dioscin profile

Dioscin is a steroidal saponin found in a variety of plants, including Dioscorea species (yam). It has shown a range of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antidiabetic effects. Its synthesis typically involves extraction from plant sources followed by purification. Dioscin is studied for its potential therapeutic applications, particularly in the treatment of diabetes, cancer, and inflammatory conditions. Its anti-inflammatory properties are attributed to its ability to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Dioscin has also been investigated for its anticancer activity, demonstrating cytotoxic effects against various cancer cell lines. Furthermore, its antidiabetic effects are linked to its ability to stimulate insulin secretion and improve glucose uptake. Due to its potential therapeutic benefits, dioscin is an active area of research, focusing on its pharmacological mechanisms, therapeutic efficacy, and safety profile.'

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	119245
CHEMBL ID	507001
CHEBI ID	74023
SCHEMBL ID	526528
MeSH ID	M0071758

Synonym
gtpl840
dioscine
ccris 4123
diosgenin bis-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-(1-2 and 1-4)-beta-d-glucopyranoside
collettiside iii
beta-d-glucopyranoside, (3beta,25r)-spirost-5-en-3-yl o-6-deoxy-alpha-l-mannopyranosyl-(1-2)-o-(6-deoxy-alpha-l-mannopyranosyl-(1-4))-
dioscin ,
3-o-[alpha-l-rha-(1->4)-[alpha-l-rha-(1->2)]-beta-d-glc]diosgenin
C08897
19057-60-4
bdbm50088500
chebi:74023 ,
CHEMBL507001
3b95u4olwv ,
unii-3b95u4olwv
3-o-[alpha-l-rha-(1->4)-[alpha-l-rha-(1->2)]-beta-d-glc]-diosgenin
3-o-(rhaalpha1-4(rhaalpha1-2)glcbeta)-(25r)-spirost-5-en-3beta-ol
(25r)-spirost-5-en-3beta-yl alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-[alpha-l-mannopyranosyl-(1->4)]-beta-d-glucopyranoside
3-o-[alpha-l-rhap-(1->4)-[alpha-l-rhap-(1->2)]-beta-d-glcp]-diosgenin
HY-N0124
AKOS022168201
SCHEMBL526528
paris iii
dioscin [mi]
(+)-dioscin
dioscin [who-dd]
.beta.-d-glucopyranoside, (3.beta.,25r)-spirost-5-en-3-yl o-6- deoxy-alpha-l-mannopyranosyl-(1->2)-o-(6-deoxy-.alpha.-l- mannopyranosyl-(1->4))-
(3.beta.,25r)-spirost-5-en-3-yl o-6-deoxy-.alpha.-l-mannopyranosyl-(1->2)-o-(6-deoxy-.alpha.-l-mannopyranosyl-(1->4))-.beta.-d-glucopyranoside
diosgenin 3-o-.alpha.-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-(.alpha.-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->4))-.beta.-d-glucopyranoside
S2379
Q-100228
collettinside iii
dioscin, >=95% (hplc)
mfcd02094174
(25r)-3beta-[2-o,4-o-bis(alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy]spirosta-5-ene
collettiside iii;ccris 4123
dioscin (collettiside iii)
Q63395447
CCG-270544
(2s,3r,4r,5r,6s)-2-[(2r,3s,4s,5r,6r)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(1s,2s,4s,5'r,6r,7s,8r,9s,12s,13r,16s)-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icos-18-ene-6,2'-oxane]-16-yl]oxy-5-[(2s,3r,4r,5r,6s)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methylox
A880409
[(25r)-spirost-5-en-3beta-yl]2-o-(6-deoxy-alpha-l-mannopyranosyl)-4-o-(6-deoxy-alpha-l-mannopyranosyl)-beta-d-glucopyranoside
DTXSID50903916 ,
GLXC-13125
3-o-(alpha-l-rhap-(1->4)-(alpha-l-rhap-(1->2))-beta-d-glcp)-diosgenin
3-o-(alpha-l-rha-(1->4)-(alpha-l-rha-(1->2))-beta-d-glc)diosgenin
dtxcid101331877
beta-d-glucopyranoside, (3beta,25r)-spirost-5-en-3-yl o-6-deoxy-alpha-l-mannopyranosyl-(1->2)-o-(6-deoxy-alpha-l-mannopyranosyl-(1->4))-
(3beta,25r)-spirost-5-en-3-yl o-6-deoxy-alpha-l-mannopyranosyl-(1->2)-o-(6-deoxy-alpha-l-mannopyranosyl-(1->4))-beta-d-glucopyranoside
3-o-(alpha-l-rha-(1->4)-(alpha-l-rha-(1->2))-beta-d-glc)-diosgenin
diosgenin 3-o-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-(alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->4))-beta-d-glucopyranoside
(25r)-spirost-5-en-3beta-yl alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-(alpha-l-mannopyranosyl-(1->4))-beta-d-glucopyranoside
3-o-beta-d-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1->4)-[alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1->2)]-beta-d-glucopyranoside-diosgenin

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Dioscin is a polyphenolic component isolated from Phyllanthus amarus, which exhibits a wide range of pharmacological and physiological activities, such as anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-fungal, and anti-viral activities."	( Dioscin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses A549 lung cancer migration and invasion. Choi, KC; Kim, H; Kim, MK; Kim, YJ; Ko, H; Lee, IH; Lee, KH; Lim, WC, 2017)	2.62
"Dioscin is a major bioactive compound in Dioscorea nipponica Makino and has anti-tumor property in lung cancer cell lines."	( The mechanism of dioscin preventing lung cancer based on network pharmacology and experimental validation. Du, G; Gao, F; Gu, W; Kui, F; Li, W; Liu, Z; Lu, L; Niu, Y; Xi, P; Zhang, Y, 2022)	1.78
"Dioscin is a natural steroid saponin that exhibits strong anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties."	( Dioscin Alleviates Cisplatin-Induced Mucositis in Rats by Modulating Gut Microbiota, Enhancing Intestinal Barrier Function and Attenuating TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Cascade. Guan, T; Hu, M; Huang, S; Jin, S; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Wang, S, 2022)	2.89
"Dioscin is a natural product that possesses protective effects on multiple chronic injuries, but its effects on asthma are not fully understood. "	( Dioscin exhibits protective effects on in vivo and in vitro asthma models via suppressing TGF-β1/Smad2/3 and AKT pathways. Qi, Y; Shang, Q; Shang, W; Zeng, J; Zhu, L, 2022)	3.61
"Dioscin is an active ingredient in the family of Dioscoreaceae and is reported to possess multiple pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and autophagy-promoting properties."	( Dioscin ameliorates silica-aggravated systemic lupus erythematosus via suppressing apoptosis and improving LC3-associated phagocytosis in MRL/lpr mice. Chen, Y; Cheng, Y; Lei, X; Li, C; Miao, Q; Ou, L; Zhang, P, 2023)	3.07
"Dioscin is a typical saponin with multiple pharmacological activities. "	( Recent Advances in the Pharmacological Activities of Dioscin. Liu, X; Ma, Z; Ren, S; Wang, L; Xu, F; Yang, L, 2019)	2.21
"Dioscin is a product extracted from natural herbs, which has multiple pharmacological activities."	( Dioscin Protects against Aβ1-42 Oligomers-Induced Neurotoxicity via the Function of SIRT3 and Autophagy. Han, K; Jia, N; Sun, C; Wang, C; Zhang, Z, 2020)	2.72
"Dioscin is a natural product that possesses multiple pharmacological activities, but its effect on PAH remains unclear."	( Protective effects of dioscin on vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension via adjusting GRB2/ERK/PI3K-AKT signal. Han, X; Peng, JY; Qi, Y; Song, S; Sun, C; Xu, L; Xu, Y; Yang, Y; Yin, L; Zhao, Y; Zhu, M, 2021)	1.66
"Dioscin is a natural steroid saponin derived from plants of the genus Dioscoreaceae. "	( Dioscin prevents DSS-induced colitis in mice with enhancing intestinal barrier function and reducing colon inflammation. Cai, J; Cao, Y; Dong, X; Fan, P; Liu, J; Liu, X; Zhang, N; Zhu, K, 2021)	3.51
"Dioscin is a steroidal saponin with potent anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, and hypolipidemic effects."	( Dioscin ameliorates murine ulcerative colitis by regulating macrophage polarization. Huang, BY; Mai, CT; Wang, CL; Wang, QM; Wang, TT; Wu, MM; Zhang, XJ, 2021)	2.79
"Dioscin is a natural steroid saponin derived from several plants that shows potent anticancer effects against a variety of cancer cells. "	( Dioscin inhibits colon cancer cells' growth by reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and p38 and JNK pathways. Cheng, B; Cui, Y; Hou, L; Huang, L; Li, S; Shen, X; Xu, D, 2018)	3.37
"Dioscin is a promising drug on OA treatment although further researches are needed in the future."	( Protective effects of dioscin against cartilage destruction in a monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-indcued osteoarthritis rat model. Liu, M; Lu, J; Sun, H; Wang, S; Zhang, T, 2018)	1.52
"Dioscin is a natural steroidal saponin that can be isolated from Chinese medicine, such as Dioscoreae rhizoma. "	( Dioscin Inhibits the Invasion and Migration of Hepatocellular Carcinoma HepG2 Cells by Reversing TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Ao, W; Chen, B; Hou, Y; Ke, J; Liang, Q; Wang, K; Wei, X; Xiao, J; Zhan, Y; Zhou, S; Zhu, P, 2019)	3.4
"Dioscin is a natural steroid saponin derived from several plants, showing potent anti-cancer effect against a variety of tumor cell lines. "	( Dioscin-induced apoptosis of human LNCaP prostate carcinoma cells through activation of caspase-3 and modulation of Bcl-2 protein family. Chen, J; Li, HM; Ruan, JL; Xiong, CM; Zhang, XN, 2014)	3.29
"Dioscin (DS) is a steroidal saponin present in a number of medicinal plants and has been shown to exert anticancer, antifungal and antiviral effects. "	( Dioscin inhibits adipogenesis through the AMPK/MAPK pathway in 3T3-L1 cells and modulates fat accumulation in obese mice. Ki, HH; Kim, DK; Lee, YM; Lim, SW; Nepali, S; Poudel, B, 2014)	3.29
"Dioscin is a natural steroid saponin that presents in various plants."	( Dioscin suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma tumor growth by inducing apoptosis and regulation of TP53, BAX, BCL2 and cleaved CASP3. Du, B; Liu, J; Tan, Y; Wu, Y; Wu, Z; Zeng, X; Zhang, G; Zhang, R; Zhang, W; Zhang, X; Zhao, Y, 2016)	2.6
"Dioscin is a kind of steroidal saponin isolated from the root bark of wild yam Dioscorea nipponica. "	( The antifungal activity and membrane-disruptive action of dioscin extracted from Dioscorea nipponica. Cho, J; Choi, H; Kim, MS; Lee, DG; Lee, J; Sohn, HY, 2013)	2.08
"Dioscin is a naturally occurring saponin present in many traditional Chinese medicinal plants."	( Determination of dioscin in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Chen, X; Gu, J; Li, K; Wang, Y; Zhong, D, 2005)	1.39

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Dioscin has a protective effect on myocardial injury induced by LPS; however, the biological function and mechanism remain unclear."	( Dioscin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory myocardial injury through oxidative stress-related pathway. Gao, Y; Li, X; Mi, X; Xu, Z, 2021)	2.79
"Dioscin has a variety of biological activities including anti-inflammatory activity."	( Potent anti-inflammatory effect of dioscin mediated by suppression of TNF-α-induced VCAM-1, ICAM-1and EL expression via the NF-κB pathway. Jin, Y; Liu, K; Peng, J; Qin, J; Sun, H; Wang, C; Wu, S; Xu, H, 2015)	1.42
"Dioscin has a wide range of biological effects and broad application prospects. "	( [Preliminary study on hepatotoxicity induced by dioscin and its possible mechanism]. Gao, Y; Liang, QD; Ma, ZC; Tan, HL; Tang, XL; Wang, YG; Xiao, CR; Zhang, YX; Zhao, YH, 2015)	2.12
"Dioscin has a protective effect on myocardial injury induced by LPS; however, the biological function and mechanism remain unclear."	( Dioscin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory myocardial injury through oxidative stress-related pathway. Gao, Y; Li, X; Mi, X; Xu, Z, 2021)	2.79
"Dioscin has gained immense popularity as a natural, bioactive steroid saponin, which offers numerous medical benefits. "	( Dioscin: A review on pharmacological properties and therapeutic values. Anand, U; Bandopadhyay, S; Behl, T; Dey, A; Gadekar, VS; Gupta, PK; Jha, NK; Kumar, M; Shekhawat, MS, 2022)	3.61
"Dioscin has been proven to have anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-infection roles. "	( Dioscin ameliorates inflammatory bowel disease by up-regulating miR-125a-5p to regulate macrophage polarization. Chen, W; Chen, X; Dong, L; Jin, R; Shi, L; Zhang, P, 2022)	3.61
"Dioscin has been shown to affect the regulation of metabolic diseases, including diabetes; however, the mechanism of action is still unclear. "	( Dioscin attenuates oxLDL uptake and the inflammatory reaction of dendritic cells under high glucose conditions by blocking p38 MAPK. Li, Y; Wang, M; Yang, T, 2020)	3.44
"Dioscin has multiple biological activities and is beneficial for cardiovascular and cerebral vascular diseases. "	( Cerebroprotection by dioscin after experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome through SIRT1-dependent pathway. Gao, S; Guo, YT; Hang, CH; Li, W; Liu, C; Lu, Y; Tao, T; Wang, WH; Zhang, XS; Zhou, Y; Zhuang, Z, 2021)	2.38
"Dioscin has been widely used in clinics for coronary artery disease (CAD) treatment for years in China. "	( Dioscin elevates lncRNA MANTIS in therapeutic angiogenesis for heart diseases. He, C; Kong, C; Li, R; Lu, Q; Lyu, D, 2021)	3.51
"Dioscin has anti‑tumor, anti‑inflammatory, antioxidant and other significant pharmacological effects with high medicinal value."	( Dioscin prevents LPS‑induced acute lung injury through inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway via upregulation of HSP70. Cai, J; Chen, Y; Yang, L; Zeng, H; Zhang, X, 2018)	2.64
"Dioscin has been shown to exhibit powerful cardiovascular protective effects and potent therapeutic potential in cancer owing to the inhibition of cell proliferation and migration."	( Dioscin inhibits intimal hyperplasia in rat carotid artery balloon injury model through inhibition of the MAPK-FoxM1 pathway. Chen, S; Fan, T; He, J; Kang, Y; Li, X; Wen, K; Yin, Y; Zhao, H, 2019)	2.68
"Dioscin has shown cytotoxicity against cancer cells, but its in vivo effects and the mechanisms have not elucidated yet. "	( Dioscin inhibits colon tumor growth and tumor angiogenesis through regulating VEGFR2 and AKT/MAPK signaling pathways. Hu, X; Jiang, L; Qing, Y; Tong, Q; Wu, X; Wu, Y, 2014)	3.29
"Dioscin has a variety of biological activities including anti-inflammatory activity."	( Potent anti-inflammatory effect of dioscin mediated by suppression of TNF-α-induced VCAM-1, ICAM-1and EL expression via the NF-κB pathway. Jin, Y; Liu, K; Peng, J; Qin, J; Sun, H; Wang, C; Wu, S; Xu, H, 2015)	1.42
"Dioscin has a wide range of biological effects and broad application prospects. "	( [Preliminary study on hepatotoxicity induced by dioscin and its possible mechanism]. Gao, Y; Liang, QD; Ma, ZC; Tan, HL; Tang, XL; Wang, YG; Xiao, CR; Zhang, YX; Zhao, YH, 2015)	2.12
"Dioscin has been shown to promote anticancer activity against several forms of cancers. "	( Dioscin induces cancer cell apoptosis through elevated oxidative stress mediated by downregulation of peroxiredoxins. Chen, JP; Cheng, Y; Guan, XY; Han, F; Li, YW; Shen, JG; Wang, DM; Wang, N; Wang, Z; Yang, DP, 2012)	3.26

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Dioscin promotes autophagy by promoting the phosphorylation of AMPK to inhibit mTOR activation in ulcerative colitis."	( Dioscin promotes autophagy by regulating the AMPK-mTOR pathway in ulcerative colitis. Li, H; Li, S; Liu, J; Nie, B; Pang, B; Qu, S; Xu, J; Yang, M; Zhang, K, 2022)	3.61
"Dioscin treatment can increase ejection fraction (EF) and decrease left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) as well as time constant of left ventricular pressure decay (Tau) parameters in diabetic rats, suggesting the improvement of left ventricular function. "	( Dioscin Attenuates Myocardial Damages in Diabetic Rats maybe by Regulating NO-sGC-cGMP-PKG Pathway. Huang, T; Sun, L; Wei, Q; Xiao, X; Zhang, Z; Zhu, T, 2019)	3.4

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Dioscin treatment reversed mechanical stress-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis of chondrocytes and improved cartilage degradation and bone loss in the epiphysis of the distal femur."	( Mechanical stress-caused chondrocyte dysfunction and cartilage injury can be attenuated by dioscin via activating sirtuin1/forkhead box O1. Jiang, S; Lu, Y; Yuan, F; Zhang, C, 2022)	1.66
"Dioscin was also oral treatment but 10 days after crystalline silica instillation to see its effect on established pulmonary fibrosis."	( Dioscin Exerts Protective Effects Against Crystalline Silica-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice. Chen, J; Chen, Y; Du, S; Li, C; Li, S; Liu, F; Lu, Y; Weng, D; Zhang, Y, 2017)	2.62
"Dioscin treatment reduced pro-inflammation and pro-fibrotic cytokine secretion by modulating innate and adaptive immune responses. "	( Dioscin Exerts Protective Effects Against Crystalline Silica-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice. Chen, J; Chen, Y; Du, S; Li, C; Li, S; Liu, F; Lu, Y; Weng, D; Zhang, Y, 2017)	3.34
"Dioscin treatment significantly suppressed the ALI‑induced interleukin (IL)‑1B, IL‑6, tumor necrosis factor‑α, nuclear factor (NF)‑κB, myeloperoxidase, interferon‑γ and intercellular adhesion molecule‑1 activities in ALI rats."	( Dioscin prevents LPS‑induced acute lung injury through inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway via upregulation of HSP70. Cai, J; Chen, Y; Yang, L; Zeng, H; Zhang, X, 2018)	2.64
"Dioscin treatment can increase ejection fraction (EF) and decrease left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) as well as time constant of left ventricular pressure decay (Tau) parameters in diabetic rats, suggesting the improvement of left ventricular function. "	( Dioscin Attenuates Myocardial Damages in Diabetic Rats maybe by Regulating NO-sGC-cGMP-PKG Pathway. Huang, T; Sun, L; Wei, Q; Xiao, X; Zhang, Z; Zhu, T, 2019)	3.4
"Treatment of dioscin suppressed the production of PGE2 and NO, as well as the expression of COX-2 and iNOS (their key regulatory genes). "	( Dioscin exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in IL-1β-stimulated human osteoarthritis chondrocytes by activating LXRα. Wang, H; Yang, X; Zhu, H, 2020)	2.37
"Oral treatment of dioscin could also effectively postpone the progression of established silicosis."	( Dioscin Exerts Protective Effects Against Crystalline Silica-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice. Chen, J; Chen, Y; Du, S; Li, C; Li, S; Liu, F; Lu, Y; Weng, D; Zhang, Y, 2017)	2.22
"Oral treatment dioscin delays crystalline silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis and exerts pulmonary protective effects in mice. "	( Dioscin Exerts Protective Effects Against Crystalline Silica-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice. Chen, J; Chen, Y; Du, S; Li, C; Li, S; Liu, F; Lu, Y; Weng, D; Zhang, Y, 2017)	2.25
"Treatment with dioscin significantly decreased total number of alveolar macrophages, water content of lung and total protein concentration in ALI mice."	( Dioscin prevents LPS‑induced acute lung injury through inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway via upregulation of HSP70. Cai, J; Chen, Y; Yang, L; Zeng, H; Zhang, X, 2018)	2.26
"Treatment with dioscin induced apoptosis through activation of caspases 3, 7, 8, 9, and 10."	( Dioscin induced activation of p38 MAPK and JNK via mitochondrial pathway in HL-60 cell line. Chiu, JF; He, QY; Wang, Y, 2014)	2.18

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Compartmental methods were used to perform pharmacokinetic data analysis."	( Characterization of the pharmacokinetics of dioscin in rat. Fawcett, JP; Gu, J; Li, K; Tang, Y; Zhong, D, 2005)	0.59

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Thus, considering these results we suggest that FT-IR combined with multivariate analysis could be applied as a novel tool for metabolic evaluation and high-throughput screening of African yam lines with higher content of dioscin."	( Rapid metabolic discrimination and prediction of dioscin content from African yam tubers using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis. Jie, EY; Kim, DJ; Kim, SW; Kwon, YK; Liu, JR; Min, BW; Sartie, A, 2015)	0.86
" This paper presented a rapid and convenient methodology to investigate the drug-drug interactions with HSA."	( A Rapid Study of Botanical Drug-Drug Interaction with Protein by Re-ligand Fishing using Human Serum Albumin-Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles. Ding, LS; Liang, J; Liao, X; Liu, YM; Qing, LS; Xue, Y, 2015)	0.42

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The absolute oral bioavailability was very low (0."	( Characterization of the pharmacokinetics of dioscin in rat. Fawcett, JP; Gu, J; Li, K; Tang, Y; Zhong, D, 2005)	0.59
"Diosgenin was modified to control its in vivo bioavailability by conjugating a hydrophilic unit, tetraethylene glycol."	( Small molecular weight PEGylation of diosgenin in an in vivo animal study for diabetic auditory impairment treatment. Hong, BN; Hong, HN; Kang, TH; Kim, DH; Kim, TW; Le, HT; Lim, CW; Park, KH, 2012)	0.38
" But the bioavailability of dioscin and diosgenin may be too low as a result of poor absorption and slow metabolism, which hinders their development and utilization."	( Dioscin and diosgenin: Insights into their potential protective effects in cardiac diseases. Chen, Y; Huang, Q; Jiang, M; Li, X; Liang, J; Liu, S; Qin, A; Qu, L; Yuan, C; Zou, W, 2021)	2.36

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" In this work, we reported a comprehensive characterization of gene expression profiles of mouse hippocampus by the use of cDNA microarray system containing 1176 known genes in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) ischemic mice after treating with different dosage recipes of glycoside herbs (30, 90, and 270 mg/kg)."	( Microarray analysis of gene expression on herbal glycoside recipes improving deficient ability of spatial learning memory in ischemic mice. Du, Q; Li, B; Liu, Z; Wang, A; Wang, F; Wang, Y; Wang, Z, 2004)	0.32
" The curative or side effect of a drug depends on its free-form level, which is always influenced by other drugs, combined dosed or multi-constituents of botanical drugs."	( A Rapid Study of Botanical Drug-Drug Interaction with Protein by Re-ligand Fishing using Human Serum Albumin-Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles. Ding, LS; Liang, J; Liao, X; Liu, YM; Qing, LS; Xue, Y, 2015)	0.42

Role	Description
metabolite	Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
antifungal agent	An antimicrobial agent that destroys fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce.
antiviral agent	A substance that destroys or inhibits replication of viruses.
antineoplastic agent	A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.
anti-inflammatory agent	Any compound that has anti-inflammatory effects.
hepatoprotective agent	Any compound that is able to prevent damage to the liver.
apoptosis inducer	Any substance that induces the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in multi-celled organisms.
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor	Any EC 1.14.18.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, miscellaneous compound as one donor, incorporating 1 atom of oxygen) inhibitor that interferes with the action of tyrosinase (monophenol monooxygenase), EC 1.14.18.1, an enzyme that catalyses the oxidation of phenols (such as tyrosine) and is widespread in plants and animals.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
spirostanyl glycoside	Any steroid saponin that consists of a spirostan and its substituted derivatives as the aglycone moiety.
spiroketal	A cyclic ketal in which the ketal carbon is the only common atom of two rings.
hexacyclic triterpenoid	A triterpenoid that consists of a hexacyclic ring system.
trisaccharide derivative	An oligosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a trisaccharide.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
PPM1D protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	23.3617	0.0052	9.4661	32.9993	AID1347411
Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	23.3617	0.0033	9.1582	39.8107	AID1347411
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	3.8250	0.0800	2.4688	9.8000	AID1215885; AID1215886; AID1215933; AID1215934
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)	Km	2.0800	0.0391	2.9388	6.4000	AID1215929
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNA	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell activation involved in immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
response to virus	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of autophagy	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cytokine-mediated signaling pathway	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activation	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interferon-beta	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell proliferation	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of viral genome replication	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
innate immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of innate immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T cell differentiation	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
defense response to virus	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasis	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to exogenous dsRNA	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to virus	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of Lewy body formation	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNA	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell differentiation	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activation involved in immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell activation involved in immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
humoral immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic process	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transport	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transport	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transport	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
heme catabolic process	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
sodium-independent organic anion transport	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transport	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
cytokine activity	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cytokine receptor binding	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
type I interferon receptor binding	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase activity	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
extracellular space	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular region	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membrane	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (197)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1215928	Plasma clearance in Wistar rat	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID401956	Antimicrobial activity against Enterobacter cloacae at 64 ug/mL by broth micro dilution assay	2005	Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 68, Issue:5	Antineoplastic agents. 534. isolation and structure of sansevistatins 1 and 2 from the African Sansevieria ehrenbergii.
AID1215929	Activity at OATP1B3 (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as compound transport	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID1454230	Inhibition of TGF-beta1-induced cell invasion in human A549 cells at 2.5 to 3 uM measured after 48 hrs by Matrigel invasion assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Dioscin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses A549 lung cancer migration and invasion.
AID1215915	Fraction unbound in Wistar rat blood	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID1215932	Cellular uptake in Wistar rat hepatocytes assessed as rate of drug transport per 10'6 cells at 0.2 to 2.5 uM	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID1215894	Drug uptake in Wistar rat liver at 5 uM after 1 to 30 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis in presence of cyclosporin A	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID1215922	Cellular uptake in HEK293 cells expressing OATP1B3 (unknown origin) assessed as OATP1B3-mediated drug transport at 1 uM in presence of telmisartan	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID335163	Toxicity in tumor cell implanted NCr nu/nu mouse assessed as body weight change at 28.5 umol/kg, ip administered from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID745569	Inhibition of NFkappaB signaling in human K562/ADR cells assessed as inhibition of TNFalpha-induced MDR1 expression at 0.3 uM after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis	2013	Journal of natural products, May-24, Volume: 76, Issue:5	Dioscin restores the activity of the anticancer agent adriamycin in multidrug-resistant human leukemia K562/adriamycin cells by down-regulating MDR1 via a mechanism involving NF-κB signaling inhibition.
AID338670	Antifungal activity against Candida albicans NIH B311 after 24 hrs by agar well-diffusion assay
AID424532	Growth inhibition of human LNCAP cells xenografted in NCr nu/nu mouse at 6.2 to 25 mg/kg, sc once daily administered from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7 by MTT-based hollow-fiber test	2009	Journal of natural products, Mar-27, Volume: 72, Issue:3	Use of the in vivo hollow fiber assay in natural products anticancer drug discovery.
AID426608	Cytotoxicity against human A2780 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 19, Issue:10	Synthesis and cytotoxicities of icogenin analogues with disaccharide residues.
AID334868	Cytotoxicity against human SW626 cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID1215891	Drug uptake in Wistar rat liver assessed as hepatic extraction ratio at 2.5 uM after 1 to 60 mins in presence of cyclosporin A	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID1454246	Inhibition of TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human A549 cells assessed as reduction in TGFbetaR1 gene expression at 2.5 to 3 uM for 2 hrs followed by TGF-beta1 stimulation for 24 hrs by qRT-PCR method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Dioscin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses A549 lung cancer migration and invasion.
AID745568	Inhibition of TNFalpha-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in human K562/ADR cells assessed as decrease in NKkappaB activity at 0.3 uM measured at 12 to 48 hrs by Western blot analysis	2013	Journal of natural products, May-24, Volume: 76, Issue:5	Dioscin restores the activity of the anticancer agent adriamycin in multidrug-resistant human leukemia K562/adriamycin cells by down-regulating MDR1 via a mechanism involving NF-κB signaling inhibition.
AID1215892	Drug uptake in Wistar rat liver assessed as hepatic extraction ratio at 2.5 uM after 1 to 60 mins in presence of rifampicin	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID334885	Growth inhibition of human SK-MEL-2 cells implanted subcutaneously to NCr nu/nu mouse at 7.13 to 28.5 umol/kg, ip administered from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7 by MTT-based hollow-fiber test	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID401962	Growth inhibition of human SF268 cells after 48 hrs	2005	Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 68, Issue:5	Antineoplastic agents. 534. isolation and structure of sansevistatins 1 and 2 from the African Sansevieria ehrenbergii.
AID594557	Cytotoxicity against human A2780 cells by MTT assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 21, Issue:10	Synthesis of 5(6)-dihydro-OSW-1 analogs bearing three kinds of disaccharides linking at 15-hydroxy and their antitumor activities.
AID401959	Growth inhibition of mouse P388 cells after 48 hrs	2005	Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 68, Issue:5	Antineoplastic agents. 534. isolation and structure of sansevistatins 1 and 2 from the African Sansevieria ehrenbergii.
AID1454248	Inhibition of TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human A549 cells assessed as reduction in Snail protein expression at 2.5 to 3 uM for 2 hrs followed by TGF-beta1 stimulation for 24 hrs by Western blot method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Dioscin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses A549 lung cancer migration and invasion.
AID1215907	Cellular uptake in Wistar rat hepatocytes at 2.5 uM in presence of glycyrrhizic acid	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID745579	Cytotoxicity against human K562 cells assessed as cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2013	Journal of natural products, May-24, Volume: 76, Issue:5	Dioscin restores the activity of the anticancer agent adriamycin in multidrug-resistant human leukemia K562/adriamycin cells by down-regulating MDR1 via a mechanism involving NF-κB signaling inhibition.
AID1454233	Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as cell survival rate at 2 uM incubated for 24 hrs by CCK8 assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Dioscin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses A549 lung cancer migration and invasion.
AID335162	Toxicity in tumor cell implanted NCr nu/nu mouse assessed as body weight change at 14.3 umol/kg, ip administered from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID335177	Toxicity in NCr nu/nu mouse subcutaneously implanted with human KB cells assessed as mortality at 7.13 umol/kg, ip administered on day 10, 13, 16, 20 of implantation	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID1215886	Cellular uptake in HEK293 cells expressing OATP1B3 (unknown origin) assessed as inhibition of telmisartan-mediated drug transport	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID648757	Cytotoxicity against human Bel7402 cells by MTT assay	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 51	Synthesis and antitumor activity of 5,6-dihydro-17-hydroxy icogenin analogs.
AID594556	Cytotoxicity against human HCT8 cells by MTT assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 21, Issue:10	Synthesis of 5(6)-dihydro-OSW-1 analogs bearing three kinds of disaccharides linking at 15-hydroxy and their antitumor activities.
AID334879	Growth inhibition of human KB cells implanted intraperitoneally to NCr nu/nu mouse at 7.13 to 28.5 umol/kg, ip administered from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7 by MTT-based hollow-fiber test	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID1454243	Inhibition of TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human A549 cells assessed as reduction in vimentin gene expression at 2.5 to 3 uM for 2 hrs followed by TGF-beta1 stimulation for 24 hrs by qRT-PCR method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Dioscin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses A549 lung cancer migration and invasion.
AID648752	Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells by MTT assay	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 51	Synthesis and antitumor activity of 5,6-dihydro-17-hydroxy icogenin analogs.
AID424533	Growth inhibition of human KB cells xenografted in NCr nu/nu mouse at 6.2 to 25 mg/kg, ip once daily administered from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7 by MTT-based hollow-fiber test	2009	Journal of natural products, Mar-27, Volume: 72, Issue:3	Use of the in vivo hollow fiber assay in natural products anticancer drug discovery.
AID1454247	Inhibition of TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human A549 cells assessed as reduction in Snail gene expression at 2.5 to 3 uM for 2 hrs followed by TGF-beta1 stimulation for 24 hrs by qRT-PCR method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Dioscin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses A549 lung cancer migration and invasion.
AID334883	Growth inhibition of human SW626 cells implanted subcutaneously to NCr nu/nu mouse at 7.13 to 28.5 umol/kg, ip administered from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7 by MTT-based hollow-fiber test	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID335180	Toxicity in NCr nu/nu mouse subcutaneously implanted with human KB cells assessed as change in body weight at 7.13 umol/kg, ip administered on day 10, 13, 16, 20 of implantation	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID1215930	Cellular uptake in HEK293 cells at 2.5 uM after 1 min	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID335190	Growth inhibition of human KB cells implanted subcutaneously to NCr nu/nu mouse assessed as tumor size at 7.13 to 72.6 umol/kg, ip administered on day 10, 13, 16, 20 of implantation	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID1454255	Inhibition of TGF-beta1-induced p38 phosphorylation in human A549 cells at 2.5 to 3 uM for 2 hrs followed by TGF-beta1 stimulation for 24 hrs by Western blot method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Dioscin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses A549 lung cancer migration and invasion.
AID401963	Growth inhibition of human NCI-H460 cells after 48 hrs	2005	Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 68, Issue:5	Antineoplastic agents. 534. isolation and structure of sansevistatins 1 and 2 from the African Sansevieria ehrenbergii.
AID745580	Cytotoxicity against human K562/ADR cells assessed as cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2013	Journal of natural products, May-24, Volume: 76, Issue:5	Dioscin restores the activity of the anticancer agent adriamycin in multidrug-resistant human leukemia K562/adriamycin cells by down-regulating MDR1 via a mechanism involving NF-κB signaling inhibition.
AID1454245	Inhibition of TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human A549 cells assessed as reduction in TGFbeta gene expression at 2.5 to 3 uM for 2 hrs followed by TGF-beta1 stimulation for 24 hrs by qRT-PCR method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Dioscin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses A549 lung cancer migration and invasion.
AID1454231	Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as cell survival rate at 0.5 uM incubated for 24 hrs by CCK8 assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Dioscin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses A549 lung cancer migration and invasion.
AID1215887	Drug uptake in Wistar rat liver assessed as liver uptake index at 0.2 mg/kg, iv	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID294375	Cytotoxicity against human erythrocytes assessed as hemolytic activity after 60 mins	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 15, Issue:7	Exploration of the correlation between the structure, hemolytic activity, and cytotoxicity of steroid saponins.
AID1215914	Ratio of drug level in blood to plasma in Wistar rat at 2.5 uM after 5 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID334860	Cytotoxicity against mouse P388 cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID1215885	Cellular uptake in HEK293 cells expressing OATP1B3 (unknown origin) assessed as inhibition of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate-mediated drug transport	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID1215908	Cellular uptake in Wistar rat hepatocytes at 2.5 uM in presence of TEA	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID338679	Toxicity in iv dosed ICR mouse assessed as morbidity and lethality after 14 days
AID401961	Growth inhibition of human MCF7 cells after 48 hrs	2005	Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 68, Issue:5	Antineoplastic agents. 534. isolation and structure of sansevistatins 1 and 2 from the African Sansevieria ehrenbergii.
AID401708	Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 6303 by broth micro dilution assay	2005	Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 68, Issue:5	Antineoplastic agents. 534. isolation and structure of sansevistatins 1 and 2 from the African Sansevieria ehrenbergii.
AID275993	Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells by MTT assay	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 16, Issue:21	Synthesis and cytotoxicities of dioscin derivatives with decorated chacotriosyl residues.
AID334864	Cytotoxicity against human KBV1 cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID1215919	Cellular uptake in HEK293 cells expressing OATP1B3 (unknown origin) assessed as OATP1B3-mediated drug transport at 1 uM in presence of cyclosporin A	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID1215927	Drug uptake in MDCK2 cells expressing OATP1B1/MRP2 (unknown origin) at 2.5 uM after 30 to 180 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID401960	Growth inhibition of humanBxPC3 cells after 48 hrs	2005	Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 68, Issue:5	Antineoplastic agents. 534. isolation and structure of sansevistatins 1 and 2 from the African Sansevieria ehrenbergii.
AID745573	Inhibition of NFkappaB signaling-mediated MDR1 activity in human K562/ADR cells assessed as increase in intracellular accumulation of adriamycin at 0.3 uM incubated for 24 hrs followed by adriamycin addition measured after 1 hr by flow cytometric analysis	2013	Journal of natural products, May-24, Volume: 76, Issue:5	Dioscin restores the activity of the anticancer agent adriamycin in multidrug-resistant human leukemia K562/adriamycin cells by down-regulating MDR1 via a mechanism involving NF-κB signaling inhibition.
AID745572	Inhibition of NFkappaB signaling-mediated MDR1 activity in human K562/ADR cells assessed as increase in intracellular accumulation of adriamycin at 0.3 uM incubated for 24 hrs followed by adriamycin addition measured after 1 hr by flow cytometric analysis	2013	Journal of natural products, May-24, Volume: 76, Issue:5	Dioscin restores the activity of the anticancer agent adriamycin in multidrug-resistant human leukemia K562/adriamycin cells by down-regulating MDR1 via a mechanism involving NF-κB signaling inhibition.
AID648758	Cytotoxicity against human A2780 cells by MTT assay	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 51	Synthesis and antitumor activity of 5,6-dihydro-17-hydroxy icogenin analogs.
AID335181	Toxicity in NCr nu/nu mouse subcutaneously implanted with human KB cells assessed as change in body weight at 14.3 umol/kg, ip administered on day 10, 13, 16, 20 of implantation	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID338675	Antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus ATCC 9170 by twofold serial broth dilution assay
AID1215893	Drug uptake in Wistar rat liver at 5 uM after 15 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID648755	Cytotoxicity against human KB cells by MTT assay	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 51	Synthesis and antitumor activity of 5,6-dihydro-17-hydroxy icogenin analogs.
AID594559	Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells by MTT assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 21, Issue:10	Synthesis of 5(6)-dihydro-OSW-1 analogs bearing three kinds of disaccharides linking at 15-hydroxy and their antitumor activities.
AID422138	Growth inhibition of human LNCAP cells xenografted in ip dosed NCr nu/nu mouse administered once daily from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7 by MTT-based hollow-fiber test	2009	Journal of natural products, Mar-27, Volume: 72, Issue:3	Use of the in vivo hollow fiber assay in natural products anticancer drug discovery.
AID1454241	Inhibition of TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human A549 cells assessed as reduction in N-cadherin gene expression at 2.5 to 3 uM for 2 hrs followed by TGF-beta1 stimulation for 24 hrs by qRT-PCR method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Dioscin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses A549 lung cancer migration and invasion.
AID426603	Cytotoxicity against human BxPC3 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 19, Issue:10	Synthesis and cytotoxicities of icogenin analogues with disaccharide residues.
AID745575	Inhibition of NFkappaB signaling in human K562/ADR cells assessed as downregulation of MDR1 expression at 0.3 uM measured for 24 hrs by Western blot analysis	2013	Journal of natural products, May-24, Volume: 76, Issue:5	Dioscin restores the activity of the anticancer agent adriamycin in multidrug-resistant human leukemia K562/adriamycin cells by down-regulating MDR1 via a mechanism involving NF-κB signaling inhibition.
AID1454235	Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as cell survival rate at 3 uM incubated for 24 hrs by CCK8 assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Dioscin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses A549 lung cancer migration and invasion.
AID1454250	Inhibition of TGF-beta1-induced MMP2 gene expression in human A549 cells at 2.5 to 3 uM for 2 hrs followed by TGF-beta1 stimulation for 24 hrs by qRT-PCR method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Dioscin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses A549 lung cancer migration and invasion.
AID1454232	Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as cell survival rate at 1 uM incubated for 24 hrs by CCK8 assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Dioscin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses A549 lung cancer migration and invasion.
AID1454244	Inhibition of TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human A549 cells assessed as reduction in Smad2 gene expression at 2.5 to 3 uM for 2 hrs followed by TGF-beta1 stimulation for 24 hrs by qRT-PCR method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Dioscin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses A549 lung cancer migration and invasion.
AID1215933	Cellular uptake in HEK293 cells expressing OATP1B3 (unknown origin) assessed as inhibition of cyclosporin A-mediated drug transport	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID335195	Growth inhibition of ip dosed intraperitoneally implanted human LNCAP cells to NCr nu/nu mouse administered from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7 by MTT-based hollow-fiber test	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID1215905	Cellular uptake in Wistar rat hepatocytes at 2.5 uM in presence of digoxin	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID1215903	Cellular uptake in Wistar rat hepatocytes at 2.5 uM in presence of cyclosporin A	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID338673	Antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 32264 by twofold serial broth dilution assay
AID1454242	Inhibition of TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human A549 cells assessed as reduction in SNAI2 gene expression at 2.5 to 3 uM for 2 hrs followed by TGF-beta1 stimulation for 24 hrs by qRT-PCR method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Dioscin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses A549 lung cancer migration and invasion.
AID422135	Growth inhibition of human KB cells xenografted in ip dosed NCr nu/nu mouse administered once daily from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7 by MTT-based hollow-fiber test	2009	Journal of natural products, Mar-27, Volume: 72, Issue:3	Use of the in vivo hollow fiber assay in natural products anticancer drug discovery.
AID401955	Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli at 64 ug/mL by broth micro dilution assay	2005	Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 68, Issue:5	Antineoplastic agents. 534. isolation and structure of sansevistatins 1 and 2 from the African Sansevieria ehrenbergii.
AID335194	Growth inhibition of ip dosed intraperitoneally implanted human Lu1 cells to NCr nu/nu mouse administered from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7 by MTT-based hollow-fiber test	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID401964	Growth inhibition of human KM20L2 cells after 48 hrs	2005	Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 68, Issue:5	Antineoplastic agents. 534. isolation and structure of sansevistatins 1 and 2 from the African Sansevieria ehrenbergii.
AID648753	Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells by MTT assay	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 51	Synthesis and antitumor activity of 5,6-dihydro-17-hydroxy icogenin analogs.
AID401709	Antimicrobial activity against Micrococcus luteus presque Isle 456 by broth micro dilution assay	2005	Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 68, Issue:5	Antineoplastic agents. 534. isolation and structure of sansevistatins 1 and 2 from the African Sansevieria ehrenbergii.
AID335182	Toxicity in NCr nu/nu mouse subcutaneously implanted with human KB cells assessed as change in body weight at 28.5 umol/kg, ip administered on day 10, 13, 16, 20 of implantation	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID1454236	Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth at 4 uM incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by CCK8 assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Dioscin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses A549 lung cancer migration and invasion.
AID424531	Growth inhibition of human LNCAP cells xenografted in NCr nu/nu mouse at 6.2 to 25 mg/kg, ip once daily administered from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7 by MTT-based hollow-fiber test	2009	Journal of natural products, Mar-27, Volume: 72, Issue:3	Use of the in vivo hollow fiber assay in natural products anticancer drug discovery.
AID1215912	Clearance in Wistar rat liver at 2.5 uM	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID1215917	Intrinsic clearance in human	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID1215909	Cellular uptake in Wistar rat hepatocytes at 2.5 uM in presence of PAH	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID334877	Growth inhibition of human LNCAP cells implanted intraperitoneally to NCr nu/nu mouse at 7.13 to 28.5 umol/kg, ip administered from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7 by MTT-based hollow-fiber test	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID338671	Antifungal activity against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 by twofold serial broth dilution assay
AID424529	Growth inhibition of human Lu1 cells xenografted in NCr nu/nu mouse at 6.2 to 25 mg/kg, ip once daily administered from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7 by MTT-based hollow-fiber test	2009	Journal of natural products, Mar-27, Volume: 72, Issue:3	Use of the in vivo hollow fiber assay in natural products anticancer drug discovery.
AID1215899	Drug uptake in Wistar rat liver at 5 uM after 1 to 30 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis in presence of TEA	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID594560	Cytotoxicity against human BGC823 cells by MTT assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 21, Issue:10	Synthesis of 5(6)-dihydro-OSW-1 analogs bearing three kinds of disaccharides linking at 15-hydroxy and their antitumor activities.
AID1215900	Drug uptake in Wistar rat liver at 5 uM after 1 to 30 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis in presence of PAH	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID335178	Toxicity in NCr nu/nu mouse subcutaneously implanted with human KB cells assessed as mortality at 14.3 umol/kg, ip administered on day 10, 13, 16, 20 of implantation	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID1215890	Drug uptake in Wistar rat liver assessed as hepatic extraction ratio at 2.5 uM after 1 to 60 mins	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID1454238	Inhibition of TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human A549 cells assessed as increase in E-cadherin expression pre-incubated for 2 hrs at 2.5 to 3 uM for 2 hrs followed by TGF-beta1 stimulation for 24 hrs by Western blot method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Dioscin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses A549 lung cancer migration and invasion.
AID334888	Growth inhibition of mouse P388 cells implanted subcutaneously to NCr nu/nu mouse at 7.13 to 28.5 umol/kg, ip administered from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7 by MTT-based hollow-fiber test	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID594555	Cytotoxicity against human Bel7402 cells by MTT assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 21, Issue:10	Synthesis of 5(6)-dihydro-OSW-1 analogs bearing three kinds of disaccharides linking at 15-hydroxy and their antitumor activities.
AID426602	Cytotoxicity against human SW1990 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 19, Issue:10	Synthesis and cytotoxicities of icogenin analogues with disaccharide residues.
AID275995	Cytotoxicity against human HGC27 cells by MTT assay	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 16, Issue:21	Synthesis and cytotoxicities of dioscin derivatives with decorated chacotriosyl residues.
AID426607	Cytotoxicity against human Bel7402 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 19, Issue:10	Synthesis and cytotoxicities of icogenin analogues with disaccharide residues.
AID1729697	Cytotoxicity against human GSC18 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by MTS assay	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 210	Structures/cytotoxicity/selectivity relationship of natural steroidal saponins against GSCs and primary mechanism of tribulosaponin A.
AID334878	Growth inhibition of human SK-MEL-2 cells implanted intraperitoneally to NCr nu/nu mouse at 7.13 to 28.5 umol/kg, ip administered from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7 by MTT-based hollow-fiber test	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID745571	Inhibition of NFkappaB signaling in human K562/ADR cells assessed as inhibition of TNFalpha-induced NFkappaB promoter activity at 0.1 to 0.3 uM after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	2013	Journal of natural products, May-24, Volume: 76, Issue:5	Dioscin restores the activity of the anticancer agent adriamycin in multidrug-resistant human leukemia K562/adriamycin cells by down-regulating MDR1 via a mechanism involving NF-κB signaling inhibition.
AID1454229	Cytotoxicity against human NCI-H460 cells incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Novel phenanthrene and isocoumarin from the rhizomes of Dioscorea nipponica Makino subsp. rosthornii (Prain et Burkill) C. T. Ting (Dioscoreaceae).
AID745570	Inhibition of NFkappaB signaling in human K562/ADR cells assessed as inhibition of TNFalpha-induced MDR1 promoter activity at 0.1 to 0.3 uM after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	2013	Journal of natural products, May-24, Volume: 76, Issue:5	Dioscin restores the activity of the anticancer agent adriamycin in multidrug-resistant human leukemia K562/adriamycin cells by down-regulating MDR1 via a mechanism involving NF-κB signaling inhibition.
AID401953	Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus at 64 ug/mL by broth micro dilution assay	2005	Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 68, Issue:5	Antineoplastic agents. 534. isolation and structure of sansevistatins 1 and 2 from the African Sansevieria ehrenbergii.
AID401954	Antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis at 64 ug/mL by broth micro dilution assay	2005	Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 68, Issue:5	Antineoplastic agents. 534. isolation and structure of sansevistatins 1 and 2 from the African Sansevieria ehrenbergii.
AID424534	Growth inhibition of human KB cells xenografted in NCr nu/nu mouse at 6.2 to 25 mg/kg, sc once daily administered from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7 by MTT-based hollow-fiber test	2009	Journal of natural products, Mar-27, Volume: 72, Issue:3	Use of the in vivo hollow fiber assay in natural products anticancer drug discovery.
AID335193	Toxicity in tumor-implanted NCr nu/nu mouse at 144 umol/kg, ip administered from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7 by hollow-fiber test	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID594554	Cytotoxicity against human Ketr3 cells by MTT assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 21, Issue:10	Synthesis of 5(6)-dihydro-OSW-1 analogs bearing three kinds of disaccharides linking at 15-hydroxy and their antitumor activities.
AID334866	Cytotoxicity against human Col2 cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID1215884	Drug uptake in Wistar rat liver assessed as liver uptake index at 0.2 mg/kg, iv in presence of cyclosporin A	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID1215897	Drug uptake in Wistar rat liver at 5 uM after 1 to 30 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis in presence of rifampicin	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID275994	Cytotoxicity against human BGC823 cells by MTT assay	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 16, Issue:21	Synthesis and cytotoxicities of dioscin derivatives with decorated chacotriosyl residues.
AID334882	Growth inhibition of human Lu1 cells implanted subcutaneously to NCr nu/nu mouse at 7.13 to 28.5 umol/kg, ip administered from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7 by MTT-based hollow-fiber test	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID401965	Growth inhibition of human DU145 cells after 48 hrs	2005	Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 68, Issue:5	Antineoplastic agents. 534. isolation and structure of sansevistatins 1 and 2 from the African Sansevieria ehrenbergii.
AID426605	Cytotoxicity against human PANC1 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 19, Issue:10	Synthesis and cytotoxicities of icogenin analogues with disaccharide residues.
AID1215920	Cellular uptake in HEK293 cells expressing OATP1B3 (unknown origin) assessed as OATP1B3-mediated drug transport at 1 uM in presence of rifampicin	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID1215910	Cellular uptake in Wistar rat hepatocytes at 2.5 uM in presence of Na+	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID1215921	Cellular uptake in HEK293 cells expressing OATP1B3 (unknown origin) assessed as OATP1B3-mediated drug transport at 1 uM in presence of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID648756	Cytotoxicity against human HCT8 cells by MTT assay	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 51	Synthesis and antitumor activity of 5,6-dihydro-17-hydroxy icogenin analogs.
AID648754	Cytotoxicity against human BGC823 cells by MTT assay	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 51	Synthesis and antitumor activity of 5,6-dihydro-17-hydroxy icogenin analogs.
AID1454249	Inhibition of TGF-beta1-induced cell migration in human A549 cells at 2.5 to 3 uM treated along with TGF-beta1 stimulation following cell layer cell layer scratching measured after 24 hrs	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Dioscin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses A549 lung cancer migration and invasion.
AID745578	Inhibition of NFkappaB signaling-mediated MDR1 activity in human K562/ADR cells assessed as potentiation of adriamycin-induced cytotoxicity after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2013	Journal of natural products, May-24, Volume: 76, Issue:5	Dioscin restores the activity of the anticancer agent adriamycin in multidrug-resistant human leukemia K562/adriamycin cells by down-regulating MDR1 via a mechanism involving NF-κB signaling inhibition.
AID1215926	Drug uptake in MDCK2 cells expressing OATP1B1 (unknown origin) at 2.5 uM after 30 to 180 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID338674	Antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763 by twofold serial broth dilution assay
AID334859	Cytotoxicity against human SK-MEL-2 cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID338672	Antifungal activity against Candida albicans WH-D by twofold serial broth dilution assay
AID426604	Cytotoxicity against human Capan2 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 19, Issue:10	Synthesis and cytotoxicities of icogenin analogues with disaccharide residues.
AID1215913	Fraction unbound in Wistar rat plasma at 2.5 uM by LC-MS/MS analysis	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID334880	Growth inhibition of human MCF7 cells implanted intraperitoneally to NCr nu/nu mouse at 7.13 to 28.5 umol/kg, ip administered from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7 by MTT-based hollow-fiber test	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID334887	Growth inhibition of human MCF7 cells implanted subcutaneously to NCr nu/nu mouse at 7.13 to 28.5 umol/kg, ip administered from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7 by MTT-based hollow-fiber test	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID1215931	Cellular uptake in Wistar rat hepatocytes at 0.2 to 2.5 uM	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID1215934	Cellular uptake in HEK293 cells expressing OATP1B3 (unknown origin) assessed as inhibition of rifampicin-mediated drug transport	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID1215916	Clearance in human hepatocytes assessed per 10'6 cells	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID1215896	Drug uptake in Wistar rat liver at 5 uM after 1 to 30 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis in presence of digoxin	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID1215888	Drug uptake in Wistar rat liver assessed as liver uptake index at 0.2 mg/kg, iv in presence of rifampicin	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID1454253	Inhibition of TGF-beta1-induced MMP9 activity in human A549 cells at 2.5 to 3 uM for 2 hrs followed by TGF-beta1 stimulation for 24 hrs by gelatin zymography	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Dioscin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses A549 lung cancer migration and invasion.
AID1215895	Drug uptake in Wistar rat liver at 5 uM after 1 to 30 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis in presence of ibuprofen	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID426606	Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 19, Issue:10	Synthesis and cytotoxicities of icogenin analogues with disaccharide residues.
AID334867	Cytotoxicity against human BC1 cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID401707	Antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans ATCC 90028 by broth micro dilution assay	2005	Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 68, Issue:5	Antineoplastic agents. 534. isolation and structure of sansevistatins 1 and 2 from the African Sansevieria ehrenbergii.
AID338677	Antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC 9972 by twofold serial broth dilution assay
AID334884	Growth inhibition of human LNCAP cells implanted subcutaneously to NCr nu/nu mouse at 7.13 to 28.5 umol/kg, ip administered from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7 by MTT-based hollow-fiber test	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID334886	Growth inhibition of human KB cells implanted subcutaneously to NCr nu/nu mouse at 7.13 to 28.5 umol/kg, ip administered from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7 by MTT-based hollow-fiber test	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID338678	Toxicity in ip dosed ICR mouse assessed as morbidity and lethality after 14 days
AID1729696	Cytotoxicity against human GSC3 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by MTS assay	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 210	Structures/cytotoxicity/selectivity relationship of natural steroidal saponins against GSCs and primary mechanism of tribulosaponin A.
AID1215889	Drug uptake in Wistar rat liver at 2.5 uM after 30 mins	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID335192	Toxicity in tumor-implanted NCr nu/nu mouse at 57.5 umol/kg, ip administered from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7 by hollow-fiber test	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID334863	Cytotoxicity against human Lu1 cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID1454251	Inhibition of TGF-beta1-induced MMP9 gene expression in human A549 cells at 2.5 to 3 uM for 2 hrs followed by TGF-beta1 stimulation for 24 hrs by qRT-PCR method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Dioscin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses A549 lung cancer migration and invasion.
AID334865	Cytotoxicity against human KB cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID401958	Antimicrobial activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae at 64 ug/mL by broth micro dilution assay	2005	Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 68, Issue:5	Antineoplastic agents. 534. isolation and structure of sansevistatins 1 and 2 from the African Sansevieria ehrenbergii.
AID1215918	Cellular uptake in HEK293 cells expressing OATP1B3 (unknown origin) assessed as OATP1B3-mediated drug transport at 2.5 uM after 1 min	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID1454237	Inhibition of TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human A549 cells assessed as suppression of cell elongation and spindle like shapes pre-incubated for 2 hrs at 2.5 to 3 uM for 2 hrs followed by TGF-beta1 stimulation for 24 hrs	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Dioscin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses A549 lung cancer migration and invasion.
AID334861	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID1454252	Inhibition of TGF-beta1-induced MMP2 activity in human A549 cells at 2.5 to 3 uM for 2 hrs followed by TGF-beta1 stimulation for 24 hrs by gelatin zymography	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Dioscin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses A549 lung cancer migration and invasion.
AID1215925	Drug uptake in MDCK2 cells at 2.5 uM after 30 to 180 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID1215906	Cellular uptake in Wistar rat hepatocytes at 2.5 uM in presence of rifampicin	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID1454254	Inhibition of TGF-beta1-induced Smad2 phosphorylation in human A549 cells at 2.5 to 3 uM for 2 hrs followed by TGF-beta1 stimulation for 24 hrs by Western blot method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Dioscin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses A549 lung cancer migration and invasion.
AID334881	Growth inhibition of mouse P388 cells implanted intraperitoneally to NCr nu/nu mouse at 7.13 to 28.5 umol/kg, ip administered from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7 by MTT-based hollow-fiber test	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID745574	Inhibition of NFkappaB signaling in human K562/ADR cells assessed as downregulation of MDR1 expression at 0.3 uM measured after 24 to 48 hrs by Western blot analysis	2013	Journal of natural products, May-24, Volume: 76, Issue:5	Dioscin restores the activity of the anticancer agent adriamycin in multidrug-resistant human leukemia K562/adriamycin cells by down-regulating MDR1 via a mechanism involving NF-κB signaling inhibition.
AID422140	Growth inhibition of human Lu1 cells xenografted in ip dosed NCr nu/nu mouse administered once daily from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7 by MTT-based hollow-fiber test	2009	Journal of natural products, Mar-27, Volume: 72, Issue:3	Use of the in vivo hollow fiber assay in natural products anticancer drug discovery.
AID335161	Toxicity in tumor cell implanted NCr nu/nu mouse assessed as body weight change at 7.13 umol/kg, ip administered from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID594558	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells by MTT assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 21, Issue:10	Synthesis of 5(6)-dihydro-OSW-1 analogs bearing three kinds of disaccharides linking at 15-hydroxy and their antitumor activities.
AID653678	Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells assessed as cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 20, Issue:8	New insights into the structure-cytotoxicity relationship of spirostan saponins and related glycosides.
AID334876	Growth inhibition of human SW626 cells implanted intraperitoneally to NCr nu/nu mouse at 7.13 to 28.5 umol/kg, ip administered from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7 by MTT-based hollow-fiber test	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID426610	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 19, Issue:10	Synthesis and cytotoxicities of icogenin analogues with disaccharide residues.
AID672450	Oral bioavailability in rat	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 22, Issue:14	Small molecular weight PEGylation of diosgenin in an in vivo animal study for diabetic auditory impairment treatment.
AID1215911	Cellular uptake in Wistar rat hepatocytes at 2.5 uM in presence of K+	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID334862	Cytotoxicity against human LNCAP cells after 72 hrs by SRB assay	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID424530	Growth inhibition of human Lu1 cells xenografted in NCr nu/nu mouse at 6.2 to 25 mg/kg, sc once daily administered from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7 by MTT-based hollow-fiber test	2009	Journal of natural products, Mar-27, Volume: 72, Issue:3	Use of the in vivo hollow fiber assay in natural products anticancer drug discovery.
AID1215901	Cellular uptake in Wistar rat hepatocytes at 2.5 uM after 2 mins	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID745577	Inhibition of NFkappaB signaling in human K562/ADR cells assessed as downregulation of MDR1 mRNA expression at 0.3 uM measured for 24 hrs by qRT-PCR analysis	2013	Journal of natural products, May-24, Volume: 76, Issue:5	Dioscin restores the activity of the anticancer agent adriamycin in multidrug-resistant human leukemia K562/adriamycin cells by down-regulating MDR1 via a mechanism involving NF-κB signaling inhibition.
AID1454239	Inhibition of TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human A549 cells assessed as decrease in N-cadherin expression pre-incubated for 2 hrs at 2.5 to 3 uM for 2 hrs followed by TGF-beta1 stimulation for 24 hrs by Western blot method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Dioscin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses A549 lung cancer migration and invasion.
AID401957	Antimicrobial activity against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia at 64 ug/mL by broth micro dilution assay	2005	Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 68, Issue:5	Antineoplastic agents. 534. isolation and structure of sansevistatins 1 and 2 from the African Sansevieria ehrenbergii.
AID426609	Cytotoxicity against human HCT8 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 19, Issue:10	Synthesis and cytotoxicities of icogenin analogues with disaccharide residues.
AID401706	Antimicrobial activity against Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 90112 by broth micro dilution assay	2005	Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 68, Issue:5	Antineoplastic agents. 534. isolation and structure of sansevistatins 1 and 2 from the African Sansevieria ehrenbergii.
AID1454234	Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as cell survival rate at 2.5 uM incubated for 24 hrs by CCK8 assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Dioscin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses A549 lung cancer migration and invasion.
AID334875	Growth inhibition of human Lu1 cells implanted intraperitoneally to NCr nu/nu mouse at 7.13 to 28.5 umol/kg, ip administered from day 3 to 6 after implantation measured on day 7 by MTT-based hollow-fiber test	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID1215904	Cellular uptake in Wistar rat hepatocytes at 2.5 uM in presence of ibuprofen	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID1215898	Drug uptake in Wistar rat liver at 5 uM after 1 to 30 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis in presence of glycyrrhizic acid	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Involvement of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in the hepatic uptake of dioscin in rats and humans.
AID355944	Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2003	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 66, Issue:6	Steroidal saponins from the bark of Dracaena draco and their cytotoxic activities.
AID1454240	Inhibition of TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human A549 cells assessed as increase in E-cadherin gene expression at 2.5 to 3 uM for 2 hrs followed by TGF-beta1 stimulation for 24 hrs by qRT-PCR method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15	Dioscin suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses A549 lung cancer migration and invasion.
AID745576	Inhibition of NFkappaB signaling in human K562/ADR cells assessed as downregulation of MDR1 mRNA expression at 0.3 uM measured after 24 to 48 hrs by qRT-PCR analysis	2013	Journal of natural products, May-24, Volume: 76, Issue:5	Dioscin restores the activity of the anticancer agent adriamycin in multidrug-resistant human leukemia K562/adriamycin cells by down-regulating MDR1 via a mechanism involving NF-κB signaling inhibition.
AID338676	Antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 26934 by twofold serial broth dilution assay
AID335179	Toxicity in NCr nu/nu mouse subcutaneously implanted with human KB cells assessed as mortality at 28.5 umol/kg, ip administered on day 10, 13, 16, 20 of implantation	2002	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Evaluation of the potential cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of natural product isolates employing in vivo hollow fiber tests.
AID1347412	qHTS assay to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: Counter screen cell viability and HiBit confirmation	2020	ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7	High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347411	qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Mechanism Interrogation Plate v5.0 (MIPE) Libary	2020	ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7	High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1346862	Human CXCR3 (Chemokine receptors)	2005	Molecular diversity, , Volume: 9, Issue:1-3	Discovery of structurally diverse natural product antagonists of chemokine receptor CXCR3.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	4 (1.64)	18.7374
1990's	3 (1.23)	18.2507
2000's	34 (13.93)	29.6817
2010's	137 (56.15)	24.3611
2020's	66 (27.05)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	7 (2.80%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	243 (97.20%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
adenine [no description available]	2.17	1	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	2.11	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	2.06	1	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	2.11	1	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.74	3	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	8.26	5	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.45	2	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	7.55	2	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.08	1	indoles	fluorochrome
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	2.08	1
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	2.63	2	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	2.01	1	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	2.31	1	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
oxonic acid Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.	2.53	2	1,3,5-triazines; monocarboxylic acid
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	2.41	1	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.08	1	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
temozolomide [no description available]	2.31	1	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	2.15	1	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	2.6	1	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	2.13	1	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	2.6	1	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	2.77	3	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	7.72	2	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	2.21	1	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	7.53	2	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	2.11	1	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.15	1	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
thiazoles [no description available]	2.52	2	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	3.05	4	dialdehyde	biomarker
1-naphthylisothiocyanate 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.	2.13	1	isothiocyanate	insecticide
decane decane : A straight-chain alkane with 10 carbon atoms.	2.05	1	alkane
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	1.95	1	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	2.11	1	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides [no description available]	2.02	1	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	2.63	2	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	7.69	2
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	3.85	3	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.41	1	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	7.25	1	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	2.05	1	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	3.09	1	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.52	2	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	2.08	1	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
alpha-lapachone alpha-lapachone: structure in first source	2.01	1	organic heterotricyclic compound; organooxygen compound
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	2.31	1	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
sarsasapogenin [no description available]	2.17	1	sapogenin
diosgenin [no description available]	10.14	224	3beta-sterol; hexacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin; spiroketal	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
eremanthin [no description available]	2.17	1	sesquiterpene lactone
triptolide [no description available]	2.13	1	diterpenoid; epoxide; gamma-lactam; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	antispermatogenic agent; plant metabolite
asiatic acid [no description available]	2.21	1	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; triol	angiogenesis modulating agent; metabolite
methotrexate [no description available]	2.57	2	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	2.31	1	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
methyl protodioscin methyl protodioscin: structure in first source	7.95	4
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	2.17	1	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
ochraceolide a ochraceolide A: structure given in first source; isolated from Kokoona ochracea stem bark	2.01	1
prosapogenin prosapogenin: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	7.4	2	triterpenoid saponin
deltonin [no description available]	2.98	4	triterpenoid
furostanol i furostanol I: from Dioscorea deltoidea; intermediate in in vivo diosgenin biosynthesis; structure given in first source. protodioscin : A spirostanyl glycoside that consists of the trisaccharide alpha-L-Rha-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Rha-(1->2)]-beta-D-Glc attached to position 3 of 26-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3beta,22-dihydroxyfurost-5-ene via a glycosidic linkage. Found in several plant species including yams, asparagus and funugreek.	3.63	8	beta-D-glucoside; cyclic hemiketal; pentacyclic triterpenoid; steroid saponin; trisaccharide derivative	metabolite
steviol steviol: aglucon of stevioside; RN given refers to (4alpha)-isomer. steviol : An ent-kaurane diterpenoid that is 5beta,8alpha,9beta,10alpha-kaur-16-en-18-oic acid in which the hydrogen at position 13 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.11	1	bridged compound; ent-kaurane diterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid; tertiary allylic alcohol; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent
glycosides [no description available]	8.24	6
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	2.17	1
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2.17	1	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	2.17	1	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
potassium oxonate potassium oxonate: used to induce hyperuricemia in mice	2.53	2	organic molecular entity
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	7.17	1	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	2.08	1	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.51	2	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	2.08	1
compound 968 compound 968: a glutaminase inhibitor. 5-[3-bromo-4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-2,2-dimethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[a]phenanthridin-4(1H)-one : A partially hydrogenated benzophenanthridine carrying an oxo group at C-4, geminal methyl groups at C-2 and a 3-bromo-4-(dimethylamino)phenyl group at C-5.	2.31	1	benzophenanthridine	EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.41	1
ferrostatin-1 ferrostatin-1: inhibits ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death; structure in first source. ferrostatin-1 : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-amino-4-(cyclohexylamino)benzoic acid with ethanol. It is a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis, a distinct non-apoptotic form of cell death caused by lipid peroxidation. It is also a radical-trapping antioxidant and has the ability to reduce the accumulation of lipid peroxides and chain-carrying peroxyl radicals.	2.31	1	ethyl ester; primary arylamine; substituted aniline	antifungal agent; antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radiation protective agent; radical scavenger
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	2.01	1
baicalein [no description available]	2.02	1	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	2.03	1	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
lyoniside daucosterol : A steroid saponin that is sitosterol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has bee isolated from Panax japonicus var. major and Breynia fruticosa.	2.15	1	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; steroid saponin	plant metabolite
beta-escin [no description available]	6.56	36
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.17	1	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
ginsenoside rg3 ginsenoside Rg3: from Red ginseng; inhibits lung metastasis of tumor cells; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.08	1	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
aculeatin a aculeatin A: antineoplastic from Amomum aculeatum; structure in first source	3.14	1
1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)hepta-4E-6E-dien-3-one 1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)hepta-4E-6E-dien-3-one : A diarylheptanoid that is 4E-6E-dien-3-one substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl group at positions 1 and 7. It has been isolated from the rhizomes of Curcuma kwangsiensis.	2.15	1	diarylheptanoid; enone; phenols	plant metabolite
prosapogenin a [no description available]	2.99	4	steroid saponin
silvestrol silvestrol: isolated from the fruit and twig of Aglaia silvestris. silvestrol : An organic heterotricyclic compound that consists of a 2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan framework substituted by hydroxy groups at positions C-1 and C-8b, a methoxycarbonyl group at C-2, a phenyl group at C-3, a 4-methoxyphenyl group at C-3a, a methoxy group at C-8 and a 1,4-dioxan-2-yloxy group at position C-6 which in turn is substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and a 1,2-dihydroxyethyl group at position 6. Isolated from Aglaia silvestris, it exhibits antineoplastic activity.	3.14	1	dioxanes; ether; methyl ester; organic heterotricyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
diosgenin glucoside diosgenin glucoside: RN given refers to (3beta,25R)-isomer; structure given in first source. diosgenin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : A sterol 3-beta-D-glucoside having diosgenin as the sterol component.	2.46	2	hexacyclic triterpenoid; monosaccharide derivative; spiroketal; sterol 3-beta-D-glucoside	metabolite
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	2.41	1
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	2.13	1
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	3.01	4
sapogenins Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.	2.36	2
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	2.49	2
glycolipids [no description available]	2.25	1
icogenin Icogenin: a cytotoxic steroidal saponin isolated from Dracaena draco; structure in first source	2.07	1
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	2.52	2
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	2.11	1
duramycin duramycin: from Streptomyces cinnamoneus; contains rare amino acids such as lanthionine & lysinoarginine. lancovutide : A 19-membered heterodetic cyclic peptide that is isolated from Streptoverticillium cinnamoneus. It exhibits antiproliferative properties and induces apoptosis in tumour cells and has been used for treatment of cystic fibrosis.	2.02	1	heterodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2.07	1
gracillin gracillin: spirostan glycoside from Tamus communis; RN given refers to (3beta,25R)-isomer	3.37	7
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.25	1
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	2.21	1	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ganciclovir [no description available]	2.15	1	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	2.1	1	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
lipoteichoic acid lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.	2.25	1
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.13	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	3.66	8
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	4.66	24
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	2.42	2
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	2.81	3
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	2.44	2
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	2.44	2
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	3.66	8
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	2.81	3
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	2.44	2
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	2.44	2
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	2.73	3
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	2.73	3
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	2.84	3
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	2.08	1
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	2.08	1
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	3.77	9
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	3.77	9
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	3.06	4
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.52	2
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	3.06	4
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.52	2
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	2.31	1
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	2.55	2
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	2.31	1
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	7.55	2
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	2.66	2
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	2.31	1
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	7.31	1
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	2.31	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	2.93	3
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	2.93	3
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	7.31	1
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	3.08	4
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	3.07	4
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	3	4
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	2.69	2
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	2.69	2
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	4.68	5
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	4.68	5
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	3.62	8
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	3.62	8
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	2.31	1
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	2.31	1
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	3.04	3
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	3.04	3
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	4.16	13
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	4.16	13
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	7.41	1
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	2.41	1
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	2.41	1
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	7.41	1
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	7.69	2
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	2.41	1
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	7.9	2
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	2.41	1
Atherogenesis [description not available]	3.28	5
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	5.76	8
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	3.28	5
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	3.04	3
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	3.04	3
Anoxemia [description not available]	2.41	1
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	2.41	1
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	2.41	1
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	7.41	1
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	2.41	1
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	2.49	2
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	2.49	2
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	2.41	1
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	2.41	1
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	2.41	1
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	2.94	3
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	2.94	3
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	4.24	11
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	4.24	11
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	3.61	5
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	3.61	5
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.6	1
Breast Cancer [description not available]	3.27	5
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	3.27	5
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	2.6	1
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	2.6	1
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	2.6	1
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	2.76	2
Colitis-Associated Cancer [description not available]	2.6	1
Autoimmune Thyroiditis [description not available]	7.6	1
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis [description not available]	2.6	1
Hashimoto Disease Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.	2.6	1
Berger Disease [description not available]	2.6	1
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	2.6	1
Bone Cancer [description not available]	2.61	2
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	2.61	2
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	2.57	2
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	2.57	2
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	2.63	2
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	2.63	2
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	7.25	1
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	2.25	1
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	2.25	1
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	2.63	2
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	2.25	1
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	7.63	2
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	2.25	1
Gouty Arthritis [description not available]	7.57	2
Arthritis, Gouty Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.	2.57	2
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	2.57	2
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	2.57	2
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	2.69	2
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.69	2
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	2.31	1
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension A progressive rare pulmonary disease characterized by high blood pressure in the PULMONARY ARTERY.	7.31	1
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	7.25	1
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	8.64	2
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	8.64	2
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	2.31	1
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	2.31	1
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	2.31	1
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	2.31	1
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	3.53	7
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	3.53	7
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	2.15	1
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	2.15	1
Cancer of Gallbladder [description not available]	2.15	1
Gallbladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.	2.15	1
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	3.04	4
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	3.04	4
Apoplexy [description not available]	2.17	1
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	2.47	2
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	2.47	2
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	7.17	1
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	2.58	2
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	7.58	2
Silicosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.	2.58	2
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	2.17	1
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.59	2
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	7.59	2
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	2.17	1
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	2.17	1
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	7.17	1
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	2.17	1
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	7.17	1
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	2.17	1
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	7.17	1
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	2.17	1
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	2.17	1
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	7.17	1
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	2.17	1
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	7.17	1
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	2.17	1
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	3.09	1
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	8.09	1
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	3.09	1
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	8.09	1
Extrasystole, Ventricular [description not available]	2.21	1
Arrhythmia [description not available]	7.21	1
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	2.21	1
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	2.21	1
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	2.21	1
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	2.21	1
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	7.77	3
Candida Infection [description not available]	2.17	1
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.17	1
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.81	3
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	3.05	4
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	2.81	3
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	3.05	4
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	2.21	1
Polyarthritis [description not available]	2.21	1
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	7.21	1
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	2.57	2
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	2.21	1
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	2.21	1
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	2.21	1
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	2.84	3
Metastase [description not available]	2.21	1
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	2.21	1
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung [description not available]	2.08	1
Carcinoma, Large Cell A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.08	1
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).	2.08	1
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	2.08	1
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	2.08	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	2.45	2
Alcoholic Fatty Liver [description not available]	2.1	1
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	2.1	1
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	3.2	5
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	3.2	5
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	2.1	1
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	2.1	1
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	2.1	1
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	2.1	1
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	2.1	1
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.11	1
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	2.11	1
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.11	1
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	2.11	1
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	2.13	1
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	2.13	1
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	2.79	3
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	2.79	3
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	2.13	1
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	2.13	1
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic [description not available]	2.13	1
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).	2.13	1
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	2.54	2
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	2.15	1
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	2.15	1
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	7.15	1
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	2.15	1
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	2.06	1
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	2.07	1
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	2.07	1
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	2.07	1
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	2.07	1
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	2.08	1
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	2.08	1
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	2.08	1
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	2.08	1

dioscin

Cross-References

Synonyms (53)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (8)

Drug Classes (4)

Protein Targets (3)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Other Measurements

Biological Processes (37)

Molecular Functions (9)

Ceullar Components (5)

Bioassays (197)

Research

Studies (244)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 39.50

Study Types

dioscin

Cross-References

Synonyms (53)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (8)

Drug Classes (4)

Protein Targets (3)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Other Measurements

Biological Processes (37)

Molecular Functions (9)

Ceullar Components (5)

Bioassays (197)

Research

Studies (244)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 39.50

Study Types

Related Drugs (101)

Related Conditions (216)