glycyrrhizic acid profile

Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is a triterpenoid saponin found in licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra). It is the main active constituent of licorice and is responsible for its sweet taste. GA has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anti-allergic properties. It is also used in the treatment of peptic ulcers and gastritis. GA is synthesized in the roots of licorice plants through a complex biosynthetic pathway involving several enzymes. The biosynthesis of GA is regulated by various environmental factors, such as light, temperature, and nutrient availability. GA has been extensively studied for its potential therapeutic applications. Its anti-inflammatory activity is attributed to its ability to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha and IL-1. GA also possesses antiviral activity against a variety of viruses, including herpes simplex virus, influenza virus, and HIV. Additionally, GA has been shown to have anti-allergic effects by inhibiting the release of histamine from mast cells. GA is also used as a sweetening agent in food and beverages. It is approximately 50 times sweeter than sucrose and has a pleasant licorice flavor. However, excessive consumption of GA can lead to adverse effects, such as hypokalemia, hypertension, and edema. Therefore, it is important to use GA in moderation.'

glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	14982
CHEMBL ID	441687
CHEBI ID	15939
SCHEMBL ID	17684
MeSH ID	M0029245

Synonym
BIDD:ER0363
glycyrrhizic acid, 2k
(3beta,20beta)-20-carboxy-11-oxo-30-norolean-12-en-3-yl-2-o-beta-d-glucopyranuronosyl-alpha-d-glucopyranosiduronic acid
CHEBI:15939 ,
30-hydroxy-11,30-dioxoolean-12-en-3beta-yl (2-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-alpha-d-glucopyranosiduronic acid
nsc-234419
nsc234419
beta-glycyrrhizinic acid
gm-1292
alpha-d-glucopyranosiduronic acid, (3beta,20beta)-20-carboxy-11-oxo-30-norlean-12-en-3-yl-2-o-beta-1- 7-glucopyranuronosyl-
alpha-d-glucopyranosiduronic acid, (3beta,20beta)-20-carboxy-11-oxo-30-norolean-12-en-3-yl 2-o-beta-d-glucopyranuronosyl-
einecs 215-785-7
brn 0077922
nsc 167409
glycyrrhizin [jan]
18-beta-glycyrrhizic acid
alpha-d-glucopyranosiduronic acid, (3 beta,20 beta)-20-carboxy-11-oxo-30-norolean-12-en-3-yl 2-o-beta-d-glucopyranuronosyl-
nsc 234419
alpha-d-glucopyranosiduronic acid, (3beta,20beta)-20-carboxy-11-oxo-30-norolean-12-en-3-yl-2-o-beta-d-glucopyranuron osyl-
(3beta,20beta)-20-carboxy-11-oxo-30-norlean-12-en-3-yl-2-o-beta-1- 7-glucopyranuronosyl-alpha-d-glucopyranosiduronic acid
hsdb 496
20beta-carboxy-11-oxo-30-norolean-12-en-3beta-yl-2-o-beta-d-glucopyranuronosyl-alpha-d-glucopyranosiduronic acid
(3.beta.,20.beta.)-20-carboxy-11-oxo-30-norlean-12-en-3-yl-2-o-.beta.-1- 7-glucopyranuronosyl-.alpha.-d-glucopyranosiduronic acid
(2s,3s,4s,5r,6r)-6-[(2s,3r,4s,5s,6s)-2-[[(3s,4ar,6ar,6bs,8as,11s,12ar,14ar,14bs)-11-carboxy-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,14b-heptamethyl-14-oxo-2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14a-dodecahydro-1h-picen-3-yl]oxy]-6-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxy-tetrahydropyran-3-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydr
glycyrrhizin ,
glycyrrhizic acid ,
nsc167409 ,
glycyrrizin
glycyron
nsc-167409
glycyrrhetinic acid glycoside
liquorice
rizinsan k2 a2 (free acid)
glycyrrhizinic acid
1405-86-3
acid, glycyrrhizic
acid, glycyrrhizinic
chembl441687 ,
bdbm50185127
glyzyrrhizin
G0150
unii-6fo62043wk
(3beta,20beta)-20-carboxy-11-oxo-30-norolean-12-en-3-yl 2-o-beta-d-glucopyranuronosyl-alpha-d-glucopyranosiduronic acid
beta-glycyrrhizin
neo-umor
glizigen
18beta-glycyrrhizic acid
6fo62043wk ,
ccris 8444
4-18-00-05156 (beilstein handbook reference)
dtxcid6027006
cas-1405-86-3
NCGC00257455-01
tox21_303493
dtxsid8047006 ,
tox21_113426
tox21_111520
potenlini
glycyrrhizate
e958
.beta.-glycyrrhizin
18.beta.-glycyrrhizic acid
AKOS015969345
BRD-K83486494-318-01-5
glycyrrhizic acid [who-dd]
glycyrrhizic acid [usp-rs]
glycyrrhizic acid [mart.]
(3.beta.,20.beta.)-20-carboxy-11-oxo-30-norolean-12-en-3-yl 2-o-.beta.-d-glucopyranuronosyl-.alpha.-d-glucopyranosiduronic acid
glycyrrhizic acid [inci]
glycyrrhizic acid [mi]
glycyrrhizin [ii]
glycyrrhizic acid (glycyrrhizin) (constituent of licorice) [dsc]
glycyrrhizin [hsdb]
AKOS015893086
S2302
gtpl4688
(2s,3s,4s,5r,6s)-6-{[(3s,4ar,6ar,6bs,8as,11s,12ar,14ar,14bs)-11-carboxy-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,14b-heptamethyl-14-oxo-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a,14b-icosahydropicen-3-yl]oxy}-5-{[(2r,3r,4s,5s,6s)-6-carboxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy}-3,
LPLVUJXQOOQHMX-QWBHMCJMSA-N
SCHEMBL17684
Q-201172
CS-7695
AB01566834_01
mfcd00065194
NCGC00386162-02
dermacrin
glycyrrhitin
glycyrrhizic acid, pharmaceutical secondary standard; certified reference material
glycyrrhizic acid, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
HY-N0184
Q418705
glycyrrhizin (glycyrrhizic acid)
DB13751
AS-13001
hmdb:0029843
ammonium-glycyrrhizinate
(2s,3s,4s,5r,6r)-6-[(2s,3r,4s,5s,6s)-2-[[(3s,4ar,6ar,6bs,8as,11s,12ar,14ar,14bs)-11-carboxy-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,14b-heptamethyl-14-oxo-2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14a-dodecahydro-1h-picen-3-yl]oxy]-6-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-c
CCG-270511
NCGC00386162-01
EN300-25023649
glycyrrhizic acid (mart.)
glycyrrhizin (ii)
glycyrrhizic acid (usp-rs)
alpha-d-glucopyranosiduronic acid, (3beta,20beta)-20-carboxy-11-oxo-30-norlean-12-en-3-yl-2-o-beta-1-7-glucopyranuronosyl-
(3beta,20beta)-20-carboxy-11-oxo-30-norlean-12-en-3-yl-2-o-beta-1-7-glucopyranuronosyl-alpha-d-glucopyranosiduronic acid
glycyrrhizic acid (glycyrrhizin) (constituent of licorice)
20beta-carboxy-11-oxo-30-norolean-12-en-3beta-yl-2-o-be ta-d-glucopyranuronosyl-alpha-d-glucopyranosiduronic acid

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is a triterpenoid isolated from licorice with multiple bioprotective properties."	( Glycyrrhizic acid alleviates the meconium-induced acute lung injury in neonatal rats by inhibiting oxidative stress through mediating the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signal pathway. Li, X; Wei, M; Yang, N; Zhu, L, 2021)	2.79
"Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is an anti-inflammatory drug, but its utility for SCI is unclear."	( Glycyrrhizic Acid Attenuates the Inflammatory Response After Spinal Cord Injury by Inhibiting High Mobility Group Box-1 Protein Through the p38/Jun N-Terminal Kinase Signaling Pathway. Li, C; Li, M; Wang, Z; Wu, Z; Xie, S; Xie, Z; Zhang, Z; Zhou, W; Zhu, H, 2022)	2.89
"Glycyrrhizic acid is a new pharmacological inhibitor of HMGB1, which may inhibit the occurrence and development of silicosis."	( Glycyrrhizic Acid Attenuates Pulmonary Fibrosis of Silicosis by Inhibiting the Interaction between HMGB1 and BRG1 through PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway. Dai, K; Deng, M; Deng, X; Guo, Y; Hao, C; Lin, J; Niu, Z; Wang, C; Xu, X; Yao, W, 2022)	2.89
"Glycyrrhizic acid is a natural anti-non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) compound isolated from licorice, while its action mechanism deserves to be fully elucidated."	( Modulation of gut microbiota by glycyrrhizic acid may contribute to its anti-NAFLD effect in rats fed a high-fat diet. Ji, HF; Li, XY; Shen, L; Wang, S, 2022)	2.45
"Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is an active ingredient in licorice widely used to treat kidney disease."	( Glycyrrhizic acid improves tacrolimus-induced renal injury by regulating autophagy. Cao, R; Chen, G; Hu, X; Li, S; Li, Y; Lu, C; Qiu, Y; Xie, Y; Xu, C; Yang, J, 2023)	3.07
"Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is a bioactive ingredient in the root of traditional Chinese medicine licorice, and exhibits remarkable anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective actions."	( Glycyrrhizic acid alleviates liver fibrosis in vitro and in vivo via activating CUGBP1-mediated IFN-γ/STAT1/Smad7 pathway. Cheng, X; Dai, J; Fan, H; Gao, L; Guo, M; Peng, H; Wang, Z; Yuan, N, 2023)	3.07
"Glycyrrhizic acid is an amphiphilic molecule, which can form host-guest complexes by self-assembly, thereby encapsulating the guest molecule and increasing its solubility. "	( Preparation, optimization, characterization and in vitro release of baicalein-solubilizing glycyrrhizic acid nano-micelles. Chen, M; Feng, T; Liu, F; Ren, X; Sun, L; Wang, M; You, G; Zhang, G, 2021)	2.28
"Glycyrrhizic acid is a compound derived from a common herbal plant Glycyrrhiza glabra, with mucoprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, however, associated with poor pharmacokinetics."	( Evaluating the mucoprotective effects of glycyrrhizic acid-loaded polymeric nanoparticles in a murine model of 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal mucositis via suppression of inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress. Ain, QU; Ali, H; Ali, J; Atiq, A; Khan, S; Zeeshan, M, 2021)	1.61
"Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is an active constituent of licorice with anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenesis effects."	( Glycyrrhizic acid suppresses 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon tumorigenesis in Wistar rats: Alleviation of inflammatory, proliferation, angiogenic, and apoptotic markers. Khan, AQ; Khan, R; Rehman, MU; Sultana, S; Tahir, M, 2018)	2.64
"Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is a glycoside that has shown considerable promise as a penetration enhancer and drug carrier to improve the absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs. "	( Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Glycyrrhizic Acid Aggregates as Drug-Carriers for Paclitaxel. Hussain, M, 2019)	2.24
"Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is a natural and major pentacyclic triterpenoid glycoside of licorice roots extracts."	( Glycyrrhizic acid suppresses the development of precancerous lesions via regulating the hyperproliferation, inflammation, angiogenesis and apoptosis in the colon of Wistar rats. Ali, F; Hamiza, OO; Khan, AQ; Khan, R; Lateef, A; Rehman, MU; Sultana, S; Tahir, M, 2013)	2.55
"Glycyrrhizic acid (GZA) is a functional inhibitor of HMGB1, but its ability to attenuate the HMGB1-mediated injury of TEC has not been tested."	( Glycyrrhizic acid ameliorates HMGB1-mediated cell death and inflammation after renal ischemia reperfusion injury. Haig, A; Jevnikar, AM; Lau, A; Liu, W; Wang, S; Zhang, ZX, 2014)	2.57
"Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is a triterpene glycoside extracted from licorice root. "	( Spectroscopic and molecular dynamics characterization of glycyrrhizin membrane-modifying activity. Apanasenko, IE; Khalikov, SS; Kim, AV; Polyakov, NE; Selyutina, OY; Shelepova, EA, 2016)	1.88
"Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is a main sweetening component of licorice roots and has been found to be associated with multiple therapeutic properties. "	( Glycyrrhizic acid: a phytochemical with a protective role against cisplatin-induced genotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Arjumand, W; Sultana, S, 2011)	3.25
"Glycyrrhizic acid (GCA) is a potent inhibitor of 11β-HSD."	( Glycyrrhizic acid (GCA) as 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor exerts protective effect against glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Ahmad, F; Asri, SF; Ramli, ES; Soelaiman, IN; Suhaimi, F, 2013)	2.55
"Glycyrrhizic acid is an herbal drug with a broad spectrum of antiviral activities and pharmacological effects and multiple sites of action. "	( Inhibition of nuclear factor kappaB is associated with neuroprotective effects of glycyrrhizic acid on glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in primary neurons. Chan, MH; Cherng, JM; Hung, MS; Lin, HJ; Lin, JC; Lin, YR, 2006)	2
"Glycyrrhizic acid (GL) is a major active compound of licorice. "	( Development of a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the analysis of glycyrrhizic acid. Li, G; Li, QX; Li, ZH; Liu, W; Nan, TG; Wang, BM; Zhai, ZX; Zhao, J, 2006)	1.99
"Glycyrrhizic acid is an inhibitor of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase, inhibits protein kinase C, and downregulates the epidermal growth factor receptor."	( Licorice and cancer. Nixon, DW; Wang, ZY, 2001)	1.03

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Glycyrrhizic acid has a variety of biological properties, including a protective function in the liver, and anti‑inflammatory, anti‑ulcer, anti‑anaphylaxis, anti‑oxidant, immunoregulatory, antiviral and anticancer activities. "	( Glycyrrhizic acid prevents enteritis through reduction of NF‑κB p65 and p38MAPK expression in rat. Du, GQ; Wang, YM, 2016)	3.32
"Glycyrrhizic acid has been shown to have strong antioxidant activity and we hypothesised that the aglycone of glycyrrhizin and MAG, could reduce damage from oxidative stress in perinatal cows by enhancing antioxidant capacity."	( Antioxidant monoammonium glycyrrhizinate alleviates damage from oxidative stress in perinatal cows. Kong, T; Li, C; Li, Y; Meng, S; Shao, Q; Wang, X; Zhang, C, 2023)	1.63
"Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) has been reported to exert neuroprotective effects on status epilepticus."	( Glycyrrhizic acid protects against temporal lobe epilepsy in young rats by regulating neuronal ferroptosis through the miR-194-5p/PTGS2 axis. Huang, XN; Yi, TT; Zhang, LM, 2023)	3.07
"Glycyrrhizic acid (GCA) has been shown to reduce fat deposition because it is a known potent inhibitor of the 11beta-HSD1 enzyme."	( Piper sarmentosum is comparable to glycyrrhizic acid in reducing visceral fat deposition in adrenalectomised rats given dexamethasone. Elvy Suhana, MR; Fairus, A; Farihah, HS; Ima Nirwana, S; Santhana, R; Tan, MH, 2013)	1.39
"Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) has been proved to have cytotoxic effects in many cancer cell lines."	( Growth inhibitory in vitro effects of glycyrrhizic acid in U251 glioblastoma cell line. Cao, LP; Hang, CH; Li, JS; Li, S; Li, WD; Liu, HD; Sun, Q; Zhu, JH, 2014)	1.39
"Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) has been reported to have attenuating airway inflammation effects in asthma mouse model. "	( Regulation of Th1/Th2 balance through OX40/OX40L signalling by glycyrrhizic acid in a murine model of asthma. Hu, X; Huang, J; Lei, W; Tang, Y; Wang, Q; Wu, Q; Zhou, L, 2016)	2.12
"Glycyrrhizic acid has been reported to impair hair growth in some studies; however, its underlying mechanism has not yet been investigated."	( Glycyrrhizic acid attenuates stem cell-like phenotypes of human dermal papilla cells. Chanvorachote, P; Kiratipaiboon, C; Tengamnuay, P, 2015)	2.58
"Glycyrrhizic acid has a variety of biological properties, including a protective function in the liver, and anti‑inflammatory, anti‑ulcer, anti‑anaphylaxis, anti‑oxidant, immunoregulatory, antiviral and anticancer activities. "	( Glycyrrhizic acid prevents enteritis through reduction of NF‑κB p65 and p38MAPK expression in rat. Du, GQ; Wang, YM, 2016)	3.32
"Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) has numerous pharmacological effects including inhibition of the complement pathway."	( Glycyrrhizic acid prevents astrocyte death by neuromyelitis optica-specific IgG via inhibition of C1q binding. Cheon, S; Kim, B; Kim, H; Kim, JS; Kim, SM; Kim, SW; Park, KD, 2016)	2.6
"Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) has been reported to inhibit postprandial blood glucose rise and 11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11 βHSD1) activity. "	( Effects of glycyrrhizic acid on 11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 βHSD1 and 2) activities and HOMA-IR in rats at different treatment periods. Chia, YY; Kadir, KB; Ton, SH; Yin, YY, 2010)	2.19
"Glycyrrhizic acid has been shown to possess anti-inflammation, antiviral and chemoprotective activity against tumors. "	( Molecular mechanisms underlying chemopreventive activities of glycyrrhizic acid against UVB-radiation-induced carcinogenesis in SKH-1 hairless mouse epidermis. Cherng, JM; Lin, JC; Tsai, KD; Yu, YW, 2011)	2.05
"Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) has been reported to have antioxidative properties."	( Inhibition of glycyrrhizic acid on aflatoxin B1-induced cytotoxicity in hepatoma cells. Chan, C; Chan, HT; Ho, JW, 2003)	1.4
"Glycyrrhizic acid has the most profound immunomodulatory activity in vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"	( An in vitro study of immunomodulatory effects of some saponins. Campbell, JB; Chavali, SR; Francis, T, 1987)	0.99

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Glycyrrhizic acid can inhibit the interaction between HMGB1 and BRG1 through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway to affect the progression of silicosis."	( Glycyrrhizic Acid Attenuates Pulmonary Fibrosis of Silicosis by Inhibiting the Interaction between HMGB1 and BRG1 through PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway. Dai, K; Deng, M; Deng, X; Guo, Y; Hao, C; Lin, J; Niu, Z; Wang, C; Xu, X; Yao, W, 2022)	3.61
"The glycyrrhizic acid can inhibit the growth and acid-producing of S. "	( [Effects of glycyrrhizic acid on the growth and acid-producing of Streptococcus mutans in vitro]. He, YH; Kong, XL; Liu, G; Ma, QR; Wan, HC; Wen, YL; Yang, YM; Zhang, FF, 2010)	1.3

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Glycyrrhizic acid treatment reduced the expression of Ki-67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) while enhanced the expression of p53, connexin-43, b-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), survivin, and cleaved caspase-3. "	( Glycyrrhizic acid suppresses 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon tumorigenesis in Wistar rats: Alleviation of inflammatory, proliferation, angiogenic, and apoptotic markers. Khan, AQ; Khan, R; Rehman, MU; Sultana, S; Tahir, M, 2018)	3.37
"Glycyrrhizic acid pretreatment suppressed translocation of GO into secondary targeted organs through intestinal barrier."	( Glycyrrhizic acid, active component from Glycyrrhizae radix, prevents toxicity of graphene oxide by influencing functions of microRNAs in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Jia, R; Qiao, Y; Wang, D; Zhao, Y, 2016)	2.6
"Glycyrrhizic acid treatment provided a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation in group III in comparison with group II."	( The effect of glycyrrhizic acid on traumatic spinal cord injury in rats. Akman, T; Bozkurt Aras, A; Cosar, M; Farooqi, AA; Guven, M; Sehitoglu, MH; Yüksel, Y, 2016)	1.52
"Glycyrrhizic acid treatment also diminished glutamate-induced DNA fragmentation and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)."	( Inhibition of nuclear factor kappaB is associated with neuroprotective effects of glycyrrhizic acid on glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in primary neurons. Chan, MH; Cherng, JM; Hung, MS; Lin, HJ; Lin, JC; Lin, YR, 2006)	1.28
"Treatment with glycyrrhizic acid significantly reduced D‑lactate and intercellular adhesion molecule‑1 gene expression (P<0.01), but did not inhibit diamine oxidase activity in MTX‑induced enteritis."	( Glycyrrhizic acid prevents enteritis through reduction of NF‑κB p65 and p38MAPK expression in rat. Du, GQ; Wang, YM, 2016)	2.22

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Cadmium chloride at concentrations of 10-50mM and acetaldehyde (AA) at 1-5mM showed synergistic toxic effects on V79 cells in vitro."	( Synergistic effect of cadmium chloride and acetaldehyde on cytotoxicity and its prevention by quercetin and glycyrrhizin. Chen, WK; Hu, CC; Lee, YJ; Liao, PH; Yu, WC, 2001)	0.31
" However, it is undetectable in cultured hepatocyte monolayers in vitro at the equivalent toxic concentration in vivo."	( Investigation of rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity in rat hepatocytes maintained in gel entrapment culture. Cheng, X; Li, D; Meng, Q; Shen, C, 2009)	0.35
"Clozapine is limitedly used due to its adverse effect including agranulocytosis and hepatotoxicity."	( Clozapine-induced hepatotoxicity in rat hepatocytes by gel entrapment and monolayer culture. Bei, X; Lu, Y; Meng, Q; Zhang, G, 2008)	0.35
" Although the patient's response to GZA resolved spontaneously, emergency physician awareness of the toxic effects of natural licorice extract may avert symptom progression in early-identified cases."	( Glycyrrhizic acid toxicity caused by consumption of licorice candy cigars. Johns, C, 2009)	1.8
" The remainder completed the 12-month treatment with no serious adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of addition of minor bloodletting (petit phlebotomy) in hepatitis C virus-infected patients receiving regular glycyrrhizin injections. Aoyama, T; Horiuchi, A; Kiyosawa, K; Komatsu, M; Nagaya, T; Okaniwa, S; Tanaka, E; Tanaka, N; Yamaura, T; Yokoyama, T; Yoshizawa, K, 2009)	0.35
"The addition of PP is effective and safe for improving serum aminotransferase levels in HCV-infected patients receiving regular GI, even in those with compensated cirrhosis."	( Efficacy and safety of addition of minor bloodletting (petit phlebotomy) in hepatitis C virus-infected patients receiving regular glycyrrhizin injections. Aoyama, T; Horiuchi, A; Kiyosawa, K; Komatsu, M; Nagaya, T; Okaniwa, S; Tanaka, E; Tanaka, N; Yamaura, T; Yokoyama, T; Yoshizawa, K, 2009)	0.35
" The proportion of participants with adverse effects attributed to the treatment was also computed."	( Nasal obstruction as a key symptom in allergic rhinitis: efficacy and safety of a medical device in children. Bellussi, LM; Gregori, D; Lauriello, M; Passali, D; Passali, FM; Passali, GC, )	0.13
"001), while only 9 patients suffered adverse effects (itch, burning sensation, dryness)."	( Nasal obstruction as a key symptom in allergic rhinitis: efficacy and safety of a medical device in children. Bellussi, LM; Gregori, D; Lauriello, M; Passali, D; Passali, FM; Passali, GC, )	0.13
"Many recent studies demonstrate that most nanoparticles (NPs) have an adverse or toxic action on liver."	( Effect of glycyrrhizic acid on titanium dioxide nanoparticles-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Fakhredini, F; Khorsandi, L; Mansouri, E; Orazizadeh, M, 2014)	0.8
"Despite the availability of a number of pharmacological options, relief of allergic rhinitis (AR) symptoms, especially nasal obstruction, is often limited and local and systemic adverse reactions are not infrequent."	( Efficacy and safety of a medical device in reducing nasal obstruction in allergic children. Bellussi, LM; Cambi, J; Loglisci, M; Passali, D; Passali, FM, 2015)	0.42
" Proportion of participants with adverse effects attributed to the treatment was computed."	( Efficacy and safety of a medical device in reducing nasal obstruction in allergic children. Bellussi, LM; Cambi, J; Loglisci, M; Passali, D; Passali, FM, 2015)	0.42
"001), while only 1 patient suffered from moderate adverse effects."	( Efficacy and safety of a medical device in reducing nasal obstruction in allergic children. Bellussi, LM; Cambi, J; Loglisci, M; Passali, D; Passali, FM, 2015)	0.42
"Exposure to graphene oxide may pose toxic effects to health, as suggested in animal studies."	( Glycyrrhizic acid, active component from Glycyrrhizae radix, prevents toxicity of graphene oxide by influencing functions of microRNAs in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Jia, R; Qiao, Y; Wang, D; Zhao, Y, 2016)	1.88
" The observation from toxicity study concludes; the developed NPS are safe and free of any health associated risk."	( Brain-targeted glycyrrhizic-acid-loaded surface decorated nanoparticles for treatment of cerebral ischaemia and its toxicity assessment. Abdur Rub, R; Ahmad, FJ; Ahmad, N; Ahmad, R; Al-Subaiec, AM; Alam, MA; Ashafaq, M; Sharma, S, 2019)	0.51
"1[Formula: see text]d), and treatment reduced the dosage ([Formula: see text][Formula: see text]mg/d) and duration of the corticosteroids used, without other serious adverse reactions."	( The Potential of Glycyrrhizinate in the Management of COVID-19: A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Glycyrrhizin Preparations in the Treatment of SARS and MERS. Ding, H; Hu, Y; Li, H; Li, S; Tang, H; Zhai, S; Zhao, R, 2020)	0.56
"The present study aimed to explain the mechanisms involved in cell-mediated immunotoxicity of atrazine (ATR) in rabbits and to evaluate the ameliorative role of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) against such toxic effects."	( Atrazine-induced cell-mediated immunotoxicity in rabbits and the ameliorating role of glycyrrhizic acid. Galal, MK; Hussien, AM; Ibrahim, MA; Morgan, AM, 2021)	1.04
" A small number of studies included reported that CGI caused mild adverse reactions when used alone or in combination with other drugs."	( [Systematic review and Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of Compound Glycyrrhizin Injection in improving chronic hepatitis B liver damage]. Lai, BY; Liang, SB; Su, N; Wang, HN; Wen, TY; Yao, XL, 2021)	0.62
"Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a rare but serious adverse event that can progress to acute liver failure (ALF)."	( Therapeutic Management of Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Liver Injury and Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity in the Paediatric Population: A Systematic Review. Aithal, GP; Alvarez-Alvarez, I; Andrade, RJ; Arikan, C; Atallah, E; Lucena, MI; Medina-Caliz, I; Niu, H, 2022)	0.72
" Adverse events, including some incidence of decompensated liver cirrhosis and liver cancer, were evaluated."	( Efficacy and Safety of Glycyrrhizic Acid in Treatment of Autoimmune Hepatitis. Bi, X; Deng, W; Jiang, T; Li, M; Lin, Y; Lu, Y; Xie, Y; Yang, L; Yi, W; Zhang, L, 2023)	1.22
" It is urgent to explore the toxic components of EF and the attenuation mechanism of licorice."	( The inhibitory effect of licorice on the hepatotoxicity induced by the metabolic activation of Euodiae Fructus. Hua, H; Liu, X; Pan, Y; Ren, K; Ren, S; Wang, D; Wang, R; Zhang, X, 2024)	1.44
" The secondary outcome was incidence of adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of compound glycyrrhizin in combination with conventional therapy in treatment of vitiligo: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fu, D; Gong, Y; Jian, Y; Li, Y; Shi, H; Wang, X, 2023)	0.91
" In addition, CG did not increase the incidence of adverse events for vitiligo (RR = 0."	( Efficacy and safety of compound glycyrrhizin in combination with conventional therapy in treatment of vitiligo: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fu, D; Gong, Y; Jian, Y; Li, Y; Shi, H; Wang, X, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Dosage, however, had a marked effect on the pharmacokinetics, with a greater-than-proportional increase in area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) at doses of 20 and 50 mg/kg, even though the increase was proportional at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg."	( Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhizin in rats. Ichikawa, T; Ishida, S; Sakiya, Y; Taira, Z, 1992)	0.28
" The pharmacokinetic behavior of glycyrrhizin and its metabolites after oral and intravenous administration of glycyrrhizin to normal subjects was investigated."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of glycyrrhizin in healthy volunteers by a new high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Iga, T; Kawakami, J; Kotaki, H; Santa, T; Sawada, Y; Tanaka, N; Uchino, K; Yamamura, Y, 1992)	0.28
" The disposition of drug in plasma at each dose fitted well to a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( Pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhizin after intravenous administration to rats. Chen, CF; Liao, JF; Shum, AY; Tsai, TH, 1992)	0.28
" It was applied to pharmacokinetic studies of glycyrrhizin in rabbit, after a 2 mg/kg intravenous administration."	( Determination of glycyrrhizin in rabbit plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array ultraviolet detection and its pharmacokinetics application. Chen, CF; Tsai, TH, 1992)	0.28
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of PSL were determined by non-compartment analysis."	( Effect of oral administration of glycyrrhizin on the pharmacokinetics of prednisolone. Chen, MF; Kanaoka, M; Kato, H; Shimada, F; Yano, S, 1991)	0.28
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of PSL were determined, using noncompartmental analysis."	( Effect of glycyrrhizin on the pharmacokinetics of prednisolone following low dosage of prednisolone hemisuccinate. Chen, MF; Kanaoka, M; Kato, H; Shimada, F; Yano, S, 1990)	0.28
"Three physiologically based pharmacokinetic models A--C, incorporating enterohepatic recycling, were developed to predict glycyrrhizin (GLZ) disposition in rat plasma and tissues, and human serum."	( Prediction of glycyrrhizin disposition in rat and man by a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Awazu, S; Ichikawa, T; Ishida, S; Sakiya, Y; Taira, Z, 1990)	0.28
" The plasma disposition at each dose fitted well to a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model with Michaelis-Menten elimination."	( Pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhetic acid, a major metabolite of glycyrrhizin, in rats. Awazu, S; Ichikawa, T; Ishida, S; Sakiya, Y, 1989)	0.28
" The pharmacokinetic curves showed significant differences in the areas under the plasma-time curve (AUC), Cmax, and Tmax parameters."	( Interaction of licorice on glycyrrhizin pharmacokinetics. Bernardi, M; Bugamelli, F; Cantelli-Forti, G; D'Intino, P; Hrelia, P; Maffei, F; Maranesi, M; Raggi, MA, 1994)	0.29
"The pharmacokinetic behavior of glycyrrhizin in four patients with acute hepatitis (hepatitis group) and six patients with liver cirrhosis (cirrhosis group) receiving chronically an IV administration of a 120 mg dose once a day or once every other day of glycyrrhizin was investigated."	( The relationship between pharmacokinetic behaviour of glycyrrhizin and hepatic function in patients with acute hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. Aikawa, T; Iga, T; Kotaki, H; Osuga, T; Santa, T; Sawada, Y; Tanaka, N; Uchino, K; Yamamura, Y, 1995)	0.29
" However, the pharmacokinetic profiles varied among patients."	( Pharmacokinetic profiles of glycyrrhizin in patients with chronic hepatitis. Aikawa, T; Iga, T; Kotaki, H; Osuga, T; Santa, T; Sawada, Y; Tanaka, N; Uchino, K; Yamamura, Y, 1993)	0.29
"The pharmacokinetic behavior of glycyrrhizin (GZ) was examined in D-galactosamine-intoxicated (GAL) rats."	( Pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhizin in rats with D-galactosamine-induced hepatic disease. Kimura, T; Kurosaki, Y; Nakayama, T; Okamoto, M; Wang, Z, 1996)	0.29
"The relationships between the pharmacokinetic behaviour of glycyrrhizin and its restorative effect for hepatic function were investigated in patients with chronic hepatitis and in rats chronically treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4-treated rats)."	( The pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhizin and its restorative effect on hepatic function in patients with chronic hepatitis and in chronically carbon-tetrachloride-intoxicated rats. Aikawa, T; Iga, T; Kotaki, H; Sawada, Y; Tanaka, N; Yamamura, Y, 1997)	0.3
"Intravenous glycyrrhizin has been used in Japan for the treatment of chronic hepatitis for >20 years, although only a few reports of its pharmacokinetic profile after multiple intravenous doses in small numbers of Japanese patients have been published."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous glycyrrhizin after single and multiple doses in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Hop, WC; Schalm, SW; van Rossum, TG; Vulto, AG, 1999)	0.3
" These mechanistic findings, derived from analysis of experimental data through physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling, can eventually be used for a quantitative health risk assessment of human exposure to glycyrrhizic acid containing products."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of glycyrrhizic acid, a compound subject to presystemic metabolism and enterohepatic cycling. DeJongh, J; Meulenbelt, J; Ploeger, BA, 2000)	0.75
" Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling indicated that, in humans, the transit rate of gastrointestinal contents through the small and large intestines predominantly determines to what extent glycyrrhetic acid conjugates will be reabsorbed."	( The pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhizic acid evaluated by physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. DeJongh, J; Mensinga, T; Meulenbelt, J; Ploeger, B; Seinen, W; Sips, A, 2001)	0.62
"The influence of synthetic drugs prescribed for peptic ulcer on the pharmacokinetic fate of glycyrrhizin (GL) from Shaoyao-Gancao-tang (SGT, a traditional Chinese formulation, Shakuyaku-Kanzo-to in Japanese) was investigated in rats."	( The influence of commonly prescribed synthetic drugs for peptic ulcer on the pharmacokinetic fate of glycyrrhizin from Shaoyao-Gancao-tang. Akao, T; He, JX; Nishino, T; Tani, T, 2001)	0.31
" The data were processed by the software named 3P87 to find the pharmacokinetic parameters."	( [Determination of glycyrrihizin in rats plasma and pharmacokinetics after oral administration of si-jun-zi-tang]. Chen, J; Feng, J; Huang, X; Reng, P; Wang, L; Zhang, L, 2000)	0.31
"Comparative pharmacokinetic profiles of glycyrrhetic acid (GA), glycyrrhizic acid (GL) and Gancao-Fuzi-Tang (KF) after oral administration of GL and KF were studied."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic behavior of glycyrrhetic acid after oral administration of glycyrrhizic acid and Gancao-Fuzi-Tang. Bi, KS; Chen, XH; Gao, QT, 2004)	0.78
"2 ml/kg), and examined the daily changes of the pharmacokinetic behavior of salicylamide (SAM) for five days."	( Effects of Sho-saiko-to extract and its components, Baicalin, baicalein, glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetic acid, on pharmacokinetic behavior of salicylamide in carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rats. Hamaguchi, Y; Hirayama, K; Ishida, S; Kishimoto, M; Taira, Z; Ueda, Y; Yabe, K, 2004)	0.32
" To explore the mechanism of the pharmacokinetic difference, feces of rabbits, rats, pigs and humans were used to investigate the presystemic metabolism of pure GZ and GZ in licorice decoction."	( Profound difference of metabolic pharmacokinetics between pure glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhizin in licorice decoction. Chao, PD; Ching, H; Hou, YC; Hsiu, SL; Lin, YT; Tsai, SY; Wen, KC, 2005)	0.33
" Meanwhile, in co-treated group, elimination rate constant (Ke) of glibenclamide was reduced while peak plasma concentration (C(max)), area under the plasma concentration vs time curve (AUC(0-14 h)) and elimination half-life (T(1/2Ke)) were increased significantly vs glibenclamide alone administered rats."	( Effects of 18alpha-glycyrrhizin on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of glibenclamide in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Ao, Y; Chen, J; Peng, RX; Yue, J, 2008)	0.35
" In the other two routes of administration via the tail vein and hepatic portal vein, diammonium glycyrrhizinate (15 mg kg(-1)) did not affect any of the pharmacokinetic parameters of aconitine (0."	( Effects of diammonium glycyrrhizinate on the pharmacokinetics of aconitine in rats and the potential mechanism. Chen, L; Chen, YX; Davey, AK; Liu, XQ; Wang, JP; Yang, J, 2009)	0.35
"The aim of this study is to develop a simple and rapid HPLC method and investigate the effect of glycyrrhizin on pharmacokinetic fate of paeoniflorin after intravenous administration."	( [Influence of glycyrrhizin on paeoniflorin pharmacokinetic fate in unrestrained conscious rats by intravenous administration]. Chen, X; Han, D; Li, N; Su, Y; Yu, X, 2009)	0.35
" All data were subsequently processed by the pharmacokinetic Software WinNonLin."	( [Influence of glycyrrhizin on paeoniflorin pharmacokinetic fate in unrestrained conscious rats by intravenous administration]. Chen, X; Han, D; Li, N; Su, Y; Yu, X, 2009)	0.35
"Glycyrrhizin significantly influenced the pharmacokinetic fate of paeoniflorin, increasing the value of AUC and decreasing CL and V(d)."	( [Influence of glycyrrhizin on paeoniflorin pharmacokinetic fate in unrestrained conscious rats by intravenous administration]. Chen, X; Han, D; Li, N; Su, Y; Yu, X, 2009)	0.35
"To prepare the diammonium glycyrrhizinate-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (DG-CS NPs), and evaluate its pharmaceutical properties and pharmacodynamic effects on ulcerative colitis (UC)."	( [Preparation and pharmacodynamic evaluation of diammonium glycyrrhizinate-loaded chitosan nanoparticles]. Cao, Q; Cui, J; Yang, S; Zhu, Y, 2010)	0.36
" This method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic studies in beagle dogs."	( Determination of glycyrrhizin in dog plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and its application in pharmacokinetic studies. Chen, X; Fang, F; He, Y; Jing, J; Lu, Y; Ren, W; Wan, D; Zhao, D; Zheng, J; Zhu, J, 2010)	0.36
"15-700 ng/mL and was successfully applied to a pilot pharmacokinetic study in beagle dogs."	( Determination of asperosaponin VI in dog plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pilot pharmacokinetic study. Ding, L; Du, XL; Qi, XM; Shakya, S; Yang, XL; Yang, ZL; Zhu, H, 2012)	0.38
" Six days of glycyrrhizin treatment resulted in no significant alterations in the pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC(0-∞), AUC(0-24), C (max), t (max), t (½)) for talinolol."	( Lack of effect of continuous glycyrrhizin administration on the pharmacokinetics of the P-glycoprotein substrate talinolol in healthy volunteers. Cai, HL; Fang, PF; Li, HD; Liu, YP; Tan, QY; Wang, F; Xu, P; Yan, M, 2013)	0.39
"Pretreatment with glycyrrhizin resulted in no significant alterations in the main pharmacokinetic parameters of ETV in the short-term and long-term administration experiments."	( Effect of diammonium glycyrrhizinate on entecavir pharmacokinetics in rats. Hao, HP; Hao, K; Li, FY; Wang, GJ; Yan, TT, 2013)	0.39
"The current study aims to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of Huangqin Tang on different oral doses."	( [LC-MS quantification and pharmacokinetics of the multi-constituents of Huangqin Tang in rat plasma after different single oral doses]. Chen, L; Li, T; Liang, RX; Wang, YL; Wang, YW; Yang, WP; Zhang, D; Zhang, HH; Zhou, ZM, 2013)	0.39
" The present study was to investigate the effects of giving N-acetylcysteine (NAC) alone and in combination with either glycyrrhizin (GL), silibinin (SIB) or spironolactone (SL) on the plasma pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles, hepatic exposure, biliary excretion and urinary excretion of acetaminophen (APAP) and its major metabolite, acetaminophen glucuronide (AG)."	( Changes in pharmacokinetic profiles of acetaminophen and its glucuronide after pretreatment with combinations of N-acetylcysteine and either glycyrrhizin, silibinin or spironolactone in rat. Liu, X; Wang, Q; Xu, R; Yang, J; Zang, M; Zhang, J, 2014)	0.4
"An ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric (UPLC-MS) method was developed to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of ephedrine, methylephedrine, amygdalin, and glycyrrhizic acid after oral gavage of Ma Huang Tang (MHT) in Beagles."	( UPLC-MS/MS determination of ephedrine, methylephedrine, amygdalin and glycyrrhizic acid in Beagle plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of Ma Huang Tang. Fu, Q; Ma, S; Wang, J; Yan, T, 2015)	0.84
" This study aims to investigate the pharmacokinetic (PK) study of matrine (MT), oxymatrine (OMT), glycyrrhizic acid (GL) and glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) following oral administration of KGD in rats."	( Pharmacokinetic study of multiple active constituents from Kushen-Gancao Decoction after oral administration in rat by HPLC-MS/MS. Dang, X; Shi, L; Tang, X; Wang, Q; Zhang, Y, 2014)	0.62
"To study on the effects of Achyranthes bidentata on Tongsaimai pellets main active ingredients chlorogenic acid, isoliquiritin, harpagoside and glycyrrhizin in rats in vivo pharmacokinetic behaviors, a method for the simultaneous determination of chlorogenic acid, isoliquiritin, harpagoside and liquiritigenin in rat plasma was established by UPLC-MS/MS."	( [Studies on effects of Achyranthes bidentata on tongsaimai pellets main active ingredients chlorogenic acid, isoliquiritin, harpagoside and glycyrrhizin in vivo pharmacokinetics]. Bi, XL; Cheng, J; Di, LQ; Kang, A; Li, JS; Shan, JJ; Zhao, XL, 2014)	0.4
" The aim of the present study was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) pharmacodynamic (PD) model for GL-induced pseudoaldosteronism to improve the safe use of GL."	( A semi-physiologically based pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic model for glycyrrhizin-induced pseudoaldosteronism and prediction of the dose limit causing hypokalemia in a virtual elderly population. Liu, X; Xu, R; Yang, J, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from mouse blood samples at various intervals following the oral administration of paeoniflorin and glycyrrhizic acid at three doses (1 : 0."	( A Sensitive and Specific Indirect Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Paeoniflorin and Its Application in Pharmacokinetic Interactions between Paeoniflorin and Glycyrrhizinic Acid. Qu, H; Shan, W; Wang, Q; Wang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2015)	0.62
" Here, a rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed for the determination of glycyrrhizinic acid, liquiritin, paeoniflorin, albiflorin after oral administration of GSBXD plus-minus Gansui and Gancao anti-drug combination to investigate the possible pharmacokinetic profile differences of different prescriptions with GSBXD in normal rats."	( Comparisons of the pharmacokinetic profile of four bioactive components after oral administration of gan-sui-ban-xia decoction plus-minus gansui and gancao drug combination in normal rats. Duan, J; Guo, J; Huang, J; Pan, Y; Qian, D; Xi, J; Zhang, Y; Zhong, G; Zhou, X; Zhu, Z, 2015)	0.42
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined in rats following oral (p."	( Effects of Silymarin, Glycyrrhizin, and Oxymatrine on the Pharmacokinetics of Ribavirin and Its Major Metabolite in Rats. Fan, S; Jin, X; Li, J; Liao, S; Shi, W; Wang, J; Wang, X; Zhang, T; Zhang, W; Zhang, Z; Zhong, B, 2016)	0.43
" The results indicate that honey can postpone the peak concentration of GA in mouse blood, and this effect correlates well with fructose."	( The Effects of Sweet Foods on the Pharmacokinetics of Glycyrrhizic Acid by icELISA. Cheng, J; Jiang, B; Kong, H; Liu, S; Qu, H; Yan, X; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2017)	0.7
" Moreover, the proposed method was applied to a pharmacokinetic study in Sprague-Dawley rats for investigating the mechanism of which liquorice detoxifies Semen Strychni."	( An LC-MS/MS method for determination of bioactive components of liquorice and Semen Strychni in rat plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetics study. Cai, HL; Deng, Y; Fang, PF; Li, HD; Wang, C; Wen, J; Yan, M; Zhang, BK; Zhang, M, 2018)	0.48
" The pharmacokinetic behaviors of paeoniflorin (PF), albiflorin (AF), liquiritin (LT), isoliquiritin (ILT), liquiritin apioside (LA), isoliquiritin apioside (ILA), and glycyrrhizic acid (GL), seven major constituents of SGD, as well as glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), a major metabolite of GL, were analyzed."	( Pretreatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics alters the pharmacokinetics of major constituents of Shaoyao-Gancao decoction in rats after oral administration. Hu, WJ; Ke, CQ; Liu, J; Liu, M; Yao, S; Ye, Y; Yuan, J; Zhang, YF; Zhao, GR; Zhong, DF, 2019)	0.71
" However, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of its major bioactive components in rats under different physiological and pathological states are not clear."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of nine major bioactive components in normal and ulcerative colitis rats after oral administration of Lizhong decoction extracts by UPLC-TQ-MS/MS. Cui, X; Duan, JA; Jiang, S; Qian, DW; Shen, Y, 2019)	0.51
" We aimed to develop a sensitive and simultaneous analytical method for detecting glycyrrhizin, isoliquiritigenin, liquiritigenin, and liquiritin, the four marker components of Glycyrrhizae Radix extract (GRE), in rat plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and to apply this analytical method to pharmacokinetic studies."	( Simultaneous Determination and Pharmacokinetic Characterization of Glycyrrhizin, Isoliquiritigenin, Liquiritigenin, and Liquiritin in Rat Plasma Following Oral Administration of Glycyrrhizae Radix Extract. Choi, MK; Han, YJ; Kang, B; Song, IS; Yang, EJ, 2019)	0.51
"Twenty-four prototype components in HQD and 17 metabolites were identified in humans, and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of 14 components were elucidated."	( Pharmacokinetics-based comprehensive strategy to identify multiple effective components in Huangqi decoction against liver fibrosis. Jiang, J; Li, Y; Liu, P; Ma, Y; Meng, C; Shi, R; Wang, T; Wang, Y; Wu, J; Yuan, W; Zeng, J; Zhang, H; Zhong, J; Zhu, L, 2021)	0.62
" Identifying pharmacodynamic constituents (PCs) of WTD and exploring their in vivo process are very meaningful for promoting the modernization of TCM."	( A comprehensive strategy to clarify the pharmacodynamic constituents and mechanism of Wu-tou decoction based on the constituents migrating to blood and their in vivo process under pathological state. Cheng, X; Fan, M; Liu, S; Liu, Z; Lu, E; Pi, Z; Song, F; Zheng, Z, 2021)	0.62
"The plasma concentration and half-life of methotrexate were significantly increased after concomitant administration of GZ, or when GZ was administered 3 h before MTX administration, compared with MTX alone, increasing hepatic enzyme levels."	( Optimal Administration of Glycyrrhizin Avoids Pharmacokinetic Interactions With High-dose Methotrexate and Exerts a Hepatoprotective Effect. Abe, K; Higurashi, T; Kawano, Y; Maeda-Minami, A; Mano, Y; Miyazaki, S; Takahashi, M, 2023)	0.91
" However, the pharmacokinetic characteristics and tissue distribution of its major bioactive components in rats under different physiological and pathological conditions are unclear."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 12 major active components in normal and chronic gastritis rats after oral administration of Weikangling capsules. Li, X; Liu, F; Nong, X; Qu, W, 2023)	0.91
"In this study, we aimed to clarify the differences in pharmacokinetic parameters and tissue distribution of the major active components in WKLCs under physiological and pathological states."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 12 major active components in normal and chronic gastritis rats after oral administration of Weikangling capsules. Li, X; Liu, F; Nong, X; Qu, W, 2023)	0.91
" The pharmacokinetic characteristics and tissue distribution of 12 prototype components were successfully analyzed by UHPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 12 major active components in normal and chronic gastritis rats after oral administration of Weikangling capsules. Li, X; Liu, F; Nong, X; Qu, W, 2023)	0.91
"The pharmacokinetic characteristics and tissue distribution of 12 active components of WKLCs were comprehensively characterized and elucidated in normal and chronic gastritis rats."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 12 major active components in normal and chronic gastritis rats after oral administration of Weikangling capsules. Li, X; Liu, F; Nong, X; Qu, W, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) influence the pharmacokinetics of several drug classes and are involved in many clinical drug-drug interactions."	( Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions. Artursson, P; Haglund, U; Karlgren, M; Kimoto, E; Lai, Y; Norinder, U; Vildhede, A; Wisniewski, JR, 2012)	0.38
"To explore effects of kurarinol combined with Diammonium Glycyrrhizinate on specific cellular immunity of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB)."	( [Study on effects of kurarinol combined with glycyrrhizic acid on cellular immunity of patients with chronic hepatitis B]. Chen, HK; Gu, XB; Hua, Z; Jiang, XH; Jiang, YM; Lu, ZH; Pei, H; Wu, HY; Yang, XJ; Zhang, B; Zhou, YL; Zhu, YF, 2012)	0.64
"Sixty-three CHB patients were randomly divided into two groups, 32 cases in group of kurarinol combined with Diammonium Glycyrrhizinate group (combined therapy group) were treated with 600 mg kurarinol glucose injection intravenously, once a day for one month, then 200 mg kurarinol capsule was used orally, three times a day for two months."	( [Study on effects of kurarinol combined with glycyrrhizic acid on cellular immunity of patients with chronic hepatitis B]. Chen, HK; Gu, XB; Hua, Z; Jiang, XH; Jiang, YM; Lu, ZH; Pei, H; Wu, HY; Yang, XJ; Zhang, B; Zhou, YL; Zhu, YF, 2012)	0.64
"Kurarinol combined with Diammonium Glycyrrhizinate can further increase HBV specific CTL, CD4+ and Th1 level of CHB patients."	( [Study on effects of kurarinol combined with glycyrrhizic acid on cellular immunity of patients with chronic hepatitis B]. Chen, HK; Gu, XB; Hua, Z; Jiang, XH; Jiang, YM; Lu, ZH; Pei, H; Wu, HY; Yang, XJ; Zhang, B; Zhou, YL; Zhu, YF, 2012)	0.64
" In this study, we observed the efficacy and safety of glycyrrhizic acid combined with CsA in the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with non-severe AA (NSAA)."	( Efficacy of glycyrrhizin combined with cyclosporine in the treatment of non-severe aplastic anemia. Cui, JY; Li, YX; Ran, XH; Ren, CA; Sheng, ZX; Wang, BH; Zhang, MH, 2013)	0.64
" Glycyrrhizin or BP1, when combined with D-K6L9, inhibits growth of primary tumors only during the period of their administration."	( D-K6L 9 peptide combination with IL-12 inhibits the recurrence of tumors in mice. Barczyk, M; Cichoń, T; Jarosz, M; Matuszczak, S; Smolarczyk, R; Szala, S, 2014)	0.4
" A drug-drug interaction (DDI) study was conducted to guide dosing recommendations for UDCA and GCR when coadministered with the 2D regimen."	( Drug Interactions Between Hepatoprotective Agents Ursodeoxycholic Acid or Glycyrrhizin and Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir in Healthy Japanese Subjects. Alves, K; Badri, PS; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Menon, RM; Redman, R; Rodrigues, L; Uchiyama, N; Zha, J, 2015)	0.42
"Glycyrrhizin is a major bioactive component of liquorice, which exerts multiple biochemical and pharmacological activities and is frequently used in combination with other drugs in the clinic."	( Effects of diammonium glycyrrhizinate on hepatic and intestinal UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases in rats: Implication in herb-drug interactions. Cao, LJ; Hao, HP; Li, FY; Wang, GJ; Wang, H; Weng, L; Xie, H, 2016)	0.43
" Beside its inhibition of cell proliferation, GA at non-cytotoxic concentration showed synergistic effect in combination with anti-cancer drug, etoposide(VP-16)."	( The selective effect of glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid on topoisomerase IIα and apoptosis in combination with etoposide on triple negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Cai, J; Cai, Y; Li, G; Liang, Q; Zhang, Y; Zhao, B, 2017)	0.46
" This investigation was designed to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying hepatobiliary excretion of glycyrrhizin and to investigate its potential for drug-drug interactions on organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B."	( Glycyrrhizin has a high likelihood to be a victim of drug-drug interactions mediated by hepatic organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1/1B3. Dong, J; Du, F; Jia, W; Jiang, R; Li, C; Li, J; Lu, C; Olaleye, OE; Wang, F; Xu, F; Yang, J, 2018)	0.48
" A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for glycyrrhizin, incorporating transporter-mediated hepatobiliary excretion, was established and applied to predict potential drug-drug interactions related to glycyrrhizin in humans."	( Glycyrrhizin has a high likelihood to be a victim of drug-drug interactions mediated by hepatic organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1/1B3. Dong, J; Du, F; Jia, W; Jiang, R; Li, C; Li, J; Lu, C; Olaleye, OE; Wang, F; Xu, F; Yang, J, 2018)	0.48
" Quantitative analysis using the PBPK model demonstrated that OATP1B1/1B3 have critical roles in the pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhizin, which is highly likely to be a victim of drug-drug interactions when co-administered with potent dual inhibitors of these transporters."	( Glycyrrhizin has a high likelihood to be a victim of drug-drug interactions mediated by hepatic organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1/1B3. Dong, J; Du, F; Jia, W; Jiang, R; Li, C; Li, J; Lu, C; Olaleye, OE; Wang, F; Xu, F; Yang, J, 2018)	0.48
" Understanding glycyrrhizin's potential drug-drug interactions on OATP1B1/1B3 should enhance the therapeutic outcome of glycyrrhizin-containing drug combinations on liver diseases."	( Glycyrrhizin has a high likelihood to be a victim of drug-drug interactions mediated by hepatic organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1/1B3. Dong, J; Du, F; Jia, W; Jiang, R; Li, C; Li, J; Lu, C; Olaleye, OE; Wang, F; Xu, F; Yang, J, 2018)	0.48
" uralensis from three geographical origins was conducted by PCA,OPLS-DA chemical pattern recognition combined with LC-TOF/MS and muti-component analysis."	( [Comparative study of water characteristic components of Glycyrrhiza uralensis from three geographical regions by chemical pattern recognition combined with muti-component qualitative and quantitative analysis]. Chen, LH; Duan, WP; Li, CY; Peng, GP; Xu, ZY; Yang, Y; Zheng, YF, 2019)	0.51
"To investigate the efficacy and safety of compound glycyrrhizin (CG) combined with antihistamines in the treatment of chronic urticaria (CU)."	( Compound glycyrrhizin combined with antihistamines for chronic urticaria: A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis. Cao, W; Cao, Y; Li, C; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Wang, L; Xiao, X; Zhang, L; Zheng, Q; Zhou, S; Zou, Z, 2020)	0.56
" The scope of the search included randomized controlled clinical studies related to CG combined with antihistamines for CU."	( Compound glycyrrhizin combined with antihistamines for chronic urticaria: A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis. Cao, W; Cao, Y; Li, C; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Wang, L; Xiao, X; Zhang, L; Zheng, Q; Zhou, S; Zou, Z, 2020)	0.56
"This study will comprehensively review the existing evidence on CG combined with antihistamines for CU."	( Compound glycyrrhizin combined with antihistamines for chronic urticaria: A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis. Cao, W; Cao, Y; Li, C; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Wang, L; Xiao, X; Zhang, L; Zheng, Q; Zhou, S; Zou, Z, 2020)	0.56
"This systematic review will provide a basis for judging the effectiveness and safety of CG combined with antihistamines in the treatment of CU."	( Compound glycyrrhizin combined with antihistamines for chronic urticaria: A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis. Cao, W; Cao, Y; Li, C; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Wang, L; Xiao, X; Zhang, L; Zheng, Q; Zhou, S; Zou, Z, 2020)	0.56
" The paper published by Li and colleagues proposed the hypothesis that vitamin C combined with glycyrrhizic acid in treating COVID-19 and its mechanistic investigation was performed by a database-based network pharmacology."	( Drug repurposing for COVID-19: could vitamin C combined with glycyrrhizic acid be at play by the findings of Li et al.'s database-based network pharmacology analysis? Huang, YX; Tang, YP; Wang, WX; Yue, SJ, 2021)	1.08
"We sought to evaluate the efficacy and clinical feasibility of desloratadine in combination with compound glycyrrhizin in the treatment of CU."	( Efficiency and safety of desloratadine in combination with compound glycyrrhizin in the treatment of chronic urticaria: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Lai, Y; Li, M; Tang, Y; Wen, Y, 2021)	0.62
" In this study, CPT11 alone or combined with dual-function inhibitors (baicalein (BA) silymarin (SM), glycyrrhizic acid (GA), and glycyrrhetinic acid (GLA)) of P-gp and CYP450 loaded in a lecithin-based self-nanoemulsifying nanoemulsion preconcentrate (LBSNENP) to improve the solubility and inhibit the elimination by P-gp and CYP450."	( CPT11 with P-glycoprotein/CYP 3A4 dual-function inhibitor by self-nanoemulsifying nanoemulsion combined with gastroretentive technology to enhance the oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy against pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Chen, LC; Cheng, WJ; Hsieh, CM; Hung, MT; Lin, HL; Lin, SY; Sheu, MT, 2021)	0.84
" However, a significant reversal effect was observed after pretreatment with AST combined with GA."	( LPS-induced macrophage exosomes promote the activation of hepatic stellate cells and the intervention study of total astragalus saponins combined with glycyrrhizic acid. Dai, Z; Deng, K; Yang, D; Yang, P; Zhou, Y, 2023)	1.11
"To investigate the efficacy of desloratadine citrate combined with compound glycyrrhizin in the treatment of subacute eczema."	( Desloratadine citrate combined with compound glycyrrhizin in the treatment of subacute eczema: A randomized trial. Chen, C; Wang, G; Xu, X; Yang, J; Ye, A, 2022)	0.72
" To investigate the synergistic effects and mechanism of matrine combined with glycyrrhizin in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment, we used both network pharmacology and bioinformatics analyses."	( Identification of the Mechanism of Matrine Combined with Glycyrrhizin for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment through Network Pharmacology and Bioinformatics Analysis. Chen, T; Chen, Y; Han, T; Li, Q; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Zhao, M, 2022)	0.72
" We systematically assessed the efficacy and safety of CG in combination with conventional therapy for the treatment of vitiligo."	( Efficacy and safety of compound glycyrrhizin in combination with conventional therapy in treatment of vitiligo: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fu, D; Gong, Y; Jian, Y; Li, Y; Shi, H; Wang, X, 2023)	0.91
" Randomized controlled trials comparing CG combined with conventional therapy with conventional therapy alone for vitiligo were included in our analysis."	( Efficacy and safety of compound glycyrrhizin in combination with conventional therapy in treatment of vitiligo: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fu, D; Gong, Y; Jian, Y; Li, Y; Shi, H; Wang, X, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The effects of dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (GLYK) on the dissolution behavior and bioavailability of amphotericin B (AMB) were investigated."	( Effect of glycyrrhizinate on dissolution behavior and rectal absorption of amphotericin B in rabbits. Koyama, O; Kuwahara, E; Ohkubo, K; Takahashi, M; Tanaka, M; Yotsuyanagi, T, 1992)	0.28
" and oral administration of 50 mg/kg, the bioavailability of glycyrrhizin was estimated to be approximately 1%."	( Administration-route dependency of absorption of glycyrrhizin in rats: intraperitoneal administration dramatically enhanced bioavailability. Iga, T; Kotaki, H; Santa, T; Sawada, Y; Uchino, K; Yamamura, Y, 1995)	0.29
" A good correlation was demonstrated between the absorption rate constant, ka and the dissolution rate constant, kd."	( Release of isosorbide dinitrate from polymer film dosage forms and absorption of this drug through the oral mucosa of rats. Danjo, K; Kitamura, Y; Miyagawa, Y; Otsuka, A, 1994)	0.29
"The pharmacokinetic behaviour of glycyrrhizin (1) was investigated in order to evaluate the difference in bioavailability after oral administration of licorice extract (LE) or glycyrrhizin (1) to rats and humans."	( Bioavailability of glycyrrhizin and licorice extract in rat and human plasma as detected by a HPLC method. Bugamelli, F; Cantelli Forti, G; Maffei, F; Raggi, MA, 1994)	0.29
" The bioavailability of GZ, however, was not significantly changed."	( Pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhizin in rats with D-galactosamine-induced hepatic disease. Kimura, T; Kurosaki, Y; Nakayama, T; Okamoto, M; Wang, Z, 1996)	0.29
" However, the plasma concentration-time curves of GZ and GA after GE oral administration were much lower than those of pure GZ, indicating the marked reduction in bioavailability of GZ and as GA after this administration."	( Gastrointestinal absorption characteristics of glycyrrhizin from glycyrrhiza extract. Kimura, T; Kurosaki, Y; Nakayama, T; Nishioka, M; Wang, Z, 1995)	0.29
"To clarify the metabolic fate of glycyrrhizin when orally ingested, we investigated the bioavailability of glycyrrhetic acid, the aglycone of glycyrrhizin, after intravenous or oral administration of glycyrrhetic acid (5."	( Bioavailability study of glycyrrhetic acid after oral administration of glycyrrhizin in rats; relevance to the intestinal bacterial hydrolysis. Akao, T; Amagaya, S; Ishthara, K; Kobashi, K; Maruno, M; Takeda, S; Wakui, Y, 1996)	0.29
" On the contrary, it was recently shown that the pure aqueous liquorice extract (LE), which also contains G, produces reduced adverse effects in rat and human, as compared to pure G, this is likely be related to differences in G bioavailability and the resulting pharmacokinetics of G and GA."	( Toxicological assessment of liquorice: biliary excretion in rats. Bugamelli, F; Cantelli-Forti, G; Maffei, F; Raggi, MA; Trieff, NM; Villari, A, 1997)	0.3
" These observations clearly suggest that the intracolonic administration is a useful way to improve the oral bioavailability of GZ and to enhance its pharmacological efficacy."	( Characteristics of intestinal absorption and disposition of glycyrrhizin in mice. Jeong, Y; Jiang, Z; Kimura, G; Koga, K; Murakami, M; Ohno, T; Shibata, N; Shimokawa, T; Takada, K; Yoshikawa, Y, 2000)	0.31
"A colon delivery system has been used to improve the bioavailability of glycyrrhizin, a glycoside of glycyrrhetic acid."	( Application of pressure-controlled colon delivery capsule to oral administration of glycyrrhizin in dogs. Hu, Z; Koga, K; Murakami, M; Ohno, T; Shibata, N; Shimokawa, T; Takada, K; Yoshikawa, Y, 2001)	0.31
" The absorption rate - time profiles calculated by deconvolution method showed that C12 takes effect most rapidly and efficiently."	( Estimation of absorption enhancement by medium-chain fatty acids in rat large intestine. Higaki, K; Kimura, T; Ogawara, K; Sone, M; Yata, T, )	0.13
" However, the bioavailability of glycyrrhizin (GL) in SGT is severely reduced by a single administration of AMPC-MET, and the reducing effect continues for 12 days."	( Repetitive administration of Shaoyao-Gancao-tang to rats restores the bioavailability of glycyrrhizin reduced by antibiotic treatment. Akao, T; He, JX; Tani, T, 2003)	0.32
" We have investigated the alterations of the bioavailability of glycyrrhizin when SGT was co-administered with sodium picosulfate and we tried to identify a regimen that might minimize the alterations."	( Bioavailability of glycyrrhizin from Shaoyao-Gancao-Tang in laxative-treated rats. Akao, T; Goto, E; He, JX; Tani, T, 2005)	0.33
" The pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhizin have been described and show that its bioavailability is reduced when consumed as licorice; this has hampered attempts to establish clear dose-effect levels in animals and humans."	( Risk and safety assessment on the consumption of Licorice root (Glycyrrhiza sp.), its extract and powder as a food ingredient, with emphasis on the pharmacology and toxicology of glycyrrhizin. Burdock, GA; Isbrucker, RA, 2006)	0.33
" After nasal administration in rats the bioavailability of rHV2 with or without various enhancers was compared."	( [Promoting mechanism of enhancers and transport pathway of large hydrophilic molecular across nasal epithelium studied by ESR and CLSM technologies]. Chen, MX; Jiang, H; Sun, MJ; Wang, Q; Wang, XL; Yang, J; Zhang, Q; Zhang, YJ, 2007)	0.34
" If given orally, GZ has poor bioavailability and is catalysed to glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) by intestinal bacteria."	( The disposition of diammonium glycyrrhizinate and glycyrrhetinic acid in the isolated perfused rat intestine and liver. Davey, AK; Wang, G; Wang, J; Yang, J; Zhou, L, 2008)	0.35
" After oral administration of diammonium glycyrrhizinate (50 mg kg(-1)), the peak plasma concentration (C(max)), area under the plasma concentration-time curve from zero to time tau (AUC(0-tau)), and absolute bioavailability of aconitine (0."	( Effects of diammonium glycyrrhizinate on the pharmacokinetics of aconitine in rats and the potential mechanism. Chen, L; Chen, YX; Davey, AK; Liu, XQ; Wang, JP; Yang, J, 2009)	0.35
"Complexation of known drugs with carbohydrate-containing plant metabolites is a promising way to synthesize new drugs that does not only save pharmacological properties of initial agent but also acquire a number of advantageous features such as increased water solubility, bioavailability and decreased toxicity."	( The complexes of drugs with carbohydrate-containing plant metabolites as pharmacologically promising agents. Bryzgalov, AO; Khvostov, MV; Tolstikova, TG, 2009)	0.35
"18 mg/h) of GZ from microspheres may be beneficial for the hepatic bioavailability of GZ."	( [Preparation of PLGA microspheres encapsulating highly concentrated glycyrrhizin and the bile elimination of glycyrrhizin after subcutaneous administration in rats]. Koga, K; Ohyanagi, K; Shintani, K, 2010)	0.36
" However, due to its impermeability across the gastrointestinal mucosa, oral bioavailability of the drug was relatively low."	( Improvement of oral bioavailability of glycyrrhizin by sodium deoxycholate/phospholipid-mixed nanomicelles. Fu, S; Han, J; Jin, S; Lu, Y; Lv, Q; Qi, J; Wu, W; Yuan, H, 2012)	0.38
" In conclusion, liquorice significantly reduced the oral bioavailability of CsA through activating P-gp and CYP3A4."	( Liquorice reduced cyclosporine bioavailability by activating P-glycoprotein and CYP 3A. Chao, PD; Hou, YC; Lin, SP, 2012)	0.38
" Moreover, GL bioavailability after administration of drug "Phosphogliv" was higher than after administration of GL sodium salt."	( [The absorption features of glycyrrhizic acid in composition of drug "phosphogliv"]. Ipatova, OM; Medvedeva, NV; Moskaleva, NE; Prozorovskiĭ, VN; Voskresenskaia, AA, )	0.43
" The underlying mechanisms may relate to rescue NO bioavailability from macrophage-derived peroxynitrite in portal triads."	( Glycyrrhizinate reduces portal hypertension in isolated perfused rat livers with chronic hepatitis. Cai, DY; Deng, B; Liu, XT; Song, YJ; Wang, YQ; Xu, XY; Yang, SJ; Zhang, T; Zhao, X, 2013)	0.39
"The purpose of this study was to evaluate absorption and elimination from the gastrointestinal tract of glycyrrhizic acid diethyl ester (GZ-DE) which was prepared as a prodrug of glycyrrhizic acid (a poorly absorbed compound) in rats."	( Intestinal absorption and biliary elimination of glycyrrhizic acid diethyl ester in rats. Iwase, H; Kawamura, M; Koga, K; Yoshikawa, N, 2013)	0.86
" After intravenous and intraduodenal administration of GZ-DE, the concentration ratio of GZ-DE to GZ in bile was approximately 4:1, and the bioavailability of GZ containing GZ-DE was three-fold higher compared with the bioavailability of GZ after intraduodenal administration."	( Intestinal absorption and biliary elimination of glycyrrhizic acid diethyl ester in rats. Iwase, H; Kawamura, M; Koga, K; Yoshikawa, N, 2013)	0.64
" However, because the elimination rate in bile simulated from kinetic parameters of GZ-DE was higher than the conversion rate from GZ-DE to GZ by hydrolysis, it is thought that the availability of GZ as a revolutionary prodrug was not high from the viewpoint of bioavailability of GZ in the liver by intestinal administration of GZ-DE."	( Intestinal absorption and biliary elimination of glycyrrhizic acid diethyl ester in rats. Iwase, H; Kawamura, M; Koga, K; Yoshikawa, N, 2013)	0.64
" Bitter almond and licorice can reduce the intestinal absorption rate ofpeimine and peiminine."	( [Rat intestinal absorption trait of peimine and peiminine in Thunberg fritillary bulb extract]. Chen, LH; Guan, ZY; Liu, HN; Zhang, LH; Zhu, WF, 2013)	0.39
"The current review emphasizes on the herbal bioenhancers which themselves do not possess inherent pharmacological activity of their own but when co-administered with Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API), enhances their bioavailability and efficacy."	( Role of herbal bioactives as a potential bioavailability enhancer for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. Alexander, A; Kumari, L; Qureshi, A; Saraf, S; Sharma, M; Vaishnav, P, 2014)	0.4
" These results could provide a new insight on the mechanism of bioavailability enhancement of some drugs in the presence of glycyrrhizin, as well as the mechanism of its own biological activity."	( Influence of glycyrrhizin on permeability and elasticity of cell membrane: perspectives for drugs delivery. Korneev, DV; Polyakov, NE; Selyutina, OY; Zaitsev, BN, 2016)	0.43
" In order to improve the oral bioavailability of PTX, glycyrrhizic acid (GA) was used as the carrier in this study."	( Bioavailability enhancement of paclitaxel via a novel oral drug delivery system: paclitaxel-loaded glycyrrhizic acid micelles. Cai, Y; Li, GF; Liang, QY; Wang, SQ; Wang, YT; Yang, FH; Zhang, Q; Zhao, BX, 2015)	0.88
" Using several drugs substances as an example, increased bioavailability and specific activity were demonstrated for the formulations equipped with such transport nanosystem."	( [Pharmacological agents and transport nanosystems based on plant phospholipids]. Druzilovskaya, OS; Ignatov, DV; Ipatova, OM; Kasatkina, EO; Kudinov, VA; Medvedeva, NV; Prosorovskiy, VN; Tikhonova, EG, )	0.13
"Since carotenoids are highly hydrophobic, air- and light-sensitive hydrocarbon compounds, developing methods for increasing their bioavailability and stability towards irradiation and reactive oxygen species is an important goal."	( Water soluble biocompatible vesicles based on polysaccharides and oligosaccharides inclusion complexes for carotenoid delivery. Kispert, LD; Polyakov, NE, 2015)	0.42
"Efforts were made to improve the bioavailability and efficacy of Glycyrrhizic acid, a triterpentine saponin obtained from Glycyrrhiza glabra, having several pharmacological properties, by its encapsulation in biocompatible biopolymeric nanoparticles."	( Enhancement of anti-inflammatory activity of glycyrrhizic acid by encapsulation in chitosan-katira gum nanoparticles. Ahuja, M; Bernela, M; Thakur, R, 2016)	0.93
" It was hypothesized that the increased bioavailability of the drug by GA is not only due to increased solubility, but also to enhancement of drug permeability through cell membranes."	( Spectroscopic and molecular dynamics characterization of glycyrrhizin membrane-modifying activity. Apanasenko, IE; Khalikov, SS; Kim, AV; Polyakov, NE; Selyutina, OY; Shelepova, EA, 2016)	0.43
" There is currently an unmet need for an efficacious (AMB) formulation amenable to oral administration with better bioavailability and lower nephrotoxicity."	( Oral administration of amphotericin B nanoparticles: antifungal activity, bioavailability and toxicity in rats. AlQuadeib, BT; Horrocks, B; Radwan, MA; Šiller, L; Wright, MC, 2017)	0.46
"To increase the bioavailability of plant protection products, we have applied a new approach based on noncovalent association with natural water-soluble polysaccharides and oligosaccharides as delivery systems (DSs)."	( Natural Poly- and Oligosaccharides as Novel Delivery Systems for Plant Protection Compounds. Apanasenko, IE; Khalikov, SS; Polyakov, NE; Selyutina, OY, 2017)	0.46
" According to the pharmacokinetic data, the use of the composition increased the bioavailability of praziquantel 3 times."	( Physicochemical Properties and Anti-Opisthorchosis Effect of Mechanochemically Synthesized Solid Compositions of Praziquantel with Glycyrrhizic Acid Disodium Salt. Avgustinovich, DF; Chistyachenko, YS; Dushkin, AV; Khvostov, MV; Lyakhov, NZ; Meteleva, ES; Mordvinov, VA; Polyakov, NE; Suntsova, LP; Tolstikova, TG; Tsyganov, MA; Vishnivetskaya, GB, 2018)	0.69
"Enhancement of CS-GA-PCL-NPs (Glycyrrhizic Acid-encapsulated-chitosan-coated-PCL-Nanoparticles) bioavailability in brain."	( Brain-targeted glycyrrhizic-acid-loaded surface decorated nanoparticles for treatment of cerebral ischaemia and its toxicity assessment. Abdur Rub, R; Ahmad, FJ; Ahmad, N; Ahmad, R; Al-Subaiec, AM; Alam, MA; Ashafaq, M; Sharma, S, 2019)	0.8
" The aggregation behavior of GA and its ability to form large micelles at higher solution concentrations are thought to contribute to these bioavailability enhancing properties."	( Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Glycyrrhizic Acid Aggregates as Drug-Carriers for Paclitaxel. Hussain, M, 2019)	0.79
" This study clarifies the mechanism of increasing the drug's bioavailability in the presence of glycyrrhizin."	( Glycyrrhizin-Assisted Transport of Praziquantel Anthelmintic Drug through the Lipid Membrane: An Experiment and MD Simulation. Dushkin, AV; Kim, AV; Lyakhov, NZ; Medvedev, NN; Meteleva, ES; Polyakov, NE; Selyutina, OY; Shelepova, EA, 2019)	0.51
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
" However, the absorption rate in the cecum was higher than that in other parts."	( Absorption and biotransformation of four compounds in the Guizhi decoction in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats. Bai, D; Gao, H; Song, J; Zhang, L, 2019)	0.51
" In terms of the absorption rate constant, the absorption in the duodenum and jejunum were significantly increased(P<0."	( [Differences in intestinal absorption of Gegen Qinlian Decoction between normal rats and rats with large intestinal damp-heat syndrome]. An, R; Chen, Y; Cui, B; Fan, YH; Li, XQ; Lu, J, 2020)	0.56
" DG-Hes significantly improved the in vitro passive permeation, ex vivo corneal permeation, and in vivo ocular bioavailability of Hes."	( Preparation and in vitro/in vivo evaluations of novel ocular micelle formulations of hesperetin with glycyrrhizin as a nanocarrier. Chen, H; Lan, J; Song, K; Wu, X; Zhang, F, 2021)	0.62
" The bioavailability of 29 was significantly improved in comparison with its aglycon."	( Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of saponin derivatives of δ-oleanolic acid. Chen, C; Cheng, K; Dai, L; Hu, K; Li, H; Liu, L; Sun, H; Wen, X; Xu, Q; Yuan, H, 2021)	0.62
" Previous treatments existed some limitations of poor bioavailability and targeting the efficiency of drugs."	( Glycyrrhizin mediated liver-targeted alginate nanogels delivers quercetin to relieve acute liver failure. Cui, YL; Wang, GF; Wang, QS; Xu, D; Zhang, HY; Zhao, FQ, 2021)	0.62
" However, the extremely low oral bioavailability of Pae (approximately 3%-4%) limits its formulation development and clinical application."	( Glycyrrhizic acid-based self-assembled micelles for improving oral bioavailability of paeoniflorin. Li, X; Shen, B; Shen, C; Wang, J; Yuan, H; Zhu, J, 2021)	2.06
" Baicalein is a flavonoid, with many pharmacological activities, but its oral bioavailability is limited by its poor solubility."	( Preparation, optimization, characterization and in vitro release of baicalein-solubilizing glycyrrhizic acid nano-micelles. Chen, M; Feng, T; Liu, F; Ren, X; Sun, L; Wang, M; You, G; Zhang, G, 2021)	0.84
" Pharmacokinetic study of CPT11-loaded PC90C10P0 administered orally revealed an absolute bioavailability (FAB, vs."	( CPT11 with P-glycoprotein/CYP 3A4 dual-function inhibitor by self-nanoemulsifying nanoemulsion combined with gastroretentive technology to enhance the oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy against pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Chen, LC; Cheng, WJ; Hsieh, CM; Hung, MT; Lin, HL; Lin, SY; Sheu, MT, 2021)	0.62
"In this study, oral colon-targeted adhesion core-shell nanoparticles were designed by applying FA-Zein as the core and using pectin as the shell to enhance the low bioavailability exhibited by glycyrrhizic acid (GA) and the anti-inflammatory effect in specific parts of the intestine."	( Preparation of Oral Core-Shell Zein Nanoparticles to Improve the Bioavailability of Glycyrrhizic Acid for the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis. Chen, C; Huang, C; Lu, J; Qu, Y; Sun, J; Wu, A; Xiao, M; Yue, X; Zhang, C; Zhao, S; Zhong, G; Zhou, P, 2022)	1.14
" However, their bioavailability is limited by their poor water solubility."	( Excipient-free nanodispersions dominated by amphiphilic glycosides for bioavailability enhancement of hydrophobic aglycones, a case of glycyrrhetinic acid with diammonium glycyrrhizinate. Chen, J; Cheng, H; Cheng, J; Cui, X; Fu, T; Jia, X; Li, H; Li, J; Qiao, H; Wang, L; Wang, Z; Yuan, D, 2022)	0.72
" Increased intrahepatic vascular resistance is attributed to reduced bioavailability of vasodilator substances."	( Diammonium glycyrrhizinate ameliorates portal hypertension by regulating portal macrophage oxidation and superoxide dismutase 3. Cai, D; Li, L; Li, S; Lin, Y; Liu, J; Wang, H; Zhao, X, 2022)	0.72
" The absorption rate and degree of 6-gingerol in the ileum in the Sini Decoction group were significantly higher than those in the Zingiberis Rhizoma group(P<0."	( [Comparative study on intestinal absorption kinetics of main active components in Sini Decoction and its separated recipes]. Chen, YL; Fu, CM; Fu, S; Gan, S; Gao, F; Lin, MS; Zhou, F, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"In vitro release tests and in vivo absorption measurements of oral cavity dosage forms of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) prepared from mixed polymer film systems were conducted."	( Release of isosorbide dinitrate from polymer film dosage forms and absorption of this drug through the oral mucosa of rats. Danjo, K; Kitamura, Y; Miyagawa, Y; Otsuka, A, 1994)	0.29
" For this study, two reliable HPLC methods were developed for the dosage of the levels of 1 and of its metabolite, the glycyrrhetic acid (2) in plasma samples."	( Bioavailability of glycyrrhizin and licorice extract in rat and human plasma as detected by a HPLC method. Bugamelli, F; Cantelli Forti, G; Maffei, F; Raggi, MA, 1994)	0.29
"We report a case of chronic intoxication with glycyrrhizinic acid, at a dosage of 1000 to 1500 mg per month over a period of 11 months, in a former alcoholic."	( [Hypokalemia without arterial hypertension by licorice poisoning]. Luchon, L; Meyrier, A; Paillard, F, 1993)	0.29
" The plasma concentration of G in the patients after dosing declined in a monophasic manner."	( Pharmacokinetic profiles of glycyrrhizin in patients with chronic hepatitis. Aikawa, T; Iga, T; Kotaki, H; Osuga, T; Santa, T; Sawada, Y; Tanaka, N; Uchino, K; Yamamura, Y, 1993)	0.29
" This activity of GR demonstrated a dose-response effect, with a dose of 10 mg/kg exhibiting peak levels of the activity."	( Inhibition of burn-associated suppressor cell generation by glycyrrhizin through the induction of contrasuppressor T cells. Kobayashi, M; Pollard, RB; Schmitt, DA; Suzuki, F; Utsunomiya, T, 1993)	0.29
"5 microgram/mL) 8-12 h after dosing the donor rat."	( Kinetic analysis of glycyrrhetic acid, an active metabolite of glycyrrhizin, in rats: role of enterohepatic circulation. Iga, T; Kawakami, J; Kotaki, H; Santa, T; Sawada, Y; Uchino, K; Yamamura, Y, 1993)	0.29
" The bioavailability of glycyrrhizin is low when administered in conventional oral galenic dosage forms because glycyrrhizin is enzymatically hydrolysed both in the stomach and in the intestine."	( Application of pressure-controlled colon delivery capsule to oral administration of glycyrrhizin in dogs. Hu, Z; Koga, K; Murakami, M; Ohno, T; Shibata, N; Shimokawa, T; Takada, K; Yoshikawa, Y, 2001)	0.31
"We examined the penetration rate of lidocaine (LC) through excised oral mucosa from hamster cheek pouch and the in vitro release rate of LC from film dosage forms with hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) as a film base."	( Development of polymer film dosage forms of lidocaine for buccal administration. I. Penetration rate and release rate. Danjo, K; Iida, K; Okamoto, H; Taguchi, H, 2001)	0.31
" dosed MG was excreted into bile under unchanged form within 24 h after administration."	( Pharmacokinetics of magnesium glycyrrhizinate following intravenous administration of magnesium glycyrrhizinate in rats. Ding, J; Hu, G; Hu, Q; Li, P; Liu, S, )	0.13
" The mean +/- SD dosage of UDCA administered in group A was 473."	( Ursodiol use is possibly associated with lower incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C virus-associated liver cirrhosis. Fujiyama, S; Hirokawa, S; Masaki, T; Miyakawa, K; Ohkawa, S; Tamai, S; Tanaka, K; Tarao, K, 2005)	0.33
" After the dosage of enalapril had been reduced to 10 mg daily about 1(1/2) years before the current admission, he had developed persistent constipation."	( Pseudoaldosteronism due to the concurrent use of two herbal medicines containing glycyrrhizin: interaction of glycyrrhizin with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Hosoya, T; Iida, R; Kuriyama, S; Matsumoto, K; Otsuka, Y, 2006)	0.33
" The mixture of BA, BE, GL and GS (4M), each of BE, GL and GS at the dosage corresponded to HST (125 mg/kg) also suppressed the ethanol-induced gastric lesion in rats, but BA did not."	( Pharmacological properties of traditional medicine (XXXII): protective effects of hangeshashinto and the combinations of its major constituents on gastric lesions in rats. Fujimura, Y; Kano, Y; Kawashima, K; Makino, T, 2006)	0.33
" While treatment with a low dosage of furosemide had no effect on PPL, the multiple administration of GL and furosemide markedly decreased PPL compared to the effect of administering GL alone."	( A possible involvement of 3-monoglucuronyl-glycyrrhetinic acid, a metabolite of glycyrrhizin (GL), in GL-induced pseudoaldosteronism. Kase, Y; Kido, A; Kubota, K; Morita, T; Ohtake, N; Takeda, S; Tsuchiya, N, 2007)	0.34
" All the patients were treated with conventional treatment, but to those in the treated group, CGI was given additionally once a day, at the dosage of 10 ml for children aged below 2 years, 20 ml for 2-4 years old, 30 ml for 5-7 years old and 40 ml for 8- 12 years old, in 100-200 ml of 5% glucose solution by intravenous dripping."	( Effect of compound glycyrrhizin injection on liver function and cellular immunity of children with infectious mononucleosis complicated liver impairment. Cao, ZX; Zhao, XF; Zhao, ZF, 2006)	0.33
"40 microg x kg(-1) TP can significantly inhibited the CIA, and the effect equal to the dosage of 17."	( [Effect of combination glycyrrhiizin and triptolide on TNF-alpha and IL-10 in serum of collagen induced arthritis rats]. Chen, SL; Lu, AP; Lu, C; Yang, DJ; Zhang, WD; Zhao, HY, 2007)	0.34
" To evaluate the effects of GZ and licorice on the pharmacokinetics of methotrexate (MTX), an important immunosuppressant with a narrow therapeutic window, rats were orally given MTX with and without GZ and LD in different dosage regimens."	( Glycyrrhizin and licorice significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of methotrexate in rats. Chao, PD; Hou, YC; Lin, SP; Tsai, SY, 2009)	0.35
" Through modification of our initial lead 5, we have identified potent and selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors, such as 11n, which demonstrated improved glycemic control, decreased serum lipids, and enhanced insulin sensitivity when dosed ip in diabetic ob/ob mice."	( 4-(Phenylsulfonamidomethyl)benzamides as potent and selective inhibitors of the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 with efficacy in diabetic ob/ob mice. Chen, J; Du, L; Feng, Y; Leng, Y; Shen, J; Yang, H; Zhang, X; Zhou, Z, 2009)	0.35
" Conversely, chromosomal aberration test showed that the PWS extract at a dosage of 4500 μg/mL induced an increase in the number of chromosomal aberrations in the 6 h group with metabolic activation compared with the vehicle control."	( Genotoxicity assessment of Pyungwi-san (PWS), a traditional herbal prescription. Ha, HK; Huang, DS; Huh, JI; Lee, MY; Seo, CS; Shin, HK; Shin, IS, 2011)	0.37
" 150 mg Diammonium Glycyrrhizinate for Injection was added to 250 ml 10% glucose injection for intravenous drip, once a day for one month, then 150 mg Diammonium Glycyrrhizinate capsule was used orally, three times a day for two months; 31 case in kurarinol group (single drug group) only used kurarinol, methods and dosage were the same as those of treatment group."	( [Study on effects of kurarinol combined with glycyrrhizic acid on cellular immunity of patients with chronic hepatitis B]. Chen, HK; Gu, XB; Hua, Z; Jiang, XH; Jiang, YM; Lu, ZH; Pei, H; Wu, HY; Yang, XJ; Zhang, B; Zhou, YL; Zhu, YF, 2012)	0.64
" The concentration-time profiles of baicalin, wogonoside, baicalein, wogonin, oroxylin A and glycyrrhizic acid showed double-peak phenomenon after Huangqin Tang was orally administered at 40 g x kg(-1) dose; all eight constituents in rat plasma showed good dose-exposure relationship within the dosage of 10-40 g x kg(-1); although plasma concentrations were different, the flavonoids with the same backbone showed the similar fate in the body with the corresponding dosage."	( [LC-MS quantification and pharmacokinetics of the multi-constituents of Huangqin Tang in rat plasma after different single oral doses]. Chen, L; Li, T; Liang, RX; Wang, YL; Wang, YW; Yang, WP; Zhang, D; Zhang, HH; Zhou, ZM, 2013)	0.61
"75% is a new agent with fewer side effects and perhaps a better dosing schedule than imquimod 5%, but is not more effective."	( Update on the treatment of genital warts. Scheinfeld, N, 2013)	0.39
"A total of 50 SD rats were divided randomly into 5 groups with a random digit table: control group, IL-13 group, and different dosage (25, 50, 75 mg/kg) glycyrrhizin groups."	( [Effects of glycyrrhizin on airway mucus hypersecretion induced by interleukin-13 in rats]. Kolosov, VP; Perelman, JM; Tong, J; Zhou, XD, 2013)	0.39
" In TBI+Gly group, Gly was administered intravenously at a dosage of 10 mg/kg 30 min after TBI."	( Effect of glycyrrhizin on traumatic brain injury in rats and its mechanism. Chen, G; Gu, PY; Gu, XJ; Hu, WX; Ma, BY; Wei, D; Xu, J, 2014)	0.4
"The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using spray granulation as a drying method to convert phospholipid (PL)-sodium deoxycholate (SDC)-mixed micelles (MMs) containing a water-insoluble drug to a solid dosage form and to evaluate how drugs with significantly different physicochemical properties affect the spray granulation process and subsequent in vitro and in vivo processes."	( Application of spray granulation for conversion of mixed phospholipid-bile salt micelles to dry powder form: influence of drug hydrophobicity on nanoparticle reagglomeration. Bai, J; Dai, L; Han, J; Li, X; Lv, Q; Shen, B; Shen, C; Xu, H; Yuan, H, 2014)	0.4
" This dosing paradigm of GA attenuated the increases in serum leptin levels and visceral, but not subcutaneous adipocyte size caused by the high-sucrose diet."	( Glycyrrhizic acid can attenuate metabolic deviations caused by a high-sucrose diet without causing water retention in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Chandramouli, C; Fernando, HA; Kadir, KA; Lam, YL; Rosli, D; Sainsbury, A; Ton, SH; Yaw, HP; Yong, ST, 2014)	1.85
" A drug-drug interaction (DDI) study was conducted to guide dosing recommendations for UDCA and GCR when coadministered with the 2D regimen."	( Drug Interactions Between Hepatoprotective Agents Ursodeoxycholic Acid or Glycyrrhizin and Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir in Healthy Japanese Subjects. Alves, K; Badri, PS; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Menon, RM; Redman, R; Rodrigues, L; Uchiyama, N; Zha, J, 2015)	0.42
" Second, in vivo effect of different dosage patterns and concentrations in the development of hepatic metastasis was analyzed by intra-splenic inoculation of C26 colon carcinoma cells in Balb/c mice."	( Ocoxin® oral solution slows down tumor growth in an experimental model of colorectal cancer metastasis to the liver in Balb/c mice. Arteta, B; Benedicto, A; Hernandez-Unzueta, I; Márquez, J; Mena, J; Olaso, E; Sanz, E, 2016)	0.43
" Toxicity was examined by an in vitro blood hemolysis assay, and in vivo nephrotoxicity after single and multiple dosing for a week by blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and plasma creatinine (PCr) measurements."	( Oral administration of amphotericin B nanoparticles: antifungal activity, bioavailability and toxicity in rats. AlQuadeib, BT; Horrocks, B; Radwan, MA; Šiller, L; Wright, MC, 2017)	0.46
" We found that the GL content per daily dosage in all Kampo extracts are generally proportional to the compounding amount of Glycyrrhizae Radix, except in the case of shoseiryuto (Sho-seiryu-To)."	( Comparison of glycyrrhizin content in 25 major kinds of Kampo extracts containing Glycyrrhizae Radix used clinically in Japan. Hakamatsuka, T; Hisaka, S; Homma, M; Kojima, R; Masada, S; Nagata, K; Nose, M; Tada, M, 2017)	0.46
" An assessment of dose-response was also undertaken."	( The association between consistent licorice ingestion, hypertension and hypokalaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eslick, EM; Eslick, GD; Penninkilampi, R, 2017)	0.46
" Nifedipine and irbesartan were taken after discharge, and the dosage was reduced gradually under supervision."	( Hypertensive crisis with 2 target organ impairment induced by glycyrrhizin: A case report. Fan, X; Li, J; Wang, Q, 2018)	0.48
" IFN-γ at the dosage of 10 ng/mL was used to establish the model group."	( [Glycyrrhizin inhibits IFN-γ-induced CXCL10 by suppressing the JAK/STAT1 signal pathway in HaCaT cells]. Min, Z; Wei, Y; Xu, M, 2018)	0.48
"1[Formula: see text]d), and treatment reduced the dosage ([Formula: see text][Formula: see text]mg/d) and duration of the corticosteroids used, without other serious adverse reactions."	( The Potential of Glycyrrhizinate in the Management of COVID-19: A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Glycyrrhizin Preparations in the Treatment of SARS and MERS. Ding, H; Hu, Y; Li, H; Li, S; Tang, H; Zhai, S; Zhao, R, 2020)	0.56
"The included randomized controlled trials were analyzed by comparator and control respectively for alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL) levels, hepatitis B virus DNA negative conversion ratio, and total effective rate, and subgroup analysis was conducted for intervention time, intervention dosage form, comparator drug, and combination drug, among others."	( Diammonium Glycyrrhizinate Preparation for Liver Function Recovery in Chronic Hepatitis B in China: A Meta-analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis. Guo, W; Li, M; Liu, Y, 2022)	0.72
" Compared with other drugs, different dosage forms had differences in efficacy, and DG enteric-coated capsules and injections were lower than compound glycyrrhizin and magnesium isoglycyrrhizin."	( Diammonium Glycyrrhizinate Preparation for Liver Function Recovery in Chronic Hepatitis B in China: A Meta-analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis. Guo, W; Li, M; Liu, Y, 2022)	0.72
" Moreover, half common dosage of clarithromycin and isotretinoin combined with DG could achieve the same therapeutic effect as the conventional dose, and brought about lower incidences of adverse events (AEs)."	( Efficacy of diammonium glycyrrhizinate in the treatment of rosacea with papules and pustules: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Huang, J; Liu, J; Xie, Y; Zhang, Q, 2022)	0.72
" In this study, we investigated the optimal dosing interval in rats to avoid the interaction between high-dose MTX and GZ and to demonstrate the inherent hepatoprotective effect of GZ."	( Optimal Administration of Glycyrrhizin Avoids Pharmacokinetic Interactions With High-dose Methotrexate and Exerts a Hepatoprotective Effect. Abe, K; Higurashi, T; Kawano, Y; Maeda-Minami, A; Mano, Y; Miyazaki, S; Takahashi, M, 2023)	0.91
" These results suggest that the pharmacokinetic interaction between GZ and MTX could be avoided and the hepatoprotective effect of GZ could be achieved by an optimal dosing regimen, using the half-life of GZ as an indicator."	( Optimal Administration of Glycyrrhizin Avoids Pharmacokinetic Interactions With High-dose Methotrexate and Exerts a Hepatoprotective Effect. Abe, K; Higurashi, T; Kawano, Y; Maeda-Minami, A; Mano, Y; Miyazaki, S; Takahashi, M, 2023)	0.91

Role	Description
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor	An EC 3.4.21.* (serine endopeptidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of thrombin (EC 3.4.21.5).
plant metabolite	Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
glucosiduronic acid	Any substance produced by linking glucuronic acid to another substance via a glycosidic bond.
tricarboxylic acid	An oxoacid containing three carboxy groups.
pentacyclic triterpenoid
enone	An alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) in which the C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
triterpenoid saponin	A terpene glycoside in which the terpene moiety is a triterpenoid.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
AR protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	18.6448	0.0002	21.2231	8,912.5098	AID743036; AID743040; AID743042; AID743053; AID743054
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	22.3829	0.0002	14.3764	60.0339	AID720691; AID720719
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	19.4498	0.0002	29.3054	16,493.5996	AID743075; AID743080; AID743091
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	40.1073	0.0010	24.5048	61.6448	AID743212; AID743215
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	14.9762	0.0017	23.8393	78.1014	AID743083
Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	33.4915	0.0023	19.5956	74.0614	AID651631
Spike glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus	Potency	39.8107	0.0096	10.5250	35.4813	AID1479145
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Glycogen phosphorylase, muscle form	Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit)	IC50 (µMol)	822.0000	0.0140	5.9324	9.0000	AID404873
Pancreatic alpha-amylase	Sus scrofa (pig)	IC50 (µMol)	200.0000	1.3530	4.3108	8.9300	AID1465050
Beta-glucuronidase	Escherichia coli K-12	IC50 (µMol)	12.1500	1.6000	2.6000	3.6000	AID1656434
Beta-glucuronidase	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	97.2100	2.8000	5.5000	7.8000	AID1656453
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	100.0000	0.0005	3.4984	9.7600	AID265377
Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0115	0.0041	1.0667	10.0000	AID433137; AID634024; AID664590
Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1	Mus musculus (house mouse)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0135	0.0020	0.2410	3.7600	AID433138; AID634025; AID664591
Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0007	0.0004	0.6367	6.4300	AID433139; AID634026; AID664592
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	1.3750	0.8400	4.9682	10.0000	AID679806; AID681175
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	12.5000	0.0800	2.4688	9.8000	AID680384
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	6.1000	6.1000	6.1000	6.1000	AID681650
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	15.9000	0.0440	1.3630	5.0000	AID680745
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	122.5000	0.0240	0.6310	1.0000	AID1494163; AID1494164; AID1773958; AID723645
Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	0.0100	0.0050	0.0100	0.0200	AID657948
Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	0.0080	0.0080	0.0080	0.0080	AID657949
Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	0.0010	0.0010	0.0010	0.0010	AID657950
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
ER overload response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitophagy	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
in utero embryonic development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
somitogenesis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
release of cytochrome c from mitochondria	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell proliferation involved in immune response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell lineage commitment	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell lineage commitment	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ischemia	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleotide-excision repair	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
double-strand break repair	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein import into nucleus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
autophagy	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transduction	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
gastrulation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
neuroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein localization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA replication	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
determination of adult lifespan	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
rRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to salt stress	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to inorganic substance	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to X-ray	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to gamma radiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expression	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
glial cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
viral process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cerebellum development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell growth	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signaling	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell differentiation in thymus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of tissue remodeling	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism growth	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiod	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial DNA repair	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodeling	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of proteolysis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to antibiotic	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
circadian behavior	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
bone marrow development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic organ development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein stabilization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of helicase activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein tetramerization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome organization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic stem cell differentiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glial cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac septum morphogenesis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell death	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex assembly	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
thymocyte apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
necroptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxia	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ionizing radiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to gamma radiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV-C	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
stem cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to actinomycin D	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
replicative senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative stress-induced premature senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
oligodendrocyte apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mitophagy	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of G1 to G0 transition	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA processing	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of pentose-phosphate shunt	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxia	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of stem cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside catabolic process	Beta-glucuronidase	Escherichia coli K-12
carbohydrate metabolic process	Beta-glucuronidase	Escherichia coli K-12
glucuronoside catabolic process	Beta-glucuronidase	Escherichia coli K-12
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
myeloid dendritic cell activation	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
activation of innate immune response	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic cell chemotaxis	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of tolerance induction	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA topological change	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA recombination	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
autophagy	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
inflammatory response	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of autophagy	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection development	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
heterochromatin formation	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of restriction endodeoxyribonuclease activity	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA geometric change	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mismatch repair	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of type II interferon production	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-1 production	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-10 production	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-12 production	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-6 production	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-8 production	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
V(D)J recombination	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
T-helper 1 cell activation	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of activated T cell proliferation	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic process	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
apoptotic cell clearance	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA binding	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascade	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
T-helper 1 cell differentiation	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
innate immune response	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of JNK cascade	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of viral entry into host cell	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive chemotaxis	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA ligation	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to lipopolysaccharide	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of monocyte chemotaxis	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
neutrophil clearance	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic cell clearance	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dendritic cell differentiation	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of JUN kinase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein dephosphorylation	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
insulin receptor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of signal transduction	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of signal transduction	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
actin cytoskeleton organization	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of endocytosis	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intracellular protein transport	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to unfolded protein	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
insulin receptor recycling	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of MAP kinase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
growth hormone receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of PERK-mediated unfolded protein response	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation involved in inactivation of protein kinase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of receptor catabolic process	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
lung development	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1	Homo sapiens (human)
steroid catabolic process	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxia	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of blood volume by renal aldosterone	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2	Homo sapiens (human)
female pregnancy	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to food	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to insulin	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cortisol metabolic process	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to glucocorticoid	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2	Homo sapiens (human)
glucocorticoid metabolic process	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic process	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transport	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transport	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transport	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
heme catabolic process	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
sodium-independent organic anion transport	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transport	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic process	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transport	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transport	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transport	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transport	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
heme catabolic process	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
sodium-independent organic anion transport	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transport	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
thyroid hormone transport	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
transcription cis-regulatory region binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
TFIID-class transcription factor complex binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protease binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
p53 binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
copper ion binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor tyrosine kinase binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase regulator activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP-dependent DNA/DNA annealing activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
14-3-3 protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
MDM2/MDM4 family protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
disordered domain specific binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
general transcription initiation factor binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
promoter-specific chromatin binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
hydrolase activity, hydrolyzing O-glycosyl compounds	Beta-glucuronidase	Escherichia coli K-12
beta-glucuronidase activity	Beta-glucuronidase	Escherichia coli K-12
hydrolase activity, acting on glycosyl bonds	Beta-glucuronidase	Escherichia coli K-12
identical protein binding	Beta-glucuronidase	Escherichia coli K-12
carbohydrate binding	Beta-glucuronidase	Escherichia coli K-12
four-way junction DNA binding	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
bubble DNA binding	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region binding	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
lipopolysaccharide binding	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylserine binding	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
damaged DNA binding	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
double-stranded DNA binding	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
single-stranded DNA binding	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription coactivator activity	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription corepressor activity	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA binding	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytokine activity	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
integrin binding	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding, bending	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
lyase activity	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
C-X-C chemokine binding	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
chemoattractant activity	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor ligand activity	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
RAGE receptor binding	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA polymerase binding	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
supercoiled DNA binding	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor binding	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein tyrosine phosphatase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
insulin receptor binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor tyrosine kinase binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cadherin binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ephrin receptor binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine phosphatase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activity	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1	Homo sapiens (human)
7-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1	Homo sapiens (human)
NADP binding	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1	Homo sapiens (human)
11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cortisol dehydrogenase activity	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1	Homo sapiens (human)
steroid binding	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1	Homo sapiens (human)
steroid binding	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2	Homo sapiens (human)
NAD binding	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2	Homo sapiens (human)
11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2	Homo sapiens (human)
serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
thyroid hormone transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
nuclear body	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
replication fork	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrix	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
centrosome	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear matrix	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
PML body	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription repressor complex	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
site of double-strand break	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
germ cell nucleus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complex	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Beta-glucuronidase	Escherichia coli K-12
protein-containing complex	Beta-glucuronidase	Escherichia coli K-12
extracellular space	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
condensed chromosome	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular region	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
endosome	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
secretory granule lumen	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
ficolin-1-rich granule lumen	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription repressor complex	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
alphav-beta3 integrin-HMGB1 complex	High mobility group protein B1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrix	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial crista	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endosome lumen	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
sorting endosome	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic side of endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1	Homo sapiens (human)
virion membrane	Spike glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membrane	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membrane	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID378962	Scavenging activity against (+/-)-(E)-methyl-2-[(E)-hydroxyimino]-5-nitro-6-methoxy-3-hexemide-induced NO generation in human Chang liver cells	2006	Journal of natural products, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1	Chalcones and other compounds from the exudates of Angelica keiskei and their cancer chemopreventive effects.
AID780289	Reduction in [3H]cholesterol uptake in human ECV304 cells after 1 hr by liquid scintillation counting	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 21, Issue:22	The influence of saponins on cell membrane cholesterol.
AID348197	Inhibition of DMBA-induced/TPA-promoted carcinogenesis in mouse assessed as reduction in skin papillomas bearing mouse at 85 nmol administered 1 hr before TPA treatment measured after 15 weeks	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID634025	Inhibition of mouse 11beta-HSD1 expressed in human HEK293 cells assessed as conversion of [3H]cortisone to [3H]cortisol by scintillation proximity assay	2011	Journal of natural products, Dec-27, Volume: 74, Issue:12	Cyclopeptide Alkaloids from Ziziphus apetala.
AID348187	Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells at 1000 mol ratio after 48hrs by indirect immunofluorescence technique relative to control	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID1510615	Inhibition of Bacillus cereus 569/H9 beta-lactamase incubated for 10 mins followed by nitrocefin substrate challenge and measured for 5 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	2019	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-13, Volume: 10, Issue:6	DMSO-Perturbing Assay for Identifying Promiscuous Enzyme Inhibitors.
AID404873	Inhibition of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase A assessed as phosphate release from glucose-1-phosphate	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-26, Volume: 51, Issue:12	Naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenes as inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase: synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and X-ray crystallographic studies.
AID1413903	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as decrease in IkappaBalpha degradation in edema administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge by immunohistochemical method	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID1372142	Inhibition of recombinant human CYP1A1 expressed in yeast microsomal membranes at 10 uM by fluorescence assay relative to control
AID359683	Hepatoprotective activity in mouse hepatocytes assessed protection against D-galactosamine/TNFalpha-induced cell death at 100 uM administered before 30 mins of TNFalpha challenge measured after 18 hrs	2001	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 64, Issue:4	Triterpene saponins from Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis) and their hepatocytoprotective activity.
AID680745	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of E1S uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes	2003	Hepatology research : the official journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology, Aug, Volume: 26, Issue:4	Interactions of glycyrrhizin with organic anion transporting polypeptides of rat and human liver.
AID1413878	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as weight of ear punches at 200 mM, po administered 15 mins prior to TPA challenge and measured after 3 hrs (Rvb = 8.3 +/- 0.1 mg)	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID1413874	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as weight of ear punches at 200 mM administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge and measured after 3 hrs (Rvb = 8.3 +/- 0.1 mg)	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID265377	Inhibition of human recombinant PTP1B	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 16, Issue:12	Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitory activity of triterpenes isolated from Astilbe koreana.
AID348192	Cytotoxicity against human Raji cells assessed as cell viability at 1000 mol ratio by trypan blue staining	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID1413871	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as decrease in ear punches at 150 mM administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge and measured after 6 hrs relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID1372443	Antitussive activity in ammonia liquor-induced cough ICR mouse model assessed as reduction in cough frequency at 20 mg/kg, po treated with ammonia 1 hr before and 2.5 hrs after test compound dosing measured for 3 mins	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 26, Issue:1	Antitussive and expectorant activities of licorice and its major compounds.
AID1372444	Antitussive activity in ammonia liquor-induced cough ICR mouse model assessed as reduction in cough frequency at 20 mg/kg, po treated with ammonia 1 hr before and 5 hrs after test compound dosing measured for 3 mins	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 26, Issue:1	Antitussive and expectorant activities of licorice and its major compounds.
AID680383	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of E1S uptake (E1S: 0.05 uM, GL: 100 uM) in Xenopus laevis oocytes	2003	Hepatology research : the official journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology, Aug, Volume: 26, Issue:4	Interactions of glycyrrhizin with organic anion transporting polypeptides of rat and human liver.
AID1510602	Inhibition of Enterobacter cloacae beta-lactamase incubated for 10 mins followed by nitrocefin substrate challenge and measured for 5 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	2019	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-13, Volume: 10, Issue:6	DMSO-Perturbing Assay for Identifying Promiscuous Enzyme Inhibitors.
AID1413892	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as decrease in weight of ear punches at 200 mM, po administered 15 mins prior to TPA challenge and measured after 48 hrs relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID433137	Inhibition of human microsomal 11beta-HSD1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as conversion of [3H]cortisone to [3H]cortisol by scintillation proximity assay	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 19, Issue:15	4-(Phenylsulfonamidomethyl)benzamides as potent and selective inhibitors of the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 with efficacy in diabetic ob/ob mice.
AID311272	Cytotoxicity against human Raji cells assessed as cell viability at 1000 mol ratio/TPA relative to control	2007	Journal of natural products, Aug, Volume: 70, Issue:8	Cucurbitane-type triterpenoids from the fruits of Momordica charantia and their cancer chemopreventive effects.
AID780288	Effect on [3H]cholesterol liberation from cell membrane of human ECV304 cells after 1 hr by liquid scintillation counting	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 21, Issue:22	The influence of saponins on cell membrane cholesterol.
AID1413884	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as weight of ear punches at 200 mM, ip administered 15 mins prior to TPA challenge and measured after 24 hrs (Rvb = 12.1 +/- 0.2 mg)	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID359494	Hepatoprotective activity against D-galactosamine/TNFalpha-induced cell death in mouse hepatocytes assessed cell survival rate at 100 uM administered before 30 mins of TNFalpha challenge measured after 18 hrs by MTT assay	2001	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 64, Issue:4	Triterpene saponins from Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis) and their hepatocytoprotective activity.
AID737548	Hemolytic activity against human RBC at 1.5 to 48 uM after 30 mins	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 21, Issue:8	Real-time analysis of membrane permeabilizing effects of oleanane saponins.
AID1717798	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-25, Volume: 63, Issue:22	Chinese Therapeutic Strategy for Fighting COVID-19 and Potential Small-Molecule Inhibitors against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
AID1717796	Antiviral activity against SARS-CoV FFM1 infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as reduction in virus induced cytopathic effect treated twice for 7 days	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-25, Volume: 63, Issue:22	Chinese Therapeutic Strategy for Fighting COVID-19 and Potential Small-Molecule Inhibitors against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
AID348194	Cytotoxicity against human Raji cells assessed as cell viability at 100 mol ratio by trypan blue staining	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID1413883	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as weight of ear punches at 200 mM, ip administered 15 mins prior to TPA challenge and measured after 12 hrs (Rvb = 12.4 +/- 0.1 mg)	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID401475	Cytotoxicity in Wistar rat hepatocytes assessed as glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity at 0.1 mg/ml after 30 hrs
AID86199	Hepatoprotective activity against aflatoxin B1 (10e-5 M) induced Hep G2 cells at a dose of 20 ug/ml	1998	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-17, Volume: 8, Issue:6	Derivatization of soyasapogenol A and their hepatoprotective activities.
AID1413882	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as weight of ear punches at 200 mM, ip administered 15 mins prior to TPA challenge and measured after 6 hrs (Rvb = 12.5 +/- 0.3 mg)	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID1413881	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as weight of ear punches at 200 mM, ip administered 15 mins prior to TPA challenge and measured after 3 hrs (Rvb = 8.3 +/- 0.1 mg)	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID1303392	Inhibition of bovine testis hyaluronidase preincubated with CaCl2 for 20 mins followed by incubation with compound for 20 mins and substrate for 10 mins by colorimetric Morgan-Elson method in presence of urea	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 26, Issue:13	Interpreting the behavior of concentration-response curves of hyaluronidase inhibitors under DMSO-perturbed assay conditions.
AID1494163	Binding affinity to recombinant HMGB1 B box region (90 to 175 residues) (unknown origin) expressed Escherichia coli after 5 mins by fluorescence-based assay	2018	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-28, Volume: 61, Issue:12	High Mobility Group Box-1 (HMGb1): Current Wisdom and Advancement as a Potential Drug Target.
AID780290	Cytotoxicity against human ECV304 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 21, Issue:22	The influence of saponins on cell membrane cholesterol.
AID680384	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of BSP uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes	2003	Hepatology research : the official journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology, Aug, Volume: 26, Issue:4	Interactions of glycyrrhizin with organic anion transporting polypeptides of rat and human liver.
AID699539	Inhibition of human liver OATP1B1 expressed in HEK293 Flp-In cells assessed as reduction in E17-betaG uptake at 20 uM by scintillation counting	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-24, Volume: 55, Issue:10	Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions.
AID401472	Antihepatotoxic activity against 1.5 hrs galactosamine pretreatment-induced cytotoxicity in Wistar rat hepatocytes assessed as glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity at 0.1 mg/ml after 30 hrs relative to control
AID1503773	Inhibition of hyaluronidase (unknown origin)	2017	Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10	Sporothriolide-Related Compounds from the Fungus Hypoxylon monticulosum CLL-205 Isolated from a Sphaerocladina Sponge from the Tahiti Coast.
AID359495	Hepatoprotective activity against D-galactosamine/TNFalpha-induced cell death in mouse hepatocytes assessed cell survival rate at 200 uM administered before 30 mins of TNFalpha challenge measured after 18 hrs by MTT assay	2001	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 64, Issue:4	Triterpene saponins from Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis) and their hepatocytoprotective activity.
AID378958	Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells at 100 molar ratio relative to TPA	2006	Journal of natural products, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1	Chalcones and other compounds from the exudates of Angelica keiskei and their cancer chemopreventive effects.
AID679438	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of E1S uptake (E1S: 0.05 uM, GL: 100 uM) of Glycyrrhizic acid at a concentration of 100 u M in Xenopus laevis oocytes	2003	Hepatology research : the official journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology, Aug, Volume: 26, Issue:4	Interactions of glycyrrhizin with organic anion transporting polypeptides of rat and human liver.
AID1194478	Cytotoxicity against MDCK cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 25, Issue:8	Glycyrrhizic acid derivatives as influenza A/H1N1 virus inhibitors.
AID1413900	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as decrease in 18F-FDG uptake in ears administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge and measured after 24 hrs by microPET-CT imaging method	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID1416421	Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production at 40 uM preincubated for 2 hrs followed by LPS addition measured after 20 hrs by Griess assay relative to control	2017	MedChemComm, Jul-01, Volume: 8, Issue:7	18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid monoglucuronide as an anti-inflammatory agent through suppression of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway.
AID681842	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of E1S uptake (E1S: 0.05 uM, GL: 100 uM) in Xenopus laevis oocytes	2003	Hepatology research : the official journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology, Aug, Volume: 26, Issue:4	Interactions of glycyrrhizin with organic anion transporting polypeptides of rat and human liver.
AID737573	Membrane permeabilization effect on human ECV304 cells assessed as normalized cell index at 12 uM measured every 15 secs for 3 hrs by real time impedance-based plate reader analysis relative to control	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 21, Issue:8	Real-time analysis of membrane permeabilizing effects of oleanane saponins.
AID634024	Inhibition of human 11beta-HSD1 expressed in human HEK293 cells assessed as conversion of [3H]cortisone to [3H]cortisol by scintillation proximity assay	2011	Journal of natural products, Dec-27, Volume: 74, Issue:12	Cyclopeptide Alkaloids from Ziziphus apetala.
AID1413876	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as weight of ear punches at 200 mM administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge and measured after 24 hrs (Rvb = 12.1 +/- 0.2 mg)	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID297147	Inhibition of SARS virus-induced cytopathogenicity in Vero E6 cells at 3.3 uM	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 50, Issue:17	Specific plant terpenoids and lignoids possess potent antiviral activities against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.
AID679048	TP_TRANSPORTER: biliary excretion in EHBR rat	1996	Pharmaceutical research, Dec, Volume: 13, Issue:12	Biliary excretion of glycyrrhizin in rats: kinetic basis for multiplicity in bile canalicular transport of organic anions.
AID664591	Inhibition of mouse 11beta-HSD1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as conversion of [3H]cortisone into [3H]cortisol by scintillation proximity assay	2012	Journal of natural products, Apr-27, Volume: 75, Issue:4	Cycloartane and friedelane triterpenoids from the leaves of Caloncoba glauca and their evaluation for inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases.
AID680621	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of E1S uptake (E1S: 0.05 uM, GL: 100 uM) in Xenopus laevis oocytes	2003	Hepatology research : the official journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology, Aug, Volume: 26, Issue:4	Interactions of glycyrrhizin with organic anion transporting polypeptides of rat and human liver.
AID359490	Hepatoprotective activity in mouse hepatocytes assessed inhibition of D-galactosamine/TNFalpha-induced cell death at 200 uM administered before 30 mins of TNFalpha challenge measured after 18 hrs	2001	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 64, Issue:4	Triterpene saponins from Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis) and their hepatocytoprotective activity.
AID1413880	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as weight of ear punches at 200 mM, po administered 15 mins prior to TPA challenge and measured after 12 hrs (Rvb = 12.4 +/- 0.1 mg)	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID348201	Inhibition of DMBA-induced/TPA-promoted carcinogenesis in mouse assessed as number of skin papillomas per mouse at 85 nmol administered 1 hr before TPA treatment measured after 20 weeks	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID723646	Inhibition of HMGB1 in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as LPS-induced TNFalpha release treated for 2 hrs prior to LPS-challenge measured after 16 hrs by ELISA	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-10, Volume: 56, Issue:1	Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling of glycyrrhizin derivatives as potent high-mobility group box-1 inhibitors with anti-heart-failure activity in vivo.
AID1917393	Antiapoptotic activity in UV-B irradiation induced human HDF cells assessed as upregulation of catalase expression level at 50 uM incubated for 24 hrs by western blot analysis	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 76	Photoprotective effect of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives against ultra violet (UV)-B-Induced skin aging.
AID664592	Inhibition of human 11beta-HSD2 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as conversion of [3H]cortisone into [3H]cortisol by scintillation proximity assay	2012	Journal of natural products, Apr-27, Volume: 75, Issue:4	Cycloartane and friedelane triterpenoids from the leaves of Caloncoba glauca and their evaluation for inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases.
AID682244	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of E1S uptake (E1S: 0.05 uM, GL: 100 uM) in Xenopus laevis oocytes	2003	Hepatology research : the official journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology, Aug, Volume: 26, Issue:4	Interactions of glycyrrhizin with organic anion transporting polypeptides of rat and human liver.
AID1656453	Inhibition of rat liver beta-glucuronidase	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 187	Therapeutic significance of β-glucuronidase activity and its inhibitors: A review.
AID1413870	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as decrease in ear punches at 100 mM administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge and measured after 6 hrs relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID401471	Antihepatotoxic activity against 1.5 hrs galactosamine pretreatment-induced cytotoxicity in Wistar rat hepatocytes assessed as glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity at 0.01 mg/ml after 30 hrs relative to control
AID664590	Inhibition of human 11beta-HSD1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as conversion of [3H]cortisone into [3H]cortisol by scintillation proximity assay	2012	Journal of natural products, Apr-27, Volume: 75, Issue:4	Cycloartane and friedelane triterpenoids from the leaves of Caloncoba glauca and their evaluation for inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases.
AID737575	Membrane permeabilization effect on human ECV304 cells at 3 to 24 uM measured every 15 secs for 3 hrs by real time impedance-based plate reader analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 21, Issue:8	Real-time analysis of membrane permeabilizing effects of oleanane saponins.
AID378959	Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells at 10 molar ratio relative to TPA	2006	Journal of natural products, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1	Chalcones and other compounds from the exudates of Angelica keiskei and their cancer chemopreventive effects.
AID1372448	Expectorant activity in ICR mouse assessed as increase in phenol red secretion in trachea at 50 mg/kg, po for 3 days followed by phenol red treatment at 30 mins post last dose measured after 30 mins by UV-Vis spectrophotometric assay relative to control	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 26, Issue:1	Antitussive and expectorant activities of licorice and its major compounds.
AID348190	Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells at 10 mol ratio after 48hrs by indirect immunofluorescence technique relative to control	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID1372143	Inhibition of human CYP1B1 expressed in yeast microsomal membranes at 10 uM using 7-ethoxyresorufin as substrate by fluorescence assay relative to control
AID456097	Inhibition of human recombinant 11beta-HSD2 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as oxidation of [1,2,6,7-3H]cortisol to cortisone at 1 uM after 10 mins by scintillation counting	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 18, Issue:1	Synthesis of glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
AID1465051	Inhibition of yeast alpha-glucosidase using 4-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside as substrate preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 20 mins	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 27, Issue:22	Pentacyclic triterpenes as α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitors: Structure-activity relationships and the synergism with acarbose.
AID401474	Cytotoxicity in Wistar rat hepatocytes assessed as glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity at 0.01 mg/ml after 30 hrs
AID681650	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of E1S uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes	2003	Hepatology research : the official journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology, Aug, Volume: 26, Issue:4	Interactions of glycyrrhizin with organic anion transporting polypeptides of rat and human liver.
AID1717797	Antiviral activity against SARS-CoV FFM2 infected in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as reduction in virus induced cytopathic effect treated twice for 7 days	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-25, Volume: 63, Issue:22	Chinese Therapeutic Strategy for Fighting COVID-19 and Potential Small-Molecule Inhibitors against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
AID1413906	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as decrease in p38 phosphorylation in edema administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge by immunohistochemical method	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID359682	Hepatoprotective activity against D-galactosamine/TNFalpha-induced cell death in mouse hepatocytes assessed cell survival rate at 50 uM administered before 30 mins of TNFalpha challenge measured after 18 hrs by MTT assay	2001	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 64, Issue:4	Triterpene saponins from Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis) and their hepatocytoprotective activity.
AID1413910	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as decrease in Akt phosphorylation in edema administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge by immunohistochemical method	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID456095	Inhibition of human recombinant 11beta-HSD1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as conversion of [1,2-3H]cortisone to cortisol at 1 uM after 10 mins by scintillation counting	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 18, Issue:1	Synthesis of glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
AID1413909	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as decrease in PI3K p85 expression in edema at 50 to 200 mM administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge by immunohistochemical method	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID359493	Hepatoprotective activity in mouse hepatocytes assessed inhibition of D-galactosamine/TNFalpha-induced cell death at 50 uM administered before 30 mins of TNFalpha challenge measured after 18 hrs	2001	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 64, Issue:4	Triterpene saponins from Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis) and their hepatocytoprotective activity.
AID311270	Inhibition of TPA-induced Epstein-Barr virus early antigen in Raji cells at 10 mol ratio/TPA relative to control	2007	Journal of natural products, Aug, Volume: 70, Issue:8	Cucurbitane-type triterpenoids from the fruits of Momordica charantia and their cancer chemopreventive effects.
AID1301447	Antiviral activity against Influenza A virus A/WSN/33(H1N1) infected in MDCK cells at 100 uM preincubated with virus for 15 mins followed by cells addition measured at 36 hrs post infection	2016	Journal of natural products, Feb-26, Volume: 79, Issue:2	Bioactive Constituents of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Licorice): Discovery of the Effective Components of a Traditional Herbal Medicine.
AID431046	Inhibition of mouse liver microsome 11betaHSD1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as conversion of [3H]cortisone into [3H]cortisol by scintillation proximity assay	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 17, Issue:15	Discovery of novel dual functional agent as PPARgamma agonist and 11beta-HSD1 inhibitor for the treatment of diabetes.
AID1301448	Antiviral activity against Influenza A virus A/WSN/33(H1N1) infected in dog MDCK cells preincubated with virus for 15 mins followed by cells addition measured at 36 hrs post infection	2016	Journal of natural products, Feb-26, Volume: 79, Issue:2	Bioactive Constituents of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Licorice): Discovery of the Effective Components of a Traditional Herbal Medicine.
AID1413879	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as weight of ear punches at 200 mM, po administered 15 mins prior to TPA challenge and measured after 6 hrs (Rvb = 12.5 +/- 0.3 mg)	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID359487	Hepatoprotective activity in mouse hepatocytes assessed protection against D-galactosamine/TNFalpha-induced cell death at 50 uM administered before 30 mins of TNFalpha challenge measured after 18 hrs	2001	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 64, Issue:4	Triterpene saponins from Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis) and their hepatocytoprotective activity.
AID1601448	Antiviral activity against DENV2 16681 infected in African green monkey Vero E6 cells assessed as inhibitory rate of NS4B positive cells measured after 96 hrs incubation by DAPI staining based immunofluorescence method	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 29, Issue:20	Glycyrrhizic acid derivatives as Dengue virus inhibitors.
AID297146	Inhibition of SARS coronavirus-induced cytopathogenicity in Vero E6 cells at 10 uM	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 50, Issue:17	Specific plant terpenoids and lignoids possess potent antiviral activities against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.
AID348193	Cytotoxicity against human Raji cells assessed as cell viability at 500 mol ratio by trypan blue staining	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID1601453	Antiviral activity against DENV2 16681 infected in African green monkey Vero E6 cells assessed as reduction in virus induced cytopathic effect measured after 96 hrs by reverse phase contrast microscopy	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 29, Issue:20	Glycyrrhizic acid derivatives as Dengue virus inhibitors.
AID1413907	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as decrease in ERK1/2 phosphorylation in edema administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge by immunohistochemical method	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID680021	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of E1S uptake (E1S: 0.05 uM, GL: 100 uM) by Glycyrrhizic acid at a concentration of 100 u M in Xenopus laevis oocytes	2003	Hepatology research : the official journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology, Aug, Volume: 26, Issue:4	Interactions of glycyrrhizin with organic anion transporting polypeptides of rat and human liver.
AID723645	Binding affinity to HMGB1 (unknown origin)	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-10, Volume: 56, Issue:1	Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling of glycyrrhizin derivatives as potent high-mobility group box-1 inhibitors with anti-heart-failure activity in vivo.
AID1656434	Inhibition of Escherichia coli beta-glucuronidase	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 187	Therapeutic significance of β-glucuronidase activity and its inhibitors: A review.
AID1372433	Antitussive activity in ammonia liquor-induced cough ICR mouse model assessed as reduction in cough frequency at 50 mg/kg, po treated with ammonia 1 hr before and 1 hr after test compound dosing measured for 3 mins relative to control	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 26, Issue:1	Antitussive and expectorant activities of licorice and its major compounds.
AID679806	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of SN-38 uptake in bile canalicular membrane vesicles from SD rat	2002	Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, , Volume: 17, Issue:1	The potential for an interaction between MRP2 (ABCC2) and various therapeutic agents: probenecid as a candidate inhibitor of the biliary excretion of irinotecan metabolites.
AID1372434	Antitussive activity in ammonia liquor-induced cough ICR mouse model assessed as reduction in cough frequency at 50 mg/kg, po treated with ammonia 1 hr before and 2.5 hrs after test compound dosing measured for 3 mins relative to control	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 26, Issue:1	Antitussive and expectorant activities of licorice and its major compounds.
AID288766	Scavenging activity against NO generation in human Chang liver cells assessed as inhibition of NOR1-activation at 350 nM relative to NOR1	2007	Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 70, Issue:6	Cancer chemopreventive effects of cycloartane-type and related triterpenoids in in vitro and in vivo models.
AID348195	Cytotoxicity against human Raji cells assessed as cell viability at 10 mol ratio by trypan blue staining	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID1413904	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as decrease in IkappaBalpha phosphorylation in edema administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge by immunohistochemical method	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID378956	Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells at 1000 molar ratio relative to TPA	2006	Journal of natural products, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1	Chalcones and other compounds from the exudates of Angelica keiskei and their cancer chemopreventive effects.
AID348191	Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells after 48hrs by indirect immunofluorescence technique	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID780291	Membrane toxicity against human ECV304 cells after 2 hrs by LDH release assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 21, Issue:22	The influence of saponins on cell membrane cholesterol.
AID1413901	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as decrease in iNOS expression in edema administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge by immunohistochemical method	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID1194477	Antiviral activity against influenza A virus (A/California/07/09(H1N1)) pdm09 infected in MDCK cells assessed as decrease in virus titer by hemagglutination assay in presence of 1% suspension of chicken erythrocytes	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 25, Issue:8	Glycyrrhizic acid derivatives as influenza A/H1N1 virus inhibitors.
AID679047	TP_TRANSPORTER: biliary excretion in SD rat	1996	Pharmaceutical research, Dec, Volume: 13, Issue:12	Biliary excretion of glycyrrhizin in rats: kinetic basis for multiplicity in bile canalicular transport of organic anions.
AID1602161	Antiviral activity against EBV infected in human Raji cells assessed as reduction in viral genome copy numbers by qRT-PCR analysis	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 166	Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of water-soluble β-cyclodextrin-glycyrrhetinic acid conjugates as potential anti-influenza virus agents.
AID359488	Hepatoprotective activity in mouse hepatocytes assessed inhibition of D-galactosamine/TNFalpha-induced cell death dosed administered before 30 mins of TNFalpha challenge measured after 18 hrs	2001	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 64, Issue:4	Triterpene saponins from Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis) and their hepatocytoprotective activity.
AID1303387	Inhibition of bovine testis hyaluronidase using hyaluronic acid as substrate preincubated with CaCl2 for 20 mins followed by incubation with compound for 20 mins and substrate for 10 mins by colorimetric Morgan-Elson method	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 26, Issue:13	Interpreting the behavior of concentration-response curves of hyaluronidase inhibitors under DMSO-perturbed assay conditions.
AID1413887	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as decrease in weight of ear punches at 5 mg administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge and measured after 6 hrs relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID1413889	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as decrease in weight of ear punches at 5 mg administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge and measured after 24 hrs relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID657949	Inhibition of mouse 11beta-HSD1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as [3H]cortisol production after 60 mins by SPA	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 22, Issue:8	Synthesis and evaluation of piperidine urea derivatives as efficacious 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors in diabetic ob/ob mice.
AID287075	Inhibitory ratio on NOR1-induced NO activation in human Chang liver cells assessed as nitric oxide scavenging activity relative to NOR1	2007	Journal of natural products, May, Volume: 70, Issue:5	Cucurbitane glycosides from the fruits of Siraitia gros venorii and their inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus activation.
AID1413899	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as decrease in epidermal hyperplasia in edema administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge and measured after 6 hrs by hematoxylin/eosin staining-based microscop	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID359156	Hepatoprotective activity against D-galactosamine/TNFalpha-induced cell death in primary cultured mouse hepatocytes treated for 30 mins before TNFalpha challenge measured after 18 hrs by MTT assay	2001	Journal of natural products, Mar, Volume: 64, Issue:3	Three new triterpenes from the seeds of Combretum quadrangulare and their hepatoprotective activity.
AID348189	Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells at 100 mol ratio after 48hrs by indirect immunofluorescence technique relative to control	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID1413908	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as decrease in Akt expression in edema at 50 to 200 mM administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge by immunohistochemical method	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID311271	Scavenging activity against NO generation in NOR1-induced cell culture	2007	Journal of natural products, Aug, Volume: 70, Issue:8	Cucurbitane-type triterpenoids from the fruits of Momordica charantia and their cancer chemopreventive effects.
AID297145	Inhibition of SARS coronavirus-induced cytopathogenicity in Vero E6 cells at 20 uM	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 50, Issue:17	Specific plant terpenoids and lignoids possess potent antiviral activities against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.
AID297148	Inhibition of SARS virus-induced cytopathogenicity in Vero E6 cells at 1 uM	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 50, Issue:17	Specific plant terpenoids and lignoids possess potent antiviral activities against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.
AID1413877	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as weight of ear punches at 200 mM administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge and measured after 48 hrs (Rvb = 11.4 +/- 0.3 mg)	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID1194479	Selectivity index, CTD50 for MDCK cells to EC50 for influenza A virus (A/California/07/09(H1N1)) pdm09 infected in MDCK cells	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 25, Issue:8	Glycyrrhizic acid derivatives as influenza A/H1N1 virus inhibitors.
AID1303393	Ratio of IC50 for inhibition of bovine testis hyaluronidase preincubated with CaCl2 for 20 mins followed by addition of compound to IC50 for inhibition of bovine testis hyaluronidase preincubated for 20 mins followed by addition of CaCl2	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 26, Issue:13	Interpreting the behavior of concentration-response curves of hyaluronidase inhibitors under DMSO-perturbed assay conditions.
AID1773958	Binding affinity to full-length N-terminal 6His-tagged HMGB1 (unknown origin) by NMR spectra	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-23, Volume: 64, Issue:18	Systematic Development of Peptide Inhibitors Targeting the CXCL12/HMGB1 Interaction.
AID1413902	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as decrease in COX2 expression in edema administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge by immunohistochemical method	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID1465050	Inhibition of porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase using starch as substrate preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 10 mins by dinitrosalicylic acid reagent based assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 27, Issue:22	Pentacyclic triterpenes as α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitors: Structure-activity relationships and the synergism with acarbose.
AID1413875	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as weight of ear punches at 200 mM administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge and measured after 12 hrs (Rvb = 12.4 +/- 0.1 mg)	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID348200	Inhibition of DMBA-induced/TPA-promoted carcinogenesis in mouse assessed as number of skin papillomas per mouse at 85 nmol administered 1 hr before TPA treatment measured after 15 weeks	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID1413873	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as decrease in ear punches administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge and measured after 6 hrs	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID657948	Inhibition of human 11beta-HSD1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as [3H]cortisol production after 60 mins by SPA	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 22, Issue:8	Synthesis and evaluation of piperidine urea derivatives as efficacious 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors in diabetic ob/ob mice.
AID737574	Membrane permeabilization effect on human ECV304 cells at 3 to 6 uM measured every 15 secs for 3 hrs by real time impedance-based plate reader analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 21, Issue:8	Real-time analysis of membrane permeabilizing effects of oleanane saponins.
AID378961	Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells	2006	Journal of natural products, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1	Chalcones and other compounds from the exudates of Angelica keiskei and their cancer chemopreventive effects.
AID699541	Inhibition of human liver OATP2B1 expressed in HEK293 Flp-In cells assessed as reduction in [3H]E3S uptake at 20 uM incubated for 5 mins by scintillation counting	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-24, Volume: 55, Issue:10	Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions.
AID348199	Inhibition of DMBA-induced/TPA-promoted carcinogenesis in mouse assessed as number of skin papillomas per mouse at 85 nmol administered 1 hr before TPA treatment measured after 10 weeks	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID1303389	Inhibition of bovine testis hyaluronidase using hyaluronic acid as substrate preincubated with CaCl2 for 20 mins followed by incubation with compound for 20 mins and substrate for 10 mins by colorimetric Morgan-Elson method in presence of BSA	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 26, Issue:13	Interpreting the behavior of concentration-response curves of hyaluronidase inhibitors under DMSO-perturbed assay conditions.
AID1576545	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as inhibition of ear edema at 50 mg/kg, po administered 6 mins prior to TPA challenge and treated twice in 4 hrs and measured after 6 hrs post administration relative to cont	2019	MedChemComm, Oct-01, Volume: 10, Issue:10	Synergistic effect of tolfenamic acid and glycyrrhizic acid on TPA-induced skin inflammation in mice.
AID737556	Membrane permeabilization effect on lysosome of human ECV304 cells up to 48 uM after 1 hr by N-Acetylglucosaminidase release assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 21, Issue:8	Real-time analysis of membrane permeabilizing effects of oleanane saponins.
AID1413898	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as decrease in leucocyte infiltration in edema administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge and measured after 6 hrs by hematoxylin/eosin staining-based microsco	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID1413869	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as decrease in ear punches at 50 mM administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge and measured after 6 hrs relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID1601446	Antiviral activity against DENV2 16681 infected in African green monkey Vero E6 cells assessed as reduction in virus induced cytopathic effect at 10 uM measured after 96 hrs by reverse phase contrast microscopy	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 29, Issue:20	Glycyrrhizic acid derivatives as Dengue virus inhibitors.
AID1413905	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as decrease in p65 phosphorylation in edema administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge by immunohistochemical method	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID1372435	Antitussive activity in ammonia liquor-induced cough ICR mouse model assessed as reduction in cough frequency at 50 mg/kg, po treated with ammonia 1 hr before and 5 hrs after test compound dosing measured for 3 mins relative to control	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 26, Issue:1	Antitussive and expectorant activities of licorice and its major compounds.
AID348188	Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells at 500 mol ratio after 48hrs by indirect immunofluorescence technique relative to control	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID1576544	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as effect on weight of ear punches at 100 mg/kg, po administered 6 mins prior to TPA challenge and treated twice in 4 hrs and measured after 6 hrs post administration (Rvb =	2019	MedChemComm, Oct-01, Volume: 10, Issue:10	Synergistic effect of tolfenamic acid and glycyrrhizic acid on TPA-induced skin inflammation in mice.
AID311268	Inhibition of TPA-induced Epstein-Barr virus early antigen in Raji cells at 500 mol ratio/TPA relative to control	2007	Journal of natural products, Aug, Volume: 70, Issue:8	Cucurbitane-type triterpenoids from the fruits of Momordica charantia and their cancer chemopreventive effects.
AID1576546	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as inhibition of ear edema at 100 mg/kg, po administered 6 mins prior to TPA challenge and treated twice in 4 hrs and measured after 6 hrs post administration relative to con	2019	MedChemComm, Oct-01, Volume: 10, Issue:10	Synergistic effect of tolfenamic acid and glycyrrhizic acid on TPA-induced skin inflammation in mice.
AID1717800	Selectivity ratio of CC50 for African green monkey Vero cells to EC50 for SARS-CoV FFM2 infected in African green monkey Vero cells	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-25, Volume: 63, Issue:22	Chinese Therapeutic Strategy for Fighting COVID-19 and Potential Small-Molecule Inhibitors against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
AID1413890	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as decrease in weight of ear punches at 5 mg administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge and measured after 48 hrs relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID1372442	Antitussive activity in ammonia liquor-induced cough ICR mouse model assessed as reduction in cough frequency at 20 mg/kg, po treated with ammonia 1 hr before and 1 hr after test compound dosing measured for 3 mins	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 26, Issue:1	Antitussive and expectorant activities of licorice and its major compounds.
AID401476	Cytotoxicity in Wistar rat hepatocytes assessed as glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity at 1 mg/ml after 30 hrs
AID359484	Hepatoprotective activity in mouse hepatocytes assessed protection against D-galactosamine/TNFalpha-induced cell death at 200 uM administered before 30 mins of TNFalpha challenge measured after 18 hrs	2001	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 64, Issue:4	Triterpene saponins from Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis) and their hepatocytoprotective activity.
AID433139	Inhibition of human microsomal 11beta-HSD2 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as conversion of [3H]cortisone to [3H]cortisol by scintillation proximity assay	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 19, Issue:15	4-(Phenylsulfonamidomethyl)benzamides as potent and selective inhibitors of the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 with efficacy in diabetic ob/ob mice.
AID1413891	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as decrease in weight of ear punches at 200 mM, po administered 15 mins prior to TPA challenge and measured after 24 hrs relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID657950	Inhibition of human 11beta-HSD2 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as [3H]cortisol production after 60 mins by SPA	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 22, Issue:8	Synthesis and evaluation of piperidine urea derivatives as efficacious 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors in diabetic ob/ob mice.
AID1303386	Inhibition of bovine testis hyaluronidase using hyaluronic acid as substrate preincubated for 20 mins followed by incubation with CaCl2 for 20 mins and substrate for 10 mins by colorimetric Morgan-Elson method	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 26, Issue:13	Interpreting the behavior of concentration-response curves of hyaluronidase inhibitors under DMSO-perturbed assay conditions.
AID1717799	Selectivity ratio of CC50 for African green monkey Vero cells to EC50 for SARS-CoV FFM1 infected in African green monkey Vero cells	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-25, Volume: 63, Issue:22	Chinese Therapeutic Strategy for Fighting COVID-19 and Potential Small-Molecule Inhibitors against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
AID378957	Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells at 500 molar ratio relative to TPA	2006	Journal of natural products, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1	Chalcones and other compounds from the exudates of Angelica keiskei and their cancer chemopreventive effects.
AID404304	Effect on human MRP2-mediated estradiol-17-beta-glucuronide transport in Sf9 cells inverted membrane vesicles relative to control	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 51, Issue:11	Prediction and identification of drug interactions with the human ATP-binding cassette transporter multidrug-resistance associated protein 2 (MRP2; ABCC2).
AID1413885	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as weight of ear punches at 200 mM, ip administered 15 mins prior to TPA challenge and measured after 48 hrs (Rvb = 11.4 +/- 0.3 mg)	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID1773946	Inhibition of human CXCR4-mediated chemotaxis expressed in mouse 300-19 Pre-B cells assessed as reduction in CXCL12/HMGB1-induced cell migration at 200 uM	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-23, Volume: 64, Issue:18	Systematic Development of Peptide Inhibitors Targeting the CXCL12/HMGB1 Interaction.
AID1413872	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as decrease in ear punches at 200 mM administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge and measured after 6 hrs relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID378960	Cytotoxicity against human Raji cells assessed as cell viability at 1000 molar ratio	2006	Journal of natural products, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1	Chalcones and other compounds from the exudates of Angelica keiskei and their cancer chemopreventive effects.
AID359489	Hepatoprotective activity in mouse hepatocytes assessed inhibition of D-galactosamine/TNFalpha-induced cell death at 100 uM administered before 30 mins of TNFalpha challenge measured after 18 hrs	2001	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 64, Issue:4	Triterpene saponins from Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis) and their hepatocytoprotective activity.
AID699540	Inhibition of human liver OATP1B3 expressed in HEK293 Flp-In cells assessed as reduction in [3H]E17-betaG uptake at 20 uM incubated for 5 mins by scintillation counting	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-24, Volume: 55, Issue:10	Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions.
AID737554	Membrane permeabilization effect on lysosome of human ECV304 cells assessed as induction of membrane lysis up to 6 uM after 1 hr by N-Acetylglucosaminidase release assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 21, Issue:8	Real-time analysis of membrane permeabilizing effects of oleanane saponins.
AID737564	Membrane permeabilization effect on human ECV304 cells assessed as normalized cell index at 24 uM measured every 15 secs for 3 hrs by real time impedance-based plate reader analysis relative to control relative to control	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 21, Issue:8	Real-time analysis of membrane permeabilizing effects of oleanane saponins.
AID311267	Inhibition of TPA-induced Epstein-Barr virus early antigen in Raji cells at 1000 mol ratio/TPA relative to control	2007	Journal of natural products, Aug, Volume: 70, Issue:8	Cucurbitane-type triterpenoids from the fruits of Momordica charantia and their cancer chemopreventive effects.
AID311269	Inhibition of TPA-induced Epstein-Barr virus early antigen in Raji cells at 100 mol ratio/TPA relative to control	2007	Journal of natural products, Aug, Volume: 70, Issue:8	Cucurbitane-type triterpenoids from the fruits of Momordica charantia and their cancer chemopreventive effects.
AID1601447	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero E6 cells assessed as reduction in survival rate measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 29, Issue:20	Glycyrrhizic acid derivatives as Dengue virus inhibitors.
AID1728066	Activation of AMPK in human Huh-7 cells assessed as increase in AMPK phosphorylation at Thr172 residue at 10 uM measured after 12 hrs by Western blot analysis	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 209	Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of saponin derivatives of δ-oleanolic acid.
AID1413886	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as decrease in weight of ear punches at 5 mg administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge and measured after 3 hrs relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID1494164	Binding affinity to recombinant HMGB1 A box region (1 to 89 residues) (unknown origin) expressed Escherichia coli after 5 mins by fluorescence-based assay	2018	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-28, Volume: 61, Issue:12	High Mobility Group Box-1 (HMGb1): Current Wisdom and Advancement as a Potential Drug Target.
AID348198	Inhibition of DMBA-induced/TPA-promoted carcinogenesis in mouse assessed as reduction in skin papillomas bearing mouse at 85 nmol administered 1 hr before TPA treatment measured after 20 weeks	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID1303388	Inhibition of bovine testis hyaluronidase using hyaluronic acid as substrate preincubated with CaCl2 for 20 mins followed by incubation with of compound for 20 mins and substrate for 10 mins by colorimetric Morgan-Elson method in presence of 0.05% triton	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 26, Issue:13	Interpreting the behavior of concentration-response curves of hyaluronidase inhibitors under DMSO-perturbed assay conditions.
AID433138	Inhibition of mouse microsomal 11beta-HSD1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as conversion of [3H]cortisone to [3H]cortisol by scintillation proximity assay	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 19, Issue:15	4-(Phenylsulfonamidomethyl)benzamides as potent and selective inhibitors of the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 with efficacy in diabetic ob/ob mice.
AID1413911	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as decrease in PI3K p85 phosphorylation in edema administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge by immunohistochemical method	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID1413888	Antiinflammatory activity against TPA-induced ear edema in BALB/c mouse assessed as decrease in weight of ear punches at 5 mg administered topically for 15 mins prior to TPA challenge and measured after 12 hrs relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses
AID1303391	Inhibition of bovine testis hyaluronidase preincubated with CaCl2 for 20 mins followed by incubation with compound for 20 mins and substrate for 10 mins by colorimetric Morgan-Elson method in presence of up to 21% DMSO	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 26, Issue:13	Interpreting the behavior of concentration-response curves of hyaluronidase inhibitors under DMSO-perturbed assay conditions.
AID1416422	Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as cell viability at 40 uM after 24 hrs by MTT assay relative to control	2017	MedChemComm, Jul-01, Volume: 8, Issue:7	18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid monoglucuronide as an anti-inflammatory agent through suppression of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway.
AID1441288	Inhibition of hyaluronidase (unknown origin) using hyaluronic acid as substrate preincubated for 20 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 40 mins by colorimetric method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-01, Volume: 27, Issue:7	Discovery of hyaluronidase inhibitors from natural products and their mechanistic characterization under DMSO-perturbed assay conditions.
AID634026	Inhibition of human 11beta-HSD2 expressed in human HEK293 cells assessed as conversion of [3H]cortisone to [3H]cortisol by scintillation proximity assay	2011	Journal of natural products, Dec-27, Volume: 74, Issue:12	Cyclopeptide Alkaloids from Ziziphus apetala.
AID348202	Inhibition of DMBA-induced/TPA-promoted carcinogenesis in mouse assessed as reduction in skin papillomas bearing mouse at 85 nmol administered 1 hr before TPA treatment measured after 10 weeks	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID681175	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of DNP-SG uptake in bile canalicular membrane vesicles from SD rat	2002	Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, , Volume: 17, Issue:1	The potential for an interaction between MRP2 (ABCC2) and various therapeutic agents: probenecid as a candidate inhibitor of the biliary excretion of irinotecan metabolites.
AID737561	Membrane permeabilization effect on human ECV304 cells assessed as propidium iodide uptake up to 48 uM after 1 hr by FACS flow cytometric analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 21, Issue:8	Real-time analysis of membrane permeabilizing effects of oleanane saponins.
AID1416423	Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL-6 production at 10 to 40 uM preincubated for 2 hrs followed by LPS addition measured after 20 hrs by ELISA	2017	MedChemComm, Jul-01, Volume: 8, Issue:7	18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid monoglucuronide as an anti-inflammatory agent through suppression of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway.
AID401473	Antihepatotoxic activity against 1.5 hrs galactosamine pretreatment-induced cytotoxicity in Wistar rat hepatocytes assessed as glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity at 1 mg/ml after 30 hrs relative to control
AID1601449	Therapeutic index, ratio of CC50 for African green monkey Vero E6 cells to IC50 for DENV2 16681 infected in African green monkey Vero E6 cells	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 29, Issue:20	Glycyrrhizic acid derivatives as Dengue virus inhibitors.
AID1601450	Antiviral activity against DENV2 16681 infected in African green monkey Vero E6 cells assessed as inhibitory rate of NS4B positive cells at 10 uM measured after 96 hrs incubation by DAPI staining based immunofluorescence method	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 29, Issue:20	Glycyrrhizic acid derivatives as Dengue virus inhibitors.
AID1347160	Primary screen NINDS Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347159	Primary screen GU Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1159550	Human Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) Inhibitor Screening	2015	Nature cell biology, Nov, Volume: 17, Issue:11	6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase links oxidative PPP, lipogenesis and tumour growth by inhibiting LKB1-AMPK signalling.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	169 (8.59)	18.7374
1990's	263 (13.36)	18.2507
2000's	425 (21.60)	29.6817
2010's	732 (37.20)	24.3611
2020's	379 (19.26)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	70 (3.37%)	5.53%
Reviews	126 (6.06%)	6.00%
Case Studies	98 (4.71%)	4.05%
Observational	1 (0.05%)	0.25%
Other	1,784 (85.81%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (12)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Natural Senolytic Agents and NLRP3 Inhibitors in Treatment of Osteoarthritis: Randomized, Double Blinded ,Placebo Controlled Trial [NCT05276895]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-07-01	Suspended(stopped due to unavailability of drugs)
A Randomized, Controlled, Open-label, Multicenter Clinical Study of Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B With TY-CZ-9999 Ozone Therapy System [NCT01342185]	Phase 3	189 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-03-31	Enrolling by invitation
Preventive Effect of Prophylactic Oral Antibiotics Against Cholangitis After Kasai Portoenterostomy in Biliary Atresia: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05925309]		356 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-07-01	Recruiting
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Natural JAK_ STAT Pathways Inhibitors in Treatment of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis as a Complementary Medicine [NCT05788705]		75 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-07-31	Not yet recruiting
Effects of Liquorice on Salivary Cortisol and Cortisone [NCT04045015]		30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-10-16	Recruiting
The Effect of Administration of Glycyrrhizin During Induction Period on the Occurrence of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting After Breast Surgery [NCT04742660]		224 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-05-11	Completed
A Prospective Randomized Trial Comparing Ulinastatin's Drug Protection in Hepatocellular Carcinoma(HCC)Patients'Postoperative Hepatic Failure [NCT01643447]		200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-05-31	Completed
Effect of Nasal and Oropharyngeal Use of Povidone Iodine and Glycyrrhizin on Ventilator-associated Respiratory Infections: A Randomized Trial [NCT05895773]	Phase 2/Phase 3	78 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2023-06-24	Completed
Non-Invasive HaemoDYNAMICs in Primary and Secondary Hypertension: the DYNAMIC-study [NCT01742702]		2,000 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2006-05-25	Recruiting
High-dose Dexamethasone Plus Diammonium Glycyrrhizinate Enteric-coated Capsule Versus High-dose Dexamethasone in Treatment-naive Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP): a Multicentre, Randomised, Open-label Trial [NCT05023915]	Phase 2	106 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-08-21	Recruiting
The Efficacy and Safety Study of Magnesium Isoglycyrrhizinate Injection Followed by Diammonium Glycyrrhizinate Enteric-coated Capsules and Combined With Entecavir on the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B [NCT03349008]	Phase 4	480 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-11-25	Not yet recruiting
Clinical Observation of Long-term Efficacy and Safety of Glycyrrhizic Acid Preparation in the Treatment of Autoimmune Liver Disease [NCT04028869]		400 participants (Actual)	Observational	2018-03-01	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	2.1	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.21	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.	2.07	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; phenols	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	1.95	1	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.93	4	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	2	1	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.05	1	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	3.42	1	1	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	3.51	1	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	4.06	4	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
anthranilic acid anthranilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #565. anthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.	1.94	1	0	aminobenzoic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.07	1	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	2.17	1	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	aryl phosphate
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2.71	3	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
cadaverine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	2.11	1	0	amino-acid anion
carnitine [no description available]	4.11	4	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	2.11	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	3.8	1	1	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	2.93	4	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	2.47	2	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	4.97	5	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	8.33	5	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
4-aminophenol 4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.	2.11	1	0	aminophenol	allergen; metabolite
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cytosine [no description available]	3.55	2	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.79	3	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	2.54	2	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	2.9	4	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	6.21	10	1	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	2.1	1	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
histamine [no description available]	2.96	4	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	2.59	2	0	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	2.6	1	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.43	2	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	2.58	2	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.02	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	2.73	3	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.76	3	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	2.04	1	0	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
1-octanol 1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.	2.71	3	0	octanol; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; fuel additive; kairomone; plant metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	1.99	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.11	1	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	2.08	1	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	3.4	1	1	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
putrescine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	2.21	1	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
taurine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	2.53	2	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	2.03	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	2.06	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	7.17	1	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.51	2	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	2.61	2	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
hoe 33342 BXI-72: structure in first source	2.46	2	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	fluorochrome
2-aminofluorene [no description available]	1.99	1	0
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.02	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.61	2	0	C-nitro compound	antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.	2	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercuribenzoic acid
phenytoin [no description available]	2.46	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	4.8	9	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
albendazole [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	2.46	2	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	2.46	2	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	2.46	2	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
theophylline [no description available]	2.07	1	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	2.47	2	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	2.46	2	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amoxapine Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.	3.35	1	0	dibenzooxazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonin uptake inhibitor
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	2.04	1	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetovanillone apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	2.11	1	0	acetophenones; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
arecoline Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.	2.4	2	0	enoate ester; methyl ester; pyridine alkaloid; tetrahydropyridine	metabolite; muscarinic agonist
aristolochic acid i aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.	2.02	1	0	aristolochic acids; aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; cyclic acetal; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mutagen; nephrotoxin; toxin
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	2.72	3	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	2.46	2	0	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	2.07	1	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
atrazine [no description available]	2.66	2	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	7.03	1	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
benzbromarone Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.	2.46	2	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone	uricosuric drug
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	7.07	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzocaine Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.	2.04	1	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline	allergen; antipruritic drug; sensitiser; topical anaesthetic
berberine [no description available]	4.13	15	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	7.49	2	0	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
caffeine [no description available]	3.25	6	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	8.75	10	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
camostat camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.	3.82	3	0	benzoate ester; carboxylic ester; diester; guanidines; tertiary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifibrinolytic drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; serine protease inhibitor
candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.	2.49	2	0	benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	2.46	2	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carvedilol [no description available]	2.04	1	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
celecoxib [no description available]	2.97	4	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	2.07	1	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
cetylpyridinium Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.	5.82	3	2	pyridinium ion
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	2.07	1	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	4.79	5	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	2.46	2	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	2.11	1	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	2.46	2	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound	muscle relaxant; sedative
cilostazol [no description available]	2.04	1	0	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	2.73	3	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
eucalyptol [no description available]	2.05	1	0
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	2.21	1	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
clotrimazole [no description available]	2.46	2	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
decanoic acid decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.91	4	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	2.46	2	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	2.9	3	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazinon Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	2.21	1	0	organic thiophosphate; pyrimidines	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; nematicide; xenobiotic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	2.97	4	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
diethyl pyrocarbonate Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.	2.1	1	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride
diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.	2.66	2	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
diphenyleneiodonium diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.	2.1	1	0	organic cation
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	2.46	2	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disopyramide Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.	2.07	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram [no description available]	7.54	2	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	2.76	3	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	3.5	1	1	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.	2.07	1	0	aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	8.19	2	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	3.1	5	0
etodolac Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.	2.21	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	2.46	2	0	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fendiline Fendiline: Coronary vasodilator; inhibits calcium function in muscle cells in excitation-contraction coupling; proposed as antiarrhythmic and antianginal agents.	2.46	2	0	diarylmethane
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	2.07	1	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.	2.46	2	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	2.07	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluorescite fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.	2.04	1	0	benzoic acids; cyclic ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; phenols; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	9.11	3	1	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	2.73	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	2.45	2	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	2.46	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	2.1	1	0	carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furafylline [no description available]	2.07	1	0	oxopurine
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	2.94	4	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
fusaric acid Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.	2.21	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
gabexate Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.	2.4	2	0	benzoate ester
gemfibrozil [no description available]	2.52	2	0	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	7.46	2	0
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	2.04	1	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	sulfonamide
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	2.46	2	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	3.16	5	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	2.25	1	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	3.01	4	0	methoxybenzenes
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	2.05	1	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
harmaline Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.	2.03	1	0	harmala alkaloid	oneirogen
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.04	1	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	4.27	2	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	2.99	4	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	2	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
batyl alcohol batyl alcohol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. batilol : An alkylglycerol that is glycerol in which one of the primary hydroxy groups has been converted into the corresponding octadecyl ether. It is used in cosmetics as a stabilising ingredient and skin-conditioning agent.	2.15	1	0	alkylglycerol
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	2.53	2	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	3.42	7	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	2.17	1	0	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	2.59	2	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	3.1	5	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	7.5	2	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.	2.46	2	0	benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester
itraconazole [no description available]	2.07	1	0	piperazines
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	2.98	4	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	2.04	1	0	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	2.58	2	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	2.21	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lamotrigine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	2.46	2	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
lobenzarit lobenzarit: prevents autoimmune kidney disease in hybrid mice; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	aminobenzoic acid
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	2.46	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	5.52	4	1	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
maprotiline Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.	2.04	1	0	anthracenes
mephenytoin Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.	2.07	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	2.5	2	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	3.63	2	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methacrylic acid methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.	7.15	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	2.45	2	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	4.08	4	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	2	1	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	3.85	2	1	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.	2.41	1	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	2.46	2	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
moclobemide Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.	2.07	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	2.03	1	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
n-methylephedrine N-methylephedrine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.57	2	0	amphetamines
nafamostat nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic	9.13	3	0	benzoic acids; guanidines
nefazodone nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; analgesic; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.04	1	0	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	2.46	2	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	2.95	1	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	3.33	6	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	2.04	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nizatidine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound; carboxamidine; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; cholinergic drug; H2-receptor antagonist
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	2.46	2	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	4.54	5	1	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	2.07	1	0	carbazoles
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.	2.04	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	2.17	1	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
pantoprazole Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	1.93	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	2.57	2	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	2.9	2	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	1.99	1	0	oxopurine
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	2.46	2	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
phenazopyridine Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.	3.35	1	0	diaminopyridine; monoazo compound	anticoronaviral agent; carcinogenic agent; local anaesthetic; non-narcotic analgesic
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	2.71	3	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	2.07	1	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phloretin [no description available]	2.21	1	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
pilsicainide pilsicainide: structure given in first source. pilsicainide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline with the carboxy group of (tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-7a(5H)-yl)acetic acid. It is a sodium channel blocker which is used as an antiarrhythmic drug for the management of atrial tachyarrhythmias in Japan.	2.07	1	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary carboxamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; sodium channel blocker
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	2.07	1	0	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	3.4	7	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
pramoxine pramoxine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pramocaine : A member of the class of morpholines that is morpholine substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 3-(4-butoxyphenoxy)propyl group.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; morpholines	local anaesthetic
ono 1078 pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.01	1	0	chromones
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	8.12	4	0	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	2.04	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	2.73	3	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	2.07	1	0	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	2.25	1	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
procyclidine Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.	2.04	1	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist
proglumide Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.	1.99	1	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; glutamine derivative; racemate	anti-ulcer drug; cholecystokinin antagonist; cholinergic antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; drug metabolite; gastrointestinal drug; opioid analgesic; xenobiotic metabolite
propafenone Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ketone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.4	2	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	2.46	2	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
protopine [no description available]	2	1	0	dibenzazecine alkaloid	plant metabolite
ranitidine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	aralkylamine
opc 12759 rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase	2.31	1	0	secondary carboxamide
rimantadine Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.	3.37	2	0	alkylamine
ritanserin Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.	2.04	1	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; thiazolopyrimidine	antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	4.22	5	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
salicylamide salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	phenols; salicylamides	antirheumatic drug; non-narcotic analgesic
sanguinarine benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.	2.43	2	0	alkaloid antibiotic; benzophenanthridine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent
sennoside a&b [no description available]	3.5	2	0
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	2.6	1	0	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.03	1	0	morpholines
sodium fluoride [no description available]	1.99	1	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
sodium iodide Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.	2.15	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; iodide salt
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	2.21	1	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	2.46	2	0	ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	2.37	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
sulfanitran [no description available]	2.04	1	0	sulfonamide
sulfaphenazole Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.	2.07	1	0	primary amino compound; pyrazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	2.46	2	0
sulfinpyrazone Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.	2.04	1	0	pyrazolidines; sulfoxide	uricosuric drug
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	2.92	4	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	3.47	2	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
tegafur [no description available]	2.37	2	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
terazosin Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia	2.04	1	0	furans; piperazines; primary amino compound; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	2.46	2	0	diarylmethane
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	2.07	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	3.14	1	0	phthalimides; piperidones
thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.	2.46	2	0	phenothiazines; piperidines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).	2.07	1	0	aziridines
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	2.07	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.	2.04	1	0	imidazoles	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	2.07	1	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
ultram 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	5.49	3	1	amino acid
triazolam Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.	2.07	1	0	triazolobenzodiazepine	sedative
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	2.46	2	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	1.96	1	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	10.05	16	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	6.48	14	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	3.88	3	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	2.72	3	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
thymidine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	2.44	2	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	2.07	1	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	1.99	1	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	5.42	11	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
aldosterone [no description available]	8.34	31	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
tetrahydrocortisol [no description available]	1.99	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	2.04	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
tetrahydrocortisone [no description available]	1.99	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
fluprednisolone Fluprednisolone: A synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties.	1.96	1	0	fluorinated steroid
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	3.35	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
azauridine Azauridine: A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic.	2.42	2	0	N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	2.46	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
idoxuridine [no description available]	2.37	2	0	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	2.57	2	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	2.74	3	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	5.65	18	1	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	2.7	3	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	2.02	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	2.6	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vincristine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	acetate ester; formamides; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	3.43	7	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	2.04	1	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	2.38	2	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	1.94	1	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
uridine monophosphate Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.	2.15	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
uridine diphosphate Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	2.13	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	1.98	1	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2.04	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.31	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.05	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	3.28	6	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	2.13	1	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	2.37	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2.05	1	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	2.74	3	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	2.86	3	0
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	3.21	6	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	9.91	6	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.	1.97	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; progestin
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	1.98	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	5.11	5	2	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	2.53	2	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
sulfobromophthalein sodium bromosulfophthalein sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of bromosulfophthalein.. bromosulfophthalein : An organosulfonic acid that consists of phthalide bearing four bromo substituents at positions 4, 5, 6 and 7 as well as two 4-hydroxy-3-sulfophenyl groups both located at position 1.	2.73	3	0	organic sodium salt	dye
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	2.46	2	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	2.82	3	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	2.88	3	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.75	3	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	2.43	2	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2.13	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	3.9	2	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
quinic acid (-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.	1.99	1	0
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	4.07	3	1	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	7.42	5	3	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
alpha-pinene [no description available]	2.06	1	0	pinene	plant metabolite
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2.78	3	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
1,8-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid anhydride 1,8-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid anhydride: used as seed protector from herbicides	2.15	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	2.07	1	0	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	3.29	6	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	7.48	2	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone: request from searcher	2.03	1	0
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	1.98	1	0	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
xylitol xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.	3.05	1	0
picryl chloride Picryl Chloride: A hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (Arthritis Rheum 1991 Feb;34(2):180).. 1-chloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene : The C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.03	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; explosive; hapten
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	2.52	2	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	1.99	1	0	xanthene
methyl nicotinate methyl nicotinate: erythema provoked is basis of a methylnicotinate test of anti-inflammatories	3.87	2	1	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.	2.6	1	0	carbonyl compound
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	2.98	4	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	2.1	1	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyclamic acid Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.. cyclohexylsulfamic acid : A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent.	3.48	2	0	sulfamic acids	environmental contaminant; human xenobiotic metabolite
ethyl carbonate [no description available]	2.1	1	0	carbonate ester
4-phenylenediamine 4-phenylenediamine: agent hair dye responsible for contact dermatitis; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,4-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.	2.1	1	0	phenylenediamine	allergen; dye; hapten; reagent
acrolein [no description available]	2.7	3	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	3.85	2	1	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	2.08	1	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2.02	1	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
1-hexanol 1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.05	1	0	hexanol; primary alcohol	alarm pheromone; antibacterial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
heptanol Heptanol: A colorless liquid with a fragrant odor. It is used as an intermediate, solvent and in cosmetics.. heptanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of seven carbon atoms.. heptan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It has been isolated from Capillipedium parviflorum.	2.03	1	0	heptanol; primary alcohol	flavouring agent; fragrance; gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; plant metabolite
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.	2.46	2	0	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.07	1	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
pamoic acid pamoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.02	1	0	dicarboxylic acid
diatrizoate meglumine Diatrizoate Meglumine: A versatile contrast medium used for DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY RADIOLOGY.. meglumine amidotrizoate : The N-methylglucamine salt of amidotrizoic acid. Both the sodium and the meglumine salts of amidotrizoic acid have been widely used as water-soluble radioopaque media in diagnostic radiography. The use of a mixture of the two salts is often preferred, as adverse effects can be reduced.	2.15	1	0	monocarboxylic acid anion	radioopaque medium
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	2.02	1	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
3-o-methylglucose 3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.	1.96	1	0	D-aldohexose derivative
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	2.68	3	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
dulcin dulcin: structure	2.02	1	0	ureas
cycloguanil cycloguanil: the active metabolite of proguanil; antifolate drug; structure in first source. cycloguanil : A triazine in which a 1,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine ring is substituted at N-1 by a 4-chlorophenyl group, at C-2 and -4 by amino groups and at C-6 by gem-dimethyl groups. A dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, it is a metabolite of the antimalarial drug proguanil.	2.6	1	0	triazines	antifolate; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	4.75	5	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.25	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
thiazoles [no description available]	3.82	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	4.05	4	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	8.99	13	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	2.03	1	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	2.1	1	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
perfluorooctanoic acid perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.	2.41	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; surfactant; xenobiotic
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	2.13	1	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	2.11	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	2.49	2	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	2.04	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
glycyrrhetinic acid [no description available]	5.85	10	0	cyclic terpene ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	immunomodulator; plant metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.04	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycocholic acid Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.42	2	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
rhein [no description available]	7.11	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone
cepharanthine cepharanthine: isoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of STEPHANIA; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation. cepharanthine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of Stephania; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation.	1.98	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
aloe emodin aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe. Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.	7.41	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; dihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
imperatorin imperatorin: tumor necrosis factor antagonist; furanocoumarin from West African medicinal plant Clausena anisata; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3005. imperatorin : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 8. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	3.82	3	0	psoralens	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	3.35	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
osthol osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source	3.52	2	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; coumarins	metabolite
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	2.1	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
thymoquinone thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.	2.21	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	adjuvant; anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite
oleanolic acid [no description available]	6.08	28	1	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	7.13	1	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	9.95	11	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
medroxyprogesterone [no description available]	2.04	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	8.33	18	3	dialdehyde	biomarker
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.98	4	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
1-naphthylisothiocyanate 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.	2.45	2	0	isothiocyanate	insecticide
paeonol paeonol: structure	2.04	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	1.99	1	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	2.15	1	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	4.78	9	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
ethyl pyruvate [no description available]	2.9	3	0	oxo carboxylic acid
glycochenodeoxycholic acid Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycochenodeoxycholate : A N-acylglycinate that is the conjugate base of glycochenodeoxycholic acid.. glycochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl as the bile acid component.	2.07	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	3.84	3	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	2.42	2	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-methylimidazole 4-methylimidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methylimidazole : Imidazole substituted at position 4 by a methyl group.	7.6	1	0	imidazoles	carcinogenic agent; reaction intermediate
vinblastine [no description available]	2.46	2	0
1-methylpyridinium 1-methylpyridinium: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0	methylpyridines
deoxycytidine [no description available]	3.5	1	1	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	4.05	4	0	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
carmine Carmine: Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker.	1.99	1	0
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	2.46	2	0
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.31	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	2.69	3	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	2	1	0
lysergol lysergol: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (8beta)-isomer. lysergol : An alkaloid of the ergoline family that occurs as a minor constituent in some species of fungi and in the morning glory family of plants. Its structure is that of ergoline with a methyl group at N-6 and a beta-hydroxymethyl substituent at C-8.	3.19	1	0	ergoline alkaloid
digoxigenin Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.. digoxigenin : A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis.	1.98	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol	hapten; plant metabolite
stearylamine stearylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecan-1-amine : An 18-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.04	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	film-forming compound
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	3.51	1	1	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
2-tert-butylhydroquinone 2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.	2.13	1	0	hydroquinones	food antioxidant
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	2.04	1	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
phenethyl isothiocyanate phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma. phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties.	2.46	2	0	isothiocyanate	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; metabolite
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	5.23	4	1	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones.. UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid : A UDP-sugar having alpha-D-glucuronic acid as the sugar component.	2.63	2	0	UDP-D-glucuronic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride glycidyl trimethylammonium: causes dermatitis on contact; structure given in first source; RN given refers to chloride	2.07	1	0
stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	1.97	1	0	dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity	antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
ornithylaspartate ornithylaspartate: used therapeutically in hepatic coma	3.41	1	0
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.71	3	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
palmatine burasaine: structure in first source	2.93	4	0	berberine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	plant metabolite
fructosamine Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.	2.06	1	0
floxacillin Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.	2.04	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
raspberry ketone rheosmin: an NSAID that blocks NF-kappaB activation; isolated from Pinus densiflora; structure in first source. raspberry ketone : A ketone that is 4-phenylbutan-2-one in which the phenyl ring is substituted at position 4 by a hydroxy group. It is found in a variety of fruits including raspberries, blackberries and cranberries, and is used in perfumery and cosmetics.	2.05	1	0	methyl ketone; phenols	androgen antagonist; cosmetic; flavouring agent; fragrance; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	4	4	0	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
iodinated glycerol iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant	16.38	314	5	dioxolane
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	2.11	1	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	2.55	2	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	2.82	3	0	titanium group element atom
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	2.31	1	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	1.99	1	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	2.11	1	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	2.69	2	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	3.72	10	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.86	3	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	2.42	2	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	3.04	1	0	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.	2.42	2	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	2.02	1	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	1.99	1	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	2.11	1	0
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	1.99	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	2	1	0	cadmium coordination entity
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.87	4	0
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	2.06	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	2.51	2	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
hydrocortisone-17-butyrate cortisol 17-butyrate : Cortisol esterified with butyric acid at the 17-hydroxy group.	3.47	1	1	butyrate ester; cortisol ester; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	dermatologic drug; drug allergen
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.1	1	0
thiamphenicol [no description available]	2.59	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent; immunosuppressive agent
1-methyladenosine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	methyladenosine	human metabolite
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	2.57	2	0	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	3.49	8	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides [no description available]	1.97	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.	1.98	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector
neohesperidin dihydrochalcone neohesperidin dihydrochalcone : A member of the dihydrochalcones that is 3,2',4',6'-tetrahydroxy-4-methoxydihydrochalcone attached to a neohesperidosyl residue at position 4' via glycosidic linkage. It is found in sweet orange.	3.05	1	0	dihydrochalcones; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	environmental contaminant; plant metabolite; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
cephapirin Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	1.95	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
ergocristine ergocristine: an ergot alkaloid; one of the three components of ergotoxine; has alpha blocking action, stimulates smooth muscles & antagonizes serotonin; used as oxytocic & in peripheral disorders; minor descriptor (77-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search EROLINES (77-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer). ergocristine : Ergotaman bearing benzyl, hydroxy, and isopropyl groups at the 5', 12' and 2' positions, respectively, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid.	2.04	1	0	ergot alkaloid
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	2.4	2	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
butyl acetate butyl acetate: structure. butyl acetate : The acetate ester of butanol.	2.05	1	0	acetate ester	metabolite
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	3.51	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
fludrocortisone Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.	1.98	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; fluorinated steroid; mineralocorticoid	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	8.2	14	2	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
du-21220 Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.	2.04	1	0	benzyl alcohols; polyphenol; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	7.31	1	0
calcium oxalate Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).	2.04	1	0	organic calcium salt
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.75	3	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	2.31	1	0
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	2.41	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	2.04	1	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	4.34	6	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	3.23	5	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	2.77	3	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	2.07	1	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
acetosulfame acetosulfame: RN given refers to parent cpd. acesulfame : A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6.	4.39	6	0	organic heteromonocyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; sulfamate ester	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	6.93	11	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
lentinan [no description available]	2.68	3	0
bezafibrate [no description available]	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	7.73	3	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.97	4	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
deoxynivalenol deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.	2.9	2	0	cyclic ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trichothecene; triol	mycotoxin
nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug	3.35	1	0	benzamides; carboxylic ester
acarbose [no description available]	2.15	1	0	tetrasaccharide derivative	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	2.46	2	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke	2	1	0	nitrosamine; pyridines
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	2.95	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.46	2	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	2.71	3	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	3.15	5	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	2.46	2	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
atomoxetine atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound; toluenes	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	4.02	5	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
ranolazine Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.	2.07	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary alcohol
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	9.7	7	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
adefovir adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	2.04	1	0	6-aminopurines; ether; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent
loxiglumide loxiglumide: cholecystokinin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in first source	1.99	1	0	organic molecular entity
sparfloxacin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone
cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.	3.55	2	0	phosphonic acids; pyrimidone	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	2.07	1	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
atorvastatin [no description available]	2.48	2	0	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	4.04	4	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
irinotecan [no description available]	3.21	5	0	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	2.07	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
adefovir dipivoxil bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	3.42	1	1	6-aminopurines; carbonate ester; ether; organic phosphonate	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent; prodrug
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	2.07	1	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	3.5	1	1	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	2.02	1	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
allyl formate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
dimethylhydrazines Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.	2.08	1	0
benzylaminopurine benzylaminopurine: a plant growth regulator. N-benzyladenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group.	2.13	1	0	6-aminopurines	cytokinin; plant metabolite
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	2.07	1	0	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.	2.07	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzamides; organic heterobicyclic compound; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; HIV protease inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	9.62	109	2	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
anisodamine anisodamine: alkaloid isolated from Chinese solanacea plant	2.1	1	0
ursolic acid [no description available]	3.44	7	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
n-methylnicotinamide N-methylnicotinamide: structure. N-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the amide hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.	2.46	2	0	pyridinecarboxamide	metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.45	2	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
betulinic acid [no description available]	3.92	4	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
baicalin [no description available]	5.59	27	0	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
amprenavir [no description available]	2.07	1	0	carbamate ester; sulfonamide; tetrahydrofuryl ester	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	7.1	1	0	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	4.2	4	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	2.73	3	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
gallocatechol gallocatechol: structure give in first source; RN given for (trans-(+-))-omer; inhibits DNA-dependent DNA & RNA polymerases. (+)-gallocatechin : A gallocatechin that has (2R,3S)-configuration. It is found in green tea and bananas.. gallocatechin : A catechin that is a flavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7 (the trans isomer). It is isolated from Acacia mearnsii.	2.15	1	0	gallocatechin	antioxidant; metabolite; radical scavenger
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	2.04	1	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	1.95	1	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
ebrotidine ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector	3.11	1	0	sulfonamide
repaglinide [no description available]	2.07	1	0	piperidines
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	2.07	1	0	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alpha-naphthyl isocyanate alpha-naphthyl isocyanate: used to separate enantiomers of beta-blockers; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	2.05	1	0	phenanthroline
isopimpinellin isopimpinellin: from Ruta graveolens & Heracleum lanatum; structure	2.03	1	0	psoralens
sanguinarine chloride [no description available]	2.04	1	0
picosulfate sodium picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure	2.02	1	0	aryl sulfate; pyridines
talinolol [no description available]	3.47	1	1	ureas
schizandrol b schizandrol B: from Schizandra chinensis, plant used as tonic in traditional Chinese medicine	2.25	1	0	tannin
artemether Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.04	1	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; organic peroxide; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial
uk 68798 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; potassium channel blocker
trichlorosucrose trichlorosucrose: sweetness intensity roughly 600 times that of sucrose and is nonnutritive and noncaloric; largely unabsorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. sucralose : A disaccharide derivative consisting of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose and 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranose units linked by a glycosidic bond.	2.99	4	0	disaccharide derivative; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
bufuralol bufuralol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.07	1	0	benzofurans
ubenimex ubenimex: growth inhibitor	2.07	1	0
epicatechin (-)-epicatechin : A catechin with (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.58	2	0	catechin; polyphenol	antioxidant
hesperetin [no description available]	3.78	2	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
magnolol [no description available]	5.12	5	0	biphenyls
honokiol [no description available]	3.62	3	0	biphenyls
chelerythrine chloride [no description available]	2.04	1	0
coptisine coptisine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.44	2	0	alkaloid	metabolite
betulin betulin: isolated from various white birch bark (BETULA). betulin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents.	2.48	2	0	diol; pentacyclic triterpenoid	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; metabolite
lycorine lycorine: from bulbs of LYCORIS & other plants; RN given refers to (1 alpha,2 beta)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5444. lycorine : An indolizidine alkaloid that is 3,12-didehydrogalanthan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions and 2 and a methylenedioxy group across positions 9 and 10. Isolated from Crinum asiaticum, it has been shown to exhibit antimalarial activity.	3.35	1	0	indolizidine alkaloid	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
chimyl alcohol chimyl alcohol: RN given refers to cpd with specified locant & without isomeric designation; structure. 1-O-palmitylglycerol : An alkylglycerol that is glycerol carrying a single palmityl (hexadecyl) substituent at position 1.	2.15	1	0	alkylglycerol
beta-amyrin beta-amyrin: alpha-amyrin is also available; a 5 ring triterpene derived from oleanane that differs from alpha-amyrin in having the 29-carbon at the 20 position; RN given refers to (3 beta)-isomer. beta-amyrin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanane substituted at the 3beta-position by a hydroxy group and containing a double bond between positions 12 and 13. It is one of the most commonly occurring triterpenoids in higher plants.	2.51	2	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; plant metabolite
lobaric acid lobaric acid: inhibits formation of leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4; also reduces muscle contraction; structure in first source	2.25	1	0	carbonyl compound
(-)-catechin (-)-catechin : The (-)-enantiomer of catechin.	2.15	1	0	catechin	metabolite
nodakenin nodakenin: RN given for (R)-isomer; has anti-inflammatory properties	3.2	5	0	furanocoumarin
pulsatilla saponin a Pulsatilla saponin A: has antineoplastic activity; isolated from Pulsatilla chinensis; structure in first source. kalopanaxsaponin A : A triterpenoid saponin that is hederagenin attached to a 2-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from the stem bark of Kalopanax pictus.	3.64	2	0	disaccharide derivative; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; triterpenoid saponin	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite
hederagenin [no description available]	2.31	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin	plant metabolite
gliclazide 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid: a gap junction inhibitor	5.53	20	0
madecassic acid [no description available]	2.51	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tetrol	antioxidant; plant metabolite
arjunolic acid arjunolic acid: oleanane type; isol from Cochlospermum tinctorium (Bixaceae); structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2alpha,3beta,4alpha)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/89. arjunolic acid : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is olean-12-en-28-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3 and 23 (the 2alpha,3beta stereoisomer). Isolated from Symplocos lancifolia and Juglans sinensis, it exhibits antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.	2	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antioxidant; metabolite
maslinic acid (2Alpha,3beta)-2,3-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid: from Luehea divaricata and Agrimonia eupatoria	2.51	2	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
dicetylphosphate dicetylphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dicetyl hydrogen phosphate : The dihexadecyl ester of phosphoric acid.	2.04	1	0	dialkyl phosphate
6-carboxyfluorescein 6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein	1.96	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
eletriptan eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.	2.07	1	0	indoles; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfone	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone [no description available]	2.46	2	0	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
tamiflu [no description available]	2.13	1	0	phosphate salt
2-bromopalmitate 2-bromopalmitate: inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-bromohexadecanoic acid : A bromo fatty acid that is hexadecanoic (palmitic) acid carrying a single bromo substituent at position 2.	2	1	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; bromo fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain fatty acid	fatty acid oxidation inhibitor
4-nitrophenylglucuronide 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucuronide : A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid having a 4-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position.	2.04	1	0	beta-D-glucosiduronic acid; C-nitro compound	chromogenic compound
acetaminophen glucuronide acetaminophen glucuronide: acetaminophen metabolite in rats. acetaminophen O-beta-D-glucosiduronic acid : A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid that is the O-glucuronide of paracetamol (acetaminophen).	2.47	2	0	beta-D-glucosiduronic acid	drug metabolite
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	3.94	2	1	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
dibromosulphthalein dibromosulphthalein: RN refers to 3H-labeled parent compound	2.39	2	0
loganin [no description available]	2.25	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; cyclopentapyran; enoate ester; iridoid monoterpenoid; methyl ester; monosaccharide derivative; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
gentiopicroside gentiopicroside: a secoiridoid in Gentiana with rearrangement to two pyran rings	2.46	2	0	glycoside
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	2.46	2	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
carbetapentane citrate [no description available]	2.17	1	0	carbonyl compound
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2.44	2	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
7-ketocholesterol 7-ketocholesterol: inhibits uptake of cholesterol in rabbit aorta. 7-ketocholesterol : A cholestanoid that consists of cholesterol bearing an oxo substituent at position 7.	2.05	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; 7-oxo steroid; cholestanoid	neuroprotective agent
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	7.6	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
cycloartenol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	3beta-sterol; pentacyclic triterpenoid; phytosterols	plant metabolite
aluminum maltolate aluminum maltolate: aluminum cpd, not an aluminum salt	2.21	1	0
lopinavir [no description available]	5.71	5	0	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	2.08	1	0
glycylsarcosine glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.	2	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide
sugiol sugiol: diterpene with anti-inflammatory activity from Calocedrus formosana bark; structure in first source. sugiol : An abietane diterpenoid that is ferruginol in which the methylene group para to the phenolic hydroxy group has been substituted by an oxo group.	2.95	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; cyclic terpene ketone; meroterpenoid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
24-methylene cycloartanol 24-methylene cycloartanol: structure given in first source; RN given refers to 3beta-isomer; RN for compound without isomeric designation not avail 11/90. 24-methylenecycloartanol : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is (9beta)-24-methylene-9,19-cyclolanostane which carries a hydroxy group at position 3beta. It is isolated from several plant species including Euphorbia, Epidendrum, Psychotria and Sideritis.	2.03	1	0	3beta-hydroxy steroid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
acetylglycyrrhetinic acid acetylglycyrrhetinic acid: RN given refers to (3beta,20beta)-isomer	2.05	1	0	triterpenoid
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	4.19	5	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
methyl methanethiosulfinate methyl methanethiosulfinate: structure in first source; a metabolite of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide	3.35	1	0	sulfur oxoacid derivative
10-hydroxycamptothecin [no description available]	7.08	1	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline
diosgenin [no description available]	3.19	1	0	3beta-sterol; hexacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin; spiroketal	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
isosteviol isosteviol: an antihyperglycemic agent; obtained by acid hydrolysis of stevioside; was indexed to steviol 1985-2007	2.05	1	0	diterpenoid
alpha-glutamyltryptophan alpha-glutamyltryptophan: RN refers to L-isomer; a naturally occurring thymic immunomodulator. Glu-Trp : A dipeptide composed of L-glutamic acid and L-tryptophan joined by a peptide linkage.	7.1	1	0	dipeptide	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator; metabolite
arctiin arctiin: from fruits of Arctium lappa L; RN given refers to (3R-trans)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	2.02	1	0	glycoside; lignan
cycloleucalenol cycloleucalenol: structure	2.03	1	0	3beta-sterol; pentacyclic triterpenoid; phytosterols
cyclolaudenol cyclolaudenol : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is (24S)-methyl-9beta,19-cyclolanost-25-ene which carries a hydroxy group at position 3beta. It is isolated from several plant species inclduing Turraeanthus and Tillandsia.	2.03	1	0	3beta-hydroxy steroid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
eudragit rl [no description available]	2.04	1	0
vitamin b 6 Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.	7.23	4	3
u 74006f tirilazad: a lazaroid; potent inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; has shown excellent activity in in vivo models of experimental central nervous system trauma & ischemia; structure given in first source; tradename Freedox	2.25	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
eudragit rs Eudragit RS: copolymer of acrylic & methacrylic acid esters & quaternary ammonium groups; used for microcapsules	2.04	1	0
fluo-3 Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds	2.46	2	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	2.03	1	0
pyridinoline pyridinoline: 3-hydroxypyridinium derivative collagen crosslink; structure	2.08	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
saikosaponin d [no description available]	3.78	11	0
geniposide [no description available]	3.28	6	0	terpene glycoside
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	1.99	1	0	proanthocyanidin
epicatechin gallate epicatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to the (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; isolated from green tea. (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.	2.15	1	0	catechin; gallate ester; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
phosphites Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.	2.1	1	0	phosphite ion; trivalent inorganic anion
fingolimod hydrochloride Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).	3.19	1	0	hydrochloride	immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
daidzin daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).	2.46	2	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
triptolide [no description available]	8.2	5	0	diterpenoid; epoxide; gamma-lactam; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	antispermatogenic agent; plant metabolite
proanthocyanidin proanthocyanidin: RN given refers to proanthocyanidin A; Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 antagonist. proanthocyanidin : A flavonoid oligomer obtained by the the condensation of two or more units of hydroxyflavans.	1.99	1	0
schizandrin b schizandrin B: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent with anti-inflammatory activity; isolated from Schisandra plant	7.84	3	0
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	2.38	2	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
bifendate 7,7'-dimethoxy-(4,4'-bi-1,3-benzodioxole)-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
3-oxoglycyrrhetinic acid [no description available]	2.53	2	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	2.15	1	0	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
florfenicol florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.	2.59	2	0	organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol; secondary carboxamide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent
liquiritigenin liquiritigenin: structure given in first source; isolated from Pterocarpus marsupium. 4',7-dihydroxyflavanone : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4' and 7.. liquiritigenin : A dihydroxyflavanone compound having the two hydroxy substituents at the 4'- and 7-positions. Isolated from the root of Glycyrrhizae uralensis, it is a selective agonist for oestrogen receptor beta.	4.53	22	0	4',7-dihydroxyflavanone	hormone agonist; plant metabolite
soyasapogenol b soyasapogenol B: RN given for (3beta,4beta,22beta)-isomer; structure in first source. soyasapogenol B : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanane containing a double bond between positions 12 and 13 and substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 22beta and 24-positions.	2.44	2	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid
gastrodin gastrodin: the glucoside of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (gastrodigenin); isolated from Gastrodia elata Blume;	2.21	1	0	glycoside
ifosfamide [no description available]	2.72	3	0
brassinolide brassinolide: plant growth promoting steroidal lactone from rape pollen; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	22-hydroxy steroid; 23-hydroxy steroid; 2alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; brassinosteroid	plant growth stimulator; plant hormone
asiatic acid [no description available]	8.03	4	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; triol	angiogenesis modulating agent; metabolite
ginsenoside rh2 ginsenoside Rh2: from leaves of Panax ginseng C; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	1.99	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
elacridar Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source	2.46	2	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	2.41	1	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
soyasaponin bb soyasaponin Bb: has activity against polycystic kidney disease; isolated from soybean; structure in first source. soyasaponin I : A triterpenoid saponin that is composed of soyasapogenol B having an alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid moiety attached at the 3-position via a glycosidic linkage.	2.74	3	0	carbohydrate acid derivative; pentacyclic triterpenoid; trisaccharide derivative; triterpenoid saponin	sialyltransferase inhibitor
tetrahydroaldosterone tetrahydroaldosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,11beta)-isomer	1.99	1	0	steroid lactone
7-propyl spirolactone [no description available]	1.98	1	0
emoxypine succinate emoxypine succinate: has antihypoxic effects	2.15	1	0
saccharolactone saccharolactone: used as index for assessing induction of hepatic enzymes by anticonvulsants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. D-glucaro-1,4-lactone : A delta-lactone that is D-glucono-1,4-lactone in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acid.	3.35	1	0	aldarolactone; delta-lactone
astragaloside a [no description available]	3.98	2	1
celastrol [no description available]	2.15	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
betulonic acid betulonic acid: isolated from Rush javanica; strucure in first source	2.95	1	0	triterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	2.46	2	0	nitrogen oxoacid
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.41	1	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	2.48	2	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
ru-28362 11,17-dihydroxy-6-methyl-17-(1-propynyl)androsta-1,4,6-triene-3-one: glucocorticoid receptor agonist; RN given refers to (11beta,17beta)-isomer	1.97	1	0
h-d-phe-pip-arg-pna S 2238: chromogenic substrate for thrombin; used in amidolytic assay; patterned after N-terminal portion of A alpha chain of fibrinogen; synonym S-2238 refers to di-HCl	1.99	1	0
glabridin [no description available]	3.46	7	0	hydroxyisoflavans	antiplasmodial drug
desloratadine desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.	5.25	2	1	benzocycloheptapyridine	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol	2.08	1	0
neominophagen c neominophagen C: contains above 3 cpds	3.76	2	1
methotrexate [no description available]	5.48	11	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
9-fluoroprednisolone 9-fluoroprednisolone: 9 alpha-isomer is Fluprednisolone (MH)	1.96	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
goe 5438 Goe 5438: structure given in first source	2	1	0
olmesartan medoxomil Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.	2.07	1	0	biphenyls
dexpanthenol dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid	2.11	1	0	amino alcohol; monocarboxylic acid amide	cholinergic drug; provitamin
verticine verticine: structure	2.08	1	0	alkaloid
osw 1 OSW 1: RN given for the (3beta,16beta)-isomer	2.15	1	0
5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate [no description available]	2.46	2	0
carbapenems [no description available]	3.11	1	0
aspartame [no description available]	3.8	3	0	carboxylic acid; dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; methyl ester	apoptosis inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; micronutrient; nutraceutical; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
3',4'-dihydroxyflavone 3',4'-dihydroxyflavone: inhibitors of arachidonic acid peroxidation	2.21	1	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	2.54	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
atazanavir atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).	2.07	1	0	carbohydrazide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	2.07	1	0	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
evodiamine [no description available]	7.25	1	0	beta-carbolines
naphthyl glucuronide naphthyl glucuronide: RN given refers to D-glucosiduronic acid, 1-naphthyl	2	1	0
phorbols Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).	2.37	2	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
atractylenolide iii atractylenolide III: from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz; structure in first source	2.5	2	0	naphthofuran	metabolite
disopyramide, (s)-isomer [no description available]	2.04	1	0
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	2.8	3	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ampelopsin ampelopsin: hepatoprotective agent; isolated from Hovenia dulcis; RN given for (2R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source. (+)-dihydromyricetin : An optically active form of dihydromyricetin having (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.15	1	0	dihydromyricetin; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
glycyrrhetyl 3-monoglucuronide glycyrrhetyl 3-monoglucuronide: RN given for (3beta,20beta)-isomer. glycyrrhetic acid 3-O-glucuronide : A triterpenoid saponin that is the 3-O-beta-glucuronide of glycyrrhetic acid. It is a metabolite of glycyrrhizin contained in licorice and potentially a causative agent in the pathogenesis of pseudoaldosteronism.	3.89	12	0	beta-D-glucosiduronic acid; enone; monosaccharide derivative; oxo dicarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; triterpenoid saponin	anti-allergic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite; sweetening agent
platycodin d platycodin D: triterpenoid saponin from a root of Platycodon grandiflorum; RN refers to (2beta,3beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	triterpenoid saponin	metabolite
peiminine peiminine: isolated from Fritillaria verticillata; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer	2.08	1	0	alkaloid
pectolinarin pectolinarin: antihemorrhagic principle from Chinese plant Cirsium japonicum DC.. pectolinarin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of pectolinarigenin substituted by a 6-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	3.35	1	0	dimethoxyflavone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monohydroxyflavanone; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
varenicline Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.	2.07	1	0
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	2.73	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	2.42	2	0
stronger neominophagen c stronger neominophagen C: consists of glycyrrhizin, cysteine, and glycine	4.06	4	0
oleanolic acid 3-o-monoglucuronide oleanolic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide: structure given in first source	2.31	1	0	beta-D-glucosiduronic acid
scoparianoside b scoparianoside B: isolated from the fruit of Japanese Kochia scoparia; structure given in first source	2.31	1	0	triterpenoid saponin
erlotinib [no description available]	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist; protein kinase inhibitor
lu 135252 [no description available]	2	1	0
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	5.22	3	1	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
limonin [no description available]	7.41	1	0	epoxide; furans; hexacyclic triterpenoid; lactone; limonoid; organic heterohexacyclic compound	inhibitor; metabolite; volatile oil component
kutkoside kutkoside: structure in first source	3.14	1	0
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	7.01	1	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
isobavachin isobavachin: RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	flavanones
araloside a chikusetsusaponin IV: an alpha-glucosidase ligand; isolated from Panax japonicus; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
(-)-gallocatechin gallate (-)-gallocatechin gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-gallocatechin. A natural product found in found in green tea.	3.35	1	0	catechin; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
sorafenib [no description available]	2.31	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide [no description available]	2.25	1	0	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.78	3	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.	2.44	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C29-steroid; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	anticholesteremic drug; antioxidant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	3.39	7	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	4.11	16	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	2.75	3	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
5-hydroxymethylfurfural 5-hydroxymethylfurfural: has antisickling activity; HMF is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural : A member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo.	3.18	5	0	arenecarbaldehyde; furans; primary alcohol	indicator; Maillard reaction product
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	2.05	1	0
noscapine Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; cyclic acetal; isobenzofuranone; organic heterobicyclic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antitussive; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
medicarpin (-)-medicarpin : The (-)-enantiomer of medicarpin.	3.11	1	0	medicarpin	plant metabolite
phyllanthin [no description available]	3.14	1	0	lignan
taurochenodeoxycholic acid Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.	2.07	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	4.11	4	0	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	2	1	0
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	2.46	2	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	2.15	1	0
bradykinin [no description available]	2.11	1	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
polygalacturonic acid galacturonic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-galactopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of D-galacturonic acid. D-galacturonic acid : The D-enantiomer of galacturonic acid. It is the main component of pectin.	2.6	1	0	D-galacturonic acid
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	2.43	2	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	3.15	5	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	2.11	1	0
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	2.1	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid: from S. miltiorhiza Bge; dilates coronary artery; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.21	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; catechols
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	2.41	2	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
taxifolin (+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.04	1	0	taxifolin	metabolite
taurolithocholic acid Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.	2.46	2	0	bile acid taurine conjugate; monocarboxylic acid amide	human metabolite
arbutin hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.15	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
fructans (2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.	2	1	0
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	2.7	3	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	2.75	3	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
saquinavir Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.	2.46	2	0	L-asparagine derivative; quinolines	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
ginsenoside re [no description available]	2.45	2	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; nephroprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
ginsenoside rg1 [no description available]	2.4	2	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent
brucine brucine: was heading 1991-94 (see under STRYCHNINE 1975-90); DIMETHOXYSTRYCHNINE was see BRUCINE 1975-94; use STRYCHNINE to search BRUCINE 1975-94; very toxic alkaloid from Nux vomica similar to strychnine; used as reagent in analytical chemistry; was MH 1991-94	2.17	1	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound
ferruginol ferruginol: structure in first source. ferruginol : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at positions 12.	2.95	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; meroterpenoid; phenols	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite; protective agent
stevioside stevioside: Kaurene glucoside from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana; 300 times as sweet as sugar. stevioside : A diterpene glycoside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the allylic beta-D-glucoside has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. It is a natural herbal sweetener that is 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose (though with a bitter aftertaste), extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana plant native to South America.. diterpene glycoside : A terpene glycoside in which the terpene moiety is a diterpenoid.	9.41	6	0	beta-D-glucoside; bridged compound; diterpene glycoside; ent-kaurane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sweetening agent
decursin decursin: activates protein kinase C; isolated from the root of Angelica gigas; RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.25	1	0	coumarins
genipin [no description available]	2.41	2	0	iridoid monoterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; hepatotoxic agent; uncoupling protein inhibitor
naringin [no description available]	9.68	8	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	2.17	1	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
gingerol gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.	4.47	6	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; guaiacols	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
hinokinin hinokinin: suppresses expression of both HBsAg and HBeAg. hinokinin : A lignan that is dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (gamma-butyrolactone) substituted by a 3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl group at positions 3 and 4 (the 3R,4R-diastereoisomer).	2.95	1	0	benzodioxoles; gamma-lactone; lignan	trypanocidal drug
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	5.15	8	0
eplerenone Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; epoxy steroid; gamma-lactone; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; steroid acid ester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	3.2	5	0	cyclodextrin
acarbose [no description available]	2.07	1	0	amino cyclitol; glycoside
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	3.49	7	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	7.15	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	2.05	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	4.21	5	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	2.37	2	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	9.1	4	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	2.25	1	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	7.6	1	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	3.88	11	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	3.61	2	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cerivastatin cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.	2.07	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pyridines; statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).	2.07	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrimidines; statin (synthetic); sulfonamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; cardioprotective agent; CETP inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	4.72	9	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	3.35	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	2.6	1	0
lycopene [no description available]	2.06	1	0	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
gw 3965 GW 3965: a liver X receptor ligand	2.31	1	0	diarylmethane
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	2.13	1	0	aromatic amide
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	2.46	2	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
colfosceril palmitate colfosceril palmitate: used in the treatment of unilateral pulmonary interstitial emphysema; component of Exosurf. 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A phosphatidylcholine 32:0 in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl). A synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of pulmonary surfactants.	2.25	1	0	1-acyl-2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 32:0	mouse metabolite; surfactant
steviol steviol: aglucon of stevioside; RN given refers to (4alpha)-isomer. steviol : An ent-kaurane diterpenoid that is 5beta,8alpha,9beta,10alpha-kaur-16-en-18-oic acid in which the hydrogen at position 13 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.05	1	0	bridged compound; ent-kaurane diterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid; tertiary allylic alcohol; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	3.65	9	0
cefamandole Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.	2.46	2	0	cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	2.13	1	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	3.63	2	0	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
schizandrin schizandrin: a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan; schizandra is the plant name	2.25	1	0
gancaonin I gancaonin I : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans which consists of 1-benzofuran substituted by methoxy groups at positions 4 and 6, a prenyl group at position 5 and a 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at position 2. It has been isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis.	2.13	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; resorcinols	antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
6,8-diprenylgenistein 6,8-diprenylgenistein: a lysoPAF acetyltransferase inhibitor isolated from licorice root; structure in first source. 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-6,8-diprenylisoflavone : A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is genistein substituted by prenyl groups at positions 6 and 8. It has been isolated from Derris scandens and Glycyrrhiza uralensis.	2.13	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
glycyrin glycyrin: has antibacterial, antiviral, and hypotensive activities; isolated from licorice. glycyrin : A member of the class of coumarins that is coumarin substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a prenyl group at position 6 and a 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at position 3. Isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, it exhibits antibacterial activity.	2.45	2	0	aromatic ether; coumarins; hydroxyisoflavans	antibacterial agent; metabolite; plant metabolite
glyasperin D glyasperin D : A member of the class of hydroxyisoflavans that is (R)-isoflavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2' and 4', methoxy groups at positions 5 and 7 and a prenyl group at position 6. It has been isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; hydroxyisoflavans; methoxyisoflavan	plant metabolite
licoricidin licoricidin: a lysoPAF acetyltransferase inhibitor isolated from licorice root; structure in first source. licoricidin : A member of the class of hydroxyisoflavans that is R-isoflavan with hydroxy groups at positions 7, 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 5 and prenyl groups at positions 6 and 3'. Isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, it exhibits antibacterial activity.	2.45	2	0	aromatic ether; hydroxyisoflavans; methoxyisoflavan	antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
23-hydroxytormentic acid 23-hydroxytormentic acid: from the unripe fruits of Rubus coreanus (Rosaceae); structure in first source. 19alpha-hydroxyasiatic acid : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is asiatic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 19. It has been isolated from the leaves of Rosa laevigata.	2	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tetrol	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite
favipiravir favipiravir : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.	3.35	1	0	hydroxypyrazine; organofluorine compound; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
licocoumarone licocoumarone: has anti-inflammatory activity; isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis; structure in first source. licocoumarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans which consists of 1-benzofuran substituted by a hydroxy group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 4, a prenyl group at position 5 and a 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at position 2. It has been isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis.	2.13	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; resorcinols	antibacterial agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
likviriton liquiritin: isoalted from Glycyrrhizae radix. liquiritin : A flavanone glycoside that is liquiritigenin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4' via a glycosidic linkage.	6.91	60	1	beta-D-glucoside; flavanone glycoside; monohydroxyflavanone; monosaccharide derivative	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; plant metabolite
sodium benzoate Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.	7.01	1	0	organic sodium salt	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
tolfenamic acid tolfenamic acid: structure. tolfenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-chloro-2-methylphenyl group. Tolfenamic acid is used specifically for relieving the pain of migraine. It also shows anticancer activity.	7.21	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.	6.56	26	0	triterpenoid
carbenoxolone [no description available]	2.98	4	0
hirsutanone hirsutanone: from methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Viscum cruciatum (Viscaceae)	3.35	1	0	diarylheptanoid
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	2.7	3	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
glycosides [no description available]	10.53	16	1
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	7.38	14	1	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
citral citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.	2.1	1	0	enal; monoterpenoid; polyprenal	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	8.99	3	0	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	3.91	3	0	stilbene
2,2'-dihydroxychalcone 2,2'-dihydroxychalcone: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source	3.35	1	0
isoliquiritigenin [no description available]	10.99	19	0	chalcones	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; GABA modulator; geroprotector; metabolite; NMDA receptor antagonist
picibanil Picibanil: A lyophilized preparation of a low-virulence strain (SU) of Streptococcus pyogenes (S. hemolyticus), inactivated by heating with penicillin G. It has been proposed as a noncytotoxic antineoplastic agent because of its immune system-stimulating activity.	1.97	1	0	penicillinate anion
xanthoangelol xanthoangelol: from Angelica keiskei; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer	2.03	1	0
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	1.97	1	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal: a capase inhibitor. Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-H : A tetrapeptide consisting of two L-aspartic acid residues, an L-glutamyl residue and an L-valine residue with an acetyl group at the N-terminal and with the C-terminal carboxy group reduced to an aldehyde. It is an inhibitor of caspase-3/7.	2.02	1	0	tetrapeptide	protease inhibitor
amygdalin [no description available]	8.56	8	0
prednisolone hemisuccinate prednisolone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone succinate : A hemisuccinate resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group prednisolone with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. It is used to treat mild to moderate non-infectious eye allergies and inflammation, including damage caused by chemical and thermal burns.	2.38	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; hemisuccinate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
nsc 4347 NSC 4347: structure in first source	2.48	2	0
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	3.05	4	0
chlorprothixene Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.	2.46	2	0	chlorprothixene
etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.	2.1	1	0	ethyl ester; imidazoles	intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
1-[4-[(2-methyl-4-quinolinyl)amino]phenyl]ethanone [no description available]	3.35	1	0	aromatic ketone
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	6.78	15	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
nootkatone nootkatone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. (+)-nootkatone : A sesquiterpenoid that is 4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4 and 4a, and by an isopropenyl group at position 6 (the 4R,4aS,6R stereoisomer).	2.07	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; enone; sesquiterpenoid	fragrance; insect repellent; plant metabolite
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	2.04	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	2.31	1	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
terbinafine [no description available]	2.31	1	0	acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	2.02	1	0
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	4.36	7	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	3.71	9	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	2.07	1	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
unithiol Unithiol: A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning.	2.01	1	0
brij-58 Cetomacrogol: Non-ionic surfactant of the polyethylene glycol family. It is used as a solubilizer and emulsifying agent in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, often as an ointment base, and also as a research tool.	1.96	1	0
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	2.46	2	0	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole 1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole: intermediate in the synthesis of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides; partial structure given in first source	2.72	3	0	benzoic acid; imidazolines; organic radical	apoptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
tamoxifen [no description available]	7.79	3	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
sodium taurodeoxycholate Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.	2.07	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	2.03	1	0
6,7-dehydroroyleanone 6,7-dehydroroyleanone: diterpene abietane quinone isolated from Salvia moorcraftiana or Lepechinia bullata (both Lamiaceae); Rn given from CA Index Guide; RN not in Chemline 12/84; structure given in first source	2.95	1	0
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	2.04	1	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	4.51	2	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.46	2	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycylproline Gly-Pro : A dipeptide consisting of L-proline having a glycyl residue attached to its alpha-amino group.	2.07	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	2.69	2	0	alkali metal atom
quinine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
glycodeoxycholic acid Glycodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.	2.07	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
galactaric acid galactaric acid: STRUCTURE; RN given refers to parent cpd. galactaric acid : A hexaric acid resulting from formal oxidative ring cleavage of galactose.	3.35	1	0	hexaric acid	human metabolite
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	1.99	1	0
wogonoside wogonoside: from Scutellaria baicalensis; structure in first source. wogonin 7-O-beta-D-glucuronide : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of wogonin.	2.99	4	0	beta-D-glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monohydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	3.65	9	0
silybin [no description available]	2.41	2	0
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	8.6	8	0
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.01	1	0
17-ketosteroids 17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.	2.33	2	0
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	1.99	1	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
ex 527 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide: structure in first source. 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole which is substituted at position 1 by an aminocarbohyl group and at position 6 by a chlorine.	2.31	1	0	carbazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	3.86	3	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	5.82	11	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	5.98	9	3	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	3.66	9	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.79	3	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
biochanin a [no description available]	2.04	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
formononetin [no description available]	4.05	4	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	2.48	2	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	3.82	2	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	2.03	1	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	2.73	3	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	2.06	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	3.23	1	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
herbacetin herbacetin: from Ramose Scouring Rush Herb; structure in first source. herbacetin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is kaempferol substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. It is a natural flavonoid from flaxseed which exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities.	3.35	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	3.04	4	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	3.68	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
zeaxanthin Zeaxanthins: Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.	2.5	2	0	carotenol	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; cofactor
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	2.41	1	0	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
genistein [no description available]	4.78	5	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	3.1	5	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	2.78	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
oxymetholone Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.	1.99	1	0
mycophenolate mofetil mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	3.35	1	0	carboxylic ester; ether; gamma-lactone; phenols; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	2.08	1	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
lutein Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.	2.5	2	0	carotenol	food colouring; plant metabolite
isobavachalcone isobavachalcone: RN given for (E)-isomer; structure in first source. isobavachalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4' and a prenyl group at position 3'.	3.59	2	0	chalcones; polyphenol	antibacterial agent; metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
cucurbitacin b [no description available]	2.1	1	0	cucurbitacin; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
harpagoside harpagoside: glycoside of a cyclopenta[c]pyran from root of S. African plant Harpagophytum procumbens DC; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #5281, 7th ed #9921; Harpagophytum extract WS 1531 is plant extract containing harpagoside; Antidiabetic Agent	2.55	2	0	terpene glycoside
baicalein [no description available]	4	13	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
chrysin chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.	2.04	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; dihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
hyperoside quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.	2.31	1	0	beta-D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
mangiferin shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source	9.08	4	0	C-glycosyl compound; xanthones	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
mangostin mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether; phenols; xanthones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
kuwanon g kuwanon G: a non-peptide bombesin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (1S-(1alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer; structure given in first source. kuwanone G : A tetrahydroxyflavone isolated from the root barks of Morus alba and has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity.	3.35	1	0	resorcinols; tetrahydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite
morin morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.	2.46	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
myricetin [no description available]	2.41	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
scutellarein scutellarein: aglycone of scutellarin from Scutellaria baicalensis; carthamidin is 2S isomer of scutellarein; do not confuse with isoscutellarein and/or isocarthamidin which are respective regioisomers, or with the scutelarin protein. scutellarein : Flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at C-4', -5, -6 and -7.	3.35	1	0	tetrahydroxyflavone	metabolite
wogonin wogonin: structure in first source. wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.	8.44	7	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; plant metabolite
coumestrol Coumestrol: A daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity.. coumestrol : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9.	2.07	1	0	coumestans; delta-lactone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	3.88	3	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
retrorsine retrorsine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2	1	0	macrolide
psoralidin psoralidin : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 9 and a prenyl group at position 2 respectively.	3.35	1	0	coumestans; delta-lactone; polyphenol	estrogen receptor agonist; plant metabolite
tectoridin tectoridin: glycosylated tectorigenin. tectoridin : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is tectorigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	3.35	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; methoxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
rottlerin rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.	2.21	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzenetriol; chromenol; enone; methyl ketone	anti-allergic agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; K-ATP channel agonist; metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	3.83	3	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
savinin savinin: a lignan from Pterocarpus santalinus inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha production and T cell proliferation; structure in first source. savinin : A lignan that is dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (gamma-butyrolactone) substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethylidene group at position 3 and a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl group at position 4 (the 3E,4R-isomer). It exhibits antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2.	2.95	1	0	benzodioxoles; gamma-lactone; lignan	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; plant metabolite; T-cell proliferation inhibitor
flupenthixol cis-flupenthixol : A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration.	2.46	2	0	flupenthixol	dopaminergic antagonist
sdz psc 833 valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215	2.07	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
estradiol-17 beta-glucuronide 17beta-estradiol 17-glucosiduronic acid : A steroid glucosiduronic acid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having a beta-glucuronyl residue attached at position 17 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.07	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid; steroid glucosiduronic acid
l 660,711 [no description available]	2.46	2	0	quinolines
prostaglandin a1 [no description available]	2.38	2	0	prostaglandins A
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	2.1	1	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
rhoifolin rhoifolin: from many plants. apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside : An apigenin derivative having an alpha-(1->2)-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety attached to the 7-hydroxy group.	3.35	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone; neohesperidoside	metabolite
gamma-oryzanol cycloartenyl ferulate: antinociceptive agent from rice bran; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	triterpenoid
tranilast tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.	2.04	1	0	amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; dimethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; antineoplastic agent; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; calcium channel blocker; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	2.51	2	0	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	3.86	2	1	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.	2.11	1	0
indocyanine green [no description available]	2.04	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
pitavastatin pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.	2.07	1	0	cyclopropanes; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolines; statin (synthetic)	antioxidant
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	2.06	1	0	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
oleylamide oleylamide: plastic additive; can cause contact urticaria; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; a sleep inducing factor. aliphatic amide : A carboxamide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an aliphatic system.. oleamide : A fatty amide derived from oleic acid.	2	1	0	primary fatty amide	human metabolite; plant metabolite
linoleoyl ethanolamide linoleoyl ethanolamide: RN given for (Z,Z)-isomer. linoleoyl ethanolamide : An N-acylethanolamine 18:2 that is the ethanolamide of linoleic acid.	2.08	1	0	N-acylethanolamine 18:2	EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor
cyclosporine ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	2.73	3	0	homodetic cyclic peptide	anti-asthmatic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antirheumatic drug; carcinogenic agent; dermatologic drug; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
acitretin Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.	2.25	1	0	acitretin; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; retinoid	keratolytic drug
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2.1	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
gamma-cyclodextrin gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.49	2	0	cyclodextrin
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	7.47	2	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	1.96	1	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
seglitide seglitide: more potent than somatostatin for inhibition of insulin, glucagon & growth hormone release; used experimentally in treatment of Alzheimer's disease; somatostatin receptor antagonist	2.04	1	0
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	3.23	5	0	phosphatidylcholine(1+)
glycitein glycitein : A methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4'. It has been isolated from the mycelia of the fungus Cordyceps sinensis.	3.35	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavone; methoxyisoflavone	fungal metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
glycycoumarin glycycoumarin: from the root of Glycyrrhizae Radix, acts as a potent antispasmodic through inhibition of phosphodiesterase 3; structure in first source. glycycoumarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group at position 7, a methoxy group at position 5, a prenyl group at position 6 and a 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at position 3. Isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, it exhibits antispasmodic activity.	2.55	2	0	aromatic ether; coumarins; resorcinols	antispasmodic drug; plant metabolite
calycosin-7-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside: from Radix Astragali. calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is calycosin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position at 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.83	3	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative
andrographolide [no description available]	8.89	3	0	carbobicyclic compound; gamma-lactone; labdane diterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
Isolicoflavonol [no description available]	2.13	1	0	flavones
icariin [no description available]	3.13	1	0	flavonols; glycosyloxyflavone	antioxidant; bone density conservation agent; EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen
licochalcone a licochalcone A: has both anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities; structure given in first source; isolated from root of Glycyrrhiza inflata; RN given refers to (E)-isomer	9.57	7	0	chalcones
Licoflavone A [no description available]	2.55	2	0	flavones
neobavaisoflavone neobavaisoflavone: isolated from Psoralea corylifolia; structure in first source. neobavaisoflavone : A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone with an additonal hydroxy group at position 4' and a prenyl group at position 3'. Isolated from seeds of Psoralea corylifolia, it exhibits inhibitory activity against DNA polymerase and platelet aggregation.	3.35	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
neoglycyrol neoglycyrol: structure given in first source; from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. glycyrol : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 9, a methoxy group at position 3 and a prenyl group at position 2 respectively.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; coumestans; delta-lactone; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
neoisoliquiritin neoisoliquiritin: inhibits angiogenesis; isolated from licorice root; isoliquiritin is the (E)-isomer; structure in first source; isoliquiritin is also available	5.08	9	1	flavonoids; glycoside
5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one: isolated from the Chinese herb Scutellariae radix. oroxylin A : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-6.	2.08	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
osthenol osthenol: structure in first source. osthenol : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 8 has been replaced by a prenyl group.	2.03	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	antifungal agent; plant metabolite
atractylenolide i atractylenolide I: from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz; structure in first source	2.83	3	0
tilianin tilianin: from several medicinal plants including Agastache rugosa and Dracocephalum moldavia	2.25	1	0
fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	2.07	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	4.7	9	0
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.	2.07	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; indoles; organofluorine compound
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	2.41	2	0	metal atom; pnictogen
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.47	2	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	2.46	2	0	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
cefodizime cefodizime: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefodizime : A cephalosporin compound having 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.01	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.46	2	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.	2.46	2	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide	HIV protease inhibitor
puerarin [no description available]	8.59	8	0	C-glycosyl compound; isoflavonoid
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	2.45	2	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
sinomenine sinomenine: isolated from root of Sinomenium acutum; antirheumatic, antineuralgic	3.19	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	2.59	2	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	6.39	12	1	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	2.02	1	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
sulindac sulfone sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.	2.04	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
pradimicin a pradimicin A: from actinomycete strain No. P157-2; has inhibitory effect against HIV in vitro; structure given in first source. pradimicin A : A member of the class of pradimicins that is isolated from the cultured broth of Actinomadura hibisca No. P157-2 (ATCC 53557).	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxylic acid; disaccharide derivative; L-alanine derivative; p-quinones; polyphenol; pradimicin; secondary alcohol
Norartocarpetin [no description available]	3.35	1	0	flavones
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	2.11	1	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
cinidon-ethyl Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.	2.25	1	0	ethyl ester; isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes	herbicide
2',5'-dihydroxychalcone 2',5'-dihydroxychalcone: structure given in first source	3.35	1	0	chalcones
rifamycin sv rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.	2.07	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; lactam; macrocycle; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol; rifamycins	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; bacterial metabolite
ginkgolide b [no description available]	3.35	1	0
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	2.03	1	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.15	1	0
(2e,4e,6e,10e)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2,4,6,10,14-hexadecapentaenoic acid (2E,4E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2,4,6,10,14-hexadecapentaenoic acid: an acyclic retinoid that suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence; structure in first source	3.1	1	0
sphingosine phosphorylcholine sphingosine phosphorylcholine: a wound healing agent	2.08	1	0
3-o-methylbutein 3-O-methylbutein: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	chalcones
picroside i picroside I: RN given for (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta(E),5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; hepatoprotective agent; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
salvianolic acid B salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. salvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza	2.05	1	0	1-benzofurans; catechols; dicarboxylic acid; enoate ester; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
sophoraflavanone a sophoraflavanone A: structure in first source. sophoraflavanone A : A trihydroxyflavanone that is (S)-naringenin substituted by a geranyl group at position 8. Isolated from Macaranga bicolor, it exhibits antibacterial and antineoplastic activities.	2.03	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; trihydroxyflavanone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
escin ia escin Ia: from seeds of Aralia elata; structure in first source	3.35	1	0
beta-escin Escin: Pentacyclic triterpene saponins, biosynthesized from protoaescigenin and barringtogenol, occurring in the seeds of AESCULUS. It inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility.	2.45	2	0	triterpenoid saponin
verlukast verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist	2.07	1	0
beta-escin [no description available]	8.81	57	3
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	3.83	3	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
butylscopolammonium bromide Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.	2	1	0
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	3.19	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
ergoline Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.	3.19	1	0	diamine; ergoline alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
ginsenoside rb2 [no description available]	2	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antiviral agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
corosolic acid [no description available]	2.81	3	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
rebaudioside a rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.	7.42	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; rebaudioside; tetracyclic diterpenoid	sweetening agent
oleanane oleanane: from the aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	terpenoid fundamental parent; triterpene
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.01	1	0
jbp 485 JBP 485: has antihepatitis activity	2	1	0
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	2.07	1	0	oligopeptide
neoandrographolide neoandrographolide: structure in first source; isolated from Andrographis paniculata	3.14	1	0
ginsenoside m1 ginsenoside M1: structure in first source. ginsenoside C-K : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.02	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	4.13	15	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin: an NF-kappaB inhibitor; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
3-oxo-12-ursen-28-oic acid 3-oxo-12-ursen-28-oic acid: from Potentilla chinensis	2.04	1	0	triterpenoid
ginsenoside rb1 [no description available]	2.96	4	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
ginsenoside rg3 ginsenoside Rg3: from Red ginseng; inhibits lung metastasis of tumor cells; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	1.99	1	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
tocotrienols tocotrienol : A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.	2.11	1	0	diterpenoid
samarium sphingomyelin 16:0 : A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons contained in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 16 with zero double bonds.. sphingomyelin d18:1/16:0 : A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the fatty acyl group contains 16 carbons and is fully saturated.. N-hexadecanoylsphingosine-1-phosphocholine : A sphingomyelin 34:1 in which the N-acyl group and sphingoid base are specified as hexadecanoyl and sphingosine respectively.	2.11	1	0	sphingomyelin d18:1/16:0	mouse metabolite
hypaconitine hypaconitine: RN given refers to the (1alpha,6alpha,14alpha,15alpha,16beta)-isomer	2.41	1	0
araloside a araloside A: structure given in first source; isolated from the root bark of Aralia chinesis L.	2.15	1	0	triterpenoid saponin	metabolite
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	2.17	1	0
ko 143 [no description available]	2.46	2	0	beta-carbolines; tert-butyl ester
papyriflavonol a papyriflavonol A: isolated from Broussonetia papyrifera; structure in first source. papyriflavonol A : A pentahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 7, 3' and 4' and prenyl groups at positions 6 and 5'. Isolated from Broussonetia papyrifera, it exhibits inhibitory activity against phospholipase A2 and tyrosinase.	3.35	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; flavonols; pentahydroxyflavone	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; metabolite
alpha-cadinol alpha-cadinol : A cadinane sesquiterpenoid that is cadin-4-ene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 10.	2.95	1	0	cadinane sesquiterpenoid; carbobicyclic compound; octahydronaphthalenes; tertiary alcohol	fungicide; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
sporothriolide sporothriolide: a furofurandione; from Sporothrix sp.; structure given in first source. sporothriolide : A furofuran that is (3aR,6aR)-hexahydrofuro[3,4-b]furan substituted by an oxo group at positions 2 and 4, methylene group at position 3 and by an hexyl group at position 6. It is a metabolite isolated from several species of fungi.	2.15	1	0	furofuran; gamma-lactone	antifungal agent; fungal metabolite
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	1.98	1	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid: a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor; structure given in first source	2.21	1	0	triterpenoid
abt-737 [no description available]	2.11	1	0	aromatic amine; aryl sulfide; biphenyls; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	2.75	3	0	nystatins
kalopanax saponin b kalopanax saponin B: isolated from Kalopanax septemlobus; structure given in first source. kalopanaxsaponin B : A triterpenoid saponin with hederagenin as the aglycone part. It has been isolated from the stem bark of Kalopanax pictus.	2.55	2	0	carboxylic ester; pentacyclic triterpenoid; triterpenoid saponin	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite
dorsomorphin dorsomorphin: an AMPK inhibitor. dorsomorphin : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; piperidines; pyrazolopyrimidine; pyridines	bone morphogenetic protein receptor antagonist; EC 2.7.11.31 {[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} inhibitor
oleandrin oleandrin: structure. oleandrin : A steroid saponin that consists of oleandrigenin having a 2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranosyl residue attached to the oxygen function at position 3.	2	1	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; cardenolide glycoside; steroid ester; steroid saponin
ginsenoside rd ginsenoside Rd: RN refers to (3beta,12beta)-isomer. ginsenoside Rd : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to its beta-D-glucopyranoside.	2	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; apoptosis inducer; immunosuppressive agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; vulnerary
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	3.5	2	0
ginsenoside ro ginsenoside Ro: from ginseng; RN given refers to ginsenoside Ro, (all-D)-isomer	2.61	2	0	triterpenoid saponin	metabolite
alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Fucp-(1->3)]-D-GlcpNAc Sialyl Lewis X Antigen: A sialylated version of Lewis X antigen expressed on cell surfaces. It is a ligand for SELECTINS.. alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Fucp-(1->3)]-D-GlcpNAc : A branched amino tetrasaccharide consisting of a sialyl residue, linked (2->3) to a galactosyl residue that in turn is linked (1->4) to a glucosaminyl residue, which is also carrying a fucosyl residue at the 3-position.	2.9	4	0	amino tetrasaccharide; glucosamine oligosaccharide	epitope
3-epioleanolic acid [no description available]	2.04	1	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	2.41	2	0	benzoxazole
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	2.9	4	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	3.56	2	0
11-deoxy glycyrrhetinic acid [no description available]	2.04	1	0	triterpenoid
nomilin [no description available]	7.01	1	0
oleanonic acid oleanonic acid: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
rifamycins [no description available]	3.51	2	0
soyasapogenol a soyasapogenol A: RN refers to (3beta,4beta,21beta,22beta)-isomer; structure in first source. soyasapogenol A : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanane containing a double bond between positions 12 and 13 and substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 21beta, 22beta and 24-positions.	1.99	1	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid
sophoradiol sophoradiol: RN refers to (3beta,22beta)-isomer; structure in first source. sophoradiol : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanane substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta and 22beta positions and containing a double bond between positions 12 and 13.	2.01	1	0
ginsenoside rc [no description available]	2	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
ginsenoside rh1 ginsenoside Rh1: RN given for (3beta,6alpha,12beta)-isomer. (20S)-ginsenoside Rh1 : A tetracyclic triterpenoid that is (20S)-protopanaxadiol which is substituted by beta-D-glucoside at the 6alpha position.	2	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	2.89	4	0
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	2.46	2	0
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	2.08	1	0
benzoylhypaconine benzoylhypaconine: Aconitum alkaloid in serum. benzoylhypaconine : A diterpene alkaloid with formula C31H43NO9 that is isolated from several Aconitum species.	2.08	1	0
kamebakaurin kamebakaurin: isolated from leaves and stems of Radbosia serra (Maxim) Hara; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
3'-angeloyloxy-4'-acetoxy-3',4'-dihydroseselin 3'-angeloyloxy-4'-acetoxy-3',4'-dihydroseselin: a pyranocoumarin compound; isolated from a Chinese medicinal plant Bai-Hua Qian-Hu; structure given in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation	2	1	0
atractylenolide ii atractylenolide II: from Atractylodes ovata; structure in first source	2.52	2	0	sesquiterpene lactone
lyoniside lyoniside: see also eleutherosides & syringin for eleutheroside B: 118-34-3; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer	1.99	1	0
jujubogenin jujubogenin: dammarane type triterpene	2.05	1	0
augustic acid [no description available]	2.04	1	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	2.01	1	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
amodiaquine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	3.47	7	0
niga-ichigoside f1 niga-ichigoside F1: RN given for (2alpha,3beta,4alpha)-isomer. 19alpha-hydroxyasiatic acid-28-O-beta-D-glucopyrannoside : A triterpenoid saponin that is 19alpha-hydroxyasiatic acid attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 28 via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from the leaves of Rosa laevigata.	2	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tetrol; triterpenoid saponin	plant metabolite
calcitonin [no description available]	2	1	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	1.99	1	0
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	2.05	1	0	polypeptide
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	7	1	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	2.75	3	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	2.52	2	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	8.13	5	0	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	3.13	5	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	6.44	12	1	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
atractyloside Atractyloside: A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.	2.04	1	0
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	2.1	1	0
benzoylaconine benzoylaconine: alkaloid isolated from Aconitum carmichaeli. benzoylaconine : A diterpene alkaloid with formula C32H45NO10 that is isolated from several Aconitum species.	2.08	1	0	benzoate ester; bridged compound; diterpene alkaloid; organic heteropolycyclic compound; polyether; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	phytotoxin; plant metabolite
lucifer yellow lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt	1.98	1	0	organic lithium salt	fluorochrome
sapogenins Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.	3.69	10	0
isoangustone a isoangustone A: antioxidant isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis; structure in first source	3.03	4	0	isoflavanones
cycloeucalenone cycloeucalenone: from the stems of Tinospora crispa; structure in first source. cycloeucalenone : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is 4alpha,14-dimethyl-9beta,19-cyclo-5alpha-ergost-24(28)-ene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 3. It has been isolated from several plant species including Quercus variabilis, Ammocharis coranica, Solanum cernuum and Tinospora crispa.	2.03	1	0	3-oxo-5alpha-steroid; cyclic terpene ketone; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
ginsenoside rg2 ginsenoside Rg2: structure in first source; RN given refers to (6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-isomer. ginsenoside Rg2 : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	1.99	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anticoagulant; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite
ginsenoside rh4 ginsenoside Rh4: isolated from Korean red ginseng Panax ginseng; structure in first source	2	1	0	triterpenoid saponin
oxypaeoniflora oxypaeoniflora: from Paeonia lactiflora	2.21	1	0	4-hydroxybenzoate ester; beta-D-glucoside; bridged compound; cyclic acetal; lactol; monoterpene glycoside	plant metabolite
23-hydroxybetulinic acid 23-hydroxybetulinic acid: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
chitosan [no description available]	4.1	14	0
clavulanate potassium potassium clavulanate : A potassium salt having clavulanate as the counterion. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and has only weak anitbiotic activity when administered alone. However it can be used in combination with amoxicillin trihydrate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, where it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamases.	2.21	1	0	potassium salt	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
monensin [no description available]	3.35	1	0
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	7.31	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
penicillin g sodium [no description available]	2.21	1	0	organic sodium salt
tanshinone ii a sodium sulfonate tanshinone II A sodium sulfonate: has cardioprotective activity; water-soluble derivative of tanshinone II A; isolated from Salvia militiorrhiza; relieves anginal pain; structure	3.56	2	0
lactisole lactisole: structure in first source	2.51	2	0
sodium iodate sodium iodate: RN given refers to iodic acid, Na salt	2.21	1	0	organic molecular entity
ru 28318 [no description available]	1.98	1	0
rubusoside rubusoside: from RUBUS. rubusoside : A steviol glycoside that is steviol in which both the carboxy group and the tertiary allylic hydroxy group have been converted to their corresponding beta-D-glucosides. A precious bioactive natural sweetener which mainly exists the in Chinese sweet tea plant, Rubus suavissimus.	2.05	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; bridged compound; steviol glycoside; tetracyclic diterpenoid	plant metabolite; sweetening agent
fps-zm1 FPS-ZM1: a neuroprotective agent and RAGE receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.57	2	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	5.79	3	1	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
madecassoside [no description available]	2.31	1	0	carboxylic ester; pentacyclic triterpenoid; trisaccharide derivative; triterpenoid saponin	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; antirheumatic drug; plant metabolite; vulnerary
benzoylmesaconine benzoylmesaconine: structure in first source. benzoylmesaconine : A diterpene alkaloid with formula C31H43NO10 that is isolated from several Aconitum species.	2.81	3	0	benzoate ester; bridged compound; diterpene alkaloid; organic heteropolycyclic compound; polyether; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	analgesic; antiinfective agent; plant metabolite
arabinogalactan [no description available]	9.98	6	0
oxymatrine oxymatrine: structure in first source; has anti-apoptosis effects	3.01	4	0
albiflorin albiflorin: glucoside in peony roots. albiflorin : A monoterpene glycoside with formula C23H28O11, originally isolated from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora.	3.7	9	0	benzoate ester; beta-D-glucoside; bridged compound; gamma-lactone; monoterpene glycoside; secondary alcohol	neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	3.55	2	0
mannans [no description available]	2.11	1	0
epi-maslinic acid epi-maslinic acid : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is 3alpha-hydroxy epimer of maslinic acid. Isolated from Prunella vulgaris and Isodon japonicus, it exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.	2.04	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; metabolite
peptones Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)	1.98	1	0
glycolipids [no description available]	2.47	2	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	5.57	4	1
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	5	8	1
3beta,6beta-dihydroxyolean-12-en-27-oic acid 3beta,6beta-dihydroxyolean-12-en-27-oic acid: has anti-inflammatory activity; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
kurarinol kurarinol: from Sophora flavescens; has inhibitory effect on tyrosinase and melanin synthesis; structure in first source. kurarinol : A trihydroxyflavanone that is (2S)-flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7, 2' and 4' , a methoxy group at position 5 and a (2S)-5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)hexyl group at position 8 respectively.	8.46	1	1	4'-hydroxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
abt-450 paritaprevir: inhibits HCV NS3 protease. paritaprevir : An azamacrocycle which is used which is in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	2.11	1	0
sofosbuvir Sofosbuvir: A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.. sofosbuvir : A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.	3.63	2	0	isopropyl ester; L-alanyl ester; nucleotide conjugate; organofluorine compound; phosphoramidate ester	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; prodrug
benzoylpaeoniflorin benzoylpaeoniflorin: from Paeonia lactiflora	2.03	1	0
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	1.98	1	0
allapinin allapinin: Russian drug	2.03	1	0
jujuboside a [no description available]	2.05	1	0	triterpenoid
isoquercitrin [no description available]	2.01	1	0
b355252 [no description available]	3.35	1	0
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) in which both acyl groups are specified as oleoyl.	2.31	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol)
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	8.16	11	3	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	2.07	1	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	2.46	2	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	2.25	1	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
piroxicam [no description available]	2.77	3	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	5.16	14	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
rk 682 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
6-o-palmitoylascorbic acid [no description available]	2.21	1	0	fatty acid ester
pyrvinium pamoate [no description available]	3.35	1	0	naphthoic acid	anticoronaviral agent
tipranavir tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.	2.46	2	0	sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
abt-267 ombitasvir: inhibits HCV NS5A protein, component of Viekirax. ombitasvir : A dipeptide derivative which is used which is in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, paritaprevir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	2.11	1	0	aromatic amide; carbamate ester; dipeptide; pyrrolidines	antiviral drug; hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	2.46	2	0
quil a Quil A: produces antibodies to bovine ephemeral fever virus	1.97	1	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	4.42	4	1
bananin bananin: structure in first source	3.35	1	0
ledipasvir ledipasvir : A benzimidazole derivative that is used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.	3.63	2	0	azaspiro compound; benzimidazole; bridged compound; carbamate ester; carboxamide; fluorenes; imidazoles; L-valine derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor
ziyuglycoside i ziyuglycoside I: isolated from the leaves of Hex pupurea; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
hypophyllanthin hypophyllanthin: Anti-inflammatory from Phyllanthus amarus	3.14	1	0
ziyuglycoside ii ziyuglycoside II: isolated from Sanguisorba officinalis; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	2.41	2	0
sorbitan monolaurate sorbitan monolaurate: span type materials are artificial esters of the common fatty acids & hexitol anhydrides derived from sorbitol	2.11	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2.7	3	0
nov 002 NOV 002: a 1000-to-1 mixture of glutathione disulfide and cisplatin that is used to increase efficacy of chemotherapy against advanced non-small cell lung cancer; modulates cellular redox balance	2.15	1	0
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2.02	1	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	2.78	3	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	3.31	6	0
morroniside morroniside: from Cornus officinalis; protects cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells from damage by high ambient glucose; a component of cornel iridoid glycoside; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
peoniflorin peoniflorin: from Radix and of Paeonia suffruticosa	5.13	44	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	3.04	1	0
aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.	3.67	9	0
s 8932 [no description available]	3.35	1	0	aromatic amine; C-nucleoside; carboxylic ester; nitrile; phosphoramidate ester; pyrrolotriazine	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; prodrug
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	2.05	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	4.65	6	1
silybin Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.	2.5	2	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	2.94	4	0
akebia saponin d akebia saponin D: isolated from Dipsacus asper; structure in first source. akebia saponin D : A triterpenoid saponin that is hederagenin attached to a alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage and a 6-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 28 via an ester linkage. It is the active ingredient found in the traditional Chinese herb Radix Dipsaci.	2.07	1	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	2.5	2	0
neohesperidin [no description available]	2.06	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.46	2	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	2.48	2	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	2.13	1	0
angiogenin angiogenin: human tumor protein which stimulates growth of blood vessels; contains 123 amino acids; member of the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily; MW 14,400	2	1	0
entecavir entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.	7.52	2	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	3.12	5	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	3.5	1	1	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
guanine [no description available]	2.52	2	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	2.04	1	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	3.04	1	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	3.31	6	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	2.04	1	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
valacyclovir Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.	2.73	3	0	L-valyl ester	antiviral drug
sildenafil sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.	2.07	1	0	piperazines; pyrazolopyrimidine; sulfonamide	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
penciclovir penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.	3.35	1	0	2-aminopurines; propane-1,3-diols	antiviral drug
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	2.42	2	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
leucovorin 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.	2.43	2	0	formyltetrahydrofolic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
pyrazofurin pirazofurin : A C-glycosyl compound that is 4-hydroxy-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group.	1.98	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; pyrazoles	antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 4.1.1.23 (orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase) inhibitor
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	1.99	1	0
2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-quinazolin-4-one [no description available]	3.35	1	0	quinazolines
3'-hydroxy-5'-(4-isobutylpiperazinyl)benzoxazinorifamycin KRM 1648: structure in first source	2	1	0	phenoxazine
inosine pranobex Inosine Pranobex: An alkylamino-alcohol complex of inosine used in the treatment of a variety of viral infections. Unlike other antiviral agents, it acts by modifying or stimulating cell-mediated immune processes rather than acting on the virus directly.	1.98	1	0
solochrome cyanine r solochrome cyanine R: structure	2.02	1	0
potassium magnesium aspartate Potassium Magnesium Aspartate: An intra-extracellular electrolyte exchange agent with a variety of effects.	3.41	1	1
quillaja saponins Quillaja Saponins: Natural detergents made up of a heterogeneous mixture of molecules having a triterpenoid core structure. They vary in aglycone (sapogenin) and sugar moieties, including glucose.	3.52	2	0
picroside ii picroside II: RN given for (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6abeta))-isomer; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	9.22	17	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	1.98	1	0
antimony sodium gluconate Antimony Sodium Gluconate: Antimony complex where the metal may exist in either the pentavalent or trivalent states. The pentavalent gluconate is used in leishmaniasis. The trivalent gluconate is most frequently used in schistosomiasis.	2.57	2	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	2.1	1	0
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	2.93	1	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	4.25	5	0

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Hyperbilirubinemia, Hereditary Inborn errors of bilirubin metabolism resulting in excessive amounts of bilirubin in the circulating blood, either because of increased bilirubin production or because of delayed clearance of bilirubin from the blood.	0	1.99	1	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	0	3.82	11	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	0	3.82	11	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	0	4.24	3	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	0	4.24	3	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	0	4.65	24	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	0	6.07	10	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	0	6.07	10	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	4.43	21	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	0	3.62	8	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	0	2.36	2	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	0	8.71	25	5
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	3.83	11	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	8.71	25	5
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	2.08	1	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	0	4.79	7	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	0	4.79	7	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	9.87	117	1
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	0	2.63	2	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	9.68	96	2
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	9.68	96	2
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	0	2.69	2	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	0	2.69	2	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	0	8.4	23	0
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.01	3	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	0	3.01	3	0
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	0	4.45	4	1
Absence Seizure [description not available]	0	2.87	3	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	0	2.87	3	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	0	10.38	59	3
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	0	10.38	59	3
Atherogenesis [description not available]	0	3.14	5	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	0	3.14	5	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	0	4.72	10	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.41	1	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	0	4.72	10	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	0	5.53	21	0
Aspiration, Meconium [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome A condition caused by inhalation of MECONIUM into the LUNG of FETUS or NEWBORN, usually due to vigorous respiratory movements during difficult PARTURITION or respiratory system abnormalities. Meconium aspirate may block small airways leading to difficulties in PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE and ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA.	0	2.31	1	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	0	5.53	21	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	3.87	10	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	0	8.87	10	0
Autoimmune Urticaria [description not available]	0	3.23	1	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	0	2.86	3	0
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	0	2.41	1	0
Dry Eye [description not available]	0	4.96	2	1
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	0	4.96	2	1
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	0	2.31	1	0
Infections, Vibrio [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	0	5.36	11	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	0	4	4	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	0	4	4	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	0	10.36	11	0
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.41	1	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	0	3.17	5	0
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	0	2.41	1	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	0	3.57	6	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	0	3.57	6	0
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	0	2.31	1	0
Eye Burns Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.	0	2.31	1	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	0	8.8	26	5
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	0	8.8	26	5
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	0	3.53	7	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	0	3.53	7	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	0	4.57	5	1
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	0	4.57	5	1
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	0	3.23	5	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	0	2.52	2	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	0	8.23	5	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	0	3.37	6	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	0	3.37	6	0
Infection, Wound [description not available]	0	2.79	3	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	0	3.4	5	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	1	5.4	5	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	0	4.5	5	1
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	0	4.5	5	1
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	0	7.61	41	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	0	7.61	41	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	0	2.94	3	0
Submandibular Gland Diseases Diseases involving the SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND.	0	2.41	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	0	2.94	3	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	0	3.5	7	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	0	2.88	3	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	0	3.5	7	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	0	2.41	1	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	0	6.31	11	1
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	0	11.31	11	1
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	7.06	18	1
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	0	7.06	18	1
Delirium of Mixed Origin [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Delirium A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)	0	2.41	1	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	13.4	33	1
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	0	9.33	33	1
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	0	8.4	33	1
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	0	9.33	33	1
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	0	3.79	9	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	0	3.79	9	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	0	2.9	2	0
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.05	4	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	0	3.05	4	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	0	5.46	4	1
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	3.8	3	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	0	3.8	3	0
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	0	5.65	6	1
Hepatitis, Autoimmune A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.	0	5.65	6	1
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	0	2.41	1	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	0	2.78	3	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	0	2.78	3	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	0	2.95	4	0
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	0	7.86	8	4
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	7.86	8	4
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	0	3.84	4	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	0	3.84	4	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	0	4.28	5	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	0	4.28	5	0
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	0	3.18	5	0
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	0	3.18	5	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	0	9.03	5	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	0	4.03	5	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	0	4.83	6	1
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	0	4.83	6	1
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	0	4.67	3	2
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	0	4.67	3	2
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	0	4.27	6	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	0	4.27	6	0
Multiple Primary Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	0	2.48	2	0
Silicosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.	0	7.41	1	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	3.43	7	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	0	3.43	7	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	0	2.81	3	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	0	2.81	3	0
Vascular Injuries [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	7.4	18	1
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	0	4.28	6	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	0	4.28	6	0
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	0	2.41	1	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	0	3.18	5	0
Alopecia Circumscripta [description not available]	0	3.94	2	1
Lipedema Disorder of adipose tissue characterized by symmetric and bilateral enlargement of the lower extremities due to abnormal deposition of SUBCUTANEOUS FAT often in obese women. It is associated with HEMATOMA, pain and may progress to secondary LYMPHEDEMA which is known as lipolymphedema.	0	2.41	1	0
Alopecia Areata Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.	0	3.94	2	1
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	0	4.42	4	1
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	0	4.42	4	1
Cytokine Release Syndrome A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.	0	3.33	1	0
Dermatitis Exfoliativa [description not available]	0	2.58	2	0
Dermatitis, Exfoliative The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.58	2	0
Exanthem [description not available]	0	3.8	1	1
Acne Rosacea [description not available]	0	4.28	2	1
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	0	3.8	1	1
Rosacea A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).	0	4.28	2	1
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	0	10.83	12	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	0	5.83	12	0
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Grippe [description not available]	0	5.51	6	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	0	5.51	6	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	0	3.7	9	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Infections, Lentivirus [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	0	2.6	1	0
Absence Status [description not available]	0	2.91	3	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	0	2.91	3	0
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	0	2.6	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	0	3.62	9	0
Asystole [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	0	2.48	2	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	0	3.18	5	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	0	3.18	5	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	2.69	2	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	4.83	12	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	1	4.69	2	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	0	9.83	12	0
Ascariasis Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.	0	7.6	1	0
Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess Syndrome [description not available]	0	4.77	6	0
Acne [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	0	2.6	1	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	0	2.99	4	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	0	3.69	3	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	0	2.99	4	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	0	3.69	3	0
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.64	2	0
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	0	3.64	2	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	0	7.6	1	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	0	2.6	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	0	2.79	3	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	0	2.79	3	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	0	4.41	4	1
Adolescent Obesity [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	0	2.6	1	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	0	2.6	1	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	0	2.97	4	0
Stomatitis, Vesicular [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	0	2.97	4	0
Chloasma [description not available]	0	3.9	3	0
Melanosis Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.	0	3.9	3	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	0	2.87	3	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	0	2.87	3	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	0	2.6	1	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	0	2.54	2	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	0	2.54	2	0
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	0	6	4	2
Keloid A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.	0	2.58	2	0
Ectopic Pregnancy [description not available]	0	3.12	1	0
Hemorrhage, Uterine [description not available]	0	3.12	1	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	0	3.12	1	0
Trichomoniasis, Human [description not available]	0	3.12	1	0
Vulvar Diseases Pathological processes of the VULVA.	0	3.12	1	0
Pregnancy, Ectopic A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (	0	3.12	1	0
Trichomonas Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.	0	3.12	1	0
Uterine Hemorrhage Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.	0	3.12	1	0
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	0	3.12	1	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	0	2.92	4	0
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	0	2.61	2	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	0	2.55	2	0
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	0	2.61	2	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	0	4.54	23	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	0	4.54	23	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	5.59	6	1
Atheroma [description not available]	0	2.59	2	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	0	2.21	1	0
Tendinitis Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.	0	2.21	1	0
Tendinopathy Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.	0	2.21	1	0
Liddle Syndrome Familial pseudoaldosteronism characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance of hypertension with HYPOKALEMIA; ALKALOSIS; RENIN and ALDOSTERONE level decreases. It is caused by mutations in EPITHELIAL SODIUM CHANNELS beta and gamma subunits. Different mutations in the same EPITHELIAL SODIUM CHANNELS subunits can cause PSEUDOHYPOALDOSTERONISM, TYPE I, AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT.	0	5.54	10	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	0	3.24	5	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	0	3.24	5	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	0	2.69	2	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	0	2.25	1	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	0	2.9	3	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	0	3.37	2	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	0	2.9	3	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	0	3.37	2	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Ache [description not available]	0	3.4	7	0
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	0	2.25	1	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	0	3.4	7	0
Pyoderma Gangrenosum An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown.	0	2.25	1	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	0	2.7	3	0
Blue-Eared Pig Disease [description not available]	0	2.54	2	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	0	3.21	5	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	0	3.21	5	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	0	9.45	4	1
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	0	3.31	6	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	0	4.29	4	1
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	0	4.85	4	2
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	0	4.29	4	1
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	0	2.25	1	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Leukocyte Disorders Disordered formation of various types of leukocytes or an abnormal accumulation or deficiency of these cells.	0	2.25	1	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	0	2.25	1	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	0	2.25	1	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	0	2.25	1	0
Diathesis [description not available]	0	3.7	3	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	0	6.26	7	0
Stillbirth The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.	0	3.17	1	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	0	5.61	5	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	0	11.26	7	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	0	2.55	2	0
Pemphigoid [description not available]	0	2.55	2	0
Pemphigoid, Bullous A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.	0	2.55	2	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	0	3.03	4	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	0	8.03	4	0
Aldosteronism [description not available]	0	7.21	36	0
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	11.88	37	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Hyperaldosteronism A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.	0	7.21	36	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	0	2.72	3	0
Black Fever [description not available]	0	3.39	6	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	0	3.39	6	0
Aura [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	0	2.25	1	0
Hives [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	0	2.25	1	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	0	2.25	1	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	0	2.25	1	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	0	2.25	1	0
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	0	2.66	2	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Bacterial Eye Infections [description not available]	0	2.89	3	0
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	0	2.66	2	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	0	2.48	2	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	0	2.53	2	0
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	0	2.66	2	0
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	0	2.66	2	0
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	0	2.9	3	0
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	0	2.9	3	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	2.89	3	0
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe [description not available]	0	5.04	3	0
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.	0	5.04	3	0
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	0	2.31	1	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Embolus [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Embolism Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.	0	2.31	1	0
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	0	2.31	1	0
Cane-Cutter Fever [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	0	2.61	2	0
Leptospirosis Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.	0	2.31	1	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Pancreatic Insufficiency [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Congenital Lipomatosis of Pancreas [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome An inherited syndrome characterized by EXOCRINE PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; hematologic abnormalities (e.g., bone marrow hypoplasia), and skeletal abnormalities (e.g., metaphyseal chondroplasia). GERMLINE MUTATIONS in the SBDS gene are associated with Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome.	0	2.31	1	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	0	2.31	1	0
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.	0	2.31	1	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	0	3.55	2	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	0	3.55	2	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	0	2.31	1	0
Aerobic Glycolysis, Oncologic [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	0	2.31	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	0	2.59	2	0
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	0	3.27	5	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	0	3.97	4	0
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	0	3.97	4	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	0	2.31	1	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	0	3.11	4	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	0	3.05	4	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	0	2.83	3	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	0	2.31	1	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	0	3.05	4	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	0	2.83	3	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	0	2.48	2	0
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	0	2.31	1	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	0	2.31	1	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	0	2.31	1	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	0	2.52	2	0
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
DDPAC [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	0	4.78	6	1
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	0	4.78	6	1
Frontotemporal Dementia The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.	0	2.31	1	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	0	4.73	11	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.23	1	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	0	3.23	1	0
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	0	7.31	1	0
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	0	2.15	1	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	0	2.15	1	0
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	0	2.15	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	2.99	4	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.95	4	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	2.99	4	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	5.35	21	0
Autoimmune Thyroiditis [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Chromosomal Instability An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.	0	2.15	1	0
Metastase [description not available]	0	3.01	4	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	0	3.01	4	0
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	0	2.15	1	0
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	0	2.81	3	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	0	3.37	6	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	0	3.37	6	0
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	0	2.81	3	0
Hepato-Pulmonary Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome A syndrome characterized by the clinical triad of advanced chronic liver disease, pulmonary vascular dilatations, and reduced arterial oxygenation (HYPOXEMIA) in the absence of intrinsic cardiopulmonary disease. This syndrome is common in the patients with LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	0	2.15	1	0
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	0	2.15	1	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	0	2.73	3	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	0	2.15	1	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	0	2.15	1	0
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	0	3.23	5	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	0	3.23	5	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	8.17	5	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	0	2.15	1	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	0	3.17	5	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	0	6.29	8	1
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	0	6.29	8	1
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	0	6.16	12	1
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	11.16	12	1
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	0	3.21	5	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	0	3.21	5	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	0	2.58	2	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	0	2.58	2	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	0	7.41	15	2
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	0	7.41	15	2
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	0	2.88	4	0
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda An autosomal dominant or acquired porphyria due to a deficiency of UROPORPHYRINOGEN DECARBOXYLASE in the LIVER. It is characterized by photosensitivity and cutaneous lesions with little or no neurologic symptoms. Type I is the acquired form and is strongly associated with liver diseases and hepatic toxicities caused by alcohol or estrogenic steroids. Type II is the familial form.	0	2.58	2	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	0	2.81	3	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	0	2.81	3	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	0	3.12	5	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	0	3.12	5	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	3.34	6	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	0	3.34	6	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	0	2.53	2	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	0	7.53	2	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	0	2.17	1	0
Hypertensive Retinopathy Degenerative changes to the RETINA due to HYPERTENSION.	0	2.17	1	0
Malignant Hypertension [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.	0	2.17	1	0
Hypertension, Malignant A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.	0	2.41	2	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	0	3.51	2	0
Allodynia [description not available]	0	3.03	4	0
Anasarca [description not available]	0	3.91	12	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	0	3.91	12	0
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	0	3.88	2	1
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	0	3.88	2	1
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	0	2.96	4	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	0	2.96	4	0
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	0	7.8	3	0
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	0	2.8	3	0
Pelvic Pain Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.	0	2.17	1	0
Opisthorchis felineus Infection [description not available]	0	2.59	2	0
Opisthorchiasis Infection with flukes of the genus Opisthorchis.	0	2.59	2	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	0	3.72	9	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	0	3.72	9	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	0	2.17	1	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	0	2.53	2	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	0	2.53	2	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	0	3.36	2	0
Encephalomyelitis, Inflammatory [description not available]	0	3.09	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	0	3.36	2	0
Encephalomyelitis A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.	0	3.09	1	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	0	13.69	18	3
Hepatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.	0	8.69	18	3
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	0	2.54	2	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	0	2.54	2	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	0	6.78	13	2
Bacteroidaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family BACTEROIDACEAE.	0	2.21	1	0
Necrotizing Enterocolitis [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.	0	2.21	1	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	0	9.33	29	3
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	0	9.33	29	3
Angiitis [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	0	2.17	1	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	0	5.55	6	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	0	2.74	3	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	0	2.74	3	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	0	8.97	12	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	0	3.97	12	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	0	2.53	2	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	0	2.53	2	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	0	2.21	1	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	0	2.21	1	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	0	8.69	9	0
EBV Infections [description not available]	0	2.75	3	0
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	0	2.75	3	0
Epiretinal Membrane A membrane on the vitreal surface of the retina resulting from the proliferation of one or more of three retinal elements: (1) fibrous astrocytes; (2) fibrocytes; and (3) RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM. Localized epiretinal membranes may occur at the posterior pole of the eye without clinical signs or may cause marked loss of vision as a result of covering, distorting, or detaching the FOVEA CENTRALIS. Epiretinal membranes may cause vascular leakage and secondary retinal edema. In younger individuals some membranes appear to be developmental in origin and occur in otherwise normal eyes. The majority occur in association with RETINAL HOLES, ocular concussions, retinal inflammation, or after ocular surgery. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p291)	0	2.21	1	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	0	3.5	7	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Cranial Sinus Thrombosis [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	0	2.21	1	0
Hand Foot and Mouth Disease [description not available]	0	7.08	1	0
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by coxsackieviruses A.	0	7.08	1	0
Aberrant Crypt Foci Clusters of colonic crypts that appear different from the surrounding mucosa when visualized after staining. They are of interest as putative precursors to colorectal adenomas and potential biomarkers for colorectal carcinoma.	0	2.08	1	0
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	0	2.46	2	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	0	2.5	2	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	0	2.8	3	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	0	2.08	1	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	0	2.8	3	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	0	2.08	1	0
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	0	2.08	1	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	0	4.12	3	1
Torsade de Pointes [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	0	4.12	3	1
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	0	4.09	3	1
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	0	4.09	3	1
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	0	2.72	3	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	0	3.59	8	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	0	3.59	8	0
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	0	2.48	2	0
Infections, Picornaviridae [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.	0	2.93	4	0
Genital Warts [description not available]	0	3.42	2	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	0	3	1	0
Genital Diseases, Male Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).	0	3	1	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	0	3	1	0
Condylomata Acuminata Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses.	0	3.42	2	0
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	0	3	1	0
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	0	2.1	1	0
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	0	2.08	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	0	13.96	34	17
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	0	13.96	34	17
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	0	3.27	6	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	0	3.27	6	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Insect Bites [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	0	2.08	1	0
Insect Bites and Stings Bites and stings inflicted by insects.	0	2.08	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	0	2.1	1	0
Bacterial Skin Diseases [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	0	5.35	13	1
Skin Diseases, Bacterial Skin diseases caused by bacteria.	0	2.1	1	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	0	2.1	1	0
Infections, Parvoviridae [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Cramp [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Muscle Cramp A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)	0	2.1	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Striatonigral Degeneration [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Machado-Joseph Disease A dominantly-inherited ATAXIA first described in people of Azorean and Portuguese descent, and subsequently identified in Brazil, Japan, China, and Australia. This disorder is classified as one of the SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIAS (Type 3) and has been associated with a mutation of the MJD1 gene on chromosome 14. Clinical features include progressive ataxia, DYSARTHRIA, postural instability, nystagmus, eyelid retraction, and facial FASCICULATIONS. DYSTONIA is prominent in younger patients (referred to as Type I Machado-Joseph Disease). Type II features ataxia and ocular signs; Type III features MUSCULAR ATROPHY and a sensorimotor neuropathy; and Type IV features extrapyramidal signs combined with a sensorimotor neuropathy. (From Clin Neurosci 1995;3(1):17-22; Ann Neurol 1998 Mar;43(3):288-96)	0	2.1	1	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	0	2.42	2	0
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	0	2.1	1	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	2.77	3	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	0	2.77	3	0
Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available]	0	6.74	12	2
Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).	0	6.74	12	2
Alarm Clock Headache [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, Posterior [description not available]	0	3.44	2	0
Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	0	3.04	1	0
Nephrosclerosis Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.	0	2.11	1	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	0	2.11	1	0
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	0	2.1	1	0
Right Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Alveolar [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar A carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.1	1	0
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	0	2.11	1	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	0	2.11	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	0	2.11	1	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	0	2.41	2	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	0	3.5	1	1
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction [description not available]	0	3.88	2	1
Nasal Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.	0	3.88	2	1
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	0	2.11	1	0
Nociceptive Pain Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.	0	2.11	1	0
Attachment Loss, Periodontal [description not available]	0	3.51	1	1
Adult Periodontitis [description not available]	0	3.51	1	1
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	0	2.11	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	0	2.13	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12 [description not available]	0	9.87	10	9
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)	0	9.87	10	9
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	0	2.13	1	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	0	2.13	1	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	0	2.77	3	0
HPV Infection [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	0	2.49	2	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	0	7.13	1	0
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	0	2.13	1	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	0	2.13	1	0
Devic Disease [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Neuromyelitis Optica A syndrome characterized by acute OPTIC NEURITIS; MYELITIS, TRANSVERSE; demyelinating and/or necrotizing lesions in the OPTIC NERVES and SPINAL CORD; and presence of specific autoantibodies to AQUAPORIN 4.	0	7.13	1	0
Papulosquamous Disorders [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Collagen Diseases Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)	0	3.32	2	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	0	3.51	1	1
MODS [description not available]	0	3.51	1	1
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	0	3.51	1	1
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	0	8.87	2	1
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	0	2.15	1	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	0	2.45	2	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	0	3.29	6	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	0	2.67	3	0
ADDH [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	0	5.08	3	1
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	0	2.15	1	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	0	2.45	2	0
Conjunctival Diseases Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.	0	2.04	1	0
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	0	2.04	1	0
Infections, Hepadnaviridae [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Hepadnaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the HEPADNAVIRIDAE.	0	2.44	2	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	0	3.49	8	0
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	0	2.72	3	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	0	2.05	1	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	0	2.05	1	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	2.42	2	0
Adult-Onset Still Disease [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Still's Disease, Adult-Onset Systemic-onset rheumatoid arthritis in adults. It differs from classical rheumatoid arthritis in that it is more often marked by acute febrile onset, and generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly are more prominent.	0	2.05	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	0	2.89	4	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	0	2.05	1	0
Deficiency, Thiamine [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Thiamine Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)	0	2.05	1	0
Alkalosis A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.	0	2.05	1	0
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	0	4.61	10	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	0	3.8	2	1
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	0	3.8	2	1
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	0	2.05	1	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	0	2.46	2	0
Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.	0	2.05	1	0
Kidney Tubular Transport, Inborn Error [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.44	2	0
Hypophosphatemia A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.	0	2.05	1	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	0	2.06	1	0
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Sunburn An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.	0	2.06	1	0
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	0	2.06	1	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	0	2.06	1	0
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	0	2.06	1	0
Extravasation of Contrast Media [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Angiostrongylus Infections [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	0	2.41	2	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	0	2.08	1	0
Carditis [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Coxsackie Virus Infections [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	0	2.07	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	0	2.45	2	0
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	0	2.07	1	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	0	2.07	1	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	2.99	1	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	0	2.99	1	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	0	3.32	2	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.99	1	0
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	0	2.99	1	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	0	2.72	3	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	0	2.73	3	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	0	3.46	1	1
Polyploid [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Flavivirus Infections Infections with viruses of the genus FLAVIVIRUS, family FLAVIVIRIDAE.	0	2.01	1	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	0	2.87	4	0
Microbial Superinvasion [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	0	3.19	6	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	0	3.19	6	0
Addison's Disease [description not available]	0	3.19	6	0
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction [description not available]	0	2.84	4	0
Addison Disease, X-Linked [description not available]	0	2.84	4	0
Hypoadrenocorticism, Familial Hereditary forms of Addison disease that may exhibit autosomal recessive or X-linked inheritance. They are characterized by severe neurological symptoms, APNEA; and death in infancy. OMIM: 240200	0	2.84	4	0
Addison Disease An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.	0	3.19	6	0
Adrenal Insufficiency Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.	0	2.84	4	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	0	2.84	4	0
Adenohypophyseal Diseases [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Pituitary Diseases Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.	0	1.93	1	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	0	1.93	1	0
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.93	1	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Adenoma, Adrenal Cortical [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Potassium Deficiency A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	0	1.93	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	0	1.93	1	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Palsy [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	0	1.93	1	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	0	2.35	2	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	0	1.93	1	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Granulomas [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	0	2.88	4	0
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	0	1.93	1	0
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Entrapment Neuropathies [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.41	2	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	0	2.42	2	0
B Virus Infection [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	0	2.02	1	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	0	2.03	1	0
Bleeding [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	0	2.03	1	0
Benign Essential Tremor [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Essential Tremor A relatively common disorder characterized by a fairly specific pattern of tremors which are most prominent in the upper extremities and neck, inducing titubations of the head. The tremor is usually mild, but when severe may be disabling. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance may occur in some families (i.e., familial tremor). (Mov Disord 1988;13(1):5-10)	0	2.03	1	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	0	7.05	7	3
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	0	7.05	7	3
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	0	2.39	2	0
Bile Duct Diseases Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.	0	2.4	2	0
Erythema Multiforme A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.	0	2.03	1	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	0	2.03	1	0
Glandular Fever [description not available]	0	3.41	1	1
Infectious Mononucleosis A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.	0	3.41	1	1
Pityriasis Rosea A mild exanthematous inflammation of unknown etiology. It is characterized by the presence of salmon-colored maculopapular lesions. The most striking feature is the arrangement of the lesions such that the long axis is parallel to the lines of cleavage. The eruptions are usually generalized, affecting chiefly the trunk, and the course is often self-limiting.	0	2.95	1	0
Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia [description not available]	0	2.95	1	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	0	2.03	1	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	0	4.14	6	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	0	4.14	6	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	0	1.96	1	0
Aphthae [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	0	1.96	1	0
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	0	1.96	1	0
Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.	0	2.37	2	0
Jaw, Edentulous, Partially Absence of teeth from a portion of the mandible and/or maxilla.	0	2.87	1	0
Goiter Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).	0	1.95	1	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	0	1.95	1	0
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	0	1.98	1	0
Lichen Planus, Oral Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)	0	3.78	2	1
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	0	1.98	1	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	0	1.98	1	0
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	0	2.39	2	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	0	2.67	3	0
Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	0	1.98	1	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	0	1.98	1	0
Hyperpotassemia [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular Type IV [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.98	1	0
Hay Fever [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	0	1.98	1	0
Adult Fanconi Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Fibroma, Shope [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
AIDS, Murine [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Common Bile Duct Diseases Diseases of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.	0	1.99	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Epidemic [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome An acute febrile disease occurring predominately in Asia. It is characterized by fever, prostration, vomiting, hemorrhagic phenonema, shock, and renal failure. It is caused by any one of several closely related species of the genus Hantavirus. The most severe form is caused by HANTAAN VIRUS whose natural host is the rodent Apodemus agrarius. Milder forms are caused by SEOUL VIRUS and transmitted by the rodents Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus, and the PUUMALA VIRUS with transmission by Clethrionomys galreolus.	0	1.99	1	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	0	1.99	1	0
Oral Submucous Fibrosis Irreversible FIBROSIS of the submucosal tissue of the MOUTH.	0	1.99	1	0
Carcinoma, Embryonal A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)	0	2	1	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.68	3	0
Hepatitis, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.	0	2.92	4	0
Hepatoblastoma A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2	1	0
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	0	2.38	2	0
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	0	3.38	1	1
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	0	2.41	2	0
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	0	2.92	1	0
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	0	2	1	0
DNA Virus Infections Diseases caused by DNA VIRUSES.	0	2	1	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2	1	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	0	2	1	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	0	2	1	0
Acute Necrotizing Encephalitis, Herpetic [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)	0	2	1	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	0	2	1	0
Submandibular Gland Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND.	0	1.99	1	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	0	2.01	1	0
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	0	2.01	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Nephrosis, Lipoid A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.	0	2.01	1	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.01	1	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
P carinii Pneumonia [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	0	2.01	1	0
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.	0	2.01	1	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	0	1.98	1	0
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	0	1.98	1	0
Decreased Muscle Tone [description not available]	0	2.89	1	0
Flaccid Quadriplegia [description not available]	0	2.89	1	0
Shingles [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.97	1	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	0	1.97	1	0
Hemorrhage, Gingival [description not available]	0	3.36	1	1
Gingival Hemorrhage The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.	0	3.36	1	1
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	0	3.36	1	1
Autosomal Hemophilia A [description not available]	0	4.61	3	2
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	0	4.83	4	2
ARC [description not available]	0	4.32	2	2
AIDS-Related Complex A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.	0	4.32	2	2
Hemophilia A The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.	0	4.61	3	2
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Cushing's Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.29	2	0
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.	0	3.29	2	0
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	0	1.97	1	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	0	1.97	1	0
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.	0	2.88	1	0
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	0	1.97	1	0
Familial Hyperpotassemia and Hypertension [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Pseudohypoaldosteronism A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by renal electrolyte transport dysfunctions. Congenital forms are rare autosomal disorders characterized by neonatal hypertension, HYPERKALEMIA, increased RENIN activity and ALDOSTERONE concentration. The Type I features HYPERKALEMIA with sodium wasting; Type II, HYPERKALEMIA without sodium wasting. Pseudohypoaldosteronism can be the result of a defective renal electrolyte transport protein or acquired after KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	0	1.97	1	0
Choked Disk [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Papilledema Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)	0	1.97	1	0
Infectious Endophthalmitis Infectious condition of the internal eye.	0	1.97	1	0
Endophthalmitis Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.	0	1.97	1	0
Cold Sore [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Herpes Labialis Herpes simplex, caused by type 1 virus, primarily spread by oral secretions and usually occurring as a concomitant of fever. It may also develop in the absence of fever or prior illness. It commonly involves the facial region, especially the lips and the nares. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	0	1.97	1	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	0	1.96	1	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0

glycyrrhizic acid

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Overview

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Pharmacokinetics

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Dosage Studied

Roles (2)

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Protein Targets (21)

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Biological Processes (224)

Molecular Functions (79)

Ceullar Components (40)

Bioassays (197)

Research

Studies (1,968)

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Research Demand Index: 64.26

Study Types

Clinical Trials (12)

Trial Overview

glycyrrhizic acid

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (106)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (2)

Drug Classes (5)

Protein Targets (21)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Other Measurements

Biological Processes (224)

Molecular Functions (79)

Ceullar Components (40)

Bioassays (197)

Research

Studies (1,968)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 64.26

Study Types

Clinical Trials (12)

Trial Overview

Related Drugs (1,131)

Related Conditions (841)