are taken together; as potent as cocaine in blocking uptake of the neurotransmitter dopamine synapses	2.51	2	0	benzoate ester
norcocaine norcocaine: N-demethylated cocaine; RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer	2.51	2	0	benzoate ester
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	2.05	1	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	8.51	8	0	diphosphate ion
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal: a capase inhibitor. Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-H : A tetrapeptide consisting of two L-aspartic acid residues, an L-glutamyl residue and an L-valine residue with an acetyl group at the N-terminal and with the C-terminal carboxy group reduced to an aldehyde. It is an inhibitor of caspase-3/7.	2.6	1	0	tetrapeptide	protease inhibitor
amygdalin [no description available]	1.95	1	0
mezlocillin Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.43	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
bucillamine [no description available]	3.75	3	0	organic molecular entity
cholinophyllin [no description available]	2.02	1	0
mitobronitol Mitobronitol: Brominated analog of MANNITOL which is an antineoplastic agent appearing to act as an alkylating agent.	2.04	1	0	alcohol; organobromine compound
prednisolone hemisuccinate prednisolone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone succinate : A hemisuccinate resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group prednisolone with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. It is used to treat mild to moderate non-infectious eye allergies and inflammation, including damage caused by chemical and thermal burns.	2.39	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; hemisuccinate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
leuprolide Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.	2.45	2	0	oligopeptide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
octotropine methylbromide octotropine methylbromide: minor descriptor (65-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search TROPANES (69-86); RN given refers to endo-isomer. anisotropine methylbromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of anisotropine with methyl bromide.	2.78	3	0
fludarabine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	3.84	3	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
nsc 4347 NSC 4347: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
ipratropium bromide anhydrous [no description available]	2.44	2	0
prothionamide Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.	2.05	1	0	pyridines
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	2.07	1	0
chlorprothixene Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.	2.07	1	0	chlorprothixene
etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.	2.96	4	0	ethyl ester; imidazoles	intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	7.15	9	2	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
methisazone Methisazone: An antiviral agent effective against pox viruses.	3.97	2	0
methylthiouracil Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	2.07	1	0	pyrimidone
thioinosine Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)	1.95	1	0
jrf 12 N2,N4-dibenzylquinazoline-2,4-diamine: a selective, potent, reversible, and ATP-competitive p97 inhibitor	2.6	1	0
crotamiton [no description available]	2.07	1	0
3,4'-dihydroxyflavone 3,4'-dihydroxyflavone: an antioxidant; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
pyrantel Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.	9.96	52	3	1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines; carboxamidine; thiophenes	antinematodal drug
1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-[(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)thio]ethanone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone
3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propenoic acid 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propenoic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid : A methoxycinnamic acid that is trans-cinnamic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3' and 4' respectively.	2.6	1	0	methoxycinnamic acid
isoferulic acid isoferulic acid: isomer of ferulic acid; structure. isoferulic acid : A ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 4 and 3 respectively on the phenyl ring.	2.6	1	0	ferulic acids	antioxidant; biomarker; metabolite
lobeline [no description available]	2.04	1	0
2,6-bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine 2,6-bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine: structure in first source	2.13	1	0	benzimidazoles
n-(pyridin-2-yl)-4-(pyridin-2-yl)thiazol-2-amine N-(pyridin-2-yl)-4-(pyridin-2-yl)thiazol-2-amine: an SK channel inhibitor	2.13	1	0
cyclouridine cyclouridine: structure given in third source	2.6	1	0
flunarizine Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.	2.47	2	0	diarylmethane
thiothixene [no description available]	2.73	3	0	N-methylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
cuscohygrine cuscohygrine: RN given for (R,S)-isomer	2.11	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidine alkaloid
benztropine Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.	2.73	3	0	diarylmethane
thiouracil Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.	2.04	1	0	nucleobase analogue; thiocarbonyl compound	antithyroid drug; metabolite
2-[4-chloro-5-(cyclopentylsulfamoyl)-2-methylphenoxy]-N-cyclohexylacetamide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	sulfonamide
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	3.11	5	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
stk295900 [no description available]	2.13	1	0
6-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazole [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzimidazoles
cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	11.38	7	1	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
zucapsaicin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	2.47	2	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.	2.02	1	0
metiamide Metiamide: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist that is used as an anti-ulcer agent.	1.95	1	0	imidazoles
terbinafine [no description available]	2.73	3	0	acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
1,4-benzoquinone guanylhydrazone thiosemicarbazone 1,4-benzoquinone guanylhydrazone thiosemicarbazone: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
nbd 556 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	2.87	4	0
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	3.8	1	1	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	2.95	4	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	2.36	2	0	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
tacrine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	1.95	1	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
sodium propionate sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	antifungal drug; food preservative
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	2.42	2	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
succimer Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.	2.02	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dithiol; sulfur-containing carboxylic acid	chelator
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	2.97	4	0	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
4,5,6,7-tetrachloroindan-1,3-dione 4,5,6,7-tetrachloroindan-1,3-dione: inhibits ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1	2.6	1	0
streptozocin [no description available]	2.44	2	0
tamoxifen [no description available]	4.9	8	1	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
nadp [no description available]	7.36	2	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	2.53	2	0
ethionamide Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.	2.96	4	0	pyridines; thiocarboxamide	antilipemic drug; antitubercular agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor; leprostatic drug; prodrug
srpin340 SRPIN340: Serine-Arginine-Rich Protein Kinase Inhibitor	2.6	1	0
1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyrazolyl]urea [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
pr-619 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
p5091 P5091: inhibits ubiquitin-specific protease 7; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
zeranol Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.	2.04	1	0	macrolide
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	2.05	1	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
scopolamine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid
artemotil artemotil: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	0	artemisinin derivative
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	2.04	1	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
trovirdine trovirdine: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor	2.6	1	0
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	10.41	4	1	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
hmr 3647 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
fti 277 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
toremifene Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.	2.73	3	0	aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amine	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxy-4'-ethynylthymidine 2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxy-4'-ethynylthymidine: a highly active anti-HIV agent; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
vicriviroc vicriviroc: structure in first source	2.6	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
telaprevir [no description available]	2.54	2	0	cyclopentapyrrole; cyclopropanes; oligopeptide; pyrazines	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; peptidomimetic
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	4.45	7	0	alkali metal atom
albutoin albutoin: structure	2.04	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
iodothiouracil [no description available]	2.04	1	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
thiophanate Thiophanate: Nematocide used in livestock; also has fungicidal properties.. thiophanate : A member of the class of thioureas that is the diethyl ester of (1,2-phenylenedicarbamothioyl)biscarbamic acid. A fungicide effective against a broad spectrum of diseases in fruit, vegetables, turf and other crops including eyespot, scab, powdery mildew and grey mould.	10.17	6	2	benzimidazole precursor fungicide; carbamate ester; carbamate fungicide; thioureas	antifungal drug
dermatan sulfate Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.	2.03	1	0	amino disaccharide; glycosylgalactose derivative; iduronic acids; oligosaccharide sulfate
dezocine dezocine: potent analgesic; RN given refers to ((5R-(5alpha,11alpha,13S*)))-isomer (dezocin); structure. dezocine : (7S,8S)-7-Amino-8-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogen at position 8 and one of the hydrogens at position 6 are substituted by each end of a tetramethylene bridge. A synthetic opioid analgesic, it has mixed opiod agonist and antagonist properties. Although it is used for pain management, it can produce opioid withdrawal syndrome in patients already dependent on other opioids, and its clinical application is limited by side effects such as dizziness.	2.02	1	0	phenols; primary amino compound	opioid analgesic
dapiprazole [no description available]	2.02	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; pyridines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; miotic; ophthalmology drug
droloxifene [no description available]	2.05	1	0	stilbenoid
or 1259 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydrazone; nitrile; pyridazinone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
almokalant almokalant: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
gestodene Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer	2.46	2	0	steroid	estrogen
glucametacin glucametacin: indomethacin analog; structure	2.05	1	0
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	2.54	2	0	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
idoxifene idoxifene: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	stilbenoid
quinine [no description available]	4.43	4	1	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
azoxystrobin azoxystrobin: a methoxyacrylate analog; a strobilurin fungicide; structure given in first source. azoxystrobin : An aryloxypyrimidine having a 4,6-diphenoxypyrimidine skeleton in which one of the phenyl rings is cyano-substituted at C-2 and the other carries a 2-methoxy-1-(methoxycarbonyl)vinyl substituent, also at C-2. An inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1, it is used widely as a fungicide in agriculture.	2.13	1	0	aryloxypyrimidine; enoate ester; enol ether; methoxyacrylate strobilurin antifungal agent; methyl ester; nitrile	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; quinone outside inhibitor; xenobiotic
maltose tetrapalmitate maltose tetrapalmitate: immunopotentiator	1.95	1	0
cgp 20376 [no description available]	2.37	2	0
af2 neuropeptide AF2 neuropeptide: amino acid sequence given in first source; isolated from the nematode Ascaris suum	3.51	2	0
cystine [no description available]	1.95	1	0
vx-745 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aryl sulfide; dichlorobenzene; difluorobenzene; pyrimidopyridazine	anti-inflammatory drug; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
3-aminolevamisole 3-aminolevamisole: RN given for cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	3.47	8	0
deracoxib SC 046: structure in first source. deracoxib : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3, and 5 by 4-sulfamoylphenyl, difluoromethyl and 3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl groups, respectively. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it is used in veterinary medicine for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs.	2.07	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
trequinsin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).	2.57	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
2-aminohippuric acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	N-acylglycine
thymosterin thymosterin: thymus extract which seems to be of steroidic nature	7.36	2	0
zd 6474 CH 331: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines; secondary amine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
abbott 41988 Abbott 41988: tetrahydropyridobenzopyran derived from cannabinoid nucleus; structure	2.13	1	0
saparal saparal: an adaptogen; extract from Aralia	3.36	1	1
salinomycin salinomycin: from Streptomyces albus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.43	1	1	polyketide; spiroketal	animal growth promotant; potassium ionophore
thymic factor, circulating thymalin: see also thymarin	3.68	10	0
tribendimidine tribendimidine: structure given in first source	2.99	4	0
silybin [no description available]	2.05	1	0
yya-021 YYA-021: an HIV entry inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
N-[4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenyl]-4-ethoxy-3-nitrobenzamide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzimidazoles
2-[2-methoxyethyl-(1-oxo-2-thiophen-2-ylethyl)amino]-N-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-2-(4-propan-2-ylphenyl)acetamide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	monoterpenoid
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.92	4	0
rs-130830 RS-130830: orally-active broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor	2.07	1	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	1.98	1	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
bromohydrin pyrophosphate bromohydrin pyrophosphate: stimulates human gammadelta T cells; structure in first osurce. bromohydrin pyrophosphate : An alkyl diphosphate having bromohydrin as the alkyl group.	2.01	1	0	alkyl diphosphate; organobromine compound	phosphoantigen
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.07	1	0
chloramine-t chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	allergen; antifouling biocide; disinfectant
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	3.39	1	1
sb 415286 3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylamino)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: a glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	C-nitro compound; maleimides; monochlorobenzenes; phenols; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	1.97	1	0
sc 560 SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sitagliptin sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.57	2	0	triazolopyrazine; trifluorobenzene	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; hypoglycemic agent; serine proteinase inhibitor; xenobiotic
flosequinan [no description available]	2.44	2	0	quinolines
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	1.99	1	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
tolcapone Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.	2.75	3	0	2-nitrophenols; benzophenones; catechols	antiparkinson drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	3.05	1	0
7-chloro-N-(phenylmethyl)-4-quinolinamine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aminoquinoline
alsterpaullone alsterpaullone: structure in first source. alsterpaullone : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1-benzazepin-2-one which shares its 4-5 bond with the 3-2 bond of 5-nitro-1H-indole.	2.05	1	0	C-nitro compound; caprolactams; organic heterotetracyclic compound	anti-HIV-1 agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor
5-[(5-bromo-2-hydroxyphenyl)-oxomethyl]-1-cyclohexyl-2-oxo-3-pyridinecarbonitrile [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic ketone
imd 0354 N-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide: a cardioprotective agent that inhibits IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta); structure in first source	2.13	1	0	benzamides
tak-220 TAK-220: structure in first source	2.6	1	0
jtk-303 [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
nbd 557 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
quercetin [no description available]	4.04	2	1	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	4.28	4	1	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.74	3	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.7	3	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	2.48	2	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	3.8	1	1	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	3.39	7	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	2.71	3	0
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	4.34	4	1	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	2.48	2	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	4.49	4	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	2.66	3	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
daphnetin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	hydroxycoumarin
5'-o-caffeoylquinic acid trans-5-O-caffeoyl-D-quinic acid : A cinnamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with the 5-hydroxy group of quinic acid.	2.6	1	0	cinnamate ester; cyclitol carboxylic acid	plant metabolite
luteolin-7-glucoside luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum. luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.6	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antioxidant; plant metabolite
furylfuramide Furylfuramide: Used formerly as antimicrobial food additive. It causes mutations in many cell cultures and may be carcinogenic.. (Z)-2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide : A member of the class of acrylamides that is acrylamide which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 2-furyl and 5-nitro-2-furyl groups, respectively (the trans isomer). Formerly used as a food preservative, it was withdrawn from the market following suspicions of carcenogenicity.	2.73	3	0	acrylamides; C-nitro compound; nitrofuran antibiotic; primary carboxamide
alprostadil [no description available]	2.73	3	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cyclosporine [no description available]	2.6	1	0
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	3.49	2	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	2.64	3	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
harmine Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.	2.6	1	0	harmala alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; metabolite
genistein [no description available]	2.72	3	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	2.93	4	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.	2.45	2	0	oxapenam	antibacterial drug; anxiolytic drug; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	2.44	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
pyrantel pamoate Pyrantel Pamoate: Broad spectrum antinematodal anthelmintic used also in veterinary medicine.	7.58	13	4	organic molecular entity
oxymetholone Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.	2.05	1	0
eprosartan eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.	2.52	2	0	dicarboxylic acid; imidazoles; thiophenes	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.05	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
olopatadine [no description available]	2.02	1	0
ethchlorvynol Ethchlorvynol: A sedative and hypnotic that has been used in the short-term management of INSOMNIA. Its use has been superseded by other drugs.. ethchlorvynol : Propargyl alcohol in which the methylene hydrogens are substituted by ethyl and 2-chlorovinyl groups. A hypnotic and sedative, it is used for treatment of insomnia in some cases where an intolerance or allergy to more commonly used drugs exists.	2.04	1	0
mycophenolate mofetil mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	2.54	2	0	carboxylic ester; ether; gamma-lactone; phenols; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
bw b1090u [no description available]	2.02	1	0	isoquinolines
entacapone entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.	2.54	2	0	2-nitrophenols; catechols; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
oxantel oxantel: oxyphenyl analog of pyrantel; RN given refers to (E)-isomer; synonym CP-14,445-16 refers to oxantel pamoate	7.41	2	0	styrenes
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	2.05	1	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
usambarensine usambarensine: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	harmala alkaloid
7-hydroxycoumarin 7-oxycoumarin: derivatives have anti-oxidant properties. umbelliferone : A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.	2.13	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	fluorescent probe; food component; plant metabolite
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	1.99	1	0	alpha-humulene
amentoflavone [no description available]	2.6	1	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavone; ring assembly	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiviral agent; cathepsin B inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; plant metabolite
baicalein [no description available]	2.6	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
diosmin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant
genkwanin genkwanin: structure. genkwanin : A monomethoxyflavone that is apigenin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is methylated.	2.6	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	metabolite
hispidulin hispidulin : A monomethoxyflavone that is scutellarein methylated at position 6.	2.13	1	0	monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
hyperoside quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.	2.6	1	0	beta-D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
mangostin mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; phenols; xanthones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.6	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anticoagulant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; metabolite
kaempferide kaempferide: structure in first source. kaempferide : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-O-methyl derivative of kaempferol.	2.6	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	antihypertensive agent; metabolite
morusin morusin: from Morus root bark; structure given in first source. morusin : An extended flavonoid that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 2' and 4', a prenyl group at position 3 and a 2,2-dimethyl pyran group across positions 7 and 8.	2.13	1	0	extended flavonoid; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
orientin orientin: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (D-glucopyranosyl)-isomer. orientin : A C-glycosyl compound that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 8.	2.6	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; C-glycosyl compound; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
scutellarein scutellarein: aglycone of scutellarin from Scutellaria baicalensis; carthamidin is 2S isomer of scutellarein; do not confuse with isoscutellarein and/or isocarthamidin which are respective regioisomers, or with the scutelarin protein. scutellarein : Flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at C-4', -5, -6 and -7.	2.6	1	0	tetrahydroxyflavone	metabolite
trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: hydroxystilbene oxyresveratrol	2.6	1	0	stilbenoid
polydatin trans-piceid : A stilbenoid that is trans-resveratrol substituted at position 3 by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.	2.6	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; polyphenol; stilbenoid	anti-arrhythmia drug; antioxidant; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; nephroprotective agent; potassium channel modulator
chicoric acid chicoric acid: inhibits HIV-1 integrase	2.6	1	0	organooxygen compound	geroprotector; HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
cynarine cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent	2.46	2	0	alkyl caffeate ester; quinic acid	plant metabolite
acteoside acteoside: a protein kinase C inhibitor with hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and analgesic activities; a phenylethanoid glycoside related to isoacteoside; from leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae). acteoside : A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.	2.6	1	0	catechols; cinnamate ester; disaccharide derivative; glycoside; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antileishmanial agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	2.1	1	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
sdz psc 833 valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215	2.05	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	7.4	2	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
pheniramine maleate Naphcon A: tradename; contains above compounds; ophthalmic solution	2.07	1	0	organic molecular entity
rokitamycin rokitamycin: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
tranilast tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.	2.05	1	0	amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; dimethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; antineoplastic agent; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; calcium channel blocker; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent
7432 s Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.	2.02	1	0	cephalosporin; dicarboxylic acid	antibacterial drug
etretinate retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.	2.73	3	0	enoate ester; ethyl ester; retinoid	keratolytic drug
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	2.44	2	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.	3.13	5	0
epoprostenol [no description available]	2.43	2	0	prostaglandins I	mouse metabolite
ozagrel ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer	2.05	1	0	cinnamic acids
triprolidine Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.	2.75	3	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; olefinic compound; pyridines	H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.	2.05	1	0	cyclopropanes; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolines; statin (synthetic)	antioxidant
betamethasone benzoate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
alatrofloxacin mesylate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
homatropine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	tropane alkaloid
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	1.96	1	0	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,4-decadienal (2E,4E)-deca-2,4-dienal : A polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde that is decanal which has undergone formal dehydrogenation to introduce trans- double bonds at the 2-3 and 4-5 positions. A product of lipid peroxidation in cell membranes and a component of cooking oil fumes.	2.08	1	0	polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde	apoptosis inducer; nematicide
codeine [no description available]	3.04	4	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
cyclosporine ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	2.47	2	0	homodetic cyclic peptide	anti-asthmatic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antirheumatic drug; carcinogenic agent; dermatologic drug; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	2.57	2	0	hydrochloride
natamycin [no description available]	2.45	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; dicarboxylic acid monoester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyene antibiotic	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; ophthalmology drug
acitretin Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.	2.05	1	0	acitretin; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; retinoid	keratolytic drug
cloprednol cloprednol: relative anti-inflammatory potency twice prednisolone; synthetic glucocorticoid; structure	2.04	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
cyproterone Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.	3.48	2	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; chlorinated steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	androgen antagonist
dihydrocodeine dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	2.05	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
diminazene aceturate diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.	9.12	3	1	N-acetylglycinate salt	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
dorzolamide dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.49	2	0	sulfonamide; thiophenes	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
dothiepin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	dothiepin
estropipate estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients	2.04	1	0	piperazinium salt; steroid sulfate
hydromorphone Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.	2.02	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
hydroxystilbamidine hydroxystilbamidine: minor descriptor (63-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search STILBAMIDINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
iodopyracet Iodopyracet: An ionic monomeric contrast medium that was formerly used for a variety of diagnostic procedures. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706). diodone : A 4-pyridone in which the pyridone is iodo-substituted at C-3 and -5 and has a carboxymethyl substituent on nitrogen; used as a radiocontrast agent urography.	1.96	1	0
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	2.75	3	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ly 163892 loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.	2.44	2	0	carbacephem; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
meprednisone [no description available]	2.04	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
nalmefene nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer	2.02	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
nalorphine Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.	2.05	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	3.21	5	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxymorphone Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)	2.45	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
acepreval acepreval: topical steroid used for skin disease therapy	2.04	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
proscillaridin Proscillaridin: A cardiotonic glycoside isolated from Scilla maritima var. alba (Squill).	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	4.08	4	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	2.99	4	0	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
brefeldin a [no description available]	2.03	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
alvocidib alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.	2.05	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
seocalcitol seocalcitol: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
fenretinide Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant
geldanamycin [no description available]	2.44	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; cysteine protease inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor
calcipotriene [no description available]	2.02	1	0	cyclopropanes; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; triol	antipsoriatic; drug allergen
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	7.97	4	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
demycarosylturimycin h [no description available]	2.05	1	0
ar c67085mx PSB-0413: a selective antagonist radioligand for platelet P2Y12 receptors	2.07	1	0
clobetasol Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.	3.79	2	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; SMO receptor agonist
desonide Desonide: A nonfluorinated corticosteroid anti-inflammatory agent used topically for DERMATOSES.. desonide : Triamcinolone acetonide with hydrogen instead of the fluorine substituent at position 9. A corticosteroid anti-inflammatory, it is used topically as a cream, ointment or lotion for the treatment of various skin disorders.	2.36	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; corticosteroid; cyclic ketal; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
desoximetasone Desoximetasone: A topical anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in DERMATOSES, skin allergies, PSORIASIS, etc.. desoximetasone : Dexamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position is substituted by hydrogen. A synthetic corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic in the treatment of various skin disorders, including skin allergies and psoriasis.	2.07	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
olvanil [no description available]	2.13	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	2.02	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
benzyloxycarbonyl-phe-ala-fluormethylketone cathepsin B inhibitor : A cysteine protease inhibitor which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1).	2.6	1	0
halobetasol halobetasol: used in ointment to treat psoriasis; Ulobetasol cream contains 0.05% 6-fluoroclobetasol 17-propionate	2.02	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2.05	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
lacidipine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	cinnamate ester; tert-butyl ester
latanoprost Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.02	1	0	isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha; triol	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; prodrug
lysophosphatidic acid lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.	2.03	1	0	1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
n-(n-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)alanyl)phenylglycine tert-butyl ester DAPT : A dipeptide consisting of alanylphenylglycine derivatised as a 3,5-difluorophenylacetamide at the amino terminal and a tert-butyl ester at the carboxy terminal. A gamma-secretase inhibitor.	2.6	1	0	carboxylic ester; difluorobenzene; dipeptide; tert-butyl ester	EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	1.95	1	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
nalbuphine Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.	2.02	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic
pd 166285 [no description available]	2.13	1	0
rimexolone [no description available]	2.02	1	0	20-oxo steroid
sb 223412 SB 223412: SB-223412 is the (S)-(-)-isomer; RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
vinorelbine [no description available]	2.73	3	0	acetate ester; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; ring assembly; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
casticin casticin: from fruit of Vitex rotundifolia; structure in second source. casticin : A tetramethoxyflavone that consists of quercetagetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 6, 7 and 4' have been replaced by methoxy groups. It has been isolated from Eremophila mitchellii.	2.6	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; tetramethoxyflavone	apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
licochalcone a licochalcone A: has both anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities; structure given in first source; isolated from root of Glycyrrhiza inflata; RN given refers to (E)-isomer	2.05	1	0	chalcones
5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one: isolated from the Chinese herb Scutellariae radix. oroxylin A : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-6.	2.6	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
(E)-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside: Tyrosinase inhibitor from Polygonum multiflorum; structure in first source. (E)-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside : A stilbenoid that is trans-stilbene which has been substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3, 5, and 4', and in which the hydroxy group at positon 2 has then been converted to the corresponding the beta-D-glucoside.	2.6	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; resorcinols; stilbenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor
caryophyllene caryophyllene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
furazolidone [no description available]	2.05	1	0
fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	2.73	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
pd-173952 [no description available]	2.13	1	0
tyrphostin ag 555 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
semaxinib semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.	2.05	1	0	olefinic compound; oxindoles; pyrroles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
orantinib orantinib: an antiangiogenic agent. orantinib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrrol-3-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.	2.05	1	0
su 11248 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
stilbamidine stilbamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.45	2	0
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	3.77	3	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
cinnamoylcocaine cinnamoylcocaine: RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer	2.11	1	0
bay 11-7082 (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.	2.03	1	0	nitrile; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.	2.72	3	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; indoles; organofluorine compound
molsidomine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
morantel Morantel: Antinematodal agent used mainly for livestock.	8.72	48	2
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	1.98	1	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
oxiconazole oxiconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer; structure given in first source. oxiconazole : An oxime O-ether that is the 2,4-dichlorobenzyl ether of the oxime obtained by formal condensation of hydroxylamine with the carbonyl group of acetopnenone in which the phenyl group is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 4, and in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group. An antifungal agent, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) in creams and powders for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.	2.02	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; dichlorobenzene; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; oxime O-ether	antiinfective agent
pd 151746 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	3.46	2	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	1.97	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	1.97	1	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	2.04	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	3.05	1	0	metal atom; pnictogen
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.65	3	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	2.74	3	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	2.05	1	0	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
butorphanol Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.	2.43	2	0	morphinane alkaloid	antitussive; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
cefixime [no description available]	2.96	4	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.77	3	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	2.02	1	0	benzazepine; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; lactam	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.	2.44	2	0	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug
verteporfin (2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.	2.6	1	0
batimastat batimastat: structure given in first source; a synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. batimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3R)-5-methyl-3-{[(2S)-1-(methylamino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamoyl}-2-[(thiophen-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl]hexanoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. It a broad-spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor.	2.6	1	0	hydroxamic acid; L-phenylalanine derivative; organic sulfide; secondary carboxamide; thiophenes; triamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.	2.77	3	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide	HIV protease inhibitor
zimeldine Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)	2.46	2	0	styrenes
methoprene Methoprene: Juvenile hormone analog and insect growth regulator used to control insects by disrupting metamorphosis. Has been effective in controlling mosquito larvae.	1.96	1	0	isopropyl 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate; isopropyl ester	juvenile hormone mimic
piperic acid piperinic acid: from Piper longum; structure in first source. (E,E)-piperic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is (E)-penta-2,4-dienoic acid substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from black pepper (Piper nigrum).	2.05	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; benzodioxoles	plant metabolite
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	2.72	3	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	2.05	1	0
sinomenine sinomenine: isolated from root of Sinomenium acutum; antirheumatic, antineuralgic	7.05	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	2.37	2	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
beryllium Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.	1.95	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental beryllium; metal allergen	adjuvant; carcinogenic agent; epitope
bleomycin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	bleomycin	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	4.86	11	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	2.67	3	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	9.34	5	0	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
enalaprilat anhydrous Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.	2.47	2	0	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
amocarzine amocarzine : A thiourea resulting from the formal condensation of the secondary amino group of 1-methylpiperazine and the primary amino group of N-(4-nitrophenyl)benzene-1,4-diamine with carbonothioic O,O-acid.	2.37	2	0	C-nitro compound; N-methylpiperazine; secondary amino compound; thioureas	antinematodal drug
imidapril imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.	2.05	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; imidazolidines; N-acylurea; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
sulindac sulfone sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
solanesol solanesol : A nonaprenol that is hexatriaconta-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30,34-nonaen-1-ol substituted by 9 methyl groups at positions 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31 and 35 (the all-trans0stereoisomer).	2.6	1	0	nonaprenol; primary alcohol	plant metabolite
pepstatin pepstatin: inhibits the aspartic protease endothiapepsin	2.6	1	0	pentapeptide; secondary carboxamide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.23.* (aspartic endopeptidase) inhibitor
ximelagatran ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.	2.05	1	0	amidoxime; azetidines; carboxamide; ethyl ester; hydroxylamines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; prodrug; serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime [no description available]	2.02	1	0	3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin; furans; oxime O-ether	drug allergen
ceftriaxone [no description available]	2.73	3	0	1,2,4-triazines; 1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.02	1	0	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug
l 685458 L 685458: a gamma-secretase inhibitor; structure in first source. L-685,458 : A peptide and carboxamide that is L-leucyl-L-phenylalaninamide, L-Leu-L-Phe-NH2, which has been acylated on the N-terminus by a Phe-Phe hydroxyethylene dipeptide isotere, 2R-benzyl-5S-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-4R-hydroxy-6-phenylhexanoic acid. Compounds based on the structure of L-685,458 are potent inhibitors of gamma-secretase, which mediates the final catalytic step that generates the amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta), which assembles into the neurotoxic aggregates in the brains of sufferers of Alzheimer's disease.	2.6	1	0	carbamate ester; monocarboxylic acid amide; peptide; secondary alcohol	EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor; peptidomimetic
ceftazidime [no description available]	2.43	2	0	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
trandolapril trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.	2.73	3	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
tiotropium tiotropium : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by methylation of the tertiary amino group of (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9-methyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane. Used (in the form of the bromide hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	2.07	1	0
bms 806 BMS 806: prevents entry of HIV into cells by binding HIV envelope protein gp120; no further info available 4/2002	2.6	1	0
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone [no description available]	2.6	1	0
guanabenz acetate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene	geroprotector
guanabenz Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.	2.44	2	0	dichlorobenzene
famotidine [no description available]	2.44	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
tulobuterol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.6	1	0	organic molecular entity
bafilomycin a [no description available]	2.03	1	0
salubrinal salubrinal: prevents dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha; structure in first source. salubrinal : A member of the class of quinolines that is a mixed aminal resulting from the formal condensation oftrichloroacetaldehyde with the amide nitrogen of trans-cinnamamide and the primary amino group of 1-quinolin-8-ylthiourea. It is a selective inhibitor of cellular complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2alpha).	2.6	1	0	aminal; organochlorine compound; quinolines; secondary carboxamide; thioureas
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	2.44	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
aztreonam [no description available]	2.44	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; monobactam	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
nw 1029 Ralfinamide: Sodium Channel Blocker; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
10-hydroxy-3-methyl-8-pentyl-2,4-dihydro-1H-[1]benzopyrano[3,4-c]pyridin-5-one [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyridochromene
proguanil Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.	2.46	2	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
cci 15641 [no description available]	2.02	1	0	cephalosporin
22,23-dihydroavermectin b(1)a 22,23-dihydroavermectin B(1)a: C48H74O14; major component of IVERMECTIN; MW 875.093; structure given in first source. 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a : A macrocyclic lactone that is avermectin B1a in which the double bond present in the spirocyclic ring system has been reduced to a single bond. It is the major component of ivermectin.	1.98	1	0	macrocyclic lactone; spiroketal
rifamycin sv rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.	2.05	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; lactam; macrocycle; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol; rifamycins	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; bacterial metabolite
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	4.84	6	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
cefpodoxime [no description available]	2.02	1	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
epoprostenol sodium [no description available]	2.05	1	0	prostanoid
pyrantel tartrate Pyrantel Tartrate: Broad spectrum anthelmintic for livestock.	7.65	3	0
germacrone germacrone: isolated from Curcuma wenyujin	2.6	1	0	germacrane sesquiterpenoid; olefinic compound	androgen antagonist; anti-inflammatory agent; antifeedant; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antitussive; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; hepatoprotective agent; insecticide; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
(2e,4e,6e,10e)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2,4,6,10,14-hexadecapentaenoic acid (2E,4E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2,4,6,10,14-hexadecapentaenoic acid: an acyclic retinoid that suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
ici d1542 ICI D1542: redirects arachidonic acid metabolism; an inhibitor of thromboxane A2 synthetase and of thromboxane receptors	2.07	1	0
lithospermic acid [no description available]	2.6	1	0
everolimus [no description available]	3.27	1	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
laq824 LAQ824: Histone deacetylase inhibitor	2.6	1	0
ixabepilone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; beta-hydroxy ketone; epoxide; lactam; macrocycle	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
ekb 569 EKB 569: an EGF receptor kinase inhibitor	2.6	1	0	aminoquinoline; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	protein kinase inhibitor
gavestinel [no description available]	2.07	1	0
rilpivirine [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aminopyrimidine; nitrile	EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
oxepins Oxepins: Compounds based on a 7-membered heterocyclic ring including an oxygen. They can be considered a medium ring ether. A natural source is the MONTANOA plant genus. Some dibenzo-dioxepins, called depsidones, are found in GARCINIA plants.	2.1	1	0
1-deoxy-1-morpholinofructose [no description available]	2.17	1	0
(1Ar,7aS,10aS,10bS)-1a,5-dimethyl-8-methylidene-2,3,6,7,7a,8,10a,10b-octahydrooxireno[9,10]cyclodeca[1,2-b]furan-9(1aH)-one [no description available]	2.6	1	0	germacranolide
dirithromycin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	prodrug
4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid [no description available]	2.6	1	0	quinic acid
indigo carmine 3,5-di-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid: from roots of Lychnophora ericoides; structure in first source. 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid : A carboxylic ester that is the diester obtained by the condensation of the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 of (-)-quinic acid with the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid. Isolated from Brazilian propolis and Suaeda glauca, it exhibits hepatoprotective and cytotoxic activities.	2.6	1	0
beta-escin Escin: Pentacyclic triterpene saponins, biosynthesized from protoaescigenin and barringtogenol, occurring in the seeds of AESCULUS. It inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility.	2.64	3	0	triterpenoid saponin
nifuroxime 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde oxime: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
azlocillin Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.	2.05	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
tanespimycin CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A	2.03	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Hsp90 inhibitor
gw 1929 GW 1929: activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	benzophenones
cefpodoxime proxetil cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.	2.02	1	0	carboxylic acid; carboxylic ester; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; prodrug
ceftizoxime [no description available]	2.02	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
2-[(3-iodophenyl)methylthio]-5-pyridin-4-yl-1,3,4-oxadiazole [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aryl sulfide
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide [no description available]	2.47	2	0	ergot alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide	serotonergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
beta-escin [no description available]	5.55	5	1
dantrolene sodium dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene.	2.05	1	0
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	2.96	4	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
bvt.948 [no description available]	2.13	1	0
nifurtimox Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.	3.8	3	0	nitrofuran antibiotic
butylscopolammonium bromide Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.	2.05	1	0
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	2.05	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
3-nitrobenzaldehyde isonicotinoylhydrazone 3-nitrobenzaldehyde isonicotinoylhydrazone: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
dantrolene [no description available]	2.44	2	0
roxithromycin (E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.	2.46	2	0	roxithromycin	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
artesunate artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether	2.54	2	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; ferroptosis inducer
ci 940 leptomycin : A complex, very long chain, polyunsaturated fatty acid whose core structure comprises 8-oxononadeca-2,10,12,16,18-pentaenoic acid having methyl substituents at positions 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 15 and a 3,6-dihydropyran-6-one-2-yl group at position 19.	2.03	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leptomycin	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite
edatrexate edatrexate: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	glutamic acid derivative
tipredane [no description available]	2.07	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
beraprost beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.	2.05	1	0	enyne; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
lanreotide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
(3S,6S,9S,12R)-3-[(2S)-Butan-2-yl]-6-[(1-methoxyindol-3-yl)methyl]-9-(6-oxooctyl)-1,4,7,10-tetrazabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadecane-2,5,8,11-tetrone [no description available]	2.6	1	0	oligopeptide
lu 208075 ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension	2.05	1	0	diarylmethane
vildagliptin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	amino acid amide
bay 44-4400 Bay 44-4400: a semisynthetic derivative of anthelminitic cyclodepsipeptide; PF1022A. emodepside : A cyclooctadepsipeptide consisting of D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, and N-methyl-L-leucyl residues joined in sequence to give a 24-membered macrocycle. An anthelmintic, it is used with praziquantel for the treatment and control of hookworm, roundworm and tapeworm infections in cats.	4.93	2	1	cyclooctadepsipeptide; semisynthetic derivative	antinematodal drug
belinostat [no description available]	2.6	1	0	hydroxamic acid; olefinic compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
hdac-42 HDAC-42: structure in first source	2.6	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
bentiromide bentiromide: chymotrypsin labile peptide used diagnostically as an index of exocrine pancreas function. bentiromide : The dipeptide obtained by condensation of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine with 4-aminobenzoic acid. Used as a noninvasive screening test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and to monitor the adequacy of supplemental pancreatic therapy, it is given by mouth: the amount of 4-aminobenzoic acid and its metabolites excreted in the urine is taken as a measure of the chymotrypsin-secreting activity of the pancreas.	2.07	1	0	dipeptide	diagnostic agent; indicator; reagent
acetylcarnitine O-acetyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is acetyl. It facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.	2.05	1	0	O-acetylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	2.01	1	0	ammonium ion derivative
loa lithocholic acid acetate: structure in first source	4.72	1	1
4-toluoyl chloride phenylhydrazone 4-toluoyl chloride phenylhydrazone: RN given refers to parent	1.97	1	0
pq 401 PQ 401: an IGF receptor type I antagonist; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	quinolines
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	2.6	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.42	2	0
aldicarb Aldicarb: Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide.. aldicarb : The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of E and Z isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active.	4.25	17	0
chlorproguanil chlorproguanil: dichloro-derivative of chloroguanide; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene
nifurtoinol nifurtoinol : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group.	2.05	1	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
gemifloxacin Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.	2.07	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
gs-7340 tenofovir alafenamide: component of Biktarvy. tenofovir alafenamide : An L-alanine derivative that is isopropyl L-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an (S)-({[(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)(phenoxy)phosphoryl group. A prodrug for tenofovir, it is used (as the fumarate salt) in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	2.6	1	0	6-aminopurines; ether; isopropyl ester; L-alanine derivative; phosphoramidate ester	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
furapyrimidone [no description available]	1.97	1	0
fosinopril [no description available]	2.73	3	0
iniparib [no description available]	2.6	1	0	carbonyl compound; organohalogen compound
n-(2-amino-5-fluorobenzyl)-4-(n-(pyridine-3-acrylyl)aminomethyl)benzamide [no description available]	2.6	1	0
pri-2205 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
mk 0752 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
utibapril utibapril: structure given in first source; prodrug for FPL 63547 diacid	2.07	1	0
eflucimibe eflucimibe: a powerful and systemic acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor	2.05	1	0
givinostat [no description available]	2.6	1	0	carbamate ester
pd 144418 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
bicyclol bicyclol: an antihepatitis drug, on the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in rats.	2.6	1	0
midostaurin midostaurin : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.	2.6	1	0	benzamides; gamma-lactam; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
etomoxir [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether
zd 9379 ZD 9379: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
ly 450139 [no description available]	2.57	2	0	peptide
pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
cangrelor cangrelor: platelet P(2T) receptor antagonist. cangrelor : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.	2.07	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; aryl sulfide; nucleoside triphosphate analogue; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	4.98	9	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
sch 527123 [no description available]	2.07	1	0
abt-770 ABT-770: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
nik 12192 4-(5,6-dichloro-1H-indol-2-yl)-3-ethoxy-N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)benzamide: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.	2.6	1	0	aromatic amide; lactam; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; organochlorine compound; oxazolidinone; thiophenes	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
sb 3ct compound SB 3CT compound: a matrix metalloproteinase-2 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether
9-n-(1-propyl)erythromyclamine 9-N-(1-propyl)erythromyclamine: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
ginsenoside rb1 [no description available]	2.6	1	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
gentamicin sulfate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
n1-phenyl-3,5-dinitro-n4,n4-di-n-propylsulfanilamide N1-phenyl-3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-di-n-propylsulfanilamide: a potent, selective antimitotic agent against kinetoplastid parasites; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
zm 447439 ZM447439 : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline which is substituted at positions 4, 6 and 7 by a (4-benzamidophenyl)nitrilo group, methoxy group and a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propoxy group, respectively. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of Aurora A and Aurora B kinases with IC50 of 110 nM and 130 nM, respectively.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; benzamides; morpholines; polyether; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Aurora kinase inhibitor
pifithrin-alpha [no description available]	2.03	1	0
rucaparib AG14447: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	azepinoindole; caprolactams; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
6h-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine-6-acetamide, 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-n-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3,9-trimethyl-, (6s)- [no description available]	2.6	1	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
linaprazan linaprazan: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
cetilistat cetilistat: lipase inhibitor in randomized, placebo-controlled study of weight reduction in obese patients (3/2007)	2.6	1	0	benzoxazine
ym 201636 6-amino-N-(3-(4-(4-morpholinyl)pyrido(3',2'-4,5)furo(3,2-d)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide: an antiviral agent; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	aromatic amide
azacosterol Azacosterol: Diaza derivative of cholesterol which acts as a hypocholesteremic agent by blocking delta-24-reductase, which causes the accumulation of desmosterol.	2.04	1	0
arl-67156 6-N,N-diethyl-beta,gamma-dibromomethylene-D-ATP: an inhibitor of ecto-ATPase	2.21	1	0
linagliptin Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.	2.6	1	0	aminopiperidine; quinazolines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
fmrfamide FMRFamide: A molluscan neuroactive peptide which induces a fast excitatory depolarizing response due to direct activation of amiloride-sensitive SODIUM CHANNELS. (From Nature 1995; 378(6558): 730-3)	2	1	0
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate bismuth tripotassium dicitrate: contains tripotassium di-citratobismuthate used in gastric & duodenal ulcer therapy; do not confuse with colloidal bismuth subnitrate	3.4	1	1
lecozotan lecozotan: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
leakadine Leakadine: may contain 2-carbamoylaziridine	1.97	1	0
azd 6244 AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor	2.54	2	0	benzimidazoles; bromobenzenes; hydroxamic acid ester; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
odanacatib odanacatib: a selective inhibitor of cathepsin K for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
apilimod [no description available]	2.6	1	0
apixaban [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; lactam; piperidones; pyrazolopyridine	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
vitamin u Vitamin U: A vitamin found in green vegetables. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, colitis, and gastritis and has an effect on secretory, acid-forming, and enzymatic functions of the intestinal tract.. S-methyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-methyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.	1.96	1	0	methyl-L-methionine; sulfonium betaine
artenimol artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)	2.05	1	0
ar c155858 AR C155858: an MCT1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate 4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate: has antiparasitic activity; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
betrixaban betrixaban: a highly potent, selective, and orally efficacious factor Xa inhibitor; structure in first source. betrixaban : A secondary carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-(N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)benzoic acid with the amino group of 2-amino-N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-5-methoxybenzamide. A synthetic anticoagulant compound that targets activated factor Xa in the coagulation cascade.	2.6	1	0	benzamides; guanidines; monochloropyridine; monomethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
edoxaban edoxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.	2.6	1	0	chloropyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound; thiazolopyridine	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor
saracatinib [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; diether; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; oxanes; quinazolines; secondary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; radiosensitizing agent
n-(3-amino-1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-2,3-dioxopropyl)-3-(2-((((1,1-dimethylethyl)amino)carbonyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl)-6,6-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexan-2-carboxamide boceprevir : A synthetic tripeptide consisting of N-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)-3-methyl-L-valyl, a cyclopropyl-fused prolyl and 3-amino-4-cyclobutyl-2-oxobutanamide residues joined in sequence. Used for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection.	2.6	1	0	tripeptide; ureas	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; peptidomimetic
homatropine methylbromide homatropine methylbromide: RN given refers to bromide (endo-(+-))-isomer	2.04	1	0
ly 411575 [no description available]	2.6	1	0	dibenzoazepine; difluorobenzene; lactam; secondary alcohol	EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor
galidesivir [no description available]	2.6	1	0
aurotioprol [no description available]	3.75	2	1
pha 665752 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	dichlorobenzene; enamide; indolones; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolecarboxamide; secondary carboxamide; sulfone; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; c-Met tyrosine kinase inhibitor
PB28 PB28 : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin that is substituted by 3-(4-cyclohexylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl and methoxy groups at positions 1 and 5, respectively. It is a sigma 2 (sigma2) receptor agonist (Ki = 0.68 nM) and exhibits antineoplastic and anti SARS-CoV-2 activities.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; piperazines; tetralins	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; sigma-2 receptor agonist
vinflunine vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.	2.05	1	0	acetate ester; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent
baci-im [no description available]	2.05	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; polypeptide; zwitterion	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	1.95	1	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	1.95	1	0	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
6-[[5-fluoro-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyanilino)-4-pyrimidinyl]amino]-2,2-dimethyl-4H-pyrido[3,2-b][1,4]oxazin-3-one [no description available]	2.07	1	0	methoxybenzenes; substituted aniline
degrasyn degrasyn: a JAK2 kinase inhibitor that induces rapid degradation of c-Myc protein in MM-1 multiple myeloma and other tumor cell lines; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
epoxomicin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	morpholines; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
bms 477118 [no description available]	2.6	1	0	adamantanes; azabicycloalkane; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; tertiary alcohol	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
pha 680632 PHA 680632: Aurora kinase inhibitor with potent antitumoral activity; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
tmc 353121 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
amd 070 mavorixafor: a derivative of AMD3100; a CXCR4 blocker	2.6	1	0	aminoquinoline
danoprevir [no description available]	2.6	1	0
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	4.27	4	1	nystatins
bms-626529 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
bms-663068 fostemsavir: an HIV-1 attachment inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
cs 0777 CS 0777: a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator	2.17	1	0
amenamevir ASP2151: a herpesvirus helicase-primase inhibitor, in a guinea pig model of genital herpes; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
vx 765 belnacasan: a NSAID	2.6	1	0	dipeptide
Dihydrotanshinone I dihydrotanshinone I: extracted from Radix Salviae	2.6	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
alogliptin alogliptin: structure in first source. alogliptin : A piperidine that is 3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine carrying additional 2-cyanobenzyl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used in the form of its benzoate salt for treatment of type 2 diabetes.	2.6	1	0	nitrile; piperidines; primary amino compound; pyrimidines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
fr 180204 FR 180204: structure in first source	2.6	1	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
quisinostat [no description available]	2.6	1	0	indoles
carfilzomib [no description available]	2.6	1	0	epoxide; morpholines; tetrapeptide	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
hcv 796 HCV 796: inhibits HCV RdRp; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
resminostat resminostat: a histone deacetylase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
vindesine [no description available]	2.04	1	0
zstk474 ZSTK-474 : A triamino-1,3,5-triazine that is 1,3,5-triazine in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by morpholin-4-yl groups while the third hydrogen has been replaced by a 2-(difluoromethyl)benzimidazol-1-yl group. It is an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.	2.13	1	0	benzimidazoles; morpholines; organofluorine compound; triamino-1,3,5-triazine	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
zk 756326 2-(2-(4-(3-phenoxybenzyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethoxy)ethanol: a CC chemokine receptor CCR8 agonist; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether
balapiravir balapiravir: a prodrug of R1479; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
trametinib [no description available]	2.6	1	0	acetamides; aromatic amine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound; organoiodine compound; pyridopyrimidine; ring assembly	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
deoxyarbutin 4-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)phenol: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
abexinostat abexinostat: structure in first source	2.6	1	0	benzofurans
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	5.7	3	1
silvestrol silvestrol: isolated from the fruit and twig of Aglaia silvestris. silvestrol : An organic heterotricyclic compound that consists of a 2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan framework substituted by hydroxy groups at positions C-1 and C-8b, a methoxycarbonyl group at C-2, a phenyl group at C-3, a 4-methoxyphenyl group at C-3a, a methoxy group at C-8 and a 1,4-dioxan-2-yloxy group at position C-6 which in turn is substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and a 1,2-dihydroxyethyl group at position 6. Isolated from Aglaia silvestris, it exhibits antineoplastic activity.	2.6	1	0	dioxanes; ether; methyl ester; organic heterotricyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
narlaprevir narlaprevir: an antiviral agent that inhibits hepatitis C virus NS3 protease. narlaprevir : An azabicyclohexane that is (1R,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane substituted by [(3S)-1-(cyclopropylamino)-1,2-dioxoheptan-3-yl]aminoacyl and N-({1-[(tert-butylsulfonyl)methyl]cyclohexyl}carbamoyl)-3-methyl-L-valyl groups at positions 2S and 3, respectively. It is a hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A serine protease inhibitor (Ki = 6 nM) that is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C.	2.6	1	0	azabicyclohexane; cyclopropanes; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; secondary carboxamide; sulfone; tertiary carboxamide; ureas	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; hepatitis C protease inhibitor
teneligliptin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	amino acid amide
doramectin [no description available]	9.35	4	1	macrolide
diflucortolone Diflucortolone: A topical glucocorticoid used in various DERMATOSES. It is absorbed through the skin, bound to plasma albumin, and may cause adrenal suppression. It is also administered as the valerate.	2.05	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
brl 15572 BRL 15572: specific for h5-HT(1D) receptors; structure in first source. 3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1-diphenylpropan-2-ol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of 3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1-diphenylpropan-2-ol. A selective h5-HT1D antagonist, displaying 60-fold selectivity over h5-HT1B, and exhibiting little or no affinity for a range of other receptor types.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	prodrug; serotonergic antagonist
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	2.88	4	0	benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	15.36	195	19
veliparib [no description available]	2.6	1	0	benzimidazoles	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	2.41	2	0
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	2.07	1	0
pf 03491390 [no description available]	2.54	2	0
alloin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	anthracenes; C-glycosyl compound; cyclic ketone; phenols	laxative; metabolite
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	3.77	2	1
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	3.49	8	0
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	3.36	1	1
deoxoartemisinin deoxoartemisinin: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	2.37	2	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mdv 3100 [no description available]	2.6	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzamides; imidazolidinone; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; thiocarbonyl compound	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
amodiaquine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.98	4	0
bms-650032 asunaprevir: an NS3 protease inhibitor against hepatitis C virus	2.6	1	0	oligopeptide
rg 7128 2'-fluoro-2'-methyl-3',5'-diisobutyryldeoxycytidine: inhibits HCV polymerase; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
cosyntropin Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.	3.77	2	1
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	2.17	1	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
tannins gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).	2.05	1	0	tannin
adrenocorticotropin zinc [no description available]	3.42	1	1
thymopoietin iii thymopoietin III: 48 AA monomeric peptide isolated from bovine spleen; thymopoietins I & II are from thymus; structure in first source	3.06	5	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	4.08	3	1
oritavancin oritavancin : A semisynthetic glycopeptide used (as its bisphosphate salt) for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused or suspected to be caused by susceptible isolates of designated Gram-positive microorganisms including MRSA.	2.6	1	0	disaccharide derivative; glycopeptide; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	1.99	1	0	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	2	1	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	1.98	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	1.96	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
pevonedistat pevonedistat: a potent and selective inhibitor of NAE (NEDD8-activating enzyme). pevonedistat : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine which is substituted by a (1S)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylnitrilo group at position 4 and by a (1S,3S,4S)-3-hydroxy-4-[(sulfamoyloxy)methyl]cyclopentyl group at position 7. It is a potent and selective NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor with an IC50 of 4.7 nM, and currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes.	2.6	1	0	cyclopentanols; indanes; pyrrolopyrimidine; secondary amino compound; sulfamidate	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
uk 453,061 UK 453,061: a reverse transcriptase inhibitor/anti-HIV agent; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether
azd 7545 AZD 7545: an anilide tertiary carbinol; a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 inhibitor. AZD7545 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [4-(dimethylcarbamoyl)phenyl]sulfonyl, chloro and [(2R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl]amino groups at positions 1, 3 and 4, respectively. It is a potent and non-ATP-competitive inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 (PDHK2) with IC50 of 6.4 nM and exhibits glucose-lowering activity. Also inhibits PDHK1 at higher levels (IC50 = 36.8 nM).	2.07	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; secondary carboxamide; sulfone; tertiary alcohol; tertiary carboxamide	EC 2.7.11.2 - [pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
valproate sodium Epilim: oral sodium valproate used as antidepressive agent. sodium valproate : The sodium salt of valproic acid.. valproate : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valproic acid.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	geroprotector
N-(2-aminophenyl)-2-pyrazinecarboxamide [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aromatic amide
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	3.75	3	0
flucloronide flucloronide: synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search PREGNADIENETROLS (75-83); RN given refers to (6alpha,11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure	3.47	1	1	21-hydroxy steroid
chitosan [no description available]	7.06	1	0
puromycin dihydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
tegobuvir tegobuvir: a non-structural protein 5B polymerase inhibitor	2.6	1	0
pf-429242 PF-429242: a subtilisin kexin isozyme-1/site-1 protease inhibitor	2.6	1	0
mesna Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.	2.44	2	0	organosulfonic acid
sodium oxybate Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.	2.37	2	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	2.37	2	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
cerivastatin sodium cerivastatin sodium : The sodium salt of cerivastatin. Formerly used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt; statin (synthetic)
clavulanate potassium potassium clavulanate : A potassium salt having clavulanate as the counterion. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and has only weak anitbiotic activity when administered alone. However it can be used in combination with amoxicillin trihydrate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, where it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamases.	2.07	1	0	potassium salt	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefamandole nafate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	organic sodium salt	antibacterial drug; prodrug
cytomel liothyronine sodium : The sodium salt of liothyronine. Thought to be more active than levothyroxine and with a rapid (few hours) onset and short duration of action, liothyronine sodium is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism, particularly in cases of hypothyroid coma.	2.07	1	0	organic sodium salt
monensin [no description available]	2.05	1	0
oxacillin sodium [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt
sodium diatrizoate histopaque: used for separating mononuclear & other cells. sodium amidotrizoate : The sodium salt of a benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, often as a mixture with the meglumine salt, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt; organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
methyl orange methyl orange: indictor of pH with strong acids & bases; also used as reagent to form ion pairs with, and thereby isolate, certain compounds from biological material; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search AZO COMPOUNDS (75-86); file maintained to Azo cpds	7.04	1	0
olaparib [no description available]	2.6	1	0	cyclopropanes; monofluorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; phthalazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
hygromycin b [no description available]	1.96	1	0
cx 4945 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
pci 34051 PCI 34051: an HDAC8 inhibitor	2.6	1	0	indolecarboxamide
lomibuvir lomibuvir: an antiviral agent with polymerase NS5 inhibitory activity	2.6	1	0	thiophenecarboxylic acid
delanzomib [no description available]	2.6	1	0	C-terminal boronic acid peptide; phenylpyridine; secondary alcohol; threonine derivative	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; proteasome inhibitor
combivent respimat Albuterol, Ipratropium Drug Combination: A combined pharmaceutical preparation of Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate that is used to treat the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	2.13	1	0
pitavastatin(1-) pitavastatin(1-) : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of pitavastatin, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.6	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion
GRL-0617 GRL-0617 : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-amino-2-methylbenzoic acid with the amino group of (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethan-1-amine. It is a potent noncovalent inhibitor (IC50 = 600 nM) of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus papain-like protease (SARS-CoV PLpro).	2.6	1	0	benzamides; naphthalenes; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	anticoronaviral agent; protease inhibitor
N-[4-[3-[[[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]amino]-oxomethyl]-5-isoxazolyl]phenyl]carbamic acid tert-butyl ester CAY10603: a HDAC6 inhibitor	2.6	1	0	carbamate ester
niraparib niraparib: structure in first source. niraparib : A 2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide that has S-configuration. It is a potent inhibitor of PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 3.8 and 2.1 nM, respectively) and approved as a first-line maintenance treatment for women with advanced ovarian cancer after responding to platinum-based chemotherapy.	2.6	1	0	2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; radiosensitizing agent
jzl 184 JZL 184: inhibits monoacylglycerol lipase; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	benzodioxoles
gsk 650394 [no description available]	2.6	1	0	phenylpyridine
oprozomib ONX 0912: antineoplastic; an orally active proteasome inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
az 960 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
golgicide a golgicide A: inhibits the cis-golgi ArfGEF GBF1; structure in first source. golgicide A : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising racemic cis- and racemic trans-goglioside A in a 10:1 ratio. It is a potent and rapidly reversible GBF1 (Golgi-specific brefeldin A-resistance guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1) inhibitor. The (3aS,4R,9bR) isomer is the most active (see Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2012, 22, 5177-5181).	2.6	1	0	diastereoisomeric mixture	cis-Golgi ArfGEF GBF inhibitor
cobicistat [no description available]	2.6	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; ureas	P450 inhibitor
derquantel derquantel: an antihelmintic	2.1	1	0	azaspiro compound
bms-790052 daclatasvir: an HCV NS5A inhibitor. daclatasvir : A member of the class of biphenyls that is a potent inhibitor of nonstructural protein 5A and is used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of hepatitis C.	2.6	1	0	biphenyls; carbamate ester; carboxamide; imidazoles; valine derivative	antiviral drug; nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
ixazomib ixazomib: a proteasome inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; MLN2238 is the biologically active form of MLN9708; structure in first source. ixazomib : A glycine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-(2,5-dichlorobenzoyl)glycine with the amino group of [(1R)-1-amino-3-methylbutyl]boronic acid. The active metabolite of ixazomib citrate, it is used in combination therapy for treatment of multiple myeloma.	2.6	1	0	benzamides; boronic acids; dichlorobenzene; glycine derivative	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite; orphan drug; proteasome inhibitor
ucph 101 2-amino-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-(naphthalen-1-yl)-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile: structure in first source	2.6	1	0
a 967079 A 967079: a TRPA1 channel antagonist; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
5-(3-methylsulfonylphenyl)-4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aryl sulfide; thienopyrimidine
glycolipids [no description available]	5.14	3	1
baricitinib [no description available]	2.6	1	0	azetidines; nitrile; pyrazoles; pyrrolopyrimidine; sulfonamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antirheumatic drug; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
KOM70144 KOM70144 : A benzamide that is GRL-0617 in which one of the hydrogen's of the primary amino group is replaced by an acetyl group. It an inhibitor of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) with an IC50 of 2.6 muM and 5.0 muM, respectively. It also inhibits SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection of Vero E6 cells in vitro (EC50 values are 13.1 and 21 muM, respectively).	2.6	1	0	acetamides; benzamides; naphthalenes; secondary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; protease inhibitor
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	3.76	2	1
pht 427 4-dodecyl-N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
e-52862 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
ly2811376 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
bryostatin 1 bryostatin 1: a protein kinase C activator; macrocyclic lactone from marine Bryozoan Bugula neritina; RN given refers to (1S-(1R,3R,5Z,7S,8E,11R,12R(2E,4E),13E,15R,17S(S),21S,23S,25R))-isomer; structure given in first source; activates protein kinase c. bryostatin 1 : A member of the class of bryostatins that is (17E)-2-oxooxacyclohexacos-17-ene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 10, and 20; an acetoxy group at position 8; methyl groups at positions 9, 9, 18, and 19; 2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene groups at positions 14 and 24; an (E,E)-octa-2,4-dienoyloxy group at position 21; and with oxygen bridges linking positions 6 to 10, 12 to 16, and 20 to 24. It is one of the most abundant member of the class of bryostatins.	3.08	1	0
thymosin Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.	8.16	18	1
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	4.11	3	1
monepantel monepantel: Anthelmintic; effective gainst fourth stage gastro-intestinal nematode larvae infecting sheep. monepantel : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of p-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfanyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanenitrile in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding 5-cyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl ether. A broad-spectrum nematicide, it is used to control gastrointestinal roundworms in sheep and goats.	3.17	5	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; aryl sulfide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; nematicide
anagliptin anagliptin: anagliptin hydrochloride salt is the active compound	2.6	1	0	amino acid amide
au-1 [no description available]	2.13	1	0
gardiquimod [no description available]	2.6	1	0
grazoprevir grazoprevir: has antiviral activity; component of Zepatier. grazoprevir : An azamacrocyclic compound that is a hepatitis C protease inhibitor used in combination with elbasvir (under the brand name Zepatier) for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; azamacrocycle; carbamate ester; cyclopropanes; lactam; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; quinoxaline derivative	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent
abt-450 paritaprevir: inhibits HCV NS3 protease. paritaprevir : An azamacrocycle which is used which is in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	2.6	1	0
letermovir letermovir: has antiviral activity; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
sofosbuvir Sofosbuvir: A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.. sofosbuvir : A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.	2.6	1	0	isopropyl ester; L-alanyl ester; nucleotide conjugate; organofluorine compound; phosphoramidate ester	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; prodrug
5-(4-amino-1-propan-2-yl-3-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2-amine sapanisertib: an mTOR inhibitor	2.6	1	0	benzoxazole
p(1),p(5)-di(adenosine-5'-)pentaphosphate P(1),P(5)-di(adenosine-5'-)pentaphosphate: structure. P(1),P(5)-bis(5'-adenosyl) pentaphosphate(5-) : An organophosphate oxoanion arising from global deprotonation of the pentaphosphate OH groups of P(1),P(5)-bis(5'-adenosyl) pentaphosphate.	1.99	1	0	organophosphate oxoanion
blz 945 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
azd3839 AZD3839: a BACE1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
pf 3084014 nirogacestat: an antineoplastic agent. nirogacestat : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole substituted by a 1-[(2,2-dimethylpropyl)amino]-2-methylpropan-2-yl group at position 1 and a {N-[(2S)-6,8-difluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl]-L-norvalyl}amino group at position 4. It is a gamma-secretase inhibitor whose hydrobromide salt is indicated for adult patients with progressing desmoid tumours who require systemic treatment.	2.6	1	0
unc 0638 UNC 0638: inhibits lysine methyltransferases G9a and GLP; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	quinazolines
gs-9620 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
n-((5-(methanesulfonyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-6-methyl-5-(1-methyl-1h-pyrazol-5-yl)-2-oxo-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide N-((5-(methanesulfonyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-6-methyl-5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-2-oxo-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide: structure in first source	2.6	1	0
bms 708163 BMS 708163: structure in first source	2.6	1	0	oxadiazole; ring assembly
jq1 compound [no description available]	2.6	1	0	carboxylic ester; organochlorine compound; tert-butyl ester; thienotriazolodiazepine	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bromodomain-containing protein 4 inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; ferroptosis inducer
1-(5-((2,4-difluorophenyl)thio)-4-nitrothiophen-2-yl)ethanone 1-(5-((2,4-difluorophenyl)thio)-4-nitrothiophen-2-yl)ethanone: a USP7 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
gsk525762a molibresib: mimicks acetylated histones; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	benzodiazepine
ML240 ML240 : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline which is substituted at positions 2, 5 and 8 by 2-amino-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl, benzylnitrilo and methoxy groups, respectively. It is a ATP-competetive inhibitor of AAA ATPase p97, also known as valosin-containing protein (VCP).	2.6	1	0	aromatic amine; aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; primary amino compound; quinazolines; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent
birinapant birinapant: a Smac mimetic with antineoplastic activity	2.6	1	0	dipeptide
ly2886721 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
nms-p118 NMS-P118: a PARP-1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
tubastatin a [no description available]	2.6	1	0	hydroxamic acid; pyridoindole; tertiary amino compound	EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
pracinostat pracinostat : A hydroxamic acid that is N-hydroxyacrylamide which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-butyl-1-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl group (the E isomer). An orally available pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor with demonstrated activity in the treatment of advanced solid tumours.	2.6	1	0	benzimidazole; hydroxamic acid; olefinic compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
spautin-1 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
butyrolactone i butyrolactone I: selective inhibitor of cdk2 & cdc2 kinase; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	butenolide
ldn 57444 LDN 57444: inhibitor of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
gsk1210151a GSK1210151A: inhibitor of the BET family of proteins; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	imidazoquinoline
i-bet726 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	1.97	1	0
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	2.1	1	0	polypeptide
acy-1215 ricolinostat: an HDAC6 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	pyrimidinecarboxylic acid
tuftsin Tuftsin: N(2)-((1-(N(2)-L-Threonyl)-L-lysyl)-L-prolyl)-L-arginine. A tetrapeptide produced in the spleen by enzymatic cleavage of a leukophilic gamma-globulin. It stimulates the phagocytic activity of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and neutrophils in particular. The peptide is located in the Fd fragment of the gamma-globulin molecule.	5.16	6	0	peptide
cudc-907 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	7.17	27	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	2.45	2	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	5.29	10	0
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	2.45	2	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	3.24	6	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	9.24	5	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	4.66	5	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.	2.47	2	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam [no description available]	3.1	5	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
acenocoumarol Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.	4.06	3	1	C-nitro compound; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
meclocycline [no description available]	2.02	1	0
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.54	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.	2.46	2	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	6.65	17	1	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
bephenium hydroxynaphthoate bephenium hydroxynaphthoate: structure	2.67	3	0
phenprocoumon Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.	2.45	2	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
tipranavir tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.	2.6	1	0	sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
tasquinimod tasquinimod: a lead second generation quinoline-3-carboxamide anti-angiogenic agent for the treatment of prostate cancer; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
rolitetracycline Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.	2.46	2	0
lornoxicam lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.	2.05	1	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
adimicin adimicin: contains oxytetracycline di-HCl & erythromycin propionate laurylsulfate; Russian drug	1.96	1	0
gsk1265744 [no description available]	2.6	1	0	difluorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary carboxamide	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
abt-267 ombitasvir: inhibits HCV NS5A protein, component of Viekirax. ombitasvir : A dipeptide derivative which is used which is in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, paritaprevir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	2.6	1	0	aromatic amide; carbamate ester; dipeptide; pyrrolidines	antiviral drug; hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
abt-333 dasabuvir: an antiviral agent. dasabuvir : A member of the class of pyrimidone, which is (as the monohydrate of its sodium salt) in combination with ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; naphthalenes; pyrimidone; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; nonnucleoside hepatitis C virus polymerase inhibitor
rgfp966 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
rg2833 RG2833: a histone deacetylase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	1.95	1	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	2.44	2	0
pi-1840 PI-1840: has both antineoplastic and proteasome inhibitory activities; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	2.4	2	0	ketal
acy-738 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
pelabresib CPI-0610: a bromodomain and extra-terminal protein inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; organic heterotricyclic compound; primary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; bromodomain-containing protein 4 inhibitor
gs-5806 presatovir: a respiratory syncytial virus entry inhibitor	2.6	1	0
doravirine [no description available]	2.6	1	0
gn6958 GN6958: inhibits SUMO-sentrin specific protease 1 (SENP1); structure in first source	2.6	1	0
vx-787 pimodivir: non‐nucleotide inhibitor of the polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) subunit of the influenza A that is active against H1N1, H7N9 and H5N1, as well as influenza A strains with reduced susceptibility to NAIs	2.6	1	0
ledipasvir ledipasvir : A benzimidazole derivative that is used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.	2.6	1	0	azaspiro compound; benzimidazole; bridged compound; carbamate ester; carboxamide; fluorenes; imidazoles; L-valine derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor
gs-5816 velpatasvir: an NS5A inhibitor used for treating hepatitis C infections. velpatasvir : A complex organic heteropentacyclic compound that is a hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the brand name Epclusa) for treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C of all six major genotypes.	2.6	1	0	carbamate ester; ether; imidazoles; L-valine derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; organic heteropentacyclic compound; ring assembly	antiviral drug; hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
g007-lk G007-LK: potent and specific small-molecule tankyrase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
ajmaline [no description available]	2.05	1	0
thymic factor, circulating Thymic Factor, Circulating: A thymus-dependent nonapeptide found in normal blood. Stimulates the formation of E rosettes and is believed to be involved in T-cell differentiation.	4.15	5	0
4-((1-butyl-3-phenylureido)methyl)-n-hydroxybenzamide 4-((1-butyl-3-phenylureido)methyl)-N-hydroxybenzamide: inhibits HDAC6; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
selinexor selinexor: inhibits karyopherin XPO1	2.6	1	0
verdinexor verdinexor: a selective inhibitor of nuclear export	2.6	1	0
cb-839 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
mk-8742 elbasvir: inhibits NS5A protein of hepatitis C virus. elbasvir : A complex organic heterotetracyclic compound that is a hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor used in combination with grazoprevir (under the brand name Zepatier) for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults.	2.6	1	0	carbamate ester; imidazoles; L-valine derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; organic heterotetracyclic compound; ring assembly	antiviral drug; hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent
atglistatin atglistatin: inhibits adipose triglyceride lipase; structure in first source. atglistatin : A biphenyl that is 1,1'-biphenyl substituted by (dimethylcarbamoyl)amino and dimethylamino groups at positions 3 and 4', respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of adipose triglyceride lipase activity (IC50 = 700nM).	2.6	1	0
xen445 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
santacruzamate a santacruzamate A: HDAC2 inhibitor from the Panamanian marine cyanobacterium cf. Symploca sp.; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	3.46	1	1
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2.36	2	0
technetium tc 99m sulfur colloid Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, liver, and spleen.	1.98	1	0
ldc4297 LDC4297: a CDK7 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. LDC4297 : A pyrazolotriazine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazine substituted by a piperidin-3-yloxy group, [2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzyl]nitrilo group and an isopropyl group at positions 2, 4 and 8 respectively. It is a potent and selective CDK7 inhibitor and exhibits antiviral activity.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; piperidines; pyrazoles; pyrazolotriazine; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	2.4	2	0
tetracarboxyphenylporphine [no description available]	2.6	1	0
carubicin Carubicin: A very toxic anthracycline-type antineoplastic related to DAUNORUBICIN, obtained from Actinomadura carminata.. carminomycin(1+) : An anthracyline cation that is the conjugate acid of carminomycin, obtained by protonation of the amino group.	1.96	1	0	anthracycline cation
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	4.88	8	1
enasidenib [no description available]	2.6	1	0	1,3,5-triazines; aminopyridine; aromatic amine; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.42 (isocitrate dehydrogenase) inhibitor
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	2.02	1	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	4.06	3	1
s 8932 [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aromatic amine; C-nucleoside; carboxylic ester; nitrile; phosphoramidate ester; pyrrolotriazine	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; prodrug
moxidectin moxidectin: family of macrolide antibiotics with insecticidal & acaricidal activity	6.9	25	3
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	10.9	29	8
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	2.69	3	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	1.96	1	0
apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.	2.91	4	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	3.59	9	0
cord factors Cord Factors: Toxic glycolipids composed of trehalose dimycolate derivatives. They are produced by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS and other species of MYCOBACTERIUM. They induce cellular dysfunction in animals.	4.44	1	1
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	2.9	4	0
tautomycin tautomycin: an inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A; isolated from Streptomyces spiroverticillatus; MF: C42-H70-O12; exists as a tautomeric mixture in solution	1.99	1	0
entecavir entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.	2.54	2	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	6.5	8	1	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
nu 1025 NU 1064: structure in first source	2.6	1	0	phenols; quinazolines	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	18.74	108	38	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	5.13	15	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanine [no description available]	3.06	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	2	1	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
inosine [no description available]	6.32	12	1	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	6.97	7	2	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
viomycin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide antibiotic	antitubercular agent
neopterin [no description available]	9.63	3	2
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	11.48	14	1	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	3.29	6	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	6.89	8	3	dacarbazine
didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.	2.77	3	0	purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir [no description available]	2.77	3	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
valacyclovir Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.	2.49	2	0	L-valyl ester	antiviral drug
sildenafil sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.	2.74	3	0	piperazines; pyrazolopyrimidine; sulfonamide	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	3.14	5	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.	2.77	3	0	2-aminopurines; propane-1,3-diols	antiviral drug
oxypurinol Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.	2.05	1	0	pyrazolopyrimidine	drug metabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
raltitrexed [no description available]	3.53	2	0	N-acyl-amino acid
vardenafil vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.	2.03	1	0	imidazotriazine; N-alkylpiperazine; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
salinazid [no description available]	2.15	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid
1-[amino-[(6-methoxy-4-methyl-2-quinazolinyl)amino]methylidene]-3-phenylurea [no description available]	2.13	1	0	quinazolines
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	4.51	7	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
leucovorin 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.	2.47	2	0	formyltetrahydrofolic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
thiolactomycin thiolactomycin: from actinomycetes; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
1843u89 1843U89: structure given in first source; a folate analog	2.13	1	0
4-hydroxyquinazoline 4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazoline: structure in first source	2.6	1	0	quinazolines
alanosine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	benzenetriol
tegaserod tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source	2.6	1	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; hydrazines; indoles	gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic agonist
norclozapine norclozapine: structure given in first source. N-desmethylclozapine : A dibenzodoazepine substituted with chloro and piperazino groups which is a major metabolite of clozapine; a potent and selective 5-HT2C serotonin receptor antagonist.	2.6	1	0	dibenzodiazepine; organochlorine compound; piperazines	delta-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).	2.6	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
loxoribine [no description available]	7	1	0
phthivazide [no description available]	2.15	1	0
bw 540c [no description available]	1.97	1	0
tirapazamine Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amine; benzotriazines; N-oxide	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.	2.6	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles	antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist
vardenafil dihydrochloride Vardenafil Dihydrochloride: A piperazine derivative, PHOSPHODIESTERASE 5 INHIBITOR and VASODILATOR AGENT that is used as a UROLOGICAL AGENT in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.	2.13	1	0
rifabutin [no description available]	2.44	2	0
azilsartan azilsartan: an angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker; receptor blocker. azilsartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group and at position 1 by a 2'-[(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl group. Used (as the prodrug, azilsartan medoxomil) for treatment of hypertension.	2.6	1	0	1,2,4-oxadiazole; aromatic ether; benzimidazolecarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
hesperadin [no description available]	2.63	2	0
cb 3717 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid
6-bromoindirubin-3'-acetoxime 6-bromoindirubin-3'-acetoxime: a synthetic derivative of a compound from the Mediterranean mollusk Hexaplex trunculus, protects cells from varicella infection	2.6	1	0
inosine pranobex Inosine Pranobex: An alkylamino-alcohol complex of inosine used in the treatment of a variety of viral infections. Unlike other antiviral agents, it acts by modifying or stimulating cell-mediated immune processes rather than acting on the virus directly.	10.94	41	4
febantel febantel: structure	4.17	5	0	aryl sulfide
amg531 [no description available]	2.21	1	0
prodigiosin Prodigiosin: 4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.. prodigiosin : A member of the class of tripyrroles that is a red-coloured pigment with antibiotic properties produced by Serratia marcescens.	1.95	1	0
npt 15392 NPT 15392: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	6.55	6	1
carbadox Carbadox: An antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. However, its use has been prohibited in the UK following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125)	2.41	2	0	quinoxaline derivative
n'-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-3-hydroxy-2-naphthahydrazide [no description available]	2.6	1	0	catechols; hydrazide; hydrazone; naphthols	EC 3.6.5.5 (dynamin GTPase) inhibitor
XL413 XL413 : A benzofuropyrimidine that is 3,4-dihydro[1]benzofuro[3,2-d]pyrimidine substituted by (2S)-pyrrolidin-2-yl, oxo and chloro groups at positions 2, 4, and 8, respectively. It is a potent ATP competitive inhibitor of Cdc7 kinase (IC50 = 3.4 nM) and exhibits anticancer properties.	2.6	1	0	benzofuropyrimidine; organochlorine compound; pyrrolidines	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
me0328 ME0328: inhibits ARTD3; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
cb 3705 CB 3705: inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase & thymidylate synthetase	2.13	1	0
fenobam fenobam: in USAN fenobam refers to monohydrate	2.07	1	0	ureas
nvp-tnks656 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
avermectin avermectin: produced by actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis; structure; see also records for specific avermectins. avermectin : Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.	6.5	14	1
eye [no description available]	2.15	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	5.07	44	0
antimony sodium gluconate Antimony Sodium Gluconate: Antimony complex where the metal may exist in either the pentavalent or trivalent states. The pentavalent gluconate is used in leishmaniasis. The trivalent gluconate is most frequently used in schistosomiasis.	3.99	4	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	1.95	1	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	1.98	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	2.17	1	0
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	2.41	1	0

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	0	12.95	165	20
Fasciola Infection [description not available]	0	4.76	7	1
Fascioliasis Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.	0	4.76	7	1
Polyarthritis [description not available]	0	13.12	37	3
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	0	5.91	25	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	3.07	5	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	0	8.12	37	3
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	0	3.07	5	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	11.94	78	11
Haemonchiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus HAEMONCHUS, characterized by digestive abnormalities and anemia similar to that from hookworm infestation.	0	10.33	94	7
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	0	4.75	6	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	0	4.75	6	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	0	5.68	7	1
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	0	5.68	7	1
Parasite Infections [description not available]	0	5.18	8	0
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	0	11.98	104	12
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	0	17.21	214	48
Anasarca [description not available]	0	3.83	12	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	0	14.26	116	23
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	0	17.21	214	48
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	0	3.83	12	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	0	14.26	116	23
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	0	7.6	9	4
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	0	7.6	9	4
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	0	2.4	2	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	8.44	72	0
Itching [description not available]	0	6	6	1
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	0	6	6	1
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	0	2.25	1	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	0	19.51	140	22
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	9.8	54	2
Loa loa Filariasis [description not available]	0	4.72	2	1
Loiasis A parasitic infection caused by the nematode Loa loa. The vector in the transmission of this infection is the horsefly (Tabanus) or the deerfly or mango fly (Chrysops). The larvae may be seen just beneath the skin or passing through the conjunctiva. Eye lesions are not uncommon. The disease is generally mild and painless.	0	9.72	2	1
Petechiae Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.	0	7.64	50	0
Purpura Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is	0	7.64	50	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	0	3.3	6	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	0	8.3	6	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	0	4.83	5	0
CACH Syndrome [description not available]	0	4.9	12	0
Encephalitis, JC Polyomavirus [description not available]	0	5.55	16	0
Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal An opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system associated with conditions that impair cell-mediated immunity (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; and COLLAGEN DISEASES). The causative organism is JC Polyomavirus (JC VIRUS) which primarily affects oligodendrocytes, resulting in multiple areas of demyelination. Clinical manifestations include DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; visual disturbances; and other focal neurologic deficits, generally progressing to a vegetative state within 6 months. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp36-7)	0	5.55	16	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	0	20.94	234	59
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	14.31	53	0
Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change [description not available]	0	16.15	59	2
Nephrosis, Lipoid A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.	0	16.15	59	2
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	0	19.31	53	0
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	0	9.92	151	0
Angiitis [description not available]	0	8.59	63	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	0	8.59	63	0
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	0	9.92	151	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	0	10.3	9	0
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	0	10.15	51	6
Fasciolopsiasis [description not available]	0	5.8	12	2
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	0	10.69	42	4
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	0	10.69	42	4
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	0	3.34	2	0
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	0	17.26	84	50
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	0	3.34	2	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	0	4.52	5	1
Granulomas [description not available]	0	3.57	9	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	0	11.02	30	8
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	0	3.57	9	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	0	11.02	30	8
Opiate Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of an OPIOID in excess of normal dosage. It includes overdose for prescription and illicit opioids.	0	2.41	1	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	0	4.41	4	1
Palsy [description not available]	0	3.56	8	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	0	3.56	8	0
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	0	8.29	14	4
Pancytopenia Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.	0	7.73	3	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	1	10.29	14	4
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	6.13	7	1
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	0	6.13	7	1
Verruca [description not available]	0	10.55	23	4
Warts Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.	0	10.55	23	4
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	4.45	23	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	0	4.45	23	0
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis [description not available]	0	6.36	20	0
Ascariasis Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.	0	11.58	64	15
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	0	5.34	13	1
Ascaridiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus ASCARIDIA. This condition usually occurs in fowl, often manifesting diarrhea.	0	7.95	4	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	0	11.67	221	19
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	0	9.58	24	6
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	0	3.33	5	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	0	9.58	24	6
Infections, Nematomorpha [description not available]	0	9.48	42	3
Helminthiasis Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.	1	11.48	42	3
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	0	3.09	5	0
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	0	3.09	5	0
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	0	5.38	5	3
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	0	5.38	5	3
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	0	5.61	17	1
Bone Marrow Failure [description not available]	0	7.21	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	0	7.13	19	2
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	0	2.83	3	0
Bone Marrow Failure Disorders Inherited or acquired diseases characterized by insufficient and/or dysplastic blood cells.	0	2.21	1	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	0	6.58	14	4
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	0	12.13	19	2
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	0	2.83	3	0
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	0	7.22	8	3
Brain Disorders [description not available]	0	4.3	7	0
Catatonic Rigidity [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	0	4.3	7	0
Muscle Rigidity Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)	0	2.21	1	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	0	4.73	11	0
Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	0	2.21	1	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	0	4.73	11	0
Progeria An abnormal congenital condition, associated with defects in the LAMIN TYPE A gene, which is characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature graying; hair loss; hearing loss (DEAFNESS); cataracts (CATARACT); ARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; elevated urinary HYALURONIC ACID; and accelerated ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially SARCOMA.	0	2.21	1	0
Alpers Diffuse Degeneration of Cerebral Gray Matter with Hepatic Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	2.86	3	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	0	5.06	16	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	0	5.06	16	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	0	11.68	138	14
Bewilderment [description not available]	0	3.84	2	1
Ecchymosis Extravasation of blood into the skin, resulting in a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch, larger than a petechia.	0	8.94	4	0
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	0	3.45	2	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	6.78	28	0
Dental Diseases [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Hypophosphatasia A genetic metabolic disorder resulting from serum and bone alkaline phosphatase deficiency leading to hypercalcemia, ethanolamine phosphatemia, and ethanolamine phosphaturia. Clinical manifestations include severe skeletal defects resembling vitamin D-resistant rickets, failure of the calvarium to calcify, dyspnea, cyanosis, vomiting, constipation, renal calcinosis, failure to thrive, disorders of movement, beading of the costochondral junction, and rachitic bone changes. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.25	1	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	11.78	28	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	0	6.61	8	1
Nasal Septal Perforation An opening or hole in the NASAL SEPTUM that is caused by TRAUMA, injury, drug use, or pathological process.	0	3.17	1	0
Nasal Diseases [description not available]	0	4.88	7	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	0	6.61	8	1
Skin Diseases, Vascular Skin diseases affecting or involving the cutaneous blood vessels and generally manifested as inflammation, swelling, erythema, or necrosis in the affected area.	0	6.58	20	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	0	13.97	93	34
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	0	13.97	93	34
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.76	2	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	0	2.76	2	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	0	2.4	2	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	0	2.25	1	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	0	3.44	2	0
Calciphylaxes [description not available]	0	3.23	1	0
Embolus [description not available]	0	3.23	1	0
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	0	4.09	3	0
Gammapathy, Monoclonal [description not available]	0	3.23	1	0
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.44	2	0
Livedo Reticularis And Cerebrovascular Accidents [description not available]	0	3.23	1	0
Livedo Reticularis A condition characterized by a reticular or fishnet pattern on the skin of lower extremities and other parts of the body. This red and blue pattern is due to deoxygenated blood in unstable dermal blood vessels. The condition is intensified by cold exposure and relieved by rewarming.	0	3.23	1	0
Degos Disease [description not available]	0	3.23	1	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	0	3.44	2	0
Embolism Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.	0	3.23	1	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	0	8.78	3	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	0	7.15	37	0
Paraproteinemias A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.	0	3.23	1	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	0	3.88	4	0
Antiphospholipid Syndrome The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).	0	3.44	2	0
ANCA-Associated Vasculitides [description not available]	0	6.91	20	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	0	9.78	44	4
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	0	9.78	44	4
Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis Group of systemic vasculitis with a strong association with ANCA. The disorders are characterized by necrotizing inflammation of small and medium size vessels, with little or no immune-complex deposits in vessel walls.	0	11.91	20	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	0	7.76	28	1
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	7.76	28	1
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	0	2.31	1	0
Arthropathies [description not available]	0	5.19	4	1
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	0	5.19	4	1
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	0	3.23	1	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	0	2.63	2	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	0	2.63	2	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	0	14.43	129	21
Pyoderma Gangrenosum An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown.	0	2.85	3	0
Sinusitis, Maxillary [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	14.43	129	21
Maxillary Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.	0	2.31	1	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	0	2.31	1	0
Pink Eye [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Benign Mucosal Pemphigoid [description not available]	0	3.84	2	1
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	0	2.31	1	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	0	2.31	1	0
Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane A chronic blistering disease with predilection for mucous membranes and less frequently the skin, and with a tendency to scarring. It is sometimes called ocular pemphigoid because of conjunctival mucous membrane involvement.	0	3.84	2	1
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Cytokine Release Syndrome A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.	0	2.31	1	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	0	4.77	7	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	0	9.77	7	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	0	2.71	3	0
Ostertagiasis A disease of herbivorous mammals, particularly cattle and sheep, caused by stomach worms of the genus OSTERTAGIA.	0	12.83	69	1
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	6.3	14	3
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	0	12.06	50	14
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	12.06	50	14
Acquired Nasal Deformities [description not available]	0	3.06	1	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	0	2.17	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	0	4.3	19	0
Calcification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Complications, Parasitic Pregnancy [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	0	5.43	15	1
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	0	2.15	1	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	2.15	1	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	0	5.43	15	1
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	0	2.42	2	0
Anisakiasis Infection with roundworms of the genus ANISAKIS. Human infection results from the consumption of fish harboring roundworm larvae. The worms may cause acute NAUSEA; VOMITING; or penetrate into the wall of the DIGESTIVE TRACT where they give rise to EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMA in the STOMACH; INTESTINES; or the OMENTUM.	0	2.17	1	0
DDD MPGNII [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	10.82	49	9
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.	0	2.17	1	0
Joint Pain [description not available]	0	4.28	6	0
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	0	4.28	6	0
Trichostrongyloidiasis Infection by roundworms of the superfamily TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA, including the genera TRICHOSTRONGYLUS; OSTERTAGIA; Cooperia, HAEMONCHUS; Nematodirus, Hyostrongylus, and DICTYOCAULUS.	0	9.32	95	4
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	0	10	9	1
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	0	6.22	5	1
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy [description not available]	0	4.04	5	0
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	0	6.22	5	1
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.	0	4.04	5	0
Exanthem [description not available]	0	4.7	6	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	0	4.7	6	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	0	21.43	258	70
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	0	21.43	258	70
Habermann Disease [description not available]	0	7.17	1	0
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	0	2.17	1	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	0	3.09	5	0
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Angiostrongylus Infections [description not available]	0	5.57	17	1
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	0	3.09	5	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	0	7.7	3	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	0	2.41	2	0
Erythema Multiforme A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.	0	5.79	8	3
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	0	11.33	23	8
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	0	11.33	23	8
Trichostrongylosis Infestation with nematode worms of the genus TRICHOSTRONGYLUS. Man and animals become infected by swallowing larvae, usually with contaminated food or drink, although the larvae may penetrate human skin.	0	7.55	52	3
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	0	2.44	2	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	4.41	8	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	0	9.41	8	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	0	8.48	18	3
Hand Deformities, Acquired Deformities of the hand, or a part of the hand, acquired after birth as the result of injury or disease.	0	2.25	1	0
Oesophagostomiasis Infection of the intestinal tract with worms of the genus OESOPHAGOSTOMUM. This condition occurs mainly in animals other than man.	0	3.75	11	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	0	3.21	6	0
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	0	10.21	60	10
Lichen Ruber Planus [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Lichen Planus An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.	0	2.69	3	0
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	0	2.21	1	0
Habronemiasis [description not available]	0	4.32	4	1
Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).	0	2.67	3	0
Dictyocauliasis [description not available]	0	7.21	37	3
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	0	3.95	2	1
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	0	8.53	34	5
Rotavirus Infections Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.	0	3.59	1	1
Helminthiasis, Animal Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.	0	6.96	41	2
Amphetamine Abuse [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.	0	2.21	1	0
MODS [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Bacterial Endocarditides [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Purpura Fulminans A severe, rapidly fatal reaction occurring most commonly in children following an infectious illness. It is characterized by large, rapidly spreading skin hemorrhages, fever, or shock. Purpura fulminans often accompanies or is triggered by DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	0	2.55	2	0
Endocarditis, Bacterial Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.	0	2.42	2	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	0	2.21	1	0
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	0	2.21	1	0
Amphetamine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.	0	2.21	1	0
Lichen Planus, Oral Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)	0	6.54	13	4
Infections, Soft Tissue [description not available]	0	3.45	2	0
Soft Tissue Infections Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)	0	3.45	2	0
Anguilluliasis [description not available]	0	6.75	14	1
Caprine Diseases [description not available]	0	7.02	42	2
Strongyloidiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus STRONGYLOIDES. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea.	0	6.75	14	1
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	8.93	2	1
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	0	7.42	2	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	16.53	92	41
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	16.53	92	41
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	0	2.21	1	0
Acne [description not available]	0	8.7	10	2
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	1	15.7	10	2
Bancroftian Elephantiasis [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Elephantiasis, Filarial Parasitic infestation of the human lymphatic system by WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI or BRUGIA MALAYI. It is also called lymphatic filariasis.	0	2.68	3	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	0	4.31	4	1
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	0	4.31	4	1
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	0	4.23	6	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	0	17.74	95	41
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	0	17.74	95	41
E coli Infections [description not available]	0	7.09	12	3
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	0	7.09	12	3
Blood Clot [description not available]	0	4.71	6	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	0	9.71	6	0
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	0	6.58	7	3
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	0	2.08	1	0
Capillaria hepatica Infection [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	0	3.35	2	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	0	2.48	2	0
Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous A form of LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS caused by Leishmania aethiopica in Ethiopia and Kenya, L. pifanoi in Venezuela, L. braziliensis in South America, and L. mexicana in Central America. This disease is characterized by massive dissemination of skin lesions without visceral involvement.	0	2.1	1	0
Atheroma [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	0	2.1	1	0
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	7.1	1	0
Bleb [description not available]	0	3.4	2	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	0	3.4	2	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	0	3.4	2	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	0	7.59	30	2
Aphthae [description not available]	0	16.29	53	16
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	0	11.29	53	16
Cold Panniculitis [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Flavobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family FLAVOBACTERIACEAE.	0	2.1	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	9.32	40	6
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	0	2.1	1	0
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	0	2.1	1	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	0	2.7	3	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	0	7.7	3	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Dysesthesia [description not available]	0	3.79	2	1
Cannabis Abuse [description not available]	0	3.42	2	0
Retinocochleocerebral Vasculopathy [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Marijuana Abuse Use of marijuana associated with abnormal psychological, social, and or occupational functioning.	0	3.42	2	0
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	0	2.4	2	0
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	0	14.44	65	23
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	0	14.44	65	23
Brachial Paresis [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Monieziasis Infection of ruminants with tapeworms of the genus Moniezia.	0	2.66	3	0
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	0	7.52	2	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	5.49	8	2
Ache [description not available]	0	6.33	11	4
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	0	6.33	11	4
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	0	9.13	22	5
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	0	14.13	22	5
Ectoparasitic Infestations Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.	0	4.08	3	1
Jaundice, Cholestatic [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Choledocholithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the COMMON BILE DUCT.	0	2.11	1	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	0	2.11	1	0
Jaundice, Obstructive Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.	0	2.11	1	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	0	5.95	5	2
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	0	2.11	1	0
Bleeding [description not available]	0	3.64	3	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	0	8.64	3	0
ENT Diseases [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Adipocere [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	0	7.75	3	0
Systemic Vasculitis A heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by inflammation and necrosis of the blood vessel walls.	0	7.79	3	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	0	5.87	5	1
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	0	5.87	5	1
Ascaridida Infections Infections with nematodes of the order ASCARIDIDA.	0	2.49	2	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	0	3.84	4	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	0	12.85	32	15
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	0	5.05	5	2
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	0	11.25	7	2
Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	12.86	71	31
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	0	12.86	71	31
Muscle Pain [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Myalgia Painful sensation in the muscles.	0	2.13	1	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	0	2.9	4	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	6.86	8	2
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	0	6.86	8	2
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	0	2.15	1	0
Giardia duodenalis Infection [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Giardiasis An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.	0	2.15	1	0
Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, Posterior [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Ancylostomiasis Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.	0	11.67	16	4
Avian Diseases [description not available]	0	5.23	12	1
Eye Infections, Parasitic Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.	0	3.82	2	1
Foot and Mouth Disease [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Chylopericardium [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Newcastle Disease An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.	0	5.33	7	2
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	0	7.04	17	2
Pericardial Effusion Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.	0	3.43	1	1
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	0	7.26	15	3
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	0	12.26	15	3
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	0	5.79	22	1
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	0	5.79	22	1
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease [description not available]	0	8.77	19	4
Behcet Syndrome Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.	0	8.77	19	4
Bunostomiasis [description not available]	0	9.21	20	6
Trichocephaliasis [description not available]	0	8.26	20	4
Hookworm Infections Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.	0	9.21	20	6
Trichuriasis Infection with nematodes of the genus TRICHURIS, formerly called Trichocephalus.	0	13.26	20	4
Johne Disease [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	0	2.9	4	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	0	2.9	4	0
Hydrophobia [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Aspiculariasis [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	0	2.41	2	0
Addison's Anemia [description not available]	0	3.45	1	1
Gastritis, Atrophic GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.	0	3.45	1	1
Granulomatosis, Wegener's [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.	0	2.37	2	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	0	4.61	3	2
Maggot Infestations [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	0	4.61	3	2
Cerebral Malaria [description not available]	0	3.85	2	0
Microsatellite Instability The occurrence of highly polymorphic mono- and dinucleotide MICROSATELLITE REPEATS in somatic cells. It is a form of genome instability associated with defects in DNA MISMATCH REPAIR.	0	2.97	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	5.59	17	1
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	0	3.64	3	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	0	3.64	3	0
Chronic Progressive Epilepsia Partialis Continua [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Epilepsia Partialis Continua A variant of EPILEPSY characterized by continuous focal jerking of a body part over a period of hours, days, or even years without spreading to other body regions. Contractions may be aggravated by movement and are reduced, but not abolished during sleep. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY demonstrates epileptiform (spike and wave) discharges over the hemisphere opposite to the affected limb in most instances. The repetitive movements may originate from the CEREBRAL CORTEX or from subcortical structures (e.g., BRAIN STEM; BASAL GANGLIA). This condition is associated with Russian Spring and Summer encephalitis (see ENCEPHALITIS, TICK BORNE); Rasmussen syndrome (see ENCEPHALITIS); MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; and CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS. (From Brain, 1996 April;119(pt2):393-407; Epilepsia 1993;34;Suppl 1:S29-S36; and Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p319)	0	7.06	1	0
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	0	2.06	1	0
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	0	2.06	1	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	0	7.54	12	3
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	0	3.76	11	0
Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension [description not available]	0	2.99	1	0
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Familial or idiopathic hypertension in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION which is not secondary to other disease.	0	2.99	1	0
Deficiency, Protein S [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Human Trichinellosis [description not available]	0	3.59	9	0
Trichinellosis An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.	0	3.59	9	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	0	3.58	3	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	0	2.39	2	0
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	7.07	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	0	11.01	59	4
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	0	2.07	1	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	0	4.09	3	1
Candida Infection [description not available]	0	5.06	10	1
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	5.06	10	1
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	0	3.32	2	0
Gangrene Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.	0	2.99	1	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	6.88	16	1
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	0	3.32	2	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	0	6.88	16	1
Koch's Disease [description not available]	0	3.92	13	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	0	3.92	13	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	0	5.52	6	1
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	0	5.52	6	1
Abortion, Veterinary Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.	0	2.07	1	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Hypogalactia A condition of less than normal MILK secretion.	0	2.41	2	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	0	7.91	4	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	0	2.07	1	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	0	2.07	1	0
Onchocerciasis Infection with nematodes of the genus ONCHOCERCA. Characteristics include the presence of firm subcutaneous nodules filled with adult worms, PRURITUS, and ocular lesions.	0	13.62	33	22
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	0	2.39	2	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	0	9.11	16	4
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	0	14.11	16	4
Necrolytic Migratory Erythema Recurrent cutaneous manifestation of GLUCAGONOMA characterized by necrolytic polycyclic migratory lesions with scaling borders. It is associated with elevated secretion of GLUCAGON by the tumor. Other conditions with elevated serum glucagon levels such as HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS may also result in similar skin lesions, which are referred to as pseudoglucagonoma syndrome.	0	2.99	1	0
Arterial Inflammation [description not available]	0	2.99	1	0
Adenoma, alpha-Cell [description not available]	0	2.99	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Subacute [description not available]	0	2.99	1	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	0	4.08	3	0
Paraneoplastic Syndromes In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.	0	2.99	1	0
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.99	1	0
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	0	3.31	2	0
Genetic Skin Diseases [description not available]	0	2.99	1	0
Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis [description not available]	0	2.99	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).	0	2.99	1	0
Mycosis Fungoides A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.	0	3.31	2	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	0	4.08	3	0
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris A chronic skin disease characterized by small follicular papules, disseminated reddish-brown scaly patches, and often, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. The papules are about the size of a pin and topped by a horny plug.	0	2.99	1	0
Eperythrozoonosis [description not available]	0	3.46	1	1
Essential Polyarteritis [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	0	7.38	25	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	0	7.38	25	0
Groenblad-Strandberg Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum An inherited disorder of connective tissue with extensive degeneration and calcification of ELASTIC TISSUE primarily in the skin, eye, and vasculature. At least two forms exist, autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant. This disorder is caused by mutations of one of the ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS. Patients are predisposed to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION and GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE.	0	2.08	1	0
Oral Fistula An abnormal passage within the mouth communicating between two or more anatomical structures.	0	3	1	0
Heroin Abuse [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Heroin Dependence Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.	0	2.08	1	0
Thrombotic Microangiopathies Diseases that result in THROMBOSIS in MICROVASCULATURE. The two most prominent diseases are PURPURA, THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC; and HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME. Multiple etiological factors include VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELL damage due to SHIGA TOXIN; FACTOR H deficiency; and aberrant VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR formation.	0	2.08	1	0
Infectious Skin Diseases [description not available]	0	4.58	10	0
Skin Diseases, Infectious Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.	0	4.58	10	0
Elaeophoriasis [description not available]	0	8.45	32	5
Filariasis Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.	0	8.45	32	5
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	0	3.98	5	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	0	8.98	5	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	0	4.61	6	1
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	0	5.18	6	2
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	0	5.31	7	2
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	0	4.61	6	1
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	0	5.18	6	2
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	0	5.31	7	2
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	0	5.88	9	1
Gingival Overgrowth Excessive growth of the gingiva either by an increase in the size of the constituent cells (GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY) or by an increase in their number (GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA). (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p574)	0	2.01	1	0
Moniliasis, Oral [description not available]	0	4.44	5	1
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Candidiasis, Oral Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	4.44	5	1
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	0	7.38	2	0
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	7.01	1	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	0	2.01	1	0
Digestive System Disorders [description not available]	0	2.92	1	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	0	6.9	6	3
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	0	5.98	6	1
Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).	0	2.92	1	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	0	6.9	6	3
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	0	10.98	6	1
Metastase [description not available]	0	12.58	54	17
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	0	12.58	54	17
Mouth Ulcer [description not available]	0	4.31	4	1
Pemphigus Foliaceus [description not available]	0	5.78	8	1
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	0	5.93	5	2
Oral Submucous Fibrosis Irreversible FIBROSIS of the submucosal tissue of the MOUTH.	0	2.42	2	0
Pemphigus Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.	0	5.78	8	1
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	0	10.93	5	2
Oral Ulcer A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)	0	9.31	4	1
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	0	9.61	6	1
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	0	3.78	2	1
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	0	4.61	6	1
Indigestion [description not available]	0	4.45	5	1
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Bronchial Diseases Diseases involving the BRONCHI.	0	2.39	2	0
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	0	4.45	5	1
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	0	2.67	3	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	0	5.38	5	1
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	0	7.58	9	3
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	0	7.58	9	3
Capdepont Teeth [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Brittle Bone Disease [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Abnormalities, Teeth [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Osteogenesis Imperfecta COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.	0	1.93	1	0
Facial Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.	0	1.93	1	0
Granuloma Gangraenescens [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Granuloma, Lethal Midline A condition that is characterized by inflammation, ulceration, and perforation of the nose and the PALATE with progressive destruction of midline facial structures. This syndrome can be manifested in several diseases including the nasal type of EXTRANODAL NK-T-CELL LYMPHOMA and GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS.	0	2.34	2	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	0	9.08	21	4
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	0	9.08	21	4
Brucella Infection [description not available]	0	7.31	21	6
Brucellosis Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.	0	7.31	21	6
Canine Diseases [description not available]	0	6.61	37	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	0	4.38	8	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	0	12.09	26	10
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	0	12.09	26	10
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	0	8.87	19	3
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	0	8.87	19	3
Anoxemia [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	0	2.02	1	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	4.85	8	1
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	0	2.41	2	0
Grippe [description not available]	0	6.66	9	1
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	0	6.66	9	1
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	0	5.06	5	2
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	5.06	5	2
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.	1	4.02	1	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	0	2.4	2	0
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	0	2.02	1	0
Parasitic Diseases, Animal Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.	0	4.96	9	0
Dipetalonema Infections Infections with nematodes of the genus DIPETALONEMA.	0	3.35	7	0
Blue-Eared Pig Disease [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	0	2.02	1	0
Diathesis [description not available]	0	4.28	7	0
Gingivostomatitis, Herpetic [description not available]	0	3.59	3	0
Stomatitis, Herpetic Stomatitis caused by Herpesvirus hominis. It usually occurs as acute herpetic stomatitis (or gingivostomatitis), an oral manifestation of primary herpes simplex seen primarily in children and adolescents.	0	3.59	3	0
Bone Tuberculosis [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Colonic Polyps Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	0	8.41	1	1
Acute Retinal Necrosis [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	0	12.28	52	14
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	0	12.28	52	14
Hymenolepiasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.	0	2.03	1	0
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	0	6.06	11	1
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	0	6.06	11	1
Acariasis [description not available]	0	3.58	3	0
Cleft Palate, Isolated [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Injuries, Prenatal [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Cleft Palate Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.	0	7.03	1	0
Infections, Trichomonas [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Trichomonas Infections Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas.	0	2.03	1	0
Parasitic Skin Diseases [description not available]	0	4.3	4	1
Ambiguous Genitalia [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Disorders of Sex Development In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.	0	2.42	2	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	0	3.22	6	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.22	6	0
Emesis [description not available]	0	5.21	4	3
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	0	4.84	4	2
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	0	5.21	4	3
Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Muscular Dystrophies A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.	0	2.03	1	0
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Chloasma [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Nevus of Ota A macular lesion on the side of the FACE, involving the CONJUNCTIVA and EYELIDS, as well as the adjacent facial skin, SCLERA; OCULOMOTOR MUSCLES; and PERIOSTEUM. Histological features vary from those of a MONGOLIAN SPOT to those of a BLUE NEVUS.	0	2.03	1	0
Pityriasis A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.03	1	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	0	3.98	5	0
Melanosis Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.	0	2.03	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	0	2.67	3	0
Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).	0	2.41	2	0
Tendinitis Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.	0	2.03	1	0
Tendinopathy Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.	0	2.03	1	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	0	4.45	5	1
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	0	4.45	5	1
Schistosoma japonicum Infection [description not available]	0	7.04	1	0
Autoimmune Thyroiditis [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	0	3.29	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	0	3.29	2	0
Infection [description not available]	0	8.85	15	2
Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Infections, Pasteurella [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	0	7.37	27	5
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	0	8.85	15	2
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	0	2.87	4	0
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	0	7.37	27	5
Dermatophytoses [description not available]	0	4.04	3	1
Tinea Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.	0	4.04	3	1
B Virus Infection [description not available]	0	4.84	8	1
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Blue Tongue [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	0	5.76	8	1
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	0	5.76	8	1
Plica Syndrome [description not available]	0	6.68	8	3
Synovitis Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	0	11.68	8	3
Dermatomycoses Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.	0	3.97	5	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	0	2.36	2	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	0	6.66	9	7
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	0	3.34	1	1
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	0	3.34	1	1
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	0	7.04	7	3
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	0	7.04	7	3
Tick Infestations Infestations with soft-bodied (Argasidae) or hard-bodied (Ixodidae) ticks.	0	1.96	1	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	0	16.1	38	12
Viral Diseases [description not available]	0	7.79	19	1
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	0	11.1	38	12
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	0	7.79	19	1
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	0	3.57	9	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	0	3.57	9	0
Lichen Simplex Chronicus [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Neurodermatitis An extremely variable eczematous skin disease that is presumed to be a response to prolonged vigorous scratching, rubbing, or pinching to relieve intense pruritus. It varies in intensity, severity, course, and morphologic expression in different individuals. Neurodermatitis is believed by some to be psychogenic. The circumscribed or localized form is often referred to as lichen simplex chronicus.	0	1.95	1	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	0	9.3	26	3
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	0	9.3	26	3
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	0	7.23	13	1
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	0	8.42	19	5
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	0	8.42	19	5
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	0	6.46	13	4
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	0	6.46	13	4
Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available]	0	7.44	10	2
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).	0	7.44	10	2
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	0	2.67	3	0
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis A herpesvirus infection of CATTLE characterized by INFLAMMATION and NECROSIS of the mucous membranes of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	0	7.87	4	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	0	5.77	8	1
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	0	5.77	8	1
Bang Disease [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	0	12.3	39	24
Cancer of Eye [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	0	7.08	11	2
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	12.3	39	24
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	0	7.08	11	2
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	0	5.97	10	1
Infection, Wound [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	0	3.46	8	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	0	10.97	10	1
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	0	2.36	2	0
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	0	2.87	4	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	0	12.24	51	10
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	0	12.24	51	10
Shingles [description not available]	0	5.74	4	2
Encephalitis, Inclusion Body, Measles [description not available]	0	2.87	1	0
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	10.74	4	2
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	0	6.84	11	1
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	0	6.84	11	1
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	0	7.33	26	1
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	0	7.33	26	1
Hypersensitivity, Type III [description not available]	0	4.13	6	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	9.6	6	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	1	6.6	6	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	0	8.48	18	4
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	0	8.48	18	4
Adenitis [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.	0	1.96	1	0
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).	0	1.96	1	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	0	9.73	31	12
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	0	9.73	31	12
Rubeola [description not available]	0	3.75	2	1
Measles A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.	0	3.75	2	1
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	0	9.41	32	6
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	0	9.41	32	6
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	0	4.95	3	1
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	0	9.95	3	1
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	0	8.21	19	4
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	0	7.15	8	5
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	0	7.15	8	5
Basedow Disease [description not available]	0	3.8	4	0
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	0	3.8	4	0
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	0	7.88	1	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	0	3.58	3	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	0	3.58	3	0
Kwashiorkor A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.96	1	0
Animal Diseases Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.	0	5.17	4	1
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	0	6.12	7	1
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	0	6.12	7	1
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	0	2.36	2	0
Toxoplasmosis, Animal Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.	0	2.37	2	0
Lung Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the lungs with parasites, most commonly by parasitic worms (HELMINTHS).	0	3.66	10	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	0	7.04	31	3
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	0	4.57	26	0
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	0	4.57	26	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	0	4.26	7	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	0	4.26	7	0
Carditis [description not available]	0	4.82	4	2
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	0	4.82	4	2
Arthus Phenomenon [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	0	3.79	4	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	0	2.37	2	0
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	0	8.6	13	4
Arthritis, Post-Infectious [description not available]	0	6.82	7	4
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	0	8.6	13	4
Arthritis, Reactive An aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or UROGENITAL SYSTEM. The initiating trigger pathogens are usually SHIGELLA; SALMONELLA; YERSINIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; or CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Reactive arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.	0	6.82	7	4
Acanthocheilonema perstans Infection [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Mansonelliasis Infection with nematodes of the genus MANSONELLA. Symptoms include pruritus, headache, and articular swelling.	0	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	7.03	7	5
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.	0	7.03	7	5
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	0	9	21	6
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	0	14	21	6
Fowl Paralysis [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Malignant Catarrh A herpesvirus infection of cattle characterized by catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory and alimentary epithelia, keratoconjunctivitis, encephalitis and lymph node enlargement. Syn: bovine epitheliosis, snotsiekte.	0	6.96	1	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic [description not available]	0	6.65	9	1
Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.	0	6.65	9	1
Thrombopenia [description not available]	0	6.27	14	1
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	0	6.27	14	1
Cystadenocarcinoma A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. The neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur. Cystadenocarcinomas develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	1.96	1	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	0	3.21	6	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	0	4.95	3	1
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	0	9.95	3	1
Infections, Paramyxoviridae [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.	0	2.37	2	0
Paramyxoviridae Infections Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.	0	2.88	4	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Deficiency, IgA [description not available]	0	4.13	6	0
Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	0	8.97	5	0
Deficiency, IgG [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.	0	3.97	5	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	0	1.96	1	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	0	1.96	1	0
Coxsackie Virus Infections [description not available]	0	3.57	3	0
Furrow Keratitis [description not available]	0	7.64	20	1
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome [description not available]	0	4.44	5	0
Pancreatic Insufficiency [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
Phagocyte Bactericidal Dysfunction Disorders in which phagocytic cells cannot kill ingested bacteria; characterized by frequent recurring infection with formulation of granulomas.	0	6.12	7	1
Dysgammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by selective deficiencies of one or more, but not all, classes of immunoglobulins.	0	5.36	5	1
Ataxia Telangiectasia An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).	0	4.44	5	0
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.	0	2.88	1	0
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	0	6.07	6	0
Preleukemia Conditions in which the abnormalities in the peripheral blood or bone marrow represent the early manifestations of acute leukemia, but in which the changes are not of sufficient magnitude or specificity to permit a diagnosis of acute leukemia by the usual clinical criteria.	0	5	5	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
Genital Herpes [description not available]	0	4.28	4	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	0	3.8	4	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	0	3.57	3	0
Herpes Genitalis Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.	0	4.28	4	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	0	5.04	10	1
Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Human Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Adenoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.	0	1.96	1	0
Adenovirus Infections, Human Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.	0	1.96	1	0
Bouillaud Disease [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Rheumatic Heart Disease Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.	0	2.36	2	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	0	5.04	10	0
Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	0	6.91	9	2
Hepatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.	0	6.91	9	2
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	0	3.22	6	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	0	9.22	12	5
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	0	9.22	12	5
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	0	3.47	8	0
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	0	5.17	4	1
Hypergammaglobulinemia An excess of GAMMA-GLOBULINS in the serum due to chronic infections or PARAPROTEINEMIAS.	0	6.43	9	2
Buckley Syndrome [description not available]	0	4.95	3	1
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	0	10.17	4	1
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	0	10.17	4	1
Job Syndrome Primary immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by recurrent infections and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E. Most cases are sporadic. Of the rare familial forms, the dominantly inherited subtype has additional connective tissue, dental and skeletal involvement that the recessive type does not share.	0	4.95	3	1
Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy [description not available]	0	6.34	9	1
Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy A disorder characterized by proliferation of arborizing small vessels, prominent immunoblastic proliferations and amorphous acidophilic interstitial material. Clinical manifestations include fever, sweats, weight loss, generalized lymphadenopathy and frequently hepatosplenomegaly.	0	6.34	9	1
Hansen Disease [description not available]	0	6.05	11	3
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	0	6.05	11	3
Bovine Virus Diarrhea Mucosal Disease [description not available]	0	4.31	2	2
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	0	4.26	1	1
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	0	4.26	1	1
Erysipelas An acute infection of the skin caused by species of STREPTOCOCCUS. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face.	0	4.13	6	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	0	8.39	7	7
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	8.39	7	7
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia [description not available]	0	4.6	6	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.	0	4.6	6	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	0	5.87	9	3
Bronchiectasis Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.	0	9.27	4	1
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	0	6.4	16	1
Pyoderma Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).	0	6.2	13	1
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	0	6.4	16	1
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	0	3.57	9	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	0	1.96	1	0
Blastomyces brasiliensis Infection [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	0	3.06	5	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	0	1.96	1	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	0	3.06	5	0
Acne Rosacea [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Rosacea A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).	0	1.96	1	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	0	2.36	2	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	0	2.37	2	0
Boils [description not available]	0	4.73	7	1
Sweat Gland Diseases Diseases of the SWEAT GLANDS.	0	1.96	1	0
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	0	7.03	7	3
Genital Diseases, Male Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).	0	7.29	7	4
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	0	7.03	7	3
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	0	5.16	8	0
Polychondritis, Chronic Atrophic [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Polychondritis, Relapsing An acquired disease of unknown etiology, chronic course, and tendency to recur. It is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of cartilage and can result in deformities such as floppy ear and saddle nose. Loss of cartilage in the respiratory tract can lead to respiratory obstruction.	0	1.96	1	0
Opisthorchis felineus Infection [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Opisthorchiasis Infection with flukes of the genus Opisthorchis.	0	1.96	1	0
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	0	2.88	4	0
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	0	2.36	2	0
Foot Diseases Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.	0	1.96	1	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Dirofilariasis Infection with nematodes of the genus DIROFILARIA, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man.	0	4.26	19	0
Berger Disease [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	0	1.96	1	0
Toxocariasis Infection by round worms of the genus TOXOCARA, usually found in wild and domesticated cats and dogs and foxes, except for the larvae, which may produce visceral and ocular larva migrans in man.	0	8.06	5	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	0	3.57	9	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.21	6	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	4.73	7	1
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	0	4.73	7	1
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	0	2.37	2	0
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	0	8.35	7	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	0	4.13	6	0
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	0	9.13	6	0
Phlegmon [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Abscess, Periapical [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Abscess, Periodontal [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	0	1.96	1	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	0	1.96	1	0
Congenital Familial Lymphedema [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Lymphedema Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.	0	1.96	1	0
Alactasia [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	0	4.96	3	1
Lactose Intolerance The condition resulting from the absence or deficiency of LACTASE in the MUCOSA cells of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, and the inability to break down LACTOSE in milk for ABSORPTION. Bacterial fermentation of the unabsorbed lactose leads to symptoms that range from a mild indigestion (DYSPEPSIA) to severe DIARRHEA. Lactose intolerance may be an inborn error or acquired.	0	1.96	1	0
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	0	4.96	3	1
Pus [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	0	7.36	2	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	0	7.21	9	2
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	0	12.21	9	2
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	0	3.34	1	1
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	0	3.34	1	1
Pemphigoid [description not available]	0	6.96	1	0
Pemphigoid, Bullous A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.	0	1.96	1	0
Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	10.65	4	1
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.	0	5.65	4	1
Marasmus [description not available]	0	5.52	6	1
Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.	0	10.52	6	1
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	0	5.18	4	1
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	0	10.18	4	1
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	0	3.74	11	0
Collagen Diseases Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)	0	6.14	5	1
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	0	5.16	6	2
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	0	5.16	6	2
Deficiency, Factor 13 [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Factor XIII Deficiency A deficiency of blood coagulation FACTOR XIII or fibrin stabilizing factor (FSF) that prevents blood clot formation and results in a clinical hemorrhagic diathesis.	0	1.96	1	0
Abscess, Amebic [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Infections, Legionella pneumophila [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Enteric Fever [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Amebiasis Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.	0	6.96	1	0
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	0	6.96	1	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	0	9.11	15	5
Arrhythmia [description not available]	0	7.88	4	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	0	2.88	4	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	0	1.96	1	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	0	6.67	7	2
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	0	6.67	7	2
Cold Sore [description not available]	0	8.83	15	7
Herpes Labialis Herpes simplex, caused by type 1 virus, primarily spread by oral secretions and usually occurring as a concomitant of fever. It may also develop in the absence of fever or prior illness. It commonly involves the facial region, especially the lips and the nares. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	0	8.83	15	7
Erythremia [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Polycythemia Vera A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.	0	2.38	2	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	0	6.69	6	4
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	0	6.69	6	4
Cor Pulmonale [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Ewing Sarcoma [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	0	4.44	5	0
Chondrosarcoma A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	1.95	1	0
Giant Cell Tumors Tumors of bone tissue or synovial or other soft tissue characterized by the presence of giant cells. The most common are giant cell tumor of tendon sheath and GIANT CELL TUMOR OF BONE.	0	1.95	1	0
Sarcoma, Ewing A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.	0	1.95	1	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	9.44	5	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	0	5.52	9	2
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	0	5.52	9	2
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	0	3.28	2	0
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	0	3.28	2	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	0	6.57	7	1
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	0	11.57	7	1
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	0	2.65	3	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.28	2	0
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
DiGeorge Syndrome Congenital syndrome characterized by a wide spectrum of characteristics including the absence of the THYMUS and PARATHYROID GLANDS resulting in T-cell immunodeficiency, HYPOCALCEMIA, defects in the outflow tract of the heart, and craniofacial anomalies.	0	6.96	1	0
Great Pox [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Syphilis A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.	0	7.65	3	0
Tuberculosis, Renal Infection of the KIDNEY with species of MYCOBACTERIUM.	0	1.96	1	0
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Foot Dermatoses Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.	0	2.37	2	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	0	2.65	3	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	0	3.79	4	0
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	0	5.36	5	1
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	0	5.36	5	1
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	0	6.97	11	3
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	0	6.97	11	3
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	0	2.65	3	0
Histomoniasis [description not available]	0	2.87	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	0	6.95	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	0	2.87	1	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	0	4.96	3	1
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	0	2.87	1	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	0	2.87	1	0
Iritis Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris.	0	2.87	1	0
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	0	4.96	3	1
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	0	3.28	2	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	0	4.03	3	0
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type [description not available]	0	5.13	2	1
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available]	0	2.87	1	0
Dermatomyositis A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)	0	5.13	2	1
Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.	0	2.87	1	0
Cancer of the Vagina [description not available]	0	2.87	1	0
Vaginal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the VAGINA.	0	2.87	1	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	0	6.65	9	1
Bertielliasis [description not available]	0	4.26	7	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	0	2.88	4	0
Infections, Proteus [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	0	2.38	2	0
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	0	1.96	1	0
Thyroiditis Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes.	0	6.96	1	0
Insect Bites [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Insect Bites and Stings Bites and stings inflicted by insects.	0	1.96	1	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Oophoritis Inflammation of the OVARY, generally caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix.	0	4.04	3	1
Salpingitis Inflammation of the uterine salpinx, the trumpet-shaped FALLOPIAN TUBES, usually caused by ascending infections of organisms from the lower reproductive tract. Salpingitis can lead to tubal scarring, hydrosalpinx, tubal occlusion, INFERTILITY, and ectopic pregnancy (PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC)	0	4.04	3	1
Sycosis [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Folliculitis Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles.	0	2.36	2	0
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Dysentery, Bacillary DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).	0	2.37	2	0
Endomyometritis Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.	0	3.58	3	0
Endometritis Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.	0	8.58	3	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Chronic Cutaneous [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.	0	2.36	2	0
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	0	1.96	1	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	0	2.37	2	0
Adnexitis Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).	0	2.37	2	0
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.	0	2.37	2	0
Balanitis Inflammation of the head of the PENIS, glans penis.	0	1.96	1	0
Pellagra A disease due to deficiency of NIACIN, a B-complex vitamin, or its precursor TRYPTOPHAN. It is characterized by scaly DERMATITIS which is often associated with DIARRHEA and DEMENTIA (the three D's).	0	1.96	1	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	0	1.96	1	0
Purpura, Thrombopenic [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.	0	1.96	1	0
Acute Rheumatic Fever [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	0	3.28	2	0
Erythema Nodosum An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy.	0	3.79	4	0
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	0	3.76	2	1
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	0	3.76	2	1
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	0	4.58	10	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	0	1.96	1	0
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Necatoriasis Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus NECATOR. The resulting anemia from this condition is less severe than that from ANCYLOSTOMIASIS.	0	4.45	5	1
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	0	2.37	2	0
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Larva Migrans, Visceral A condition produced in man by the prolonged migration of animal nematode larvae in extraintestinal tissues other than skin; characterized by persistent hypereosinophilia, hepatomegaly, and frequently pneumonitis, commonly caused by Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati.	0	1.96	1	0
Pulmonary Eosinophilia A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.	0	7.65	3	0
Trypanosomiasis Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.	0	6.96	1	0
Thrombocythemia [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum [description not available]	0	3.27	2	0
Keratosis Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.	0	3.27	2	0
Staphylococcal Pneumonia [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Pneumonia, Staphylococcal Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, usually with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.	0	2.36	2	0
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	0	3.27	2	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	0	3.27	2	0
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	0	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Digestive System [description not available]	0	3.58	3	0
Digestive System Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.	0	3.58	3	0
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	0	3.75	2	1
Connective Tissue Diseases A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.	0	1.95	1	0
Lymphocytosis Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.	0	2.65	3	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	0	3.97	5	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	0	3.97	5	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	0	2.39	2	0
Amentia [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	0	1.98	1	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	0	9.61	6	1
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	0	3.77	2	1
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	0	9.61	6	1
Alopecia Circumscripta [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Alopecia Areata Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.	0	1.98	1	0
Mange, Sarcoptic [description not available]	0	3.37	1	1
Scabies A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite SARCOPTES SCABIEI. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body.	0	3.37	1	1
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Neurofibromatosis 1 An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).	0	1.98	1	0
Anal Cancer [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Anus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ANAL CANAL.	0	1.98	1	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	0	1.98	1	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	0	4.59	4	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	0	4.59	4	0
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Carcinoma, Colloid [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Cancer of Cecum [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Leg Dermatoses A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	1.98	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.98	1	0
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	0	1.98	1	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	0	4.46	5	1
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	0	2.38	2	0
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	0	9.46	5	1
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	0	6.98	1	0
Creeping Eruption [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Keratosis Seborrheica [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Leprosy, Cutaneous [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Keratosis, Seborrheic Benign eccrine poromas that present as multiple oval, brown-to-black plaques, located mostly on the chest and back. The age of onset is usually in the fourth or fifth decade.	0	1.98	1	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	0	1.98	1	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	0	5.94	5	2
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	0	3.37	1	1
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	0	5.94	5	2
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Multiple Primary Neoplasms [description not available]	0	4.62	3	2
Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.	0	1.98	1	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	0	1.98	1	0
Anemia, Hypochromic Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)	0	4.05	3	1
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Leukemia, T-Cell A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.	0	1.98	1	0
Perforated Appendicitis [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Rupture, Spontaneous Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.	0	1.98	1	0
Intestinal Perforation Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.	0	1.98	1	0
Peptic Ulcer Perforation Penetration of a PEPTIC ULCER through the wall of DUODENUM or STOMACH allowing the leakage of luminal contents into the PERITONEAL CAVITY.	0	1.98	1	0
Appendicitis Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.	0	2.67	3	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	0	2.66	3	0
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Hydatid Mole [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Hydatidiform Mole Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.	0	1.98	1	0
Infections, Reoviridae [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	0	7.66	3	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	0	1.98	1	0
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	0	2.38	2	0
Mandibular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.	0	1.99	1	0
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	0	2.38	2	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	0	1.98	1	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	0	1.98	1	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	0	2.37	2	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	0	7.66	3	0
Black Fever [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	0	1.98	1	0
Encephalitis, Polio [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Poliomyelitis An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)	0	2.4	2	0
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	0	1.99	1	0
Schistosoma haematobia Infection [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Schistosomiasis haematobia A human disease caused by the infection of parasitic worms SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM. It is endemic in AFRICA and parts of the MIDDLE EAST. Tissue damages most often occur in the URINARY TRACT, specifically the URINARY BLADDER.	0	3.38	1	1
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	0	2.91	1	0
Cardiovirus Infections Infections caused by viruses of the genus CARDIOVIRUS, family PICORNAVIRIDAE.	0	1.99	1	0
Paranoia [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	0	1.99	1	0
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	0	1.99	1	0
Primary Myelofibrosis A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.	0	1.99	1	0
Lichen Nitidus A chronic inflammatory disease characterized by shiny, flat-topped, usually flesh-colored micropapules no larger than the head of a pin. Lesions are localized in the early stages, found chiefly on the lower abdomen, penis, and inner surface of the thighs. Distribution may become generalized as the disease progresses.	0	1.99	1	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	0	2.4	2	0
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	0	1.99	1	0
Child Malnutrition Malnutrition occurring in children ages 2 to 12 years, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.	0	3.38	1	1
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	0	1.99	1	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	0	1.99	1	0
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	0	2.38	2	0
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	0	2	1	0
Hepatoblastoma A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2	1	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	0	2	1	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	0	2	1	0
Licheniform Eruptions [description not available]	0	2.92	1	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	0	2.92	1	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	0	2.92	1	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	0	2.41	2	0
Abscess, Amebic, Hepatic [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Acantholytic Dyskeratotic Epidermal Nevi [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	0	2.92	1	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	0	2.92	1	0
Minimal Disease, Residual [description not available]	0	3.39	1	1
Abdominal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.	0	3.39	1	1
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	0	2	1	0
Birnaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the BIRNAVIRIDAE.	0	2	1	0
Pediculosis [description not available]	0	8.76	2	1
Scalp Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the SCALP.	0	3.39	1	1
Lice Infestations Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin by members of the order Phthiraptera, especially on humans by Pediculus humanus of the family Pediculidae. The hair of the head, eyelashes, and pubis is a frequent site of infestation. (From Dorland, 28th ed; Stedman, 26th ed)	0	3.76	2	1
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)	0	2	1	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	0	6.83	7	4
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	0	6.83	7	4
HPV Infection [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Cancer of the Vulva [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Vulvar Diseases Pathological processes of the VULVA.	0	2.01	1	0
Fibroma, Shope [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	0	2.67	3	0
Vulvar Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the VULVA.	0	2.01	1	0
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	0	2.01	1	0
African Lymphoma [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	0	2.01	1	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	0	5.96	4	1
Lassitude [description not available]	0	3.33	1	1
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	0	3.33	1	1
Back Ache [description not available]	0	3.33	1	1
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	0	5.97	3	2
Carcinoma, Brown-Pearce A transplantable EPITHELIAL CELL neoplasm of rabbits.	0	3.33	1	1
Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.	0	3.33	1	1
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	0	5.97	3	2
Skin Manifestations Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury.	0	3.33	1	1
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.33	1	1
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	0	2.87	4	0
Aldrich Syndrome [description not available]	0	6.95	1	0
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome A rare, X-linked immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by ECZEMA; LYMPHOPENIA; and, recurrent pyogenic infection. It is seen exclusively in young boys. Typically, IMMUNOGLOBULIN M levels are low and IMMUNOGLOBULIN A and IMMUNOGLOBULIN E levels are elevated. Lymphoreticular malignancies are common.	0	6.95	1	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	0	2.36	2	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	0	3.74	2	1
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	0	3.74	2	1
Nerve Pain [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	0	1.95	1	0
Hives [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	0	2.65	3	0
Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease [description not available]	0	2.87	1	0
Lipodystrophy, Intestinal [description not available]	0	3.27	2	0
Osseous Paget's Disease [description not available]	0	2.87	1	0
Hemorrhagic Proctocolitis [description not available]	0	4.66	2	1
Chondrocalcinosis Presence of CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE in the connective tissues such as the cartilaginous structures of joints. When accompanied by GOUT-like symptoms, it is referred to as pseudogout.	0	2.87	1	0
Osteitis Deformans A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.	0	2.87	1	0
Proctocolitis Inflammation of the RECTUM and the distal portion of the COLON.	0	4.66	2	1
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	0	3.34	1	1
Alogia [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Clasp-Knife Spasticity [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Aphasia A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.	0	1.95	1	0
Muscle Spasticity A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)	0	1.95	1	0
Genital Warts [description not available]	0	4.3	2	2
Condylomata Acuminata Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses.	0	4.3	2	2
Clostridium tetani Infection [description not available]	0	2.87	1	0
Tetanus A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.	0	2.87	1	0
Alastrim [description not available]	0	2.87	1	0
Smallpox An acute, highly contagious, often fatal infectious disease caused by an orthopoxvirus characterized by a biphasic febrile course and distinctive progressive skin eruptions. Vaccination has succeeded in eradicating smallpox worldwide. (Dorland, 28th ed)	0	2.87	1	0
Lupus Vulgaris A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the NASAL MUCOSA; BUCCAL MUCOSA; and conjunctival mucosa.	0	1.95	1	0
Deficiency, Folic Acid [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12 [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Folic Acid Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	0	2.36	2	0
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)	0	2.36	2	0
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	0	3.34	1	1
Keratosis, Oral [description not available]	0	2.87	1	0
Leukoplakia, Oral A white patch seen on the oral mucosa. It is considered a premalignant condition and is often tobacco-induced. When evidence of Epstein-Barr virus is present, the condition is called hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	0	2.87	1	0
Candidiasis, Genital [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.	0	2.36	2	0
Dermatitis Exfoliativa [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Erythroderma, Sezary [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Dermatitis, Exfoliative The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.95	1	0
Sezary Syndrome A form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma manifested by generalized exfoliative ERYTHRODERMA; PRURITUS; peripheral lymphadenopathy, and abnormal hyperchromatic mononuclear (cerebriform) cells in the skin, LYMPH NODES, and peripheral blood (Sezary cells).	0	6.95	1	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	0	6.95	1	0
Cushing's Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.87	1	0
Island Cell Tumor [description not available]	0	2.87	1	0
Cancer of Nose [description not available]	0	2.87	1	0
Mast-Cell Sarcoma A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.	0	3.79	4	0
Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.	0	2.87	1	0
Hemangiopericytoma A tumor composed of spindle cells with a rich vascular network, which apparently arises from pericytes, cells of smooth muscle origin that lie around small vessels. Benign and malignant hemangiopericytomas exist, and the rarity of these lesions has led to considerable confusion in distinguishing between benign and malignant variants. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1364)	0	2.87	1	0
Adenoma, Islet Cell A benign tumor of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the INSULIN-producing PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, as in INSULINOMA, resulting in HYPERINSULINISM.	0	2.87	1	0
Haemophilus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.	0	2.87	1	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	0	2.87	1	0
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	0	2.87	1	0
Kawasaki Disease [description not available]	0	2.87	1	0
Pleuropericarditis Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.	0	2.87	1	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	0	2.87	1	0
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.	0	2.87	1	0
Pericarditis Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.	0	2.87	1	0
alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	0	2.87	1	0
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome A form of phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction characterized by unusual oculocutaneous albinism, high incidence of lymphoreticular neoplasms, and recurrent pyogenic infections. In many cell types, abnormal lysosomes are present leading to defective pigment distribution and abnormal neutrophil functions. The disease is transmitted by autosomal recessive inheritance and a similar disorder occurs in the beige mouse, the Aleutian mink, and albino Hereford cattle.	0	2.36	2	0
Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.	0	1.95	1	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	0	2.87	1	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	0	2.87	1	0
Uveitis, Anterior Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.	0	2.87	1	0
Bilateral Wilms Tumor [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Wilms Tumor A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.	0	7.35	2	0
Enterovirus Infections Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.	0	1.95	1	0
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	0	1.95	1	0
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)	0	1.95	1	0
Corynebacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM.	0	2.64	3	0
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Plasma Cell Tumor [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Plasmacytoma Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.	0	7.37	2	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	0	2.35	2	0
Empyema Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.	0	2.87	1	0
Cancer of Pharynx [description not available]	0	3.34	1	1
Pharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.	0	3.34	1	1
Male Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	0	4.25	1	1
Genital Neoplasms, Male Tumor or cancer of the MALE GENITALIA.	0	4.25	1	1
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	0	9.95	3	1
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	0	4.66	2	1
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	0	4.66	2	1
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	0	3.74	2	1
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.74	2	1
Candidiasis, Cutaneous Candidiasis of the skin manifested as eczema-like lesions of the interdigital spaces, perleche, or chronic paronychia. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.74	2	1
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	0	1.95	1	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Infections, Taenia [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Taeniasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Taenia.	0	1.95	1	0
Acute Membranous Gingivitis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Epididymitis Inflammation of the EPIDIDYMIS. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.	0	1.95	1	0
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	0	1.95	1	0
Urethritis Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.	0	1.95	1	0
Duncan Disease [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.	0	1.95	1	0
Myeloproliferative Disorders Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.	0	1.95	1	0
Anorectal Diseases [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Rectal Diseases Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	0	1.95	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	0	1.95	1	0
Tracheitis INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.	0	2.36	2	0
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Fungal Lung Diseases [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	0	6.95	1	0
Parodontosis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	0	1.95	1	0
Angiosarcoma [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Hemangiosarcoma A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	1.95	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, American Diseases caused by American hemorrhagic fever viruses (ARENAVIRUSES, NEW WORLD).	0	1.95	1	0
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.	0	1.95	1	0
Afibrinogenemia, Congenital [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Afibrinogenemia A deficiency or absence of FIBRINOGEN in the blood.	0	1.95	1	0
Myoclonic Jerk [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Arboviral Encephalitis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Subsepsis Allergica [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Ankylosis Fixation and immobility of a joint.	0	3.34	1	1
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	0	2.87	1	0
Stasis Ulcer [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Varicose Ulcer Skin breakdown or ulceration in the drainage area of a VARICOSE VEIN, usually in the leg.	0	6.95	1	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	0	1.95	1	0
Cerebromalacia [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
C gattii Infection [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Cryptococcosis Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.	0	1.95	1	0
Neurilemoma [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Neurilemmoma A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)	0	2.36	2	0
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	0	1.95	1	0
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	0	1.95	1	0
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	0	1.95	1	0
Herpes Zoster, Ocular [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus Virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. Ocular involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. This area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve.	0	2.35	2	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Goiter Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).	0	1.98	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Alveolar [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar A carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	1.98	1	0
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	0	3.36	1	1
Babesia Infection [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Cancer of Sigmoid [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.	0	1.98	1	0
Neoplasms, Nervous System [description not available]	0	3.36	1	1
Altered Level of Consciousness [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Congenital Limb Deformities [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.	0	1.98	1	0
Empyema, Thoracic [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Empyema, Pleural Suppurative inflammation of the pleural space.	0	2.38	2	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	0	2.38	2	0
Pleural Effusion, Malignant Presence of fluid in the PLEURAL CAVITY as a complication of malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain actual malignant cells.	0	1.97	1	0
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	0	3.3	2	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	0	1.97	1	0
Hypospermatogenesis [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Bacteremia, Hemorrhagic [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Ectopic Ossification [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	0	1.97	1	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	0	4.05	3	1
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	0	4.05	3	1
Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous A clinical syndrome characterized by development, usually in infancy or childhood, of a chronic, often widespread candidiasis of skin, nails, and mucous membranes. It may be secondary to one of the immunodeficiency syndromes, inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, or associated with defects in cell-mediated immunity, endocrine disorders, dental stomatitis, or malignancy.	0	1.97	1	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	0	1.97	1	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	0	1.97	1	0
Brown Lung [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Thyrotoxicosis A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.	0	7.66	3	0
Argentaffinoma [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
Carcinoid Tumor A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)	0	2.88	1	0
Aujeszky Disease [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Chagas [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Chagas Cardiomyopathy A disease of the CARDIAC MUSCLE developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as MYOCARDITIS (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced CHAGAS DISEASE include conduction defects (HEART BLOCK) and CARDIOMEGALY.	0	1.97	1	0
Leprosy, Borderline A form of LEPROSY in which there are clinical manifestations of both principal types (lepromatous and tuberculoid). The disease may shift toward one of these two polar or principal forms.	0	1.97	1	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	0	1.97	1	0
ARC [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
AIDS-Related Complex A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.	0	1.97	1	0
Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine A condition of chronic gastroenteritis in adult pigs and fatal gastroenteritis in piglets caused by a CORONAVIRUS.	0	2.38	2	0
P carinii Pneumonia [description not available]	0	3.36	1	1
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.	0	3.36	1	1
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	0	3.29	2	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	0	3.29	2	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	0	1.97	1	0
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.	0	1.97	1	0
Chondromalacia Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.	0	1.96	1	0
Cartilage Diseases Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).	0	1.96	1	0
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia [description not available]	0	3.35	1	1
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.	0	3.35	1	1
Cholangioma [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Adenoma, Bile Duct A benign tumor of the intrahepatic bile ducts.	0	1.96	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous A disease characterized by the chronic, progressive spread of lesions from New World cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by species of the L. braziliensis complex to the nasal, pharyngeal, and buccal mucosa some time after the appearance of the initial cutaneous lesion. Nasal obstruction and epistaxis are frequent presenting symptoms.	0	2.88	1	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Infantile Diarrhea [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Diarrhea, Infantile DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.	0	1.97	1	0
Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.	0	1.97	1	0
Shock, Traumatic Shock produced as a result of trauma.	0	2.37	2	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	0	1.97	1	0
Bagassosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhaled dust from processing SUGARCANE (bagasse), usually in the manufacturing of wallboard.	0	1.97	1	0
Pneumoconiosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.	0	1.97	1	0
Bejel [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Clerambault Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Coenuri Infection [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Cysticercosis Infection with CYSTICERCUS, the larval form of the various tapeworms of the genus Taenia (usually T. solium in man). In humans they penetrate the intestinal wall and invade subcutaneous tissue, brain, eye, muscle, heart, liver, lung, and peritoneum. Brain involvement results in NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS.	0	1.97	1	0
Erosive Duodenitis [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Duodenitis Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.	0	1.97	1	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	4.27	1	1
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	0	4.27	1	1
Adult Rickets [description not available]	0	3.76	2	0
Osteomalacia Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.	0	3.76	2	0
Equine Strongyle Infections [description not available]	0	3.28	2	0
Siderosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of iron in the mining dust or welding fumes.	0	2.37	2	0
Silicotuberculosis Pulmonary or extrapulmonary infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or nontuberculous mycobacteria in a patient with silicosis.	0	6.97	1	0
Thalassemias [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Thalassemia A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.	0	2.37	2	0
Hypodermyiasis Infestation with larvae of the genus Hypoderma, the warble fly.	0	1.97	1	0
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	0	1.96	1	0
Abscess, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Lung Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	0	2.37	2	0
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	1.96	1	0
Bone Inflammation [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Gonorrhea Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.	0	6.96	1	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin E [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	0	2.88	1	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	0	2.88	1	0
Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)	0	2.88	1	0
Hyperesthesia Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.	0	1.96	1	0
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	0	1.96	1	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Cane-Cutter Fever [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	0	1.95	1	0
Leptospirosis Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.	0	1.95	1	0
Appetite Disorders [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Cramp [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Liver Diseases, Parasitic Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).	0	1.95	1	0
Feeding and Eating Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.	0	1.95	1	0
Muscle Cramp A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)	0	1.95	1	0
Scrotal Hydrocele [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0

levamisole

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Overview

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Bioassays (313)

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Studies (4,102)

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Research Demand Index: 78.10

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Trial Overview

levamisole

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (125)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (5)

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (15)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (61)

Molecular Functions (21)

Ceullar Components (21)

Bioassays (313)

Research

Studies (4,102)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 78.10

Study Types

Clinical Trials (20)

Trial Overview

Related Drugs (2,698)

Related Conditions (1,378)