Compounds > withaferin a
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withaferin a

Description

withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

FloraRankFlora DefinitionFamilyFamily Definition
PhysalisgenusA plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain physalin and withangulatin.[MeSH]SolanaceaeA plant family of the order SOLANALES, class MAGNOLIOPSIDA. Among the most noted are POTATOES; TOMATOES; CAPSICUM (green and red peppers); TOBACCO; and BELLADONNA.[MeSH]
WithaniagenusA plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain withanolides. Withania somnifera is the source of ashwagandha and aswal.[MeSH]SolanaceaeA plant family of the order SOLANALES, class MAGNOLIOPSIDA. Among the most noted are POTATOES; TOMATOES; CAPSICUM (green and red peppers); TOBACCO; and BELLADONNA.[MeSH]
Physalis longifoliaspecies[no description available]SolanaceaeA plant family of the order SOLANALES, class MAGNOLIOPSIDA. Among the most noted are POTATOES; TOMATOES; CAPSICUM (green and red peppers); TOBACCO; and BELLADONNA.[MeSH]
Withania somniferaspecies[no description available]SolanaceaeA plant family of the order SOLANALES, class MAGNOLIOPSIDA. Among the most noted are POTATOES; TOMATOES; CAPSICUM (green and red peppers); TOBACCO; and BELLADONNA.[MeSH]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID265237
CHEMBL ID517080
CHEBI ID69120
SCHEMBL ID157208
MeSH IDM0054582

Synonyms (52)

Synonym
ashwagandha
5beta-ergosta-2,24-dien-26-oic acid, 5,6beta-epoxy-4beta,22,27-trihydroxy-1-oxo-, delta-lactone, (20s,22r)-
nsc 273757
ergosta-2,24-dien-26-oic acid, 5,6-epoxy-4,22,27-trihydroxy-1-oxo-, gamma-lactone, (4bta,5beta,6beta,22r)-
brn 1335150
withaferine a
(4beta,5beta,6beta,22r)-5,6-epoxy-4,22,27-trihydroxy-1-oxoergosta-2,24-dien-26-oic acid, delta-lactone
5-beta-ergosta-2,24-dien-26-oic acid, 5,6-beta-epoxy-4-beta,22,27-trihydroxy-1-oxo-, delta-lactone, (20s,22r)-
nsc273757
nsc-273757
withaferin deriv jpr, iowa u. compound
nsc101088 ,
5.beta.-ergosta-2, 5,6.beta.-epoxy-4.beta.,22,27-trihydroxy-1-oxo-, .delta.-lactone, (20s,22r)-
5119-48-2
withaferin a
ergosta-2, 5,6-epoxy-4,22,27-trihydroxy-1-oxo-, .delta.-lactone, (4.beta.,5.beta.,6.beta.,22r)-
wln: t3 f5 e666 1a r axo ov pu ch&ttttj j1 n1 rq iy1&- ft6ov cutj c1q d1
C08841
NCI60_000031
CHEMBL517080 ,
chebi:69120 ,
4beta,27-dihydroxy-1-oxo-5beta,6beta-epoxywitha-2,24-dienolide
(4beta,5beta,6beta,22r)-4,27-dihydroxy-5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione
5-19-06-00604 (beilstein handbook reference)
l6do3qw4k5 ,
unii-l6do3qw4k5
nsc 101088
S8587
BRD-K88378636-001-01-0
smr004701668
MLS006010687
SCHEMBL157208
A1-06845
withaferin a [mi]
(4.beta.,5.beta.,6.beta.,22r)-4,27-dihydroxy-5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione
withaferin a, analytical standard
mfcd10687098
withaferin a, >=95% (hplc)
NCGC00180796-02
ncgc00180796-02_c28h38o6_(4beta,5beta,6beta,22r)-4,27-dihydroxy-5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione
CS-0018562
HY-N2065
(6s,7r,9r)-6-hydroxy-15-[(2r,3r)-3-hydroxy-4-(4-methyl-5-oxo-2h-furan-3-yl)butan-2-yl]-2,16-dimethyl-8-oxapentacyclo[9.7.0.02,7.07,9.012,16]octadec-4-en-3-one
(1s,2r,6s,7r,9r,11s,12s,15r,16s)-6-hydroxy-15-[(1s)-1-[(2r)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methyl-6-oxo-2,3-dihydropyran-2-yl]ethyl]-2,16-dimethyl-8-oxapentacyclo[9.7.0.02,7.07,9.012,16]octadec-4-en-3-one
withaferin a 100 microg/ml in acetonitrile
Q6606395
ergosta-2,24-dien-26-oicacid, 5,6-epoxy-4,22,27-trihydroxy-1-oxo-, d-lactone, (4b,5b,6b,22r)-
A871350
AS-77575
AKOS040758787
bdbm50599323
(4S,4AR,5AR,6AS,6BS,9R,9AS,11AS,11BR)-4-HYDROXY-9-((S)-1-((R)-5-(HYDROXYMETHYL)-4-METHYL-6-OXO-3,6-DIHYDRO-2H-PYRAN-2-YL)ETHYL)-9A,11B-DIMETHYL-5A,6,6A,6B,7,8,9,9A,10,11,11A,11B-DODECAHYDROCYCLOPENTA[1,2]PHENANTHRO[8A,9-B]OXIREN-1(4H)-ONE

Research Excerpts

Overview

Withaferin A (WA) is a small molecule derived from a medicinal plant (Withania somnifera) inhibits growth of human breast cancer xenografts and mammary tumor development in rodent models without any toxicity.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Withaferin A (WA) is a pivotal withanolide that has conquered a conspicuous place in research, owning to its multidimensional biological properties. "( Withaferin A: From Ancient Remedy to Potential Drug Candidate.
Abdelgawad, H; Ahmed, M; Akhtar, N; Al-Hashimi, A; Haq, IU; Okla, MK; Sultana, T, 2021)		3.51
"Withaferin A (WA) is a natural steroidal lactone with promising therapeutic applications. "( Preparation and characterization of withaferin A loaded pegylated nanoliposomal formulation with high loading efficacy: In vitro and in vivo anti-tumour study.
Abeesh, P; Guruvayoorappan, C; Vishnu, WK, 2021)		2.34
"Withaferin A (WA) is a natural steroidal compound used in Ayurvedic medicine in India and elsewhere. "( Withaferin A in the Treatment of Liver Diseases: Progress and Pharmacokinetic Insights.
Gonzalez, FJ; Hamada, K; Hao, H; Wang, P; Xia, Y; Yan, M; Yan, N; Yan, T, 2022)		3.61
"Withaferin A (WA) is a natural steroidal compound with reported hepatoprotective activities against various liver diseases. "( Withaferin A alleviates ethanol-induced liver injury by inhibiting hepatic lipogenesis.
Gonzalez, FJ; Hamada, K; Hao, H; Krausz, KW; Takahashi, S; Wang, P; Xia, Y; Yan, N; Yan, T, 2022)		3.61
"Withaferin A (WA), which is a small molecule derived from a medicinal plant (Withania somnifera), inhibits growth of human breast cancer xenografts and mammary tumor development in rodent models without any toxicity. "( Withaferin A Inhibits Fatty Acid Synthesis in Rat Mammary Tumors.
Hahm, ER; Kim, SH; Singh, KB; Singh, SV, 2023)		3.8
"Withaferin A (WIT) is a natural product possessing a wide range of pharmacologic activities. "( The Natural Compound Withaferin A Covalently Binds to Cys239 of
Chen, L; Li, Y; Niu, L; Yan, W; Yang, J; Ye, H, 2019)		2.28
"Withaferin A (WA) is a bioactive compound with a remarkable anti-cancer effect derived from Withania somnifera, commonly known as ashwagandha. "( Withaferin A triggers G2/M arrest and intrinsic apoptosis in glioblastoma cells via ATF4-ATF3-CHOP axis.
Du, G; Li, W; Liu, J; Ren, L; Tang, Q; Wang, J; Zheng, X, 2020)		3.44
"Withaferin A (WA) is a promising phytochemical exhibiting in vitro and in vivo anticancer activities against prostate and other cancers, but the mechanism of its action is not fully understood. "( RNA-seq reveals novel mechanistic targets of withaferin A in prostate cancer cells.
Hahm, ER; Kim, SH; Shiva, S; Singh, KB; Singh, SV; Stewart-Ornstein, J, 2020)		2.26
"Withaferin A (WA) is a naturally occurring steroidal lactone with proven cancer chemopreventive activity in preclinical models of different cancers including prostate adenocarcinoma. "( Cytoprotective autophagy induction by withaferin A in prostate cancer cells involves GABARAPL1.
Hahm, ER; Singh, SV, 2020)		2.27
"Withaferin A is a functional ingredient of a traditional medicinal plant, Withania somnifera, which has been broadly used in India for protecting against chronic diseases. "( Withaferin A protects against endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in the kidney of a mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction.
Chen, CM; Chiang, CK; Chung, YP; Guan, SS; Huang, KT; Liu, CH; Liu, SH; Wu, CT, 2020)		3.44
"Withaferin A (WA) is a steroidal lactone glycowithanolides, a secondary metabolite with comprehensive biological effects."( Role of Withaferin A and Its Derivatives in the Management of Alzheimer's Disease: Recent Trends and Future Perspectives.
Akhter, S; Das, R; Emran, TB; Islam, MN; Khan, IN; Mitra, S; Mubarak, MS; Rauf, A, 2021)		1.78
"Withaferin A (WA) is a steroidal lactone extracted from Withania somnifera, commonly known as Ashwagandha. "( SILAC-based quantitative MS approach reveals Withaferin A regulated proteins in prostate cancer.
Kumar, R; Nayak, D; Somasekharan, SP, 2021)		2.32
"Withaferin A (WA) is a bioactive lactone, isolated from natural sources, mainly found in Withania somnifera, and was known to be highly effective against a variety of tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. "( Withaferin A induces mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells via generation of reactive oxygen species.
Chen, L; Liang, T; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Tian, XD; Zhang, T, )		3.02
"Withaferin A (WA) is a plant derived steroidal lactone which holds promise as a therapeutic agent for treatment of breast cancer (BC)."( Epigenetic silencing of triple negative breast cancer hallmarks by Withaferin A.
Crans, RAJ; Declerck, K; Diddens, J; Gerhäuser, C; Scherf, DB; Szarc Vel Szic, K; Vanden Berghe, W, 2017)		1.41
"Withaferin A (WA) is a bioactive molecule derived from Withania somnifera and the present study is designed to systemically investigate the anti-HCC efficacy of WA."( Concomitant activation of ETS-like transcription factor-1 and Death Receptor-5 via extracellular signal-regulated kinase in withaferin A-mediated inhibition of hepatocarcinogenesis in mice.
Kuppusamy, P; Muniraj, N; Nagalingam, A; Saxena, NK; Sharma, D, 2017)		1.38
"Withaferin A (WA) is an active steroidal lactone derived from the herbal plant Withania somnifera, which exhibits antitumor activity with reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulating in a variety of cancer models, such as breast cancer, lung cancer and pancreatic cancer. "( Withaferin A induces apoptosis by ROS-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction in human colorectal cancer cells.
Liu, S; Miao, Y; Xia, S, 2018)		3.37
"Withaferin A (WFA) is a natural product that binds to soluble forms of the type III intermediate filament (IF) vimentin. "( Withaferin A effectively targets soluble vimentin in the glaucoma filtration surgical model of fibrosis.
Bargagna-Mohan, P; Deokule, SP; Kompella, UB; Mohan, R; Srinivasan, C; Thompson, K; Vooturi, S; Wizeman, J, 2013)		3.28
"Withaferin A (WFA) is a major chemical constituent of Withania somnifera, also known as Indian ginseng. "( Production of reactive oxygen species by withaferin A causes loss of type collagen expression and COX-2 expression through the PI3K/Akt, p38, and JNK pathways in rabbit articular chondrocytes.
Kim, SJ; Yu, SM, 2013)		2.1
"Withaferin A (WFA) is a steroidal lactone with antitumor effects manifested at multiple levels that are mechanistically obscure. "( Mechanistic elucidation of the antitumor properties of withaferin a in breast cancer.
Kuppusamy, P; Nagalingam, A; Saxena, NK; Sharma, D; Singh, SV, 2014)		2.09
"Withaferin A is a steroidal lactone purified from the Indian medicinal plant, Withania somnifera. "( Withaferin A induces apoptosis through the generation of thiol oxidation in human head and neck cancer cells.
Kim, DE; Kwon, TK; Min, KJ; Park, JW, 2015)		3.3
"Withaferin A (WFA) is an active compound from Withania somnifera and has been reported to exhibit a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti—inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anti—tumor properties. "( Withaferin A attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in neonatal rats.
Gao, S; Jiang, JX; Li, H; Tu, DN; Xia, G; Xin, C; You, JB; Zhou, XQ, 2015)		3.3
"Withaferin A (WA) is a major bioactive compound isolated from the medicinal plant Withania somnifera Dunal, also known as "Ashwagandha". "( Identification and quantitative analysis of cellular proteins affected by treatment with withaferin a using a SILAC-based proteomics approach.
Jinwal, UK; Narayan, M; Seeley, KW, 2015)		2.08
"Withaferin A is an abundant withanolide present in Withania somnifera leaves and to some extent in roots. "( Exploring the inhibitory activity of Withaferin-A against Pteridine reductase-1 of L. donovani.
Chandrasekaran, S; Gundampati, RK; Maurya, R; Sundar, S; Veronica, J, 2016)		1.88
"Withaferin A (WA) is an important withanolide holding promise in cancer treatment and as a relatively safe radiosensitive/chemotherapeutic agent, which is present in traces in all parts of Withania somnifera except the leaves, where as it is reported to be present in only two non-Indian chemotypes (South African chemotype/Israel chemotype 1). "( Production dynamics of Withaferin A in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal complex.
Ahuja, A; Kaul, MK; Kumar, A; Mir, BA; Qazi, GN; Suri, KA, 2009)		2.11
"Withaferin A (WFA) is a steroidal lactone present in Withania somnifera which has been shown in vitro to bind to the intermediate filament protein, vimentin. "( Withaferin a alters intermediate filament organization, cell shape and behavior.
Cleland, MM; Goldman, RD; Grin, B; Herrmann, H; Mahammad, S; Tsai, L; Wedig, T, 2012)		3.26
"Withaferin A (WA) is a bioactive compound derived from Withania somnifera. "( Withaferin A suppresses tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate-induced decreases in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 activity and mitochondrial function in skin epidermal JB6 cells.
Li, W; Zhao, Y, 2013)		3.28
"Withaferin A (WA) is a steroidal lactone purified from medicinal plant "Indian Winter Cherry" that is widely researched for its variety of properties, including antitumor effects. "( The tumor proteasome is a primary target for the natural anticancer compound Withaferin A isolated from "Indian winter cherry".
Dou, QP; Shi, G; Yang, H, 2007)		2.01

Effects

Withaferin A (Wit A) has reportedly shown cytotoxicity in a variety of tumor cell lines. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferation, metastasis, invasion and angiogenesis of cancer cells.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Withaferin A has been reported to exert cytotoxic effects against human multiple myeloma cells."( Withaferin A inhibits cell proliferation of U266B1 and IM-9 human myeloma cells by inducing intrinsic apoptosis.
Hou, L; Li, L; Niu, B; Zhang, W; Zheng, Y, 2022)		2.89
"Withaferin A has been shown to inhibit the proliferation, metastasis, invasion and angiogenesis of cancer cells."( Withaferin A induces apoptosis through the generation of thiol oxidation in human head and neck cancer cells.
Kim, DE; Kwon, TK; Min, KJ; Park, JW, 2015)		2.58
"Withaferin A (Wit A) has reportedly shown cytotoxicity in a variety of tumor cell lines. "( Withaferin A sensitizes TRAIL-induced apoptosis through reactive oxygen species-mediated up-regulation of death receptor 5 and down-regulation of c-FLIP.
Choi, KS; Kwon, TK; Lee, TJ; Min, do S; Park, JW; Um, HJ, 2009)		3.24

Actions

Withaferin A can inhibit the proliferation and apoptosis of A549 cells by suppressing activation of the PI3K/Akt pathways. 10μM producing a 54% increase compared with control, suggesting that withaferin is at least partially responsible for W.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Withaferin A could inhibit A549 cellular proliferation and the control rate was dosage-dependent (P<0.05), which also increased time-dependently with the same dosage of Withaferin A (P<0.05). "( Effect of Withaferin A on A549 cellular proliferation and apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer.
Bai, C; Cai, Y; Chen, Y; Sheng, ZY, 2014)		2.25
"Withaferin A can inhibit the proliferation and apoptosis of A549 cells by suppressing activation of the PI3K/Akt pathways."( Effect of Withaferin A on A549 cellular proliferation and apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer.
Bai, C; Cai, Y; Chen, Y; Sheng, ZY, 2014)		2.25
"Withaferin A was found to increase glucose uptake, with 10μM producing a 54% increase compared with control, suggesting that withaferin A is at least partially responsible for W."( Hypoglycemic activity of withanolides and elicitated Withania somnifera.
Bernstein, N; Gorelick, J; Hanuš, L; Rosenberg, R; Smotrich, A, 2015)		1.14
"The withaferin A increase was also demonstrated in the potted plants growing in the glasshouse and in the open field."( Nitrogen treatment enhances sterols and withaferin A through transcriptional activation of jasmonate pathway, WRKY transcription factors, and biosynthesis genes in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal.
Gupta, MM; Nagegowda, DA; Pal, A; Pal, S; Rastogi, S; Shasany, AK; Singh, AK; Verma, RK; Yadav, AK, 2017)		1.2

Treatment

Withaferin A treatment to HD mice considerably increased their lifespan as well as restored progressive motor behavioral deficits and declined body weight. Pre-treatment with withafer in A significantly decreased the levels of liver and kidney functional markers and cytokines.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Withaferin A treatment to HD mice considerably increased their lifespan as well as restored progressive motor behavioral deficits and declined body weight."( Withaferin A Induces Heat Shock Response and Ameliorates Disease Progression in a Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease.
Jana, NR; Joshi, T; Kaznacheyeva, EV; Kumar, V, 2021)		2.79
"Withaferin A treatment also induced the phosphorylation of stress signalling proteins, including the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, the c-Jun N-terminal kinase, c-Jun, the heat shock protein 27 and protein kinase B within 0 to 16 h."( Withaferin A activates stress signalling proteins in high risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Gao, YB; Liu, JS; Shi, LH; Wu, XJ, 2015)		2.58
"Withaferin A treatment was followed by slight but significant increase of hemolysis."( Withaferin A-stimulated Ca2+ entry, ceramide formation and suicidal death of erythrocytes.
Jilani, K; Lang, F; Lupescu, A; Shaik, N; Zbidah, M, 2013)		2.55
"Pre-treatment with withaferin A not only significantly decreased the levels of liver and kidney functional markers and cytokines but also reduced oxidative stress, as evidenced by improved anti-oxidant status."( Assessment of hepatoprotective and nephroprotective potential of withaferin A on bromobenzene-induced injury in Swiss albino mice: possible involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation.
Sabina, EP; Vedi, M, 2016)		0.99

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" However, when ashwagandha was added to β-amyloid treated and HIV-1 infected samples, the toxic effects were neutralized."( Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) reverses β-amyloid1-42 induced toxicity in human neuronal cells: implications in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND).
Atluri, VS; Kurapati, KR; Nair, MP; Samikkannu, T, 2013)		0.39
" Ashwagandha also provided a significant protection to lipid peroxidation (LPx) levels, catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) but not reduced glutathione (GSH) contents in brain tissue as well as peripheral organs, liver and kidney, suggesting its ability to act as a free radical scavenger protecting cells against toxic insult."( Glioprotective effects of Ashwagandha leaf extract against lead induced toxicity.
Kataria, H; Kaur, G; Kumar, P; Lakhanpal, D; Nazmi, A; Singh, R, 2014)		0.4
" Four subjects (8%) (ashwagandha: 1[4%]; Placebo: 3[12%]) out of 50 reported few mild and temporary adverse effects during this study."( Efficacy and Safety of Ashwagandha Root Extract in Subclinical Hypothyroid Patients: A Double-Blind, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.
Basu, I; Sharma, AK; Singh, S, 2018)		0.48
" The secondary outcomes of this study were the clinical adverse events and the vital parameters."( Safety of Ashwagandha Root Extract: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, study in Healthy Volunteers.
Gupta, SK; Mishra, AK; Tiwari, S; Verma, N, 2021)		0.62
" No adverse events were reported by any of the participants in this study."( Safety of Ashwagandha Root Extract: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, study in Healthy Volunteers.
Gupta, SK; Mishra, AK; Tiwari, S; Verma, N, 2021)		0.62
" The present study revealed that the consumption of Ashwagandha root extract for 8 weeks was safe in both males and females volunteers."( Safety of Ashwagandha Root Extract: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, study in Healthy Volunteers.
Gupta, SK; Mishra, AK; Tiwari, S; Verma, N, 2021)		0.62
" In this direction, we have explored the radioprotective potential of Withaferin A, a plant withanolide, which was recently shown to be safe and well tolerated in cancer patients in a clinical trial and is also known to be a radio-sensitizer in cancer cells."( Withaferin A, a steroidal lactone, selectively protects normal lymphocytes against ionizing radiation induced apoptosis and genotoxicity via activation of ERK/Nrf-2/HO-1 axis.
Bhilwade, HN; Checker, R; Nandha, SR; Patwardhan, RS; Sandur, SK; Sharma, D, 2023)		2.59

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The effect of withaferin A, a plant withanolide, alone or in combination with acute and fractionated radiotherapy and/or hyperthermia, was tested on two mouse tumors, B16F1 melanoma and fibrosarcoma, grown in C57BL and Swiss albino mice, respectively."( Radiosensitizing effect of withaferin A combined with hyperthermia on mouse fibrosarcoma and melanoma.
Kamath, R; Uma Devi, P, 2003)		0.98
"Currently, the treatment for ovarian cancer entails cytoreductive surgery followed by chemotherapy, mainly, carboplatin combined with paclitaxel."( Withaferin a alone and in combination with cisplatin suppresses growth and metastasis of ovarian cancer by targeting putative cancer stem cells.
Batra, SK; Kakar, SS; Miller, DM; Moghadamfalahi, M; Powell, KS; Ratajczak, MZ; Singh, SK, 2014)		1.85
" Herbs, however, contain biologically active compounds and can potentially interact with prescription medications, including chemotherapy drugs."( Herb-Drug Interactions in Cancer Care.
Gubili, J; Mao, JJ; Yeung, KS, 2018)		0.48
" Colon cancer cells were differentiated from the normal cells via investigating light diffusion combined with the fluorescence effect of the Ashwagandha chitosan nanoparticles (Ash C NPs)."( Early cancer detection using the fluorescent Ashwagandha chitosan nanoparticles combined with near-infrared light diffusion characterization: in vitro study.
Abuelmakarem, HS; Ahmed, WA; El-Azab, J; Hamdy, O; Sliem, MA, 2023)		0.91

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Poor oral bioavailability limits the use of many chemopreventives in the prevention and treatment of cancer."( Multi-layer polymeric implants for sustained release of chemopreventives.
Aqil, F; Bansal, SS; Gupta, RC; Jeyabalan, J; Kausar, H; Sharma, RJ; Singh, IP; Vadhanam, MV, 2012)		0.38
" The absolute oral bioavailability of WA remains unknown and human-related in vitro data are not available."( Studies on oral bioavailability and first-pass metabolism of withaferin A in rats using LC-MS/MS and Q-TRAP.
Dai, R; Dai, T; Guo, Z; Huang, M; Jiang, W; Liang, C; Pei, X; Wang, Z; Zhong, G, 2019)		0.76
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51
"Poor bioavailability due to the inability to cross the cell membrane is one of the major reasons for the failure of a drug in clinical trials."( Molecular dynamics simulations and experimental studies reveal differential permeability of withaferin-A and withanone across the model cell membrane.
Ahn, H; Katiyar, SP; Kaul, SC; Lee, C; Sundar, D; Wadhwa, R; Yadav, NS; Yaguchi, T; Yun, CO, 2021)		0.62
" However, its clinical application is limited due to the low bioavailability and hydrophobic nature."( Preparation and characterization of withaferin A loaded pegylated nanoliposomal formulation with high loading efficacy: In vitro and in vivo anti-tumour study.
Abeesh, P; Guruvayoorappan, C; Vishnu, WK, 2021)		0.9

Dosage Studied

Xenografting of the A2780 cell line resulted in a significant rate of mortality, which was attenuated by a therapeutic dosage of Withaferin A.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"A 28-year-old man with decreased libido received ashwagandha in the usual daily dosage of 5 g for 10 days."( Fixed-drug eruption caused by ashwagandha (Withania somnifera): a widely used Ayurvedic drug.
Bhattacharya, SN; Sehgal, VN; Verma, P, )		0.13
" Treatment of various epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780, A2780/CP70 and CaOV3) with combination of WFA and Dox (WFA/DOX) showed a time- and dose-dependent synergistic effect on inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of cell death, thus reducing the dosage requirement of Dox."( Withaferin A synergizes the therapeutic effect of doxorubicin through ROS-mediated autophagy in ovarian cancer.
Fong, MY; Gupta, R; Jin, S; Kakar, SS; Rane, M; Singh, RK, 2012)		1.82
"05), which also increased time-dependently with the same dosage of Withaferin A (P<0."( Effect of Withaferin A on A549 cellular proliferation and apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer.
Bai, C; Cai, Y; Chen, Y; Sheng, ZY, 2014)		1.04
" Intraperitoneal administration of WA at a dosage of 4 mg/kg of body weight was initiated from postnatal day 40 until end stage in SOD1(G93A) mice, and from 9 months until end stage in SOD1(G37R) mice."( Early-stage treatment with Withaferin A reduces levels of misfolded superoxide dismutase 1 and extends lifespan in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Julien, JP; Kriz, J; Patel, P, 2015)		0.71
" Three studies compared several dosage levels of WS extract with placebos using versions of the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, with two demonstrating significant benefit of WS versus placebo, and the third demonstrating beneficial effects that approached but did not achieve significance (p=0."( An alternative treatment for anxiety: a systematic review of human trial results reported for the Ayurvedic herb ashwagandha (Withania somnifera).
Morley, CP; Nanavati, KB; Pratte, MA; Young, V, 2014)		0.4
" The proposed method was found to be reproducible, specific, precise and accurate for simultaneous estimation of these marker compounds in a combined dosage form."( Simultaneous Estimation of Withaferin A and Z-Guggulsterone in Marketed Formulation by RP-HPLC.
Agrawal, P; Laddha, K; Vegda, R, 2015)		0.71
" But, according to some available evidences for spermicidal features, further studies should focus on the extract preparation method and also dosage used in their study protocols."( Effects of
Ahmadi AsrBadr, Y; Fazljou, SMB; Moini Jazani, A; Nasimi Doost Azgomi, R; Nazemyieh, H; Nejatbakhsh, F; Sadeghi Bazargani, H; Zomorrodi, A, 2018)		0.48
" Isolated compounds were tested in a dose-response for their in vitro NF-κB inhibition and antiproliferative activity in multiple myeloma cells after 5 and 72 h treatment, respectively."( Bioactive metabolites from the leaves of Withania adpressa.
Bekkouche, K; Ben Bakrim, W; Christen, P; Cretton, S; Cuendet, M; El Bouzidi, L; Monteillier, A; Nuzillard, JM; Saraux, N, 2018)		0.48
" However, long term study and varying dosage ranges should be investigated in the future."( Safety of Ashwagandha Root Extract: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, study in Healthy Volunteers.
Gupta, SK; Mishra, AK; Tiwari, S; Verma, N, 2021)		0.62
" The solid dosage form was most preferred."( Analysis of Clinical Trial Registry of India for Evidence of Anti-Arthritic Properties of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha).
Dey, A; Gupta, AK; Kanjilal, S; Patnaik, RS, 2021)		0.62
" Evidence shows a dosage of 6 gm in powder form or extracts in tablets, or 500 -1000 mg capsule consumed for a duration of 8 - 12 weeks may be useful in managing symptoms of arthritis in patients."( Analysis of Clinical Trial Registry of India for Evidence of Anti-Arthritic Properties of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha).
Dey, A; Gupta, AK; Kanjilal, S; Patnaik, RS, 2021)		0.62
"While benefits were seen in the reviewed studies, significant variability in the WS extracts examined prevents a consensus on the optimum WS preparation or dosage for treating neuropsychiatric conditions."( Effects of
Cabey, KA; Soumyanath, A; Speers, AB; Wright, KM, 2021)		0.62
" The effects on sleep were more prominent in the subgroup of adults diagnosed with insomnia, treatment dosage ≥600 mg/day, and treatment duration ≥8 weeks."( Effect of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract on sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Abdul Rahman, R; Cheah, KL; Husniati Yaacob, L; Norhayati, MN, 2021)		0.62
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Occurs in Manufacturing (17 Product(s))

Product Categories

Product CategoryProducts
Beauty & Personal Care5
Professional Supplements1
Herbs, Botanicals & Homeopathy7
Vitamins & Supplements2
Pet Supplies2

Products

ProductBrandCategoryCompounds Matched from IngredientsDate Retrieved
Auromere Ayurvedic Hand and Body Lotion -- 8 fl ozAuromereBeauty & Personal Carecetyl alcohol, isopropyl palmitate, phenoxyethanol, sodium hydroxide, sorbitol, stearic acid, ashwagandha2024-11-29 10:47:42
Designs for Sport Adrenal Flow - NSF Certified for Sport -- 90 Vegetarian CapsulesDesigns for SportProfessional SupplementsVitamin C, N-Acetyl Tyrosine, N-Acetyl Tyrosine, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Riboflavin, Vitamin B6, Ashwagandha2024-11-29 10:47:42
Gaia Herbs Stress Support - Thyroid Support -- 120 Vegan Liquid Phyto-CapsGaia HerbsHerbs, Botanicals & HomeopathyIodine, Ashwagandha2024-11-29 10:47:42
Green Goo Natural Deodorant Relax + Adapt - Lavender & Bergamot -- 2.25 ozGreen GooBeauty & Personal Carecalendula, vitamin E, vitamin E, stearyl alcohol, ashwagandha, withania somnifera2024-11-29 10:47:42
Havasu Nutrition Ashwagandha -- 90 CapsulesHavasu NutritionHerbs, Botanicals & HomeopathyAshwagandha2024-11-29 10:47:42
Herbs Etc. Deep Health® Professional Strength -- 2 fl ozHerbs Etc.Herbs, Botanicals & Homeopathyashwagandha2024-11-29 10:47:42
Host Defense Mushrooms Organic MycoBotanicals Stress Decompress Capsules -- 60 CapsulesHost DefenseHerbs, Botanicals & HomeopathyAshwagandha2024-11-29 10:47:42
Hurraw! Balm Lip Balm Almond Cardamom Rose -- 0.15 ozHurraw! BalmBeauty & Personal Caretocopherol, tocopherol, ashwagandha, withania somnifera2024-11-29 10:47:42
Kiss My Face De-Stress Bar Soap - Orange + GrapefruitKiss My FaceBeauty & Personal Carecitral, geraniol, glycerin, hemp, limonene, linalool, ashwagandha, withania somnifera2024-11-29 10:47:42
Plant People WonderCalm Mushroom Gummies Summer Peach -- 60 GummiesPlant PeopleHerbs, Botanicals & Homeopathycitric acid, citric acid, Maltitol, maltitol, Ashwagandha2024-11-29 10:47:42
TheraNeem Naturals - Neem Tooth & Gum Oil -- 0.5 fl ozTheraNeemBeauty & Personal Carecamphora, eugenia caryophyllata, co-q10, menthol, ashwagandha, withania somnifera2024-11-29 10:47:42
Trio Nutrition Mood Joy -- 60 Vegetable CapsulesTrio NutritionVitamins & Supplements5-HTP, microcrystalline cellulose, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B6, Ashwagandha2024-11-29 10:47:42
TruLabs Sleep Nighttime Drink Mix Honey Lemon -- 6 PacketsTruLabsVitamins & Supplements5-HTP, health, Chloride, Folate, GABA, Melatonin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, stevia, sucralose, Vitamin B6, Ashwagandha2024-11-29 10:47:42
Youtheory Saffron -- 60 CapsulesYoutheoryHerbs, Botanicals & HomeopathySaffron, microcrystalline cellulose, Ashwagandha2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zesty Paws Hemp Calming Composure Supplement for Dogs Peanut Butter -- 90 Soft ChewsZesty PawsPet Suppliescitric acid, citric acid, powdered cellulose, Magnesium Citrate, ashwagandha2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zesty Paws Senior Advanced Cognition Bites Dogs Chicken -- 90 Soft ChewsZesty PawsPet Suppliescitric acid, citric acid, Alpha-GPC, powdered cellulose, Ashwagandha2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zhou Ashwagandha -- 1200 mg - 60 Veggie CapsulesZhouHerbs, Botanicals & HomeopathyBlack Pepper, Ashwagandha2024-11-29 10:47:42

Roles (2)

RoleDescription
antineoplastic agentA substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.
apoptosis inducerAny substance that induces the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in multi-celled organisms.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (9)

ClassDescription
delta-lactoneA lactone having a six-membered lactone ring.
4-hydroxy steroidAny steroid bearing a 4-hydroxy substituent.
enoneAn alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) in which the C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
ergostanoid
secondary alcoholA secondary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has two other carbon atoms attached to it.
withanolideAny steroid lactone that is a C28 steroid with a modified side chain forming a lactone ring and its substituted derivatives.
27-hydroxy steroid
primary alcoholA primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.
epoxy steroidAny steroid whose structure includes an epoxy group.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (6)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
PPM1D proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.46610.00529.466132.9993AID1347411
Interferon betaHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.46610.00339.158239.8107AID1347411
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Replicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2IC50 (µMol)0.58500.00022.45859.9600AID1887323; AID1887326
Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.04700.00011.97318.0000AID1771376
Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.04700.00011.80888.0000AID1771376
Transcription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.04700.00011.89818.8000AID1771376
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (132)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of autophagyInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT proteinInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interferon-betaInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell proliferationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of viral genome replicationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic processInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
defense response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of Lewy body formationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine productionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
T cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
humoral immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IINuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IINuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to lipopolysaccharideNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IINuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IINuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
transcription by RNA polymerase IINuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
apoptotic processNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
inflammatory responseNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
canonical NF-kappaB signal transductionNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
JNK cascadeNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiationNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of lipid storageNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activityNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of vitamin D biosynthetic processNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cholesterol transportNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of interleukin-12 productionNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
response to muscle stretchNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transductionNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic processNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IINuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of inflammatory responseNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
B cell receptor signaling pathwayNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein metabolic processNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
mammary gland involutionNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription initiation by RNA polymerase IINuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to mechanical stimulusNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to nicotineNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interleukin-1Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interleukin-6Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to tumor necrosis factorNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to dsRNANuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathwayNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interleukin-17Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to virusNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
antibacterial innate immune responseNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic processNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to angiotensinNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA metabolic processNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to stressNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
response to cytokineNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
follicular dendritic cell differentiationNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
germinal center formationNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
canonical NF-kappaB signal transductionNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular matrix organizationNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
response to lipopolysaccharideNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IINuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
rhythmic processNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
spleen developmentNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to stressNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transductionNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
response to cytokineNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
inflammatory responseNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta productionTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-6 productionTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-8 productionTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of amyloid-beta formationTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activityTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathwayTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IITranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
liver developmentTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
hair follicle developmentTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
defense response to tumor cellTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
response to ischemiaTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
acetaldehyde metabolic processTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin organizationTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-templated transcriptionTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IITranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
inflammatory responseTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
cellular defense responseTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide signaling pathwayTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
canonical NF-kappaB signal transductionTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferationTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
animal organ morphogenesisTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
response to UV-BTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor productionTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of Schwann cell differentiationTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of angiogenesisTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
cytokine-mediated signaling pathwayTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
protein catabolic processTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
response to muramyl dipeptideTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
response to progesteroneTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-12 productionTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-6 productionTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-8 productionTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
response to insulinTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathwayTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein sumoylationTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
response to cobalaminTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathwayTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular signal transductionTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulusTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
response to muscle stretchTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transductionTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathwayTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
prolactin signaling pathwayTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein catabolic processTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic processTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transductionTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
response to amino acidTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IITranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathwayTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of inflammatory responseTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathwayTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activityTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
response to cAMPTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
defense response to virusTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hydrogen peroxideTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathwayTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
response to interleukin-1Transcription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to lipopolysaccharideTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to lipoteichoic acidTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to peptidoglycanTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to nicotineTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interleukin-1Transcription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interleukin-6Transcription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to tumor necrosis factorTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
postsynapse to nucleus signaling pathwayTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
antiviral innate immune responseTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transductionTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transductionTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA transcriptionTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to angiotensinTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cellTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA metabolic processTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to stressTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
response to cytokineTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (42)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
cytokine activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
3'-5'-RNA exonuclease activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
cysteine-type endopeptidase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
mRNA 5'-cap (guanine-N7-)-methyltransferase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
mRNA (nucleoside-2'-O-)-methyltransferase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
mRNA guanylyltransferase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
RNA endonuclease activity, producing 3'-phosphomonoestersReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
ISG15-specific peptidase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
5'-3' RNA helicase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
protein guanylyltransferase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
transcription cis-regulatory region bindingNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specificNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
chromatin bindingNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activityNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
transcription coregulator activityNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
actinin bindingNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specificNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activityNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
sequence-specific double-stranded DNA bindingNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region bindingTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II core promoter sequence-specific DNA bindingTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
transcription coactivator bindingTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specificTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin bindingTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activityTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase bindingTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin DNA bindingTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase bindingTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
peptide bindingTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
phosphate ion bindingTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
actinin bindingTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase bindingTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
NF-kappaB bindingTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
ankyrin repeat bindingTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
general transcription initiation factor bindingTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor bindingTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (18)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
extracellular spaceInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
double membrane vesicle viral factory outer membraneReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
extracellular regionNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
secretory granule lumenNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
specific granule lumenNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
chromatinNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complexNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
I-kappaB/NF-kappaB complexNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
NF-kappaB p50/p65 complexNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunitHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
chromatinNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
Bcl3/NF-kappaB2 complexNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
NF-kappaB p50/p65 complexTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
NF-kappaB complexTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
chromatinTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complexTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmTranscription factor p65Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (167)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1492759Cytotoxicity against human WI38 cells assessed as inhibition of colony formation at 0.1 to 0.3 uM by crystal violet staining based assay2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1442760Induction of CHOP expression in human ACHN cells at 2.5 to 5 uM measured after 24 hrs by Western blotting method2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-13, Volume: 60, Issue:7
17β-Hydroxywithanolides as Sensitizers of Renal Carcinoma Cells to Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) Mediated Apoptosis: Structure-Activity Relationships.
AID1492789Cytoprotective activity against UV irradiation-induced stress in human TIG3 cells assessed as decrease in CARF level irradiated with 50 mJ/cm2 of UV radiations followed by compound addition by immuno fluorescence staining based assay2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1506415Induction of differentiation of human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells assessed as downregulation of CD151 mRNA expression at 0.31 to 5 uM after 24 hrs by qPCR method2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1771373Antiproliferative activity against human MM1.R cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by XTT assay2021Journal of natural products, 08-27, Volume: 84, Issue:8
Structure-Activity Relationships of Withanolides as Antiproliferative Agents for Multiple Myeloma: Comparison of Activity in 2D Models and a 3D Coculture Model.
AID1887317Inhibition of SARS-COV2 main protease mediated cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells transfected with pCMV3-2019-nCoV-3CLpro plasmid assessed as increase in cell number and measured at 48 hrs by calcien AM staining based microscopic analysis
AID1506376Cell cycle arrest in human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells assessed as accumulation at G1 phase at 0.62 uM after 30 mins by FxCycle violet staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 45.1%)2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1506405Cytotoxicity against human CD34-positive hematopoietic stem cells assessed as decrease in cell viability at 10 uM after 24 hrs by calcein AM/ethidium homodimer staining-based flow cytometric method2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1506391Cytotoxicity against human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells assessed as decrease in cell viability after 24 hrs by calcein AM/ethidium homodimer staining-based flow cytometric method2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1506379Cell cycle arrest in human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells assessed as accumulation at S phase at 0.62 uM after 30 mins by FxCycle violet staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 40.9%)2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1506399Cytotoxicity against human RPMI18226 cells assessed as dead cells at 10 uM after 24 hrs by calcein AM/ethidium homodimer staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 21.4%)2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1631584Cytotoxicity against human NCI-H460 cells after 72 hrs by resazurin-based colorimetric assay2016Journal of natural products, Apr-22, Volume: 79, Issue:4
17β-Hydroxy-18-acetoxywithanolides from Aeroponically Grown Physalis crassifolia and Their Potent and Selective Cytotoxicity for Prostate Cancer Cells.
AID1873259Anti-obesity activity in male C57BL/6 mouse model of high-fat diet induced obesity assessed as body weight change at 1.25 mg/kg, ip administered once a day for 21 days relative to control2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Recent advances in natural anti-obesity compounds and derivatives based on in vivo evidence: A mini-review.
AID1506386Cell cycle arrest in human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells assessed as accumulation at S phase at 1.25 uM after 30 mins by FxCycle violet staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 40.9%)2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1442761Induction of BIP expression in human ACHN cells at 2.5 to 5 uM measured after 24 hrs by Western blotting method2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-13, Volume: 60, Issue:7
17β-Hydroxywithanolides as Sensitizers of Renal Carcinoma Cells to Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) Mediated Apoptosis: Structure-Activity Relationships.
AID1379664Induction of apoptosis in human HeLa cells assessed increase in chromatin condensation at 8 uM incubated for 12 hrs by Hoechst 33342 staining based fluorescence microscopy2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of withaferin A-analogues as potent apoptotic inducers.
AID1506402Induction of apoptosis in human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells assessed as increase in late apoptotic cells at 5 uM after 24 hrs by annexin V/propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1315170Neuroprotective activity in transgenic C57/BL6 mouse amyotrophic lateral sclerosis model harboring SOD1 G93A mutant assessed as decrease in misfolded SOD1 levels in spinal cord at 4 mg/kg, ip administered twice weekly started from postnatal day 40 until d2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-04, Volume: 121Recent progress towards an effective treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using the SOD1 mouse model in a preclinical setting.
AID1492765Cytotoxicity against human TIG3 cells assessed as induction of senescence at 64 population doubling at 0.1 uM2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1379685Induction of apoptosis in human HeLa cells assessed as increase in caspase-3 activity by measuring pNA release level at 24 uM incubated for 8 hrs using c-DEVD-pNA substrate by colorimetric assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of withaferin A-analogues as potent apoptotic inducers.
AID1492763Cytotoxicity against human TIG3 cells assessed as induction of morphological changes at 0.3 to 1.5 uM after 48 hrs by phase contrast microscopy2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1379650Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells assessed as reduction in cell viability using compound addition to cell culture cells in lag phase of growth and incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of withaferin A-analogues as potent apoptotic inducers.
AID1574313Inhibition of human N-terminal His6-tagged TCPTP catalytic domain (1 to 336 residues) expressed in Escherichia coli strain Rosetta2 (DE3) at 500 uM using DiFMUP as substrate preincubated for 10 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 10 min2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-27, Volume: 61, Issue:24
Celastrol Promotes Weight Loss in Diet-Induced Obesity by Inhibiting the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases PTP1B and TCPTP in the Hypothalamus.
AID1492771Effect on mortalin expression level in human TIG3 cells at 0.3 to 3 uM by immuno fluorescence analysis2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1887326Inhibition of recombinant SARS-COV2 main protease expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta cells using DABCYL-KTSAVLQSGFRKME-EDANS as substrate pre-incubated for 60 mins followed by substarte addition measured at 30 min in presence of GSH by FRET-based assay
AID1768106Elongation of circadian rhythms in dexamethasone-induced mouse Sarcoma-180 cells assessed as increase in Bmal1 period time at 5 uM measured for 1 mins at 10 min interval up to 96 hrs by bioluminescence based Bmal1 promoter-reporter gene assay (Rvb = 25.702021Journal of natural products, 07-23, Volume: 84, Issue:7
Withanolide Derivative 2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Modulates the Circadian Clock via Interaction with RAR-Related Orphan Receptor α (RORa).
AID1506390Cytotoxicity against human RPMI18226 cells assessed as decrease in cell viability after 24 hrs by calcein AM/ethidium homodimer staining-based flow cytometric method2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1315171Neuroprotective activity in transgenic C57/BL6 mouse amyotrophic lateral sclerosis model harboring SOD1 G93A mutant assessed as upregulation of HSP70 levels in spinal cord at 4 mg/kg, ip administered twice weekly started from postnatal day 40 until diseas2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-04, Volume: 121Recent progress towards an effective treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using the SOD1 mouse model in a preclinical setting.
AID1506382Cell cycle arrest in human RPMI18226 cells assessed as accumulation at sub-G1 phase at 0.62 uM after 30 mins by FxCycle violet staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 10.8%)2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1409633Ratio of induction of heat shock response in GFP-tagged human 293T cells to IC50 for cytotoxicity against human 293T cells2018Journal of natural products, 04-27, Volume: 81, Issue:4
Withaferin A and Withanolide D Analogues with Dual Heat-Shock-Inducing and Cytotoxic Activities: Semisynthesis and Biological Evaluation.
AID1631583Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells after 72 hrs by resazurin-based colorimetric assay2016Journal of natural products, Apr-22, Volume: 79, Issue:4
17β-Hydroxy-18-acetoxywithanolides from Aeroponically Grown Physalis crassifolia and Their Potent and Selective Cytotoxicity for Prostate Cancer Cells.
AID1768105Cytotoxicity against mouse Sarcoma-180 cells assessed as reduction in cell proliferation at 1 uM measured up to 5 days by WST-8 assay2021Journal of natural products, 07-23, Volume: 84, Issue:7
Withanolide Derivative 2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Modulates the Circadian Clock via Interaction with RAR-Related Orphan Receptor α (RORa).
AID1887318Inhibition of SARS-COV2 main protease mediated cytotoxicity against human A549 cells transfected with pCMV3-2019-nCoV-3CLpro plasmid assessed as increase in cell number and measured at 48 hrs by calcien AM staining based microscopic analysis
AID1506393Cytotoxicity against human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells assessed as cell viability at 10 uM after 24 hrs by calcein AM/ethidium homodimer staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 95.7%)2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1887316Inhibition of SARS-COV2 main protease mediated cytotoxicity against human A549 cells transfected with pCMV3-2019-nCoV-3CLpro plasmid assessed as increase in cell number at 5 uM measured at 48 hrs by Nucblue dye based microscopic analysis
AID1506385Cell cycle arrest in human RPMI18226 cells assessed as accumulation at G1 phase at 1.25 uM after 30 mins by FxCycle violet staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 28.2%)2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1492777Induction of apoptosis in human TIG3 cells assessed as decrease in Bcl2 levels at 0.3 to 3 uM by immunoblot analysis2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1492768Induction of oxidative stress in human TIG3 cells assessed as increase in GADD45alpha mRNA levels by RT-PCR analysis2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1506375Antiproliferative activity against human RPMI18226 cells after 72 hrs by XTT assay2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1576644Modulation of GABAA receptor in electrically stimulated Sprague-Dawley rat dentate gyrus hippocampal granule neurons assessed as GABA induced IPSC amplitude at 10 uM at holding potential of -65 mV by whole-cell patch-clamp method2019Journal of natural products, 05-24, Volume: 82, Issue:5
Ferulic Acid Esters and Withanolides: In Search of Withania somnifera GABA
AID1409630Cytotoxicity against human CHP100 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by resazurin dye based Alamar blue assay2018Journal of natural products, 04-27, Volume: 81, Issue:4
Withaferin A and Withanolide D Analogues with Dual Heat-Shock-Inducing and Cytotoxic Activities: Semisynthesis and Biological Evaluation.
AID1442752Sensitization of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human Caki1 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 125 to 500 nM preincubated for 2 hrs followed by addition of TRAIL measured after 18 hrs by MTS assay2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-13, Volume: 60, Issue:7
17β-Hydroxywithanolides as Sensitizers of Renal Carcinoma Cells to Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) Mediated Apoptosis: Structure-Activity Relationships.
AID1506410Induction of morphological changes in human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells assessed as appearance of epithelial/lymphoblastic-like morphology at 0.62 uM after 24 hrs by phalloidin/DAPI staining-based assay2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1492760Cytotoxicity against human TIG3 cells assessed as cell death at 0.6 uM2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1771372Antiproliferative activity against human RPMI-8226 cells cultured as 3D-spheroids assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by Celltiter-Glo assay2021Journal of natural products, 08-27, Volume: 84, Issue:8
Structure-Activity Relationships of Withanolides as Antiproliferative Agents for Multiple Myeloma: Comparison of Activity in 2D Models and a 3D Coculture Model.
AID1492767Induction of oxidative stress against human TIG3 cells assessed as increase in CARF mRNA levels by RT-PCR analysis2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1379655Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability using compound addition to cell culture cells in log phase of growth and incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of withaferin A-analogues as potent apoptotic inducers.
AID1492779Cytoprotective activity against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in human TIG3 cells assessed as increase in cell survival at 3 uM pretreated with H2O2 for 2 hrs followed by compound addition measured after 2 days by crystal violet staining based assay2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1506394Cytotoxicity against human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells assessed as dying cells at 10 uM after 24 hrs by calcein AM/ethidium homodimer staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 3.6%)2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1492805Induction of AKT-mediated beta-catenin expression level in H2O2 treated human TIG3 cells at 0.3 uM pretreated with H2O2 for 2 hrs followed by compound addition by immunoblot analysis2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1492772Decrease in keap1 expression level in human TIG3 cells at 0.3 to 3 uM by immunoblot analysis2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1442758Reduction cFLIP level in human ACHN cells at 125 to 1000 nM after 16 hrs by Western blot analysis2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-13, Volume: 60, Issue:7
17β-Hydroxywithanolides as Sensitizers of Renal Carcinoma Cells to Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) Mediated Apoptosis: Structure-Activity Relationships.
AID1379658Ratio of IC50 for cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells using compound addition to cell culture cells in lag phase of growth and incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay to IC50 for cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells using compound addition to cell culture ce2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of withaferin A-analogues as potent apoptotic inducers.
AID1492808Cytoprotective activity against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in human TIG3 cells assessed as increase in Bcl2 level at 0.3 uM pretreated with H2O2 for 2 hrs followed by compound addition by immunoblot analysis2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1379687Induction of apoptosis in human HeLa cells assessed as increase in caspase-3 activity by measuring pNA release level at 8 uM incubated for 4 hrs using c-DEVD-pNA substrate by colorimetric assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of withaferin A-analogues as potent apoptotic inducers.
AID1492786Cytoprotective activity against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in human TIG3 cells assessed as decrease in p53 level pretreated with H2O2 for 2 hrs followed by compound addition by immuno fluorescence staining based assay2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1506414Induction of differentiation of human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells assessed as downregulation of CD166 mRNA expression at 0.31 to 5 uM after 24 hrs by qPCR method2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1506401Induction of apoptosis in human RPMI18226 cells assessed as decrease in viable cells at 1.25 uM after 24 hrs by annexin V/propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1379653Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability using compound addition to cell culture cells in log phase of growth and incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of withaferin A-analogues as potent apoptotic inducers.
AID1887324Inhibition of recombinant SARS-COV2 main protease expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta cells at 5 uM using DABCYL-KTSAVLQSGFRKME-EDANS as substrate pre-incubated for 60 mins followed by substarte addition measured at 5 min by FRET-based assay relative to
AID1379688Induction of apoptosis in human HeLa cells assessed as increase in caspase-3 activity by measuring pNA release level at 12 uM incubated for 4 hrs using c-DEVD-pNA substrate by colorimetric assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of withaferin A-analogues as potent apoptotic inducers.
AID1492764Cytotoxicity against human TIG3 cells assessed as decrease in ROS generation at 1.5 to 3 uM after 48 hrs2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1506404Cytotoxicity against human CD34-positive hematopoietic stem cells assessed as decrease in cell viability at <5 uM after 24 hrs by calcein AM/ethidium homodimer staining-based flow cytometric method2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1492754Cytotoxicity against human TIG3 cells assessed as cell death at 1 uM after 48 hrs relative to control2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1409626Induction of heat shock response in GFP-tagged human 293T cells at 1 to 5 uM after overnight incubation by luciferase reporter gene based luminometric method2018Journal of natural products, 04-27, Volume: 81, Issue:4
Withaferin A and Withanolide D Analogues with Dual Heat-Shock-Inducing and Cytotoxic Activities: Semisynthesis and Biological Evaluation.
AID1409631Cytotoxicity against human 293T cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by resazurin dye based Alamar blue assay2018Journal of natural products, 04-27, Volume: 81, Issue:4
Withaferin A and Withanolide D Analogues with Dual Heat-Shock-Inducing and Cytotoxic Activities: Semisynthesis and Biological Evaluation.
AID1554560Antiproliferative activity against cisplatin-resistant human A2780/CP70 cells measured after 96 hrs by MTT assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-09, Volume: 62, Issue:9
Expanding the Chemical Space of Withaferin A by Incorporating Silicon To Improve Its Clinical Potential on Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cells.
AID1604465Antiproliferative activity against human PANC1 cells after 48 hrs by MTS assay2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-12, Volume: 63, Issue:5
Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitors: An Update on Achievements, Challenges, and Future Directions.
AID1887319Inhibition of SARS-COV2 main protease mediated cytotoxicity against human A549 cells transfected with pCMV3-2019-nCoV-3CLpro plasmid assessed as increase in cell number measured at 48 hrs in presence of buthionine sulfoximine by Nucblue dye based microsco
AID1442754Sensitization of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human UO31 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 125 to 500 nM preincubated for 2 hrs followed by addition of TRAIL measured after 18 hrs by MTS assay2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-13, Volume: 60, Issue:7
17β-Hydroxywithanolides as Sensitizers of Renal Carcinoma Cells to Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) Mediated Apoptosis: Structure-Activity Relationships.
AID1506409Induction of morphological changes in human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells assessed as appearance in circular shape at 0.62 uM after 24 hrs by phalloidin/DAPI staining-based assay2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1506381Cell cycle arrest in human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells assessed as accumulation at G2/M phase at 2.5 uM after 30 mins by FxCycle violet staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 22.9%)2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1492796Induction of Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 residues in H2O2 treated human TIG3 cells at 0.3 uM pretreated with H2O2 for 2 hrs followed by compound addition by immunoblot analysis2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1631586Cytotoxicity against human HFF cells after 72 hrs by resazurin-based colorimetric assay2016Journal of natural products, Apr-22, Volume: 79, Issue:4
17β-Hydroxy-18-acetoxywithanolides from Aeroponically Grown Physalis crassifolia and Their Potent and Selective Cytotoxicity for Prostate Cancer Cells.
AID1379651Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells assessed as reduction in cell viability using compound addition to cell culture cells in log phase of growth and incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of withaferin A-analogues as potent apoptotic inducers.
AID1887320Inhibition of SARS-COV2 main protease mediated cytotoxicity against human A549 cells transfected with pCMV3-2019-nCoV-3CLpro plasmid assessed as GSH level measured at 48 hrs in presence of buthionine sulfoximine by Nucblue dye based microscopic analysis
AID1506387Cell cycle arrest in human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells assessed as accumulation at S phase at 2.5 uM after 30 mins by FxCycle violet staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 40.9%)2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1379690Induction of apoptosis in human HeLa cells assessed as increase in caspase-3 activity by measuring pNA release level at 24 uM incubated for 4 hrs using c-DEVD-pNA substrate by colorimetric assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of withaferin A-analogues as potent apoptotic inducers.
AID1506407Antimigratory activity in human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells at 2.5 uM after 24 hrs by scratch assay2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1442756Sensitization of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human ACHN cells assessed as increase in caspase8 activation at 125 to 1000 nM preincubated for overnight followed by addition of TRAIL for 90 mins measured after 18 hrs by Western blot analysis2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-13, Volume: 60, Issue:7
17β-Hydroxywithanolides as Sensitizers of Renal Carcinoma Cells to Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) Mediated Apoptosis: Structure-Activity Relationships.
AID1492776Activation of keap1 in human TIG3 cells assessed as Nrf2 nuclear accumulation at 0.6 uM by immuno staining analysis2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1506400Induction of apoptosis in human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells assessed as decrease in viable cells at 5 uM after 24 hrs by annexin V/propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1506389Cell cycle arrest in human RPMI18226 cells assessed as accumulation at sub-G1 phase after 30 mins by FxCycle violet staining-based flow cytometric method2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1379654Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability using compound addition to cell culture cells in lag phase of growth and incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of withaferin A-analogues as potent apoptotic inducers.
AID1768118Agonist activity at RORalpha in mouse NIH3T3 cells at 1 to 1000 uM incubated for 24 hrs by luminescence based assay2021Journal of natural products, 07-23, Volume: 84, Issue:7
Withanolide Derivative 2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Modulates the Circadian Clock via Interaction with RAR-Related Orphan Receptor α (RORa).
AID1492755Cytotoxicity against human WI38 cells assessed as cell death at 1 uM after 48 hrs relative to control2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1554561Cytotoxicity against human ARPE19 cells measured after 96 hrs by MTT assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-09, Volume: 62, Issue:9
Expanding the Chemical Space of Withaferin A by Incorporating Silicon To Improve Its Clinical Potential on Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cells.
AID1442759Cytotoxicity in human ACHN cells assessed as viable cells at 1250 to 5000 nM after 48 hrs by MTS assay2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-13, Volume: 60, Issue:7
17β-Hydroxywithanolides as Sensitizers of Renal Carcinoma Cells to Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) Mediated Apoptosis: Structure-Activity Relationships.
AID1379669Induction of cell cycle arrest in human HeLa cells assessed increase in hypoploid phase accumulation at 24 uM incubated for 12 hrs by 33342 propidium iodide based flow cytometry relative to untreated control2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of withaferin A-analogues as potent apoptotic inducers.
AID1576643Activation of GABAA receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat dentate gyrus hippocampal granule neurons assessed as holding current at 10 uM by whole-cell patch-clamp method2019Journal of natural products, 05-24, Volume: 82, Issue:5
Ferulic Acid Esters and Withanolides: In Search of Withania somnifera GABA
AID1492788Cytoprotective activity against UV irradiation-induced stress in human TIG3 cells assessed as decrease in p53 level irradiated with 50 mJ/cm2 of UV radiations followed by compound addition by immuno fluorescence staining based assay2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1506408Induction of morphological changes in human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells assessed as cell enlargement at 0.62 uM after 24 hrs by phalloidin/DAPI staining-based assay2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1887323Inhibition of recombinant SARS-COV2 main protease expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta cells using DABCYL-KTSAVLQSGFRKME-EDANS as substrate pre-incubated for 60 mins followed by substarte addition by FRET-based assay
AID1409632Induction of heat shock response in GFP-tagged human 293T cells after overnight incubation by luciferase reporter gene based luminometric method relative to control2018Journal of natural products, 04-27, Volume: 81, Issue:4
Withaferin A and Withanolide D Analogues with Dual Heat-Shock-Inducing and Cytotoxic Activities: Semisynthesis and Biological Evaluation.
AID1442765Induction of DR5 expression in human ACHN cells by Western blotting method2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-13, Volume: 60, Issue:7
17β-Hydroxywithanolides as Sensitizers of Renal Carcinoma Cells to Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) Mediated Apoptosis: Structure-Activity Relationships.
AID1506418Induction of differentiation of human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells assessed as upregulation of Kit mRNA expression at 0.31 to 5 uM after 24 hrs by qPCR method2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1887321Binding affinity to recombinant SARS-COV2 main protease expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta cells at 2 uM measured after 16 hrs by LC-MS analysis based equilibrium dialysis method
AID1442751Sensitization of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human ACHN cells assessed as reduction in cell viability preincubated for 2 hrs followed by addition of TRAIL measured after 18 hrs by MTS assay2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-13, Volume: 60, Issue:7
17β-Hydroxywithanolides as Sensitizers of Renal Carcinoma Cells to Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) Mediated Apoptosis: Structure-Activity Relationships.
AID1506398Cytotoxicity against human RPMI18226 cells assessed as increase in dead cells at 1.25 uM after 24 hrs by calcein AM/ethidium homodimer staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 21.4%)2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1492753Cytoprotective activity against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in human TIG3 cells assessed as increase in full length PARP level at 0.3 uM pretreated with H2O2 for 2 hrs followed by compound addition by immunoblot analysis2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1442764Glutathione reactivity in DMSO assessed as formation of MIchael adduct with GSH at pH 7.4 after 24 hrs in presence of NAC by HPLC method2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-13, Volume: 60, Issue:7
17β-Hydroxywithanolides as Sensitizers of Renal Carcinoma Cells to Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) Mediated Apoptosis: Structure-Activity Relationships.
AID1604467Antiproliferative activity against human BxPC3 cells after 48 hrs by MTS assay2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-12, Volume: 63, Issue:5
Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitors: An Update on Achievements, Challenges, and Future Directions.
AID1887315Inhibition of SARS-COV2 main protease mediated cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells transfected with pCMV3-2019-nCoV-3CLpro plasmid assessed as increase in cell number at 5 uM measured at 48 hrs by Nucblue dye based microscopic analysis
AID1379666Induction of cell cycle arrest in human HeLa cells assessed increase in subG1 phase accumulation at 24 uM incubated for 12 hrs by 33342 propidium iodide based flow cytometry relative to untreated control2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of withaferin A-analogues as potent apoptotic inducers.
AID1506412Induction of morphological changes in human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells assessed as appearance in spherical shape at 1.25 uM after 24 hrs by phalloidin/DAPI staining-based assay2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1492787Cytoprotective activity against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in human TIG3 cells assessed as decrease in CARF level pretreated with H2O2 for 2 hrs followed by compound addition by immuno fluorescence staining based assay2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1492774Induction of oxidative stress in human TIG3 cells assessed as increase in CARF expression level at 0.6 uM by immunoblot analysis2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1315172Neuroprotective activity in transgenic C57/BL6 mouse amyotrophic lateral sclerosis model harboring SOD1 G93A mutant assessed as upregulation of HSP25 levels in spinal cord at 4 mg/kg, ip administered twice weekly started from postnatal day 40 until diseas2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-04, Volume: 121Recent progress towards an effective treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using the SOD1 mouse model in a preclinical setting.
AID1506383Cell cycle arrest in human RPMI18226 cells assessed as accumulation at sub-G1 phase at 1.25 uM after 30 mins by FxCycle violet staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 10.8%)2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1442762Induction of HSP70 expression in human ACHN cells at 2.5 to 5 uM measured after 24 hrs by Western blotting method2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-13, Volume: 60, Issue:7
17β-Hydroxywithanolides as Sensitizers of Renal Carcinoma Cells to Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) Mediated Apoptosis: Structure-Activity Relationships.
AID1506380Cell cycle arrest in human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells assessed as accumulation at G2/M phase at 1.25 uM after 30 mins by FxCycle violet staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 22.9%)2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1506396Cytotoxicity against human RPMI18226 cells assessed as cell viability at 1.25 uM after 24 hrs by calcein AM/ethidium homodimer staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 67.7%)2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1887325Inhibition of recombinant SARS-COV2 main protease expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta cells at 0.5 uM using DABCYL-KTSAVLQSGFRKME-EDANS as substrate pre-incubated for 60 mins followed by substarte addition and measured at 30 min by FRET-based assay rela
AID1492775Induction of oxidative stress in human TIG3 cells assessed as increase in p53 expression level at 0.6 uM by immunoblot analysis2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1492798Induction of p38 MAPK phosphorylation at Thr180/Tyr182 residues in H2O2 treated human TIG3 cells at 0.3 uM pretreated with H2O2 for 2 hrs followed by compound addition by immunoblot analysis2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1442753Sensitization of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human SN12C cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 125 to 500 nM preincubated for 2 hrs followed by addition of TRAIL measured after 18 hrs by MTS assay2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-13, Volume: 60, Issue:7
17β-Hydroxywithanolides as Sensitizers of Renal Carcinoma Cells to Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) Mediated Apoptosis: Structure-Activity Relationships.
AID1379689Induction of apoptosis in human HeLa cells assessed as increase in caspase-3 activity by measuring pNA release level at 16 uM incubated for 4 hrs using c-DEVD-pNA substrate by colorimetric assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of withaferin A-analogues as potent apoptotic inducers.
AID1506406Antimigratory activity in human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells at 0.62 to 1.25 uM after 24 hrs by scratch assay2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1506374Antiproliferative activity against human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1506378Cell cycle arrest in human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells assessed as accumulation at G1 phase at 2.5 uM after 30 mins by FxCycle violet staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 45.1%)2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1631585Cytotoxicity against human SF268 cells after 72 hrs by resazurin-based colorimetric assay2016Journal of natural products, Apr-22, Volume: 79, Issue:4
17β-Hydroxy-18-acetoxywithanolides from Aeroponically Grown Physalis crassifolia and Their Potent and Selective Cytotoxicity for Prostate Cancer Cells.
AID1631582Cytotoxicity against human PC3M cells after 72 hrs by resazurin-based colorimetric assay2016Journal of natural products, Apr-22, Volume: 79, Issue:4
17β-Hydroxy-18-acetoxywithanolides from Aeroponically Grown Physalis crassifolia and Their Potent and Selective Cytotoxicity for Prostate Cancer Cells.
AID1492803Induction of ERK2 phosphorylation at Tyr204 residues in H2O2 treated human TIG3 cells at 0.3 uM pretreated with H2O2 for 2 hrs followed by compound addition by immunoblot analysis2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1492800Induction of ERK1 phosphorylation at Thr202 residues in H2O2 treated human TIG3 cells at 0.3 uM pretreated with H2O2 for 2 hrs followed by compound addition by immunoblot analysis2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1554563Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for human ARPE19 cells to IC50 for cisplatin-resistant human A2780/CP70 cells2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-09, Volume: 62, Issue:9
Expanding the Chemical Space of Withaferin A by Incorporating Silicon To Improve Its Clinical Potential on Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cells.
AID1492778Induction of apoptosis in human TIG3 cells assessed as increase in Bax levels at 0.3 to 3 uM by immunoblot analysis2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1379665Induction of apoptosis in human HeLa cells assessed increase in apoptotic nuclei formation at 8 uM incubated for 12 hrs by Hoechst 33342 staining based fluorescence microscopy2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of withaferin A-analogues as potent apoptotic inducers.
AID1379656Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells assessed as reduction in cell viability using compound addition to cell culture cells in lag phase of growth and incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of withaferin A-analogues as potent apoptotic inducers.
AID1379684Induction of apoptosis in human HeLa cells assessed increase in phosphatidylserine externalization at 2 uM incubated for 4 hrs by annexin V and propidium iodide staining based flow cytometry2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of withaferin A-analogues as potent apoptotic inducers.
AID1411730Inhibition of recombinant human CYP1A1 expressed in baker's yeast-derived microsomes (Sacchrosomes) at 10 uM using 7-ethoxyresorufin substrate by EROD assay relative to control2018MedChemComm, Feb-01, Volume: 9, Issue:2
Identification of karanjin isolated from the Indian beech tree as a potent CYP1 enzyme inhibitor with cellular efficacy
AID1506397Cytotoxicity against human RPMI18226 cells assessed as cell viability at 10 uM after 24 hrs by calcein AM/ethidium homodimer staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 67.7%)2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1631581Cytotoxicity against human LNCAP cells after 72 hrs by resazurin-based colorimetric assay2016Journal of natural products, Apr-22, Volume: 79, Issue:4
17β-Hydroxy-18-acetoxywithanolides from Aeroponically Grown Physalis crassifolia and Their Potent and Selective Cytotoxicity for Prostate Cancer Cells.
AID1379657Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells assessed as reduction in cell viability using compound addition to cell culture cells in log phase of growth and incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of withaferin A-analogues as potent apoptotic inducers.
AID1492773Decrease in Nrf2 expression level in human TIG3 cells at 0.3 to 3 uM by immunoblot analysis2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1574312Inhibition of human N-terminal His6-tagged PTP1B catalytic domain (1 to 393 residues) expressed in Escherichia coli strain Rosetta2 (DE3) at 500 uM using DiFMUP as substrate preincubated for 10 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 10 min2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-27, Volume: 61, Issue:24
Celastrol Promotes Weight Loss in Diet-Induced Obesity by Inhibiting the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases PTP1B and TCPTP in the Hypothalamus.
AID1379691Induction of apoptosis in human HeLa cells assessed as increase in caspase-3 activity by measuring pNA release level at 32 uM incubated for 4 hrs using c-DEVD-pNA substrate by colorimetric assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of withaferin A-analogues as potent apoptotic inducers.
AID1492807Induction of AKT/p38/p44 MAPK-mediated survivin expression level in H2O2 treated human TIG3 cells at 0.3 uM pretreated with H2O2 for 2 hrs followed by compound addition by immunoblot analysis2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1554562Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for human ARPE19 cells to IC50 for cisplatin-sensitive human A2780 cells2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-09, Volume: 62, Issue:9
Expanding the Chemical Space of Withaferin A by Incorporating Silicon To Improve Its Clinical Potential on Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cells.
AID1409629Cytotoxicity against human 293T cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 1 to 5 uM after 72 hrs by resazurin dye based Alamar blue assay2018Journal of natural products, 04-27, Volume: 81, Issue:4
Withaferin A and Withanolide D Analogues with Dual Heat-Shock-Inducing and Cytotoxic Activities: Semisynthesis and Biological Evaluation.
AID1506411Induction of morphological changes in human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells assessed as appearance of larger cytoplasmic area at 1.25 uM after 24 hrs by phalloidin/DAPI staining-based assay2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1768104Cytotoxicity against mouse Sarcoma-180 cells assessed as reduction in cell proliferation by measuring growth rate at 1 uM measured after 3 days by WST-8 assay relative to control2021Journal of natural products, 07-23, Volume: 84, Issue:7
Withanolide Derivative 2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Modulates the Circadian Clock via Interaction with RAR-Related Orphan Receptor α (RORa).
AID1771375Antiproliferative activity against human MM1.S cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by XTT assay2021Journal of natural products, 08-27, Volume: 84, Issue:8
Structure-Activity Relationships of Withanolides as Antiproliferative Agents for Multiple Myeloma: Comparison of Activity in 2D Models and a 3D Coculture Model.
AID1506388Cell cycle arrest in human RPMI18226 cells assessed as accumulation at G2/M phase at 1.25 uM after 30 mins by FxCycle violet staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 20.2%)2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1506416Induction of differentiation of human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells assessed as downregulation of SOX2 mRNA expression at 0.31 to 5 uM after 24 hrs by qPCR method2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1771376Inhibition of TNF-alpha stimulated NF-KappaB in human HEK293 cells transfected with NF-kappaB-Luc incubated for 5 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay2021Journal of natural products, 08-27, Volume: 84, Issue:8
Structure-Activity Relationships of Withanolides as Antiproliferative Agents for Multiple Myeloma: Comparison of Activity in 2D Models and a 3D Coculture Model.
AID1506417Induction of differentiation of human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells assessed as upregulation of CD44 mRNA expression at 0.31 to 5 uM after 24 hrs by qPCR method2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1771374Antiproliferative activity against human RPMI 8226 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by XTT assay2021Journal of natural products, 08-27, Volume: 84, Issue:8
Structure-Activity Relationships of Withanolides as Antiproliferative Agents for Multiple Myeloma: Comparison of Activity in 2D Models and a 3D Coculture Model.
AID1506413Induction of differentiation of human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells assessed as downregulation of MSI2 mRNA expression at 0.31 to 5 uM after 24 hrs by qPCR method2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1554559Antiproliferative activity against cisplatin-sensitive human A2780 cells measured after 96 hrs by MTT assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-09, Volume: 62, Issue:9
Expanding the Chemical Space of Withaferin A by Incorporating Silicon To Improve Its Clinical Potential on Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cells.
AID1379652Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability using compound addition to cell culture cells in lag phase of growth and incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 140Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of withaferin A-analogues as potent apoptotic inducers.
AID1506395Cytotoxicity against human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells assessed as dead cells at 10 uM after 24 hrs by calcein AM/ethidium homodimer staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 0.7%)2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1873242Anti-obesity activity in male C57BL/6 mouse model of high-fat diet induced obesity assessed as body weight change at 0.002 mg/kg, ip administered once a day for 8 weeks relative to control2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Recent advances in natural anti-obesity compounds and derivatives based on in vivo evidence: A mini-review.
AID1604466Antiproliferative activity against human MIAPaCa2 cells after 48 hrs by MTS assay2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-12, Volume: 63, Issue:5
Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitors: An Update on Achievements, Challenges, and Future Directions.
AID1492758Cytotoxicity against human TIG3 cells assessed as inhibition of colony formation at 0.1 to 0.3 uM by crystal violet staining based assay2017Journal of natural products, 10-27, Volume: 80, Issue:10
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity.
AID1506377Cell cycle arrest in human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells assessed as accumulation at G1 phase at 1.25 uM after 30 mins by FxCycle violet staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 45.1%)2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1506403Induction of apoptosis in human RPMI18226 cells assessed as increase in late apoptotic cells at 1.25 uM after 24 hrs by annexin V/propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1506392Cytotoxicity against human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells assessed as cell viability at 2.5 uM after 24 hrs by calcein AM/ethidium homodimer staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 95.7%)2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1506384Cell cycle arrest in human RPMI18226 cells assessed as accumulation at sub-G1 phase at 2.5 uM after 30 mins by FxCycle violet staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 10.8%)2017MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 8, Issue:1
Withaferin A induces cell death and differentiation in multiple myeloma cancer stem cells.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347160Primary screen NINDS Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347159Primary screen GU Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347412qHTS assay to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: Counter screen cell viability and HiBit confirmation2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347411qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Mechanism Interrogation Plate v5.0 (MIPE) Libary2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347414qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: Secondary screen by immunofluorescence2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347415qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: tertiary screen by RT-qPCR2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (569)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199014 (2.46)18.7374
1990's15 (2.64)18.2507
2000's65 (11.42)29.6817
2010's329 (57.82)24.3611
2020's146 (25.66)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 29.84

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index29.84 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.42 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.43 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index78.52 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index3.94 (0.95)

This Compound (29.84)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials22 (3.73%)5.53%
Reviews59 (10.00%)6.00%
Case Studies6 (1.02%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other503 (85.25%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
phosphoserine
Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.		2.1110non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid;
serine derivative		human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		420amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
adenine
[no description available]		2106-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		210amino-acid anion
malic acid
malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.		2.15102-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.52202-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.1510sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		2.1710diatomic iodinenutrient
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		210alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
croton oil
[no description available]		2.2110N-acyl-hexosamine
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		2.0710pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		2.110monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		7.1310long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		1.9510pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		2.0410uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		2.1510isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,10-phenanthroline
1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases		2.1510phenanthrolineEC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
mercaptoethanol
Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.		2.0410alkanethiol;
primary alcohol		geroprotector
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		2.2110guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenytoin
[no description available]		2.0510imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
7,8-dihydroxyflavone
7,8-dihydroxyflavone : A dihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8. A dihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8. A naturally occurring flavonoid produced by several plants, including the weed Tridax procumbens (coalbuttons or tridax daisy) and the tree Godmania aesculifolia, In animal models, it has shown efficacy against several diseases of the nervous system, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's.		3.5110dihydroxyflavoneantidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		2.5220acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		7.11101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
berberine
[no description available]		4.2920alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
5-methoxypsoralen
5-Methoxypsoralen: A linear furanocoumarin that has phototoxic and anti-inflammatory properties, with effects similar to METHOXSALEN. It is used in PUVA THERAPY for the treatment of PSORIASIS.. 5-methoxypsoralen : A 5-methoxyfurocoumarin that is psoralen substituted by a methoxy group at position 5.		2.17105-methoxyfurocoumarin;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
psoralens		hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		2.2510benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		2.0510dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.4110aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		2.1710dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		210clonidine;
imidazoline
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		2.0110branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		3.4110trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		3.3510monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		2.4220aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		3.4110aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
indole-3-carbinol
indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.		2.3110indolyl alcoholantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		3.620aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		2.0710catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		2.1710furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
kinetin
Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.		2106-aminopurines;
furans		cytokinin;
geroprotector
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		2.1710aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		2.1110benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		2.0610quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
oxonic acid
Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.		2.31101,3,5-triazines;
monocarboxylic acid
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.110aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.610barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
phloretin
[no description available]		2.1510dihydrochalconesantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
rofecoxib
[no description available]		2.0510butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sb 202190
4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase		2.8730imidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
phenols;
pyridines		apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
sulforaphane
sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.		2.5720isothiocyanate;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
temozolomide
[no description available]		7.110imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
corticosterone
[no description available]		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		2.0310alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		2.0510organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		1.9810chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		3.4110alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		8.0440L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		2.610aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		2.0710glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		2.4520ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		2.3110benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		3.4110adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		1.9510amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ficusin
Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.		2.1710psoralensplant metabolite
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		2.1110erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.1110aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
acrylamide
[no description available]		2.0510acrylamides;
N-acylammonia;
primary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
Maillard reaction product;
mutagen;
neurotoxin
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		2.2110bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
isatin
tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;		210indoledioneEC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
bromobenzene
[no description available]		7.1310bromoarene;
bromobenzenes;
volatile organic compound		hepatotoxic agent;
mouse metabolite;
non-polar solvent
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		2.0710mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
triethylene glycol
triethylene glycol : A poly(ethylene glycol) that is octane-1,8-diol in which the carbon atoms at positions 3 and 6 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.		2.1510diol;
poly(ethylene glycol);
primary alcohol		plasticiser
tropine
[no description available]		2.0810
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		2.110anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		2.6120azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		2.7930cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		2.5920isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.07101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		3.8830diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		2.1510N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
glycyrrhetinic acid
[no description available]		3.5110cyclic terpene ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		immunomodulator;
plant metabolite
naphthazarin
naphthazarin: fish toxin; isolated for first time from the walnut onigurmi, Juglans mandshurica maxim var. Sieboldiana Makino; structure. naphthazarin : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 8 are replaced by hydroxy groups.		2.1710hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinoneacaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite
plumbagin
plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator. plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.		2.4420hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone;
phenols		anticoagulant;
antineoplastic agent;
immunological adjuvant;
metabolite
imperatorin
imperatorin: tumor necrosis factor antagonist; furanocoumarin from West African medicinal plant Clausena anisata; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3005. imperatorin : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 8. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		2.1710psoralensEC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
metabolite
osthol
osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source		2.1710botanical anti-fungal agent;
coumarins		metabolite
bicuculline
Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.		2.2110benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines		agrochemical;
central nervous system stimulant;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABAA receptor antagonist;
neurotoxin
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		3.9220hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
angelicin
angelicin: used as tranquillizer; sedative; or anticonvulsant; structure		2.1710furanocoumarin
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.0510dialdehydebiomarker
triphenylphosphine
triphenylphosphine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triphenylphosphine : A member of the class of tertiary phosphines that is phosphane in which the three hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.		2.1710benzenes;
tertiary phosphine		NMR chemical shift reference compound;
reducing agent
alpha-naphthoflavone
alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).		2.1710extended flavonoid;
naphtho-gamma-pyrone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		2.0310acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
methoxyacetic acid
methoxyacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methoxy group.		2.0610ether;
monocarboxylic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mutagen
Berberine chloride (TN)
[no description available]		2.1710organic molecular entity
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.		3.591117-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methylnitrosourea
Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.		2.1510N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.5220alkali metal hydroxide
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		2.2110zinc molecular entity
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		2.0110alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		2.0810fluorescein isothiocyanate
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		2.5720D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		2.11101,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		2.1110cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		2.1310copper group element atom;
elemental gold
ferrous sulfate
ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.		210iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		reducing agent
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		2.4110calcium phosphate
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		2.0410metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
lead nitrate
lead nitrate: RN given refers to unspecified lead nitrate		2.110inorganic nitrate salt;
lead coordination entity
cadmium chloride
Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.		2.110cadmium coordination entity
cadmium sulfate
cadmium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Cd-H2SO4		2.110cadmium salt
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan
4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.		2.1110benzoxadiazole;
C-nitro compound;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor;
fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome
carbendazim
carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.		210benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug;
metabolite;
microtubule-destabilising agent
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		2.4920acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		2.7730benzenes;
phenyl acetates
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.4920glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
oxypeucadanin, (s)-(-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.1710epoxide;
furanocoumarin;
lactone		plant metabolite
nigericin
Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.		2.1710polycyclic etherantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
oltipraz
oltipraz : A 1,2-dithiole that is 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione substituted at positions 4 and 5 by methyl and pyrazin-2-yl groups respectively.		2.07101,2-dithiole;
pyrazines		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimutagen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin;
protective agent;
schistosomicide drug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		2.0510adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
3-n-butylphthalide
3-n-butylphthalide: isolated from phenolic part of Ligusticum wallichii Franch; structure given in first source		3.2310benzofurans
benzylaminopurine
benzylaminopurine: a plant growth regulator. N-benzyladenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group.		2106-aminopurinescytokinin;
plant metabolite
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		2.5420D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.0710organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
epigallocatechin gallate
epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.		3.3510flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
1,7-phenanthroline
[no description available]		2.1510phenanthroline
isopimpinellin
isopimpinellin: from Ruta graveolens & Heracleum lanatum; structure		2.1710psoralens
narciclasine
narciclasine: antitumor alkaloid from bulbs of Narcissus species		3.5110phenanthridinesmetabolite
isoalantolactone
isoalantolactone: RN given refers to (3aR-(3aalpha,4aalpha,8abeta,9aalpha))-isomer; structure. isoalantolactone : A sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group. It has been isolated from Inula helenium.		3.5110eudesmane sesquiterpenoid;
sesquiterpene lactone		antifungal agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
4beta-Hydroxywithanolide E
[no description available]		2.1510withanolide
maslinic acid
(2Alpha,3beta)-2,3-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid: from Luehea divaricata and Agrimonia eupatoria		3.5110dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
asperuloside
asperuloside : A iridoid monoterpenoid glycoside isolated from Galium verum.		3.5110acetate ester;
beta-D-glucoside;
gamma-lactone;
iridoid monoterpenoid;
monosaccharide derivative		metabolite
17-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone
17-alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone: A 21-carbon steroid that is converted from PREGNENOLONE by STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE. It is an intermediate in the delta-5 pathway of biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.. 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone : A hydroxypregnenolone carrying an alpha-hydroxy group at position 17.		2.071017alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
hydroxypregnenolone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lopinavir
[no description available]		3.4110amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
phellopterin
phellopterin: a naturally occurring furanocoumarin found in roots of Angelica dahurica; structure in first source		2.1710psoralens
diosgenin
[no description available]		2.21103beta-sterol;
hexacyclic triterpenoid;
sapogenin;
spiroketal		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
metabolite
phorbolol myristate acetate
[no description available]		2.110
diphyllin
diphyllin: extract of Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb), a highly poisonous plant; do not confuse with diphyllin or diphylline which is the main heading AMINOPHYLLINE; do not confuse with the theophylline derivative DYPHYLLINE		3.5110lignan
paxilline
paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.		2.110diterpene alkaloid;
enone;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
terpenoid indole alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		anticonvulsant;
Aspergillus metabolite;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
geroprotector;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
artesunic acid
[no description available]		2.2510
sphondin
sphondin: from Heracleum laciniatum; cause of phototoxicity in patient with vitiligo		2.1710furanocoumarin
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		2.1110
tanshinone
tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent		3.5110abietane diterpenoidanticoronaviral agent
brassinolide
brassinolide: plant growth promoting steroidal lactone from rape pollen; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source		2.041022-hydroxy steroid;
23-hydroxy steroid;
2alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
brassinosteroid		plant growth stimulator;
plant hormone
mosapride
4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxy-N-({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]morpholin-2-yl}methyl)benzamide : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxybenzoic acid with the amino group of 1-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]methanamine.		2.1110aromatic ether;
benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound
celastrol
[no description available]		5.570monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
metabolite
gefitinib
[no description available]		2.1510aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
glabridin
[no description available]		3.5110hydroxyisoflavansantiplasmodial drug
methotrexate
[no description available]		2.5420dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
umifenovir
umifenovir: an antiviral agent		3.4110indolyl carboxylic acid
5-hydroxy-3',4',6,7-tetramethoxyflavone
5-hydroxy-3',4',6,7-tetramethoxyflavone: isolated from Artemisia argyi		2.1710
withanolide d
withanolide D: structure. withanolide D : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 22 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Tubocapsicum anomalum and Withania somnifera, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.		3.639020-hydroxy steroid;
4-hydroxy steroid;
delta-lactone;
enone;
epoxy steroid;
ergostanoid;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary alcohol;
withanolide		antineoplastic agent
boswellic acid
boswellic acid: ursane type; RN given refers to (3alpha,4beta)-isomer; active principle of salai guggal; see also record for salai guggal		2.2110triterpenoid
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		3.3510amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
ajugarin i
ajugarin I: a clerodane diterpene; the major component of the shrub Ajuga remota; structure given in first source		2.0610butenolide
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		2.0610
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.5720imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
erlotinib hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.3110hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
protein kinase inhibitor
sorafenib
[no description available]		7.8830(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide
[no description available]		2.610aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
anisomycin
Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.		2.2110monohydroxypyrrolidine;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
protein synthesis inhibitor
2-oxindole
2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.		2.1110gamma-lactam;
indolinone
withanolides
Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.		13.794181
bortezomib
[no description available]		2.8130amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		3.41101,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
Bardoxolone
[no description available]		2.4110cyclohexenones
leupeptins
Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.		340
mevalonic acid
Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.		2.07103,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
7-dehydrocholesterol
[no description available]		2.31103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
cholestanoid;
Delta(5),Delta(7)-sterol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
salicin
[no description available]		2.1510aromatic primary alcohol;
aryl beta-D-glucoside;
benzyl alcohols		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
hyperforin
hyperforin: a prenylated acylphloroglucinol derivative; antibiotic component of novoimanine; psychoactive agent in St. John's wort; Russian; structure;. hyperforin : A cyclic terpene ketone that is a prenylated carbobicyclic acylphloroglucinol derivative produced by St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum.		3.5110
carnosol
carnosol: isolated from Lepechinia hastata		7.1710diterpenoid
sodium arsenite
sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.		2.110arsenic molecular entity;
inorganic sodium salt		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
herbicide;
insecticide;
rodenticide
acetyl coenzyme a
Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.		2.1510acyl-CoAacyl donor;
coenzyme;
effector;
fundamental metabolite
ergosterol
[no description available]		7.496703beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ergostanoid;
phytosterols		fungal metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		2.4820retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		2.0410icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : An alpha,omega dicarboxyacyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid.. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : A 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA where the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl component has (S)-configuration.		2.11103-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA;
3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		4.2920resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		2.4920butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
decitabine
[no description available]		2.15102'-deoxyribonucleoside
iridoids
Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).		2.0610
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		2.1510actinomycinmutagen
gamma-sitosterol
clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.		2.58203beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
phytosterols		marine metabolite;
plant metabolite
1,3,6-trimethylpyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine-5,7-dione
[no description available]		3.3510pyrimidotriazine
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.		3.250amino aldehyde;
carbamate ester;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
ganoderic acid a
[no description available]		3.5110triterpenoid
favipiravir
favipiravir : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.		3.4110hydroxypyrazine;
organofluorine compound;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		2.25102-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
glycosides
[no description available]		2.0110
piperine
piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.		4.0721benzodioxoles;
N-acylpiperidine;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary carboxamide		food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
plant metabolite
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		3.4110
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		2.1510aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
pongamol
pongamol: from Pongamia pinnata fruits; structure in first source		2.1710
parthenolide, (1ar-(1ar*,4e,7as*,10as*,10br*))-isomer
[no description available]		2.3110germacranolide
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		4.4730aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.4110cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
potassium oxonate
potassium oxonate: used to induce hyperuricemia in mice		2.3110organic molecular entity
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		2.3110thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		2.9940cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		2.1110alkali metal atom
cytellin
cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982		3.1350
1,6-dimethyl-3-propylpyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine-5,7-dione
[no description available]		3.3510pyrimidotriazine
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		7.2110
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		2.4620
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		1.9910
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide: a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity inhibitor		2.3110benzamides;
benzodioxoles;
imidazoles;
pyridines		EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
quercetin
[no description available]		3.61207-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		2.0610prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
formononetin
[no description available]		3.51104'-methoxyisoflavones;
7-hydroxyisoflavones		phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
vitexin
[no description available]		2.1710C-glycosyl compound;
trihydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
scopoletin
[no description available]		2.2510hydroxycoumarinplant growth regulator;
plant metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		3.41107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
jasmonic acid
jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.		2.1510oxo monocarboxylic acidjasmonates;
plant metabolite
butein
[no description available]		3.5110chalcones;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
astaxanthine
astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.		2.1110carotenol;
carotenone		animal metabolite;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
food colouring;
plant metabolite
hispidulin
hispidulin : A monomethoxyflavone that is scutellarein methylated at position 6.		2.1710monomethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
wogonin
wogonin: structure in first source. wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.		2.2110dihydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester
phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.		3.6920alkyl caffeate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
wedelolactone
wedelolactone: antihepatotoxic coumestan from Eclipta prostrata and Wedelia calendulacea (both Asteraceae); structure given in first source. wedelolactone : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents as positions 1, 8 and 9 and a methoxy substituent at position 3.		2.0410aromatic ether;
coumestans;
delta-lactone;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite
3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone
3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone: from Streptomyces sp OH-1049; structure given in first source. 3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone : A 7-hydroxyisoflavone that is daidzein substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3'.		3.51107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
metabolite
brefeldin a
[no description available]		2.0710macrolide antibioticPenicillium metabolite
17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin
17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin: structure in first source. alvespimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle that is geldanamycin in which the methoxy group attached to the benzoquinone moiety has been replaced by a 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylamino group.		2.06101,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		Hsp90 inhibitor
corylin
corylin: from Psoralea corylifolia (Leguminosae), has osteoblastic proliferation stimulating activity; structure in first source		3.5110
kaempferol-3-o-rutinoside
kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside: isolated from the methanolic extract of the whole plants of Diodia teres through repeated silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography; structure in first source. kaempferol-3-rutinoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside that is kaempferol attached to a rutinosyl [6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucosyl] residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from the leaves of Solanum campaniforme.		2.1710disaccharide derivative;
kaempferol O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
trihydroxyflavone		metabolite;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		2.110carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
bay 11-7082
(E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.		2.110nitrile;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		8.0340cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		2.5220monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
zerumbone
zerumbone: RN given for (E,E,E)-isomer; structure in first source. zerumbone : A sesquiterpenoid and cyclic ketone that is (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene which is substituted by an oxo group at the carbon atom attached to two double bonds. It is obtained by steam distillation from a type of edible ginger, Zingiber zerumbet Smith, grown particularly in southeast Asia.		3.4110cyclic ketone;
sesquiterpenoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor;
plant metabolite
3,8-dihydroxy-6h-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-one
3,8-dihydroxy-6H-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-one: metabolite of ellagic acid		3.5110coumarinsgeroprotector
guanabenz
Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.		3.2310dichlorobenzene
derrubone
derrubone: an inhibitor of the Hsp90 protein folding machinery from Derris robusta; structure in first source		3.3510isoflavanones
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		2.1510ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
monorden
monorden: inhibits HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins, DNA topoisomerase VI and human Topoisomerase II		3.6320cyclic ketone;
enone;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antifungal agent;
metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione: steroid from guggulu extract; RN & N1 from C1 Form index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source; antagonist of farnesoid X receptor		2.55203-hydroxy steroidandrogen
panduratin a
panduratin A: isolated from Kaempferia pandurata; structure in first source		3.5110diarylheptanoidmetabolite
beta-escin
[no description available]		2.6620
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		2.0310ammonium ion derivative
9h-purine-9-propanamine, 6-amino-8-((6-iodo-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)thio)-n-(1-methylethyl)-
9H-purine-9-propanamine, 6-amino-8-((6-iodo-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)thio)-N-(1-methylethyl)-: an epichaperome (purine-scaffold) inhibitor; structure in first source		3.3510
lipstatin
lipstatin: isolated from Streptomyces toxytricini; inhibitor of pancreatic lipase; structure given in first source		3.5110
actein
actein: a cyclolanostane from the Chinese drug Shoma; structure in first source		2.3110triterpenoidmetabolite
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		3.1410
triptohypol C
triptohypol C : A pentacyclic triterpenoid with formula C29H40O4, originally isolated from the root bark of Tripterygium regelii.		2.1710benzenediols;
monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
2,3-dihydro-3beta-methoxy withaferin A
2,3-dihydro-3beta-methoxy withaferin A : A withanolide that is 2,3-dihydrowithaferin A substituted by a beta-methoxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from the aerial parts of Physalis longifolia.		2.883027-hydroxy steroid;
4-hydroxy steroid;
delta-lactone;
epoxy steroid;
ergostanoid;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol;
withanolide		metabolite;
plant metabolite
epoxomicin
[no description available]		2.1710morpholines;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
td-5108
TD-5108: a selective 5-HT(4) receptor agonist with high intrinsic activity; structure in first source		2.1110
2-(n-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose
2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose: fluorescent probe for glucose uptake activity in E coli; structure given in first source		2.1110
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		3.4110
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		4.2650
24-hydroxycholesterol
24-hydroxycholesterol : An oxysterol that is cholesterol which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 24.		2.051024-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
oxysterol
phytosterols
Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.		3.5270
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		2.1110
astragaloside IV
[no description available]		3.5110pentacyclic triterpenoid;
triterpenoid saponin		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
pro-angiogenic agent
2,3-dihydrowithaferin A
2,3-dihydrowithaferin A : A withanolide that is the 2,3-dihydro derivative of withaferin A. It has been isolated from the aerial parts of Physalis longifolia.		2.151027-hydroxy steroid;
4-hydroxy steroid;
delta-lactone;
epoxy steroid;
ergostanoid;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol;
withanolide		plant metabolite
nvp-tae684
[no description available]		2.0810piperidines
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.7530
ceruletide
Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.		2.1710oligopeptidediagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.2510glycoside
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		7.1110
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		2.1310chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
cnf 2024
[no description available]		3.35102-aminopurines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
Hsp90 inhibitor
calpain
Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.		2.2510
chitosan
[no description available]		2.6120
methyl jasmonate
[no description available]		2.4820
snx 2112
SNX 2112: an orally available small molecule Hsp90 inhibitor; structure in first source		3.3510
poziotinib
HM781-36B: antitumor irreversible Pan-HER inhibitor for treatment of gastric cancer		2.3110acrylamides;
aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
diether;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-acylpiperidine;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
debio 0932
CUDC 305: an Hsp90 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		3.3510
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		2.1310
2,3-dihydro-3beta-O-sulfate withaferin A
2,3-dihydro-3beta-O-sulfate withaferin A : A withanolide that is 2,3-dihydrowithaferin A substituted by a sulfoxy group at position 3. Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.311027-hydroxy steroid;
4-hydroxy steroid;
delta-lactone;
epoxy steroid;
ergostanoid;
primary alcohol;
steroid sulfate;
withanolide		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
plant metabolite
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		2.2110ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		3.3510carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		2.1110monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		2.0410benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		3.0340
tas-116
[no description available]		3.3510
withanoside iv
withanoside IV: a withanolide glycoside from Ashwagantha (root of Withania somnifera), an Ayurvedic medicine; improves hindlimb function by facilitating axonal growth and increase in peripheral nervous system myelin level after spinal cord injury		3.1410
2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(5-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2h-chromen-6-yl)ethanone
2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(5-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-yl)ethanone: an Hsp90 inhibitor; structure in first source		3.3510
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		210
physalin d
physalin D: from Physalis alkekengi var. franchetti; structure in first source. physalin D : A physalin with antimalarial and antimycobacterial activities isolated from Physalis angulata.		7.6105alpha-hydroxy steroid;
6beta-hydroxy steroid;
cyclic ether;
enone;
lactone;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound;
physalin		antimalarial;
antimycobacterial drug;
antineoplastic agent
harpagide
harpagide: from S. African plant Harpagophytum procumbens DC		2.0610
s 8932
[no description available]		3.4110aromatic amine;
C-nucleoside;
carboxylic ester;
nitrile;
phosphoramidate ester;
pyrrolotriazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
prodrug
as 1411
AGRO 100: an antineoplastic agent that inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB activation; base sequence in first source		3.0120
silybin
Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.		2.0710
cytochalasin d
Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.		2.4920
amyloid beta-peptides
amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined		2.2510
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		2.1510purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dihydrofolate
dihydrofolic acid : A folic acid derivative acted upon by dihydrofolate reductase to produce tetrahydrofolic acid. It interacts with bacteria during cell division and is targeted by various drugs to prevent nucleic acid synthesis.		2.1710dihydrofolic acidsEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		2.1710folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.110dacarbazine
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		2.3110nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		2.0810
methylnitronitrosoguanidine
Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position		2.0210nitroso compoundalkylating agent
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		2.1510guanosinesbiomarker
sta 9090
[no description available]		2.1710ring assembly;
triazoles
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		2.0610
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		7.8330
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		04.2960
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		07.52430
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		09.2960
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		04.98130
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		04.98130
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		02.520
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		02.520
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		02.520
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		02.520
Ewing Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.5320
Sarcoma, Ewing
A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.		02.5320
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		02.7330
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		06.24101
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		07.7330
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		03.1710
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		07.88300
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		03.1710
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		07.88300
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		03.4460
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		03.4460
Hot Flashes
A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		03.711
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		06.0541
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		07.9283
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		06.0541
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		04.2930
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		04.2930
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		08.1840
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		03.4260
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		03.1840
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		03.4260
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		05.3641
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		07.3392
Anxiety Neuroses
[description not available]		05.8441
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.		05.8441
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		02.8430
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		02.8430
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		04.88120
Icterus
[description not available]		02.610
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		03.8840
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic
Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.		04.560
Jaundice
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.		02.610
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		08.8840
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		04.88120
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		06.3770
Tauopathies
Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.		03.1410
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		06.3770
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		03.9911
Lassitude
[description not available]		03.8921
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		03.8921
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF)
[description not available]		03.5210
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		03.5210
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure
Sudden liver failure in the presence of underlying compensated chronic LIVER DISEASE (e.g., LIVER CIRRHOSIS; HEPATITIS; and liver injury and failure) due to a precipitating acute hepatic insult.		03.5210
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		03.0840
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		02.610
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		07.3171
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		06.18280
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		06.18280
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		07.3171
Amentia
[description not available]		03.1710
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		03.1710
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		07.1680
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		07.1680
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		04.9421
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		04.9421
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		03.1710
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		03.1710
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		04.0720
Viral Zoonoses
Viral infections that may be transmitted between non-human animals and HUMANS.		03.2310
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		04.0720
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		05.96360
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		05.96360
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
[description not available]		02.3110
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)		02.3110
Lung Adenocarcinoma
[description not available]		02.930
Adenocarcinoma of Lung
A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.930
Allodynia
[description not available]		02.1710
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.1710
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.1710
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		03.0910
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		03.0910
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		03.5611
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		03.5611
Psychoses
[description not available]		04.4811
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		05.4622
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		04.4811
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		05.4622
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		02.2110
Amnesia-Memory Loss
[description not available]		02.5120
Amnesia
Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)		02.5120
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		03.730
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		02.0810
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		03.730
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		02.0810
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		03.0440
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		04.6690
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		02.0810
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		04.6690
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.5120
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		05.0830
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		05.0830
Metastase
[description not available]		04.5280
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		0340
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		04.5280
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		04.3941
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		04.3941
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck
[description not available]		02.6120
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		03.0240
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		03.0440
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		03.0140
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.6120
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		03.0240
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		03.0440
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		03.0140
Frigidity
[description not available]		03.511
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological
Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)		03.511
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.8771
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		0421
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		0421
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		03.8321
Anankastic Personality
[description not available]		03.5111
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.		03.5111
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.1310
Apoplexy
[description not available]		02.1310
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		02.1310
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		02.1310
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.1310
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		02.1310
Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
Heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by frontal and temporal lobe atrophy associated with neuronal loss, gliosis, and dementia. Patients exhibit progressive changes in social, behavioral, and/or language function. Multiple subtypes or forms are recognized based on presence or absence of TAU PROTEIN inclusions. FTLD includes three clinical syndromes: FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA, semantic dementia, and PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE NONFLUENT APHASIA.		02.6120
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		02.5320
TDP-43 Proteinopathies
Diseases characterized by the presence of abnormally phosphorylated, ubiquitinated, and cleaved DNA-binding protein TDP-43 in affected brain and spinal cord. Inclusions of the pathologic protein in neurons and glia, without the presence of AMYLOID, is the major feature of these conditions, thus making these proteinopathies distinct from most other neurogenerative disorders in which protein misfolding leads to brain amyloidosis. Both frontotemporal lobar degeneration and AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS exhibit this common method of pathogenesis and thus they may represent two extremes of a continuous clinicopathological spectrum of one disease.		02.6120
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		02.5320
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		03.3420
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		03.3420
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.4420
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		02.4420
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		04.2860
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		04.2860
Convulsions, Grand Mal
[description not available]		02.0510
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		02.0510
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)		02.0510
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		02.0510
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.9710
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		02.0610
Poisoning, Lead
[description not available]		02.0610
Plant Poisoning
Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.		02.0610
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		02.0610
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		02.0610
Lead Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.		02.0610
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		02.0610
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		02.0710
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		02.0710
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital
A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.		02.0710
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		03.0440
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		02.4620
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		02.4720
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		02.4620
Thyrotoxicosis
A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.		02.0210
Anochlesia
[description not available]		02.0310
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0310
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		02.3720
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		02.6830
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		02.7230
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		02.3720
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		01.9810
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		01.9810
Aspergillus Infection
[description not available]		01.9910
Aspergillosis
Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.		01.9910
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		0210
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		03.6730
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		08.6730
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		02.7730
Alcoholic Liver Diseases
[description not available]		02.4110
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.		02.4110
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		02.610
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		02.610
Grippe
[description not available]		02.4110
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		02.4110
Animal Mammary Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.610
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		03.4760
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		03.4760
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
[description not available]		04.5880
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.		04.5880
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.4110
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		07.4110
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		02.5920
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		02.5920
American Trypanosomiasis
[description not available]		02.610
Chagas Disease
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.		02.610
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		02.610
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.610
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.8430
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		03.7490
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		03.7490
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		02.2110
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		02.2110
Cachexia
General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.		03.8430
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.2510
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.2510
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		02.2510
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.2510
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		02.5720
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		02.5720
Congestive Ophthalmopathy
[description not available]		03.1710
Graves Ophthalmopathy
An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.		03.1710
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		03.1710
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		04.4270
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		03.7930
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		08.7930
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
[description not available]		02.2510
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.		02.2510
Cytomegalovirus
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.		02.2510
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.2510
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		03.3960
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		02.2510
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		07.6320
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		03.3960
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		02.2510
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		03.1750
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		03.1750
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		02.7730
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		07.7730
DDPAC
[description not available]		02.3110
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		02.3110
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		07.3110
Frontotemporal Dementia
The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.		02.3110
Hyperuricemia
Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.		07.3110
Motor Disorders
Motor skills deficits that significantly and persistently interfere with ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING appropriate to chronological age. (from DSM-5)		02.3110
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		02.3110
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		02.3110
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		02.3110
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		02.3110
Amyloid Deposits
[description not available]		03.2310
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.5320
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.5320
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		02.1510
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		07.1510
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		03.2150
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		03.0640
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		03.2150
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		03.0640
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		03.7630
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		03.7630
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		03.0540
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		03.0540
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		04.4540
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		04.4540
HPV Infection
[description not available]		02.1510
Cervix Dysplasia
[description not available]		02.1510
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia
Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.		02.1510
Papillomavirus Infections
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.		02.1510
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		02.1510
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		02.1710
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		02.1710
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		03.8100
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic
[description not available]		02.7930
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		03.8100
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.		02.7930
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		03.9640
Dermatosclerosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Scleroderma, Localized
A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.		02.1710
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		02.5720
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		07.8730
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		02.5720
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		02.8730
Tetraploid
[description not available]		02.2110
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		02.2110
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		02.2110
Burns, Chemical
Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.		02.2110
Leukoma
[description not available]		02.2110
Corneal Opacity
Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.		02.2110
Eye Burns
Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.		02.2110
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis
[description not available]		02.2110
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.		02.2110
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		0340
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		02.2110
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.2110
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		02.2110
Ear Diseases
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.		02.2110
Anasarca
[description not available]		02.5220
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		02.5220
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		02.2110
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		02.2110
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.7930
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		02.520
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		02.520
Adrenocortical Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.		02.110
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		02.110
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		02.110
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		02.110
Black Fever
[description not available]		02.110
Leishmaniasis, Visceral
A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.		02.110
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
[description not available]		02.110
Epithelial Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.110
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.110
B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		07.1110
Lymphoma, B-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.		02.1110
Corneal Diseases
Diseases of the cornea.		02.4920
Bleeding
[description not available]		02.1110
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		02.1110
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		02.1110
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		07.1110
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		02.4920
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		02.4920
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		02.1110
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		02.1310
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		02.1310
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		02.5120
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		02.5120
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		02.730
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		02.1110
Chromosomal Translocation
[description not available]		02.5320
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		02.1110
Pericementitis
[description not available]		02.1310
Fusobacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus FUSOBACTERIUM.		02.1310
Infections, Pasteurellaceae
[description not available]		02.1310
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		02.1310
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes
[description not available]		02.1310
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		02.1310
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.		02.1310
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		02.1310
Chronic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.1510
Pancreatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.		02.1510
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		02.1310
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		02.1310
Cornea Injuries
[description not available]		02.4920
Astrocytosis
[description not available]		02.7730
Corneal Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.		02.4920
Infections, Retroviridae
[description not available]		02.1510
Fibroma, Shope
[description not available]		02.1510
Retroviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.		02.1510
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell
[description not available]		02.1510
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.		02.1510
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		02.1510
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.1510
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		07.1510
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		07.1510
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		02.1510
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		02.7230
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		02.0510
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		02.0510
Retinal Degeneration
A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)		02.0510
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		02.0510
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		02.0510
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Cholangiocarcinoma
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.		02.0510
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		02.0510
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		02.4720
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		02.4720
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine
A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.0510
Injuries, Eye
[description not available]		02.0610
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		02.0610
Corneal Angiogenesis
[description not available]		02.4520
Eye Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.		02.0610
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		02.0610
Corneal Neovascularization
New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.		02.4520
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.0610
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.		02.0610
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.0610
B Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.0610
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		07.0610
Bancroftian Elephantiasis
[description not available]		02.0710
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		02.0710
Elephantiasis, Filarial
Parasitic infestation of the human lymphatic system by WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI or BRUGIA MALAYI. It is also called lymphatic filariasis.		02.0710
Uveal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UVEA.		02.0710
Diathesis
[description not available]		02.0810
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		02.0810
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		02.0810
Endomyocardial Fibrosis
A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).		02.0710
Mesothelioma
A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.0710
Neoplasms, Nerve Sheath
[description not available]		02.0710
Nerve Sheath Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from nerve sheaths formed by SCHWANN CELLS in the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM or by OLIGODENDROCYTES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, NEUROFIBROMA, and NEURILEMMOMA are relatively common tumors in this category.		02.0710
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.0710
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer
[description not available]		02.0710
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.0710
Carcinoma, Papillary
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0710
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		02.0710
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic
An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.		02.0710
Fibrosarcoma
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)		07.0110
Choroid Neovascularization
[description not available]		02.0310
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0310
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.0310
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		02.0310
Leukemia P388
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.		02.8840
Experimental Leukemia
[description not available]		02.3720
Abdominal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.		01.9910
Sarcoma 180
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		03.5730
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced
[description not available]		02.0110
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)		02.0110
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