Page last updated: 2024-11-06

(S)-betaxolol

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

(S)-betaxolol is a non-selective beta blocker, meaning it blocks the action of adrenaline at both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. This compound is used clinically as an antihypertensive agent, primarily for the treatment of hypertension. The synthesis of (S)-betaxolol is a multi-step process, typically involving chiral resolution of racemic intermediates. The compound exhibits its therapeutic effects by reducing heart rate, blood pressure, and myocardial contractility. (S)-betaxolol is studied extensively due to its efficacy in treating hypertension and its favorable side effect profile compared to other beta blockers. The research focuses on understanding its mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and long-term effects. It is also investigated for potential applications in other conditions, such as glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety disorders.'

(S)-betaxolol : The (S)-enantiomer of betaxolol. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID60657
CHEMBL ID1201274
CHEBI ID59254
SCHEMBL ID23532

Synonyms (33)

Synonym
CHEBI:59254 ,
(s)-1-(isopropylamino)-3-[p-(cyclopropylmethoxyethyl)phenoxy]-2-propanol
levobetaxololum
(2s)-1-{4-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)ethyl]phenoxy}-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol
betaxolol, (s)-
CHEMBL1201274
AKOS005568173
bdbm25752
[(2s)-3-{4-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)ethyl]phenoxy}-2-hydroxypropyl](propan-2-yl)amine
(-)-betaxolol
(s)-(-)-betaxolol
(s)-betaxolol
levobetaxolol [inn]
levobetaxolol
2-propanol, 1-(4-(2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)ethyl)phenoxy)-3-((1-methylethyl)amino)-, (2s)-
(2s)-1-[4-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)ethyl]phenoxy]-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol
STK636241
75o9xha4tu ,
93221-48-8
unii-75o9xha4tu
levobetaxolol [who-dd]
gtpl8035
SCHEMBL23532
AC-30590
AB01566926_01
DB09351
DTXSID30239341
NCGC00386278-01
Q6535758
(s)-1-(4-(2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)ethyl)phenoxy)-3-(isopropylamino)propan-2-ol
HY-121166
(2s)-1-{4-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)ethyl]phenoxy}-3-[(propan-2-yl)amino]propan-2-ol
EN300-18563034

Research Excerpts

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Betaxolol (Kerlon, 8) was found to exhibit an appropriate preclinical pharmacological and human pharmacokinetic profile (elevated oral bioavailability and prolonged plasma half-life) for the treatment of chronic cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and angina."( Synthesis of a series of compounds related to betaxolol, a new beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist with a pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profile optimized for the treatment of chronic cardiovascular diseases.
Binet, JL; Cavero, IG; Lefèvre-Borg, F; Manoury, PM; Rousseau, J, 1987
)
0.27

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Betaxolol (Kerlon, 8) was found to exhibit an appropriate preclinical pharmacological and human pharmacokinetic profile (elevated oral bioavailability and prolonged plasma half-life) for the treatment of chronic cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and angina."( Synthesis of a series of compounds related to betaxolol, a new beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist with a pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profile optimized for the treatment of chronic cardiovascular diseases.
Binet, JL; Cavero, IG; Lefèvre-Borg, F; Manoury, PM; Rousseau, J, 1987
)
0.27
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019
)
0.51
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
betaxololA propanolamine that is 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydoxy is substituted by a 4-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)ethyl]phenyl group and one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group is substituted by isopropyl. It is a selective beta1-receptor blocker and is used in the treatment of glaucoma as well as hypertension, arrhythmias, and coronary heart disease. It is also used to reduce non-fatal cardiac events in patients with heart failure.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (4)

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Beta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Kd0.37340.00000.62888.9130AID1798580
Beta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Kd0.37340.00010.803910.0000AID1798580
Beta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Kd0.37340.00010.76318.9130AID1798580
Beta-1 adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Kd0.00500.00140.06010.3910AID40420
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (42)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
diet induced thermogenesisBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of sodium ion transportBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
transcription by RNA polymerase IIBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor-mediated endocytosisBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
smooth muscle contractionBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathwayBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activityBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endosome to lysosome transportBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to coldBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein kinase A signalingBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bone mineralizationBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
heat generationBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of multicellular organism growthBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
bone resorptionBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of smooth muscle contractionBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
brown fat cell differentiationBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mini excitatory postsynaptic potentialBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activityBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesisBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of autophagosome maturationBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of lipophagyBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to amyloid-betaBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to psychosocial stressBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activityBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of AMPA receptor activityBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine-epinephrine-mediated vasodilation involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressureBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of heart rate by epinephrine-norepinephrineBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by epinephrine-norepinephrineBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
diet induced thermogenesisBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to coldBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
heat generationBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of multicellular organism growthBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
fear responseBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleepBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
brown fat cell differentiationBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potentialBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesisBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine-epinephrine-mediated vasodilation involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressureBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor-mediated endocytosisBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
diet induced thermogenesisBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate metabolic processBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
generation of precursor metabolites and energyBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
energy reserve metabolic processBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to coldBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
heat generationBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of multicellular organism growthBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
eating behaviorBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
brown fat cell differentiationBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesisBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine-epinephrine-mediated vasodilation involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressureBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (18)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
amyloid-beta bindingBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
beta2-adrenergic receptor activityBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase bindingBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
potassium channel regulator activityBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex bindingBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine bindingBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
beta-adrenergic receptor activityBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
beta1-adrenergic receptor activityBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
PDZ domain bindingBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha-2A adrenergic receptor bindingBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potentialBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine bindingBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
beta-adrenergic receptor activityBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
beta3-adrenergic receptor activityBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
beta-3 adrenergic receptor bindingBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epinephrine bindingBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (13)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
nucleusBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
lysosomeBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
early endosomeBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endosome membraneBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
membraneBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membraneBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal dense core vesicleBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor complexBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
early endosomeBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapseBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal dense core vesicleBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor complexBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (12)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID190412Antihypertensive activity expressed as percentage of base-line systolic blood pressure of base-line values in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was reported after 4 hr1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 30, Issue:6
Synthesis of a series of compounds related to betaxolol, a new beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist with a pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profile optimized for the treatment of chronic cardiovascular diseases.
AID40420Antagonist activity was determined against beta-1 adrenergic receptor in spontaneously beating rat atria1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 30, Issue:6
Synthesis of a series of compounds related to betaxolol, a new beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist with a pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profile optimized for the treatment of chronic cardiovascular diseases.
AID190410Antihypertensive activity expressed as percentage of base-line systolic blood pressure of base-line values in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was reported after 24 hr1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 30, Issue:6
Synthesis of a series of compounds related to betaxolol, a new beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist with a pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profile optimized for the treatment of chronic cardiovascular diseases.
AID190411Antihypertensive activity expressed as percentage of base-line systolic blood pressure of base-line values in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was reported after 2 hr1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 30, Issue:6
Synthesis of a series of compounds related to betaxolol, a new beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist with a pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profile optimized for the treatment of chronic cardiovascular diseases.
AID1347160Primary screen NINDS Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347159Primary screen GU Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID17985803H-CGP 12177 Whole Cell Binding Assay from Article 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706048: \\The selectivity of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists at the human beta1, beta2 and beta3 adrenoceptors.\\2005British journal of pharmacology, Feb, Volume: 144, Issue:3
The selectivity of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists at the human beta1, beta2 and beta3 adrenoceptors.
AID1346260Human beta1-adrenoceptor (Adrenoceptors)2001Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aug, Volume: 17, Issue:4
Levobetaxolol (Betaxon) and other beta-adrenergic antagonists: preclinical pharmacology, IOP-lowering activity and sites of action in human eyes.
AID1346250Human beta2-adrenoceptor (Adrenoceptors)2001Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aug, Volume: 17, Issue:4
Levobetaxolol (Betaxon) and other beta-adrenergic antagonists: preclinical pharmacology, IOP-lowering activity and sites of action in human eyes.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (6)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19901 (16.67)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's2 (33.33)29.6817
2010's1 (16.67)24.3611
2020's2 (33.33)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 63.95

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index63.95 (24.57)
Research Supply Index1.95 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.46 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index101.94 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.01 (0.95)

This Compound (63.95)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other6 (100.00%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]