proflavine profile

Proflavine is a synthetic acridine dye with antibacterial and antiviral properties. It is typically synthesized by reacting 2,4-diaminotoluene with benzaldehyde in the presence of an oxidizing agent. Proflavine works by intercalating into DNA, disrupting its replication and transcription processes, thereby inhibiting bacterial growth. It has been used historically as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant. Its importance lies in its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as its ability to inhibit the growth of viruses like influenza. Research into proflavine focuses on exploring its potential therapeutic applications, particularly in the development of new antimicrobial agents, and investigating its mechanisms of action. Studies are also underway to determine its efficacy in combination with other antimicrobial drugs to enhance their therapeutic potential.'

Proflavine: Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

3,6-diaminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	7099
CHEMBL ID	55400
CHEBI ID	8452
SCHEMBL ID	27386
SCHEMBL ID	8149677
MeSH ID	M0017666

Synonym
ccris 1244
einecs 202-172-4
3,7-diamino-5-azaanthracene
2,8-diaminoacridinium
isoflav base
hsdb 7071
proflavinum [inn-latin]
proflavine [inn]
2,8-diaminoacridine (european)
ai3-52128
acridine, 3,6-diamino-
proflavina [inn-spanish]
brn 0166050
AKOS005449844
NCIMECH_000209
NCI60_004643
NCI60_032077
NCI60_004767
AE-562/12222295 ,
3,6-diaminoacridine
3,6-acridinediamine hydrochloride
3,6-acridinediamine
acridine-3,6-diamine
proflavin
PRL ,
92-62-6
proflavine
1BCU
DB01123
1QVT
1QVU
2,8-diaminoacridine
NCGC00166245-01
bdbm12590
(6-aminoacridin-3-yl)amine;sulfuric acid;hydrate
STK380650
CHEBI:8452 ,
proflavinum
proflavina
wdvshhcdhljjjr-uhfffaoysa-
inchi=1/c13h11n3/c14-10-3-1-8-5-9-2-4-11(15)7-13(9)16-12(8)6-10/h1-7h,14-15h2
CHEMBL55400
NCGC00166245-02
unii-cy3rnb3k4t
5-22-11-00322 (beilstein handbook reference)
cy3rnb3k4t ,
profura
progarmed
AB00375967-03
SCHEMBL27386
2V57
proflavine [hsdb]
proflavine [vandf]
proflavine [who-dd]
proflavine [mi]
SCHEMBL8149677
DTXSID9043776
proflavine (hemisulfate)
AB00375967_04
sr-01000883943
SR-01000883943-1
proflavin hemisulfate;3,6-diaminoacridine hemisulfate
Q420454
CS-0013756
3,6-diaminoacridin
CCG-339542
mfcd00005030
proflavine-hemisulfate
proflavine;3,6-diaminoacridine
AT13412
A909942
YSCH0132
S5776
HY-B1741

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Proflavine is an acridine derivative which was discovered as one of the earliest antibacterial agents, and it has been proven to have potential application to fields such as chemotherapy, photobiology and solar-energy conversion. "	( Excited-State Dynamics of Proflavine after Intercalation into DNA Duplex. Chen, J; Jia, M; Jia, Y; Pan, H; Sun, Z; Wang, X; Zhou, J, 2022)	2.46
"Proflavine is an acridine dye used with high-resolution microendoscopy for in vivo diagnostic evaluation of cervical epithelial cells. "	( Is Proflavine Exposure Associated with Disease Progression in Women with Cervical Dysplasia? A Brief Report. Castle, PE; Cherry, K; Fregnani, JHTG; Hunt, B; Longatto-Filho, A; Pantano, N; Parra, S; Possati-Resende, JC; Richards-Kortum, R; Schmeler, K; Schwarz, RA, 2018)	2.54
"Proflavine is a small molecule that intercalates into DNA and, thereby, acts as an anticancer agent. "	( Structure and dynamics of proflavine association around DNA. Mukherjee, A; Sasikala, WD, 2016)	2.18
"Proflavine lotion is a commonly used topical antiseptic in the tropics, but its sensitizing potential was never emphasized and many who developed allergic contact dermatitis were never aware of it. "	( Contact sensitivity to proflavine. Goh, CL, 1986)	2.02

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Proflavine treatment did not reduce the rate of reactivation of latent virus and did not increase the average latent period of the treated cultures."	( Photoinactivation of latent herpes simplex virus in rabbit kidney cells. Kelleher, JJ; Varani, J, 1976)	0.98
"Treatment with proflavine resulted in higher transformation frequencies than were found with quinacrine."	( Morphological transformation, DNA strand separation, and antinucleoside immunoreactivity following exposure of cells to intercalating drugs. Bases, R; Elequin, F; Hsu, KC; Liebeskind, D; Mendez, F; Neubort, S, 1982)	0.6

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The possibility of using PA for water disinfection depends on the ratio of safe and effective concentrations."	( [Comparative toxicity of photosensitizers in varying destruction]. Beliaeva, NN; Golovach, EN; Kuznetsova, NA; Poliakova, EE; Sinitsina, OO; Sycheva, LP; Zholdakova, ZI, )	0.13

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" dosing, plasma concentration-time profiles of parent PRO and ACR were best described by two- and three-compartment pharmacokinetic models respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and metabolism of acriflavine and proflavine in the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Bencsath, FA; el Said, KR; Hayton, WL; Musser, SM; Plakas, SM, 1998)	0.53

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The exposures were performed at net forward powers of 500 or 600 W, resulting in a specific absorption rate (SAR) of approximately 40 W/kg."	( Proflavin and microwave radiation: absence of a mutagenic interaction. Eagan, P; Erwin, DN; Meltz, ML, 1990)	0.28
" PRO and ACR were poorly absorbed in catfish during waterborne exposure."	( Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and metabolism of acriflavine and proflavine in the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Bencsath, FA; el Said, KR; Hayton, WL; Musser, SM; Plakas, SM, 1998)	0.53

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" All of these drugs were able to induce rapid loss of dhfr gene dosage in the R500 cell population."	( Drug-induced loss of unstably amplified genes. Snapka, RM; Wani, MA, 1990)	0.28
") dosing (1 mg/kg) or waterborne exposure (10 mg/l for 4 h)."	( Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and metabolism of acriflavine and proflavine in the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Bencsath, FA; el Said, KR; Hayton, WL; Musser, SM; Plakas, SM, 1998)	0.53

Role	Description
antiseptic drug	A substance used locally on humans and other animals to destroy harmful microorganisms or to inhibit their activity (cf. disinfectants, which destroy microorganisms found on non-living objects, and antibiotics, which can be transported through the lymphatic system to destroy bacteria within the body).
carcinogenic agent	A role played by a chemical compound which is known to induce a process of carcinogenesis by corrupting normal cellular pathways, leading to the acquistion of tumoral capabilities.
antibacterial agent	A substance (or active part thereof) that kills or slows the growth of bacteria.
chromophore	The part (atom or group of atoms) of a molecular entity in which the electronic transition responsible for a given spectral band is approximately localized.
intercalator	A role played by a chemical agent which exhibits the capability of occupying space between DNA base pairs due to particular properties in size, shape and charge. Intercalation of chemical compounds in DNA helix can result in replication errors (shift, mutation) or DNA damages.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
aminoacridines	Acridines which are substituted in any position by one or more amino groups or substituted amino groups. Note that the term 'aminoacridine' is the International Prorietary Name (INN) for 9-aminoacridine.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	28.1838	0.0355	20.9770	89.1251	AID504332
heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa)	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	19.9526	0.0165	25.3078	41.3999	AID602332
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	44.6684	0.3548	28.0659	89.1251	AID504847
huntingtin isoform 2	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	12.5893	0.0006	18.4198	1,122.0200	AID1688
histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A isoform 2 precursor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	44.6684	0.0103	23.8567	63.0957	AID2662
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1	Mus musculus (house mouse)	Potency	15.8489	0.0079	8.2332	1,122.0200	AID2546
geminin	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	11.8856	0.0046	11.3741	33.4983	AID624296
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	9.4662	0.0316	22.3146	100.0000	AID588579
peripheral myelin protein 22	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	11.2117	0.0056	12.3677	36.1254	AID624044
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	31.6228	0.2512	15.8432	39.8107	AID504327
lamin isoform A-delta10	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	12.5893	0.8913	12.0676	28.1838	AID1487
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Replicase polyprotein 1ab	Betacoronavirus England 1	IC50 (µMol)	10.0000	0.0040	3.4388	9.5100	AID1640022
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	8.8800	0.1400	16.6250	50.0000	AID1224863
Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	12.0000	0.0000	0.7107	10.0000	AID1796917
Replicase polyprotein 1ab	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	IC50 (µMol)	1.1600	0.0002	2.4585	9.9600	AID1640021; AID1884017; AID1884018
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Chain H, ALPHA-THROMBIN	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	530.0000	530.0000	530.0000	530.0000	AID977611
Chain A, Transcriptional regulator qacR	Staphylococcus aureus	Kd	38.5000	35.0000	38.5000	42.0000	AID977611
Chain A, Transcriptional regulator qacR	Staphylococcus aureus	Kd	38.5000	35.0000	38.5000	42.0000	AID977611
Chain A, TETR FAMILY TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOR LFRR	Mycolicibacterium smegmatis	Kd	0.0790	0.0790	0.0790	0.0790	AID977611
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
positive regulation of protein phosphorylation	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
proteolysis	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
acute-phase response	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
blood coagulation	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferation	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell shape	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
response to wounding	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of platelet activation	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
platelet activation	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of blood coagulation	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of blood coagulation	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell growth	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of insulin secretion	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of collagen biosynthetic process	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
fibrinolysis	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of proteolysis	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of astrocyte differentiation	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
cytolysis by host of symbiont cells	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of fibrinolysis	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
neutrophil-mediated killing of gram-negative bacterium	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of lipid kinase activity	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated ion channel signaling pathway	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
lipopolysaccharide binding	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
serine-type endopeptidase activity	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor binding	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion binding	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
growth factor activity	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
heparin binding	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
thrombospondin receptor activity	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
3'-5'-RNA exonuclease activity	Replicase polyprotein 1ab	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity	Replicase polyprotein 1ab	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
cysteine-type endopeptidase activity	Replicase polyprotein 1ab	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
mRNA 5'-cap (guanine-N7-)-methyltransferase activity	Replicase polyprotein 1ab	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
mRNA (nucleoside-2'-O-)-methyltransferase activity	Replicase polyprotein 1ab	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
mRNA guanylyltransferase activity	Replicase polyprotein 1ab	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
RNA endonuclease activity, producing 3'-phosphomonoesters	Replicase polyprotein 1ab	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
ISG15-specific peptidase activity	Replicase polyprotein 1ab	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
5'-3' RNA helicase activity	Replicase polyprotein 1ab	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
protein guanylyltransferase activity	Replicase polyprotein 1ab	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
external side of plasma membrane	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
collagen-containing extracellular matrix	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular region	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum lumen	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi lumen	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
blood microparticle	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
collagen-containing extracellular matrix	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Prothrombin	Homo sapiens (human)
double membrane vesicle viral factory outer membrane	Replicase polyprotein 1ab	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (86)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1145949	Binding affinity to calf thymus DNA assessed as decrease in DNA sedimentation coefficient at 20 x 10'-6 M relative to untreated control	1976	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 19, Issue:8	Synthesis and biological properties of some spin-labeled 9-aminoacridines.
AID46134	Inhibitory concentration against ethidium:Calf thymus DNA (1.26:1) at pH 5; Measurement not possible due to ligand fluorescence	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-07, Volume: 40, Issue:23	1-[(omega-aminoalkyl)amino]-4-[N-(omega-aminoalkyl)carbamoyl]-9-oxo-9, 10-dihydroacridines as intercalating cytotoxic agents: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological evaluation.
AID295904	Antipromastigote activity against Leishmania infantum	2007	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 42, Issue:10	Synthesis and antileishmanial activity of 6-mono-substituted and 3,6-di-substituted acridines obtained by acylation of proflavine.
AID420946	Phototoxicity in transformed CHO cells after 24 hrs of UV irradiation by WST1 assay	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 44, Issue:6	Photo-inducible cytotoxic and clastogenic activities of 3,6-di-substituted acridines obtained by acylation of proflavine.
AID572151	Antimicrobial activity against AcrAB-deficient Escherichia coli AG100AX harboring pBADomegaydhE plasmid containing Escherichia coli multidrug efflux pump YdhE after 18 to 24 hrs by two fold dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 52, Issue:9	Functional cloning and characterization of the multidrug efflux pumps NorM from Neisseria gonorrhoeae and YdhE from Escherichia coli.
AID10004	Concentration required to inhibit the cell growth by 50 % after 96 hr A2780 leukemic cells.	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 38, Issue:18	Novel acridine-triazenes as prototype combilexins: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological activity.
AID1324527	Binding affinity to birch major pollen allergen Bet v 1-A assessed as binding constant at 1H-6 resonance by (1)H relaxation dispersion NMR spectroscopy	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23	Measurement of Ligand-Target Residence Times by
AID214991	Compound is evaluated for trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma brucei, by exposing the parasites directly to compound prior to injection to mice at 10 E-6 M concentration (pre) in presence of light.	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7	Identification of an acridine photoaffinity probe for trypanocidal action.
AID45399	Cross resistance of chinese hamster cells resistant to actinomycin D as log of ratio of molar concentration of compound inducing 50% inhibition of growth in resistant and sensitive cells	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 33, Issue:7	Structure-activity relationships of antineoplastic agents in multidrug resistance.
AID677444	Binding affinity to AATT DNA by SPR analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-10, Volume: 55, Issue:9	High DNA affinity of a series of peptide linked diaromatic guanidinium-like derivatives.
AID420951	Clastogenic activity in CHOK1 cells assessed as lowest drug concentration required to increase number of micronucleated cells after 3 hrs incubation in dark by micronucleus assay	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 44, Issue:6	Photo-inducible cytotoxic and clastogenic activities of 3,6-di-substituted acridines obtained by acylation of proflavine.
AID214995	Compound is evaluated for trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma brucei, by exposing the parasites directly to compound prior to injection to mice at 10 E-7 M concentration in presence of light	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7	Identification of an acridine photoaffinity probe for trypanocidal action.
AID10007	Cytotoxic potency required to inhibit A2780 cell growth by 50% after cell drug contact for 96 hrs	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-07, Volume: 40, Issue:23	1-[(omega-aminoalkyl)amino]-4-[N-(omega-aminoalkyl)carbamoyl]-9-oxo-9, 10-dihydroacridines as intercalating cytotoxic agents: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological evaluation.
AID212744	Inhibition of telomerase before assembly using recombinant Tetraymena thermophilia TR and TERT at 50 uM	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-05, Volume: 14, Issue:13	Nucleic acid-binding ligands identify new mechanisms to inhibit telomerase.
AID1884017	Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease using RLRGG-AMC as substrate	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-09, Volume: 65, Issue:11	Progress and Challenges in Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like Protease.
AID214987	Compound is evaluated for trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma brucei, by exposing the parasites directly to compound prior to injection to mice at 10 E-5 M concentration in dark conditions	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7	Identification of an acridine photoaffinity probe for trypanocidal action.
AID225777	Inhibitory concentration against ethidium in DNA-binding assay with [poly(dA-dT)]2 (synthetic oligonucleotide)	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 38, Issue:18	Novel acridine-triazenes as prototype combilexins: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological activity.
AID1884019	Antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 infected in human A549 cells expressing ACE2 assessed as viral growth inhibition	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-09, Volume: 65, Issue:11	Progress and Challenges in Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like Protease.
AID46169	Inhibitory concentration against ethidium:Calf thymus DNA(0.1:1) binding at pH 5	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-07, Volume: 40, Issue:23	1-[(omega-aminoalkyl)amino]-4-[N-(omega-aminoalkyl)carbamoyl]-9-oxo-9, 10-dihydroacridines as intercalating cytotoxic agents: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological evaluation.
AID98558	Concentration required to inhibit the cell growth by 50 % after 48 hr in L1210 leukemic cells.	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 38, Issue:18	Novel acridine-triazenes as prototype combilexins: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological activity.
AID46137	Inhibitory concentration against ethidium:Calf thymus DNA(1.26:1) binding at pH 7; Measurement not possible due to ligand fluorescence	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-07, Volume: 40, Issue:23	1-[(omega-aminoalkyl)amino]-4-[N-(omega-aminoalkyl)carbamoyl]-9-oxo-9, 10-dihydroacridines as intercalating cytotoxic agents: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological evaluation.
AID214989	Compound is evaluated for trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma brucei, by exposing the parasites directly to compound prior to injection to mice at 10 E-5 M concentration in presence of lightin	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7	Identification of an acridine photoaffinity probe for trypanocidal action.
AID677446	Binding affinity to (GC)4 DNA by SPR analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-10, Volume: 55, Issue:9	High DNA affinity of a series of peptide linked diaromatic guanidinium-like derivatives.
AID295907	Specificity index, Ratio of IC50 for human THP1 to IC50 for Leishmania infantum	2007	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 42, Issue:10	Synthesis and antileishmanial activity of 6-mono-substituted and 3,6-di-substituted acridines obtained by acylation of proflavine.
AID98563	Cytotoxic potency required to inhibit L1210 cell growth by 50% after cell drug contact for 48 hrs	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-07, Volume: 40, Issue:23	1-[(omega-aminoalkyl)amino]-4-[N-(omega-aminoalkyl)carbamoyl]-9-oxo-9, 10-dihydroacridines as intercalating cytotoxic agents: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological evaluation.
AID644953	Binding affinity to human pre-hsa-mir-155 miRNA assessed as inhibition of dicer-catalysed (33P)-labelled pre-miRNA processing at 1 mM after 1 hr by PAGE analysis	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 22, Issue:4	Pre-microRNA binding aminoglycosides and antitumor drugs as inhibitors of Dicer catalyzed microRNA processing.
AID1884023	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells assessed as cell viability	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-09, Volume: 65, Issue:11	Progress and Challenges in Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like Protease.
AID214990	Compound is evaluated for trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma brucei, by exposing the parasites directly to compound prior to injection to mice at 10 E-6 M concentration (pre) in dark conditions	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7	Identification of an acridine photoaffinity probe for trypanocidal action.
AID214992	Compound is evaluated for trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma brucei, by exposing the parasites directly to compound prior to injection to mice at 10 E-6 M concentration in dark conditions	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7	Identification of an acridine photoaffinity probe for trypanocidal action.
AID214984	Compound is evaluated for trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma brucei, by exposing the parasites directly to compound prior to injection to mice at 10 E-4 M concentration in presence of light	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7	Identification of an acridine photoaffinity probe for trypanocidal action.
AID1161621	Binding affinity to (AT)4 DNA hairpin sequence (unknown origin) by SPR assay	2014	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-25, Volume: 57, Issue:18	Unexpected DNA affinity and sequence selectivity through core rigidity in guanidinium-based minor groove binders.
AID660264	Ratio of MIC for wild type Escherichia coli HS414 to MIC for acrB-deficient Escherichia coli HS832 by agar dilution method	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 52	Computational analysis of structure-based interactions and ligand properties can predict efflux effects on antibiotics.
AID212743	Inhibition of telomerase after assembly using recombinant Tetraymena thermophilia TR and TERT at 50 uM	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-05, Volume: 14, Issue:13	Nucleic acid-binding ligands identify new mechanisms to inhibit telomerase.
AID1161620	Binding affinity to AATT DNA hairpin sequence (unknown origin) by SPR assay	2014	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-25, Volume: 57, Issue:18	Unexpected DNA affinity and sequence selectivity through core rigidity in guanidinium-based minor groove binders.
AID295905	Cytotoxicity against human THP1 cells	2007	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 42, Issue:10	Synthesis and antileishmanial activity of 6-mono-substituted and 3,6-di-substituted acridines obtained by acylation of proflavine.
AID1324520	Binding affinity to bovine trypsin assessed as ligand-target residence time at 1H-4/5 resonance by (1)H relaxation dispersion NMR spectroscopy	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23	Measurement of Ligand-Target Residence Times by
AID55630	Induced change in DNA-melting (deltaTm) with [poly(dA-dT)]2 at pH 65.0	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 38, Issue:18	Novel acridine-triazenes as prototype combilexins: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological activity.
AID152935	Cytotoxic effect in human peripheral blood monocyte cells(PBMC)	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-24, Volume: 35, Issue:15	HIV-1 neutralization and tumor cell proliferation inhibition in vitro by simplified analogues of pyrido[4,3,2-mn]thiazolo[5,4-b]acridine marine alkaloids.
AID55500	Concentration required to give 50% fluorescence quenching of bound ethidium for [ethidium]: [poly(dA-dT)]2 DNA in ratio of 0.1:1 at pH 5	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-07, Volume: 40, Issue:23	1-[(omega-aminoalkyl)amino]-4-[N-(omega-aminoalkyl)carbamoyl]-9-oxo-9, 10-dihydroacridines as intercalating cytotoxic agents: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological evaluation.
AID1324535	Binding affinity to bovine trypsin assessed as 1H-CPMG relaxation dispersion data changes in presence of indoxyl sulfate by (1)H relaxation dispersion NMR spectroscopy	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23	Measurement of Ligand-Target Residence Times by
AID212902	Inhibition of human telomerase after assembly using recombinant hTR and hTERT at 50 uM	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-05, Volume: 14, Issue:13	Nucleic acid-binding ligands identify new mechanisms to inhibit telomerase.
AID1324526	Binding affinity to bovine trypsin assessed as binding constant at 1H-4/5 resonance by (1)H relaxation dispersion NMR spectroscopy	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23	Measurement of Ligand-Target Residence Times by
AID572147	Antimicrobial activity against AcrAB-deficient Escherichia coli AG100AX harboring pBADomeganorM plasmid containing Neisseria gonorrhoeae multidrug efflux pump NorM after 18 to 24 hrs by two fold dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 52, Issue:9	Functional cloning and characterization of the multidrug efflux pumps NorM from Neisseria gonorrhoeae and YdhE from Escherichia coli.
AID54989	Induced change in DNA-melting (deltaTm) with calf thymus DNA at pH 65.0	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 38, Issue:18	Novel acridine-triazenes as prototype combilexins: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological activity.
AID212741	Inhibition of purified telomerase of Euplotes aediculatus at 50 uM	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-05, Volume: 14, Issue:13	Nucleic acid-binding ligands identify new mechanisms to inhibit telomerase.
AID55499	Concentration required to give 50% fluorescence quenching of bound ethidium for [ethidium]: [(poly dG-dC)]2 DNA in ratio of 0.1:1 at pH 5	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-07, Volume: 40, Issue:23	1-[(omega-aminoalkyl)amino]-4-[N-(omega-aminoalkyl)carbamoyl]-9-oxo-9, 10-dihydroacridines as intercalating cytotoxic agents: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological evaluation.
AID1884020	Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells expressing ACE2 assessed as cell viability	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-09, Volume: 65, Issue:11	Progress and Challenges in Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like Protease.
AID1884050	Antiviral activity against HCoV-OC43 assessed as viral growth inhibition	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-09, Volume: 65, Issue:11	Progress and Challenges in Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like Protease.
AID1161626	Selectivity index, ratio of binding affinity to (AT)4 DNA hairpin sequence (unknown origin) to binding affinity to AATT DNA hairpin sequence (unknown origin)	2014	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-25, Volume: 57, Issue:18	Unexpected DNA affinity and sequence selectivity through core rigidity in guanidinium-based minor groove binders.
AID81416	Inhibitory effect against HIV-1 in human peripheral blood monocyte cells(PBMC); Not evaluated for HIV-1 inhibition due to high cytotoxicity.	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-24, Volume: 35, Issue:15	HIV-1 neutralization and tumor cell proliferation inhibition in vitro by simplified analogues of pyrido[4,3,2-mn]thiazolo[5,4-b]acridine marine alkaloids.
AID1884049	Antiviral activity against MERS-CoV assessed as viral growth inhibition	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-09, Volume: 65, Issue:11	Progress and Challenges in Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like Protease.
AID660265	Antimicrobial activity against wild type Escherichia coli expressing AcrAB-TolC efflux pump	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 52	Computational analysis of structure-based interactions and ligand properties can predict efflux effects on antibiotics.
AID1884022	Antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as viral growth inhibition	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-09, Volume: 65, Issue:11	Progress and Challenges in Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like Protease.
AID55632	Induced change in DNA-melting (deltaTm) with [poly(dG-dC)]2 at pH 65.0	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 38, Issue:18	Novel acridine-triazenes as prototype combilexins: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological activity.
AID214983	Compound is evaluated for trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma brucei, by exposing the parasites directly to compound prior to injection to mice at 10 E-4 M concentration in dark conditions	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7	Identification of an acridine photoaffinity probe for trypanocidal action.
AID420949	Phototoxicity in normal human keratinocytes after 24 hrs of UV irradiation by WST1 assay	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 44, Issue:6	Photo-inducible cytotoxic and clastogenic activities of 3,6-di-substituted acridines obtained by acylation of proflavine.
AID54658	Inhibitory concentration against ethidium in DNA-binding assay	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 38, Issue:18	Novel acridine-triazenes as prototype combilexins: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological activity.
AID23271	Partition coefficient (logD7.4)	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 33, Issue:7	Structure-activity relationships of antineoplastic agents in multidrug resistance.
AID54990	Change in DNA-melting (deltaTm) with calf thymus DNA at pH 7.0	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 38, Issue:18	Novel acridine-triazenes as prototype combilexins: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological activity.
AID214993	Compound is evaluated for trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma brucei, by exposing the parasites directly to compound prior to injection to mice at 10 E-6 M concentration in presence of light	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7	Identification of an acridine photoaffinity probe for trypanocidal action.
AID420945	Phototoxicity in transformed CHO cells after 24 hrs incubation in dark by WST1 assay	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 44, Issue:6	Photo-inducible cytotoxic and clastogenic activities of 3,6-di-substituted acridines obtained by acylation of proflavine.
AID1884018	Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease using ISG15-AMC as substrate	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-09, Volume: 65, Issue:11	Progress and Challenges in Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like Protease.
AID677445	Binding affinity to (AT)4 DNA by SPR analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-10, Volume: 55, Issue:9	High DNA affinity of a series of peptide linked diaromatic guanidinium-like derivatives.
AID212903	Inhibition of human telomerase before assembly using recombinant hTR and hTERT at 50 uM	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-05, Volume: 14, Issue:13	Nucleic acid-binding ligands identify new mechanisms to inhibit telomerase.
AID295906	Antiamastigote activity against Leishmania infantum	2007	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 42, Issue:10	Synthesis and antileishmanial activity of 6-mono-substituted and 3,6-di-substituted acridines obtained by acylation of proflavine.
AID45401	Effect on cross resistance of chinese hamster ovary CHO cells resistant to colchicine (CHRC5)	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 33, Issue:7	Structure-activity relationships of antineoplastic agents in multidrug resistance.
AID1884024	Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for African green monkey Vero cells to EC50 for SARS-CoV-2 infected in African green monkey Vero cells	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-09, Volume: 65, Issue:11	Progress and Challenges in Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like Protease.
AID1884021	Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for human A549 cells expressing ACE2 to EC50 for SARS-CoV-2 infected in human A549 cells expressing ACE2	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-09, Volume: 65, Issue:11	Progress and Challenges in Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like Protease.
AID420948	Phototoxicity in normal human keratinocytes after 24 hrs incubation in dark by WST1 assay	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 44, Issue:6	Photo-inducible cytotoxic and clastogenic activities of 3,6-di-substituted acridines obtained by acylation of proflavine.
AID1324521	Binding affinity to bovine trypsin assessed as ligand-target residence time at 1H-9 resonance by (1)H relaxation dispersion NMR spectroscopy	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23	Measurement of Ligand-Target Residence Times by
AID225778	Inhibitory concentration against ethidium in DNA-binding assay with [poly(dG-dC)]2 (synthetic oligonucleotide)	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 38, Issue:18	Novel acridine-triazenes as prototype combilexins: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological activity.
AID572150	Antimicrobial activity against AcrAB-deficient Escherichia coli AG100AX harboring pBAD plasmid after 18 to 24 hrs by two fold dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 52, Issue:9	Functional cloning and characterization of the multidrug efflux pumps NorM from Neisseria gonorrhoeae and YdhE from Escherichia coli.
AID1161622	Binding affinity to (CG)4 DNA hairpin sequence (unknown origin) by SPR assay	2014	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-25, Volume: 57, Issue:18	Unexpected DNA affinity and sequence selectivity through core rigidity in guanidinium-based minor groove binders.
AID295908	Binding affinity to DNA by DNA-methyl green bioassay	2007	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 42, Issue:10	Synthesis and antileishmanial activity of 6-mono-substituted and 3,6-di-substituted acridines obtained by acylation of proflavine.
AID209937	Minimal bacteriostatic concentration against streptococcus pyogenes under conditions of pH 7.3, 37 degree C; 1 in 160000	1982	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Fourth Smissman Award Address. The long search for valid structure-action relationships in drugs.
AID26757	DNA binding dissociation constant as KD; No data	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 27, Issue:4	Interactions of antitumor drugs with natural DNA: 1H NMR study of binding mode and kinetics.
AID214994	Compound is evaluated for trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma brucei, by exposing the parasites directly to compound prior to injection to mice at 10 E-7 M concentration in dark conditions	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7	Identification of an acridine photoaffinity probe for trypanocidal action.
AID487001	Binding affinity to calf thymus DNA assessed as change in melting temperature by UV spectrophotometer analysis	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-15, Volume: 18, Issue:12	Study of benzo[a]phenazine 7,12-dioxide as selective hypoxic cytotoxin-scaffold. Identification of aerobic-antitumoral activity through DNA fragmentation.
AID420952	Clastogenic activity in CHOK1 cells assessed as lowest drug concentration required to increase number of micronucleated cells after 3 hrs of UV irradiation by micronucleus assay	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 44, Issue:6	Photo-inducible cytotoxic and clastogenic activities of 3,6-di-substituted acridines obtained by acylation of proflavine.
AID504749	qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation	2011	Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043	Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1811	Experimentally measured binding affinity data derived from PDB	2004	The EMBO journal, Aug-04, Volume: 23, Issue:15	Structural mechanism of the simultaneous binding of two drugs to a multidrug-binding protein.
AID977611	Experimentally measured binding affinity data (Kd) for protein-ligand complexes derived from PDB	2004	The EMBO journal, Aug-04, Volume: 23, Issue:15	Structural mechanism of the simultaneous binding of two drugs to a multidrug-binding protein.
AID1796917	Thrombin Assay from Article 10.1021/jm050850v: \\Application of Fragment Screening and Fragment Linking to the Discovery of Novel Thrombin Inhibitors.\\	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-23, Volume: 49, Issue:4	Application of fragment screening and fragment linking to the discovery of novel thrombin inhibitors.
AID977611	Experimentally measured binding affinity data (Kd) for protein-ligand complexes derived from PDB	1998	FEBS letters, Mar-27, Volume: 425, Issue:2	X-ray and spectrophotometric studies of the binding of proflavin to the S1 specificity pocket of human alpha-thrombin.
AID1811	Experimentally measured binding affinity data derived from PDB	1998	FEBS letters, Mar-27, Volume: 425, Issue:2	X-ray and spectrophotometric studies of the binding of proflavin to the S1 specificity pocket of human alpha-thrombin.
AID977611	Experimentally measured binding affinity data (Kd) for protein-ligand complexes derived from PDB	2009	Journal of bacteriology, Dec, Volume: 191, Issue:24	Structural plasticity and distinct drug-binding modes of LfrR, a mycobacterial efflux pump regulator.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	334 (64.35)	18.7374
1990's	62 (11.95)	18.2507
2000's	50 (9.63)	29.6817
2010's	58 (11.18)	24.3611
2020's	15 (2.89)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	13 (2.33%)	5.53%
Reviews	10 (1.79%)	6.00%
Case Studies	10 (1.79%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	526 (94.10%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Evaluation of Low-Cost High Resolution Microendoscope for the Detection of Lower Gastrointestinal Neoplasia [NCT01384240]	Early Phase 1	183 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-04-30	Terminated(stopped due to Study is closed as the PI transferred to another institution.)
A Pilot Study of a Low-Cost Optical Imaging Tool for Cervical Cancer Screening in Brazil [NCT02335372]		300 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-06-30	Completed
Evaluation of a Miniaturized Microscope Device for the Detection of Barrett's Neoplasia: A Pilot Study [NCT01384227]	Early Phase 1	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-02-28	Completed
Endoscopic Multispectral Imaging for the Early Detection of Gastric Neoplasia [NCT02207959]	Phase 1	8 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Terminated(stopped due to PI left institution)
High Resolution Microendoscopy for the Detection of Esophageal Squamous Cell Neoplasia: A Randomized, Multicenter Trial of Accuracy, Yield, and Clinical Impact [NCT02029937]	Phase 2	1,300 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Recruiting
Use of Fluorescence Imaging and High-Resolution Microendoscopy to Guide Hysteroscopic Tumor Resection in Patients With Endometrial Cancer [NCT02095847]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional		Withdrawn
A Feasibility Study of Confocal Microendoscopy in the Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Neoplasia - Project 1 [NCT01384695]	Early Phase 1	67 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-06-30	Terminated(stopped due to Low/no enrollment. No subjects were enrolled over the past year.)
Evaluation of a Miniaturized Microscope Device for the Detection of Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer [NCT01384708]	Early Phase 1	70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-08-31	Completed
Endoscopic Multispectral Imaging for the Early Detection of Barrett's Neoplasia [NCT01384864]	Early Phase 1	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-08-31	Completed
The Effectiveness of High Resolution Microendoscopy (HRME) in High Grade Intraepithelial Lesions (HSIL) Diagnosis for People Living With HIV [NCT04563754]	Phase 1/Phase 2	161 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-07-30	Completed
Precision Optical Guidance for Oral Biopsy Based on Next-Generation Hallmarks of Cancer (1R01DE029590-01): A Clinical Study to Evaluate and Optimize the Technical Performance Characteristics of an Active Biopsy Guidance System [NCT05554133]		90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-06-15	Recruiting
Acceptability and Performance of a Mobile Optical Biopsy Technology for Gastrointestinal Cancer Screening: A Clinical Study in Brazil [NCT05396781]	Phase 2	41 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-01-13	Completed
Accuracy, Yield and Clinical Impact of a Low-Cost High Resolution Microendoscope in the Early Diagnosis of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma [NCT02018367]	Phase 2	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-09-30	Recruiting
Low-Cost Imaging for Cervical Cancer Prevention in the Texas Lower Rio Grande Valley [NCT02714439]	Early Phase 1	150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-10-25	Active, not recruiting
Use of High-Resolution Microendoscopy (HRME) in Patients With Adenocarcinoma In-Situ (AIS) of the Cervix [NCT02206048]		9 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-10-02	Completed
Wide-Field and High Resolution In Vivo Imaging of Oral Neoplasia Using Topical Fluorescent Dyes: A Feasibility Study [NCT01269190]	Early Phase 1	275 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-12-30	Recruiting
Multimodal Imaging for Surveillance of Patients With Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders [NCT02790853]	Early Phase 1	600 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-05-25	Recruiting
In Vivo Multimodal Imaging of Upper Aerodigestive Epithelia [NCT01456143]		33 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-12-31	Terminated(stopped due to PI left, study to be re-open with new PI, no planned data analysis)
Use of High-Resolution Microendoscopy (HRME) in Patients With Cervical Dysplasia [NCT02420665]	Early Phase 1	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-23	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial	Outcome
NCT01456143 (6) [back to overview]	Accuracy
NCT01456143 (6) [back to overview]	Interrater Reliability
NCT01456143 (6) [back to overview]	Negative Predictive Value
NCT01456143 (6) [back to overview]	Positive Predictive Value
NCT01456143 (6) [back to overview]	Sensitivity
NCT01456143 (6) [back to overview]	Specificity

Intervention	Percent of images with correct diagnosis (Mean)
HRME With Proflavine	95.1

Intervention	proportion of agreement among 11 experts (Number)
HRME With Proflavine	.81

Intervention	Percent of images with correct diagnosis (Mean)
HRME With Proflavine	98

Intervention	Percent of images with correct diagnosis (Mean)
HRME With Proflavine	91

Intervention	Percent of images with correct diagnosis (Mean)
HRME With Proflavine	96

Intervention	Percent of images with correct diagnosis (Mean)
HRME With Proflavine	95

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	3.51	1	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	EC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
adenine [no description available]	2.66	3	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	1.95	1	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	4.04	15	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	2.41	1	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	2.1	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	1.94	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
cytosine [no description available]	2.64	3	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	4.26	4	1	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
glycine [no description available]	2.37	2	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	1.96	1	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	2.05	1	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	1.96	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	2.36	2	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	2	1	0	inositol phosphate
croton oil [no description available]	1.95	1	0	N-acyl-hexosamine
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	1.96	1	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	2.36	2	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
spermidine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
thymine [no description available]	2.64	3	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
tryptamine [no description available]	2	1	0	aminoalkylindole; aralkylamino compound; indole alkaloid; tryptamines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	1.93	1	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	2.9	4	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hoe 33342 BXI-72: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	fluorochrome
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	1.95	1	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
3-aminobenzamide [no description available]	1.96	1	0	benzamides; substituted aniline	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.37	2	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
4-aminobenzamidine 4-aminobenzamidine: a urokinase inhibitor; inhibits acrosin; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.	1.96	1	0	1-pyrroline nitrones	neuroprotective agent; spin trapping reagent
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.37	2	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
n-acetyltryptophan N-acetyltryptophan : An N-acetylamino acid that is the N-acetyl derivative of tryptophan.	2.08	1	0	N-acetyl-amino acid; tryptophan derivative	metabolite
acridone acridone : A member of the class of acridines that is 9,10-dihydroacridine substituted by an oxo group at position 9.	1.99	1	0	acridines; cyclic ketone
3,6-diamino-10-methylacridinium 3,6-diamino-10-methylacridinium : The cation obtained from 3,6-diaminoacridine by methylation of the nitrogen at position 10.	1.97	1	0	acridinium ion
ethacridine Ethacridine: A topically applied anti-infective agent.	2.37	2	0	acridines
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	3.05	1	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
ametantrone ametantrone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0
amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.	3.48	8	0	acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	1.96	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
berberine [no description available]	2.39	2	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
diminazene Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.	2.67	3	0	carboxamidine; triazene derivative	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	3.25	6	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
caffeine [no description available]	2.88	4	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	2.42	2	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	1.97	1	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	3.05	5	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chloroxine chloroxine : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 have been substituted by chlorine. A synthetic antibacterial prepared by chlorination of quinolin-8-ol, it is used for the treatment of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp.	3.51	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal drug; antiseborrheic
chloroxylenol chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.	1.97	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; molluscicide
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	1.95	1	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	7.97	4	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	3.12	5	0	indoles	fluorochrome
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	1.97	1	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
dichlorophen Dichlorophen: Nontoxic laxative vermicide effective for taenia infestation. It tends to produce colic and nausea. It is also used as a veterinary fungicide, anthelmintic, and antiprotozoan. (From Merck, 11th ed.)	1.95	1	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; diarylmethane
stallimycin [no description available]	3.08	5	0
disulfiram [no description available]	3.51	1	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	3.51	1	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
ellipticine ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.	2.66	3	0	indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; polycyclic heteroarene	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.	2.04	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	2.88	4	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	1.95	1	0
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	7.08	1	0
hexachlorophene Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.	2.36	2	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; polyphenol; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	6.92	56	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hycanthone Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.	1.96	1	0	thioxanthenes	mutagen; schistosomicide drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	2.66	3	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	1.97	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.05	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
beta-lapachone beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.	3.51	1	0	benzochromenone; orthoquinones	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lomefloxacin lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.	2.04	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; photosensitizing agent
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	1.97	1	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	2.37	2	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
memantine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	2.88	4	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
methyl methanesulfonate [no description available]	2.87	4	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	2.91	4	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
n(alpha)-(2-naphthylsulfonylglycyl)-4-amidinophenylalanine piperidide N(alpha)-(2-naphthylsulfonylglycyl)-4-amidinophenylalanine piperidide: thrombin inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.98	1	0
nalidixic acid [no description available]	2.69	3	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
netropsin Netropsin: A basic polypeptide isolated from Streptomyces netropsis. It is cytotoxic and its strong, specific binding to A-T areas of DNA is useful to genetics research.	2.67	3	0
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	7.75	3	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	2.04	1	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.	1.96	1	0	acyl fluoride	serine proteinase inhibitor
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	1.95	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	1.97	1	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
promazine Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.	1.95	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.68	3	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	1.97	1	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
protoporphyrin ix protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.	2.31	1	0
sodium fluoride [no description available]	1.96	1	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
sulfacetamide Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.	2.07	1	0	N-sulfonylcarboxamide; substituted aniline	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	1.97	1	0	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).	1.97	1	0	aziridines
tilorone Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.	2.37	2	0	aromatic ether; diether; fluoren-9-ones; tertiary amino compound	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; interferon inducer; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
trimetrexate Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.	1.97	1	0
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	7.88	4	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	2.65	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	2.07	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
thymidine [no description available]	2.86	4	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	1.95	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation.	1.96	1	0
2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.	1.96	1	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen
azauridine Azauridine: A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic.	1.95	1	0	N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	2.07	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
idoxuridine [no description available]	11.38	7	2	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	2.36	2	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.	1.95	1	0	C-nitro compound; quinoline N-oxide	carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	2.46	2	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	1.96	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vincristine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	acetate ester; formamides; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	1.99	1	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	2.37	2	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.	2.07	1	0	azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	1.96	1	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	3.05	5	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine monophosphate Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.	1.96	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2.88	4	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	2.08	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	1.95	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	1.97	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.	2.07	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	3.51	8	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	2.35	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	2.36	2	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
cytidine monophosphate Cytidine Monophosphate: Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. cytidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.	2.65	3	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.86	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	1.97	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	1.97	1	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	2.07	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	3.2	6	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.	1.97	1	0	psoralens	plant metabolite
quinacrine monohydrochloride [no description available]	1.98	1	0
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.07	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cytarabine [no description available]	3.46	2	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	1.95	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	1.94	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	2.67	3	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	2.36	2	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	2.06	1	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
methylmethacrylate Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.	1.97	1	0	enoate ester; methyl ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
acriflavine chloride 3,6-diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride : The 10-methochloride salt of 3,6-diaminoacridine. Note that a mixture of this compound with 3,6-diaminoacridine (proflavine) is known as acriflavine or neutral acriflavine.	2.68	3	0	organic chloride salt	antibacterial agent; antiseptic drug; carcinogenic agent; histological dye; intercalator
aminacrine Aminacrine: A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.. 9-aminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by an amino group. A fluorescent dyd and topical antiseptic agent, it is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) in eye drops for the treatment of superficial eye infections.	3.84	12	0	aminoacridines; primary amino compound	acid-base indicator; antiinfective agent; antiseptic drug; fluorescent dye; MALDI matrix material; mutagen
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	1.95	1	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	1.99	1	0
pyronine Pyronine: Xanthene dye used as a bacterial and biological stain. Synonyms: Pyronin; Pyronine G; Pyronine Y. Use also for Pyronine B. which is diethyl-rather than dimethylamino-.. pyronin Y : An organic chloride salt having 6-(dimethylamino)-N,N-dimethyl-3H-xanthen-3-iminium as the cation. Used with methyl green to selectively demonstrate RNA (red) in contrast to DNA (green) with the Unna-Pappenheim method.	2.36	2	0	iminium salt; organic chloride salt	histological dye
n,n-diethyl 4-phenylenediamine N,N-diethyl 4-phenylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
acetic anhydride acetic anhydride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. acetic anhydride : An acyclic carboxylic anhydride derived from acetic acid.	1.96	1	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride	metabolite; reagent
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	1.95	1	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	2.43	2	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
acridine mustard acridine mustard: ICR 170 was heading 1975-95 (see under NITROGEN MUSTARD COMPOUNDS 1975-90); ACRIDINE MUSTARD was see ICR 170 1981-95; use ICR-170 (NM) to search ICR 170 1975-95	1.97	1	0	acridines	intercalator
nafcillin Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.	2.07	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
potassium cyanide [no description available]	1.96	1	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	11.27	201	3	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
thiazoles [no description available]	2.03	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	2.36	2	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	1.95	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
2-aminopurine 2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.	2.43	2	0	2-aminopurines; nucleobase analogue	antimetabolite
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	2.41	1	0	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
lucanthone Lucanthone: One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46). lucanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.	3.05	1	0	thioxanthenes	adjuvant; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; mutagen; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; schistosomicide drug
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	1.97	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
indican indoxyl sulfate : An aryl sulfate that is indoxyl in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is substituted by a sulfo group.	2.13	1	0	aryl sulfate; indoles	human metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylethanol 4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	3.51	1	0	phenols	anti-arrhythmia drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; protective agent
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	1.97	1	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	1.97	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.31	1	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	8.07	16	4	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
hematoporphyrin Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.	2.39	2	0
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	5.4	8	2	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
aminacrine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	1.98	1	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	2.38	2	0
brilliant green brilliant green: RN given refers to sulfate; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1378. brilliant green : An organic hydrogensulfate salt having 4-{[4-(diethylamino)phenyl](phenyl)methylidene}-N,N-diethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium as the counterion.	1.97	1	0	organic hydrogensulfate salt	antibacterial agent; antiseptic drug; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; poison
Berberine chloride (TN) [no description available]	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	1.97	1	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
ethylnitrosourea Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.	1.95	1	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoroaniline 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoroaniline: structure given in first source	2.41	1	0
4-nitrophenyl acetate [no description available]	1.96	1	0	C-nitro compound; phenyl acetates
vinblastine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
ethidium bromide [no description available]	3.26	6	0	organic bromide salt	geroprotector; intercalator; trypanocidal drug
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	2.46	2	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	2.11	1	0
isobarbaloin aloin B : A C-glycosyl compound that is beta-D-glucopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group is replaced by a 4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-10-oxo-9,10-dihydroanthracen-9-yl moiety (the 9R diastereoisomer).	3.51	1	0	anthracenes; C-glycosyl compound; cyclic ketone; phenols	laxative; metabolite
guanazole Guanazole: A cytostatic triazole derivative which is not to be confused with guanazolo, the generic name for 8-azaguanine.. guanazole : An aromatic amine that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at positions 3 and 5 by amino groups.	2.38	2	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor
spectinomycin Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.	2.44	2	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic hemiketal; cyclic ketone; pyranobenzodioxin; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2.31	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	2.03	1	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
9-anilinoacridine [no description available]	1.98	1	0
streptomycin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
l 451167 L 451167: structure given in first source	2	1	0
4,6-diamino-2,2-dimethyl-1,2-dihydro-1-phenyl-s-triazine 4,6-diamino-2,2-dimethyl-1,2-dihydro-1-phenyl-s-triazine: structure in first source	1.97	1	0
quinacrine mustard Quinacrine Mustard: Nitrogen mustard analog of quinacrine used primarily as a stain in the studies of chromosomes and chromatin. Fluoresces by reaction with nucleic acids in chromosomes.	1.96	1	0	hydrochloride	intercalator
nitracrine Nitracrine: Acridine antineoplastic agent used in mammary and ovarian tumors. It inhibits RNA synthesis.	1.96	1	0	acridines
carbenicillin Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.	2.39	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	4.84	2	1	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	2.11	1	0	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
coralyne coralyne: RN given refers to parent cpd; at this time it is not known for which salt NSC-154890 is synonym; structure; DNA topoisomerse antagonist	2.02	1	0	isoquinolines
neodymium Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.	1.95	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	7.05	1	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	2.44	2	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
promethium Promethium: A radioactive element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pm, and atomic number 61. It has been used in the construction of atomic batteries, in the preparation of self-luminous compounds, and as a beta-particle source for thickness gauges.	1.95	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	7.41	1	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	1.95	1	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	2.08	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.35	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
holmium Holmium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ho, atomic number 67, and atomic weight 164.93.	1.95	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
cesium chloride cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.	1.94	1	0	inorganic caesium salt; inorganic chloride	phase-transfer catalyst; vasoconstrictor agent
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.88	4	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	1.97	1	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
metoprine metoprine: histamine methyltransferase antagonist	1.97	1	0
nitrous acid Nitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	1.95	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	1.95	1	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	3.05	1	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
acridine half-mustard acridine half-mustard: RN given refers to parent cpd. acridine half-mustard : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine which is substituted by a methoxy group at position 2, chlorine at position 6, and a {3-[(2-chloroethyl)amino]propyl}amino group at position 9.	2.37	2	0	aminoacridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	mutagen
etoprine etoprine: do not confuse with 3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-ethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine, also called DDEP	1.97	1	0
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	5.45	12	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	1.96	1	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	2.02	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.07	1	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.07	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	1.96	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	2.37	2	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	2.07	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	1.98	1	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
amdinocillin Amdinocillin: An amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action.. mecillinam : A penicillin in which the 6beta substituent is [(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino; an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria.	2.07	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	2.07	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
etoposide [no description available]	2.38	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	2.44	2	0	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
sulbenicillin Sulbenicillin: Semisynthetic penicillin-type antibiotic.. sulbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-[phenyl(sulfo)acetamido] side-chain.	2.07	1	0	penicillin
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide 7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.	1.96	1	0	epoxide	intercalator
cefmetazole Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.	2.07	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
elliptinium elliptinium: synthetic ellipticine deriv; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	carbazoles
4-(9-acridinylamino)aniline 4-(9-acridinylamino)aniline: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.07	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cefoperazone Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.	2.07	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
staurosporine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	indolocarbazole alkaloid; organic heterooctacyclic compound	apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; geroprotector
fenoxycarb fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	environmental contaminant; insecticide; juvenile hormone mimic; xenobiotic
piritrexim piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	8.21	6	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	3.67	10	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
norharman norharman: RN given refers to parent cpd. beta-carboline : The parent compound of the beta-carbolines, a tricyclic structure comprising an indole ring system ortho- fused to C-3 and C-4 of a pyridine ring.	1.96	1	0	beta-carbolines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent	fungal metabolite; marine metabolite
diminazene aceturate [no description available]	1.99	1	0
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	2.07	1	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
phenosafranine phenosafranine: structure. phenosafranine : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-diamino-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is commonly used for staining Gram negative bacteria red in smears to contrast with the blue Gram positive organisms.	1.96	1	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; photosensitizing agent
fropenem [no description available]	2.07	1	0	faropenem
lumiflavin lumiflavin : A compound showing yellow-green fluorescence, formed by a photolysis of riboflavin in alkaline solution.	1.97	1	0	flavin
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	2.01	1	0	phenanthroline
dimidium dimidium: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
penicillin n penicillin N: RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta(S*)))-isomer; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #6887	2.07	1	0	penicillin
lividomycin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	lividomycins	metabolite
methylene green methylene green: stain; 4-nitro(methylene blue); RN given refers to chloride. methylene green : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)-4-nitrophenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. It stains nuclei green and is sometimes used as a counterstain to red or purple primary stains.	1.99	1	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; histological dye
n-acetyltyrosine, (dl)-isomer N-acetyltyrosine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-acetyltyrosine : An N-acetyl-amino acid that is tyrosine with an amine hydrogen substituted by an acetyl group.	2.08	1	0	N-acetyl-amino acid; phenols; tyrosine derivative	human urinary metabolite
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2.87	4	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
cytidylyl-3',5'-adenosine cytidylyl adenosine: CPA removed as SY because it is also used as an abbreviation for N6-cyclopentyladenosine, CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE, and cyclopiazonic acid	2.36	2	0	nucleoside analogue; purines
9-hydroxyellipticine 9-hydroxyellipticine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 9-hydroxyellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is ellipticine in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	1.96	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound	antineoplastic agent
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	1.96	1	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	2.07	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
n-benzyloxycarbonyllysine 4-nitrophenyl ester N-benzyloxycarbonyllysine 4-nitrophenyl ester: hydrolyzed by papain; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfonanilide 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfonanilide: structure	1.96	1	0
n-(2'-(dimethylamino)ethyl)acridine-4-carboxamide [no description available]	1.98	1	0
florfenicol florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.	2.07	1	0	organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol; secondary carboxamide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent
aluminum phthalocyanine aluminum phthalocyanine: the aluminum phthalocyanine can be sulfonated to different degrees; see also record for aluminum tetrasulfophthalocyanine	2.31	1	0	organic molecular entity
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	3.51	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
wye [no description available]	1.96	1	0
hexaamminecobalt(ii) hexaamminecobalt(II): RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.08	1	0	fullerene	geroprotector
o,o'-diacetylhematoporphyrin [no description available]	1.98	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	2.68	3	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
porphycene porphycene: photodynamic therapy agent; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
sn 6999 SN 6999: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
1-nitro-9-aminoacridine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	7.6	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	1.96	1	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	2.41	1	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
cryptotanshinone cryptotanshinone: from Salvia miltiorrhiza	3.51	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	1.95	1	0	carbodiimide
2,9-dimethyl-beta-carbolinium 2,9-dimethyl-beta-carbolinium: inhibits mitochondrial respiration	1.96	1	0
tanshinone ii a tashinone IIA: a cardiovascular agent with antineoplastic activity; isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza; structure in first source	3.51	1	0	abietane diterpenoid
tetraphenylphosphonium chloride [no description available]	2.04	1	0
tetraphenylphosphonium tetraphenylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetraphenylphosphonium : A polyatomic cation consisting of four phenyl groups attached to a central phosphonium.	2	1	0	heteroorganic entity; phosphorus molecular entity; polyatomic cation
paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	2.02	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
triple dye Triple Dye: consists of brilliant green, proflavine hemisulfate, & crystal violet	7.73	11	4
demecolcine Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.	1.97	1	0	alkaloid; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
nogalamycin Nogalamycin: An anthrocycline from a Streptomyces nogalater variant. It is a cytolytic antineoplastic that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis by binding to DNA.. nogalamycin : An anthracycline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces nogalater. It is a DNA intercalator and exhibits anticancer properties.	2.36	2	0
methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate [no description available]	3.51	1	0	catechols; methyl ester	antioxidant; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
mitonafide [no description available]	1.96	1	0
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	2.36	2	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	1.95	1	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
bekanamycin bekanamycin: kanendomycin is the sulfate of bekanamycin; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.07	1	0	kanamycins
puromycin [no description available]	2.36	2	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
cefoxitin Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.	2.07	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; cephamycin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
moxalactam disodium [no description available]	2.07	1	0
netilmicin Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.	2.07	1	0
acriflavine Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.	5.15	15	0
benzamidine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	carboxamidinium ion
teniposide [no description available]	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; beta-D-glucoside; cyclic acetal; furonaphthodioxole; gamma-lactone; monosaccharide derivative; phenols; thiophenes	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
cefamandole Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.	2.07	1	0	cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	6.37	32	0	actinomycin	mutagen
aphidicolin Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.	2.37	2	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; apoptosis inducer; Aspergillus metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	1.97	1	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
2-methyl-5-(4-methylanilino)-1,3-benzothiazole-4,7-dione [no description available]	3.51	1	0	aminotoluene
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	2.36	2	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	2.08	1	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
glycosides [no description available]	1.97	1	0
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.66	3	0	isomethyleugenol
mezlocillin Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.07	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cefsulodin Cefsulodin: A pyridinium-substituted semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial used especially for Pseudomonas infections in debilitated patients.. cefsulodin : A pyridinium-substituted semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum, cephalosporin antibiotic.	2.07	1	0	cephalosporin; organosulfonic acid; primary carboxamide	antibacterial drug
chlorprothixene Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.	1.95	1	0	chlorprothixene
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	1.97	1	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	3.51	1	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	3.25	1	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
tamoxifen [no description available]	1.97	1	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	1.97	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
4-diphenylacetoxy-n-methylpiperidine methiodide 4-DAMP methiodide : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by combining equimolar amounts of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine and iodomethane.	1.97	1	0	iodide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
methyl prednisolonate methyl prednisolonate: RN from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer	1.95	1	0
amanitins Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.	1.97	1	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	2.66	3	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	9.1	16	0
quercetin 3-o-glucopyranoside quercetin 3-O-glucopyranoside: structure in first source. quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Lepisorus contortus, it exhibits antineoplastic activityand has been found to decrease the rate of polymerization and sickling of red blood cells	2.13	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antipruritic drug; bone density conservation agent; geroprotector; histamine antagonist; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	2.03	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
maytansine Maytansine: An ansa macrolide isolated from the MAYTENUS genus of East African shrubs.. maytansine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound and 19-membered macrocyclic lactam antibiotic originally isolated from the Ethiopian shrub Maytenus serrata but also found in other Maytenus species. It exhibits cytotoxicity against many tumour cell lines.	1.97	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; carbamate ester; epoxide; maytansinoid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organochlorine compound	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
monolinolein monolinolein: inactivates or inhibits African Swine Fever virus. rac-1-monolinoleoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol that is composed of equal amounts of 1-linoleoyl-sn-glycerol and 3-linoleoyl-sn-glycerol.	2.11	1	0	1-acylglycerol 18:2; rac-1-monoacylglycerol	antiviral agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	1.95	1	0	hydrochloride
diminazene aceturate diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.	1.99	1	0	N-acetylglycinate salt	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	1.97	1	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
bisantrene [no description available]	1.96	1	0
stilbamidine stilbamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	1.94	1	0	alkali metal atom
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	2.82	2	0	boron group element atom
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	1.95	1	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
diphenylhexatriene Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.	2.38	2	0	alkatriene	fluorochrome
bleomycin [no description available]	2.41	2	0	bleomycin	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.36	2	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	1.94	1	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
cefuroxime [no description available]	2.07	1	0	3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin; furans; oxime O-ether	drug allergen
ceftriaxone [no description available]	2.07	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; 1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.07	1	0	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug
hr 810 cefpirome: structure in first source. cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.07	1	0	cephalosporin; cyclopentapyridine
ceftazidime [no description available]	2.07	1	0	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	2.07	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
aztreonam [no description available]	2.07	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; monobactam	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	1.96	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	1.99	1	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
diacetyldiphenylurea bisguanylhydrazone diacetyldiphenylurea bisguanylhydrazone: antineoplastic agent particularly effective as an antileukemic agent; has been shown to be active against leukemia L1210 in mice; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search CARBANILIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	2.41	1	0
azlocillin Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.	2.07	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	3.75	2	1	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
n,n-(4-xylylidene)bisaminoguanidine N,N-(4-xylylidene)bisaminoguanidine: RN in Chemline for di-HCl: 7044-24-8; RN for unspecified HCl: 62580-72-7. N,N'-(p-xylylidene)bis(aminoguanidine) : A guanidine derivative comprised of two carbamimidamido (guanidino) groups, each linked via one of their amino nitrogens to the imino nitrogens of 1,4-phenylenedimethanimine.	1.96	1	0
4-anisyltetrazolium blue tetrazolium blue : An organic chloride salt having tetrazolium blue(1+) as the counterion.	1.98	1	0	organic chloride salt	dye
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.07	1	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
gentamicin sulfate [no description available]	2.73	3	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	1.95	1	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
ym 155 sepantronium bromide : An organic bromide salt consisting of sepantronium cations and bromide anions. It has been found to selectively inhibit survivin (BIRC5) gene promoter activity and to down-regulate survivin in vitro, so leading to induction of apoptosis.	3.51	1	0	organic bromide salt	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; survivin suppressant
Dihydrotanshinone I dihydrotanshinone I: extracted from Radix Salviae	3.51	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
vindesine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	1.95	1	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	2.41	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
alloin [no description available]	3.51	1	0	anthracenes; C-glycosyl compound; cyclic ketone; phenols	laxative; metabolite
rifamycins [no description available]	1.95	1	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	7.07	1	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fibrinopeptide b Fibrinopeptide B: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the beta chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin. Each peptide chain contains 20 amino acid residues. The removal of fibrinopeptides B is not required for coagulation.	1.96	1	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	3.46	8	0
anticodon Anticodon: The sequential set of three nucleotides in TRANSFER RNA that interacts with its complement in MESSENGER RNA, the CODON, during translation in the ribosome.	2.87	4	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	2.11	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
atto655 Atto655: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
2,3,4,10-tetrahydro-7,10-dimethyl-2,4-dioxobenzo(g)pteridine [no description available]	3.51	1	0	flavin
tanshinone ii a sodium sulfonate tanshinone II A sodium sulfonate: has cardioprotective activity; water-soluble derivative of tanshinone II A; isolated from Salvia militiorrhiza; relieves anginal pain; structure	3.51	1	0
echinomycin Echinomycin: A cytotoxic polypeptide quinoxaline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces echinatus that binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis.	3.46	2	0	cyclodepsipeptide
GRL-0617 GRL-0617 : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-amino-2-methylbenzoic acid with the amino group of (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethan-1-amine. It is a potent noncovalent inhibitor (IC50 = 600 nM) of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus papain-like protease (SARS-CoV PLpro).	3.51	1	0	benzamides; naphthalenes; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	anticoronaviral agent; protease inhibitor
fibrinopeptide a Fibrinopeptide A: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the alpha chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin during the blood coagulation process. Each peptide chain contains 18 amino acid residues. In vivo, fibrinopeptide A is used as a marker to determine the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.	1.96	1	0
acridine yellow acridine yellow: RN given refers to acridine yellow base	2.91	4	0	aminoacridines; hydrochloride	fluorochrome
KOM70144 KOM70144 : A benzamide that is GRL-0617 in which one of the hydrogen's of the primary amino group is replaced by an acetyl group. It an inhibitor of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) with an IC50 of 2.6 muM and 5.0 muM, respectively. It also inhibits SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection of Vero E6 cells in vitro (EC50 values are 13.1 and 21 muM, respectively).	3.51	1	0	acetamides; benzamides; naphthalenes; secondary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; protease inhibitor
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	1.98	1	0
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	2.08	1	0
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	7.94	4	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	2.73	3	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	2.04	1	0
methacycline monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0
minocycline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0
demeclocycline hydrochloride demeclocycline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of demeclocycline. A tetracycline antibiotic, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.	2.07	1	0
tetracycline hydrochloride Actisite: tradename; fiber for periodontal use	2.07	1	0
phthalocyanine phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.	2.31	1	0	phthalocyanines; tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
carubicin Carubicin: A very toxic anthracycline-type antineoplastic related to DAUNORUBICIN, obtained from Actinomadura carminata.. carminomycin(1+) : An anthracyline cation that is the conjugate acid of carminomycin, obtained by protonation of the amino group.	1.95	1	0	anthracycline cation
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	1.96	1	0
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	2.07	1	0
chromomycins Chromomycins: A complex of several closely related glycosidic antibiotics from Streptomyces griseus. The major component, CHROMOMYCIN A3, is used as a fluorescent stain of DNA where it attaches and inhibits RNA synthesis. It is also used as an antineoplastic agent, especially for solid tumors.. chromomycin : A family of antibiotics isolated from Streptomyces griseus.	1.95	1	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	2.06	1	0
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	2.47	2	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	7.88	4	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	1.98	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	3.34	7	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	7.65	3	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
inosine [no description available]	7.04	1	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	2.66	3	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
azaguanine Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.	1.95	1	0	nucleobase analogue; triazolopyrimidines	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	2.36	2	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
bis(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid [no description available]	2.47	2	0	cyclic purine dinucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	immunomodulator; signalling molecule
mocimycin mocimycin: induces GTPase activity of EF-TU; N-demethyl analog of antibiotic X-5108; structure	1.98	1	0	C-glycosyl compound
cytidylyl-3'-5'-guanosine cytidylyl-3'-5'-guanosine: also referred to as CpG	1.96	1	0	(3'->5')-dinucleotide
deoxycytidylyl-(3'-5')-deoxyguanosine deoxycytidylyl-(3'-5')-deoxyguanosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dCpdG : A (3'->5')-dinucleotide consisting of 2'-deoxyguanosine having a 2'-deoxycytidylyl-3-phospho moiety attached at the 5-position.	7.88	4	0	(3'->5')-dinucleotide
cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate 2'-3'-cGAMP : A cyclic purine dinucleotide that consists of AMP and GMP units cyclised via 3',5'- and 2',5'-linkages respectively.	2.15	1	0	adenyl ribonucleotide; cyclic purine dinucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	0	2.05	1	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	2.6	1	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	0	2.54	2	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	0	2.15	1	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	0	2.54	2	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	0	2.15	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	4.18	3	1
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Cervix Dysplasia [description not available]	0	2.54	2	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	0	3.62	3	0
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	0	2.54	2	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	0	3.62	3	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	0	2.08	1	0
Aural Cholesteatoma [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	0	7.49	2	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	2.49	2	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	0	2.49	2	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	0	8.01	8	4
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	0	8.01	8	4
Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	0	2.69	3	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	0	2.05	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	0	2.07	1	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	2.07	1	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	0	2.07	1	0
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	0	2.07	1	0
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	0	2.07	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	0	3.46	1	1
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	0	3.46	1	1
Cancer of Head [description not available]	0	3.46	1	1
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	3.46	1	1
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	1	5.46	1	1
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	0	3.46	1	1
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	0	4.96	3	1
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	0	4.96	3	1
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	0	6.93	1	0
Encephalitis, Polio [description not available]	0	2.62	3	0
Poliomyelitis An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)	0	2.62	3	0
Foot and Mouth Disease [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	0	2.34	2	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	0	3.96	5	0
Exomphalos [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Ventral Hernia [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Hernia, Umbilical A HERNIA due to an imperfect closure or weakness of the umbilical ring. It appears as a skin-covered protrusion at the UMBILICUS during crying, coughing, or straining. The hernia generally consists of OMENTUM or SMALL INTESTINE. The vast majority of umbilical hernias are congenital but can be acquired due to severe abdominal distention.	0	2.02	1	0
Hernia, Ventral A hernia caused by weakness of the anterior ABDOMINAL WALL due to midline defects, previous incisions, or increased intra-abdominal pressure. Ventral hernias include UMBILICAL HERNIA, incisional, epigastric, and spigelian hernias.	0	2.02	1	0
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	0	4.03	3	1
Herpes Simplex Keratitis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	0	4.03	3	1
Keratitis, Herpetic A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)	0	1.95	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	0	5.91	7	4
Breast Diseases Pathological processes of the BREAST.	0	2.03	1	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	0	4.1	3	1
Foreign-Body Granuloma [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	0	2.03	1	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	0	4.1	3	1
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	0	2.87	4	0
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.27	2	0
Fibroma, Shope [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	0	1.96	1	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Leukemia L5178 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.	0	2.66	3	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	0	3.05	5	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	0	3.05	5	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	0	2.87	4	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Dermatitis, Irritant A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.	0	2	1	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Verruca [description not available]	0	4.03	3	1
Warts Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.	0	4.03	3	1
Ectoparasitic Infestations Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.	0	1.95	1	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	0	5.41	3	1
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	0	7.14	8	3
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	0	7.14	8	3
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	0	4.3	2	2
Anasarca [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Pus [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Furrow Keratitis [description not available]	0	4.25	4	1
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	0	7.36	2	0
Genital Diseases, Male Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).	0	4.66	2	1
Cold Sore [description not available]	0	2.87	1	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	0	3.28	2	0
Herpes Labialis Herpes simplex, caused by type 1 virus, primarily spread by oral secretions and usually occurring as a concomitant of fever. It may also develop in the absence of fever or prior illness. It commonly involves the facial region, especially the lips and the nares. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	0	2.87	1	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	0	3.28	2	0
Cervix Diseases [description not available]	0	3.34	1	1
Vulvar Diseases Pathological processes of the VULVA.	0	3.34	1	1
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	0	1.95	1	0
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	0	2.64	3	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	0	1.95	1	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	0	1.95	1	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Neoplasms, Sebaceous Gland [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	0	1.95	1	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	0	1.95	1	0
Dermatomycoses Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.	0	1.95	1	0
Shingles [description not available]	0	3.34	1	1
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.34	1	1
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	1.95	1	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	0	1.95	1	0
Granulomas [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	0	1.95	1	0
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	0	1.95	1	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	4.6	6	1
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	0	1.97	1	0
Lip Diseases Diseases involving the LIP.	0	2.36	2	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	0	4.6	6	1
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	0	1.97	1	0
Hives [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	0	1.97	1	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	0	1.97	1	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	0	1.97	1	0
Itching [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	0	1.97	1	0
Petechiae Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.	0	1.97	1	0
Erythema Multiforme A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.	0	6.97	1	0
Purpura Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is	0	1.97	1	0
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Pink Eye [description not available]	0	3.33	1	1
Eyelid Diseases Diseases involving the EYELIDS.	0	3.33	1	1
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	0	3.33	1	1

proflavine

Description

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Overview

Treatment

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Dosage Studied

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Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (20)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Biological Processes (33)

Molecular Functions (18)

Ceullar Components (10)

Bioassays (86)

Research

Studies (519)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 44.94

Study Types

Clinical Trials (19)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Accuracy

Interrater Reliability

Negative Predictive Value

Positive Predictive Value

Sensitivity

Specificity

proflavine

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (74)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (5)

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (20)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Biological Processes (33)

Molecular Functions (18)

Ceullar Components (10)

Bioassays (86)

Research

Studies (519)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 44.94

Study Types

Clinical Trials (19)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Accuracy

Interrater Reliability

Negative Predictive Value

Positive Predictive Value

Sensitivity

Specificity

Related Drugs (399)

Related Conditions (141)