Compounds > zoledronic acid
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zoledronic acid

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Description

Zoledronic acid is a bisphosphonate medication that is used to treat osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone, hypercalcemia of malignancy, and bone metastases from solid tumors. It is also used to prevent skeletal-related events in patients with multiple myeloma and bone metastases. Zoledronic acid is a potent inhibitor of osteoclast activity, which are cells that break down bone. It works by attaching to hydroxyapatite crystals in bone, which prevents osteoclasts from absorbing bone. This leads to a decrease in bone resorption and an increase in bone density. Zoledronic acid is typically administered intravenously as a single infusion. It is a highly effective treatment for osteoporosis and other bone diseases. Zoledronic acid is a synthetic analog of pyrophosphate. It was first synthesized in the 1980s. The synthesis of zoledronic acid involves a series of steps, including the reaction of diethylphosphonate with a substituted benzaldehyde. Zoledronic acid has been studied extensively in clinical trials. It has been shown to be effective in reducing bone resorption, increasing bone density, and improving bone strength. Zoledronic acid is well-tolerated by most patients. The most common side effects are mild and include headache, flu-like symptoms, and muscle pain. Zoledronic acid is a powerful drug that has been shown to be effective in treating a variety of bone diseases. It is a valuable tool for physicians who treat patients with osteoporosis, Paget's disease, hypercalcemia, and bone metastases.'

Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID68740
CHEMBL ID924
CHEBI ID46557
SCHEMBL ID19054
MeSH IDM0234600

Synonyms (93)

Synonym
AC-1092
BIDD:PXR0134
BIDD:GT0292
AB01273947-03
AB01273947-02
AB01273947-01
gtpl3177
reclast
zometa
cgp 42446
phosphonic acid, (1-hydroxy-2-(1h-imidazol-1-yl)ethylidene)bis-
zoledronic acid
(1-hydroxy-2-imidazol-1-ylethylidene)diphosphonic acid
nsc721517
zometa (novartis)
118072-93-8
nsc-721517
phosphonic acid, [1-hydroxy-2-(1h-imidazol-1-yl)ethylidene]bis-
S00092
zol ,
zoledronate ,
zoledronic acid anhydrous
NCGC00159521-02
NCGC00159521-03
zoledronic acid, anhydrous
DB00399
anhydrous zoledronic acid
(1-hydroxy-2-(1h-imidazol-1-yl)ethylidene)bisphosphonic acid
[1-hydroxy-2-(1h-imidazol-1-yl)ethane-1,1-diyl]bis(phosphonic acid)
CHEBI:46557 ,
bisphosphonate 3
chembl924 ,
bdbm12578
[1-hydroxy-2-(1h-imidazol-1-yl)-1-phosphonoethyl]phosphonic acid
jmc515594 compound 55
HMS2089O09
(1-hydroxy-2-imidazol-1-yl-1-phosphonoethyl)phosphonic acid
AKOS005145739
D08689
zoledronic acid (inn)
A803876
[1-hydroxy-2-(1h-imidazol-1-yl)-ethylidene]bisphosphonic acid
nsc 721517
70hz18ph24 ,
zol 446
bph 91
unii-70hz18ph24
dtxcid8022668
tox21_111739
cas-118072-93-8
dtxsid0042668 ,
zomera
aclasta and reclast
(1-hydroxy-2-(1h-imidazol-1-yl)ethane-1,1-diyl)diphosphonic acid
FT-0601384
NCGC00159521-05
AB07564
S1314
zoledronic acid [who-dd]
zoledronic acid [inn]
zoledronic acid [mi]
HY-13777
CS-1829
SCHEMBL19054
HS-0091
zoledronic acid, zoledronate
XRASPMIURGNCCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
1-hydroxy-2-(1h-imidazol-1-yl)ethane-1,1-diyldiphosphonic acid
NCGC00159521-04
Q-201946
HB0674
Z0031
c5h10n2o7p2
1-hydroxy-2-(1-imidazolyl)ethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid
AB01273947_04
STL452893
zoledronic-d3 acid
[1-hydroxy-2-(1h-imidazol-1-yl)ethylidene]bisphosphonic acid
mfcd00867791
sr-05000001436
SR-05000001436-1
cgp-4244
cgp42446a
H11422
BCP22750
Z1501485360
zoledronic acid (zoledronate)
Q218507
(1-hydroxy-2-(1h-imidazol-1-yl)ethane-1,1-diyl)diphosphonicacid
EN300-117269
NCGC00159521-18
zoledronic-acid
NCGC00159521-09

Research Excerpts

Overview

Zoledronic acid is an intravenous, highly potent aminobisphosphonate for use in patients with primary or secondary osteoporosis. The drug has been proven to reduce mortality after a hip fracture (HF)

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) is a powerful bisphosphonate that prevents bone resorption."( Effect of Primary Stabilisation on Osseointegration of Implants With Local and Systemic Zoledronic Acid Application.
Bozoglan, A; Dundar, S; Isayev, A; Kirtay, M; Sayeste, E; Sokmen, K; Sokmen, N; Yildirim, TT, )		1.07
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) is an antiosteoporotic drug that has been proven to reduce mortality after a hip fracture (HF). "( Zoledronic Acid Contraindications Prevalence among Hip-Fractured Patients Aged 75 Years or Over Hospitalized in an Orthogeriatric Unit.
Arnaud, M; Bioteau, C; Blain, H; Boudissa, M; Drevet, S; Gavazzi, G; Jalbert, R; Parent, T; Tonetti, J, 2022)		3.61
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) is an antiresorptive agent typically used for fracture prevention in postmenopausal osteoporosis, malignancy-associated metastatic bone lesions, and as a treatment for hypercalcemia. "( Zoledronic Acid-Associated Fanconi Syndrome in Patients With Cancer.
Gupta, S; Mount, DB; Nigwekar, SU; Portales-Castillo, I; Rennke, HG; Yu, EW, 2022)		3.61
"Zoledronic acid is an intravenous, highly potent aminobisphosphonate for use in patients with primary or secondary osteoporosis. "( Lessons learned from long-term side effects after zoledronic acid infusion following denosumab treatment: a case report and review of the literature.
Lüthje, P; Nurmi-Lüthje, I, 2022)		2.42
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) is an FDA-approved drug and a third-generation bisphosphonate (BPs). "( Systematic evaluation of the mechanisms of zoledronic acid based on network pharmacology.
Li, G; Li, R; Liang, XZ; Liu, GB; Luo, D; Peng, J; Xu, B, 2019)		2.22
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) is a commonly used bisphosphonate due to its effectiveness in increasing bone density and reducing skeletal events, with evidence that it alters angiogenesis."( Effects of zoledronic acid and geranylgeraniol on angiogenic gene expression in primary human osteoclasts.
E Coates, D; J Seymour, G; K Drummond, B; P Cullinan, M; Zafar, S, 2020)		1.67
"Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is a third generation bisphosphonate which can be used as a drug for the treatment of osteoporosis and metastasis. "( Synergistic effect of graphene oxide and zoledronic acid for osteoporosis and cancer treatment.
Boran, G; Dierking, I; Ege, D; Kamali, AR; Tavakoli, S, 2020)		2.27
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) is a bisphosphonate (BP) drug that has been widely used in clinical treatments as a potent bone resorption inhibitor. "( Preventive effect of tetrahedral framework nucleic acids on bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw.
Chen, X; Cui, W; Lin, Y; Qin, X; Xiao, D; Zhang, M; Zhang, T; Zhu, J, 2020)		2
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) is a potent bisphosphonate that inhibits osteoclastic resorption."( Functional electrical stimulation (FES)-assisted rowing combined with zoledronic acid, but not alone, preserves distal femur strength and stiffness in people with chronic spinal cord injury.
Battaglino, RA; Fang, Y; Goldstein, RF; Morse, LR; Nguyen, N; Troy, KL, 2021)		1.58
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) is an effective agent in osteoporosis and malignancy-related bone disease but may be associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), although current studies disagree on this risk. "( Risk of Incident Atrial Fibrillation With Zoledronic Acid Versus Denosumab: A Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study.
Cromer, SJ; D'Silva, KM; Fischer, M; Kim, SC; Yu, EW, 2021)		2.33
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) is an intravenous bisphosphonate used to treat pediatric osteoporosis. "( A quality improvement project to address the challenges surrounding zoledronic acid use in children.
Diaz, MCG; Louis, S; Rackovsky, N; Rahmani, R; Stauber, SD; Weber, DR, 2021)		2.3
"Zoledronic acid application is an effective method for bone maturation in consolidation period in DO."( Evaluation of Effects of Systemic Zoledronic Acid Application on Bone Maturation in the Consolidation Period in Distraction Osteogenesis.
Acikan, I; Akbulut, Y; Bingül, MB; Bozoglan, A; Dundar, S; Gul, M; Karasu, N; Ozcan, EC; Ozercan, IH, )		1.13
"Zoledronic acid is a cheaper alternative to denosumab in terms of solidification of lesion, reducing recurrence rates and improving clinical outcomes. "( Comparison of Denosumab and Zoledronic acid as neoadjuvant therapy in patients with giant cell tumor of bone.
Banjara, R; Gamnagatti, S; Kanwat, H; Khan, SA; Kumar, VS; Majeed, A, )		1.87
"Zoledronic acid is an established agent used in the management of metastatic bone disease. "( The Association between Fever and Prognosis in Lung Cancer Patients with Bone Metastases Receiving Zoledronic Acid.
Higashino, M; Hozumi, T; Kogo, M; Kokubu, F; Matsui, M; Nagatani, A; Nakamura, S; Sasaki, T; Shimamoto, K; Sunaga, T; Takahashi, N, 2017)		2.11
"Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is a clinically available agent that inhibits bone destruction."( Role of zoledronic acid in oncolytic virotherapy: Promotion of antitumor effect and prevention of bone destruction.
Fujiwara, T; Hasei, J; Kagawa, S; Komatsubara, T; Kunisada, T; Omori, T; Osaki, S; Ozaki, T; Sugiu, K; Tazawa, H; Uotani, K; Urata, Y; Yamakawa, Y; Yoshida, A, 2017)		1.61
"Zoledronic acid is a potent new generation bisphosphonate increasingly used in oncologic patients and it is usually well tolerated. "( Bilateral retrobulbar optic neuropathy as the only sign of zoledronic acid toxicity.
Gálvez, MIL; Lavado, FM; Leal, LM; Osorio, MRR; Prieto, MP, 2017)		2.14
"Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate used for the treatment of bone diseases and calcium metabolism. "( Lipid Bilayer-Gated Mesoporous Silica Nanocarriers for Tumor-Targeted Delivery of Zoledronic Acid in Vivo.
Desai, D; Grönroos, T; Lehtimäki, J; Rosenholm, JM; Sandholm, J; Tuomela, J; Zhang, J, 2017)		2.12
"Zoledronic acid is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate that is frequently used in the treatment of osteoporosis. "( [Relapse of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy following treatment with zoledronic acid].
Beelen, KJ; Bornebroek, M; Geijteman, ECT; Loef, M; Schweitzer, DH, 2017)		2.12
"Zoledronic acid (zoledronate) is a bisphosphonate used predominantly as a second-line treatment for post-menopausal osteoporosis. "( Two case reports of zoledronic acid-induced uveitis.
Kennedy, T; Ng, J; Sellar, PW; Vaideanu-Collins, D, 2018)		2.25
"Zoledronic acid is a long-lasting antiresorptive agent, which is known to reduce short-term periprosthetic bone loss."( A long-lasting bisphosphonate partially protects periprosthetic bone, but does not enhance initial stability of uncemented femoral stems: A randomized placebo-controlled trial of women undergoing total hip arthroplasty.
Aro, E; Aro, HT; Mattila, K; Moritz, N, 2018)		1.2
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) is a bisphosphonate initially used in the treatment of bone metastases because of its antibone resorption effect."( Comparative Study of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy With and Without Zometa for Management of Locally Advanced Breast Cancer With Serum VEGF as Primary Endpoint: The NEOZOL Study.
Clézardin, P; Lelièvre, L; Magaud, L; Mathevet, P; Mouret-Reynier, MA; Raban, N; Roche, L; Tigaud, JD; Topart, D; Tubiana-Mathieu, N, 2018)		1.2
"Zoledronic acid is a class III drug with poor oral bioavailability due to its poor permeability and low aqueous solubility; hence an attempt has been made to improve its solubility by co-crystallization technology."( Designing of Stable Co-crystals of Zoledronic Acid Using Suitable Coformers.
Badamane Sathyanarayana, M; Laxmi, P; Pai, A; Pai, G; Sg, V; Varma, A, 2019)		1.51
"Zoledronic Acid is a bisphosphonate used in a 4-week schedule for the treatment of bone metastases. "( How do skeletal morbidity rate and special toxicities affect 12-week versus 4-week schedule zoledronic acid efficacy? A systematic review and a meta-analysis of randomized trials.
Badalamenti, G; Bazan, V; Castellana, L; Galvano, A; Giuliana, G; Guadagni, F; Incorvaia, L; Pantano, F; Rizzo, S; Russo, A; Santini, D; Toia, F; Tonini, G; Vincenzi, B, 2019)		2.18
"Zoledronic acid (Zol) is a potent inhibitor of farnesyl-pyrophosphate synthase with broad clinical use in the treatment of osteoporosis, and bone metastases. "( Liposome encapsulation of zoledronic acid results in major changes in tissue distribution and increase in toxicity.
Amitay, Y; Gabizon, A; Gorin, J; Shmeeda, H; Tzemach, D, 2013)		2.13
"Zoledronic acid (Z) is a bisphosphonate used in hypercalcaemia-related cancer, in complications for bone metastasis and in postmenopausal osteoporosis and it has been related to osteoradionecrosis, especially when associated with radiation to the head and neck structures."( Zoledronic acid and radiation: toxicity, synergy or radiosensitization?
Achel, D; Alcaraz, M; Alcaraz-Saura, M; Armero, D; Olivares, A, 2013)		3.28
"Zoledronic acid is a bisphosphonate that has been shown to delay or prevent the development of skeletal complications in patients with bone metastases and reduce bone pain in these patients."( Zoledronic acid in genitourinary cancer.
Anido, U; Climent, MA; Méndez-Vidal, MJ; Puente, J, 2013)		2.55
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) is a third-generation bisphosphonate that reduces skeletal-related events in many adult cancers, and pre-clinical data suggest a possible benefit in OS."( Feasibility and dose discovery analysis of zoledronic acid with concurrent chemotherapy in the treatment of newly diagnosed metastatic osteosarcoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group.
Bernstein, M; Fan, TM; Goldsby, RE; Gorlick, R; Isakoff, MS; Kim, G; Krailo, M; Lee, S; Marina, N; Meyer, J; Randall, RL; Villaluna, D; Wagner, LM, 2013)		1.37
"Zoledronic acid is a third-generation nitrogen-containing BP."( Pentoxifylline and tocopherol in the treatment of yearly zoledronic acid-related osteonecrosis of the jaw in a corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis.
Magremanne, M; Reychler, H, 2014)		1.37
"Zoledronic acid is a bisphosphonate that has been shown to delay or prevent the development of skeletal-related events in patients with bone metastases."( Zoledronic acid in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.
Cueva, J; Lluch, A; Pérez-Fidalgo, JA; Ponce, J; Ruiz-Borrego, M, 2014)		2.57
"Zoledronic acid is a potent inhibitor of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and has been widely used in bone metastasis malignancies and postmenopausal osteoporosis as a preventive therapy against skeletal-related events. "( Adjuvant zoledronic acid therapy for patients with early stage breast cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.
Fan, W; He, M; Zhang, X, 2013)		2.25
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) is a potent inhibitor of bone resorption which induces osteoclast apoptosis."( Zoledronic acid inhibits pulmonary metastasis dissemination in a preclinical model of Ewing's sarcoma via inhibition of cell migration.
Amiaud, J; Battaglia, S; Charrier, C; Gouin, F; Heymann, D; Kim, PP; Lamoureux, F; Odri, G; Redini, F, 2014)		2.57
"Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is an intravenous once-yearly bisphosphonate that has been shown to be effective and safe in improving BMD and reducing fracture risk in controlled clinical trials."( Zoledronic acid increases bone mineral density and improves health-related quality of life over two years of treatment in Chinese women with postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Chen, X; Fan, L; Huang, S; Lin, H; Liu, C; Zhu, X, 2014)		2.57
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) is a potential immunotherapy for cancer because it can induce potent γδ T-cell-mediated anti-tumour responses. "( Zoledronic acid causes γδ T cells to target monocytes and down-modulate inflammatory homing.
Bodman-Smith, MD; Copier, J; Dalgleish, AG; Fowler, DW, 2014)		3.29
"Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate and is used to reduce cancer-induced osteolysis. "( Effects of bisphosphonate zoledronic acid in hepatocellular carcinoma, depending on mevalonate pathway.
Abe, H; Aikata, H; Chayama, K; Hiraga, N; Honda, Y; Imamura, M; Kawaoka, T; Miki, D; Murakami, E; Ochi, H; Ono, A; Shi, N; Takahashi, S; Tsuge, M; Zhang, Y, 2015)		2.16
"Zoledronic acid is a bisphosphonate that is used in patients with metastatic cancer to prevent bone complications."( Zoledronic acid-associated symmetrical drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthema (SDRIFE): report of baboon syndrome in a woman with recurrent metastatic breast cancer after receiving zoledronic acid.
Cohen, PR, 2015)		2.58
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) is a bisphosphonate given intravenously, most commonly for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. "( Zoledronic Acid-Induced Interface Dermatitis.
Collier, M; Mahalingam, M; Succaria, F, 2015)		3.3
"Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate that induces osteoclast apoptosis and inhibits bone resorption by inhibiting the mevalonate pathway. "( Randomized Controlled Trial of Zoledronic Acid plus Chemotherapy versus Chemotherapy Alone as Neoadjuvant Treatment of HER2-Negative Primary Breast Cancer (JONIE Study).
Akazawa, K; Hasegawa, Y; Hayashi, M; Horiguchi, J; Ishikawa, T; Kim, SJ; Kohno, N; Konishi, M; Kubota, T; Miura, D; Miyashita, M; Shigeoka, Y; Suzuki, M; Taguchi, T; Takao, S; Tanino, H; Yamagami, K, 2015)		2.15
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate that exhibited anticancer activity in different cancers."( Zoledronic acid induces apoptosis via stimulating the expressions of ERN1, TLR2, and IRF5 genes in glioma cells.
Biray Avci, C; Dodurga, Y; Elmas, L; Goker, B; Gunduz, C; Kurt, CC; Mutlu, Z; Ozalp, O; Tepedelen, BE, 2016)		2.6
"Zoledronic acid is an intravenous bisphosphonate used to increase bone mineral density and reduce the risk of fractures. "( Severe non-infective systemic inflammatory response syndrome, shock, and end-organ dysfunction after zoledronic acid administration in a child.
Al-Nofal, A; Kahoud, RJ; Kumar, S; Tebben, PJ; Tripathi, S; Trivedi, S, 2016)		2.09
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) is a biphosphonate used for osteoporosis treatment and also proved to be effective to reduce the pain induced by bone metastases when used as adjuvant therapy in solid cancers. "( Zoledronic acid impairs stromal reactivity by inhibiting M2-macrophages polarization and prostate cancer-associated fibroblasts.
Chiarugi, P; Comito, G; Giannoni, E; Lanciotti, M; Morandi, A; Pons Segura, C; Serni, S; Taddei, ML, 2017)		3.34
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) is a long-acting bisphosphonate that has been successfully used in children with secondary osteoporosis and osteogenesis imperfecta."( Zoledronate as effective treatment for minimal trauma fractures in a child with STAT3 deficiency and osteonecrosis of the hip.
Alcántara-Montiel, JC; Arce-Cano, M; García-Campos, J; Lugo Reyes, SO; Sánchez-Sánchez, LM; Staines Boone, AT, 2016)		1.16
"Zoledronic acid is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate that has the strongest and the most persistent anti-resorptive activity. "( [Efficacy of zoledronic acid for osteoporosis:evidence from studies abroad.]
Inoue, D, )		1.94
"Zoledronic acid is a bisphosphonate with the most potent anti-bone resorbing activity. "( [Effects of zoledronic acid on osteoporosis patients in Japan.]
Tanaka, S, )		1.95
"Zoledronic acid is a option in the management of BMES, since 75% of patients treated with it presented with a complete response."( Zoledronic Acid Treatment in Primary Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome.
Andréu Sánchez, JL; Barbadillo Mateos, C; Blanco, R; Campos Esteban, J; Espinosa-Malpartida, M; Flores-Robles, BJ; Godoy-Tundidor, H; Huntley-Pascual, D; Isasi, CM; Jiménez-Palop, MM; Merino-Argumanez, C; Mulero, JB; Ramos-Giráldez, MC; Sanabria-Sanchinel, AA; Sanz-Sanz, J; Villa-Alcázar, LF, 2017)		2.62
"Zoledronic acid is a new member of the bisphosphonate (BP) class of compounds, a family of closely related synthetic molecules originally derived from the naturally occurring pyrophosphate. "( The bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid reduces experimental neuroblastoma growth by interfering with tumor angiogenesis.
Azarbayjani, F; Bäckman, U; Christofferson, RH; Svensson, A, )		1.9
"Zoledronic acid is a nitrogen-containing, third-generation bisphosphonate that has recently been approved for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis as an annual intravenous infusion. "( Once-yearly zoledronic acid in the prevention of osteoporotic bone fractures in postmenopausal women.
Galapi, F; Lambrinoudaki, I; Papadias, K; Papadimitriou, D; Vlachou, S, 2008)		2.17
"Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is a potential inhibitor of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a growth factor that stimulates osteoblast-mediated bone formation, and these drugs could enhance fixation of implants under osteoporotic conditions."( Effect of combined local treatment with zoledronic acid and basic fibroblast growth factor on implant fixation in ovariectomized rats.
Gao, Y; Hu, J; Li, J; Luo, E; Xue, J; Zhu, S, 2009)		1.34
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) is a new generation potent intravenous bisphosphonate that has been approved for the treatment and prevention of bone lesions, and/or hypercalcemia associated with MM."( Osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with multiple myeloma treated with zoledronic acid.
Aki, SZ; Cetiner, M; Cetiner, S; Gultekin, SE; Haznedar, R; Kahraman, SA; Kocakahyaoglu, B; Sucak, GT, 2009)		1.31
"Zoledronic acid is a cost-effective treatment strategy regardless of fracture type or effectiveness comparability assumptions."( Cost-effectiveness model of using zoledronic acid once a year versus current treatment strategies in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Beresniak, A; Bisot-Locard, S; Bresse, X; Cortet, B; Fardellone, P; Legrand, E; Vigneron, AM, 2010)		2.08
"Zoledronic acid is a potent bisphosphonate that can prevent osteoporosis in patients with nonmetastatic (M0), prostate cancer (CaP) who are initiating ADT."( The use of zoledronic acid in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer with severe osteopenia or osteoporosis.
Bhoopalam, N; Campbell, SC; Ellis, NK; Friedman, N; Garewal, H; Iyer, P; Moritz, TE; Pandya, M; Reda, DJ; Thottapurathu, L; Vanveldhuizen, P; Warren, SR, 2010)		1.47
"IV zoledronic acid is an effective and well-tolerated treatment to prevent bone mineral density loss at the total hip and trochanter for up to 12 months following SCI."( Early treatment with zoledronic acid prevents bone loss at the hip following acute spinal cord injury.
Bubbear, JS; Ferguson-Pell, M; Gall, A; Keen, RW; Middleton, FR; Swaminathan, R, 2011)		1.31
"Zoledronic acid seems to be a safe and effective treatment option in adults with osteoporosis related to OI."( [Effects of zoledronic acid in adults with osteogenesis imperfecta].
Durán Martínez, M; Guijarro De Armas, G; Iglesias Bolaños, P; Olivar Roldán, J; Parra García, JI; Pavón de Paz, I, )		1.95
"Zoledronic acid is a third-generation bisphosphonate that is administered as an annual infusion, and it has some interesting features. "( Update on the use of zoledronic acid in the management of osteoporosis.
Reid, DM, 2010)		2.12
"Zoledronic acid is a common bisphosphonate known for its anticancer effects beyond its current use in the treatment of cancer-induced bone disease."( Enhancing cytotoxic and apoptotic effect in OVCAR-3 and MDAH-2774 cells with all-trans retinoic acid and zoledronic acid: a paradigm of synergistic molecular targeting treatment for ovarian cancer.
Atmaca, H; Cakar, B; Karabulut, B; Karaca, B; Kisim, A; Muslu, U; Uslu, R; Uzunoglu, S; Varol, U, 2010)		1.3
"Zoledronic acid is a potent bisphosphonate also approved for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis."( [Zoledronic acid reduces risk of any new clinical fracture and risk of death after surgical repair of a low-trauma hip fracture].
Leszczyński, P, )		1.76
"Zoledronic acid is a newly FDA-approved bisphosphonate for the treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy. "( Post-surgery severe hypocalcemia in primary hyperparathyroidism preoperatively treated with zoledronic acid.
Corsello, SM; Ingraudo, F; Locantore, P; Paragliola, RM; Pontecorvi, A; Ricciato, MP; Rota, CA; Senes, P, )		1.79
"Zoledronic acid is a widely used intravenous bisphosphonate that reduces this skeletal morbidity in both benign and malignant conditions."( Zoledronic acid.
Brown, J; Burkinshaw, R; Coleman, R; Lester, J; Neville-Webbe, H; Winter, M; Woodward, E, 2011)		2.53
"Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is a potent amino-bisphosphonate used for the treatment of bone metastases with recently reported antitumor activity. "( Nanotechnologies to use bisphosphonates as potent anticancer agents: the effects of zoledronic acid encapsulated into liposomes.
Abbruzzese, A; Ascani, R; Calimeri, T; Caraglia, M; Cigliana, G; De Rosa, G; Franco, R; La Rotonda, MI; Leonetti, C; Liguori, G; Marra, M; Salzano, G; Scarsella, M; Tagliaferri, P; Tassone, P; Zappavigna, S, 2011)		2.04
"Zoledronic acid is an iv aminobisphosphonate that is administered annually against osteoporosis."( Seizures associated with zoledronic acid for osteoporosis.
Gruber, M; Hamann, C; Hofbauer, LC; Rachner, TD; Tsourdi, E; Ziemssen, T, 2011)		1.39
"Zoledronic acid is an intravenous once yearly bisphosphonate that has been shown to be effective and safe in improving BMD (bone mineral density) and reducing fracture risk in controlled clinical trials. "( A community-based clinical trial of Intra-Venous zOledRonic acid once Yearly in comparison to oral bisphosphonates in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: the IVORY trial Methodological considerations.
Adachi, JD; Brown, JP; Deutsch, G; Kendler, DL; Leclerc, JM; Rigal, R, 2011)		2.07
"Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is a drug whose potent anti-cancer activity is limited by its short plasma half-life and rapid uptake and accumulation within bone. "( New self-assembly nanoparticles and stealth liposomes for the delivery of zoledronic acid: a comparative study.
Abbruzzese, A; Botti, G; Caraglia, M; Chieffi, P; De Rosa, G; Franco, R; La Rotonda, MI; Lamberti, M; Leonetti, C; Liguori, G; Marra, M; Porru, M; Salzano, G; Vitale, G; Zappavigna, S, )		1.8
"Zoledronic acid is an effective treatment in preventing SREs in solid tumors and multiple myeloma."( Economic evaluation of denosumab compared with zoledronic acid in hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients with bone metastases.
Culver, KW; Diener, M; Guo, A; Namjoshi, M; Parikh, K; Wu, EQ; Xie, J; Yu, AP, 2011)		1.35
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) is a drug of the bisphosphonate class, which is widely used for the treatment of both osteoporosis and skeletal metastasis. "( Zoledronic acid modulates maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells.
Adinolfi, B; Consolini, R; Failli, A; Legitimo, A; Orsini, G; Romanini, A, 2011)		3.25
"Zoledronic acid is a potent inhibitor of the bone resorption mediated by the osteoclasts, and is the only bisphosphonate whose capacity of reducing significantly the skeleton morbidity in patients with bone metastases is statistically proved."( [Use of zoledronic acid in patients with prostate cancer bone metastases: control of pain and musculoskeletal complications].
Finkelberg, E; Paparella, S; Rocco, F; Tondelli, E; Varisco, D, )		1.29
"Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is a standard therapy for the prevention of skeletal-related events (SREs) in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). "( Prostate-specific antigen kinetics and outcomes in patients with bone metastases from castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with or without zoledronic acid.
Eastham, J; Saad, F; Segal, S, 2014)		2.04
"Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is a bisphosphonate with higher potency and faster intravenous infusion, but its efficacy and safety has not been established for OI patients."( Safety and efficacy of a 1-year treatment with zoledronic acid compared with pamidronate in children with osteogenesis imperfecta.
Barros, ER; de Oliveira, TP; Lazaretti-Castro, M; Saraiva, GL, 2012)		1.36
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) is an intravenous bisphosphonate approved for the prevention and treatment of cancer skeletal-related events."( Prescribing of zoledronic acid in a tertiary outpatient hospital setting.
Anglada-Martínez, H; Creus-Baró, N; do Pazo-Oubiña, F; Estefanell-Tejero, A; Molas-Ferrer, G; Ribas-Sala, J; Riu-Viladoms, G, 2012)		2.17
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) is a bisphosphonate known to upregulate the expression of TRAIL on human γδ T cells."( Activated monocytes augment TRAIL-mediated cytotoxicity by human NK cells through release of IFN-γ.
D'Arcy, P; Hu, J; Lidén, M; Lundqvist, A; Rolny, C; Sarhan, D; Wennerberg, E; Winqvist, O, 2013)		1.11
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) is an imidazole-containing bisphosphonate that has been extensively studied as an osteoclast inhibitor. "( Zoledronic acid effectiveness against breast cancer metastases - a role for estrogen in the microenvironment?
Brufsky, AM; Oesterreich, S; Steinman, RA, 2012)		3.26
"Zoledronic acid is a first-line option for the treatment of Paget's disease, yet there can be complications in particular clinical scenarios such as pagetic hydrocephalus, as seen in this case."( Symptomatic intracranial hypertension and prolonged hypocalcemia following treatment of Paget's disease of the skull with zoledronic acid.
Correa, PH; Ferraz-de-Souza, B; Martin, RM, 2013)		1.32
"Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is a potent inhibitor of the latter pathway, but its activity in neurological diseases is hampered by its biodistribution that is almost exclusively limited to the bone."( Stealth liposomes encapsulating zoledronic acid: a new opportunity to treat neuropathic pain.
Abbruzzese Saccardi, A; Caraglia, M; De Novellis, V; De Rosa, G; Giordano, C; Guida, F; Luongo, L; Lusa, S; Maione, S; Marra, M; Rossi, F; Salzano, G; Zappavigna, S, 2013)		1.39
"Zoledronic acid is a new, highly potent bisphosphonate drug under clinical evaluation. "( Development and validation of a highly sensitive RIA for zoledronic acid, a new potent heterocyclic bisphosphonate, in human serum, plasma and urine.
Deckert, F; Gauron, S; Gosset, G; Legay, F; Pfaar, U; Ravera, C; Schran, H; Wiegand, H, 2002)		2
"Zoledronic acid is a new-generation, heterocyclic nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate and the most potent inhibitor of bone resorption identified to date."( The use of zoledronic acid, a novel, highly potent bisphosphonate, for the treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy.
Major, P, 2002)		1.43
"Zoledronic acid (Zoledronate) is a new, potent third-generation bisphosphonate that has recently been approved by the U.S. "( Bisphosphonates and metastatic breast carcinoma.
Lipton, A, 2003)		1.76
"Zoledronic acid (Zometa) is an effective inhibitor of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. "( Zoledronic acid: a review of its use in the management of bone metastases and hypercalcaemia of malignancy.
Goa, KL; Wellington, K, 2003)		3.2
"Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is a highly potent heterocyclic bisphosphonate which has been shown to inhibit bone resorption in short-term experiments in young growing animals. "( Long-term zoledronic acid treatment increases bone structure and mechanical strength of long bones of ovariectomized adult rats.
Evans, GP; Glatt, M; Green, JR; Hornby, SB; Hornby, SL; Pataki, A, 2003)		2.16
"Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate and its use in reducing osteoporosis and cancer-induced osteolysis is increasing. "( New insights into the actions of bisphosphonate zoledronic acid in breast cancer cells by dual RhoA-dependent and -independent effects.
Denoyelle, C; Hong, L; Soria, C; Soria, J; Vannier, JP, 2003)		2.02
"Zoledronic acid is a potent, third generation, nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, licensed for the management of skeletal metastases and hypercalcaemia of malignancy, both of which cause considerable morbidity. "( The use of zoledronic acid in the management of metastatic bone disease and hypercalcaemia.
Coleman, RE; Neville-Webbe, Hl, 2003)		2.15
"Zoledronic acid is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate that has demonstrated potent anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo."( The anti-tumor potential of zoledronic acid.
Coleman, R; Croucher, P; Jagdev, S, 2003)		1.33
"Zoledronic acid is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate that inhibits bone resorption. "( Zoledronic acid: a new parenteral bisphosphonate.
Davis, LE; Li, EC, 2003)		3.2
"Zoledronic acid is an effective and generally well-tolerated treatment for hypercalcemia of malignancy and skeletal complications of metastatic bone disease."( Zoledronic acid: a new parenteral bisphosphonate.
Davis, LE; Li, EC, 2003)		3.2
"Zoledronic acid is a potent inhibitor of PEC invasion across bone marrow endothelium and colony formation with the bone marrow stroma, affecting the MMP: TIMP-2 balance to favour MMP inhibition."( Differential inhibition of invasion and proliferation by bisphosphonates: anti-metastatic potential of Zoledronic acid in prostate cancer.
Brown, MD; Clarke, NW; George, NJ; Hart, CA; Montague, R; Ramani, VA, 2004)		1.98
"Zoledronic acid is a new intravenous bisphosphonate that has been approved by the US FDA for use with hypercalcemia of malignancies and might be an effective treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis."( The effect of intravenous zoledronic acid on glucocorticoid-induced multiple vertebral fractures in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus.
Borges, CT; Jorgetti, V; Pereira, RM; Souza, SC, 2004)		1.34
"Zoledronic acid is a highly potent N-BP that has been particularly well investigated, preclinically and in clinical practice."( Anti-tumour activity of zoledronic acid.
Clézardin, P, 2005)		1.36
"Zoledronic acid is a bisphosphonate that is effective in the treatment of complications of metastatic bone disease. "( The use of zoledronic acid in patients with bone metastases from prostate carcinoma: effect on analgesic response and bone metabolism biomarkers.
Arcara, C; Badalamenti, G; Casuccio, A; Cicero, G; Di Fede, G; Fulfaro, F; Gebbia, N; Intrivici, C; Leto, G; Rini, GB; Russo, A; Valerio, MR; Vitale, A, 2005)		2.16
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) is a potent i.v."( Zoledronic acid prevents bone loss after allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplantation.
D'Souza, AB; Ebeling, PR; Grigg, AP; Szer, J, 2006)		2.5
"Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is a potent bisphosphonate that produces a rapid and complete control of the increased bone turnover of Paget's disease. "( Long-term control of bone turnover in Paget's disease with zoledronic acid and risedronate.
Brown, JP; Curiel, MD; Devogelaer, JP; Eriksen, EF; Fashola, T; Fraser, WD; Hooper, M; Hosking, D; Lyles, K; Miller, P; Pak, J; Reid, IR; Saidi, Y; Su, G; Zelenakas, K, 2007)		2.03
"Zoledronic acid is a potent bisphosphonate licensed for the treatment of myeloma and bone metastases from solid tumors. "( Impact of zoledronic acid on renal function in patients with cancer: Clinical significance and development of a predictive model.
Hudes, GR; Kloth, DD; Langer, CJ; McDermott, RS; Wang, H, )		1.98
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate with antitumor activity used to treat patients with malignant diseases. "( Zoledronic acid inhibits the function of Toll-like receptor 4 ligand activated monocyte-derived dendritic cells.
Brauer, KM; Bringmann, A; Brossart, P; Grünebach, F; Schmidt, SM; von Schwarzenberg, K; Weck, MM; Werth, D, 2007)		3.23
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) is a potent bisphosphonate with a high affinity for bone mineral, allowing bolus intravenous dosing in a range of indications."( Optimal timing of a single dose of zoledronic acid to increase strength in rat fracture repair.
Amanat, N; Bilston, L; Godfrey, C; Little, D; McDonald, M, 2007)		1.34
"Zoledronic acid is a highly potent bisphosphonate that has been shown to reduce skeletal-related events in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer metastatic to bone. "( Persistent hypocalcemia induced by zoledronic acid in a patient with androgen-independent prostate cancer and extensive bone metastases.
Arlen, PM; Dahut, WL; Gulley, JL; Wu, S, 2007)		2.06
"Zoledronic acid is an effective therapy for the prevention of AI-associated bone loss and, when combined with AI therapy, may provide the greatest clinical benefit without increasing fracture risk."( Reducing the risk of bone loss associated with breast cancer treatment.
Hadji, P, 2007)		1.06
"Zoledronic acid is an important osteotropic compound used in combination with anticancer agents to reduce the incidence of hypercalcemia and skeletal morbidity in patients with advanced breast cancer and bone metastases. "( In vitro evaluation of zoledronic acid resistance developed in MCF-7 cells.
Gündüz, U; Işeri, OD; Kars, MD; Ural, AU, )		1.88
"Zoledronic acid (Zometa is a third-generation nitrogen-containing parenteral bisphosphonate indicated for the treatment of bone metastases due to solid tumours or multiple myeloma and for hypercalcaemia of malignancy (HCM). "( Zoledronic acid: a pharmacoeconomic review of its use in the management of bone metastases.
McKeage, K; Plosker, GL, 2008)		3.23
"Zoledronic acid is a new-generation, highly potent, nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate that to the authors knowledge is the most potent inhibitor of bone resorption currently in clinical trials."( A Phase I, open label, dose ranging trial of intravenous bolus zoledronic acid, a novel bisphosphonate, in cancer patients with metastatic bone disease.
Berenson, JR; Conde, F; Henick, K; Nishikubo, C; Rettig, M; Swift, RA; Vescio, R; Von Teichert, JM, 2001)		1.27
"Zoledronic acid is a highly potent, nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate."( A phase I dose-ranging trial of monthly infusions of zoledronic acid for the treatment of osteolytic bone metastases.
Berenson, JR; Givant, E; Harvey, H; Hupkes, M; Lipton, A; Rosen, LS; Savage, A; Swift, R; Vescio, RA; VonTeichert, JM; Woo, M, 2001)		1.28
"Zoledronic acid (zoledronate) is a new generation bisphosphonate that inhibits osteoclast bone resorption. "( Zoledronic acid.
Cheer, SM; Noble, S, 2001)		3.2

Effects

Zoledronic acid (ZOL) has a suppressive effect on marrow adiposity in ovariectomized rats. ZOL has a strong antitumor effect on primary breast cancer cells in vitro which is equal or superior to commonly used chemotherapeutic regimens.

Zoledronic acid (ZOL) has been indicated to play an essential role in regulating bone mineral density and has already been used in large clinical trials. The SLA surface might stimulate HUVECs to express angiogenic and adhesive factor genes despite ZA treatment. Zoledronics acid has demonstrated efficacy to attenuate bone loss at the hip after SCI.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Zoledronic acid has an anti-angiogenic effect on HUVECs attached to titanium implants, while the SLA surface might stimulate HUVECs to express angiogenic and adhesive factor genes despite ZA treatment."( Titanium implant alters the effect of zoledronic acid on the behaviour of endothelial cells.
Deng, F; Liang, C; Wang, T; Xu, R; Yu, X; Yu, Y, 2022)		2.44
"Zoledronic acid has a well-established tolerability profile and can be administered safely as long-term therapy, although preventive measures are needed to avoid some severe side effects (nephrotoxicity and osteonecrosis of the jaw) found in a small number of patients receiving long-term therapy."( Zoledronic acid in lung cancer with bone metastases: a review.
Afonso, R; Bosch-Barrera, J; Isla, D; Martínez, N, 2013)		2.55
"Zoledronic acid (ZOL) has a suppressive effect on marrow adiposity in ovariectomized rats. "( Effect of zoledronic acid on vertebral marrow adiposity in postmenopausal osteoporosis assessed by MR spectroscopy.
Fang, C; Jiang, Z; Li, Y; Luo, X; Shen, J; Yan, F; Yang, Y, 2015)		2.26
"Zoledronic acid has a strong antitumor effect on primary breast cancer cells in vitro which is equal or superior to commonly used chemotherapeutic regimens for treating breast cancer."( Antitumor activity of zoledronic acid in primary breast cancer cells determined by the ATP tumor chemosensitivity assay.
Fehm, T; Neubauer, H; Seeger, H; Wallwiener, D; Zwirner, M, 2012)		2.14
"Zoledronic acid has a cytotoxic potential even at pharmacologic dosage."( Zoledronic acid has direct antiproliferative and antimetastatic effect on pancreatic carcinoma cells and acts as an antigen for delta2 gamma/delta T cells.
Büchler, MW; Lilienfeld-Toal, Mv; Märten, A; Schmidt, J, )		2.3
"Zoledronic acid has a higher response rate, faster onset, and longer duration of action, and is more convenient to administer."( Advances in the biology and treatment of myeloma bone disease.
Berenson, JR, 2001)		1.03
"Zoledronic acid (6i) has thus been selected for clinical development under the registered trade name Zometa."( Highly potent geminal bisphosphonates. From pamidronate disodium (Aredia) to zoledronic acid (Zometa).
Bachmann, R; Bisping, M; Born, AR; Cortesi, R; Glatt, M; Green, JR; Guiglia, G; Jaeggi, KA; Jeker, H; Klein, R; Müller, K; Ramseier, U; Schmid, J; Schreiber, G; Seltenmeyer, Y; Widler, L, 2002)		1.26
"Zoledronic acid has also gained a place in cancer treatment due to its cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects in many cancer cells."( Zoledronic acid-induced oxidative damage and endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis in human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells.
Boran, T; Jannuzzi, AT; Kara, M; Özden, S; Özhan, G; Öztaş, E, 2022)		2.89
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) has been used as a first-line treatment in patients with osteoporosis (OP) who receive an annual injection of 5 mg. "( Reduction effect of oral pravastatin on the acute phase response to intravenous zoledronic acid: protocol for a real-world prospective, placebo-controlled trial.
Du, G; Fan, D; Han, G; Li, H; Li, R; Liu, D; Liu, Q; Song, C; Tao, L; Zhang, M, 2022)		2.39
"Zoledronic Acid (ZA) has been shown to inhibit Osteosarcoma (OSA) progression in preclinical studies. "( Effects of zoledronic acid on osteosarcoma progression and metastasis: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Christou, A; Ferreira, N; Sophocleous, A, 2023)		2.74
"Zoledronic acid has demonstrated efficacy to attenuate bone loss at the hip after SCI, but previous studies relied on measurements from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry."( Zoledronic acid after spinal cord injury mitigates losses in proximal femoral strength independent of ambulation ability.
Barroso, J; Crack, LE; Edwards, WB; Gabel, L; Haider, IT; Schnitzer, TJ; Simonian, N, 2023)		3.07
"Zoledronic acid has an anti-angiogenic effect on HUVECs attached to titanium implants, while the SLA surface might stimulate HUVECs to express angiogenic and adhesive factor genes despite ZA treatment."( Titanium implant alters the effect of zoledronic acid on the behaviour of endothelial cells.
Deng, F; Liang, C; Wang, T; Xu, R; Yu, X; Yu, Y, 2022)		2.44
"Both Zoledronic acid and denosumab have been utilized in neo-adjuvant setting for facilitating surgery and downsizing the lesion in Giant cell tumor (GCT). "( Comparison of Denosumab and Zoledronic acid as neoadjuvant therapy in patients with giant cell tumor of bone.
Banjara, R; Gamnagatti, S; Kanwat, H; Khan, SA; Kumar, VS; Majeed, A, )		0.94
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) has antiresorptive effects and protects from bone metastasis in women with early breast cancer. "( Estradiol impairs the antiproliferative and proapoptotic effect of Zoledronic acid in hormone sensitive breast cancer cells in vitro.
Gamper, J; Grunt, TW; Gschwantler-Kaulich, D; Mairhofer, M; Singer, CF; Tan, Y; Weingartshofer, S, 2017)		2.13
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) has been proven to inhibit angiogenesis, invasion, and adhesion of tumor cells."( PD-1 blockade in combination with zoledronic acid to enhance the antitumor efficacy in the breast cancer mouse model.
Du, Y; Jin, Z; Li, Y; Sun, T; Tian, J; Xue, H, 2018)		1.48
"Zoledronic acid (ZOL) has been indicated to play an essential role in regulating bone mineral density and has already been used in large clinical trials."( Zoledronic acid inhibits osteoclast differentiation and function through the regulation of NF-κB and JNK signalling pathways.
Cheng, YT; Guan, ZZ; Hong, W; Huang, LY; Huang, XL; Li, F; Liao, J; Shi, QH; Wu, C; Zhou, Q, 2019)		2.68
"Both zoledronic acid and Dmab have been proven to be superior to oral bisphosphonates like risedronate in improvement of bone mineral density."( Current Treatments and New Developments in the Management of Glucocorticoid-induced Osteoporosis.
Bultink, IEM; Lems, WF; Raterman, HG, 2019)		0.97
"Zoledronic acid has 100 times relative potency that of pamidronate."( Langerhans cell histiocytosis case with dense metaphyseal band sign.
Aihara, T; Furukawa, R; Kikkawa, I; Morimoto, A; Watanabe, H, 2013)		1.11
"Zoledronic acid has a well-established tolerability profile and can be administered safely as long-term therapy, although preventive measures are needed to avoid some severe side effects (nephrotoxicity and osteonecrosis of the jaw) found in a small number of patients receiving long-term therapy."( Zoledronic acid in lung cancer with bone metastases: a review.
Afonso, R; Bosch-Barrera, J; Isla, D; Martínez, N, 2013)		2.55
"Zoledronic acid has been used for prevention of osteolytic and osteoblastic bone metastasis. "( Spontaneous acetabular periprosthetic fracture in a patient continuously having zoledronic acid.
Ngarmukos, S; Tanavalee, A; Tantavisut, S; Thanakit, V; Wangroongsub, Y; Wilairatana, V, 2014)		2.07
"Zoledronic acid has shown indirect anticancer effects on angiogenesis, the tumor microenvironment and immune responses. "( The effects of zoledronate on monocyte-derived dendritic cells from melanoma patients differ depending on the clinical stage of the disease.
Consolini, R; Failli, A; Legitimo, A; Orsini, G; Romanini, A, 2014)		1.85
"Zoledronic acid has robust antitumor and antiangiogenic activity and merits further clinical development as ovarian cancer treatment."( Rac1/Pak1/p38/MMP-2 Axis Regulates Angiogenesis in Ovarian Cancer.
Aslan, B; Calin, G; Dalton, HJ; Del C Monroig, P; Fernandez-de Thomas, RJ; Fuentes-Mattei, E; Gonzalez-Villasana, V; Ivan, C; Kahraman, N; Kanlikilicer, P; Lopez-Berestein, G; Ozpolat, B; Pradeep, S; Previs, RA; Rodriguez-Aguayo, C; Sood, AK; Velazquez-Torres, G; Wang, H, 2015)		1.86
"Zoledronic acid (ZOL) has a suppressive effect on marrow adiposity in ovariectomized rats. "( Effect of zoledronic acid on vertebral marrow adiposity in postmenopausal osteoporosis assessed by MR spectroscopy.
Fang, C; Jiang, Z; Li, Y; Luo, X; Shen, J; Yan, F; Yang, Y, 2015)		2.26
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) has been tested in clinical trials as an additive therapy for early-stage breast cancer. "( Zoledronic acid prevents the tumor-promoting effects of mesenchymal stem cells via MCP-1 dependent recruitment of macrophages.
Ding, D; Du, Y; He, ZQ; Jia, XH; Ma, XB; Mao, D; Qiu, JD; Shang, WT; Tian, J; Wang, ZL, 2015)		3.3
"Zoledronic acid has infrequently been associated with mucocutaneous adverse reactions. "( Zoledronic acid-associated symmetrical drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthema (SDRIFE): report of baboon syndrome in a woman with recurrent metastatic breast cancer after receiving zoledronic acid.
Cohen, PR, 2015)		3.3
"Zoledronic acid (ZL) has been used widely for treating skeletal diseases because of its high potency in inhibiting bone resorption. "( Solvent effect on molecular structure, IR spectra, thermodynamic properties and chemical stability of zoledronic acid: DFT study.
Lin, J; Liu, G; Liu, Q; Lv, G; Qiu, L; Wang, S; Wang, Y, 2016)		2.09
"Zoledronic acid (ZOL) has been shown in vitro and in vivo to inhibit osteoclastic activity and to regulate osteoblasts. "( Local application of zoledronic acid incorporated in a poly(D,L-lactide)-coated implant accelerates fracture healing in rats.
Alidoust, M; Back, DA; Greiner, SH; Haas, NP; Schmidmaier, G; Schwabe, P; Wildemann, B, 2008)		2.11
"Zoledronic acid has undergone international multicentric clinical trials to examine efficiency and long-term side effects including osteonecrosis of the jaw."( [Bisphosphonates and other new therapeutic agents for the treatmednt of osteogenesis imperfecta].
Yamashita, S, 2009)		1.07
"Zoledronic acid (ZOL) has shown beneficial effects on bone turnover and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal osteoporosis. "( Efficacy and safety of a once-yearly i.v. Infusion of zoledronic acid 5 mg versus a once-weekly 70-mg oral alendronate in the treatment of male osteoporosis: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, active-controlled study.
Adachi, JD; Adler, RA; Brown, J; Bucci-Rechtweg, C; Kendler, D; Mesenbrink, P; Miller, PD; Orwoll, ES; Readie, A; Weinstein, RS, 2010)		2.05
"Zoledronic acid has direct and indirect antitumor effects. "( Biomarker alterations with metronomic use of low-dose zoledronic acid for breast cancer patients with bone metastases and potential clinical significance.
Chen, J; Guo, H; Guo, L; Guo, X; Hu, X; Ragaz, J; Shao, Z; Wang, Z; Wu, J; Xu, X; Zhao, X; Zhu, B; Zhu, J, 2010)		2.05
"Zoledronic acid has demonstrated clinical benefits beyond those of pamidronate in a head-to-head trial that included patients with breast cancer or multiple myeloma."( Optimizing clinical benefits of bisphosphonates in cancer patients with bone metastases.
Aapro, M; Costa, L; Saad, F, 2010)		1.08
"Zoledronic acid has positive effects on bone formation in the sagittal suture in response to expansion and decreases the relapse ratio after expansion in rats."( Effects of bisphosphonates on sutural bone formation and relapse: A histologic and immunohistochemical study.
Babacan, H; Gümüş, C; Inan, S; Oztürk, F, 2011)		1.81
"Zoledronic acid (ZOL) has proven efficacy for reducing the risk of skeletal-related events in patients with bone metastases from a broad range of solid tumors and bone lesions from multiple myeloma. "( Zoledronic acid: multiplicity of use across the cancer continuum.
Lipton, A, 2011)		3.25
"Zoledronic acid has demonstrated the broadest activity in this setting, and is approved for the prevention of skeletal-related events from bone metastases from a variety of solid tumors in addition to breast cancer and multiple myeloma."( Bisphosphonates in lung cancer: can they provide benefits beyond prevention of skeletal morbidity?
Hirsh, V, 2012)		1.1
"Zoledronic acid has been the standard of care for the prevention of skeletal-related events in patients with bone metastases from prostate cancer for the past 10 years. "( Complete clinical and biological response to zoledronic acid in castrate-resistant prostate cancer metastatic to bone.
Culine, S; Pouessel, D, 2012)		2.08
"Zoledronic acid (ZOL) has been shown to significantly increase bone mineral density and to decrease the incidence of osteoporotic fractures. "( The relation between zoledronic acid infusion and interbody fusion in patients undergoing transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion surgery.
Dong, J; Li, C; Li, XL; Wang, HR; Zhou, XG, 2012)		2.14
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) has been used as the standard treatment for patients with solid cancer or myeloma that has metastasized into bone. "( Efficacy and safety of denosumab versus zoledronic acid in patients with bone metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Sun, L; Yu, S, 2013)		2.1
"Zoledronic acid has a strong antitumor effect on primary breast cancer cells in vitro which is equal or superior to commonly used chemotherapeutic regimens for treating breast cancer."( Antitumor activity of zoledronic acid in primary breast cancer cells determined by the ATP tumor chemosensitivity assay.
Fehm, T; Neubauer, H; Seeger, H; Wallwiener, D; Zwirner, M, 2012)		2.14
"Zoledronic acid has demonstrated efficacy in the reduction and delay of SREs in patients with bone metastases."( Advances in prevention and treatment of bone metastases in prostate cancer. Role of RANK/RANKL inhibition.
Gomez-Veiga, F; Martinez-Breijo, S; Morote, J; Planas, J; Ponce-Reixa, J, 2013)		1.11
"Both zoledronic acid and denosumab have been demonstrated to reduce skeletal related events."( Prostate cancer and osteoporosis.
Datta, HK; Hanusch, B; Tuck, SP; Walker, J, 2013)		0.84
"Zoledronic acid (4 mg) has been compared to placebo in a randomized Phase III trial involving 422 men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer metastatic to bone."( The new bisphosphonate, Zometa (zoledronic acid), decreases skeletal complications in both osteolytic and osteoblastic lesions: a comparison to pamidronate.
Gleason, D; Gordon, D; Kowalski, MO; Lipton, A; Reitsma, D; Rosen, L; Saad, F; Seaman, J; Small, E; Smith, M, 2002)		1.32
"Zoledronic acid has the potential to change the treatment of osteoporosis dramatically."( Zoledronic acid: an advance in tumour bone disease therapy and a new hope for osteoporosis.
Body, JJ, 2003)		2.48
"Zoledronic acid has been evaluated in randomized, double-blind clinical trials of osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone, and metastatic, osteolytic and osteoblastic bone disease."( Zoledronic acid (Zometa) use in bone disease.
Theriault, RL, 2003)		2.48
"Zoledronic acid has also demonstrated direct anti-tumour activity both in vitro and in animal models, suggesting it may be of benefit in preventing the formation of bone metastases."( The use of zoledronic acid in the management of metastatic bone disease and hypercalcaemia.
Coleman, RE; Neville-Webbe, Hl, 2003)		1.43
"Zoledronic acid has demonstrated efficacy in the management of hypercalcemia and metastatic bone disease."( Proven efficacy of zoledronic acid in the treatment of bone metastases in patients with breast cancer and other malignancies.
Cameron, D, 2003)		1.37
"Zoledronic acid has now become an additional option that can provide benefits to patients with prostate cancer throughout the course of their disease."( Role of bisphosphonates in prostate cancer.
Saad, F; Schulman, CC, 2004)		1.04
"Zoledronic acid has also received the broadest regulatory approval of any bisphosphonate and can be used to treat HCM or bone lesions secondary to multiple myeloma and a wide variety of solid tumors, including breast, prostate, and lung cancers."( Safety and convenience of a 15-minute infusion of zoledronic acid.
Berenson, J; Hirschberg, R, 2004)		1.3
"Zoledronic acid has also demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of bone metastases in patients with prostate cancer, lung cancer, and other solid tumors."( Recommendations for zoledronic acid treatment of patients with bone metastases.
Berenson, JR, 2005)		1.37
"Zoledronic acid has also demonstrated significant long-term benefits in randomized trials in prostate cancer and other solid tumors, whereas other bisphosphonates have failed."( Management of bone metastases in breast cancer.
Lipton, A, 2005)		1.05
"Zoledronic acid has also been compared with another active bisphosphonate (i.e."( Bisphosphonates in breast cancer.
Coleman, RE, 2005)		1.05
"Zoledronic acid (4 mg) has been demonstrated to reduce significantly the risk of skeletal complications in these patients and is administered via a short, 15-min infusion every 3 weeks, allowing the possibility for home administration."( Zoledronic acid significantly improves pain scores and quality of life in breast cancer patients with bone metastases: a randomised, crossover study of community vs hospital bisphosphonate administration.
Barrett-Lee, P; Cameron, D; Davidson, N; Dodwell, D; Hong, A; Mansi, J; Mason, T; Murphy, R; Wardley, A, 2005)		2.49
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) has been shown to inhibit prostate tumor growth in vitro and have beneficial effects in patients with advanced prostate cancer (CaP). "( Comparison of Fc-osteoprotegerin and zoledronic acid activities suggests that zoledronic acid inhibits prostate cancer in bone by indirect mechanisms.
Brown, LG; Corey, E; Keller, ET; Quinn, JE; Vessella, RL; Zhang, J, 2005)		2.04
"Zoledronic acid has been shown to be effective in the treatment of osteoporosis, hypercalcemia, and metastatic bone tumors. "( Zoledronic acid inhibits primary bone tumor growth in Ewing sarcoma.
Duan, X; Guan, H; Kleinerman, ES; Zhou, Z, 2005)		3.21
"Zoledronic acid (ZOL) has proved activity in bone metastases from prostate cancer through inhibition of mevalonate pathway and of prenylation of intracellular proteins. "( R115777 (Zarnestra)/Zoledronic acid (Zometa) cooperation on inhibition of prostate cancer proliferation is paralleled by Erk/Akt inactivation and reduced Bcl-2 and bad phosphorylation.
Abbruzzese, A; Baldi, A; Bertieri, R; Budillon, A; Caraglia, M; D'Alessandro, AM; Leonetti, C; Marra, M; Meo, G; Santini, D; Tonini, G; Zupi, G, 2007)		2.11
"Zoledronic acid has a cytotoxic potential even at pharmacologic dosage."( Zoledronic acid has direct antiproliferative and antimetastatic effect on pancreatic carcinoma cells and acts as an antigen for delta2 gamma/delta T cells.
Büchler, MW; Lilienfeld-Toal, Mv; Märten, A; Schmidt, J, )		2.3
"Zoledronic acid has been marketed for the past 5 years for the treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy and malignant bone disease in patients with multiple myeloma or a broad range of solid tumors. "( The safety of zoledronic acid.
Lipton, A, 2007)		2.14
"Zoledronic acid has also shown significant reductions in skeletal morbidity in patients with lung cancer or other solid tumors compared with placebo."( Efficacy and safety of intravenous bisphosphonates in patients with bone metastases caused by metastatic breast cancer.
Lipton, A, 2007)		1.06
"Zoledronic acid has demonstrated significant long-term benefits for prevention of SREs and palliative effects for bone pain."( Optimal management of metastatic bone disease.
Major, P, 2007)		1.06
"Zoledronic acid has demonstrated the greatest SRE risk reduction of all bisphosphonates and significantly improves pain scores in patients with breast cancer."( Optimal management of metastatic bone disease.
Major, P, 2007)		1.06
"Zoledronic acid has proven efficacy for reducing risk of SREs, and ongoing studies are under way to evaluate customized treatment schedules."( Bisphosphonates: reducing the risk of skeletal complications from bone metastasis.
Costa, L, 2007)		1.06
"Zoledronic acid (ZOL) has been shown to reduce osteolysis in bone metastasis. "( Zoledronic acid inhibits osteosarcoma growth in an orthotopic model.
Choong, PF; Dass, CR, 2007)		3.23
"Zoledronic acid has the potential to improve clinical outcomes by reducing the risk of fracture in patients with osteoporosis."( Intravenous zoledronic acid for the treatment of osteoporosis.
Lewiecki, EM, 2008)		1.45
"Zoledronic acid has a higher response rate, faster onset, and longer duration of action, and is more convenient to administer."( Advances in the biology and treatment of myeloma bone disease.
Berenson, JR, 2001)		1.03

Actions

Zoledronic acid can inhibit the in vitro proliferation and invasion of HNE1 cell through suppressing the secretion of VEGF, the activities of MMP2 and MMP9. Zoledronic Acid (ZOL) plays a key role in treating osteosarcoma (OS) and improving the pr.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Zoledronic acid (ZOL) plays a pivotal role in regulating bone mineral density."( Zoledronic acid inhibits osteoclastogenesis and bone resorptive function by suppressing RANKL‑mediated NF‑κB and JNK and their downstream signalling pathways.
Cheng, YT; Huang, XL; Li, JP; Liao, J; Liu, C; Shi, XM; Zhou, Q, 2022)		2.89
"Zoledronic acid appeared to enhance the subperiosteal diameter, endocortical diameter, and cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI) at the narrow neck in comparison with placebo (P < 0.05); however, no difference in TBS was observed between both groups (P > 0.05)."( The effect of zoledronic acid on hip geometry in renal transplant recipients: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized study.
Bakhshayeshkaram, M; Dabbaghmanesh, A; Dabbaghmanesh, MH; Dabbaghmanesh, MM; Heydari, ST; Jahromi, SE; Naseri, A; Roshanzamir, S; Talehzadeh, P, 2023)		1.99
"Zoledronic acid group had lower number of recurrences, however, not statistically significant."( Comparison of Denosumab and Zoledronic acid as neoadjuvant therapy in patients with giant cell tumor of bone.
Banjara, R; Gamnagatti, S; Kanwat, H; Khan, SA; Kumar, VS; Majeed, A, )		1.15
"Zoledronic acid (ZOL) plays a key role in treating osteosarcoma (OS) and improving the prognosis of patients with OS; however, its mechanism remains unclear."( Zoledronic acid modulates human osteosarcoma cells proliferation via GSK-3β activation.
Li, JJ; Li, S, 2019)		2.68
"Zoledronic acid does not produce dysrhythmia or prodysrhythmic effects in the short term."( Acute effect of zoledronic acid on the risk of cardiac dysrhythmias.
Biamonte, F; Castro, C; Cipriani, C; Clementelli, C; Curione, M; De Lucia, F; Minisola, S; Nieddu, L; Pepe, J; Piemonte, S; Savoriti, C, 2015)		1.48
"Zoledronic acid can inhibit HGF proliferation and promote its apoptosis."( [Effect of zoledronic acid on cell proliferation and apoptosis of human periodontal fibroblasts].
Cui, C; Fu, Q; Guo, Y; Liu, C; Xuan, B; Zhang, J, 2015)		2.25
"Zoledronic acid displays a significant cytotoxic effect over PNT2 and TRAMP-C1 cells (P<.001). "( [Decrease in toxicity and therapeutic effect of zoledronic acid in combination therapy with different antioxidant extracts].
Alcaraz, M; Lopez-Morata, JA; Olivares, A, )		1.83
"Zoledronic acid can inhibit the vascular endothelial cell activities of proliferation and migration, and can up-regulate cellular apoptosis, which suggests that direct inhibition of angiogenesis together with vascular impairment might contribute to the development of osteonecrosis of the jaw."( Influence of zoledronic acid on proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells.
Chen, Z; Lang, M; Lin, W; Niu, J; Shi, L; Wang, Y; Xu, S; Zhou, Z, 2016)		1.52
"Zoledronic acid did not produce an appreciable change in scans."( A Pilot Trial Evaluating Zoledronic Acid Induced Changes in [
Dickow, B; Dobson, K; Heilbrun, LK; Lawhorn-Crews, JM; Shields, AF; Smith, D; Tehrani, OS; Vaishampayan, UN, 2017)		1.48
"Zoledronic acid did not produce evidence of MG-63 cell death when administered at 100 mM for 48 hours, but only after exposure of 96 hours."( Mechanisms of the action of zoledronic acid on human MG-63 osteosarcoma cells.
Alexis, MN; Consoulas, C; Katopodis, H; Kletsas, D; Konstantinidou, E; Koutsilieris, M; Manoussakis, M; Pitulis, N; Poyatzi, A; Tenta, R; Tiblalexi, D, 2008)		1.36
"Zoledronic acid promotes osteoblast proliferation and maturation and modulates osteoprotegerin production."( [Effect of zoledronic acid on the differentiation and osteoprotegerin production of osteoblasts in rabbit].
Sun, H; Zhang, J; Zhang, WY, 2010)		2.19
"Zoledronic acid can inhibit the in vitro proliferation and invasion of HNE1 cell through suppressing the secretion of VEGF, the activities of MMP2 and MMP9 and the expressions of VEGF, MMP2 and MMP9."( [Inhibitory effects of zoledronic acid on cell proliferation and invasion in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line HNE1].
Chen, JY; Hong, CQ; Huang, WL; Li, XY; Lin, W; Lin, YC; Wang, HB, 2011)		2.12
"Zoledronic acid can enhance the in vitro effects of anti-proliferation and apoptosis-inducing for paclitaxel on HNE1 cell. "( [Study of sequence-dependent in vitro effects of zoledronic acid and paclitaxel upon human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line HNE1].
Huang, WL; Li, XY; Lin, SL; Lin, W; Lin, WZ; Lin, YC; Wang, HB, 2012)		2.08
"Zoledronic acid may cause resistance in MCF-7 cells. "( In vitro evaluation of zoledronic acid resistance developed in MCF-7 cells.
Gündüz, U; Işeri, OD; Kars, MD; Ural, AU, )		1.88

Treatment

Treatment with zoledronic acid 5 mg maintained bone turnover markers in the premenopausal range, increased lumbar spine bone density, and maintained hip bone mineral density in women previously treated with odanacatib 50 mg weekly. Treatment led to a significantly lower overall fracture rate (OR, 0.78; 95% CI,. 0.63-0.96).

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Zoledronic acid (ZA) treatment of in vitro cultured osteoblasts (OB) results in reduction in viability, proliferation and differentiation. "( Impact of PRP and PRF on Viability of Zoledronic Acid Treated Osteoblasts in 2D and 3D Cell Culture.
Hakim, SG; Rose, D; Scheibert, A; Steller, D; Sturmheit, T, 2022)		2.44
"Zoledronic acid treatment significantly up-regulated the levels of ALP, RUNX2, and Bglap. "( Zoledronic acid accelerates osteogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by attenuating oxidative stress via the SIRT3/SOD2 pathway and thus alleviates osteoporosis.
Jin, ZH; Liao, W; Wang, SF, 2020)		3.44
"Zoledronic acid treatment was associated with a reduction in blood glucose and atherogenic lipids in patients with metabolic bone disorders."( Effects of Bisphosphonate Treatment on Circulating Lipid and Glucose Levels in Patients with Metabolic Bone Disorders.
Abate, V; Buonaiuto, A; De Filippo, G; Di Minno, MND; Evangelista, M; Gennari, L; Gentile, M; Giaquinto, A; Iannuzzo, G; Merlotti, D; Picchioni, T; Rendina, D; Strazzullo, P, 2021)		1.34
"Zoledronic acid or saline treatment continued after surgery for 4 weeks (short-term subgroup) or 8 weeks (long-term subgroup) until sacrifice."( Effects of Bisphosphonates on Osseointegration of Dental Implants in Rabbit Model.
Huo, L; Rao, NJ; Wang, JY; Yu, RQ; Zheng, LW, 2021)		1.34
"Zoledronic acid treatment could significantly increase the Z-score of BMD and reshape the compressed vertebral bodies."( A novel large fragment deletion in PLS3 causes rare X-linked early-onset osteoporosis and response to zoledronic acid.
Jiang, Y; Li, L; Li, M; Liu, W; Lv, F; Ma, M; Qiu, Z; Song, Y; Wang, O; Xia, W; Xing, X; Xu, X, 2017)		1.39
"Zoledronic acid treatment of HOKs and HUVECs had no significant effects on apoptosis (P>0.05), but significantly reduced expression levels of p-EGFR, p-Akt, p-PI3K, p-mTOR), and p-eNOS (P<0.05); EGF partially reversed these effects and increased the expression levels (P<0.05)."( Epidermal Growth Factor Reverses the Inhibitory Effects of the Bisphosphonate, Zoledronic Acid, on Human Oral Keratinocytes and Human Vascular Endothelial Cells In Vitro via the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)/Akt/Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K)
Guo, T; Liu, D; Liu, J; Pan, J; Wang, Q, 2019)		1.46
"Zoledronic acid treatment is potentially important for patients with osteoporosis after THA."( Effects of zoledronic acid on bone mineral density around prostheses and bone metabolism markers after primary total hip arthroplasty in females with postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Geng, D; Guo, X; Liu, Y; Xu, Y; Yang, H; Zhou, W, 2019)		1.63
"Home zoledronic acid treatment was well tolerated. "( [Home-based zoledronic acid infusion therapy in patients with solid tumours: compliance and patient-nurse satisfaction].
Bastit, L; Guérif, S; Khemaies, S; Kouri, CE; Ktiouet, M; Lebret, T; Lortholary, A; Mouysset, JL; Murraciole, X, 2013)		1.28
"Zoledronic acid treatment decreased the expression of mesenchymal markers, N-cadherin, Twist, and Snail, and subsequently upregulated expression of E-cadherin."( Zoledronic acid reverses the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and inhibits self-renewal of breast cancer cells through inactivation of NF-κB.
Brodie, AH; Gilani, RA; Kazi, AA; Schech, AJ, 2013)		2.55
"Zoledronic acid-treated groups showed variable degrees of osteosclerosis and trabecular disorganization on X-ray study."( Zoledronic acid - related osteonecrosis of the jaws. Experimental model with dental extractions in rats.
Barba-Recreo, P; Burgueño, M; Del Castillo Pardo de Vera, JL; García-Arranz, M; Yébenes, L, 2014)		2.57
"Zoledronic acid treatment significantly decreased the number of corticosteroid-induced apoptotic chondrocytes in the joint cartilage (p<0.05)."( Protective effect of zoledronic acid on corticosteroid-induced chondrocyte apoptosis in rat articular cartilage.
Acar, N; Aslan, T; Ozbey, O; Ozenci, AM; Sahin, Z; Ustünel, I, 2013)		1.43
"Zoledronic acid treatment upregulated reactive oxygen species as well as the autophagy marker protein LC-3B."( Reactive oxygen species and autophagy associated apoptosis and limitation of clonogenic survival induced by zoledronic acid in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma cell line SACC-83.
Fu, J; Ge, XY; Jiang, Y; Li, SL; Yang, LQ; Yang, WW, 2014)		1.34
"Zoledronic acid treatment improved QOL of breast cancer patients with bone metastases by relieving bone pain."( EORTC QLQ-BM22 quality of life evaluation and pain outcome in patients with bone metastases from breast cancer treated with zoledronic acid.
Chang, KJ; Chang, YC; Chao, TY; Chen, DR; Chen, SC; Feng, YH; Hou, MF; Kuo, WH; Lee, KD; Lin, YC; Ou-Yang, F; Rau, KM; Tseng, LM; Wang, HC; Yeh, DC, )		1.78
"Zoledronic acid treatment combined with docetaxel-based chemotherapy could have a better bone pain control and improve BPFS and OS for prostate cancer patients with bone metastases. "( Docetaxel with or without zoledronic acid for castration-resistant prostate cancer.
Chen, W; Jin, H; Pan, Y; Wang, F; Weng, Z; Ye, T; Yu, Z; Zheng, Y, 2014)		2.15
"Zoledronic acid treatment did not affect the number of osteoclasts in vivo."( Bone-site-specific responses to zoledronic acid.
Bakker, LF; de Vries, TJ; Everts, V; Jansen, I; Kroon, SA; Renders, G; van Duin, MA; Vermeer, J, 2017)		1.46
"Zoledronic acid treatment increased the relative risk (RR) and the incidence rate (IR) of renal impairment by approximately 1.5-fold in all assessed patients (all tumors) compared with ibandronate."( Risk of renal impairment after treatment with ibandronate versus zoledronic acid: a retrospective medical records review.
Antràs, L; Diel, IJ; Duh, MS; Green, J; Köppler, H; Neary, M; Smith, M; Weide, R; Wintfeld, N, 2009)		1.31
"Zoledronic acid treatment in patients with malignant solid tumors causing bone metastases prolongs their survival."( [Antitumor activity of zoledronic acid].
Tamási, L, 2009)		1.38
"Zoledronic acid treatment reduces the incidence of skeletal-related events (SREs) in patients with bone metastases from breast, lung, and urologic cancers including prostate and renal cancer. "( A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of zoledronic acid in bony metastatic bladder cancer.
Boutrus, R; El-Attar, I; El-Hossieny, H; Kader, YA; Nazmy, M; Zaghloul, MS, 2010)		2.05
"Zoledronic acid treatment promoted effective osseous protection against the natural demineralization process in patients with prostate cancer recurrence submitted to ADT."( Titration of dosage for the protective effect of zoledronic acid on bone loss in patients submitted to androgen deprivation therapy due to prostate cancer: a prospective open-label study.
Hering, F; Meler, A; Rodrigues, P, 2010)		2.06
"Zoledronic acid treatment resulted in the formation of more microcracks."( Effects of estrogen deficiency and bisphosphonate therapy on osteocyte viability and microdamage accumulation in an ovine model of osteoporosis.
Brennan, O; Kennedy, OD; Lee, TC; O'Brien, FJ; Rackard, SM, 2011)		1.09
"A zoledronic acid treated group was also included in which animals were estrogen deficient for 20 months prior to receiving treatment (Zol, n=4)."( The effects of estrogen deficiency and bisphosphonate treatment on tissue mineralisation and stiffness in an ovine model of osteoporosis.
Brennan, O; Kennedy, OD; Lee, TC; McNamara, LM; O'Brien, FJ; Rackard, SM, 2011)		0.93
"Zoledronic acid treatment (4 mg per month) was initiated, and both the tumor and the metastases regressed."( Well-differentiated hand liposarcoma with bone metastases treated successfully with zoledronic Acid.
Brountzos, E; Gouliamos, A; Kouloulias, V; Mystakidou, K; Panagiotou, I, 2011)		1.32
"Zoledronic acid (ZOL) treatment has reduced DTCs in the bone marrow of patients with EBC in several studies."( Influence of zoledronic acid on disseminated tumor cells in primary breast cancer patients.
Becker, S; Fehm, T; Gebauer, G; Hirnle, P; Huober, J; Janni, W; Krämer, B; Lück, HJ; Solomayer, EF; Wackwitz, B; Wallwiener, D, 2012)		1.47
"Zoledronic acid treatment decreased bone nodule formation at all concentrations tested (0.01-100 μM). "( Zoledronic acid suppresses mineralization through direct cytotoxicity and osteoblast differentiation inhibition.
Chanruangvanit, C; Lavanrattanakul, K; Patntirapong, S; Satravaha, Y; Singhatanadgit, W, 2012)		3.26
"Zoledronic acid treatment was associated with a significantly reduced risk of vertebral fracture among men with osteoporosis. "( Fracture risk and zoledronic acid therapy in men with osteoporosis.
Antunez, O; Boonen, S; Brixen, K; Bucci-Rechtweg, C; Claessens, F; Dimai, HP; Eriksen, E; Hruska, J; Incera, E; Kaufman, JM; Langdahl, B; Lippuner, K; Lipschitz, S; Orwoll, E; Papanastasiou, P; Reginster, JY; Rizzoli, R; Russo, L; Su, G; Vanderschueren, D; Witvrouw, R; Zanchetta, J, 2012)		2.16
"Zoledronic acid treatment and prophylaxis preserved femoral head architecture after traumatic ON in this rat model at 6 weeks. "( Zoledronic acid treatment results in retention of femoral head structure after traumatic osteonecrosis in young Wistar rats.
Baldock, PA; Little, DG; Mcevoy, A; Peat, RA; Smith, EJ; Williams, PR, 2003)		3.2
"Zoledronic acid treatment does not influence (153)Sm-EDTMP skeletal uptake. "( Combined use of zoledronic acid and 153Sm-EDTMP in hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients with bone metastases.
Dahmane, A; de Klerk, JM; Lam, MG; Stevens, WH; van Rijk, PP; Zonnenberg, BA, 2008)		2.13
"Treatment with zoledronic acid probably neither reduces nor increases the proportion of participants with pain response when compared to no treatment/placebo (risk ratio (RR) 1.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93 to 2.32; per 1000 participants 121 more (19 less to 349 more); moderate-certainty evidence; network based on 4 trials including 1013 participants)."( Bisphosphonates or RANK-ligand-inhibitors for men with prostate cancer and bone metastases: a network meta-analysis.
Adams, A; Heidenreich, A; Jakob, T; Kuhr, K; Macherey, S; Monsef, I; Skoetz, N; Tesfamariam, YM, 2020)		0.9
"Treatment with zoledronic acid was beneficial for increasing BMD and reshaping the vertebral bodies of this patient."( A novel large fragment deletion in PLS3 causes rare X-linked early-onset osteoporosis and response to zoledronic acid.
Jiang, Y; Li, L; Li, M; Liu, W; Lv, F; Ma, M; Qiu, Z; Song, Y; Wang, O; Xia, W; Xing, X; Xu, X, 2017)		1.01
"Treatment with zoledronic acid 5 mg maintained bone turnover markers in the premenopausal range, increased lumbar spine bone mineral density, and maintained hip bone mineral density in women previously treated with odanacatib 50 mg weekly."( Treatment with zoledronic acid subsequent to odanacatib prevents bone loss in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.
Harsløf, T; Koldkjær Sølling, AS; Langdahl, B, 2019)		1.22
"Treatment with zoledronic acid led to a significantly lower overall fracture rate (OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.63-0.96)."( Adjuvant therapy with zoledronic acid in patients with breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Aft, R; Brufsky, AM; Coleman, RE; Eidtmann, H; Gnant, M; Lind, P; Mauri, D; Polyzos, NP; Swenson, K; Tevaarwerk, AJ; Valachis, A, 2013)		1.04
"Treatment with zoledronic acid led to a statistically significant increase in hip BMD compared to placebo."( Effect of immobilization, off-loading and zoledronic acid on bone mineral density in patients with acute Charcot neuroarthropathy: a prospective randomized trial.
Kähönen, M; Lahtela, J; Laine, HJ; Mäenpää, H; Mattila, P; Pakarinen, TK, 2013)		0.99
"Treatment with zoledronic acid decreased expression of self-renewal proteins, BMI-1 and Oct-4, and both prevented and eliminated mammosphere formation."( Zoledronic acid reverses the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and inhibits self-renewal of breast cancer cells through inactivation of NF-κB.
Brodie, AH; Gilani, RA; Kazi, AA; Schech, AJ, 2013)		2.17
"Pre-treatment with zoledronic acid caused accumulation of an extra-cellular matrix in the growth plate associated with a trend towards preferential [1] homing of tumour cells to osteoblast-rich areas of bone, but without affecting the total number of tumour cells."( Modifying the osteoblastic niche with zoledronic acid in vivo-potential implications for breast cancer bone metastasis.
Brown, HK; Dear, TN; Haider, MT; Holen, I; Hunter, K, 2014)		0.99
"Mice treated with zoledronic acid in combination with everolimus had more apoptotic lung cancer cells and more cells were arrested in the G1/G0 phase."( Everolimus and zoledronic acid--a potential synergistic treatment for lung adenocarcinoma bone metastasis.
Lu, S; Song, Z; Yang, S; Yang, X; Yu, Y; Zhang, J, 2014)		1.08
"Treatment with zoledronic acid (ZA) over 2 years, among 33 children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and five Bruck syndrome cases, showed reduction in fracture rates, pain, and improvement in bone mineral density (BMD) and motor milestones of development. "( Zoledronic acid in children with osteogenesis imperfecta and Bruck syndrome: a 2-year prospective observational study.
Aglan, MS; El Banna, RA; Elnashar, M; Ibrahim, MM; Otaify, GA; Temtamy, SA, 2016)		2.23
"Treatment with zoledronic acid led to a significant increase in trabecular bone volume within the callus, as well as in callus resistance, compared to those in the saline control rats; delayed administration (ZOLW2) reduced intrinsic material properties, including ultimate stress and elastic modulus, and microarchitecture parameters, including bone volume/total volume (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), and connectivity density (Conn.D), compared with ZOLD1 at 12 weeks after surgery. "( Zoledronic acid suppresses callus remodeling but enhances callus strength in an osteoporotic rat model of fracture healing.
Dai, K; Ge, S; Hao, Y; Lu, Y; Mao, Z; Wang, L; Wang, X, 2015)		2.21
"Treatment with zoledronic acid in osteoporotic patients with spinal fusion shortens the duration of time to fusion, improves the fusion rate, prevents the subsequent adjacent vertebral compression fractures, improves the clinical outcomes, and prevents immobilization-induced bone loss in the hip."( Effects of zoledronic acid on bone fusion in osteoporotic patients after lumbar fusion.
Chen, F; Dai, Z; Jiang, Y; Kang, Y; Keller, ET; Lv, G, 2016)		1.18
"Treatment with zoledronic acid in osteoporotic patients with spinal fusion shortens the time to fusion, improves the fusion rate, prevents subsequent aVCFs, and improves clinical outcomes."( Effects of zoledronic acid on bone fusion in osteoporotic patients after lumbar fusion.
Chen, F; Dai, Z; Jiang, Y; Kang, Y; Keller, ET; Lv, G, 2016)		1.18
"Treatment with zoledronic acid was immediately discontinued."( Spontaneous Bilateral Femoral Fractures After High-Dose Zoledronic Acid.
Bismuth, H; Brin, YS; Coughlin, R; Heler, Z; Kish, BJ; Nyska, M; Palmanovich, E; Rotman, P; Zehavi, T, 2015)		1
"Treatment with zoledronic acid effectively minimized the migration of the cups in both the transverse and the vertical direction (mean, 0.15 +/- 0.6 mm and 0.06 +/- 0.6 mm, respectively; p < 0.05), while only a trend to decreased subsidence of the stem was detected."( The effect of a single infusion of zoledronic acid on early implant migration in total hip arthroplasty. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial.
Aigner, R; Friedl, G; Radl, R; Rehak, P; Stihsen, C; Windhager, R, 2009)		0.97
"Treatment with zoledronic acid amend partially this fault."( Defective gammadelta T-cell function and granzyme B gene polymorphism in a cohort of newly diagnosed breast cancer patients.
Ajarim, D; Al-Hussein, K; Al-Sayed, A; Al-Sulaiman, A; Aljurf, MD; Alsharif, F; Alzahrani, H; Gaafar, A; Iqniebi, A; Manogaran, PS; Mohamed, GE; Mohareb, F; Tabakhi, A, 2009)		0.69
"Treatment with zoledronic acid as late as 2 weeks after ovariectomy still facilitates the full reversal of cancellous bone loss in the rat tibia."( Detecting early bone changes using in vivo micro-CT in ovariectomized, zoledronic acid-treated, and sham-operated rats.
Fazzalari, NL; Le, V; Ma, B; Perilli, E; Reynolds, K; Salmon, P, 2010)		0.95
"Treatment with zoledronic acid increased the mineral content and tissue modulus relative to both the ovariectomised and control groups."( The effects of estrogen deficiency and bisphosphonate treatment on tissue mineralisation and stiffness in an ovine model of osteoporosis.
Brennan, O; Kennedy, OD; Lee, TC; McNamara, LM; O'Brien, FJ; Rackard, SM, 2011)		0.71
"Treatment with zoledronic acid achieved the best response with only 2.9% failing to respond adequately."( Paget's disease of bone: analysis of 134 cases from an island in Southern Brazil: another cluster of Paget's disease of bone in South America.
de Magalhães Souza Fialho, SC; Heiden, GI; Morato, EF; Neves, FS; Pereira, IA; Toscano, MA; Werner de Castro, GR; Zimmermann, AF, 2012)		0.72
"Treatment with Zoledronic acid (ZA) not only mitigated bone pain, but also rapidly improved of PSA and hematological findings."( [A case of prostate cancer with disseminated carcinomatosis of bone marrow which responded to Zoledronic acid].
Hirata, H; Kanamaru, H; Kato, K; Nagahama, K; Yagibashi, Y; Yamamoto, M, 2011)		0.93
"Treatment with zoledronic acid impaired intratumoral MDSC accumulation resulting in delayed tumor growth rate, prolonged median survival, and increased recruitment of T cells to the tumor."( Pancreatic adenocarcinoma induces bone marrow mobilization of myeloid-derived suppressor cells which promote primary tumor growth.
Belt, BA; Gillanders, WE; Goedegebuure, P; Herndon, J; Hsieh, CS; Lee, HM; Linehan, DC; Mitchem, JB; Porembka, MR, 2012)		0.72
"The treatment of zoledronic acid followed by paclitaxel was superior to the other regimens (P < 0.05)."( [Study of sequence-dependent in vitro effects of zoledronic acid and paclitaxel upon human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line HNE1].
Huang, WL; Li, XY; Lin, SL; Lin, W; Lin, WZ; Lin, YC; Wang, HB, 2012)		0.96
"The treatment of zoledronic acid followed by paclitaxel may be the optimal regimen."( [Study of sequence-dependent in vitro effects of zoledronic acid and paclitaxel upon human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line HNE1].
Huang, WL; Li, XY; Lin, SL; Lin, W; Lin, WZ; Lin, YC; Wang, HB, 2012)		0.96
"Treatment with zoledronic acid had a clear effect on fracture events, and it might contribute an important role for overall survival."( Zoledronic acid as an adjuvant therapy in patients with breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Huang, C; Huang, WW; Lin, L; Liu, J; Zheng, HY, 2012)		2.17
"Cotreatment with zoledronic acid, a potent osteoclast inhibitor, reduced IAP antagonist-enhanced tumor growth in bone and osteolysis."( Antagonism of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins increases bone metastasis via unexpected osteoclast activation.
Collins, LI; Davis, JL; Faccio, R; Mach, RH; Novack, DV; Piwnica-Worms, D; Su, X; Vangveravong, S; Vora, P; Weilbaecher, KN; Yang, C; Zeng, R, 2013)		0.72
"Treatment with zoledronic acid (Zol) was compared with a dose of 90 mg of pamidronate (Pam) in breast carcinoma (BC) patients with at least 1 osteolytic lesion based on data from a Phase III, randomized trial."( Zoledronic acid is superior to pamidronate for the treatment of bone metastases in breast carcinoma patients with at least one osteolytic lesion.
Chen, BL; Coleman, RE; Dugan, W; Eisenberg, PD; Gordon, DH; Kaminski, M; Major, P; Provencher, L; Rosen, LS; Seaman, J; Simeone, J, 2004)		2.12
"Treatment with zoledronic acid induced temporary secondary hyperparathyroidism and postinfusion hypocalcemia statistically significantly more often than did placebo."( Zoledronic acid prevents bone loss after liver transplantation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Angus, PW; Byth, K; Crawford, BA; Handelsman, DJ; Kam, C; McCaughan, GW; Pavlovic, J, 2006)		2.12
"Treatment with zoledronic acid can prevent bone loss within the first year after liver transplantation."( Zoledronic acid prevents bone loss after liver transplantation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Angus, PW; Byth, K; Crawford, BA; Handelsman, DJ; Kam, C; McCaughan, GW; Pavlovic, J, 2006)		2.13
"Treatment with zoledronic acid in combination with doxycycline may be very beneficial for breast cancer patients at risk for osteolytic bone metastasis."( Effect of zoledronic acid on the doxycycline-induced decrease in tumour burden in a bone metastasis model of human breast cancer.
Duivenvoorden, WC; Kalina, M; Seidlitz, E; Singh, G; Vukmirović-Popović, S, 2007)		1.08
"Treatment with zoledronic acid for patients with pancreatic carcinoma might be an option."( Zoledronic acid has direct antiproliferative and antimetastatic effect on pancreatic carcinoma cells and acts as an antigen for delta2 gamma/delta T cells.
Büchler, MW; Lilienfeld-Toal, Mv; Märten, A; Schmidt, J, )		1.91
"Treatment with zoledronic acid reduced the risk of morphometric vertebral fracture by 70% during a 3-year period, as compared with placebo (3.3% in the zoledronic-acid group vs. "( Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Black, DM; Boonen, S; Caminis, J; Cauley, JA; Cosman, F; Cummings, SR; Delmas, PD; Eastell, R; Eriksen, EF; Hu, H; Hue, TF; Krasnow, J; Lakatos, P; Leung, PC; Man, Z; Mautalen, C; Mesenbrink, P; Reid, IR; Rosario-Jansen, T; Sellmeyer, D; Tong, K, 2007)		1.07
"Treatment with zoledronic acid every 3 months preserved bone density and suppressed markers of bone turnover in patients with androgen-deprived prostate cancer, both with and without bone metastases."( Suppression of bone density loss and bone turnover in patients with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer and receiving zoledronic acid.
Bylow, K; Demers, LM; Henderson, TO; Huo, D; Ryan, CW; Stadler, WM; Vogelzang, NJ, 2007)		0.9
"Treatment with zoledronic acid (ZA) (100 ng/g) or placebo was started at the age of 10 weeks and administered every 2 weeks."( Inhibition of osteoclasts does not prevent joint ankylosis in a mouse model of spondyloarthritis.
Derese, I; Lories, RJ; Luyten, FP, 2008)		0.69
"Treatment with zoledronic acid and clinically achievable concentrations of paclitaxel resulted in a 4-5-fold increase in tumour cell apoptosis (P< 0.02)."( The bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid, induces apoptosis of breast cancer cells: evidence for synergy with paclitaxel.
Coleman, RE; Croucher, PI; Jagdev, SP; Rostami-H, A; Shipman, CM, 2001)		0.97

Toxicity

The number of patients with adverse events was significantly higher in zoledronic acid as compared to ibandronate-treated patients. The safety results indicated that teriparatide was safer than zoledronics acid regarding the risk of adverse events.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The most common adverse events included bone pain, nausea, and fatigue."( Long-term efficacy and safety of zoledronic acid compared with pamidronate disodium in the treatment of skeletal complications in patients with advanced multiple myeloma or breast carcinoma: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, comparative trial.
Apffelstaedt, J; Belch, A; Chen, BL; Coleman, RE; Gordon, D; Howell, A; Hussein, MA; Kaminski, M; Mackey, J; Reitsma, DJ; Rosen, LS; Seaman, JJ, 2003)		0.6
" Regular Z 4 mg infusions appear to be safe in these patients, with routine monitoring of serum creatinine."( Bisphosphonate infusions: patient preference, safety and clinic use.
Chern, B; Copeman, M; De Abreu Lourenco, R; Joseph, D; Joshua, D; Lowe, S; Lynch, K; Pittman, K; Richardson, G; Schou, M, 2004)		0.32
" Zoledronic acid was found to be well tolerated with long-term use; the most commonly reported adverse events in all treatment groups included bone pain and the transient, acute-phase reactions of nausea, anemia, and emesis."( Long-term efficacy and safety of zoledronic acid in the treatment of skeletal metastases in patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma and other solid tumors: a randomized, Phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
De Souza, P; Gordon, D; Hirsh, V; Krzakowski, M; Pawlicki, M; Reitsma, D; Rosen, LS; Seaman, J; Tchekmedyian, NS; Urbanowitz, G; Yanagihara, R; Zheng, M, 2004)		1.52
" The nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate pamidronate was significantly more toxic on a panel of eight neuroblastoma cell lines than the non-nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates, clodronate and tiludronate."( In vitro toxicity of bisphosphonates on human neuroblastoma cell lines.
Boos, J; Lanvers-Kaminsky, C; Vorotnjak, M, 2004)		0.32
" Adverse events (AEs), pain, and quality-of-life (QOL) scores were recorded, and serum creatinine (SCr) levels were measured before each infusion."( Safety and pain palliation of zoledronic acid in patients with breast cancer, prostate cancer, or multiple myeloma who previously received bisphosphonate therapy.
Decker, JL; Henderson, C; Hohneker, JA; Kaplan, BH; Lacerna, L; Orlowski, R; Purdy, MH; Schnell, FM; Vogel, CL; Wood, AJ; Yanagihara, RH, 2004)		0.61
"We evaluated available cases with acute deterioration of renal function associated with zoledronic acid therapy drawn from the French Adverse Event Reporting System database until July 1, 2004."( Zoledronic Acid and renal toxicity: data from French adverse effect reporting database.
Andrejak, M; Bernard, N; Biour, M; Gautier, S; Gras, V; Jean-Pastor, MJ; Massy, Z; Munier, A, )		1.8
" The safety profiles among all intravenous bisphosphonates were similar; patients treated with intravenous bisphosphonates reported notably less bone pain but a higher incidence of mild to moderate transient infusion-related adverse events (eg, nausea, vomiting, myalgia, and anorexia) compared with placebo."( Efficacy and safety of intravenous bisphosphonates for patients with breast cancer metastatic to bone: a review of randomized, double-blind, phase III trials.
Gordon, DH, 2005)		0.33
"2%) were the most common adverse events."( Open-label trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of zoledronic acid in preventing bone loss in patients with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer and bone metastases.
Barkley, CS; Bilhartz, DL; Given, RW; Julian, SR; Karlin, GS; Lacerna, LV; McWhorter, LT; Metzger, C; Polascik, TJ; Vestal, JC, 2005)		0.58
"Zoledronic acid administration for 1 year to patients with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer and bone metastases who were receiving androgen deprivation therapy was safe and prevented bone loss, as demonstrated by significant increases in bone mineral density and sustained suppression of biochemical markers of bone turnover."( Open-label trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of zoledronic acid in preventing bone loss in patients with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer and bone metastases.
Barkley, CS; Bilhartz, DL; Given, RW; Julian, SR; Karlin, GS; Lacerna, LV; McWhorter, LT; Metzger, C; Polascik, TJ; Vestal, JC, 2005)		2.02
" Current reports have focused on therapy-resistant osteonecrosis of the jaws as a possible side effect of bisphosphonates."( [Osteonecrosis of the jaws as a possible adverse effect of the use of bisphosphonates].
Eufinger, H; Hoefert, S, 2005)		0.33
" The presentation of these cases is intended to call attention to this clinically important side effect of bisphosphonate medication."( [Osteonecrosis of the jaws as a possible adverse effect of the use of bisphosphonates].
Eufinger, H; Hoefert, S, 2005)		0.33
" As clinical indications of intravenous bisphosphonates continue to expand, prescribing clinicians should be familiar with these possible adverse effects and discuss them with patients before commencing or continuing on therapy."( Management of the adverse effects associated with intravenous bisphosphonates.
Stiff, PJ; Tanvetyanon, T, 2006)		0.33
" The most frequently reported adverse events, regardless of relationship to study drug, were pyrexia (22%) and bone pain (10%)."( Efficacy and safety of zoledronic acid in patients with breast cancer metastatic to bone: a multicenter clinical trial.
Amadori, D; Bordonaro, R; Cartenì, G; Giotta, F; Lorusso, V; Rondena, R; Scalone, S; Vinaccia, V, )		0.44
"ZA showed to be safe with a low rate of reversible renal toxicity."( Assessment of renal toxicity and osteonecrosis of the jaws in patients receiving zoledronic acid for bone metastasis.
Aguiar Bujanda, D; Aguiar Morales, J; Bohn Sarmiento, U; Cabrera Suárez, MA, 2007)		0.57
" We conclude that the rapid infusion of zoledronic acid is safe and convenient for lung cancer patients even after the 3rd and 6th months follow-up."( Safety and efficacy of zoledronic acid rapid infusion in lung cancer patients with bone metastases: a single institution experience.
Alamara, C; Boufas, A; Charpidou, A; Kiagia, M; Kotteas, E; Pantazopoulos, K; Provata, A; Syrigos, KN, )		0.71
" No differences in mean changes in serum creatinine, estimated creatinine clearance or adverse renal events were found."( Renal safety of annual zoledronic acid infusions in osteoporotic postmenopausal women.
Abrams, K; Boonen, S; Eriksen, EF; Lippuner, K; Mesenbrink, P; Miller, PD; Orlov-Morozov, A; Sellmeyer, DE, 2008)		0.66
" Patterns of nephrotoxicity described with these agents include toxic acute tubular necrosis and collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, respectively."( Bisphosphonate nephrotoxicity.
Markowitz, GS; Perazella, MA, 2008)		0.35
"Retreatments with (186)Re-HEDP under zoledronic acid provide continuing effectiveness in metastatic bone pain and are safe enough, if an acceptable baseline hematologic status exists."( Management of metastatic bone pain with repeated doses of rhenium 186-HEDP in patients under therapy with zoledronic acid: a safe and additively effective practice.
Baziotis, N; Limouris, GS; Zafeirakis, A; Zissimopoulos, A, 2009)		0.84
" The incidence rate of postdose adverse events were higher with ZOL, although the rate of serious adverse events and deaths was comparable between the two groups."( Efficacy and safety of a once-yearly intravenous zoledronic acid 5 mg for fracture prevention in elderly postmenopausal women with osteoporosis aged 75 and older.
Black, DM; Boonen, S; Colón-Emeric, CS; Eastell, R; Eriksen, EF; Haentjens, P; Lyles, KW; Magaziner, JS; Mesenbrink, P, 2010)		0.62
" The safety was assessed based on the frequencies of the reported adverse effects as nausea, vomiting, anemia, etc."( Zoledronic acid and clodronate in the treatment of malignant bone metastases with hypercalcaemia; efficacy and safety comparative study.
Habib, EE; Sabry, NA, 2011)		1.81
"A search of PubMed (1991-September 2009) for preclinical and clinical trials was conducted using the following search terms: arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, bisphosphonate, osteoporosis, cardiovascular adverse events, bone mineral density, fracture incidence, stroke, alendronate, etidronate, ibandronate, risedronate, and zoledronic acid."( Review of the cardiovascular safety of zoledronic acid and other bisphosphonates for the treatment of osteoporosis.
John Camm, A, 2010)		0.8
"Atrial fibrillation (AF) serious adverse events (SAEs) were observed among more patients receiving zoledronic acid (1."( Review of the cardiovascular safety of zoledronic acid and other bisphosphonates for the treatment of osteoporosis.
John Camm, A, 2010)		0.85
" Although the mechanism by which ZOL may cause liver damage is elusive, physicians should be aware of this possible adverse effect and ZOL cautiously administered in NAFLD patients."( Zoledronic acid-induced transient hepatotoxicity in a patient effectively treated for Paget's disease of bone.
Anastasilakis, AD; Arsos, G; Kita, M; Kountouras, J; Litsas, I; Moralidis, E; Polyzos, SA; Terpos, E, 2011)		1.81
" The incidence of adverse events and serious adverse events was similar in the treatment groups."( Efficacy and safety of a once-yearly i.v. Infusion of zoledronic acid 5 mg versus a once-weekly 70-mg oral alendronate in the treatment of male osteoporosis: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, active-controlled study.
Adachi, JD; Adler, RA; Brown, J; Bucci-Rechtweg, C; Kendler, D; Mesenbrink, P; Miller, PD; Orwoll, ES; Readie, A; Weinstein, RS, 2010)		0.61
" Outcomes of adverse events were defined as inflammatory conditions of the jaw, including osteonecrosis; major jaw surgery for necrotic or inflammatory conditions; or jaw surgeries for malignancies."( Adverse events and intravenous versus oral bisphosphonate use in patients with osteoporosis and cancer in the U.S.
Hay, JW; Jeffcoat, MK; Seal, B; Skrepnek, GH; Tangirala, M; Watts, NB, )		0.13
" Serious (SAE) and non-serious adverse event (AE) data generated during the first 36 months on study were analysed for the safety population."( Safety of zoledronic acid and incidence of osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) during adjuvant therapy in a randomised phase III trial (AZURE: BIG 01-04) for women with stage II/III breast cancer.
Barrett-Lee, PJ; Bell, R; Brown, J; Burkinshaw, R; Cameron, D; Coleman, R; Davies, C; Dodwell, D; Gil, M; Grieve, RJ; Houston, SJ; Keane, M; Thorpe, H; Woodward, E, 2011)		0.77
" In conclusion, in this prospective pilot study, prophylactic use of zoledronic acid to prevent early bone loss was found to be safe and feasible in patients with AML undergoing allo-SCT during the immediate post-transplantation period."( Prophylactic use of zoledronic acid to prevent early bone loss is safe and feasible in patients with acute myeloid leukemia undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
Abhyankar, S; Aljitawi, OS; Divine, CL; Ganguly, S; Graves, L; McGuirk, JP, )		0.69
" Summary of the adverse effects revealed similar safety profiles for the 2 drugs."( Efficacy and safety of denosumab versus zoledronic acid in patients with bone metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Sun, L; Yu, S, 2013)		0.66
" Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between renal function before and adverse events(AEs)after ZA administration."( [A survey of the dosage of zoledronic acid and investigation of the relationship between renal function and adverse events].
Chiba, Y; Fujiwara, K; Kawaguchi, A; Morita, T; Nakao, M; Nishida, S; Tsubaki, M; Yamazoe, Y; Yanae, M, 2012)		0.68
" In conclusion, the present study shows that the use of ZOL in the dosage and period studied was safe and efficient to promote a clinical and densitometric improvement, similarly to PAM."( Safety and efficacy of a 1-year treatment with zoledronic acid compared with pamidronate in children with osteogenesis imperfecta.
Barros, ER; de Oliveira, TP; Lazaretti-Castro, M; Saraiva, GL, 2012)		0.64
" Therapies based on combinations of chemotherapeutics with phosphatase inhibitors that target signaling pathways within the cell with different mechanisms of action, may be useful for increasing therapeutic effect and also diminish toxic side effects by decreasing the doses of conventional chemotherapeutics."( Zoledronic acid in combination with serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitors induces enhanced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in hormone-refractory prostate cancer cell lines by decreasing the activities of PP1 and PP2A.
Atmaca, H; Cirak, Y; Karabulut, B; Karaca, B; Kisim, A; Sezgin, C; Uslu, R; Uzunoglu, S; Varol, U, 2012)		1.82
"The number of patients with adverse events was significantly higher in zoledronic acid as compared to ibandronate-treated patients, primarily because of a larger number of post-dose symptoms after bisphosphonate administrations (54."( Intravenous bisphosphonates for postmenopausal osteoporosis: safety profiles of zoledronic acid and ibandronate in clinical practice.
Kraenzlin, CA; Kraenzlin, ME; Lardelli, P; Meier, C; Sieber, P, 2013)		0.85
"Zoledronate, at 100μM, was toxic to all types of cells tested, while its toxicity varied among cells at both 1 and 10μM."( In vitro cytotoxicity of zoledronate (nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate: NBP) and/or etidronate (non-NBP) in tumour cells and periodontal cells.
Dohdoh, M; Endo, Y; Kuroishi, T; Nagai, Y; Ohki, A; Oizumi, T; Sugawara, S; Tanaka, Y, 2013)		0.39
" PEG-L-Zol was more toxic than DPPG-L-Zol."( Liposome encapsulation of zoledronic acid results in major changes in tissue distribution and increase in toxicity.
Amitay, Y; Gabizon, A; Gorin, J; Shmeeda, H; Tzemach, D, 2013)		0.69
" This strategy is under evaluation using liposomes carrying less toxic bisphosphonates."( Liposome encapsulation of zoledronic acid results in major changes in tissue distribution and increase in toxicity.
Amitay, Y; Gabizon, A; Gorin, J; Shmeeda, H; Tzemach, D, 2013)		0.69
"Zoledronic acid was safely administered IV during a 30-minute period, and no adverse effects were observed."( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of zoledronic acid in horses.
Knych, HK; Maher, O; Nieto, JE; Snyder, JR; Stanley, SD, 2013)		2.09
" The most common grade 3-4 adverse events were bone pain (56 [27%] patients in the 12-week group vs 65 [30%] in the 4-week group), nausea (24 [11%] vs 33 [15%]), and asthenia (18 [9%] vs 33 [15%])."( Efficacy and safety of 12-weekly versus 4-weekly zoledronic acid for prolonged treatment of patients with bone metastases from breast cancer (ZOOM): a phase 3, open-label, randomised, non-inferiority trial.
Aglietta, M; Alessi, B; Amadori, D; Bertoldo, F; Bogani, P; Farina, G; Gaion, F; Gianni, L; Ibrahim, T; Ripamonti, CI; Rondena, R; Santini, D, 2013)		0.64
" We found that zoledronic acid had the highest chance of causing gastrointestinal adverse events."( Comparative gastrointestinal safety of bisphosphonates in primary osteoporosis: a network meta-analysis.
Cadarette, SM; Juurlink, DN; Krahn, MD; Lévesque, LE; Mamdani, MM; Tadrous, M; Wong, L, 2014)		0.76
" Gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events (AE) are the primary reason for non-adherence."( Comparative gastrointestinal safety of bisphosphonates in primary osteoporosis: a network meta-analysis.
Cadarette, SM; Juurlink, DN; Krahn, MD; Lévesque, LE; Mamdani, MM; Tadrous, M; Wong, L, 2014)		0.4
" Patients with BMs, time to BMs, overall survival, and adverse events were compared between treatment groups."( Prevention of bone metastases in patients with high-risk nonmetastatic prostate cancer treated with zoledronic acid: efficacy and safety results of the Zometa European Study (ZEUS).
Caris, C; Cicalese, V; Debruyne, F; Delaere, K; Gomez Veiga, F; Huland, H; Lecouvet, F; Miller, K; Patel, A; Schulze, M; Tammela, T; Tubaro, A; Wirth, M; Witjes, W, 2015)		0.63
" The incidence of renal adverse events was similar for ZOL and CLO."( Osteonecrosis of the jaw and renal safety in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: Medical Research Council Myeloma IX Study results.
Ashcroft, AJ; Bell, SE; Boyd, KD; Byrne, J; Child, JA; Cook, G; Davies, FE; Drayson, MT; Feyler, S; Gregory, WM; Jackson, GH; Morgan, GJ; Navarro Coy, N; Osborne, WL; Owen, RG; Roddie, H; Ross, FM; Rudin, C; Szubert, AJ; Wu, P, 2014)		0.4
"In a secondary analysis of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which early post-menopausal women (N=1054) with normal bone density or osteopenia were randomized to infusion of zoledronate 5 mg (N=703) or placebo (N=351), we analyzed significant adverse ocular events occurring within 3 months."( Incidence of ocular side effects with intravenous zoledronate: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.
Al-Abuwsi, F; Bolland, M; Horne, A; McGhee, CN; Nisa, Z; Patel, DV; Reid, IR; Singh, M, 2015)		0.42
" No long-term use side effect was observed, and mild transient symptoms were easily resolved."( Continuous effect with long-term safety in zoledronic acid therapy for polyostotic fibrous dysplasia with severe bone destruction.
Bao, S; Guan, H; Ma, J; Wu, D, 2015)		0.68
"The aim of our work was to evaluate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the in vitro response of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) to 1, 5, 10, and 100 μM doses of zoledronic acid (ZA), a bisphosphonate largely used in the clinical practice and for which several adverse effects are reported."( Nitric oxide-mediated cytotoxic effect induced by zoledronic acid treatment on human gingival fibroblasts.
Cataldi, A; De Colli, M; di Giacomo, V; Gallorini, M; Marconi, GD; Patruno, A; Tetè, G; Zara, S; Zizzari, VL, 2015)		0.87
"The charts of patients who received denosumab and ZA at Loyola Hospital were reviewed, and adverse events were noted."( Comparison of the efficacy, adverse effects, and cost of zoledronic acid and denosumab in the treatment of osteoporosis.
Camacho, PM; Camara, MI; Sheedy, KC, 2015)		0.66
" Retinal toxicity may represent a rare adverse reaction to zoledronic acid, but this case suggests that caution should be used when administering this medication to patients with compromised retinal integrity."( Severe visual loss secondary to retinal toxicity after intravenous use of bisphosphonate in an eye with known chloroquine maculopathy.
Bursztyn, LL; Masri, M; Sheidow, TG, 2014)		0.65
" However, one of their main adverse side-effects is bisphosphonate-induced nephrotoxicity."( Lack of difference in acute nephrotoxicity of intravenous bisphosphonates zoledronic acid and ibandronate in women with breast cancer and bone metastases.
Bohlmann, MK; Luedders, DW; Rody, A; Steinhoff, J; Thill, M, 2015)		0.65
"Both applied bisphosphonates were found to be well-tolerated and safe with regard to renal toxicity during a six-month treatment period in patients with otherwise healthy kidneys having advanced breast cancer and bone metastases."( Lack of difference in acute nephrotoxicity of intravenous bisphosphonates zoledronic acid and ibandronate in women with breast cancer and bone metastases.
Bohlmann, MK; Luedders, DW; Rody, A; Steinhoff, J; Thill, M, 2015)		0.65
"Hip and spine bone mineral density (BMD) at 12 and 24 months and adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of single-dose zoledronic acid for osteoporosis in frail elderly women: a randomized clinical trial.
Ferchak, MA; Greenspan, SL; Nace, DA; Perera, S; Resnick, NM, 2015)		0.69
" The samples studied were found to be toxic, and the samples photo-polymerized in absence of O2 showed a bigger cytotoxic effect comparable to the additive toxic effect showed by the combined treatment of IR+Z."( Toxicity of a dental adhesive compared with ionizing radiation and zoledronic acid.
Achel, DG; Alcaraz, M; Canteras-Jordana, M; Fondevilla-Soler, A; García-Cruz, E; Olivares, A, 2015)		0.65
"Additional effort should be carried out to develop adhesives, which would reduce the release of hazardous substances; since toxic effects are similar to that reported by other agents whose clinical use is controlled by the health authorities."( Toxicity of a dental adhesive compared with ionizing radiation and zoledronic acid.
Achel, DG; Alcaraz, M; Canteras-Jordana, M; Fondevilla-Soler, A; García-Cruz, E; Olivares, A, 2015)		0.65
" The most common adverse effects of ZOL treatment are post-dose symptoms."( Zoledronic acid-induced hepatotoxicity relieved after subsequent infusions in a Chinese woman with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.
Fu, Y; Jiang, Y; Li, M; Meng, XW; Wang, O; Xia, WB; Xing, XP, 2015)		1.86
"Hepatotoxicity due to ZOL therapy is a rare, but possible adverse effect which may be relieved after subsequent infusions."( Zoledronic acid-induced hepatotoxicity relieved after subsequent infusions in a Chinese woman with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.
Fu, Y; Jiang, Y; Li, M; Meng, XW; Wang, O; Xia, WB; Xing, XP, 2015)		1.86
"The study aimed to characterize the short-term safety profile of ZA and identify risk factors for ZA-related adverse events (AEs) in young patients."( Short-Term Safety of Zoledronic Acid in Young Patients With Bone Disorders: An Extensive Institutional Experience.
George, S; Hummel, K; Kaplan, P; Levine, MA; Monk, HM; Weber, DR, 2015)		0.74
" Zoledronic acid had an acceptable safety profile; no adverse events were considered to be drug related."( Effectiveness and Safety of Zoledronic Acid in the Treatment of Osteoporosis.
Hsieh, PC, )		1.34
" However, the incidence of any adverse events was higher in the zoledronic acid group than that in the control group, and serious adverse events were comparable between the 2 groups."( Efficacy and Safety of Zoledronic Acid for Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Wang, C, )		0.68
"Assessing the maximum safe dose for local bisphosphonate delivery to the cochlea enables efficient delivery without ototoxicity."( Measurement of Ototoxicity Following Intracochlear Bisphosphonate Delivery.
Jung, DH; Kang, WS; McKenna, CE; McKenna, MJ; Nguyen, K; Sewell, WF, 2016)		0.43
" To attain intracochlear bisphosphonate delivery without ototoxicity, the maximum safe dose of bisphosphonates requires definition."( Measurement of Ototoxicity Following Intracochlear Bisphosphonate Delivery.
Jung, DH; Kang, WS; McKenna, CE; McKenna, MJ; Nguyen, K; Sewell, WF, 2016)		0.43
" Occurrences of adverse events were generally similar between the denosumab and ZA groups except anemia and anorexia in patients with bone metastases and back pain and bone pain."( Safety of Denosumab Versus Zoledronic Acid in Patients with Bone Metastases: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Chen, F; Pu, F, 2016)		0.73
" No new adverse events or osteonecrosis of the jaw were observed in this study."( Efficacy and safety of once-yearly zoledronic acid in Japanese patients with primary osteoporosis: two-year results from a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study (ZOledroNate treatment in Efficacy to osteoporosis; ZONE study).
Fukunaga, M; Hagino, H; Ito, M; Kishimoto, H; Nakamura, T; Nakano, T; Ohashi, M; Ota, Y; Shiraki, M; Sone, T; Taguchi, A; Tanaka, S, 2017)		0.73
" Pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion were then compared, and drug-related adverse events and changes in the levels of bone turnover markers were assessed at 12 months."( Safety, pharmacokinetics, and changes in bone metabolism associated with zoledronic acid treatment in Japanese patients with primary osteoporosis.
Nakamura, T; Shiraki, M; Suzuki, H; Tanaka, S; Ueda, S, 2017)		0.69
" Although 51% of patients reported serious adverse events, only two cases were suspected as ZOL related."( Long-term safety of monthly zoledronic acid therapy beyond 1 year in patients with advanced cancer involving bone (LoTESS): A multicentre prospective phase 4 study.
Abdi, E; Chern, B; Copeman, MC; Cosolo, W; Khalafallah, AA; Slancar, M; Woodfield, RJ, 2018)		0.77
" A random-effects model within a Bayesian framework was applied to compare treatment effects as standardized mean difference (SMD) with their corresponding 95% credible interval (CrI), while odds ratio (OR) was applied to compare adverse events with 95% CrI."( Efficacy and safety of medical therapy for low bone mineral density in patients with Crohn disease: A systematic review with network meta-analysis.
Chen, H; Ma, H; Ma, J; Wang, P; Zhang, H; Zhang, Y; Zhao, X; Zhou, C; Zhu, Y, 2017)		0.46
" For safety assessment, the incidence of adverse events (AEs) demonstrated no statistical difference between agents and placebo."( Efficacy and safety of medical therapy for low bone mineral density in patients with Crohn disease: A systematic review with network meta-analysis.
Chen, H; Ma, H; Ma, J; Wang, P; Zhang, H; Zhang, Y; Zhao, X; Zhou, C; Zhu, Y, 2017)		0.46
" Objectives To describe the use of denosumab and to analyze its adverse effects (AE) in tertiary hospital cancer outpatients."( Use and safety of denosumab in cancer patients.
Bastida, C; Chaguaceda, C; Creus-Baró, N; Manzaneque, A; Mensa, M, 2017)		0.46
"Bisphosphonates may rarely cause ocular adverse effects and retrobulbar optic neuropathy (RON) secondary to zoledronic acid is very rare."( Bilateral retrobulbar optic neuropathy as the only sign of zoledronic acid toxicity.
Gálvez, MIL; Lavado, FM; Leal, LM; Osorio, MRR; Prieto, MP, 2017)		0.91
" Optic nerve toxicity is not a side effect recognised by either the Food and Drug Administration or the drug manufacturers, and to our knowledge, this is the first case of zoledronic acid-related bilateral RON with late onset."( Bilateral retrobulbar optic neuropathy as the only sign of zoledronic acid toxicity.
Gálvez, MIL; Lavado, FM; Leal, LM; Osorio, MRR; Prieto, MP, 2017)		0.89
" Scaffolds proved to be efficient and safe to liver and kidney function."( Safety and efficacy of hydroxyapatite scaffold in the prevention of jaw osteonecrosis in vivo.
Borges, LCFS; Chaud, MV; de Almeida, AD; Grotto, D; Hataka, A; Leite, FG; Rebelo, MA; Viroel, FJM, 2018)		0.48
" There was no significant difference in drug-related adverse effects between the two groups (P > ."( Effect of zoledronic acid therapy on postmenopausal osteoporosis between the Uighur and Han population in Xinjiang: An open-label, long-term safety and efficacy study.
Wang, H; Xiang, C; Xiao, X; Xu, W; Yuan, H; Zhao, X, 2018)		0.88
"Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a serious adverse effect of antiresorptive and antiangiogenic therapies."( Endothelial Progenitor Cells inhibit jaw osteonecrosis in a rat model: A major adverse effect of bisphosphonate therapy.
Cohen, G; Cohen, T; Doppelt, O; Elimelech, R; Eskander-Hashoul, L; Tamari, T; Zigdon-Giladi, H, 2019)		0.51
"98)) and risk of adverse skeletal outcomes was significantly higher, reflecting more severe osteoporosis in these patients."( Cardiovascular and skeletal safety of zoledronic acid in osteoporosis observational, matched cohort study using Danish and Swedish health registries.
Abrahamsen, B; Andersen, M; Choudhury, A; Eriksen, EF; Kalsekar, S; Möller, S; Rubin, KH; Zorina, O, 2020)		0.83
" A limitation is that safety outcomes failed to consider the severity of adverse effects."( Clinical efficacy and safety of drug interventions for primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women: Network meta-analysis followed by factor and cluster analysis.
Ding, L; Du, H; Hu, J; Huang, H; Huang, Z; Kuang, A; Li, K; Mo, Y; Wen, F, 2020)		0.56
"Bone metastatic disease may lead to serious adverse events in patients with cancer."( Adverse events associated with bone-directed therapies in patients with cancer.
Hu, MI; Jara, MA; Varghese, J, 2022)		0.72
" We used a fixed-effects or random-effects model to analyze the bone mineral density (BMD), visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI), bone markers (N-MID, β-CTX, and P1NP) and adverse events, expressed as weight mean difference (WMD) and risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI)."( Effectiveness and safety of percutaneous kyphoplasty combined with zoledronic acid in treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: a meta-analysis.
Cai, B; Wang, F; Zhuang, M, 2022)		0.96
" There was no significant difference in incidence of adverse events between the two groups, but more adjacent vertebral fractures and bone cement leakage occurred in PKP alone group."( Effectiveness and safety of percutaneous kyphoplasty combined with zoledronic acid in treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: a meta-analysis.
Cai, B; Wang, F; Zhuang, M, 2022)		0.96
"The occurrence of early adverse events and the factors associated with these events in zoledronic acid-treated Japanese patients with osteoporosis were investigated."( Early adverse events after the first administration of zoledronic acid in Japanese patients with osteoporosis.
Akatsuka, T; Dohke, T; Iba, K; Saito, A; Takada, J; Takebayashi, T; Yamamoto, O; Yamamura, M; Yamashita, T, 2021)		1.09
"Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is an adverse effect of antiresorptive treatment."( Osteonecrosis of the jaw among patients with cancer treated with denosumab or zoledronic acid: Results of a regulator-mandated cohort postauthorization safety study in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Akre, O; Ehrenstein, V; Glennane, A; Hansen, S; Heide-Jørgensen, U; Herlofson, BB; Kjellman, A; Larsson Wexell, C; Lowe, KA; Nørholt, SE; Schiødt, M; Sørensen, HT; Tretli, S, 2021)		0.85
" Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ)-death of a jawbone-is a known side effect of treatment with denosumab or zoledronic acid."( Osteonecrosis of the jaw among patients with cancer treated with denosumab or zoledronic acid: Results of a regulator-mandated cohort postauthorization safety study in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Akre, O; Ehrenstein, V; Glennane, A; Hansen, S; Heide-Jørgensen, U; Herlofson, BB; Kjellman, A; Larsson Wexell, C; Lowe, KA; Nørholt, SE; Schiødt, M; Sørensen, HT; Tretli, S, 2021)		1.06
"Objectives We aimed to investigate the safety of zoledronic acid (ZOL) combined with acetaminophen (APAP) regarding both the adverse events and the efficacy of ZOL combined with an eldecalcitol (ELD) in a randomized clinical trial conducted in patients with primary osteoporosis."( Safety and Efficacy of Zoledronic Acid Treatment with and without Acetaminophen and Eldecalcitol for Osteoporosis.
Ikari, K; Mochizuki, T; Okazaki, K; Yano, K, 2021)		1.19
" This case report shows the possible hepatic adverse effects related to ZA infusion."( Drug-induced hepatotoxicity linked to zoledronic acid in the treatment of an elderly man with primary osteoporosis.
Chen, W; Zhu, M, 2021)		0.89
"The primary aim was to report the adverse events in dogs receiving intravenous administration of ZA."( Toxicity of zoledronic acid after intravenous administration: A retrospective study of 95 dogs.
Bacon, NJ; Brewer, DJ; Macfarlane, M; O'Connell, E, 2022)		1.1
" Diagnosis, indication for treatment, adverse events and survival times were recorded."( Toxicity of zoledronic acid after intravenous administration: A retrospective study of 95 dogs.
Bacon, NJ; Brewer, DJ; Macfarlane, M; O'Connell, E, 2022)		1.1
" Thirteen adverse events were recorded in 10 dogs: azotemia (n = 8), vomiting (n = 2), pancreatitis (n = 1), cutaneous ulceration (n = 1), and diarrhea (n = 1)."( Toxicity of zoledronic acid after intravenous administration: A retrospective study of 95 dogs.
Bacon, NJ; Brewer, DJ; Macfarlane, M; O'Connell, E, 2022)		1.1
" The outcomes included the risk of fracture and other severe adverse events."( Safety of denosumab versus zoledronic acid in the older adults with osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of cohort studies.
Fan, T; Li, W; Ning, Z; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wen, A; Yang, Z; Yao, M; Zhang, W, 2022)		1.02
" There were no significant differences between the hazards of serious infection, and total adverse events (P > 0."( Safety of denosumab versus zoledronic acid in the older adults with osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of cohort studies.
Fan, T; Li, W; Ning, Z; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wen, A; Yang, Z; Yao, M; Zhang, W, 2022)		1.02
"The present meta-analysis demonstrated that for cancer-free adults aged 50 years or older with osteoporosis, denosumab was as safe as zoledronic acid for the risk of drug-induced fractures."( Safety of denosumab versus zoledronic acid in the older adults with osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of cohort studies.
Fan, T; Li, W; Ning, Z; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wen, A; Yang, Z; Yao, M; Zhang, W, 2022)		1.22
" The PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched from the establishment of each database to April 2022 for comparative studies on the topic, including randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies, and 2 authors individually extracted information and data concerning study design, baseline characteristics, bone mineral density (BMD), bone turnover markers, and adverse events (AEs)."( Efficacy and Safety of Annual Infusion of Zoledronic Acid and Weekly Oral Alendronate in the Treatment of Primary Osteoporosis: A Meta-Analysis.
Ai, W; Wang, Q; Yu, Q; Zeng, P, 2023)		1.17
" Aim We conducted a pharmacovigilance safety study of cardiac events using real-life adverse event reports from alendronate, zoledronic acid and teriparatide users."( Cardiac adverse events in bisphosphonate and teriparatide users: An international pharmacovigilance study.
Ebeling, PR; Nerlekar, N; Rodríguez, AJ, 2023)		1.12
"Osteoporosis medication use is associated with adverse cardiac events, except for MI, and these appear to be more common with oral and intravenous bisphosphonates than teriparatide."( Cardiac adverse events in bisphosphonate and teriparatide users: An international pharmacovigilance study.
Ebeling, PR; Nerlekar, N; Rodríguez, AJ, 2023)		0.91
" Adverse reactions (ARs) occurred in 19."( Safety and effectiveness of once-yearly zoledronic acid in Japanese osteoporosis patients: three-year post-marketing surveillance.
Arai, K; Kito, Y; Oshita, Y; Saito, K; Sato, S; Takada, J, 2023)		1.18
"IP-ZA along with standing multiple-doses-per-day acetaminophen, administered to patients in the immediate postfracture period, is not associated with significant acute adverse effects."( Safety of Inpatient Zoledronic Acid in the Immediate Postfracture Setting.
Bolster, MB; Fan, W; Franco-Garcia, E; Leder, BZ; Ly, TV; Mannstadt, M, 2023)		1.23
" Since the administration of zoledronic acid is safe and tolerable in humans, our results provide further data for future clinical studies on the treatment of melanoma."( Targeting Melanoma-Associated Fibroblasts (MAFs) with Activated γδ (Vδ2) T Cells: An In Vitro Cytotoxicity Model.
Barna, G; Çakır, U; Érsek, B; Faqi, S; Gyöngy, M; Hajdara, A; Kárpáti, S; Mayer, B; Németh, K; Silló, P; Széky, B, 2023)		1.2

Pharmacokinetics

Zoledronic acid concentration in plasma was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Adverse events and changes from baseline in vital signs and clinical laboratory variables showed no relationship in terms of type, frequency, or severity with zoledronics acid dose or pharmacokinetic parameters.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Adverse events and changes from baseline in vital signs and clinical laboratory variables showed no relationship in terms of type, frequency, or severity with zoledronic acid dose or pharmacokinetic parameters."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of zoledronic acid in cancer patients with bone metastases.
Berenson, J; Chen, T; Deckert, F; Gilchick, A; Goodin, S; LoRusso, P; Ma, P; Ravera, C; Schran, H; Seaman, J; Skerjanec, A; Swift, R; Vescio, R, 2002)		0.78
"An open-label pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of zoledronic acid (Zometa) was performed in 19 cancer patients with bone metastases and known, varying levels of renal function."( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of zoledronic acid in cancer patients with varying degrees of renal function.
Berenson, J; Hsu, C; Major, P; Miller, WH; Ravera, C; Schran, H; Seaman, J; Skerjanec, A; Waldmeier, F, 2003)		0.82
"Twenty-four patients who were enrolled in a large randomized trial of thalidomide vs no thalidomide maintenance therapy for myeloma, in which all patients also received zoledronic acid, were recruited to a pharmacokinetic and renal safety sub-study, and followed for up to 16 months."( Renal safety of zoledronic acid with thalidomide in patients with myeloma: a pharmacokinetic and safety sub-study.
Bilic, S; Copeman, M; Cremers, S; Kennedy, N; Lynch, K; Neeman, T; Ravera, C; Roberts, A; Schran, H; Spencer, A, 2008)		0.89
" pharmacokinetic data on 670 drugs representing, to our knowledge, the largest publicly available set of human clinical pharmacokinetic data."( Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ, 2008)		0.35
" In this review, the authors summarize the current knowledge (up to December 2010) on the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of ZA."( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of zoledronic acid.
D'Alessio, A; Daniele, G; De Luca, A; Gallo, M; Giordano, P; Lamura, L; Maiello, MR; Normanno, N; Pergameno, M; Perrone, F, 2011)		0.66
" Zoledronic acid concentration in plasma was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and pertinent pharmacokinetic parameters were determined."( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of zoledronic acid in horses.
Knych, HK; Maher, O; Nieto, JE; Snyder, JR; Stanley, SD, 2013)		1.55
" In order to further evaluate the bone imaging efficiency of (99m)Tc-HBIDP (1-hydroxy-2-(1-butyl-imidazol-2-yl)-ethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid), the pharmacokinetic in mice and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) bone scanning in rabbit for (99m)Tc-HBIDP was investigated."( Pharmacokinetic and imaging evaluation of (99m)Tc-HBIDP as a potential bone imaging agent.
Cheng, W; Lin, J; Lv, G; Nan, B; Qiu, L, 2015)		0.42
" We reanalyzed the study data of a previous phase 1 pharmacokinetic study and investigated the correlation between changes in sclerostin levels and relevant factors in calcium metabolism."( Relationship Between Changes in Serum Levels of Intact Parathyroid Hormone and Sclerostin After a Single Dose of Zoledronic Acid: Results of a Phase 1 Pharmacokinetic Study.
Hiraishi, K; Kuroda, T; Nakamura, T; Shiraki, M; Sugimoto, T; Suzuki, H; Tanaka, S, 2022)		0.93

Compound-Compound Interactions

In this study, ex-vivo expanded cytotoxic Vγ9Vδ2 T cells isolated from human peripheral blood were tested for their anti-cancer efficacy in combination with zoledronic acid (ZOL) In a mouse model of osteolytic breast cancer, ZOL was found to be effective.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Since clinical studies have demonstrated that bisphosphonates (BPs), specific inhibitors of osteoclastic bone resorption, are beneficial for breast cancer patients with bone metastases, we next examined the effects of UFT combined with the BP zoledronic acid (ZOL) on established bone metastases."( Effects of oral UFT combined with or without zoledronic acid on bone metastasis in the 4T1/luc mouse breast cancer.
Hata, K; Hiraga, T; Ikeda, F; Tamura, D; Ueda, A; Williams, PJ; Yoneda, T, 2003)		0.76
" Thus, the efficacy of other antileukemic agents combined with ZOL should be evaluated experimentally."( Antiproliferative efficacy of the third-generation bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid, combined with other anticancer drugs in leukemic cell lines.
Kimura, S; Kuroda, J; Maekawa, T; Nogawa, M; Ottmann, OG; Sato, K; Segawa, H; Yuasa, T, 2004)		0.56
" In this study, we investigated the anti-proliferative effects of zoledronic acid (ZOL) as a single agent and in combination with other agents."( Efficacy of the third-generation bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid alone and combined with anti-cancer agents against small cell lung cancer cell lines.
Kimura, S; Kuroda, J; Maekawa, T; Matsumoto, S; Nogawa, M; Sato, K; Segawa, H; Tanaka, F; Wada, H; Yuasa, T, 2005)		0.82
" The objective of our study was to evaluate the effects of RAD001 on the growth of CaP in the bone, both alone and in combination with docetaxel and zoledronic acid."( RAD001 (Everolimus) inhibits growth of prostate cancer in the bone and the inhibitory effects are increased by combination with docetaxel and zoledronic acid.
Corey, E; Gross, TS; Morgan, TM; Pitts, TE; Poliachik, SL; Vessella, RL, 2008)		0.75
"To evaluate the efficacy of zoledronic acid combined with local radiotherapy for limited metastatic bone cancer."( [Clinical analysis of therapeutic effect of zoledronic acid combined with radiotherapy for metastatic bone cancer].
Cheng, J; Wu, G; Wu, HG; Xue, J, 2008)		0.9
"Zoledronic acid combined with local radiotherapy is effective in relieving pain, improving bone recalcification and reducing the formation of new bone metastasis."( [Clinical analysis of therapeutic effect of zoledronic acid combined with radiotherapy for metastatic bone cancer].
Cheng, J; Wu, G; Wu, HG; Xue, J, 2008)		2.05
"DR5 agonists in combination with bisphosphonates may be an acceptable combination therapy to reduce breast cancer growth in bone."( Death receptor 5 agonist TRA8 in combination with the bisphosphonate zoledronic acid attenuated the growth of breast cancer metastasis.
Chanda, D; Folks, K; Szafran, AA; Wang, D; Warram, J; Zinn, KR, 2009)		0.59
"To evaluate the clinical efficacy of zoledronic acid combined with chemotherapy in the management of skeletal metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and investigate the value in urine amino-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (uNTX) and serum bone specific alkaline phosphatase (sBALP) in monitoring skeletal metastasis of NSCLC."( [Efficacy of zoledronic acid combined with chemotherapy in treatment of skeletal metastases of non-small cell lung cancer and the bone metabolic markers].
Chen, WS; Hu, XY; Jin, C; Li, WD; Ma, L; Zou, QF, 2010)		1
"Zoledronic acid combined with chemotherapy is an effective treatment for NSCLC with bone metastases."( [Efficacy of zoledronic acid combined with chemotherapy in treatment of skeletal metastases of non-small cell lung cancer and the bone metabolic markers].
Chen, WS; Hu, XY; Jin, C; Li, WD; Ma, L; Zou, QF, 2010)		2.17
" Finally, we show an additive effect of arsenic trioxide on apoptosis when used in combination with ZOL."( The proapoptotic effect of zoledronic acid is independent of either the bone microenvironment or the intrinsic resistance to bortezomib of myeloma cells and is enhanced by the combination with arsenic trioxide.
Abeltino, M; Agnelli, L; Bolzoni, M; Bonomini, S; Colla, S; Giuliani, N; Neri, A; Rizzoli, V; Storti, P; Todoerti, K, 2011)		0.67
"Our in vitro data suggest that the use of ZOL at appropriate doses could be explored clinically in bortezomib-resistant MM patients and combined with arsenic trioxide to increase its proapoptotic effect."( The proapoptotic effect of zoledronic acid is independent of either the bone microenvironment or the intrinsic resistance to bortezomib of myeloma cells and is enhanced by the combination with arsenic trioxide.
Abeltino, M; Agnelli, L; Bolzoni, M; Bonomini, S; Colla, S; Giuliani, N; Neri, A; Rizzoli, V; Storti, P; Todoerti, K, 2011)		0.67
" Peripheral blood γδ T cells obtained from the patients were stimulated ex vivo with 2-methyl-3-butenyl-1-pyrophosphate (2M3B1PP), a synthetic pyrophosphomonoester antigen, and transferred in combination with zoledronic acid (Zol) and teceleukin (recombinant human interleukin-2)."( Phase I/II study of adoptive transfer of γδ T cells in combination with zoledronic acid and IL-2 to patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma.
Kobayashi, H; Minato, N; Tanabe, K; Tanaka, Y; Yagi, J, 2011)		0.79
" The differences of survival between patients treated with chemotherapy combined with ZA and those with chemotherapy alone were evaluated by the log-rank test."( Zoledronic acid combined with chemotherapy bring survival benefits to patients with bone metastases from nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
An, X; Cai, XY; Cai, YC; Cao, Y; Jiang, WQ; Jin, Y; Shi, YX; Tan, YT; Xia, Q, 2011)		1.81
"ZA treatment combined with chemotherapy could reduce SREs and improve PFS and OS for NPC patients with bone metastases."( Zoledronic acid combined with chemotherapy bring survival benefits to patients with bone metastases from nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
An, X; Cai, XY; Cai, YC; Cao, Y; Jiang, WQ; Jin, Y; Shi, YX; Tan, YT; Xia, Q, 2011)		1.81
" When combined with lovastatin, compound 5 prevented lovastatin-induced FPP depletion and impairment of protein farnesylation."( A novel bisphosphonate inhibitor of squalene synthase combined with a statin or a nitrogenous bisphosphonate in vitro.
Hohl, RJ; Shull, LW; Smits, JP; Wasko, BM; Wiemer, DF, 2011)		0.37
"Although zoledronic acid (ZOL) has been reported to inhibit bone metastasis from lung cancer, the optimum chemotherapy regimen in combination with ZOL has not yet been determined."( A feasibility study of zoledronic acid combined with carboplatin/nedaplatin plus paclitaxel in patients with non-small cell lung cancer with bone metastases.
Adachi, M; Hirama, M; Hirose, T; Ishiwata, T; Iwakami, S; Miura, K; Takahashi, K; Tominaga, S, )		0.86
"Eighteen patients having non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with bone metastasis who received carboplatin/nedaplatin plus paclitaxel combined with ZOL (4 mg every 28 days) were enrolled to investigate the feasibility of this treatment."( A feasibility study of zoledronic acid combined with carboplatin/nedaplatin plus paclitaxel in patients with non-small cell lung cancer with bone metastases.
Adachi, M; Hirama, M; Hirose, T; Ishiwata, T; Iwakami, S; Miura, K; Takahashi, K; Tominaga, S, )		0.44
"ZOL combined with carboplatin/nedaplatin plus paclitaxel is an effective and tolerable treatment for NSCLC with bone metastases."( A feasibility study of zoledronic acid combined with carboplatin/nedaplatin plus paclitaxel in patients with non-small cell lung cancer with bone metastases.
Adachi, M; Hirama, M; Hirose, T; Ishiwata, T; Iwakami, S; Miura, K; Takahashi, K; Tominaga, S, )		0.44
" Treatment of 1 nM letrozole in combination with 1 μM or 10 μM ZA resulted in an additive drug interaction on inhibition of cell viability, as measured by MTT assay."( Zoledronic acid inhibits aromatase activity and phosphorylation: potential mechanism for additive zoledronic acid and letrozole drug interaction.
Brodie, AH; Nemieboka, BE; Schech, AJ, 2012)		1.82
" Now, in our present study, we have investigated whether ZA induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in PC-3 and DU-145 may be enhanced by the combination with CA or OA, through inhibition of serine/threonine phosphatases in prostate cancer cells."( Zoledronic acid in combination with serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitors induces enhanced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in hormone-refractory prostate cancer cell lines by decreasing the activities of PP1 and PP2A.
Atmaca, H; Cirak, Y; Karabulut, B; Karaca, B; Kisim, A; Sezgin, C; Uslu, R; Uzunoglu, S; Varol, U, 2012)		1.82
" There is evidence that bisphosphonates have direct antitumor activity and that their combination with anticancer agents can significantly enhance the effect of treatment."( Cisplatin in combination with zoledronic acid: a synergistic effect in triple-negative breast cancer cell lines.
Amadori, D; Fabbri, F; Ibrahim, T; Liverani, C; Mercatali, L; Sacanna, E; Zanoni, M; Zoli, W, 2013)		0.68
" A significantly improved overall survival was observed in mice receiving Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in combination with ZOL."( Mechanisms of the antitumor activity of human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in combination with zoledronic acid in a preclinical model of neuroblastoma.
Bocca, P; Cilli, M; Cipollone, G; Di Carlo, E; Emionite, L; Morandi, F; Pistoia, V; Prigione, I; Raffaghello, L, 2013)		0.62
"To assess retrospectively the efficacy and safety of percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) combined with zoledronic acid (ZA) for the treatment of painful osteolytic spinal metastases from breast cancer."( Percutaneous vertebroplasty combined with zoledronic acid for the treatment of painful osteolytic spinal metastases in patients with breast cancer.
Han, K; Hu, H; Shen, Z; Sun, Y; Tang, L; Wang, Y; Wu, C; Yao, Y; Zhang, J, 2013)		0.87
"PVP combined with ZA was shown to be a highly effective and safe combination therapy to relieve pain and improve QoL in patients with osteolytic spinal metastases from breast cancer."( Percutaneous vertebroplasty combined with zoledronic acid for the treatment of painful osteolytic spinal metastases in patients with breast cancer.
Han, K; Hu, H; Shen, Z; Sun, Y; Tang, L; Wang, Y; Wu, C; Yao, Y; Zhang, J, 2013)		0.65
"Histone deacetylase inhibitors and bisphosphonates have a promising future in the treatment of cancer as targeted anticancer drugs, particularly when used together or in combination with other cytotoxic agents."( In vitro antitumor effect of sodium butyrate and zoledronic acid combined with traditional chemotherapeutic drugs: a paradigm of synergistic molecular targeting in the treatment of Ewing sarcoma.
Abujamra, AL; Brunetto, AL; de Farias, CB; Dos Santos, MP; Roesler, R, 2014)		0.66
"We conducted the present study to investigate the therapeutic effects of the antiresorptive agent zoledronic acid (ZOL), alone and in combination with alfacalcidol (ALF), in a rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis."( Zoledronic acid in combination with alfacalcidol has additive effects on trabecular microarchitecture and mechanical properties in osteopenic ovariectomized rats.
Khajuria, DK; Mahapatra, DR; Razdan, R, 2014)		2.06
" In conclusion, cryoablation combined with zoledronic acid was safe and effective regimen and showed its superiority of fast response and durable effect on painful bone metastases."( An effective therapy to painful bone metastases: cryoablation combined with zoledronic acid.
Chang, Y; Guo, G; He, X; Li, F; Li, L; Li, M; Su, D; Wang, W, 2014)		0.89
"The aim of this open-label, multicenter, randomized phase II trial was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of zoledronic acid in combination with docetaxel in previously treated patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and bone metastases."( Phase II study of zoledronic acid combined with docetaxel for non-small-cell lung cancer: West Japan Oncology Group.
Atagi, S; Fukuoka, M; Hirashima, T; Murakami, H; Nakagawa, K; Nakanishi, Y; Okamoto, I; Sawa, T; Seto, T; Sugio, K; Takeda, K; Yamamoto, N; Yamanaka, T, 2014)		0.95
" The primary objectives of this Phase IB study were to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of BHQ880 and to characterize the dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) of escalating doses in combination with anti-myeloma therapy and zoledronic acid."( A Phase IB multicentre dose-determination study of BHQ880 in combination with anti-myeloma therapy and zoledronic acid in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma and prior skeletal-related events.
Beck, JT; Bilic, S; Isaacs, R; Iyer, SP; Kelly, KR; Munshi, NC; Sen, S; Shah, J; Stewart, AK, 2014)		0.8
"We present clinical and radiologic data of periodontal tissue involvement preceding the appearance of osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) in 5 patients with solid tumors, who received antiresorptives alone or in combination with targeted therapies."( Periodontal disease preceding osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) in cancer patients receiving antiresorptives alone or combined with targeted therapies: report of 5 cases and literature review.
Galiti, D; Galitis, E; Karampeazis, A; Labropoulos, S; Migliorati, C; Nicolatou-Galitis, O; Razis, E; Sgouros, J; Tsimpidakis, A, 2015)		0.42
"Clinical and radiologic signs of periodontal tissue involvement, before dental extraction in patients treated with antiresorptives alone or in combination with targeted therapy, may represent developing osteonecrosis."( Periodontal disease preceding osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) in cancer patients receiving antiresorptives alone or combined with targeted therapies: report of 5 cases and literature review.
Galiti, D; Galitis, E; Karampeazis, A; Labropoulos, S; Migliorati, C; Nicolatou-Galitis, O; Razis, E; Sgouros, J; Tsimpidakis, A, 2015)		0.42
" This trial determined the recommended phase II dose (RP2D) and clinical efficacy of the src kinase inhibitor dasatinib combined with zoledronic acid in bone predominant, HER2-negative breast cancer metastases."( TBCRC-010: Phase I/II Study of Dasatinib in Combination with Zoledronic Acid for the Treatment of Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis.
Blackwell, K; Brewster, AM; Costelloe, CM; Hood, I; Hortobagyi, GN; Ibrahim, NK; Koenig, KB; Mitri, Z; Moulder-Thompson, S; Nanda, R; Rimawi, MF; Van Poznak, C; Wei, C, 2016)		0.88
"Based on preclinical data for the antitumour effect of zoledronate in osteosarcoma, we assessed whether zoledronate combined with chemotherapy and surgery improved event-free survival in children and adults with osteosarcoma."( Zoledronate in combination with chemotherapy and surgery to treat osteosarcoma (OS2006): a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3 trial.
Blay, JY; Bompas, E; Bonnet, N; Brisse, H; Brugières, L; Chevance, A; Corradini, N; Entz-Werlé, N; Gentet, JC; Gomez-Brouchet, A; Gouin, F; Guinebretière, JM; Italiano, A; Le Deley, MC; Lervat, C; Marec-Bérard, P; Mascard, E; Pacquement, H; Penel, N; Petit, P; Piperno-Neumann, S; Rédini, F; Tabone, MD, 2016)		0.43
" Balanced randomisation between the two groups was done centrally with online randomisation software, based on a minimisation algorithm taking into account centre, age, combined with chemotherapy regimen, and risk group (resectable primary and no metastasis vs other)."( Zoledronate in combination with chemotherapy and surgery to treat osteosarcoma (OS2006): a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3 trial.
Blay, JY; Bompas, E; Bonnet, N; Brisse, H; Brugières, L; Chevance, A; Corradini, N; Entz-Werlé, N; Gentet, JC; Gomez-Brouchet, A; Gouin, F; Guinebretière, JM; Italiano, A; Le Deley, MC; Lervat, C; Marec-Bérard, P; Mascard, E; Pacquement, H; Penel, N; Petit, P; Piperno-Neumann, S; Rédini, F; Tabone, MD, 2016)		0.43
"To observe the clinical results of proximal femoral nail anti-rotation (PFNA) combined with zoledronic acid injection in the treatment of osteoporotic intertrochanteric fractures in the elderly."( Treatment of osteoporotic intertrochanteric fractures by zoledronic acid injection combined with proximal femoral nail anti-rotation.
He, Q; Li, Q; Li, Y; Liu, L; Pei, FX; Wang, DL; Zhao, WB, 2016)		0.9
"Zoledronic acid injection combined with PFNA is a favorable treatment option for the elderly patients with osteoporotic intertrochanteric fracture."( Treatment of osteoporotic intertrochanteric fractures by zoledronic acid injection combined with proximal femoral nail anti-rotation.
He, Q; Li, Q; Li, Y; Liu, L; Pei, FX; Wang, DL; Zhao, WB, 2016)		2.12
" In this study, ex vivo expanded cytotoxic Vγ9Vδ2 T cells isolated from human peripheral blood were tested for their anti-cancer efficacy in combination with zoledronic acid (ZOL), using a mouse model of osteolytic breast cancer."( Adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in combination with zoledronic acid inhibits cancer growth and limits osteolysis in a murine model of osteolytic breast cancer.
Atkins, G; DeNichilo, MO; Evdokiou, A; Findlay, D; Hay, S; Ingman, W; Liapis, V; Panagopoulos, V; Ponomarev, V; Zannettino, A; Zinonos, I; Zysk, A, 2017)		0.88
"The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical efficacy of percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) combined with zoledronic acid (aclasta) in the treatment and prevention of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCF)."( Clinical Efficacy Analysis of Percutaneous Kyphoplasty Combined with Zoledronic Acid in the Treatment and Prevention of Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures.
Gan, F; Ge, Y; Liu, B; Yu, H, 2018)		0.93
" On the other hand, all patients in the experimental group were treated with PKP combined with aclasta."( Clinical Efficacy Analysis of Percutaneous Kyphoplasty Combined with Zoledronic Acid in the Treatment and Prevention of Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures.
Gan, F; Ge, Y; Liu, B; Yu, H, 2018)		0.72
"Results of this study indicate that the clinical efficacy of PKP combined with aclasta in the treatment and prevention of OVCF is significant."( Clinical Efficacy Analysis of Percutaneous Kyphoplasty Combined with Zoledronic Acid in the Treatment and Prevention of Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures.
Gan, F; Ge, Y; Liu, B; Yu, H, 2018)		0.72
" Here, we demonstrated that VPA combined with ZOL revealed the synergistic effect in enhancing antitumor efficacy of γδ T cells against osteosarcoma cells."( Valproic Acid Combined with Zoledronate Enhance γδ T Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity against Osteosarcoma Cells
Li, B; Li, H; Lin, N; Lin, P; Sun, L; Teng, W; Wang, S; Wang, Z; Xue, D; Ye, C; Ye, Z; Zhang, W; Zhou, X, 2018)		0.48
"Once-yearly 5 mg ZOL infusion combined with PKP could provide beneficial effects in elderly osteoporotic patients with OVCF."( Percutaneous kyphoplasty combined with zoledronic acid infusion in the treatment of osteoporotic thoracolumbar fractures in the elderly.
Cheng, AY; Huang, ZF; Shi, C; Zhang, M, 2018)		0.75
" The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of monoclonal antibody against T cell checkpoint PD-1 in combination with chemotherapeutic drug ZA in BC mouse model."( PD-1 blockade in combination with zoledronic acid to enhance the antitumor efficacy in the breast cancer mouse model.
Du, Y; Jin, Z; Li, Y; Sun, T; Tian, J; Xue, H, 2018)		0.76
" The anti-tumor efficacy of anti-PD-1 antibody alone or in combination with ZA was monitored by measuring bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and tumor volume."( PD-1 blockade in combination with zoledronic acid to enhance the antitumor efficacy in the breast cancer mouse model.
Du, Y; Jin, Z; Li, Y; Sun, T; Tian, J; Xue, H, 2018)		0.76
" The purpose of this study was to clarify the effectiveness of zoledronate with and without sunitinib, combined with radiotherapy, for the treatment of bone metastasis from RCC."( Radiotherapy combined with zoledronate can reduce skeletal-related events in renal cell carcinoma patients with bone metastasis.
Harada, H; Hosaka, S; Katagiri, H; Murata, H; Niwakawa, M; Takahashi, M; Wasa, J, 2018)		0.48
" We divided the study cohort into two groups: patients treated with radiotherapy alone (RT; n = 27) and those treated with radiotherapy combined with zoledronate (RT + Z; n = 35)."( Radiotherapy combined with zoledronate can reduce skeletal-related events in renal cell carcinoma patients with bone metastasis.
Harada, H; Hosaka, S; Katagiri, H; Murata, H; Niwakawa, M; Takahashi, M; Wasa, J, 2018)		0.48
"Radiotherapy combined with zoledronate is an effective treatment for RCC with bone metastasis to prevent PI-SRE."( Radiotherapy combined with zoledronate can reduce skeletal-related events in renal cell carcinoma patients with bone metastasis.
Harada, H; Hosaka, S; Katagiri, H; Murata, H; Niwakawa, M; Takahashi, M; Wasa, J, 2018)		0.48
"Aim of the study was to observe and analyze the clinical effect of intravenous infusion of zoledronic acid combined with oral medication of cinobufagin in treating metastatic bone tumors."( Clinical effect of intravenous infusion of zoledronic acid combined with oral medication of cinobufagin in the treatment of metastatic bone tumors.
Han, L; Liu, X; Wang, T; Yu, H; Zhang, H; Zhang, J; Zhang, L, 2018)		0.96
"To investigate the therapeutic effectiveness of percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) combined with zoledronic acid in treatment of primary osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures."( Effectiveness Analysis of Percutaneous Kyphoplasty Combined with Zoledronic Acid in Treatment of Primary Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures.
Huang, ZF; Liu, K; Xiao, SX; Xiong, W, 2019)		0.97
"We performed a 1-year prospective study to see whether zoledronic acid infusion combined with percutaneous kyphoplasty could provide more benefits in the treatment of T12 or L1 osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF)."( Zoledronic acid combined with percutaneous kyphoplasty in the treatment of osteoporotic compression fracture in a single T12 or L1 vertebral body in postmenopausal women.
Cai, Q; Xu, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, T; Zhao, D, 2019)		2.2
"To investigate and analyze the clinical effects of zoledronic acid (ZOL) in combination with percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) in the treatment of OVCF in postmenopausal women."( Zoledronic acid combined with percutaneous kyphoplasty in the treatment of osteoporotic compression fracture in a single T12 or L1 vertebral body in postmenopausal women.
Cai, Q; Xu, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, T; Zhao, D, 2019)		2.21
"ZOL IV infusion in combination with PKP is beneficial for the treatment of T12 or L1 OVCF."( Zoledronic acid combined with percutaneous kyphoplasty in the treatment of osteoporotic compression fracture in a single T12 or L1 vertebral body in postmenopausal women.
Cai, Q; Xu, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, T; Zhao, D, 2019)		1.96
"The purpose of this study is to explore the therapeutic effect of percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) combined with anti-osteoporosis drug, zoledronic acid, on postmenopausal women with osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF) and to perform an analysis of postoperative bone cement leakage risk factors."( Therapeutic effect of percutaneous kyphoplasty combined with anti-osteoporosis drug on postmenopausal women with osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture and analysis of postoperative bone cement leakage risk factors: a retrospective cohort study.
Chang, Y; Huang, S; Ke, Y; Liang, C; Liang, G; Xiao, D; Zheng, X; Zhu, X; Zhuang, J, 2019)		0.72
" PKP combined with zoledronic acid has an improvement effect on the condition of postmenopausal women with OVCF and reduces the inflammation and pain in patients, which is beneficial to clinical treatment."( Therapeutic effect of percutaneous kyphoplasty combined with anti-osteoporosis drug on postmenopausal women with osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture and analysis of postoperative bone cement leakage risk factors: a retrospective cohort study.
Chang, Y; Huang, S; Ke, Y; Liang, C; Liang, G; Xiao, D; Zheng, X; Zhu, X; Zhuang, J, 2019)		0.84
" The authors present the use of microwave ablation in combination with Zoledronic acid (ZA) administration, alone and with the use of ZA-loaded polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) to percutaneously treat unresectable bone tumors in 4 patients with giant cell tumors (GCT), multiple myeloma (MM) and breast cancer metastasis."( Successful percutaneous treatment of bone tumors using microwave ablation in combination with Zoledronic acid infused PMMA cementoplasty.
Ehresman, J; Khan, M; Luna, LP; Sankaran, N; Sciubba, DM, 2020)		1.01
" In conclusion, RT combined with BMA was found to be more effective than BMA alone for the treatment of osteolytic bone metastasis, which thereby improves the prognosis."( Radiation therapy combined with bone-modifying agents ameliorates local control of osteolytic bone metastases in breast cancer.
Kajima, M; Makita, C; Manabe, Y; Matsuo, M; Matsuyama, K; Tanaka, H, 2020)		0.56
"Overall, we observed increases in bone strength at the distal femur but not the proximal tibia, with FES-assisted rowing combined with ZA treatment."( Functional electrical stimulation (FES)-assisted rowing combined with zoledronic acid, but not alone, preserves distal femur strength and stiffness in people with chronic spinal cord injury.
Battaglino, RA; Fang, Y; Goldstein, RF; Morse, LR; Nguyen, N; Troy, KL, 2021)		0.86
"To explore the clinical effect of zoledronic acid combined with vitamin K2 regimen in percutaneous vertebroplasty for multi-segment osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures(OVCFs)."( [Clinical application of zoledronic acid combined with vitamin K2 in percutaneous vertebroplasty for multi-segment osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures].
Huang, Y; Wu, D, 2020)		1.14
" According to whether zoledronic acid combined with vitamin K2 was used to treat osteoporosis after surgery, the patients were divided into control group and experimental group."( [Clinical application of zoledronic acid combined with vitamin K2 in percutaneous vertebroplasty for multi-segment osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures].
Huang, Y; Wu, D, 2020)		1.18
"Zoledronic acid injection combined with vitamin K2 regimen can be used for anti-osteoporosis treatment of OVCFs vertebroplasty."( [Clinical application of zoledronic acid combined with vitamin K2 in percutaneous vertebroplasty for multi-segment osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures].
Huang, Y; Wu, D, 2020)		2.3
"To investigate the clinical efficacy of vertebral body stent (VBS) system and percutanous kyphoplasty (PKP) combined with zoledronic acid for the treatment of severely osteoporotic compression vertebral fractures (OVCFs)."( [Treatment of severely osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures with the vertebral body stent system and percutanous kyphoplasty combined with zoledronic acid].
Liu, SL; Luo, DM; Shen, XT; Xu, XY; Yuan, GD; Zhou, ZY, 2020)		0.97
"VBS system and PKP combined with zoledronic acid in the treatment of OVCFs not only may effectively relieve the pain in the thoracolumbar back, improve the mobility of the thoracolumbar, but also can restore the height of the vertebral body to the maximum extent, and prevent the re-fracture of the affected vertebrae and adjacent vertebrae, which is worthy to spread in clinic."( [Treatment of severely osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures with the vertebral body stent system and percutanous kyphoplasty combined with zoledronic acid].
Liu, SL; Luo, DM; Shen, XT; Xu, XY; Yuan, GD; Zhou, ZY, 2020)		1.04
"To investigate the expression of interleukin-17 (IL-17) in zoledronic acid combined with PVP technology for patients with postmenopausal osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF) and its predictive value for relapse."( Expression changes of IL-17 in zoledronic acid combined with PVP technology in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture and its predictive value of relapse.
Aikeremu, D; Alimasi, W; Liu, Y; Lu, L; Nazierhan, S; Niyazi, W; Sun, Z; Wang, H; Xu, K, 2020)		1.09
"101 OVCF patients treated in our hospital from April 2013 to January 2015 were collected as a research group and treated by zoledronic acid combined with PVP technology."( Expression changes of IL-17 in zoledronic acid combined with PVP technology in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture and its predictive value of relapse.
Aikeremu, D; Alimasi, W; Liu, Y; Lu, L; Nazierhan, S; Niyazi, W; Sun, Z; Wang, H; Xu, K, 2020)		1.05
"The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of teriparatide (parathyroid hormone 1-34) alone and in combination with zoledronic acid (ZA) for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women."( Comparison of Efficacy of Teriparatide (Parathyroid Hormone 1-34) Alone and in Combination with Zoledronic Acid for Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women.
Gao, Y; Ma, Y; Qu, Y; Wei, K, 2021)		1.05
"We searched studies investigating the PKP combined with ZOL in the treatment of OVCF."( Effectiveness and safety of percutaneous kyphoplasty combined with zoledronic acid in treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: a meta-analysis.
Cai, B; Wang, F; Zhuang, M, 2022)		0.96
"We conducted this meta-analysis to provide better evidence of the efficacy and safety of zoledronic acid (ZA) combined with percutaneous vertebroplasty/kyphoplasty (PVP/PKP) on osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF) and proposed a protocol for its application in clinical practice."( Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Zoledronic Acid Combined with PVP/PKP in the Treatment of Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Ma, H; Sun, Y; Tan, M; Tang, X; Yang, F; Yi, P, 2021)		1.13
"All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of ZA combined with PVP or PKP compared to individual PVP/PKP for the management of patients with OVCFs were included in this study."( Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Zoledronic Acid Combined with PVP/PKP in the Treatment of Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Ma, H; Sun, Y; Tan, M; Tang, X; Yang, F; Yi, P, 2021)		0.9
" Overall, this systematic review revealed that ZA combined with PVP/PKP was an effective, safe, and comprehensive therapy for patients with OVCFs."( Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Zoledronic Acid Combined with PVP/PKP in the Treatment of Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Ma, H; Sun, Y; Tan, M; Tang, X; Yang, F; Yi, P, 2021)		0.9
"We aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of zoledronic acid combined with chemotherapy in treating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with bone metastasis."( Zoledronic acid combined with chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer with bone metastasis.
Wang, LYJGJZYPM; Zhang, J, )		1.83
" Among the patients, 74 were treated with zoledronic acid combined with chemotherapy (Zoledronic Acid group), while the remaining 74 received chemotherapy alone (Control group)."( Zoledronic acid combined with chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer with bone metastasis.
Wang, LYJGJZYPM; Zhang, J, )		1.84
"Zoledronic acid combined with chemotherapy is effective in the treatment of NSCLC with bone metastasis, which can markedly relieve bone pain, ameliorate the quality of life of patients, improve the long-term survival rate and reduce the incidence of SREs."( Zoledronic acid combined with chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer with bone metastasis.
Wang, LYJGJZYPM; Zhang, J, )		3.02
"This study was designed to help elucidate the benefits and advantages of vertebroplasty combined with zoledronic acid (ZOL) versus vertebroplasty alone, to provide clinical recommendations for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) considering the current best-available evidence."( Percutaneous Vertebroplasty Combined with Zoledronic Acid in Treatment and Prevention of Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Comparative Studies.
Hu, S; Liu, K; Shi, X; Tang, B; Wu, L; Zeng, H, 2022)		1.2
" Vertebroplasty combined with ZOL was associated with benefits from decreased pain (weighted mean difference [WMD] -0."( Percutaneous Vertebroplasty Combined with Zoledronic Acid in Treatment and Prevention of Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Comparative Studies.
Hu, S; Liu, K; Shi, X; Tang, B; Wu, L; Zeng, H, 2022)		0.99
"Vertebroplasty combined with ZOL was superior to vertebroplasty alone in terms of BMD, bone metabolism makers, refracture rate, pain and function."( Percutaneous Vertebroplasty Combined with Zoledronic Acid in Treatment and Prevention of Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Comparative Studies.
Hu, S; Liu, K; Shi, X; Tang, B; Wu, L; Zeng, H, 2022)		0.99
"To analyze the effectiveness and safety of zoledronic acid combined with chemotherapy for lung cancer spinal metastases, 96 patients with lung cancer spinal metastases were averagely classified into the experimental group (gemcitabine, cisplatin, and zoledronic acid) and the control group (gemcitabine and cisplatin)."( Efficacy Evaluation of Zoledronic Acid Combined with Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Lung Cancer Spinal Metastases on Computed Tomography Images on Intelligent Algorithms.
Cao, W; Dong, N; Hu, A; Qi, Y; Xiang, S; Xiao, J; Zhang, P; Zou, D, 2022)		1.29
"To explore the therapeutic efficacy of percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) combined with zoledronic acid (ZOL) in postmenopausal women and adult men with osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF)."( Percutaneous kyphoplasty combined with zoledronic acid for the treatment of primary osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture: a prospective, multicenter study.
Liu, K; Lu, Q; Sun, W; Tan, G; Tang, J; Yu, D, 2023)		1.4
"The therapeutic efficacy of PKP combined with ZOL for primary OVCF is clinically beneficial and warrants further study."( Percutaneous kyphoplasty combined with zoledronic acid for the treatment of primary osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture: a prospective, multicenter study.
Liu, K; Lu, Q; Sun, W; Tan, G; Tang, J; Yu, D, 2023)		1.18
"This phase 1, multicenter, open-label study investigated the immunological effects and activity, safety, tolerability, and antitumor activity of multiple doses of zolbetuximab alone (n = 5) or in combination with ZA (n = 7) or with ZA plus two different dose levels of IL-2 (low dose: 1 million international units [mIU] [n = 9]; intermediate dose: 3 mIU [n = 7]) in pretreated patients with advanced gastric and gastroesophageal junction (G/GEJ) adenocarcinoma."( Immunological effects and activity of multiple doses of zolbetuximab in combination with zoledronic acid and interleukin-2 in a phase 1 study in patients with advanced gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancer.
Bitzer, M; Lordick, F; Maurus, D; Sahin, U; Thuss-Patience, P; Türeci, Ö, 2023)		1.13

Bioavailability

Zoledronic acid is a class III drug with poor oral bioavailability due to its poor permeability and low aqueous solubility. Co-crystallization technology has been used to improve the drug's solubilty.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Although newer bisphosphonates are more potent, oral bioavailability remains < 1%."( Oral bisphosphonates: A review of clinical use in patients with bone metastases.
Berenson, J; Hortobagyi, G; Lipton, A; Major, PP, 2000)		0.31
" Low oral bioavailability is the most likely reason for this difference."( Oral bisphosphonates: A review of clinical use in patients with bone metastases.
Berenson, J; Hortobagyi, G; Lipton, A; Major, PP, 2000)		0.31
" Their low bioavailability and low potency necessitate frequent administration on an empty stomach, which may reduce compliance."( Intravenous zoledronic acid in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density.
Body, JJ; Brandi, ML; Broell, J; Brown, JP; Burckhardt, P; Devogelaer, JP; Di Micco, R; Felsenberg, D; Genazzani, AR; Happ, J; Hooper, MJ; Horowitz, Z; Ittner, J; Jaeger, P; Kaufman, JM; Leb, G; Mallmin, H; Meunier, PJ; Murray, T; Ortolani, S; Reid, IR; Richardson, P; Rubinacci, A; Saaf, M; Samsioe, G; Trechsel, U; Verbruggen, L; Widmer, A, 2002)		0.69
" Problems with the study populations, drug bioavailability and potency, statistical power and end point definition may have contributed to the negative results of these other studies."( Bisphosphonates to prevent skeletal complications in men with metastatic prostate cancer.
Smith, MR, 2003)		0.32
" Bisphosphonate can be used to prevent the osteoclastic response, but when administered systemically its bioavailability is low and the time it takes for the drug to reach the periprosthetic bone may be a limiting factor."( Implants delivering bisphosphonate locally increase periprosthetic bone density in an osteoporotic sheep model. A pilot study.
Bouler, JM; Gauthier, O; Pioletti, DP; Stadelmann, VA; Terrier, A, 2008)		0.35
" Long-dosing intervals and 100% bioavailability with IV bisphosphonate therapy address some of the limitations associated with oral bisphosphonates."( A clinician's perspective on the use of zoledronic acid in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Lewiecki, EM, )		0.4
" However, their high bone mineral affinity decreases their bioavailability to a significant extent and, thus, should weaken their in vivo antitumor potential."( [Antitumor properties of the bisphosphonate zoledronate and potential therapeutic implications in the clinic].
Clézardin, P, 2010)		0.36
" The bioavailability of zoledronate was 55% after intrapulmonary administration in rats."( Pharmacokinetic and therapeutic efficacy of intrapulmonary administration of zoledronate for the prevention of bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis.
Hasei, T; Katsumi, H; Mozume, T; Sakane, T; Watanabe, T; Yamamoto, A; Yanagi, S, 2016)		0.43
" However, bisphosphonates exhibit a high affinity for bone mineral, which reduces their bioavailability for tumor cells."( Low-intensity continuous ultrasound triggers effective bisphosphonate anticancer activity in breast cancer.
Clézardin, P; Gineyts, E; Melodelima, D; Ngo, J; Roux, JP; Tardoski, S, 2015)		0.42
" Accumulating evidence demonstrates the high bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of local drug delivery in accelerating facture healing and bone defect repair."( Effects of local delivery of BMP2, zoledronate and their combination on bone microarchitecture, biomechanics and bone turnover in osteoporotic rabbits.
Hao, X; Jing, D; Liu, J; Luo, E; Meng, G; Xu, F, 2016)		0.43
" This study suggests that the lower incidence of BP-ONJ in alendronate treatment is not originated by its potency, but might be due to the low bioavailability of alendronate, lower dosing on a daily basis, and having no additional therapies."( Effects of an oral bisphosphonate and three intravenous bisphosphonates on several cell types in vitro.
Al-Nawas, B; Jung, J; Kwon, YD; Pabst, AM; Park, JS; Righesso, L; Walter, C, 2018)		0.48
" Zoledronic acid is a class III drug with poor oral bioavailability due to its poor permeability and low aqueous solubility; hence an attempt has been made to improve its solubility by co-crystallization technology."( Designing of Stable Co-crystals of Zoledronic Acid Using Suitable Coformers.
Badamane Sathyanarayana, M; Laxmi, P; Pai, A; Pai, G; Sg, V; Varma, A, 2019)		1.7
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51
" However, they have poor bioavailability and many side effects."( Chitosan modified with lanthanum ions as implantable hydrogel for local delivery of bisphosphonates.
Buchwald, T; Domke, A; Jakubowski, M; Ratajczak, M; Sandomierski, M; Szczuka, J; Voelkel, A, 2023)		0.91
" The bioavailability of bone tissue for chemotherapy drugs is extremely low."( Functionalization of Octacalcium Phosphate Bone Graft with Cisplatin and Zoledronic Acid: Physicochemical and Bioactive Properties.
Akhmedova, SA; Kaprin, AD; Karalkin, PA; Kirsanova, VA; Komlev, VS; Kuvshinova, EA; Nikitina, YO; Petrakova, NV; Sergeeva, NS; Sviridova, IK, 2023)		1.14

Dosage Studied

Annual dosing for 3 yr with zoledronic acid 5 mg intravenously resulted in a median 63% (mean, 71%) reduction of bone turnover. The antiresorptive effects were evident within 1 day postdose and were maintained over 28 days across all dose levels.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Oral dosing should not be substituted for intravenous administration in the treatment of malignant osteolysis."( Oral bisphosphonates: A review of clinical use in patients with bone metastases.
Berenson, J; Hortobagyi, G; Lipton, A; Major, PP, 2000)		0.31
"This study evaluated the dose-response relation for zoledronic acid, a new generation high potency bisphosphonate, given as a 5-minute infusion in patients with malignant osteolytic disease."( Zoledronic acid reduces skeletal-related events in patients with osteolytic metastases.
Berenson, JR; Coleman, RE; Dreicer, R; Howell, A; Kuross, SA; Lipton, A; Morley, W; Porter, L; Rosen, LS; Seaman, JJ, 2001)		2
" Adverse events were reported with similar frequency across all of the dosage groups."( A phase I dose-ranging trial of monthly infusions of zoledronic acid for the treatment of osteolytic bone metastases.
Berenson, JR; Givant, E; Harvey, H; Hupkes, M; Lipton, A; Rosen, LS; Savage, A; Swift, R; Vescio, RA; VonTeichert, JM; Woo, M, 2001)		0.56
" Although intermittent intravenous treatments have been used, the optimal doses and dosing interval have not been systematically explored."( Intravenous zoledronic acid in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density.
Body, JJ; Brandi, ML; Broell, J; Brown, JP; Burckhardt, P; Devogelaer, JP; Di Micco, R; Felsenberg, D; Genazzani, AR; Happ, J; Hooper, MJ; Horowitz, Z; Ittner, J; Jaeger, P; Kaufman, JM; Leb, G; Mallmin, H; Meunier, PJ; Murray, T; Ortolani, S; Reid, IR; Richardson, P; Rubinacci, A; Saaf, M; Samsioe, G; Trechsel, U; Verbruggen, L; Widmer, A, 2002)		0.69
"Zoledronic acid infusions given at intervals of up to one year produce effects on bone turnover and bone density as great as those achieved with daily oral dosing with bisphosphonates with proven efficacy against fractures, suggesting that an annual infusion of zoledronic acid might be an effective treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis."( Intravenous zoledronic acid in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density.
Body, JJ; Brandi, ML; Broell, J; Brown, JP; Burckhardt, P; Devogelaer, JP; Di Micco, R; Felsenberg, D; Genazzani, AR; Happ, J; Hooper, MJ; Horowitz, Z; Ittner, J; Jaeger, P; Kaufman, JM; Leb, G; Mallmin, H; Meunier, PJ; Murray, T; Ortolani, S; Reid, IR; Richardson, P; Rubinacci, A; Saaf, M; Samsioe, G; Trechsel, U; Verbruggen, L; Widmer, A, 2002)		2.14
" In the second stage, which begins at the first instance of DLT, a two-parameter logistic dose-response model estimates the MTD from the DLT experience of all patients."( Adaptive dose finding for phase I clinical trials of drugs used for chemotherapy of cancer.
Potter, DM, 2002)		0.31
" The antiresorptive effects were evident within 1 day postdose and were maintained over 28 days across all dose levels, supporting monthly dosing with 4 mg zoledronic acid."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of zoledronic acid in cancer patients with bone metastases.
Berenson, J; Chen, T; Deckert, F; Gilchick, A; Goodin, S; LoRusso, P; Ma, P; Ravera, C; Schran, H; Seaman, J; Skerjanec, A; Swift, R; Vescio, R, 2002)		0.78
" It was concluded that in patients with mildly to moderately reduced renal function, dosage adjustment of zoledronic acid is likely not necessary."( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of zoledronic acid in cancer patients with varying degrees of renal function.
Berenson, J; Hsu, C; Major, P; Miller, WH; Ravera, C; Schran, H; Seaman, J; Skerjanec, A; Waldmeier, F, 2003)		0.79
" The potent bisphosphonate zoledronate can be given at intervals of as long as 1 year and produces changes in bone density and in markers of bone turnover comparable with those seen with conventional daily oral dosing with alendronate or risedronate."( Bisphosphonates: new indications and methods of administration.
Reid, IR, 2003)		0.32
" Dosing at 3-month intervals is appropriate; further studies will have to demonstrate the efficacy of annual dosing."( Bisphosphonates in the management of metastatic prostate cancer.
Heidenreich, A, 2003)		0.32
" In rats, a single dose and intermittent dosing of ibandronate resulted in a similar incidence (one of six and two of six rats, respectively) and severity score (1."( The renal effects of minimally nephrotoxic doses of ibandronate and zoledronate following single and intermittent intravenous administration in rats.
Atzpodien, E; Bauss, F; Pfister, T, 2003)		0.32
" The rats were randomized into three treatment groups and dosed subcutaneously with saline, zoledronic acid (0."( Zoledronic acid treatment results in retention of femoral head structure after traumatic osteonecrosis in young Wistar rats.
Baldock, PA; Little, DG; Mcevoy, A; Peat, RA; Smith, EJ; Williams, PR, 2003)		1.98
" The effect of intravenous infusions of bisphosphonates are, to a large extent, similar to equivalent intramuscular administrations, but doses and dosing intervals represent the critical issues."( Injectable bisphosphonates in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Adami, S; Crepaldi, G; Filipponi, P; Sartori, L, 2003)		0.32
" The recommended dosage is 4 mg via IV over >or= 15 minutes every 3 or 4 weeks."( Zoledronic acid: a new parenteral bisphosphonate.
Davis, LE; Li, EC, 2003)		1.76
" Due to the cumbersome dosing schedule and the lack of significant activity observed, Phase II trials of this regimen are not planned."( High-dose calcitriol, zoledronate, and dexamethasone for the treatment of progressive prostate carcinoma.
Curley, T; Delacruz, A; Diani, M; Fallon, M; Fleisher, M; Flombaum, C; Kelly, WK; Morris, MJ; Scher, HI; Schwartz, L; Slovin, S; Smaletz, O; Solit, D; Zhu, A, 2004)		0.32
" The future challenge is to focus on optimizing dosing regimens and drug combinations to maximize the anti-tumour potential of zoledronic acid and to take advantage of the observed synergy with standard neoplastic agents."( Anti-tumour activity of zoledronic acid.
Clézardin, P, 2005)		0.84
"Rats with a surgically induced 6-mm femoral critical size defect were separated into five dosing groups: Carrier, Carrier + ZA, OP-1, OP-1 + ZA, and OP-1 + ZA administered 2 weeks after surgery (2W)."( Manipulation of the anabolic and catabolic responses with OP-1 and zoledronic acid in a rat critical defect model.
Amanat, N; Bransford, R; Godfrey, CB; Little, DG; McDonald, M, 2005)		0.56
" Chronic dosing of osteoblasts with solubilized bisphosphonates has been reported to enhance osteogenesis and mineralization in vitro."( Osteoclasts but not osteoblasts are affected by a calcified surface treated with zoledronic acid in vitro.
Little, DG; Schindeler, A, 2005)		0.55
" No withdrawal of bisphosphonates was performed in view of the information on the direct correlation of total dosage and duration of drug intake to systemic incorporation and the long time for drug release."( Does avascular necrosis of the jaws in cancer patients only occur following treatment with bisphosphonates?
Fietkau, R; Gundlach, KK; Lenz, JH; Mueller, PC; Schmidt, W; Steiner-Krammer, B, 2005)		0.33
" Two patients had early death (one from massive cerebral ischemic stroke, the other from dementia and progressive renal failure), one patient progressed during Thali-Dexa (thalidomide 200mg) and was rescued with chemotherapy, two patients required increasing thalidomide dosage (to 200 and 400mg, respectively) because of progressive disease, three patients had stable disease remission lasting from 4m+ to 16m+."( Low-dose thalidomide plus monthly high-dose oral dexamethasone (Thali-Dexa): results, prognostic factors and side effects in eight patients previously treated with multiple myeloma.
Bemardeschi, P; Dentico, P; Fiorentini, G; Giustarini, G; Rossi, S; Turano, E, 2003)		0.32
" The variety of bisphosphonates currently available to us provides a wide range of tolerability and dosing profiles thus necessitating a thorough comparison of the most recent oral and intravenous bisphosphonates to differentiate the clinical context in which they should be used."( Tolerability of different dosing regimens of bisphosphonates for the treatment of osteoporosis and malignant bone disease.
Adachi, JD; Beattie, K; Bobba, RS; Kumbhare, D; Parkinson, B, 2006)		0.33
" Twelve patients who presented with exposed bone associated with bisphosphonates were reviewed to determine the type, dosage and duration of their bisphosphonate therapy, presenting findings, comorbidities and the event that incited the bone exposure."( Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with multiple myeloma and breast cancer.
Alati, C; Allegra, A; Alonci, A; Cicciù, M; De Ponte, FS; Musolino, C; Nastro, E; Oteri, G; Quartarone, E, 2007)		0.34
"Bisphosphonates exhibit direct antitumor activity in animal models, but only at high doses that are incompatible with the clinical dosing regimens approved for the treatment of cancer patients with skeletal metastases."( Antitumor effects of clinical dosing regimens of bisphosphonates in experimental breast cancer bone metastasis.
Clézardin, P; Daubiné, F; Gasser, J; Green, J; Le Gall, C, 2007)		0.34
" Antifracture efficacy has been demonstrated for at least three nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates in oral formulations that are designed to be administered in weekly or monthly dosing regimens."( Use of intravenous bisphosphonates in osteoporosis.
Armamento-Villareal, R; Civitelli, R; Napoli, N, 2007)		0.34
" Delaying the dose (1 or 2 wk after fracture) displayed superior results compared with dosing at the time of fracture."( Optimal timing of a single dose of zoledronic acid to increase strength in rat fracture repair.
Amanat, N; Bilston, L; Godfrey, C; Little, D; McDonald, M, 2007)		0.62
" Zoledronic acid (ZA) is a potent bisphosphonate with a high affinity for bone mineral, allowing bolus intravenous dosing in a range of indications."( Optimal timing of a single dose of zoledronic acid to increase strength in rat fracture repair.
Amanat, N; Bilston, L; Godfrey, C; Little, D; McDonald, M, 2007)		1.53
"New therapies will not only have to demonstrate safety and efficacy, but also provide some advantage to patient persistence through either less frequent dosing schedules or elimination of gastrointestinal disturbances, the most common adverse effects encountered with bisphosphonates."( New and emerging treatments for osteoporosis.
Maricic, M, 2007)		0.34
" Dosing on the basis of body mass index or body surface area instead of body weight may further reduce the incidence of hypocalcaemia."( Acute phase response and mineral status following low dose intravenous zoledronic acid in children.
Briody, J; Cowell, CT; Högler, W; Hong, J; Little, DG; McQuade, M; Munns, CF; Rajab, MH, 2007)		0.57
" In addition, the benefit of metabonomics as an open approach as compared to targeted methods was demonstrated by the identification of an unknown molecule in the urine of rats dosed with zoledronate."( Application of metabonomics in a comparative profiling study reveals N-acetylfelinine excretion as a biomarker for inhibition of the farnesyl pathway by bisphosphonates.
Binder, M; Dieterle, F; Ross, A; Schlotterbeck, G; Senn, H; Suter, L, 2007)		0.34
"Annual dosing for 3 yr with zoledronic acid 5 mg intravenously resulted in a median 63% (mean, 71%) reduction of bone turnover and preservation of bone structure and mass without any signs of adynamic bone."( Effects of intravenous zoledronic acid once yearly on bone remodeling and bone structure.
Boonen, S; Delmas, PD; Eriksen, EF; García-Hernandez, PA; Gasser, J; Halse, J; Hartl, F; Hu, H; Lewiecki, EM; Mesenbrink, P; Miller, P; Ochoa, L; Recker, RR; Reid, IR; Supronik, J, 2008)		0.95
" Protection from bone loss was dose dependent, lasting for up to 32 weeks, supporting the rationale for an annual intravenous dosing regimen of ZOL for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis."( Long-term protective effects of zoledronic acid on cancellous and cortical bone in the ovariectomized rat.
Gasser, JA; Green, JR; Ingold, P; Shen, V; Venturiere, A, 2008)		0.63
"Once-yearly dosing with zoledronic acid (ZOL) 5 mg can increase BMD and reduce fracture rate in postmenopausal women with low BMD."( Long-term protective effects of zoledronic acid on cancellous and cortical bone in the ovariectomized rat.
Gasser, JA; Green, JR; Ingold, P; Shen, V; Venturiere, A, 2008)		0.94
" These data support the use of an annual intravenous ZOL dosing regimen for the treatment of osteoporosis."( Long-term protective effects of zoledronic acid on cancellous and cortical bone in the ovariectomized rat.
Gasser, JA; Green, JR; Ingold, P; Shen, V; Venturiere, A, 2008)		0.63
" In HLS mice, anti-resorptive dosing reduced resorption perimeter at the femoral endocortical surface by 30% vs."( Development of a low-dose anti-resorptive drug regimen reveals synergistic suppression of bone formation when coupled with disuse.
Bateman, TA; Lloyd, SA; Lu, T; Travis, ND, 2008)		0.35
" Intravenous pamidronate is efficacious and has long been available, but its use is hindered by an impractical recommended dosing regimen of 30 mg IV over 4 h for three consecutive days."( A review of Paget's disease of bone with a focus on the efficacy and safety of zoledronic acid 5 mg.
Abelson, A, 2008)		0.57
" Bisphosphonates restore normal bone turnover and relieve bone pain, but oral formulations may be limited by complicated dosing regimens and poor gastrointestinal absorption."( A review of Paget's disease of bone with a focus on the efficacy and safety of zoledronic acid 5 mg.
Abelson, A, 2008)		0.57
" Findings collected included the indication for treatment, whether dosing was adjusted for creatinine clearance, coadministered medications, serum chemistries and clinical course."( Risk factors for symptomatic hypocalcaemia complicating treatment with zoledronic acid.
Baumann, MA; Chennuru, S; Koduri, J, 2008)		0.58
" The doses of genistein, estrogen and zoledronic acid were selected based on the results of dose-response effect of agents on bone versus uterus in OPG-/- mice."( Comparison of the effects of genistein and zoledronic acid on the bone loss in OPG-deficient mice.
Dai, R; Guo, H; Li, S; Liao, E; Liu, J; Sheng, Z; Wen, G; Wu, X; Xu, K, 2008)		0.88
" The bisphosphonate zoledronic acid (zoledronate), 5 mg, is administered as an annual 15-minute intravenous infusion for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, assuring treatment compliance and persistence over the 12-month dosing interval."( Intravenous zoledronic acid for the treatment of osteoporosis.
Lewiecki, EM, 2008)		1.05
" We aimed to examine the effect of different dosing regimes of the potent BP zoledronic acid (ZA) on early endochondral fracture repair and later callus remodeling in a normal bone healing environment."( Bolus or weekly zoledronic acid administration does not delay endochondral fracture repair but weekly dosing enhances delays in hard callus remodeling.
Amanat, N; Dulai, S; Godfrey, C; Little, DG; McDonald, MM; Sztynda, T, 2008)		0.92
" Prolonged bisphosphonate dosing during repair does not delay endochondral ossification but can significantly affect remodeling long after the drug is ceased."( Bolus or weekly zoledronic acid administration does not delay endochondral fracture repair but weekly dosing enhances delays in hard callus remodeling.
Amanat, N; Dulai, S; Godfrey, C; Little, DG; McDonald, MM; Sztynda, T, 2008)		0.69
" Strategies to improve adherence to osteoporosis therapy include reducing dosing frequency, changing the route of administration, educating the patient about optimum bisphosphonate administration, and sending patient reminders."( Maximizing effectiveness of bisphosphonate therapy for osteoporosis.
Martens, MG; Shaw, H, 2008)		0.35
" In patients with PMO, zoledronate and pamidronate are associated with significantly less nephrotoxicity, which undoubtedly relates to the lower doses and longer dosing intervals employed for this indication."( Bisphosphonate nephrotoxicity.
Markowitz, GS; Perazella, MA, 2008)		0.35
" The length of follow-up for ZA use according to the recommended dosing schedule was 17."( Zoledronic acid and skeletal complications in patients with solid tumors and bone metastases: analysis of a national medical claims database.
Barghout, V; Hatoum, HT; Lin, SJ; Lipton, A; Smith, MR, 2008)		1.79
" Oral bisphosphonates, the first-line treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO), increase bone mineral density and reduce the risk of fracture, but dosing requirements are complex and compliance and persistence are poor."( A clinician's perspective on the use of zoledronic acid in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Lewiecki, EM, )		0.4
" at a dosage of 4 mg every 6 months for three doses total was well-tolerated and substantially improved bone mineral density for patients with MGUS and bone loss."( Zoledronic acid markedly improves bone mineral density for patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and bone loss.
Batuman, O; Berenson, JR; Boccia, RV; Duvivier, H; Flam, M; Moezi, MM; Nassir, Y; Swift, RA; Wong, SF; Woytowitz, D; Yellin, O, 2008)		1.79
" The optimal dosing interval of 5 mg zoledronate is not known."( The antiresorptive effects of a single dose of zoledronate persist for two years: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in osteopenic postmenopausal women.
Bolland, MJ; Gamble, G; Grey, A; Horne, A; Reid, IR; Wattie, D, 2009)		0.35
"Despite widely accepted efficacy of bisphophonates for osteoporotic fracture, patients treatment compliance has been low, especially, with daily regimen, in part because of the inconvenience associated with special dosing requirements of oral bisphophonates."( [New development in bisphosphonate treatment. Characteristics and effectiveness of intermittent bisphophonates].
Okazaki, R, 2009)		0.35
" Also reviewed are results of "bridging" studies designed to demonstrate the comparable efficacy of less frequent dosing regimens to increase bone mineral density and to reduce bone turnover."( Efficacy of bisphosphonates in reducing fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Bilezikian, JP, 2009)		0.35
" Intravenous bisphosphonates avoids the gastrointestial intolerance and the complex dosing instruction of the oral route ensuring full compliance which may provide improved efficacy."( [Evidences of safety and tolerability of the zoledronic acid 5 mg yearly in the post-menopausal osteoporosis: the HORIZON project].
Bertoldo, F; Dalle Carbonare, L; Lo Cascio, V, )		0.39
"To validate the use of a formula that does not require the patient's weight (Levey formula) for calculating creatinine clearance in the adjustment of the dosage of zoledronic acid."( [Comparison of two formulae for the calculation of glomerular filtration in the dosage of zoledronic acid].
Arteta Jiménez, M; Díez Fernández, R; Garrido Peño, N; Iglesias Bolaños, AM; Ramírez Herráiz, E, )		0.55
" The results of zoledronic acid dosage from both equations were compared using the SPSS statistics programme, via the comparison of the two measurements using the t Student-Fisher (T-test."( [Comparison of two formulae for the calculation of glomerular filtration in the dosage of zoledronic acid].
Arteta Jiménez, M; Díez Fernández, R; Garrido Peño, N; Iglesias Bolaños, AM; Ramírez Herráiz, E, )		0.7
" Further study is needed to determine the best dosing schedule to prevent ADT-induced bone loss in men with hormone-naive prostate carcinoma."( Single infusion of zoledronic acid to prevent androgen deprivation therapy-induced bone loss in men with hormone-naive prostate carcinoma.
Baba, S; Bessho, H; Hayakawa, K; Ishiyama, H; Iwamura, M; Kimura, M; Matsumoto, K; Okusa, H; Satoh, T; Tabata, K, 2009)		0.68
" The aim of this study was to assess the effects of cancer dosing regimens of zoledronic acid on tissue-level bone remodeling at different skeletal sites."( Cancer treatment dosing regimens of zoledronic acid result in near-complete suppression of mandible intracortical bone remodeling in beagle dogs.
Allen, MR; Burr, DB; Kubek, DJ, 2010)		0.86
"For patients with HCM who do not achieve a response from bisphosphonates, or for those who need repeated dosing more often than expected, changing to a different drug class could be an alternative."( A case of resistant hypercalcemia of malignancy with a proposed treatment algorithm.
Linneman, T; McMahan, J, 2009)		0.35
" Remarkable improvement of the bone metastasis was observed following treatment with ZA at a dosage of 4 mg administered once every 4 weeks."( A case of bone, lung, pleural and liver metastases from renal cell carcinoma which responded remarkably well to zoledronic acid monotherapy.
Izumi, K; Konaka, H; Miwa, S; Mizokami, A; Namiki, M; Nohara, T, 2009)		0.56
"A single injection of clinically relevant dosing regimens of zoledronic acid may not have a notable impact on vascularization in bone sites."( No anti-angiogenic effect of clinical dosing regimens of a single zoledronic acid injection in an experimental bone healing site.
Biver, E; Cortet, B; Falgayrac, G; Penel, G; Salleron, J; Vieillard, MH, 2010)		0.84
" No dose-response effect between the number of BP administrations and MBT could be demonstrated (r=0."( Scintigraphic evaluation of mandibular bone turnover in patients with solid tumors receiving zoledronic acid.
Fossion, E; Huizing, MT; Van den Wyngaert, T; Vermorken, JB, 2010)		0.58
"Both once-yearly dosing and a single dose of intravenous zoledronic acid 5 mg prevented bone loss for 2 years and were well-tolerated in postmenopausal women with low bone mass."( Zoledronic acid for the prevention of bone loss in postmenopausal women with low bone mass: a randomized controlled trial.
Benhamou, CL; Bucci-Rechtweg, C; McClung, M; Mesenbrink, P; Miller, P; Recknor, C, 2009)		2.04
"Zoledronic acid (ZA), a new-generation intravenous bisphosphonate, exhibits the greatest affinity for bone mineral with the longest retention, thereby leading to its ability to be dosed at annual intervals in the treatment of osteoporosis."( Effect of zoledronic acid on osseointegration of titanium implants: an experimental study in an ovariectomized rabbit model.
Akova, T; Dağlioğlu, K; Damlar, I; Esen, E; Kürkçü, M; Yildiz, A, 2010)		2.21
" The optimal dosing interval of 5 mg of zoledronate is not known."( Prolonged antiresorptive activity of zoledronate: a randomized, controlled trial.
Bolland, M; Gamble, G; Grey, A; Horne, A; Reid, IR; Wattie, D, 2010)		0.36
" However, oral bisphosphonates are associated with complicated dosing regimens because of poor absorption and have the potential for upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract irritation, resulting in poor adherence and persistence."( The role of zoledronic acid in the management of osteoporosis.
Maricic, M, 2010)		0.74
"A hydroxyapatite-coated porous tantalum implant dosed with 100 μg (14)C-labeled zoledronic acid was implanted into the left femoral intramedullary canal of six dogs."( Bisphosphonate remains highly localized after elution from porous implants.
Dennis Bobyn, J; Karabasz, D; McKenzie, K; Roberts, J; Tanzer, M, 2011)		0.6
" This review uses pharmacodynamic, efficacy, and safety data from phase III trials of ZOL in early through metastatic BC to evaluate the dosing regimens used in each setting."( Dosing of zoledronic acid throughout the treatment continuum in breast cancer.
Aapro, M; Coleman, R; Gnant, M; Hadji, P; Lipton, A, 2011)		0.77
" This study aimed to compare biomarker changes between a weekly low dose (metronomic arm) and a conventional dosage of zoledronic acid (conventional arm), and to explore correlations between biomarkers and progression-free survival (PFS)."( Biomarker alterations with metronomic use of low-dose zoledronic acid for breast cancer patients with bone metastases and potential clinical significance.
Chen, J; Guo, H; Guo, L; Guo, X; Hu, X; Ragaz, J; Shao, Z; Wang, Z; Wu, J; Xu, X; Zhao, X; Zhu, B; Zhu, J, 2010)		0.82
" Other aspects of BP therapy that require further study include the optimization of dosing regimens for single agents and combinations in various clinical settings and the identification of prognostic factors that predict treatment outcomes."( Bisphosphonates as anticancer therapy for early breast cancer.
Jahanzeb, M; Mahtani, R, 2010)		0.36
"A systematic review of published literature and meeting abstracts was conducted to examine the efficacy of ZOL dosing strategies in clinical trials of osteoporosis, adjuvant therapy for breast cancer, and bone metastases from breast cancer."( Managing bone health with zoledronic acid: a review of randomized clinical study results.
Hadji, P, 2011)		0.67
"The results of this study confirm that bisphosphonates exert different cellular biochemical effects depending on dosage and support the hypothesis that their positive effect on bone mineral density could be partially due to an anabolic action on bone forming cells."( Dose-dependent metabolic effect of zoledronate on primary human osteoblastic cell cultures.
Cantatore, FP; Corrado, A; Gaudio, A; Marucci, A; Maruotti, N; Neve, A, )		0.13
" Further studies are needed to establish optimal dosing and long-term safety."( Zoledronic acid treatment in children with osteogenesis imperfecta.
Hero, M; Mäkitie, O; Toiviainen-Salo, S; Vuorimies, I, 2011)		1.81
" With orally administered bisphosphonates, patient compliance and persistence with weekly or monthly dosing are frequently suboptimal."( Zoledronic acid for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
Recknor, C, 2011)		1.81
" Finally, we approach the future of BP use in MM in the context of other bone-targeted agents, evaluating ongoing clinical trials addressing alternate dosing and schedules of BP administration in MM patients."( The role of bisphosphonates in multiple myeloma: mechanisms, side effects, and the future.
Pozzi, S; Raje, N, 2011)		0.37
" The primary objective was to determine recommended dosing of zoledronic acid for future trials."( A phase I study of zoledronic acid and low-dose cyclophosphamide in recurrent/refractory neuroblastoma: a new approaches to neuroblastoma therapy (NANT) study.
Ara, T; Blaney, SM; Daldrup-Link, HE; DeClerck, YA; Groshen, SG; Hawkins, R; Jackson, HA; Katzenstein, H; Marachelian, A; Matthay, KK; Park, JR; Russell, HV; Skerjanec, A; Villablanca, JG, 2011)		0.94
" However, their effects on bone growth must be studied at dosing regimen corresponding to pediatric protocols."( Impact of oncopediatric dosing regimen of zoledronic acid on bone growth: preclinical studies and case report of an osteosarcoma pediatric patient.
Battaglia, S; Chesneau, J; Corradini, N; Dumoucel, S; Gouin, F; Heymann, D; Heymann, MF; Picarda, G; Redini, F, 2011)		0.63
" Later, she was changed to zoledronate infusion because of its yearly dosing schedule."( Orbital inflammatory disease in a patient treated with zoledronate.
Kaur, H; Kelly, J; Moses, AM; Uy, C, )		0.13
"To assess prognostic and predictive effects of clinical and biochemical factors in our published randomized study of a weekly low dose (metronomic arm) versus a conventional dosage of zoledronic acid (conventional arm) in breast cancer patients with bone metastases."( Prognostic and predictive value of clinical and biochemical factors in breast cancer patients with bone metastases receiving "metronomic" zoledronic acid.
Hu, X; Jia, Z; Sun, S; Wang, B; Wang, Z; Xu, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, Q; Zhao, X, 2011)		0.76
" In case of renal insufficiency, some other treatments such biphosphonates IV, capecitabin and platin salts need drug dosage adjustment or interruption."( [Renal insufficiency and breast cancer].
Beuzeboc, P; Deray, G; Gligorov, J; Janus, N; Launay-Vacher, V; Le Tourneau, C; Ray-Coquard, I; Spano, JP, 2012)		0.38
"Less frequently dosed IV bisphosphonates have not resolved the problem of suboptimal adherence with prescription osteoporosis medications."( Adherence with intravenous zoledronate and intravenous ibandronate in the United States Medicare population.
Curtis, JR; Delzell, E; Matthews, R; Saag, KG; Yun, H, 2012)		0.38
" Larger trials assessing the antifracture efficacy of less frequent dosing of zoledronate are justified."( Effects of intravenous zoledronate on bone turnover and bone density persist for at least five years in HIV-infected men.
Bolland, MJ; Briggs, SE; Ellis-Pegler, RB; Gamble, GD; Grey, A; Horne, AM; Reid, IR; Thomas, MG, 2012)		0.38
"Intravenous zoledronate 5 mg, administered annually, prevents fractures in people with osteoporosis, but the optimal dosing schedule is not known."( Five years of anti-resorptive activity after a single dose of zoledronate--results from a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.
Bolland, MJ; Gamble, G; Grey, A; Horne, A; House, M; Reid, IR; Wattie, D, 2012)		0.38
" Estradiol was able to partially rescue the effect of 1 μM and 10 μM ZA on cell viability following treatment for 72 h, as shown by a shift to the right in the estradiol dose-response curve."( Zoledronic acid inhibits aromatase activity and phosphorylation: potential mechanism for additive zoledronic acid and letrozole drug interaction.
Brodie, AH; Nemieboka, BE; Schech, AJ, 2012)		1.82
") dosing or periodically with oral bisphosphonates is advised."( Renal complications from bisphosphonate treatment.
Hirschberg, R, 2012)		0.38
" The recommended dosage for patients with creatinine clearance(Ccr)of less than 60mL/min was established on the basis of an area under the curve analysis, but is doubted because it was calculated without performing a clinical trial."( [A survey of the dosage of zoledronic acid and investigation of the relationship between renal function and adverse events].
Chiba, Y; Fujiwara, K; Kawaguchi, A; Morita, T; Nakao, M; Nishida, S; Tsubaki, M; Yamazoe, Y; Yanae, M, 2012)		0.68
" In conclusion, the present study shows that the use of ZOL in the dosage and period studied was safe and efficient to promote a clinical and densitometric improvement, similarly to PAM."( Safety and efficacy of a 1-year treatment with zoledronic acid compared with pamidronate in children with osteogenesis imperfecta.
Barros, ER; de Oliveira, TP; Lazaretti-Castro, M; Saraiva, GL, 2012)		0.64
" The promise of this drug delivery system (DDS) lies not only in a 44% in vivo inhibition of tumor growth compared with free drug, but also in the low toxicity of the drug which guarantees a dosage regimen with higher doses and longer course of treatment."( Self-assembling nanoparticles for the release of bisphosphonates in the treatment of human cancers [WO2012042024].
Gou, J; Tang, X; Zhang, K, 2012)		0.38
"Further scientific efforts are necessary to identify optimal dosing and application intervals for denosumab and zoledronic acid as well as to answer the question of optimal duration of treatment."( Skeletal-related events in metastatic prostate cancer and the number needed to treat: a critical consideration.
Bismarck, E; Dörsam, J; Ebert, T; Schmitz-Dräger, BJ; Weiss, C, 2013)		0.6
"001), and the preceding Zol dosing (p < 0."( Is retention of zoledronic acid onto bone different in multiple myeloma and breast cancer patients with bone metastasis?
Delaissé, JM; Hansen, CT; Jakobsen, EH; Jørgensen, HB; Plesner, T; Søe, K, 2013)		0.74
"We examined pharmacy claims for osteoporosis medications dispensed in the community (78 %) and long-term care (LTC) to determine if days supply values matched expected dosing intervals."( Variation in the days supply field for osteoporosis medications in Ontario.
Burden, AM; Cadarette, SM; Huang, A; Tadrous, M, 2013)		0.39
" We sought to describe the days supply reported for osteoporosis drugs and examine if values matched expected therapeutic dosing intervals."( Variation in the days supply field for osteoporosis medications in Ontario.
Burden, AM; Cadarette, SM; Huang, A; Tadrous, M, 2013)		0.39
" Days supply values were evaluated by dosing regimen and setting (community or long-term care [LTC]) and compared to pre-defined expected values."( Variation in the days supply field for osteoporosis medications in Ontario.
Burden, AM; Cadarette, SM; Huang, A; Tadrous, M, 2013)		0.39
" Most daily oral prescriptions were dispensed by an expected therapeutic dosing interval (97 %)."( Variation in the days supply field for osteoporosis medications in Ontario.
Burden, AM; Cadarette, SM; Huang, A; Tadrous, M, 2013)		0.39
" Larger studies with more frequent dosing of zoledronic acid are needed to assess these complex interactions more thoroughly."( Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with or without zoledronic acid in early breast cancer--a randomized biomarker pilot study.
Coleman, RE; Cross, SS; Evans, A; Freeman, JV; Hatton, MQ; Holen, I; Ingram, CE; Jolley, IJ; Mori, S; Syddall, SP; Wilson, C; Winter, MC, 2013)		0.92
" We assessed the efficacy and safety of a reduced dosing frequency of zoledronic acid in women treated previously with monthly zoledronic acid."( Efficacy and safety of 12-weekly versus 4-weekly zoledronic acid for prolonged treatment of patients with bone metastases from breast cancer (ZOOM): a phase 3, open-label, randomised, non-inferiority trial.
Aglietta, M; Alessi, B; Amadori, D; Bertoldo, F; Bogani, P; Farina, G; Gaion, F; Gianni, L; Ibrahim, T; Ripamonti, CI; Rondena, R; Santini, D, 2013)		0.88
"Annual intravenous administration of 5 mg zoledronate decreases fracture risk, but the optimal dosing regimen for zoledronate has not been determined."( Duration of antiresorptive effects of low-dose zoledronate in osteopenic postmenopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Bolland, M; Gamble, G; Grey, A; Horne, A; Mihov, B; Reid, IR; Wong, S, 2014)		0.4
" This dosing schedule of ZOL showed great potential against metastatic breast cancer."( Anti-tumor and anti-osteolysis effects of the metronomic use of zoledronic acid in primary and metastatic breast cancer mouse models.
Evdokiou, A; Fung, KP; Ko, CH; Lau, CB; Lee, JK; Lee, MY; Leung, PC; Li, G; Luo, KW; Shum, WT; Siu, WS; Yue, GG, 2013)		0.63
" Many retrospective studies on its etiology and pathogenesis have been carried out to explain pathological mechanisms; most of them just take a close look at the issue of dosage and application."( Incidence of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw in consideration of primary diseases and concomitant therapies.
Assaf, AT; Blessmann, M; Friedrich, RE; Gerhards, F; Gröbe, A; Heiland, M; Hoelzle, F; Riecke, B; Smeets, R; Steiner, T; Weise, E; Wikner, J, 2013)		0.39
" They differed markedly in study type, pharmacological agent used, dosing regimen, disease, aetiology/stage/location, concurrent off-loading regimen, outcomes and, follow-up."( A Surgeon's guide to advances in the pharmacological management of acute Charcot neuroarthropathy.
Afsie, S; Al-Nammari, SS; Timothy, T, 2013)		0.39
" Therefore, there is also an interest in finding the optimal dosing regimen to optimize effects, minimize side effects and reduce costs."( Dosing related effects of zoledronic acid on bone markers and creatinine clearance in patients with multiple myeloma and metastatic breast cancer.
Delaissé, JM; Hansen, CT; Jakobsen, EH; Plesner, T; Søe, K, 2014)		0.7
" In this study, we presented the possibility of an osteogenic differentiation stimulation mechanism of ZOL and further investigated dosage and time effects."( Stimulation of osteogenic differentiation in stromal cells of giant cell tumour of bone by zoledronic acid.
Li, M; Lin, X; Yang, T; Yin, QS; Zheng, XF, 2013)		0.61
" Dosing intervals for denosumab varied significantly between the two patients, depending on disease activity at baseline."( Rapid biochemical response to denosumab in fibrous dysplasia of bone: report of two cases.
Ganda, K; Seibel, MJ, 2014)		0.4
" The formation of stress risers following intravenous bisphosphonate treatment raises the hypothesis that a more frequent and low-dose bisphosphonate regimen would provide more uniform dosing of bone in the growing child and reduce the likelihood of fractures compared to current treatment practices."( Fracture during intravenous bisphosphonate treatment in a child with osteogenesis imperfecta: an argument for a more frequent, low-dose treatment regimen.
Bennetts, BH; Biggin, A; Briody, JN; Munns, CF; Ormshaw, E; Wong, KK, 2014)		0.4
" Confocal fluorescence microscopy showed locally dosed bisphosphonate entered and was retained in the femoral head."( Local delivery of recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins and bisphosphonate via sucrose acetate isobutyrate can prevent femoral head collapse in Legg-Calve-Perthes disease: a pilot study in pigs.
Cantrill, LC; Carpenter, C; Cheng, TL; Little, DG; Mikulec, K; Murphy, CM; Schindeler, A, 2014)		0.4
"9% NaCl, and the injections were administered with a dosing schedule that was identical to that of the OVX/ZOL group."( Effect of systemic administered zoledronic acid on osseointegration of a titanium implant in ovariectomized rats.
Dikicier, E; Dikicier, S; Günaydın, Y; Karaçaylı, Ü, 2014)		0.69
" For patients with impaired renal function, its dosage should be determined according to creatinine clearance(Ccr)."( [Effect of the administration of zoledronic acid on life expectancy in patients with multiple myeloma with or without renal impairment].
Mizuki, M; Morio, K; Tsugane, M; Uejima, E, 2014)		0.68
" These data provide the basis for less frequent dosing of aBPs."( Biomarkers of bone remodeling in multiple myeloma patients to tailor bisphosphonate therapy.
Anderson, KC; Ghobrial, IM; Laubach, JP; Munshi, NC; Nemani, N; Patel, CG; Raje, NS; Richardson, PG; Santo, L; Schlossman, RL; Scullen, TA; Yee, AJ, 2014)		0.4
" These traceable BPs were dosed to Wistar rats in models of normal growth and closed fracture repair."( PTH(1-34) Treatment Increases Bisphosphonate Turnover in Fracture Repair in Rats.
Cantrill, LC; Little, DG; Mikulec, K; Murphy, CM; Peacock, L; Schindeler, A, 2015)		0.42
"A previous animal study compared the nephrotoxic effect of ibandronate (IBN) and zoledronate (ZOL), but interpretation of these study results was limited because of the model of minimal nephrotoxic dosage with a dosage ratio of 1:3."( Nephrotoxicity of ibandronate and zoledronate in Wistar rats with normal renal function and after unilateral nephrectomy.
Bergner, R; Gretz, N; Kränzlin, B; Pohlmeyer-Esch, G; Siegrist, B, 2015)		0.42
"Composite LP declined coherently in the 66, 70 and 74 Gy external beam dosing groups and was lowest in the high dose rate brachytherapy boost (HDRB) group."( Radiation dose escalation or longer androgen suppression for locally advanced prostate cancer? Data from the TROG 03.04 RADAR trial.
Atkinson, C; Attia, J; Delahunt, B; Denham, JW; Duchesne, G; Ebert, M; Gill, S; Gogna, NK; Haworth, A; Holliday, EG; Joseph, D; Kearvell, R; Kennedy, A; Kenny, L; Lamb, DS; Matthews, J; Murray, J; Oldmeadow, C; Spry, NA; Steigler, A; Tai, KH; Tan, H; Turner, S, 2015)		0.42
" Also, we estimated the optimal dosage of zoledronate in root treatment of the rat model for a maximum effect of zoledronate."( Could zoledronic acid prevent root resorption in replanted rat molar?
Choi, SC; Kim, EC; Kim, KC; Kim, MS; Kwon, YD; Yoo, JE, 2015)		0.9
" In particular, 20 μM dosage of zoledronate solution showed the most effective dose in long-term follow up and might be suitable for inhibition of root resorption in delayed tooth replantation."( Could zoledronic acid prevent root resorption in replanted rat molar?
Choi, SC; Kim, EC; Kim, KC; Kim, MS; Kwon, YD; Yoo, JE, 2015)		0.9
"This review focuses on the recent landmark studies on zoledronic acid, denosumab and radium-223 for patients with metastatic prostate cancer and gives a comprehensive overview of their mechanism of action, efficacy, dosage and safety profile."( Management of bone metastases in prostate cancer: a review.
Bienz, M; Saad, F, 2015)		0.67
"05); the median dosing interval was 6 months (range, 1 to 25."( Short-Term Safety of Zoledronic Acid in Young Patients With Bone Disorders: An Extensive Institutional Experience.
George, S; Hummel, K; Kaplan, P; Levine, MA; Monk, HM; Weber, DR, 2015)		0.74
"We assessed the possibility of changing the route of administration of zoledronic acid to an oral dosage form and its therapeutic efficacy in an estrogen-deficient osteoporosis rat model."( Oral delivery of zoledronic acid by non-covalent conjugation with lysine-deoxycholic acid: In vitro characterization and in vivo anti-osteoporotic efficacy in ovariectomized rats.
Byun, Y; Jeon, OC; Kim, HS; Park, JW; Seo, DH, 2016)		1.01
" This study evaluated efficacy and safety of less-frequent ZOL dosing based on bone turnover markers in patients with 1 to 2 years of prior bisphosphonate therapy."( Bone Marker-Directed Dosing of Zoledronic Acid for the Prevention of Skeletal Complications in Patients with Multiple Myeloma: Results of the Z-MARK Study.
Anderson, KC; Argonza-Aviles, E; Badros, A; Ericson, SG; Hadala, JT; Montgomery, CW; Munshi, N; Orlowski, R; Raje, N; Vescio, R; Warsi, G, 2016)		0.72
"Less frequent ZOL dosing (every 12 weeks over 2 years) maintains a low SRE rate and can be safely administered for up to 4 years."( Bone Marker-Directed Dosing of Zoledronic Acid for the Prevention of Skeletal Complications in Patients with Multiple Myeloma: Results of the Z-MARK Study.
Anderson, KC; Argonza-Aviles, E; Badros, A; Ericson, SG; Hadala, JT; Montgomery, CW; Munshi, N; Orlowski, R; Raje, N; Vescio, R; Warsi, G, 2016)		0.72
" However, a favorable dosing regimen of zoledronic acid (ZA) has the potential to improve patient compliance and thus clinical outcomes."( Effectiveness and Safety of Zoledronic Acid in the Treatment of Osteoporosis.
Hsieh, PC, )		0.69
" So, application of bisphosphonates is recommended, in particular--zolendronic acid in dosage 4 mg every month under control of the bone TRAP--5b activity with objective of prophylaxis of the MB occurrence in patients, suffering RCC."( [PREVENTION OF THE BONES METASTASES OCCURRENCE IN THE PATIENTS WITH RENAL-CELL CANCER].
Boychuk, SI; Dedkov, AG; Yugrinova, LG, 2015)		0.42
" Group 3 received daily dosing of PTH."( Effect of combined treatment with zoledronic acid and parathyroid hormone on mouse bone callus structure and composition.
Casanova, M; Herelle, J; Little, D; Müller, R; Schindeler, A; Schneider, P; Softley, R; Thomas, M, 2016)		0.71
" The optimal dosing interval for zoledronic acid is uncertain."( Effect of Longer-Interval vs Standard Dosing of Zoledronic Acid on Skeletal Events in Patients With Bone Metastases: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Foster, JC; Go, RS; Grubbs, SS; Himelstein, AL; Khatcheressian, JL; Loprinzi, CL; Novotny, PJ; O'Connor, T; O'Mara, A; Qin, R; Roberts, JD; Seisler, DK; Shapiro, CL; Velasco, MR; Weckstein, D, 2017)		0.99
"5%) in the zoledronic acid every 4-week dosing group and 253 patients (28."( Effect of Longer-Interval vs Standard Dosing of Zoledronic Acid on Skeletal Events in Patients With Bone Metastases: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Foster, JC; Go, RS; Grubbs, SS; Himelstein, AL; Khatcheressian, JL; Loprinzi, CL; Novotny, PJ; O'Connor, T; O'Mara, A; Qin, R; Roberts, JD; Seisler, DK; Shapiro, CL; Velasco, MR; Weckstein, D, 2017)		1.1
"Among patients with bone metastases due to breast cancer, prostate cancer, or multiple myeloma, the use of zoledronic acid every 12 weeks compared with the standard dosing interval of every 4 weeks did not result in an increased risk of skeletal events over 2 years."( Effect of Longer-Interval vs Standard Dosing of Zoledronic Acid on Skeletal Events in Patients With Bone Metastases: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Foster, JC; Go, RS; Grubbs, SS; Himelstein, AL; Khatcheressian, JL; Loprinzi, CL; Novotny, PJ; O'Connor, T; O'Mara, A; Qin, R; Roberts, JD; Seisler, DK; Shapiro, CL; Velasco, MR; Weckstein, D, 2017)		0.92
"To examine whether zoledronic acid every 12 weeks was noninferior to zoledronic acid every 4 weeks in patients with metastatic breast cancer that involved the bone who had previously received a standard dosing regimen of zoledronic acid and/or pamidronate disodium."( Continued Treatment Effect of Zoledronic Acid Dosing Every 12 vs 4 Weeks in Women With Breast Cancer Metastatic to Bone: The OPTIMIZE-2 Randomized Clinical Trial.
Chew, H; Dakhil, SR; Gradishar, WJ; Haley, BB; Harker, WG; Hortobagyi, GN; Lipton, A; Mohanlal, R; Sauter, N; Van Poznak, C; Zheng, M, 2017)		1.07
"This retrospective, observational study assessed 2-year persistence and compliance by treatment, route of administration, and dosing frequency in postmenopausal women initiating a new osteoporosis therapy."( Two-year persistence and compliance with osteoporosis therapies among postmenopausal women in a commercially insured population in the United States.
Barron, R; Durden, E; Juneau, P; Lopez-Gonzalez, L; Pinto, L, 2017)		0.46
" Multivariable logistic regression was used to compare the odds of persistence and compliance across treatment and dosing regimens."( Two-year persistence and compliance with osteoporosis therapies among postmenopausal women in a commercially insured population in the United States.
Barron, R; Durden, E; Juneau, P; Lopez-Gonzalez, L; Pinto, L, 2017)		0.46
" Patients initiating an every-6-month injection had significantly higher persistence compared with those initiating more frequently dosed (e."( Two-year persistence and compliance with osteoporosis therapies among postmenopausal women in a commercially insured population in the United States.
Barron, R; Durden, E; Juneau, P; Lopez-Gonzalez, L; Pinto, L, 2017)		0.46
" One comparing two different dosing regimens for the maintenance of remission in people with ulcerative colitis (CODA), and the other comparing an orally administered treatment to an intravenously administered treatment in preventing skeletal-related events in patients with bone metastases from breast cancer (ZICE)."( The use of randomisation-based efficacy estimators in non-inferiority trials.
Barrett-Lee, P; Casbard, A; Farewell, D; Gillespie, D; Hawthorne, AB; Hood, K; Hurt, C; Murray, N; Probert, C; Stenson, R, 2017)		0.46
" Further research comparing different bone-modifying agents, doses, dosing intervals, and durations is required."( Use of Adjuvant Bisphosphonates and Other Bone-Modifying Agents in Breast Cancer: A Cancer Care Ontario and American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline.
Blanchette, PS; Clemons, MJ; Dhesy-Thind, S; Dillmon, MS; Fletcher, GG; Frank, ES; Gandhi, S; Gupta, R; Mates, M; Moy, B; Van Poznak, CH; Vandenberg, T, 2017)		0.46
" In group 2 (n = 6) animals received the identical zoledronate dosage as animals in group 1 and tooth extractions of two premolars (PM 2 and 4) in each jaw (maxilla and mandible) were performed after 12 weeks."( Further development of the MRONJ minipig large animal model.
Ehrenfeld, M; Martin Jurado, O; Nehrbass, D; Otto, S; Pautke, C; Stoddart, MJ; Zeiter, S, 2017)		0.46
"Intravenous zoledronate 5 mg annually reduces fracture risk, and 5 mg every 2 years prevents bone loss, but the optimal dosing regimens for these indications are uncertain."( Duration of antiresorptive activity of zoledronate in postmenopausal women with osteopenia: a randomized, controlled multidose trial.
Bolland, MJ; Gamble, G; Grey, A; Horne, A; Mihov, B; Reid, IR, 2017)		0.46
" This focused update addressed the new data on intervals between dosing and the role of BMAs in control of bone pain."( Role of Bone-Modifying Agents in Metastatic Breast Cancer: An American Society of Clinical Oncology-Cancer Care Ontario Focused Guideline Update.
Barlow, WE; Biermann, JS; Bosserman, LD; Clemons, MJ; Dhesy-Thind, SK; Dillmon, MS; Eisen, A; Frank, ES; Jagsi, R; Jimenez, R; Moy, B; Somerfield, MR; Theriault, RL; Van Poznak, C; Vandenberg, TA; Yee, GC, 2017)		0.46
" This study suggests that the lower incidence of BP-ONJ in alendronate treatment is not originated by its potency, but might be due to the low bioavailability of alendronate, lower dosing on a daily basis, and having no additional therapies."( Effects of an oral bisphosphonate and three intravenous bisphosphonates on several cell types in vitro.
Al-Nawas, B; Jung, J; Kwon, YD; Pabst, AM; Park, JS; Righesso, L; Walter, C, 2018)		0.48
" Zoledronate (zoledronic acid) can be dosed annually via intravenous infusion, making it an appealing option for patients and physicians."( Diffuse ocular and orbital inflammation after zoledronate infusion-case report and review of the literature.
Herren, D; Kim, SJ; Kohanim, S; Umunakwe, OC, 2017)		0.82
" In the zoledronate group, mean PINP 6 months post-FRAME was 23 ± 4 µg/L and at 12 months it was 47 ± 8 µg/L, suggesting that repeat zoledronate dosing is needed at 1 year to maintain the BMD gains."( Bone Loss After Romosozumab/Denosumab: Effects of Bisphosphonates.
Horne, AM; Mihov, B; Reid, IR, 2018)		0.48
" Significantly, a clinically achievable dosage of ZA exhibits apparent inhibitory effect on migration, invasion, and lung metastasis of BLBC cells."( Inhibition of UGT8 suppresses basal-like breast cancer progression by attenuating sulfatide-αVβ5 axis.
Cao, Q; Chen, X; Dong, C; Huang, J; Huang, P; Liao, R; Ren, G; Tan, Y; Wang, L; Wu, X, 2018)		0.48
"The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of treatment with two different dosing regimens of IV zoledronic acid (annually versus every 3 months) for increasing low bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with osteoporosis associated with β-thalassemia as annually and 3-monthly on bone density in patients."( Administration of Intravenous Zoledronic Acid Every 3 Months vs. Annually in β-thalassemia Patients with Low Bone Mineral Density: a Retrospective Comparison of Efficacy.
Akbarzadeh, R; Aliasgharian, A; Darvishi-Khezri, H; Fazli, M; Kosaryan, M, 2018)		0.98
" Those enrolled in the study were 14 to 53 years of age, had documented β-thalassemia, and were treated with IV zoledronic acid on either an annual or every 3 months dosing regimen."( Administration of Intravenous Zoledronic Acid Every 3 Months vs. Annually in β-thalassemia Patients with Low Bone Mineral Density: a Retrospective Comparison of Efficacy.
Akbarzadeh, R; Aliasgharian, A; Darvishi-Khezri, H; Fazli, M; Kosaryan, M, 2018)		0.98
"In patients with thalassemia-associated osteopenia, annual treatment with zoledronic acid increases lumbar spine bone density while being more effective, less expensive, and associated with fewer adverse events than dosing every 3 months."( Administration of Intravenous Zoledronic Acid Every 3 Months vs. Annually in β-thalassemia Patients with Low Bone Mineral Density: a Retrospective Comparison of Efficacy.
Akbarzadeh, R; Aliasgharian, A; Darvishi-Khezri, H; Fazli, M; Kosaryan, M, 2018)		1
" Recent data demonstrate that when using zoledronic acid to reduce the risk of skeletal-related events in metastatic breast cancer, metastatic prostate cancer, and multiple myeloma, the dosing interval of zoledronic acid may be extended from every 4 weeks to every 12 weeks."( Use of Bone-Modifying Agents in Myeloma and Bone Metastases: How Recent Dosing Interval Studies Have Affected Our Practice.
Alva, AS; Campagnaro, E; Qin, A; Reimers, MA; Schneider, BJ; Van Poznak, CH, 2018)		0.75
" All patients received radiotherapy to the prostate and seminal vesicles, starting from the end of the fifth month of androgen suppression; dosing options were 66, 70, and 74 Gy in 2-Gy fractions per day, or 46 Gy in 2-Gy fractions followed by a high-dose-rate brachytherapy boost dose of 19·5 Gy in 6·5-Gy fractions."( Short-term androgen suppression and radiotherapy versus intermediate-term androgen suppression and radiotherapy, with or without zoledronic acid, in men with locally advanced prostate cancer (TROG 03.04 RADAR): 10-year results from a randomised, phase 3,
Atkinson, C; Attia, J; Christie, D; Delahunt, B; Denham, JW; Diamond, T; Duchesne, G; Gogna, NK; Joseph, D; Kenny, L; Lamb, DS; Matthews, J; Oldmeadow, C; Spry, NA; Steigler, A; Tai, KH; Turner, S, 2019)		0.72
"Zoledronic acid decreased cell viability and migration of osteosarcoma cells (SAOS-2) and preosteoblasts (MC3T3-E1), in a dose-response manner."( Histatin-1 counteracts the cytotoxic and antimigratory effects of zoledronic acid in endothelial and osteoblast-like cells.
Castro, M; Córdova, LA; Solano, L; Torres, P; Torres, VA, 2019)		2.19
" Despite advances in management of bone health, several issues remain, notably the optimal time to initiate therapy, duration of therapy, and dosing frequency, and how to avoid toxicity, particularly with long-term treatment."( Management of bone health in solid tumours: From bisphosphonates to a monoclonal antibody.
Body, JJ; Costa, L; Gonzalez-Suarez, E; Niepel, D; Terpos, E; von Moos, R, 2019)		0.51
" Thus, fracture risk is generally highest in the early phase, when GC dosage and the disease activity of the underlying disease are high."( Current Treatments and New Developments in the Management of Glucocorticoid-induced Osteoporosis.
Bultink, IEM; Lems, WF; Raterman, HG, 2019)		0.51
" Furthermore, it is unknown if alternative dosing approaches can modulate accumulation in the setting of CKD."( Skeletal levels of bisphosphonate in the setting of chronic kidney disease are independent of remodeling rate and lower with fractionated dosing.
Allen, MR; Aref, MW; Chen, N; Hammond, MA; Lehmkuhler, DR; Metzger, CE; Moe, SM; Nickolas, TL; Sacks, S; Swallow, EA; Territo, PR, 2019)		0.51
" Moreover, this study provided a proof of concept regarding the use of exosomes in bone regeneration therapy, which might be used as a booster dose that will eventually reduce the dosage of BMP and hence circumvent the limitations associated with the use of BMP."( Nanohydroxyapatite Based Ceramic Carrier Promotes Bone Formation in a Femoral Neck Canal Defect in Osteoporotic Rats.
Kumar, A; Qayoom, I; Teotia, AK, 2020)		0.56
" Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the use of zoledronic acid, vertebral height ratio of injured vertebrae, and ODI were independent factors affecting the therapeutic effect, and that the dosage of bone cement, and peripheral vertebrae wall damage were independent risk factors causing postoperative bone cement leakage."( Therapeutic effect of percutaneous kyphoplasty combined with anti-osteoporosis drug on postmenopausal women with osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture and analysis of postoperative bone cement leakage risk factors: a retrospective cohort study.
Chang, Y; Huang, S; Ke, Y; Liang, C; Liang, G; Xiao, D; Zheng, X; Zhu, X; Zhuang, J, 2019)		0.75
"Peripheral vertebrae wall damage and the dosage of bone cement are independent risk factors causing bone cement leakage in OVCF patients treated with PKP."( Therapeutic effect of percutaneous kyphoplasty combined with anti-osteoporosis drug on postmenopausal women with osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture and analysis of postoperative bone cement leakage risk factors: a retrospective cohort study.
Chang, Y; Huang, S; Ke, Y; Liang, C; Liang, G; Xiao, D; Zheng, X; Zhu, X; Zhuang, J, 2019)		0.51
"Intravenous zoledronate prevents bone loss and reduces fracture risk in older adults but the optimal dosing strategy required to achieve each outcome is not known."( Ten Years of Very Infrequent Zoledronate Therapy in Older Women: An Open-Label Extension of a Randomized Trial.
Bolland, M; Gamble, G; Grey, A; Horne, A; Mihov, B; Reid, IR, 2020)		0.56
" The purpose of this study was to investigate whether treatment of male rats with ZOL, at a dosage equivalent to that used for antitumor treatment, impacts the short-term qualitative properties of mandibular bone independent of bone remodeling."( Short-term high-dose zoledronic acid enhances crystallinity in mandibular alveolar bone in rats.
Coutel, X; Falgayrac, G; Olejnik, C; Penel, G, 2020)		0.88
"2 mg/kg of ZA once per week for 3 weeks; and group III received the same dosage of ZA, but for 8 weeks."( Histopathological alterations of the intrinsic tongue muscles following zoledronic acid treatment in a rat model.
Farag, DB; Mehanny, SS, )		0.36
" Lung cancer patients were excluded from extended-interval dosing trials (every 12 weeks [Q12wk]) that demonstrated noninferiority of the 2 dosing schemes."( Impact of Extended-Interval Versus Standard Dosing of Zoledronic Acid on Skeletal Events in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients With Bone Metastases.
Nachar, VR; Qin, A; Schepers, AJ; Tam, AH, 2021)		0.87
"To determine whether zoledronic acid dosed Q12wk is similar to Q4wk dosing for prevention of SRE in patients with metastatic lung cancer."( Impact of Extended-Interval Versus Standard Dosing of Zoledronic Acid on Skeletal Events in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients With Bone Metastases.
Nachar, VR; Qin, A; Schepers, AJ; Tam, AH, 2021)		1.19
"This is the first report examining extended-interval dosing of zoledronic acid in metastatic lung cancer."( Impact of Extended-Interval Versus Standard Dosing of Zoledronic Acid on Skeletal Events in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients With Bone Metastases.
Nachar, VR; Qin, A; Schepers, AJ; Tam, AH, 2021)		1.11
" Patients with planned zoledronic acid dosing intervals of less than 5 weeks were more likely to experience ONJ than patients with planned dosing intervals of 5 weeks or more (hazard ratio [HR], 4."( Association of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw With Zoledronic Acid Treatment for Bone Metastases in Patients With Cancer.
Bagramian, RA; Dakhil, SR; Darke, AK; Fisch, MJ; Floyd, JD; Gralow, J; Hansen, LK; Henry, NL; Hershman, DL; Lew, DL; Moinpour, C; Schubert, MM; Unger, JM; Van Poznak, CH; Wade, JL, 2021)		1.19
" Cancer type, oral health, and frequency of dosing were associated with the risk of ONJ."( Association of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw With Zoledronic Acid Treatment for Bone Metastases in Patients With Cancer.
Bagramian, RA; Dakhil, SR; Darke, AK; Fisch, MJ; Floyd, JD; Gralow, J; Hansen, LK; Henry, NL; Hershman, DL; Lew, DL; Moinpour, C; Schubert, MM; Unger, JM; Van Poznak, CH; Wade, JL, 2021)		0.88
"Chemotherapy requires careful dosing and monitoring and is associated with numerous adverse events."( Impact of Clinical Pharmacy Services on Patient Management in the Chemotherapy Infusion Clinics: A 5-Year Study at a Comprehensive Cancer Center.
Dalbah, MI; Jaddoua, SM; Khalil, HZ; Mashni, OK; Nazer, LH; Rumman, AT; Tuffaha, HW, 2022)		0.72
" Taken together, our work indicates that Zol, a drug already widely used to prevent osteoporosis and dosed only once a year, modulates important mechanisms of aging."( Zoledronate Extends Health Span and Survival via the Mevalonate Pathway in a FOXO-dependent Manner.
Alqarni, AM; Bellantuono, I; Chen, Z; Cordero, J; Slack, C; Zeidler, MP, 2022)		0.72
"Major developments in systemic treatment of bone metastatic disease in solid tumors include evidence that decreasing frequency of dosing zoledronic acid in metastatic breast and prostate cancer maintains efficacy in preventing skeletal-related events while decreasing costs."( Updates in Management of Bone Metastatic Disease in Primary Solid Tumors with Systemic Therapies.
Falvello, V; Van Poznak, C, 2021)		0.82
" SCCF1 cell line was treated with zoledronate before, concurrently, or after RT, and clonogenic assays were performed to determine if an optimal dosing schedule would be identified."( Combining radiation therapy with zoledronate for the treatment of osteo-invasive feline oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Billhymer, A; Lundberg, AP; Selting, KA; Tran Hoang, C, 2022)		0.72
" In the absence of reported MRONJ cases, dental extractions should not be withheld because of previous antiresorptive exposure and antiresorptive medication dosing need not be altered in the pediatric population."( Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws in the Pediatric Population.
Neal, TW; Schlieve, T, 2022)		0.72
" Two or three of these capsules dosed weekly reduced CTX by ~50% at 1 month, and by ~30% at 3 and 6 months."( Effect of oral zoledronate administration on bone turnover in older women.
Horne, AM; Jabr, A; Liu, M; Mellar, A; Reid, IR; Wen, J, 2023)		0.91
" Probably a viable oral regimen of zoledronate dosing at intervals of weeks to months could be developed, but the advantage of infrequent dosing would be lost."( Effect of oral zoledronate administration on bone turnover in older women.
Horne, AM; Jabr, A; Liu, M; Mellar, A; Reid, IR; Wen, J, 2023)		0.91
" Additionally, however, in 2003 we published a case report demonstrating that prolonged excessive dosing during childhood of the antiresorptive aminobisphosphonate pamidronate can sufficiently block osteoclast and chondroclast activity to recapitulate the skeletal features of OPT."( Drug-induced osteopetrosis.
Bhadada, SK; Dhiman, V; Gopinathan, NR; McAlister, WH; Whyte, MP, 2023)		0.91
"The OMPR in the first year improved if the patients used AOMs with longer dosing intervals."( The real-world adherence of the first-line anti-osteoporosis medications in Taiwan: Visualize the gap between reality and expectations.
Chen, HM; Fu, SH; Hsu, CC; Hwang, JS; Lee, CC; Lin, JW; Lin, SC; Wang, CY; Wu, CH; Yang, RS, 2023)		0.91
" However, the optimal dosing interval of ZA for patients with lung cancer is uncertain."( Randomized phase II study of zoledronate dosing every four versus eight weeks in patients with bone metastasis from lung cancer (Hanshin Cancer Group0312).
Hata, A; Hatachi, Y; Hidaka, Y; Hirashima, T; Kaneda, T; Katakami, N; Mori, M; Morita, S; Nishimura, T; Nishino, K; Ohnishi, H; Takase, N, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (1)

RoleDescription
bone density conservation agentAn agent that inhibits bone resorption and/or favor bone mineralization and bone regeneration. Used to heal bone fractures and to treat bone diseases such as osteopenia and osteoporosis.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
imidazolesA five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.
1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)Any member of the class of phosphonic acids in which a carbon atom is directly attached to two phosphonic acid groups. They are analogues of pyrophosphates (with the central oxygen atom replaced by a carbon atom) and like pyrophosphates they tend to have a strong affinity for bone, so are frequently used for their antiresorptive and hypocalcaemic properties.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (1)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Zoledronate Action Pathway2143

Protein Targets (25)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Fumarate hydrataseHomo sapiens (human)Potency18.17960.00308.794948.0869AID1347053
EWS/FLI fusion proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.04000.001310.157742.8575AID1259253; AID1259256
polyproteinZika virusPotency18.17960.00308.794948.0869AID1347053
lamin isoform A-delta10Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.63100.891312.067628.1838AID1487
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.63154.45319.3000AID1473740
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.20005.677410.0000AID1473741
Carbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.31600.00571.39908.5700AID1125517; AID1152902
Bile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)134.00000.11007.190310.0000AID1443980; AID1473738
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)72.54130.00401.02764.5000AID1638631; AID1798541; AID1801915; AID326141; AID326571; AID391371; AID669079
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)Ki2.70001.80002.25002.7000AID326142
Carbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)10.00000.00582.14107.9000AID1125514; AID1152899
Carbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.06200.00021.10608.3000AID1125515; AID1152900
72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)7.00000.00001.284810.0000AID1152905; AID779764
Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)3.91020.00020.71099.3600AID1197852; AID1205918; AID1224396; AID1421103; AID1519530; AID1540919; AID1617550; AID1617551; AID1617552; AID1617553; AID1617557; AID1617560; AID1617561; AID1638632; AID1801915; AID197532; AID318593; AID318594; AID390282; AID669073; AID669077; AID689987; AID734801; AID734803
Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.04300.00010.21651.9000AID318593; AID318594
Matrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)52.00000.00000.705310.0000AID779762
Neutrophil collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)17.60000.00000.927210.0000AID779763
Farnesyl diphosphate synthaseEscherichia coli K-12IC50 (µMol)1.10001.10001.10001.1000AID275060
Matrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)12.60000.00030.718210.0000AID779761
Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase Leishmania donovaniIC50 (µMol)0.11000.11000.15600.1700AID72651
Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase Leishmania donovaniKi0.01100.01100.07820.1900AID238531
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthaseSaccharomyces cerevisiae S288CIC50 (µMol)14.64910.00400.41200.7100AID1801914; AID1801915; AID326139
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthaseSaccharomyces cerevisiae S288CKi0.26000.13000.19500.2600AID326140
Carbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)5.32300.00030.63029.3900AID1125516; AID1152901
Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase Leishmania majorKi0.01000.01000.03900.0910AID1697964
HTrypanosoma bruceiIC50 (µMol)226.70002.10002.10002.1000AID254970
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00002.41006.343310.0000AID1473739
Carbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.09200.02000.53292.0000AID1125518; AID1152903
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Butyrophilin subfamily 3 member A1Homo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)41.10930.00010.47193.0600AID1494447; AID1511946; AID1511947; AID1511948; AID1676481
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (158)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
positive regulation of cytokine productionButyrophilin subfamily 3 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseButyrophilin subfamily 3 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of type II interferon productionButyrophilin subfamily 3 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
activated T cell proliferationButyrophilin subfamily 3 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
T cell receptor signaling pathwayButyrophilin subfamily 3 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cytokine productionButyrophilin subfamily 3 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin secretionMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
cilium assemblyMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
platelet degranulationMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
urate transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
export across plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
estrous cycleCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
chloride ion homeostasisCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
fatty acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid biosynthetic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stressBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compoundBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
protein ubiquitinationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid signaling pathwayBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cholesterol homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to estrogenBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
lipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bile acid secretionBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
isoprenoid metabolic processGeranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
geranyl diphosphate biosynthetic processGeranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
geranylgeranyl diphosphate biosynthetic processGeranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
farnesyl diphosphate biosynthetic processGeranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
isoprenoid biosynthetic processGeranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
morphogenesis of an epitheliumCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergicCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular pH reductionCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
angiotensin-activated signaling pathwayCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of monoatomic anion transportCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
secretionCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intracellular pHCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dipeptide transmembrane transportCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of chloride transportCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
carbon dioxide transportCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
angiogenesis72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
ovarian follicle development72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
ovulation from ovarian follicle72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
luteinization72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
blood vessel maturation72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
intramembranous ossification72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
proteolysis72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell adhesion72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
heart development72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
embryo implantation72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
parturition72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
response to mechanical stimulus72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
peripheral nervous system axon regeneration72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
response to activity72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein metabolic process72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular matrix disassembly72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein catabolic process72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell migration72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
collagen catabolic process72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
response to retinoic acid72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to reactive oxygen species72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
response to nicotine72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
endodermal cell differentiation72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
response to hydrogen peroxide72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
response to estrogen72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of vasoconstriction72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
ephrin receptor signaling pathway72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
macrophage chemotaxis72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
response to electrical stimulus72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
response to hyperoxia72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
face morphogenesis72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
bone trabecula formation72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
prostate gland epithelium morphogenesis72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to amino acid stimulus72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interleukin-172 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to estradiol stimulus72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV-A72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to fluid shear stress72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
response to amyloid-beta72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular matrix organization72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxia72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
tissue remodeling72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
cholesterol biosynthetic processFarnesyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
geranyl diphosphate biosynthetic processFarnesyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
farnesyl diphosphate biosynthetic processFarnesyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
skeletal system developmentMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein phosphorylationMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
proteolysisMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
apoptotic processMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
embryo implantationMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
cell migrationMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular matrix disassemblyMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
macrophage differentiationMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
collagen catabolic processMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to reactive oxygen speciesMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
endodermal cell differentiationMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic processMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic processMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA bindingMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathwayMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
ephrin receptor signaling pathwayMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of keratinocyte migrationMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to lipopolysaccharideMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to cadmium ionMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV-AMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondriaMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of neuroinflammatory responseMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of receptor bindingMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
response to amyloid-betaMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferationMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney developmentMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cation channel activityMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathwayMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular matrix organizationMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of microglial cell activationNeutrophil collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
proteolysisNeutrophil collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular matrix disassemblyNeutrophil collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
collagen catabolic processNeutrophil collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor productionNeutrophil collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
endodermal cell differentiationNeutrophil collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to lipopolysaccharideNeutrophil collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuroinflammatory responseNeutrophil collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathwayNeutrophil collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular matrix organizationNeutrophil collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
geranyl diphosphate biosynthetic processFarnesyl diphosphate synthaseEscherichia coli K-12
farnesyl diphosphate biosynthetic processFarnesyl diphosphate synthaseEscherichia coli K-12
isoprenoid biosynthetic processFarnesyl diphosphate synthaseEscherichia coli K-12
angiogenesisMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
ovarian follicle developmentMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxiaMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
endothelial cell proliferationMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
endochondral ossificationMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
proteolysisMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stressMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
male gonad developmentMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
response to mechanical stimulusMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of myotube differentiationMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein processingMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compoundMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
protein processingMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular matrix disassemblyMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
protein catabolic processMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell growthMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
lung developmentMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell migrationMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
collagen catabolic processMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
zymogen activationMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
endodermal cell differentiationMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
chondrocyte proliferationMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
astrocyte cell migrationMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
response to estrogenMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of B cell differentiationMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of Notch signaling pathwayMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic cranial skeleton morphogenesisMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
branching morphogenesis of an epithelial tubeMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
tissue remodelingMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
cell motilityMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of focal adhesion assemblyMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
head developmentMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
craniofacial suture morphogenesisMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of GDF15-GFRAL signaling pathwayMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein localization to plasma membraneMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of macrophage migrationMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
response to odorantMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular matrix organizationMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
skeletal system developmentMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxiaCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
morphogenesis of an epitheliumCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
response to testosteroneCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
secretionCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
heme catabolic processCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transepithelial transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrierCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (49)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
protein bindingButyrophilin subfamily 3 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingButyrophilin subfamily 3 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
icosanoid transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
urate transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
purine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
efflux transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
dimethylallyltranstransferase activityGeranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
farnesyltranstransferase activityGeranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
geranyltranstransferase activityGeranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingGeranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingGeranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingGeranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
prenyltransferase activityGeranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
arylesterase activityCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
hydro-lyase activityCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cyanamide hydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
arylesterase activityCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cyanamide hydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
fibronectin binding72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
endopeptidase activity72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
metalloendopeptidase activity72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
serine-type endopeptidase activity72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein binding72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
metallopeptidase activity72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
RNA bindingFarnesyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingFarnesyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingFarnesyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
dimethylallyltranstransferase activityFarnesyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
geranyltranstransferase activityFarnesyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
endopeptidase activityMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
metalloendopeptidase activityMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
serine-type endopeptidase activityMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
collagen bindingMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
peptidase activityMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
metallopeptidase activityMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
endopeptidase activityNeutrophil collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
metalloendopeptidase activityNeutrophil collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
serine-type endopeptidase activityNeutrophil collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
peptidase activityNeutrophil collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingNeutrophil collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
tumor necrosis factor bindingNeutrophil collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
dimethylallyltranstransferase activityFarnesyl diphosphate synthaseEscherichia coli K-12
geranyltranstransferase activityFarnesyl diphosphate synthaseEscherichia coli K-12
prenyltransferase activityFarnesyl diphosphate synthaseEscherichia coli K-12
protein bindingFarnesyl diphosphate synthaseEscherichia coli K-12
transferase activityFarnesyl diphosphate synthaseEscherichia coli K-12
metal ion bindingFarnesyl diphosphate synthaseEscherichia coli K-12
endopeptidase activityMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
metalloendopeptidase activityMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
serine-type endopeptidase activityMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
integrin bindingMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
metalloaminopeptidase activityMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activityCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (42)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneButyrophilin subfamily 3 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membraneButyrophilin subfamily 3 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
platelet dense granule membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
external side of apical plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
membraneCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmGeranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmGeranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolGeranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
Z discGeranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmGeranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
myelin sheathCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
apical part of cellCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
apical part of cellCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
collagen-containing extracellular matrix72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular region72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular space72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
nucleus72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
sarcomere72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
collagen-containing extracellular matrix72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular space72 kDa type IV collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmFarnesyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolFarnesyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmFarnesyl pyrophosphate synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
collagen-containing extracellular matrixMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
tertiary granule lumenMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
ficolin-1-rich granule lumenMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceMatrix metalloproteinase-9Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionNeutrophil collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceNeutrophil collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
specific granule lumenNeutrophil collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
collagen-containing extracellular matrixNeutrophil collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
tertiary granule lumenNeutrophil collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceNeutrophil collagenaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmFarnesyl diphosphate synthaseEscherichia coli K-12
cytosolFarnesyl diphosphate synthaseEscherichia coli K-12
cytoplasmMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi lumenMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
focal adhesionMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular matrixMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic vesicleMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
melanosomeMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
macropinosomeMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
intermediate filament cytoskeletonMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceMatrix metalloproteinase-14Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
membraneCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
microvillus membraneCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)
membraneCarbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (284)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID132683Inhibition of bone resorption in the calvaria assay of mouse2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 45, Issue:17
Highly potent geminal bisphosphonates. From pamidronate disodium (Aredia) to zoledronic acid (Zometa).
AID1584453Induction of apoptosis in human RPMI8226 cells assessed as viable cells at 1 uM after 72 hrs by APC Annexin V/eFluor-780-viability double staining-based FACS analysis (Rvb = 87.3%)2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-09, Volume: 61, Issue:15
Unraveling the Prenylation-Cancer Paradox in Multiple Myeloma with Novel Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (GGPPS) Inhibitors.
AID1421112Induction of mineralization in mouse MC3T3-E1 cells at >500 nM after 10 to 15 days by alizarin red dye based assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 158Novel bisphosphonates with antiresorptive effect in bone mineralization and osteoclastogenesis.
AID1511947Activation of butyrophilin 3A1 in human K562 cells assessed as interferon-gamma production pretreated for 60 mins followed by HMBPP-treated Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells addition and measured after 20 hrs by ELISA2019ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-12, Volume: 10, Issue:9
Synthesis and Bioactivity of the Alanyl Phosphonamidate Stereoisomers Derived from a Butyrophilin Ligand.
AID197532Negative logarithm of inhibitory concentration against bone resorption2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-03, Volume: 46, Issue:14
A quantitative structure-activity relationship and pharmacophore modeling investigation of aryl-X and heterocyclic bisphosphonates as bone resorption agents.
AID390272Induction of apoptosis in human K-562 cells expressing Bcr-Abl at 100 uM by flow cytometry2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel aminobisphosphonates possessing an in vivo antitumor activity through a gammadelta-T lymphocytes-mediated activation mechanism.
AID244679Therapeutic index (TI) value as ratio of lethal dose (LD50) to the inhibitory concentration (IC50)2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-05, Volume: 48, Issue:9
Bisphosphonate inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondi growth: in vitro, QSAR, and in vivo investigations.
AID326141Inhibition of human GGPPS2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jun-12, Volume: 104, Issue:24
Bisphosphonates target multiple sites in both cis- and trans-prenyltransferases.
AID1584455Induction of apoptosis in human RPMI8226 cells assessed as late apoptotic cells at 1 uM after 72 hrs by APC Annexin V/eFluor-780-viability double staining-based FACS analysis (Rvb = 5.80%)2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-09, Volume: 61, Issue:15
Unraveling the Prenylation-Cancer Paradox in Multiple Myeloma with Novel Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (GGPPS) Inhibitors.
AID425653Renal clearance in human2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15
Physicochemical determinants of human renal clearance.
AID1894084Drug uptake in Beagle dog aorta at 0.15 mg/kg, iv administered as C14-lableled compound and assessed as radioactivity after 96 hrs by autoradiography2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-11, Volume: 64, Issue:3
Bisphosphonates, Old Friends of Bones and New Trends in Clinics.
AID1699997Cytotoxicity against human BXPC-3 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 30, Issue:23
Synthesis and biological evaluation of indolylglyoxylamide bisphosphonates, antimitotic microtubule-targeting derivatives of indibulin with improved aqueous solubility.
AID1054146Cytotoxicity against human RPMI8226 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-24, Volume: 56, Issue:20
Thienopyrimidine bisphosphonate (ThPBP) inhibitors of the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase: optimization and characterization of the mode of inhibition.
AID1494455Upregulation of CD69/CD25 levels in human CD8-positive T cells expressing alpha-beta TCR2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-08, Volume: 61, Issue:5
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of ( E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl Phosphate (HMBP) Aryloxy Triester Phosphoramidate Prodrugs as Activators of Vγ9/Vδ2 T-Cell Immune Responses.
AID248987Inhibitory concentration against the growth of Toxoplasma gondii overexpressing FPPS enzyme in human foreskin fibroblast monolayer cells; (control = 0.60 uM, experiment 1)2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-05, Volume: 48, Issue:9
Bisphosphonate inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondi growth: in vitro, QSAR, and in vivo investigations.
AID1179734Antiproliferative activity against mouse J774E cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 24, Issue:15
Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of aromatic and aliphatic bis[aminomethylidene(bisphosphonic)] acids.
AID1421102Inhibition of recombinant human C-terminal His6-tagged FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 at 1 uM using DMAPP and IPP as substrates pretreated for 15 mins followed by substrates addition and measured after 1 hr by colorimetric method relative to cont2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 158Novel bisphosphonates with antiresorptive effect in bone mineralization and osteoclastogenesis.
AID1617560Inhibition of human N-terminal TEV protease cleavage site-fused-His6-tagged FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) assessed as using GPP and IPP as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition in presence of 0.01 % Triton X-1002019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-12, Volume: 62, Issue:23
Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase as a Target for Drug Development: Discovery of Natural-Product-Derived Inhibitors and Their Activity in Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
AID1617577Induction of apoptosis in human PANC1 cells assessed as late apoptotic cells at 10 uM measured after 48 hrs by Annexin-V/FITC and propidium iodide staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 1.86 %)2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-12, Volume: 62, Issue:23
Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase as a Target for Drug Development: Discovery of Natural-Product-Derived Inhibitors and Their Activity in Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
AID540213Half life in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1700507Toxicity in C57BL6/J mouse model of OVX-induced bone loss assessed as effect on bone formation by measuring mineralizing surface per trabecular bone surface level in femoral metaphysis at 100 ug/kg, sc QD for 4 weeks by histomorphometry (27.90 +/ 8.22 %)2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-25, Volume: 63, Issue:22
Novel 2,7-Diazaspiro[4,4]nonane Derivatives to Inhibit Mouse and Human Osteoclast Activities and Prevent Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice without Affecting Bone Formation.
AID270722Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cell line by MTT assay2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-21, Volume: 49, Issue:19
Activity of nitrogen-containing and non-nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates on tumor cell lines.
AID235771Therapeutic ratio comparing nephrotoxic potential versus bone antiresorptive potency (reciprocal of ED50 (TPTX assay) / the total urinary malate dehydrogenase excretion)2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 45, Issue:17
Highly potent geminal bisphosphonates. From pamidronate disodium (Aredia) to zoledronic acid (Zometa).
AID1129545Cytotoxicity against human HuH7 cells after 144 hrs by MTT assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-22, Volume: 77Bisphosphonate prodrugs: synthesis and biological evaluation in HuH7 hepatocarcinoma cells.
AID249161Lethal dose required to inhibit the growth of human KB (nasopharyngeal carcinoma) cell line2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-05, Volume: 48, Issue:9
Bisphosphonate inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondi growth: in vitro, QSAR, and in vivo investigations.
AID390271Induction of apoptosis in human HUT78 cells at 100 uM by flow cytometry2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel aminobisphosphonates possessing an in vivo antitumor activity through a gammadelta-T lymphocytes-mediated activation mechanism.
AID1152905Inhibition of human recombinant MMP-2 pretreated for 30 mins measured 2 to 4 hrs after Mca-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-Dpa-Ala-Arg-NH2 substrate addition by fluorescence analysis2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Dual carbonic anhydrase/matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors incorporating bisphosphonic acid moieties targeting bone tumors.
AID1421113Induction of mineralization in C57BL mouse bone marrow cells at >50 nM supplemented with fresh medium containing compound every 3 days for 10 to 15 days by alizarin red dye based assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 158Novel bisphosphonates with antiresorptive effect in bone mineralization and osteoclastogenesis.
AID1699999Cytotoxicity against human PANC-1 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 30, Issue:23
Synthesis and biological evaluation of indolylglyoxylamide bisphosphonates, antimitotic microtubule-targeting derivatives of indibulin with improved aqueous solubility.
AID197464Effective dose for increased cancellous bone hydroxy proline in young intact rats after a treatment period of 10 days2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 45, Issue:17
Highly potent geminal bisphosphonates. From pamidronate disodium (Aredia) to zoledronic acid (Zometa).
AID1700484Antiosteoporotic activity in C57BL6/J mouse model of OVX-induced bone loss assessed as serum CTX-1 level in tibial diaphysis at 100 ug/kg, sc QD for 4 weeks (165.38 +/- 54.93 %)2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-25, Volume: 63, Issue:22
Novel 2,7-Diazaspiro[4,4]nonane Derivatives to Inhibit Mouse and Human Osteoclast Activities and Prevent Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice without Affecting Bone Formation.
AID254970Inhibition of recombinant Trypanosoma brucei soluble vacuolar pyrophosphatase expressed in Escherichia coli2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-22, Volume: 48, Issue:19
Bisphosphonate inhibition of the exopolyphosphatase activity of the Trypanosoma brucei soluble vacuolar pyrophosphatase.
AID246048Effective concentration against human Gamma delta T cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-21, Volume: 48, Issue:8
Pyridinium-1-yl bisphosphonates are potent inhibitors of farnesyl diphosphate synthase and bone resorption.
AID390274Induction of apoptosis in human CEM-VBL300 cells expressing p-glycoprotein at 100 uM by flow cytometry2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel aminobisphosphonates possessing an in vivo antitumor activity through a gammadelta-T lymphocytes-mediated activation mechanism.
AID270723Antiproliferative activity against human NCI-H460 cell line by MTT assay2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-21, Volume: 49, Issue:19
Activity of nitrogen-containing and non-nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates on tumor cell lines.
AID210170Effective dose after subcutaneous administration to TPTX rats for 50% reduction of hypercalcemia2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 45, Issue:17
Highly potent geminal bisphosphonates. From pamidronate disodium (Aredia) to zoledronic acid (Zometa).
AID1224403Inhibition of FPPS in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as blocking of tau metabolism by measuring ratio of tau phosphorylation to total tau level at 100 nM after 24 hrs by ELISA (Rvb = 0.012 no-unit)2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-10, Volume: 57, Issue:13
Multistage screening reveals chameleon ligands of the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase: implications to drug discovery for neurodegenerative diseases.
AID158550In vitro growth inhibition against Plasmodium falciparum2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 47, Issue:1
Effects of bisphosphonates on the growth of Entamoeba histolytica and Plasmodium species in vitro and in vivo.
AID1700505Toxicity in C57BL6/J mouse model of OVX-induced bone loss assessed as effect on bone formation by measuring number of osteoblasts per bone surface level in femoral metaphysis at 100 ug/kg, sc QD for 4 weeks by histomorphometry (4.55 +/ 2.53 /mm)2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-25, Volume: 63, Issue:22
Novel 2,7-Diazaspiro[4,4]nonane Derivatives to Inhibit Mouse and Human Osteoclast Activities and Prevent Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice without Affecting Bone Formation.
AID1179735Antiproliferative activity against human HL60 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 24, Issue:15
Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of aromatic and aliphatic bis[aminomethylidene(bisphosphonic)] acids.
AID390283Induction of apoptosis in human K-562 cells expressing Bcr-Abl at <50 uM by flow cytometry2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel aminobisphosphonates possessing an in vivo antitumor activity through a gammadelta-T lymphocytes-mediated activation mechanism.
AID1700510Toxicity in C57BL6/J mouse model of OVX-induced bone loss assessed as effect on bone formation by measuring osteocalcin level at 100 ug/kg, sc QD for 4 weeks (1.62 +/ 0.21 m3/um2/y)2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-25, Volume: 63, Issue:22
Novel 2,7-Diazaspiro[4,4]nonane Derivatives to Inhibit Mouse and Human Osteoclast Activities and Prevent Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice without Affecting Bone Formation.
AID248977Inhibitory concentration against the growth of Toxoplasma gondii overexpressing FPPS enzyme in human foreskin fibroblast monolayer cells; (control = 1.1 uM, experiment 2)2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-05, Volume: 48, Issue:9
Bisphosphonate inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondi growth: in vitro, QSAR, and in vivo investigations.
AID734802Activation of human CD4+ Vgamma2/Vdelta2 T cell clone JN.23 assessed as TNF-alpha release after 16 hrs by sandwich ELISA in presence of antigen presenting cell line, CP.EBV2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-11, Volume: 4, Issue:4
Chemo-Immunotherapeutic Anti-Malarials Targeting Isoprenoid Biosynthesis.
AID1894095Antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes infected in vero cells assessed as parasite growth inhibition incubated for 48 hrs by light microscopy2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-11, Volume: 64, Issue:3
Bisphosphonates, Old Friends of Bones and New Trends in Clinics.
AID1125514Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 1 preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 24, Issue:8
Arylamino bisphosphonates: potent and selective inhibitors of the tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase XII.
AID1356185Immunomodulatory activity in HUVEC assessed as inhibition of IFNgamma-induced MHC-1 expression at 10 uM pretreated for 1 hr followed by IFNgamma stimulation and measured after 48 hrs by immunostaining based flow cytometry relative to control2018Journal of natural products, 08-24, Volume: 81, Issue:8
Additional Insights into Hypericum perforatum Content: Isolation, Total Synthesis, and Absolute Configuration of Hyperbiphenyls A and B from Immunomodulatory Root Extracts.
AID689987Inhibition of recombinant human FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli by scintillation counting2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 54, Issue:17
Remarkable potential of the α-aminophosphonate/phosphinate structural motif in medicinal chemistry.
AID1617552Competitive inhibition of human N-terminal TEV protease cleavage site-fused-His6-tagged FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using DMAPP and GPP as substrate2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-12, Volume: 62, Issue:23
Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase as a Target for Drug Development: Discovery of Natural-Product-Derived Inhibitors and Their Activity in Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
AID275054Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli W31102006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-14, Volume: 49, Issue:25
Isoprenoid biosynthesis as a drug target: bisphosphonate inhibition of Escherichia coli K12 growth and synergistic effects of fosmidomycin.
AID1224396Allosteric inhibition of human recombinant FPPS using GPP and [3H]IPP as substrate incubated with enzyme for 10 mins prior to substrate addition by liquid scintillation counting analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-10, Volume: 57, Issue:13
Multistage screening reveals chameleon ligands of the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase: implications to drug discovery for neurodegenerative diseases.
AID1421103Inhibition of recombinant human C-terminal His6-tagged FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 using DMAPP and IPP as substrates pretreated for 15 mins followed by substrates addition and measured after 1 hr by colorimetric method2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 158Novel bisphosphonates with antiresorptive effect in bone mineralization and osteoclastogenesis.
AID1421082Antiproliferative activity against mouse J774A.1 cells assessed as change in cell proliferation at 100 uM after 72 hrs by crystal violet staining based assay relative to control2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 158Novel bisphosphonates with antiresorptive effect in bone mineralization and osteoclastogenesis.
AID1421083Antiproliferative activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as change in cell proliferation at 100 uM after 72 hrs by crystal violet staining based assay relative to control2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 158Novel bisphosphonates with antiresorptive effect in bone mineralization and osteoclastogenesis.
AID1700483Antiosteoporotic activity in C57BL6/J mouse model of OVX-induced bone loss assessed as cortical thickness level in tibial diaphysis at 100 ug/kg, sc QD for 4 weeks by microCT analysis (179.27 +/- 7.57 um)2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-25, Volume: 63, Issue:22
Novel 2,7-Diazaspiro[4,4]nonane Derivatives to Inhibit Mouse and Human Osteoclast Activities and Prevent Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice without Affecting Bone Formation.
AID758729Binding affinity to hydroxyapatite at 0.07 mmol up to 120 hrs by 31P NMR-spectroscopy relative to H3PO42013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 65Low toxicity and unprecedented anti-osteoclast activity of a simple sulfur-containing gem-bisphosphonate: a comparative study.
AID625292Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1421110Induction of cell proliferation in C57BL mouse bone marrow cells at 100 nM after 72 hrs by crystal violet staining based assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 158Novel bisphosphonates with antiresorptive effect in bone mineralization and osteoclastogenesis.
AID1129565Antimigratory activity against human HuH7 cells at 100 uM after 24 hrs relative to control2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-22, Volume: 77Bisphosphonate prodrugs: synthesis and biological evaluation in HuH7 hepatocarcinoma cells.
AID1421092Antiproliferative activity against human MG63 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 100 uM after 72 hrs by WST8 assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 158Novel bisphosphonates with antiresorptive effect in bone mineralization and osteoclastogenesis.
AID1617556Inhibition of human N-terminal TEV protease cleavage site-fused-His6-tagged GGPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using FPP and [14C] IPP as substrate preincubated for 15 mins with FPP followed by [14C] IPP addition and further incubated for 20 m2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-12, Volume: 62, Issue:23
Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase as a Target for Drug Development: Discovery of Natural-Product-Derived Inhibitors and Their Activity in Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
AID734803Inhibition of His6-tagged human truncated FPPS (6-353) expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells using geranyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate as substrate preincubated with enzyme for 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-11, Volume: 4, Issue:4
Chemo-Immunotherapeutic Anti-Malarials Targeting Isoprenoid Biosynthesis.
AID1421107Induction of mineralization in C57BL mouse bone marrow cells co-cultured with human PC3 cells at 50 to 100 nM supplemented with fresh medium containing compound every 3 days for 10 to 15 days by alizarin red dye based assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 158Novel bisphosphonates with antiresorptive effect in bone mineralization and osteoclastogenesis.
AID625284Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID390277Antitumor activity against human BT-549 cells xenografted SCID mouse assessed as survival time prolongation at 5 ug, ip2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel aminobisphosphonates possessing an in vivo antitumor activity through a gammadelta-T lymphocytes-mediated activation mechanism.
AID1894094Antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense STIB900 bloodstream trypomastigotes assessed as parasite growth inhibition incubated for 3 days by Alamar Blue fluorometric assay2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-11, Volume: 64, Issue:3
Bisphosphonates, Old Friends of Bones and New Trends in Clinics.
AID1617588Induction of apoptosis in human PANC1 cells at 20 uM measured after 48 hrs in presence of GGOH and FOH by Annexin-V FITC/propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometry2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-12, Volume: 62, Issue:23
Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase as a Target for Drug Development: Discovery of Natural-Product-Derived Inhibitors and Their Activity in Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
AID540209Volume of distribution at steady state in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID625291Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1421099Inhibition of recombinant human C-terminal His6-tagged GGPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 at 100 uM using IPP and FPP as substrates pretreated for 15 mins followed by substrates addition and measured after 1 hr by colorimetric method relative to con2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 158Novel bisphosphonates with antiresorptive effect in bone mineralization and osteoclastogenesis.
AID1125515Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 2 preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 24, Issue:8
Arylamino bisphosphonates: potent and selective inhibitors of the tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase XII.
AID326139Inhibition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae GGPPS2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jun-12, Volume: 104, Issue:24
Bisphosphonates target multiple sites in both cis- and trans-prenyltransferases.
AID496826Antimicrobial activity against Entamoeba histolytica2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1125518Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 14 preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 24, Issue:8
Arylamino bisphosphonates: potent and selective inhibitors of the tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase XII.
AID1700480Antiosteoporotic activity in C57BL6/J mouse model of OVX-induced bone loss assessed as trabecular pattern factor level in tibial metaphysis at 100 ug/kg, sc QD for 4 weeks by microCT analysis (17.17 +/- 3.41 um/day)2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-25, Volume: 63, Issue:22
Novel 2,7-Diazaspiro[4,4]nonane Derivatives to Inhibit Mouse and Human Osteoclast Activities and Prevent Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice without Affecting Bone Formation.
AID1205918Inhibition of human FPPS pre-incubated for 30 mins using GPP and IPP by continuous spectrophotometric assay2015ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-12, Volume: 6, Issue:3
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase inhibitors with unique ligand-binding geometries.
AID1700470Antiosteoporotic activity in C57BL6/J mouse model of OVX-induced bone loss assessed as trabecular bone volume per tissue volume level in femoral metaphysis at 100 ug/kg, sc QD for 4 weeks by histomorphometry (11.67 +/- 2.37%)2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-25, Volume: 63, Issue:22
Novel 2,7-Diazaspiro[4,4]nonane Derivatives to Inhibit Mouse and Human Osteoclast Activities and Prevent Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice without Affecting Bone Formation.
AID1617559Ratio of IC50 for Inhibition of human N-terminal TEV protease cleavage site-fused-His6-tagged FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using GPP and [14C] IPP as substrate preincubated for 10 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 10 mins2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-12, Volume: 62, Issue:23
Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase as a Target for Drug Development: Discovery of Natural-Product-Derived Inhibitors and Their Activity in Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
AID197466Effective dose for increased radiographic bone density in young intact rats after a treatment period of 10 days2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 45, Issue:17
Highly potent geminal bisphosphonates. From pamidronate disodium (Aredia) to zoledronic acid (Zometa).
AID1511948Activation of butyrophilin 3A1 in human K562 cells assessed as interferon-gamma production pretreated for 240 mins followed by HMBPP-treated Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells addition and measured after 20 hrs by ELISA2019ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-12, Volume: 10, Issue:9
Synthesis and Bioactivity of the Alanyl Phosphonamidate Stereoisomers Derived from a Butyrophilin Ligand.
AID625285Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1700477Antiosteoporotic activity in C57BL6/J mouse model of OVX-induced bone loss assessed as trabecular number level in femoral metaphysis at 100 ug/kg, sc QD for 4 weeks by histomorphometry (2.99 +/- 0.80 /mm)2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-25, Volume: 63, Issue:22
Novel 2,7-Diazaspiro[4,4]nonane Derivatives to Inhibit Mouse and Human Osteoclast Activities and Prevent Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice without Affecting Bone Formation.
AID1717389Cytotoxicity against FPPS-positive human HCT116 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 186Structure-based virtual screening and biological evaluation of novel non-bisphosphonate farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase inhibitors.
AID326571Inhibition of GST-tagged human recombinant GGDPS expressed in BL21 gold bacteria2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 16, Issue:1
Mono- and dialkyl isoprenoid bisphosphonates as geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase inhibitors.
AID197315Effective dose for increased serum urea level rats after a treatment period of 1 hr in renal tolerability model2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 45, Issue:17
Highly potent geminal bisphosphonates. From pamidronate disodium (Aredia) to zoledronic acid (Zometa).
AID1494449Binding affinity to butyrophilin 3A1 in human Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T-cells assessed as activation of Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T-cell-mediated lysis of human T24 cells preincubated for 4 hrs followed by compound washout measured after 18 hrs2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-08, Volume: 61, Issue:5
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of ( E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl Phosphate (HMBP) Aryloxy Triester Phosphoramidate Prodrugs as Activators of Vγ9/Vδ2 T-Cell Immune Responses.
AID1700001Cytotoxicity against human SiHa cells assessed as cell growth inhibition2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 30, Issue:23
Synthesis and biological evaluation of indolylglyoxylamide bisphosphonates, antimitotic microtubule-targeting derivatives of indibulin with improved aqueous solubility.
AID1474167Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID67525In vitro growth inhibition against Entamoeba histolytica2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 47, Issue:1
Effects of bisphosphonates on the growth of Entamoeba histolytica and Plasmodium species in vitro and in vivo.
AID1700471Toxicity in C57BL6/J mouse model of OVX-induced bone loss assessed as effect on body weight at 100 ug/kg, sc QD for 4 weeks2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-25, Volume: 63, Issue:22
Novel 2,7-Diazaspiro[4,4]nonane Derivatives to Inhibit Mouse and Human Osteoclast Activities and Prevent Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice without Affecting Bone Formation.
AID1152900Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 2 pretreated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Dual carbonic anhydrase/matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors incorporating bisphosphonic acid moieties targeting bone tumors.
AID625280Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1894091Drug uptake in Beagle dog liver at 0.15 mg/kg, iv administered as C14-lableled compound and assessed as radioactivity after 96 hrs by autoradiography2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-11, Volume: 64, Issue:3
Bisphosphonates, Old Friends of Bones and New Trends in Clinics.
AID1054150Inhibition of human recombinant FPPS using GPP/[3H]IPP as substrate incubated for 10 mins prior to substrate addition measured after 8 mins by scintillation counting analysis2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-24, Volume: 56, Issue:20
Thienopyrimidine bisphosphonate (ThPBP) inhibitors of the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase: optimization and characterization of the mode of inhibition.
AID779761Inhibition of MMP14 catalytic domain (unknown origin) using Mca-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-Dpa-Ala-Arg-NH2 as substrate incubated for 30 mins prior to substrate addition measured after 2 to 4 hrs by fluorometric assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 21, Issue:21
Arylamino methylene bisphosphonate derivatives as bone seeking matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors.
AID197476Compound was tested for increased mucosal permeability of perfused ileal loop in rats after a treatment period of 2 hr in intestinal tolerability model2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 45, Issue:17
Highly potent geminal bisphosphonates. From pamidronate disodium (Aredia) to zoledronic acid (Zometa).
AID318595Inhibition of bone resorption in rat assessed as phosphate2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-10, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Structure-activity relationships among the nitrogen containing bisphosphonates in clinical use and other analogues: time-dependent inhibition of human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase.
AID247940Inhibitory concentration against Dictyostelium discoideum cell growth2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-21, Volume: 48, Issue:8
Pyridinium-1-yl bisphosphonates are potent inhibitors of farnesyl diphosphate synthase and bone resorption.
AID1894082Drug uptake in Beagle dog thyroid gland at 0.15 mg/kg, iv administered as C14-lableled compound and assessed as radioactivity after 96 hrs by autoradiography2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-11, Volume: 64, Issue:3
Bisphosphonates, Old Friends of Bones and New Trends in Clinics.
AID1125517Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 12 preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 24, Issue:8
Arylamino bisphosphonates: potent and selective inhibitors of the tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase XII.
AID238531Binding affinity towards Farnesyl diphosphate synthase from leishmania major2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-21, Volume: 48, Issue:8
Pyridinium-1-yl bisphosphonates are potent inhibitors of farnesyl diphosphate synthase and bone resorption.
AID1894083Drug uptake in Beagle dog knee cartilage at 0.15 mg/kg, iv administered as C14-lableled compound and assessed as radioactivity after 96 hrs by autoradiography2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-11, Volume: 64, Issue:3
Bisphosphonates, Old Friends of Bones and New Trends in Clinics.
AID669082Antiproliferative activity against human RPMI8266 after 72 hrs by MTT assay2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-12, Volume: 55, Issue:7
Design and synthesis of active site inhibitors of the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase: apoptosis and inhibition of ERK phosphorylation in multiple myeloma cells.
AID318594Inhibition of human recombinant FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 after 10 mins2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-10, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Structure-activity relationships among the nitrogen containing bisphosphonates in clinical use and other analogues: time-dependent inhibition of human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase.
AID1152901Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 9 pretreated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Dual carbonic anhydrase/matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors incorporating bisphosphonic acid moieties targeting bone tumors.
AID1697964Inhibition of recombinant Leishmania major FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) using GPP and [14C]IPP as substrate incubated for 15 mins by scintillation counting method2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 30, Issue:22
A guanidinium-based inhibitor of a type I isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase.
AID197322Effective dose for increased cancellous bone calcium in young intact rats after a treatment period of 10 days2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 45, Issue:17
Highly potent geminal bisphosphonates. From pamidronate disodium (Aredia) to zoledronic acid (Zometa).
AID390281Antitumor activity against human BT-549 cells xenografted SCID mouse co-transfected with human gamma delta T lymphocytes assessed as survival time prolongation at 5 ug, ip coadministered with human recombinant IL22008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel aminobisphosphonates possessing an in vivo antitumor activity through a gammadelta-T lymphocytes-mediated activation mechanism.
AID391371Inhibition of human recombinant geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-25, Volume: 51, Issue:18
Inhibition of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase by bisphosphonates: a crystallographic and computational investigation.
AID540211Fraction unbound in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1617575Cytotoxicity against human MIAPaCa2 cells assessed as decrease in cell growth measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-12, Volume: 62, Issue:23
Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase as a Target for Drug Development: Discovery of Natural-Product-Derived Inhibitors and Their Activity in Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
AID1894085Drug uptake in Beagle dog heart at 0.15 mg/kg, iv administered as C14-lableled compound and assessed as radioactivity after 96 hrs by autoradiography2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-11, Volume: 64, Issue:3
Bisphosphonates, Old Friends of Bones and New Trends in Clinics.
AID1894092Drug uptake in Beagle dog small intestine at 0.15 mg/kg, iv administered as C14-lableled compound and assessed as radioactivity after 96 hrs by autoradiography2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-11, Volume: 64, Issue:3
Bisphosphonates, Old Friends of Bones and New Trends in Clinics.
AID1129566Antiinvasive activity against human HuH7 cells at 100 uM after 24 hrs by matrigel assay relative to control2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-22, Volume: 77Bisphosphonate prodrugs: synthesis and biological evaluation in HuH7 hepatocarcinoma cells.
AID1894093Drug uptake in Beagle dog skin at 0.15 mg/kg, iv administered as C14-lableled compound and assessed as radioactivity after 96 hrs by autoradiography2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-11, Volume: 64, Issue:3
Bisphosphonates, Old Friends of Bones and New Trends in Clinics.
AID625281Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1699998Cytotoxicity against human CFPAC-1 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 30, Issue:23
Synthesis and biological evaluation of indolylglyoxylamide bisphosphonates, antimitotic microtubule-targeting derivatives of indibulin with improved aqueous solubility.
AID255448Ratio of ED50 against KB cell line to that of IC50 of TbVSP12005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-22, Volume: 48, Issue:19
Bisphosphonate inhibition of the exopolyphosphatase activity of the Trypanosoma brucei soluble vacuolar pyrophosphatase.
AID248989Inhibitory concentration against the growth of Toxoplasma gondii overexpressing FPPS enzyme in human foreskin fibroblast monolayer cells; (control = 0.79 uM, experiment 3)2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-05, Volume: 48, Issue:9
Bisphosphonate inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondi growth: in vitro, QSAR, and in vivo investigations.
AID318593Inhibition of human recombinant FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL212008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-10, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Structure-activity relationships among the nitrogen containing bisphosphonates in clinical use and other analogues: time-dependent inhibition of human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase.
AID1700506Toxicity in C57BL6/J mouse model of OVX-induced bone loss assessed as effect on bone formation by measuring osteoblast surface per trabecular bone surface level in femoral metaphysis at 100 ug/kg, sc QD for 4 weeks by histomorphometry (5.03 +/ 2.92 %)2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-25, Volume: 63, Issue:22
Novel 2,7-Diazaspiro[4,4]nonane Derivatives to Inhibit Mouse and Human Osteoclast Activities and Prevent Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice without Affecting Bone Formation.
AID669081Antiproliferative activity against human JJN-3 after 72 hrs by MTT assay2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-12, Volume: 55, Issue:7
Design and synthesis of active site inhibitors of the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase: apoptosis and inhibition of ERK phosphorylation in multiple myeloma cells.
AID1152902Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 12 pretreated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Dual carbonic anhydrase/matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors incorporating bisphosphonic acid moieties targeting bone tumors.
AID326140Binding affinity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae GGPPS2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jun-12, Volume: 104, Issue:24
Bisphosphonates target multiple sites in both cis- and trans-prenyltransferases.
AID1717388Cytotoxicity against FPPS-positive human Lovo cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 186Structure-based virtual screening and biological evaluation of novel non-bisphosphonate farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase inhibitors.
AID390282Inhibition of human FPP synthase expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3)2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel aminobisphosphonates possessing an in vivo antitumor activity through a gammadelta-T lymphocytes-mediated activation mechanism.
AID1473741Inhibition of human MRP4 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1152899Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 1 pretreated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Dual carbonic anhydrase/matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors incorporating bisphosphonic acid moieties targeting bone tumors.
AID1473739Inhibition of human MRP2 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1617550Inhibition of human N-terminal TEV protease cleavage site-fused-His6-tagged FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using GPP and [14C] IPP as substrate preincubated for 10 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 10 mins by scintillation 2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-12, Volume: 62, Issue:23
Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase as a Target for Drug Development: Discovery of Natural-Product-Derived Inhibitors and Their Activity in Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
AID779763Inhibition of MMP8 catalytic domain (unknown origin) using Mca-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-Dpa-Ala-Arg-NH2 as substrate incubated for 30 mins prior to substrate addition measured after 2 to 4 hrs by fluorometric assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 21, Issue:21
Arylamino methylene bisphosphonate derivatives as bone seeking matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors.
AID1638632Inhibition of human FPPS using IPP and GPP2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-14, Volume: 62, Issue:5
Discovery of Lipophilic Bisphosphonates That Target Bacterial Cell Wall and Quinone Biosynthesis.
AID625283Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID412958Growth inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-25, Volume: 51, Issue:24
Bisphosphonate inhibition of a Plasmodium farnesyl diphosphate synthase and a general method for predicting cell-based activity from enzyme data.
AID197320Effective dose for increased cancellous bone area in young intact rats after a treatment period of 10 days2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 45, Issue:17
Highly potent geminal bisphosphonates. From pamidronate disodium (Aredia) to zoledronic acid (Zometa).
AID1894098Antiparasitic activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 infected in human erythrocyte assessed as intraerythrocytic growth inhibition incubated for 24 hrs followed by [3H]hypoxanthine addition by microbeta scintillation counter analysis2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-11, Volume: 64, Issue:3
Bisphosphonates, Old Friends of Bones and New Trends in Clinics.
AID412957Inhibition of Plasmodium vivax FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 by spectrophotometric assay2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-25, Volume: 51, Issue:24
Bisphosphonate inhibition of a Plasmodium farnesyl diphosphate synthase and a general method for predicting cell-based activity from enzyme data.
AID625290Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID132685Inhibition of mineralization in the calvaria assay of mouse2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 45, Issue:17
Highly potent geminal bisphosphonates. From pamidronate disodium (Aredia) to zoledronic acid (Zometa).
AID1421093Antiproliferative activity against human PC3 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 100 uM after 72 hrs by WST8 assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 158Novel bisphosphonates with antiresorptive effect in bone mineralization and osteoclastogenesis.
AID248139In vitro inhibitory concentration against bone resorption in 17 day old fetal mouse metatarsals2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-21, Volume: 48, Issue:8
Pyridinium-1-yl bisphosphonates are potent inhibitors of farnesyl diphosphate synthase and bone resorption.
AID1421094Antiproliferative activity against RANKL-differentiated mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 100 uM after 72 hrs by CCK8 assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 158Novel bisphosphonates with antiresorptive effect in bone mineralization and osteoclastogenesis.
AID1540919Inhibition of N-terminal His-tagged human FPPS (1 to 353 residues) expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pre-incubated for 10 mins before addition of GPP and [14C]-IPP by scintillation counting method2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-14, Volume: 62, Issue:21
Chirality-Driven Mode of Binding of α-Aminophosphonic Acid-Based Allosteric Inhibitors of the Human Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (hFPPS).
AID390275Cytotoxicity against human CFU-GM cells at 100 uM after 48 hrs2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel aminobisphosphonates possessing an in vivo antitumor activity through a gammadelta-T lymphocytes-mediated activation mechanism.
AID248772In vitro inhibitory concentration against the growth of Toxoplasma gondii in human foreskin fibroblast monolayer cells (HFF cells)2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-05, Volume: 48, Issue:9
Bisphosphonate inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondi growth: in vitro, QSAR, and in vivo investigations.
AID178213Effective dose in inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-03, Volume: 46, Issue:14
A quantitative structure-activity relationship and pharmacophore modeling investigation of aryl-X and heterocyclic bisphosphonates as bone resorption agents.
AID1421104Binding affinity to hydroxyapatite at 100 uM using sodium salt form of compound after 5 mins by ESI/MS analysis2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 158Novel bisphosphonates with antiresorptive effect in bone mineralization and osteoclastogenesis.
AID1197854Reduction in hypercalcemia in sc dosed rat2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 25, Issue:5
Probing the molecular and structural elements of ligands binding to the active site versus an allosteric pocket of the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase.
AID1152903Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 14 pretreated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Dual carbonic anhydrase/matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors incorporating bisphosphonic acid moieties targeting bone tumors.
AID779762Inhibition of MMP9 catalytic domain (unknown origin) using Mca-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-Dpa-Ala-Arg-NH2 as substrate incubated for 30 mins prior to substrate addition measured after 2 to 4 hrs by fluorometric assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 21, Issue:21
Arylamino methylene bisphosphonate derivatives as bone seeking matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors.
AID1511946Activation of butyrophilin 3A1 in human K562 cells assessed as interferon-gamma production pretreated for 15 mins followed by HMBPP-treated Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells addition and measured after 20 hrs by ELISA2019ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-12, Volume: 10, Issue:9
Synthesis and Bioactivity of the Alanyl Phosphonamidate Stereoisomers Derived from a Butyrophilin Ligand.
AID72651Inhibitory activity against Leishmania major Farnesyl diphosphate synthase2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 47, Issue:1
Effects of bisphosphonates on the growth of Entamoeba histolytica and Plasmodium species in vitro and in vivo.
AID390276Antitumor activity against human BT-549 cells xenografted SCID mouse assessed as survival time prolongation at 2 ug, ip2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel aminobisphosphonates possessing an in vivo antitumor activity through a gammadelta-T lymphocytes-mediated activation mechanism.
AID1421097Inhibition of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in mouse RAW264.7 cells after 72 hrs by TRAP staining based microscopic analysis2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 158Novel bisphosphonates with antiresorptive effect in bone mineralization and osteoclastogenesis.
AID197477Compound was tested for increased urinary excretion of MDH in rats after a treatment period of 14 days in renal tolerability model2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 45, Issue:17
Highly potent geminal bisphosphonates. From pamidronate disodium (Aredia) to zoledronic acid (Zometa).
AID256540Dose to inhibit the growth of human KB carcinoma cell line2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-22, Volume: 48, Issue:19
Bisphosphonate inhibition of the exopolyphosphatase activity of the Trypanosoma brucei soluble vacuolar pyrophosphatase.
AID1584449Antiproliferative activity against human RPMI8226 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-09, Volume: 61, Issue:15
Unraveling the Prenylation-Cancer Paradox in Multiple Myeloma with Novel Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (GGPPS) Inhibitors.
AID235247Therapeutic index was expressed as ratio of LD50 for KB cell line to IC50 against Entamoeba histolytica2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 47, Issue:1
Effects of bisphosphonates on the growth of Entamoeba histolytica and Plasmodium species in vitro and in vivo.
AID1421114Induction of mineralization in C57BL mouse bone marrow cells co-cultured with human PC3 cells at >100 nM supplemented with fresh medium containing compound every 3 days for 10 to 15 days by alizarin red dye based assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 158Novel bisphosphonates with antiresorptive effect in bone mineralization and osteoclastogenesis.
AID1054148Inhibition of human recombinant FPPS using GPP/[3H]IPP as substrate up to 10 uM incubated for 10 mins prior to substrate addition measured after 8 mins by scintillation counting analysis2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-24, Volume: 56, Issue:20
Thienopyrimidine bisphosphonate (ThPBP) inhibitors of the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase: optimization and characterization of the mode of inhibition.
AID326147Inhibition of Escherichia coli OPPS2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jun-12, Volume: 104, Issue:24
Bisphosphonates target multiple sites in both cis- and trans-prenyltransferases.
AID326146Inhibition of Sulfolobus solfataricus HPPS2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jun-12, Volume: 104, Issue:24
Bisphosphonates target multiple sites in both cis- and trans-prenyltransferases.
AID734800Inhibition of N-terminal His6-tagged Plasmodium vivax GGPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL2-codon plus (DE3) RIL cells using geranyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate as substrate preincubated with enzyme for 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-11, Volume: 4, Issue:4
Chemo-Immunotherapeutic Anti-Malarials Targeting Isoprenoid Biosynthesis.
AID390270Stimulation of human Vgamma9Vdelta2 T lymphocytes assessed as gamma delta expansion factor after 7 days2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel aminobisphosphonates possessing an in vivo antitumor activity through a gammadelta-T lymphocytes-mediated activation mechanism.
AID1584456Induction of apoptosis in human RPMI8226 cells assessed as necrotic cells at 1 uM after 72 hrs by APC Annexin V/eFluor-780-viability double staining-based FACS analysis (Rvb = 3.60%)2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-09, Volume: 61, Issue:15
Unraveling the Prenylation-Cancer Paradox in Multiple Myeloma with Novel Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (GGPPS) Inhibitors.
AID1617553Competitive inhibition of human N-terminal TEV protease cleavage site-fused-His6-tagged FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using GPP as substrate measured after 30 mins in presence of Mg2+2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-12, Volume: 62, Issue:23
Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase as a Target for Drug Development: Discovery of Natural-Product-Derived Inhibitors and Their Activity in Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
AID1700479Antiosteoporotic activity in C57BL6/J mouse model of OVX-induced bone loss assessed as trabecular bone volume per tissue volume level in tibial metaphysis at 100 ug/kg, sc QD for 4 weeks by microCT analysis (17.49 +/- 2.91 %)2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-25, Volume: 63, Issue:22
Novel 2,7-Diazaspiro[4,4]nonane Derivatives to Inhibit Mouse and Human Osteoclast Activities and Prevent Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice without Affecting Bone Formation.
AID275060Inhibition of Escherichia coli FPPS2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-14, Volume: 49, Issue:25
Isoprenoid biosynthesis as a drug target: bisphosphonate inhibition of Escherichia coli K12 growth and synergistic effects of fosmidomycin.
AID689988Inhibition of bone resorption in rat2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 54, Issue:17
Remarkable potential of the α-aminophosphonate/phosphinate structural motif in medicinal chemistry.
AID425652Total body clearance in human2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15
Physicochemical determinants of human renal clearance.
AID625279Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID326142Binding affinity to human GGPPS2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jun-12, Volume: 104, Issue:24
Bisphosphonates target multiple sites in both cis- and trans-prenyltransferases.
AID1519530Inhibition of FDPS (unknown origin)2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-15, Volume: 29, Issue:24
Novel benzimidazole phosphonates as potential inhibitors of protein prenylation.
AID1617557Inhibition of human N-terminal TEV protease cleavage site-fused-His6-tagged FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using GPP and IPP as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition by continuous spectrophotometric assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-12, Volume: 62, Issue:23
Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase as a Target for Drug Development: Discovery of Natural-Product-Derived Inhibitors and Their Activity in Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
AID1676481Binding affinity to BTN3A1 in human PBMC-derived Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T cells assessed as increase in CD69/CD25 level incubated for overnight by flow cytometric analysis
AID1700000Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells assessed as cell growth inhibition2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 30, Issue:23
Synthesis and biological evaluation of indolylglyoxylamide bisphosphonates, antimitotic microtubule-targeting derivatives of indibulin with improved aqueous solubility.
AID1894088Drug uptake in Beagle dog sciatic nerve at 0.15 mg/kg, iv administered as C14-lableled compound and assessed as radioactivity after 96 hrs by autoradiography2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-11, Volume: 64, Issue:3
Bisphosphonates, Old Friends of Bones and New Trends in Clinics.
AID1700476Antiosteoporotic activity in C57BL6/J mouse model of OVX-induced bone loss assessed as trabecular thickness level in femoral metaphysis at 100 ug/kg, sc QD for 4 weeks by histomorphometry (39.96 +/- 5.42 um)2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-25, Volume: 63, Issue:22
Novel 2,7-Diazaspiro[4,4]nonane Derivatives to Inhibit Mouse and Human Osteoclast Activities and Prevent Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice without Affecting Bone Formation.
AID1700481Antiosteoporotic activity in C57BL6/J mouse model of OVX-induced bone loss assessed as degree of anisotropy (range 0-1) level in tibial metaphysis at 100 ug/kg, sc QD for 4 weeks by microCT analysis (0.53 +/- 0.07 No_unit)2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-25, Volume: 63, Issue:22
Novel 2,7-Diazaspiro[4,4]nonane Derivatives to Inhibit Mouse and Human Osteoclast Activities and Prevent Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice without Affecting Bone Formation.
AID1700482Antiosteoporotic activity in C57BL6/J mouse model of OVX-induced bone loss assessed as structure model index level in tibial metaphysis at 100 ug/kg, sc QD for 4 weeks by microCT analysis (1.92 +/- 0.19 No_unit)2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-25, Volume: 63, Issue:22
Novel 2,7-Diazaspiro[4,4]nonane Derivatives to Inhibit Mouse and Human Osteoclast Activities and Prevent Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice without Affecting Bone Formation.
AID390280Antitumor activity against human BT-549 cells xenografted SCID mouse co-transfected with human gamma delta T lymphocytes assessed as survival time prolongation at 2 ug, ip coadministered with human recombinant IL22008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel aminobisphosphonates possessing an in vivo antitumor activity through a gammadelta-T lymphocytes-mediated activation mechanism.
AID1129547Cytotoxicity against human HuH7 cells at 250 uM after 144 hrs by MTT assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-22, Volume: 77Bisphosphonate prodrugs: synthesis and biological evaluation in HuH7 hepatocarcinoma cells.
AID1421111Cytotoxicity against C57BL mouse bone marrow cells assessed as decrease in cell proliferation at 100 to 500 uM after 72 hrs by crystal violet staining based assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 158Novel bisphosphonates with antiresorptive effect in bone mineralization and osteoclastogenesis.
AID1494447Binding affinity to butyrophilin 3A1 in human Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T-cells assessed as activation of Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T-cells by upregulation of CD69 and CD25 after 18 hrs2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-08, Volume: 61, Issue:5
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of ( E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl Phosphate (HMBP) Aryloxy Triester Phosphoramidate Prodrugs as Activators of Vγ9/Vδ2 T-Cell Immune Responses.
AID1894089Drug uptake in Beagle dog pancreas at 0.15 mg/kg, iv administered as C14-lableled compound and assessed as radioactivity after 96 hrs by autoradiography2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-11, Volume: 64, Issue:3
Bisphosphonates, Old Friends of Bones and New Trends in Clinics.
AID625289Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID779764Inhibition of APMA-activated recombinant human MMP2 using Mca-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-Dpa-Ala-Arg-NH2 as substrate incubated for 30 mins prior to substrate addition measured after 2 to 4 hrs by fluorometric assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 21, Issue:21
Arylamino methylene bisphosphonate derivatives as bone seeking matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors.
AID1617551Competitive inhibition of human N-terminal TEV protease cleavage site-fused-His6-tagged FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using IPP as substrate2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-12, Volume: 62, Issue:23
Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase as a Target for Drug Development: Discovery of Natural-Product-Derived Inhibitors and Their Activity in Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
AID669075Inhibition of human recombinant N-terminal-His6 tagged FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 using [3H]IPP and GPP as substrate at 1 uM incubated for 10 mins prior to substrate addition measured after 20 mins by liquid scintillation counting2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-12, Volume: 55, Issue:7
Design and synthesis of active site inhibitors of the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase: apoptosis and inhibition of ERK phosphorylation in multiple myeloma cells.
AID1894090Drug uptake in Beagle dog adrenal tissue at 0.15 mg/kg, iv administered as C14-lableled compound and assessed as radioactivity after 96 hrs by autoradiography2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-11, Volume: 64, Issue:3
Bisphosphonates, Old Friends of Bones and New Trends in Clinics.
AID1421091Antiproliferative activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 100 uM after 72 hrs by WST8 assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 158Novel bisphosphonates with antiresorptive effect in bone mineralization and osteoclastogenesis.
AID1421084Antiproliferative activity against human MG63 cells assessed as change in cell proliferation at 100 uM after 72 hrs by crystal violet staining based assay relative to control2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 158Novel bisphosphonates with antiresorptive effect in bone mineralization and osteoclastogenesis.
AID1894097Antiparasitic activity against Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites infected in human foreskin fibroblast incubated for 48 hrs followed by [5,6-3H]uracil addition and measured after 4 hrs by scintillation counter analysis2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-11, Volume: 64, Issue:3
Bisphosphonates, Old Friends of Bones and New Trends in Clinics.
AID184809Bone resorption activity in rats.2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-04, Volume: 45, Issue:14
An investigation of bone resorption and Dictyostelium discoideum growth inhibition by bisphosphonate drugs.
AID1197852Inhibition of human FPPS2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 25, Issue:5
Probing the molecular and structural elements of ligands binding to the active site versus an allosteric pocket of the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase.
AID669077Inhibition of human recombinant N-terminal-His6 tagged FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 using [3H]IPP and GPP as substrate measured after 10 mins by scintillation counting2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-12, Volume: 55, Issue:7
Design and synthesis of active site inhibitors of the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase: apoptosis and inhibition of ERK phosphorylation in multiple myeloma cells.
AID540212Mean residence time in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID625282Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID231757Ratio of calvaria mineralization to calvaria bone resorption2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 45, Issue:17
Highly potent geminal bisphosphonates. From pamidronate disodium (Aredia) to zoledronic acid (Zometa).
AID669073Inhibition of human recombinant N-terminal-His6 tagged FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 using [3H]IPP and GPP as substrate incubated for 10 mins prior to substrate addition measured after 20 mins by liquid scintillation counting2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-12, Volume: 55, Issue:7
Design and synthesis of active site inhibitors of the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase: apoptosis and inhibition of ERK phosphorylation in multiple myeloma cells.
AID1494452Binding affinity to butyrophilin 3A1 in human Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T-cells assessed as activation of Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T-cells by measuring levels of CD69 and CD25 at 10 uM after 18 hrs relative to control2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-08, Volume: 61, Issue:5
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of ( E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl Phosphate (HMBP) Aryloxy Triester Phosphoramidate Prodrugs as Activators of Vγ9/Vδ2 T-Cell Immune Responses.
AID1421090Antiproliferative activity against mouse J774A.1 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 100 uM after 72 hrs by WST8 assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 158Novel bisphosphonates with antiresorptive effect in bone mineralization and osteoclastogenesis.
AID1617579Induction of apoptosis in human PANC1 cells assessed as viable cells at 10 uM measured after 48 hrs by Annexin-V/FITC and propidium iodide staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 95.5 %)2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-12, Volume: 62, Issue:23
Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase as a Target for Drug Development: Discovery of Natural-Product-Derived Inhibitors and Their Activity in Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
AID1638631Inhibition of human GGPPS2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-14, Volume: 62, Issue:5
Discovery of Lipophilic Bisphosphonates That Target Bacterial Cell Wall and Quinone Biosynthesis.
AID734801Binding affinity to human FPPS at 1 mM by X-ray crystallographic analysis2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-11, Volume: 4, Issue:4
Chemo-Immunotherapeutic Anti-Malarials Targeting Isoprenoid Biosynthesis.
AID669079Inhibition of human recombinant N-terminal His6 tagged GGPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 using FPP and [14C]IPP as substrate incubated for 10 mins prior to substrate addition by scintillation counting2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-12, Volume: 55, Issue:7
Design and synthesis of active site inhibitors of the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase: apoptosis and inhibition of ERK phosphorylation in multiple myeloma cells.
AID270724Antiproliferative activity against human SF-268 cell line by MTT assay2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-21, Volume: 49, Issue:19
Activity of nitrogen-containing and non-nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates on tumor cell lines.
AID1152906Cytotoxicity against mouse J774 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Dual carbonic anhydrase/matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors incorporating bisphosphonic acid moieties targeting bone tumors.
AID1443980Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in fall armyworm sf9 cell plasma membrane vesicles assessed as reduction in vesicle-associated [3H]-taurocholate transport preincubated for 10 mins prior to ATP addition measured after 15 mins in presence of [3H]-tauroch2010Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Dec, Volume: 118, Issue:2
Interference with bile salt export pump function is a susceptibility factor for human liver injury in drug development.
AID1584477Inhibition of GGPPS in human RPMI8226 cells assessed as reduction in Rap1A prenylation at 0.5 uM by Western blot analysis2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-09, Volume: 61, Issue:15
Unraveling the Prenylation-Cancer Paradox in Multiple Myeloma with Novel Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (GGPPS) Inhibitors.
AID390273Induction of apoptosis in human CCRF-CEM cells at 100 uM by flow cytometry2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel aminobisphosphonates possessing an in vivo antitumor activity through a gammadelta-T lymphocytes-mediated activation mechanism.
AID1617574Cytotoxicity against human PANC1 cells assessed as decrease in cell growth measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-12, Volume: 62, Issue:23
Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase as a Target for Drug Development: Discovery of Natural-Product-Derived Inhibitors and Their Activity in Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
AID625286Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1700478Antiosteoporotic activity in C57BL6/J mouse model of OVX-induced bone loss assessed as trabecular separation level in femoral metaphysis at 100 ug/kg, sc QD for 4 weeks by histomorphometry (319.80 +/- 106.52 um)2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-25, Volume: 63, Issue:22
Novel 2,7-Diazaspiro[4,4]nonane Derivatives to Inhibit Mouse and Human Osteoclast Activities and Prevent Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice without Affecting Bone Formation.
AID625288Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1894086Drug uptake in Beagle dog lung at 0.15 mg/kg, iv administered as C14-lableled compound and assessed as radioactivity after 96 hrs by autoradiography2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-11, Volume: 64, Issue:3
Bisphosphonates, Old Friends of Bones and New Trends in Clinics.
AID1421105Induction of mineralization in mouse MC3T3-E1 cells at 30 to 50 nM after 10 to 15 days by alizarin red dye based assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 158Novel bisphosphonates with antiresorptive effect in bone mineralization and osteoclastogenesis.
AID496819Antimicrobial activity against Plasmodium falciparum2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID326572Inhibition of human GGDPS-mediated Rap1a geranylgeranylation in human K562 cells after 24 hrs by Western blot2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 16, Issue:1
Mono- and dialkyl isoprenoid bisphosphonates as geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase inhibitors.
AID1617561Inhibition of human N-terminal TEV protease cleavage site-fused-His6-tagged FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using GPP and IPP as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition in absence of 0.01 % Triton X-100 by continuou2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-12, Volume: 62, Issue:23
Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase as a Target for Drug Development: Discovery of Natural-Product-Derived Inhibitors and Their Activity in Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
AID669083Antiproliferative activity against human KMS-28PE after 72 hrs by MTT assay2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-12, Volume: 55, Issue:7
Design and synthesis of active site inhibitors of the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase: apoptosis and inhibition of ERK phosphorylation in multiple myeloma cells.
AID96034Toxicity evaluated against human nasopharyngeal carcinoma KB cell line2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 47, Issue:1
Effects of bisphosphonates on the growth of Entamoeba histolytica and Plasmodium species in vitro and in vivo.
AID1473740Inhibition of human MRP3 overexpressed in Sf9 insect cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 10 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID734799Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum growth after 72 hrs by LDH assay2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-11, Volume: 4, Issue:4
Chemo-Immunotherapeutic Anti-Malarials Targeting Isoprenoid Biosynthesis.
AID235248Therapeutic index was expressed as ratio of LD50 for KB cell line to IC50 against Plasmodium falciparum2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 47, Issue:1
Effects of bisphosphonates on the growth of Entamoeba histolytica and Plasmodium species in vitro and in vivo.
AID1617576Induction of apoptosis in human PANC1 cells assessed as necrotic cells at 10 uM measured after 48 hrs by Annexin-V/FITC and propidium iodide staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 0.072 %)2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-12, Volume: 62, Issue:23
Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase as a Target for Drug Development: Discovery of Natural-Product-Derived Inhibitors and Their Activity in Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
AID1179733Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 24, Issue:15
Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of aromatic and aliphatic bis[aminomethylidene(bisphosphonic)] acids.
AID1421085Antiproliferative activity against human PC3 cells assessed as change in cell proliferation at 100 uM after 72 hrs by crystal violet staining based assay relative to control2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 158Novel bisphosphonates with antiresorptive effect in bone mineralization and osteoclastogenesis.
AID1894087Drug uptake in Beagle dog spleen at 0.15 mg/kg, iv administered as C14-lableled compound and assessed as radioactivity after 96 hrs by autoradiography2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-11, Volume: 64, Issue:3
Bisphosphonates, Old Friends of Bones and New Trends in Clinics.
AID1421106Induction of mineralization in C57BL mouse bone marrow cells at 50 nM supplemented with fresh medium containing compound every 3 days for 10 to 15 days by alizarin red dye based assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 158Novel bisphosphonates with antiresorptive effect in bone mineralization and osteoclastogenesis.
AID1617578Induction of apoptosis in human PANC1 cells assessed as early apoptotic cells at 10 uM measured after 48 hrs by Annexin-V/FITC and propidium iodide staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 2.61 %)2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-12, Volume: 62, Issue:23
Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase as a Target for Drug Development: Discovery of Natural-Product-Derived Inhibitors and Their Activity in Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
AID625287Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID390279Antitumor activity against human BT-549 cells xenografted SCID mouse co-transfected with human gamma delta T lymphocytes assessed as survival time prolongation at 5 ug, ip2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel aminobisphosphonates possessing an in vivo antitumor activity through a gammadelta-T lymphocytes-mediated activation mechanism.
AID1700002Cytotoxicity against human Ca-Ski cells assessed as cell growth inhibition2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 30, Issue:23
Synthesis and biological evaluation of indolylglyoxylamide bisphosphonates, antimitotic microtubule-targeting derivatives of indibulin with improved aqueous solubility.
AID1584501Binding affinity to bone mineral hydroxyapatite at 50 uM by 1H NMR assay2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-09, Volume: 61, Issue:15
Unraveling the Prenylation-Cancer Paradox in Multiple Myeloma with Novel Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (GGPPS) Inhibitors.
AID1473738Inhibition of human BSEP overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-taurocholate in presence of ATP measured after 15 to 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID540210Clearance in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1224404Cytotoxicity against human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as LDH release after 48 hrs (Rvb = 0%)2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-10, Volume: 57, Issue:13
Multistage screening reveals chameleon ligands of the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase: implications to drug discovery for neurodegenerative diseases.
AID1717390Cytotoxicity against FPPS-negative human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 186Structure-based virtual screening and biological evaluation of novel non-bisphosphonate farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase inhibitors.
AID1894079Anti-osteoclast activity rat assessed as inhibition of bone resorption relative to control2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-11, Volume: 64, Issue:3
Bisphosphonates, Old Friends of Bones and New Trends in Clinics.
AID1125516Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 9 preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 24, Issue:8
Arylamino bisphosphonates: potent and selective inhibitors of the tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase XII.
AID1474166Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID1700508Toxicity in C57BL6/J mouse model of OVX-induced bone loss assessed as effect on bone formation by measuring mineralizing mineral apposition rate level in femoral metaphysis at 100 ug/kg, sc QD for 4 weeks by histomorphometry (1.62 +/ 0.21 um/d (lcm))2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-25, Volume: 63, Issue:22
Novel 2,7-Diazaspiro[4,4]nonane Derivatives to Inhibit Mouse and Human Osteoclast Activities and Prevent Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice without Affecting Bone Formation.
AID1700509Toxicity in C57BL6/J mouse model of OVX-induced bone loss assessed as effect on bone formation by measuring bone formation rate per trabecular bone surface level in femoral metaphysis at 100 ug/kg, sc QD for 4 weeks by histomorphometry (1.62 +/ 0.21 m3/um2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-25, Volume: 63, Issue:22
Novel 2,7-Diazaspiro[4,4]nonane Derivatives to Inhibit Mouse and Human Osteoclast Activities and Prevent Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice without Affecting Bone Formation.
AID679983TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of apoptosis in hMRP1-expressing HEK293 cells2006Cell biology international, Mar, Volume: 30, Issue:3
Zoledronic acid is synergic with vinblastine to induce apoptosis in a multidrug resistance protein-1 dependent way: an in vitro study.
AID1584454Induction of apoptosis in human RPMI8226 cells assessed as early apoptotic cells at 1 uM after 72 hrs by APC Annexin V/eFluor-780-viability double staining-based FACS analysis (Rvb = 3.31%)2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-09, Volume: 61, Issue:15
Unraveling the Prenylation-Cancer Paradox in Multiple Myeloma with Novel Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (GGPPS) Inhibitors.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1745854NCATS anti-infectives library activity on HEK293 viability as a counter-qHTS vs the C. elegans viability qHTS2023Disease models & mechanisms, 03-01, Volume: 16, Issue:3
In vivo quantitative high-throughput screening for drug discovery and comparative toxicology.
AID1347411qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Mechanism Interrogation Plate v5.0 (MIPE) Libary2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1745855NCATS anti-infectives library activity on the primary C. elegans qHTS viability assay2023Disease models & mechanisms, 03-01, Volume: 16, Issue:3
In vivo quantitative high-throughput screening for drug discovery and comparative toxicology.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1801915Radioactive Assay from Article 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00486: \\Fluorescent Farnesyl Diphosphate Analogue: A Probe To Validate trans-Prenyltransferase Inhibitors.\\2016Biochemistry, Aug-09, Volume: 55, Issue:31
Fluorescent Farnesyl Diphosphate Analogue: A Probe To Validate trans-Prenyltransferase Inhibitors.
AID1799536Enzymatic Assay from Article 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.10.017: \\Targeting a uniquely nonspecific prenyl synthase with bisphosphonates to combat cryptosporidiosis.\\2008Chemistry & biology, Dec-22, Volume: 15, Issue:12
Targeting a uniquely nonspecific prenyl synthase with bisphosphonates to combat cryptosporidiosis.
AID1798541GGPP Synthase Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm800325y: \\Inhibition of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase by bisphosphonates: a crystallographic and computational investigation.\\2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-25, Volume: 51, Issue:18
Inhibition of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase by bisphosphonates: a crystallographic and computational investigation.
AID1801914Fluorescent Assay from Article 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00486: \\Fluorescent Farnesyl Diphosphate Analogue: A Probe To Validate trans-Prenyltransferase Inhibitors.\\2016Biochemistry, Aug-09, Volume: 55, Issue:31
Fluorescent Farnesyl Diphosphate Analogue: A Probe To Validate trans-Prenyltransferase Inhibitors.
AID1346818Rat farnesyl diphosphate synthase (Lanosterol biosynthesis pathway)2008Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA, Jun, Volume: 22, Issue:4
Preclinical evidence for nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate inhibition of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthase in the kidney: implications for renal safety.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (3,923)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's24 (0.61)18.2507
2000's1055 (26.89)29.6817
2010's2207 (56.26)24.3611
2020's637 (16.24)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 101.16

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index101.16 (24.57)
Research Supply Index8.46 (2.92)
Research Growth Index6.52 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index184.99 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (101.16)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials620 (15.09%)5.53%
Reviews540 (13.15%)6.00%
Case Studies510 (12.41%)4.05%
Observational43 (1.05%)0.25%
Other2,395 (58.30%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (338)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Zoledronate Early to Hip Fracture Patients - Safe and Effective? A Double-blinded Randomized Controlled Treatment Strategy Trial on Zoledronate in Hip Fracture Patients [NCT05025293]Phase 4300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-12-15Recruiting
Duration of Suppression of Bone Turnover Following Treatment With Zoledronic Acid in Men With Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer [NCT01062503]48 participants (Actual)Observational2010-01-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter Study of Denosumab Compared With Zoledronic Acid (Zometa®) in the Treatment of Bone Metastases in Subjects With Advanced Breast Cancer [NCT00321464]Phase 32,049 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-04-01Completed
Randomized, Double-blind, Safety and Efficacy Trial With Intravenous Zoledronic Acid for the Treatment of Paget's Disease of Bone Using Risedronate as a Comparator, Including an Extended Observational Period [NCT00051636]Phase 3172 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-01-31Completed
Thalidomide-Dexamethasone Incorporated Into Double Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation for Patients Less Than 65 Years of Age With Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma [NCT01341262]Phase 2378 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-03-31Completed
Phase II Study of Sorafenib and Zoledronic Acid in Advanced HCC [NCT01259193]Phase 250 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-10-31Recruiting
A Prospective, Bi-centric,Randomized, Primary Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Phase III Study to Assess the Efficacy of Zoledronic Acid in the Treatment of Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome [NCT01348269]Phase 363 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-05-31Completed
Molecular Genetic Study of Suspected Cases of Osteogenesis Imperfecta Attending Assiut University Children Hospital [NCT03169192]40 participants (Anticipated)Observational2017-06-01Not yet recruiting
The Efficacy Study of Aclasta (Zoledronic Acid 5mg) on Prosthetic Fixation in Postmenopausal Women After Cementless Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA): a 24 Months, Single Center, Open- Label, Randomized, Parallel Controlled Study [NCT02333344]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Study halted prematurely, prior to enrollment of first participant, for strategic reasons)
Phase III Trial of Bisphosphonates as Adjuvant Therapy for Primary Breast Cancer [NCT00127205]Phase 36,097 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-07-31Completed
Phase II Study of Simvastatin, Zoledronic Acid, Bortezomib, Bendamustine and Methylprednisolone for Relapsed/Refractory Myeloma [NCT01332617]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-04-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Investigators no longer interested in activating study)
[NCT01344967]Phase 2/Phase 321 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-02-28Completed
Randomized Clinical Trial on the Prevention of Radiographic Progression With Zoledronic Acid in Patients With Early Rheumatoid Arthritis and Low Disease Activity [NCT02123264]Phase 328 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-05-31Terminated
An Open-labelled Pilot Study to Evaluate Dynamic Hip Screw System (DHS) Augmented With a Biphasic Apatite Sulphate Combined With Systemic or Local Bisphosphonate for Trochanteric Femur Fracture [NCT04498715]20 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-01Recruiting
Treatment of Osteogenesis Imperfecta With Parathyroid Hormone and Zoledronic Acid [NCT03735537]Phase 4380 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-11-01Recruiting
TOPAZ: Trial of Parkinson's And Zoledronic Acid A Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial of Zoledronic Acid for the Prevention of Fractures in Patients With Parkinson's Disease [NCT03924414]Phase 43,500 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-11-15Recruiting
Treatment With Zoledronic Acid Subsequent to Denosumab in Osteoporosis [NCT03087851]Phase 461 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-13Completed
Assessment of the Antitumour Effect of Zoledronic Acid in Patients With Multiple Myeloma and Asymptomatic Biochemical Relapse: Prospective Clinical Trial of the GEM/PETHEMA Group [NCT01087008]Phase 4103 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-04-30Completed
A Phase 2b, Multicentre, Multinational, Double-blind, Dose-finding Study, Incorporating an Open Label Substudy, in Adult Patients With Type I, III or IV Osteogenesis Imperfecta Treated With Setrusumab (BPS804) [NCT03118570]Phase 2112 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-09-11Completed
A Phase III Randomized Trial With NEOadjuvant Chemotherapy (TAC) With or Without ZOledronic Acid for Patients With HER2- Negative Large Resectable or Locally Advanced Breast Cancer(NEO-ZOTAC) [NCT01099436]Phase 3250 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-30Completed
Randomized Phase III Trial to Evaluate Radiopharmaceuticals and Zoledronic Acid in the Palliation of Osteoblastic Metastases From Lung, Breast, and Prostate Cancer [NCT00365105]Phase 3261 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-07-11Completed
Phase III Randomized Study of the Effects on Bone Mineral Density of Tamoxifen, Letrozole, and Letrozole + Zoledronic Acid as Adjuvant Treatment of Patients With Early Breast Cancer; VERSION 2 AMENDED Phase 3 Study of Triptorelin and Tamoxifen, Letrozole, [NCT00412022]Phase 31,294 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-03-31Active, not recruiting
Prospective Breast Cancer Biobanking Project [NCT04488614]1,200 participants (Anticipated)Observational2011-09-01Enrolling by invitation
POPULATION PHARMACOMETRICS FOR ASSESSING RISK OF BISPHOSPHONATE-RELATED OSTEONECROSIS OF THE JAW (BRONJ) [NCT02069340]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-06-30Withdrawn
Multicenter Randomized Phase III Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Systemic Treatments of Bone Metastases From Kidney Cancer in Patients Treated With Targeted Therapies [NCT03408652]Phase 31 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-03-15Terminated(stopped due to lack of recruitment)
Randomized, Double-Blind, Safety and Efficacy Trial With Intravenous Zoledronic Acid for the Treatment of Paget's Disease of Bone Using Risedronate as a Comparator, Including an Extended Observation Period [NCT00103740]Phase 3185 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-04-30Completed
Delayed Versus Immediate Use Of Zoledronic Acid For Postmenopausal Patients With ER/PR Positive Early Breast Cancer Who Are Using Adjuvant Letrozole [NCT05164952]Phase 350 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-09-30Recruiting
STAMPEDE: Systemic Therapy in Advancing or Metastatic Prostate Cancer: Evaluation of Drug Efficacy: A Multi-Stage Multi-Arm Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT00268476]Phase 2/Phase 311,992 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-07-08Active, not recruiting
COMPARE: Comparison of Ibandronate - Zoledronate Regarding Nephrotoxicity in Patients With Multiple Myeloma [NCT02739594]Phase 389 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-02-28Terminated(stopped due to Slow recruitment)
Phase 2 Study of the Efficacy of Zoledronic Acid in Low Back Pain Related to Vertebral Endplate Signal Changes, the So-called Modic Changes [NCT01330238]Phase 240 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-31Completed
The Efficacy of New Adjuvant Chemotherapy of Osteosarcoma Combined With Zoledronic Acid in Decrease the Lung Metastatic Rate of Osteosarcoma [NCT03932071]Phase 4150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-01-01Recruiting
Multicenter, Randomized, Phase II Study of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Associated or Not With Zoledronate and Atorvastatin in Triple Negative Breast Cancers - YAPPETIZER Study [NCT03358017]Phase 254 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-05Completed
Results of Phase III Study to Assess if Zoledronic Acid Have Antumor Activity in Multiple Myeloma [NCT01234129]320 participants (Actual)Observational2002-06-30Completed
Comparative Study of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy With and Without Zometa for Management of Locally Advanced Breast Cancers [NCT01367288]Phase 253 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-30Completed
Department of Orthopedics, National Taiwan University Hospital [NCT03868033]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-04-12Recruiting
Pilot Study for Zoledronic Acid to Prevent High-Turnover Bone Loss After Bariatric Surgery [NCT03424239]Phase 46 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-08-01Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Zoledronic Acid in Enhancement of Early Stability of Cementless Primary Hip Prosthesis [NCT01218035]Phase 449 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-05-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter Study of Denosumab Compared With Zoledronic Acid in the Treatment of Bone Disease in Subjects With Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma [NCT01345019]Phase 31,718 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-17Completed
CREATE-1 Study: CRPS Treatment Evaluation 1 Study. A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of AXS-02 (Oral Zoledronate) Administered Orally to Subjects With Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type I (CRPS-I) [NCT02504008]Phase 3190 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-07-31Active, not recruiting
The Effect of Zoledronic Acid to Bone Fusion and Bone Metabolism of Patients With Lumbar Degenerative Disease After Lumbar Interbody Fusion [NCT01310465]Phase 450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-01-31Recruiting
An Open-Label Phase II Study of Zometa as Adjuvant Treatment of Malignant Pleural Effusion Due to Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer [NCT01004510]Phase 23 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Terminated(stopped due to failure to accrue projected number of patients)
Feasibility and Dose Discovery Analysis of Zoledronic Acid With Concurrent Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Metastatic Osteosarcoma [NCT00742924]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-08-31Completed
Phase II Study of Interleukin-2 in Combination With Zoledronic Acid in Patients With Untreated Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma [NCT00582790]Phase 212 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-08-31Terminated(stopped due to slow accrual)
A Randomised Controlled Trial of Bisphosphonate Therapy in Osteonecrosis of the Hip [NCT00781261]Phase 2120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-08-31Recruiting
A Randomised, Placebo-controlled, Multi-dose Phase 2 Study to Determine the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of AMG 785 in the Treatment of Postmenopausal Women With Low Bone Mineral Density [NCT00896532]Phase 2419 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-03Completed
Bisphosphonates for Prevention of Post-Denosumab Bone Loss in Premenopausal Women With Idiopathic Osteoporosis [NCT03396315]Phase 227 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-29Active, not recruiting
[NCT02181101]Phase 33,754 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-09-30Completed
The Optimal Long Term Treatment Strategy of Anti-resorptive Medications---The Extension of Denosumab Sequential Therapy [NCT05091086]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-11-20Recruiting
The Effect of Zoledronic Acid Infusion in the Bone Loss Observed Following Denosumab Discontinuation in Postmenopausal Women With Low Bone Mass [NCT02499237]Phase 457 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-31Completed
Zoledronic Acid to Prevent Bone Loss After Acute Spinal Cord Injury [NCT01642901]Phase 316 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
Combined Treatment With Dinutuximab Beta, Zoledronic Acid and Low-dose Interleukin (IL-2) in Patients With Metastatic or Inoperable Leiomyosarcoma - DiTuSarc Study [NCT05080790]Phase 210 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-11-15Recruiting
Intravenous Bisphosphonate in Stress Fracture Treatment [NCT03576599]Phase 45 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-29Terminated(stopped due to difficult to include patients)
Phase I/II Study of Dasatinib in Combination With Zoledronic Acid for the Treatment of Breast Cancer With Bone Metastasis [NCT00566618]Phase 1/Phase 231 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-11-01Completed
The Optimised Use of Romozosumab Study [NCT06059222]Phase 4270 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-02Recruiting
The Impact of Osteoporosis Medications on Muscle Health in Older Adults [NCT05666310]Phase 420 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-02-14Recruiting
Efficacy of Sequential Therapies After Osteoanabolic Treatment in Postmenopausal Women With Severe Osteoporosis: the Sequential Treatment After Romosozumab and Teriparatide (START) Study [NCT06164795]150 participants (Anticipated)Observational2023-11-25Recruiting
Augmentation of Pertrochanteric Fracture Proximal Femoral Nail Osteosynthesis Using Calcium Sulphate/Hydroxyapatite Combined With Systemic Bisphosphonate - A Pilot Study of the FARE (Fracture Anchorage and Bone REgeneration) Method [NCT06135298]Phase 420 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-01Recruiting
A Multicenter, Noninterventional, Prospective Study to Investigate the Efficacy and Safety After Administration of Daewoong Zoledronic Acid for the Purpose of Treatment or Prevention of Osteoporosis in Real-world Observational Study [NCT05614778]3,000 participants (Anticipated)Observational2022-02-28Recruiting
Altering Bone Microarchitecture and Mechanics by Off-label Pharmaceutical Intervention [NCT05204836]Phase 156 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-05-16Recruiting
Feasibility of Bisphosphonate Use on Sleeve Gastrectomy Associated Bone Loss: Healthy Body, Healthy Bones Trial [NCT04279392]Phase 1/Phase 210 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-09-01Completed
Denosumab to Prevent High-Turnover Bone Loss After Bariatric Surgery [NCT04087096]Phase 436 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-08-24Active, not recruiting
A Phase Ib/II Multicenter Dose-determination Study, With an Adaptive, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Phase II, Using Various Repeated IV Doses of BHQ880 in Combination With Zoledronic Acid in Relapsed or Refractory Myeloma Patients With Prio [NCT00741377]Phase 128 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
Preserving Geriatric Muscle With an Osteoporosis Medication [NCT06118905]Phase 4248 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-01-01Not yet recruiting
Single Dosing of Zoledronic Acid in Cancer Therapy Induced Bone Loss (CTIBL) [NCT00712985]Phase 318 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-09-30Completed
A Prospective, Open-label, Randomized Phase III Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of ZOMETA® (Zoledronic Acid) in Treatment of Bone Metastases in Patients With Stage IV Nasopharyngeal Cancer [NCT00697619]Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-09-30Completed
Magnolia Study Prolonged Protection From Bone Disease in Multiple Myeloma. An Open Label Phase 3 Multicenter International Randomised Trial [NCT02286830]Phase 4158 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-01-31Completed
Phase 3, Open Label, Multi-centre, Randomised Controlled International Study in Ewing Sarcoma [NCT00987636]Phase 3907 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-01Completed
A Single Center, Open-label, Parallel, Phase IV Clinical Trial to Evaluate Efficacy of Once or Twice ZOledronic Acid After Different Duration of denOsumMab Administration in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis [NCT05361408]Phase 4114 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-02-28Recruiting
An International, Multicenter, Open-label, Efficacy and Safety Trial of Intravenous Zoledronic Acid in Infants Less Than One Year of Age, With Severe Osteogenesis Imperfecta [NCT00982124]Phase 314 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-10-31Completed
An Open-Label, Randomized, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Use of Zoledronic Acid in the Prevention of Cancer Treatment-Related Bone Loss in Postmenopausal Women With Estrogen Receptor Positive and/or Progesterone Receptor Positive Breast Cancer Receivi [NCT00050011]Phase 3602 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-09-30Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Zoledronate in the Treatment of Osteopenia in Children and Adolescents With Crohn's Disease [NCT00798473]Phase 313 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-09-30Completed
Zoledronic Acid for Treatment of Osteopenia and Osteoporosis in Women With Primary Breast Cancer Undergoing Adjuvant Aromatase Inhibitor (Letrozole) Therapy [NCT00436917]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-04-30Completed
Towards Efficient Prediction and Prevention of Rheumatoid Arthritis [NCT04115397]Phase 480 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-01-31Not yet recruiting
Response of Bony Metastasis to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers With Actionable Driver Mutations [NCT03958565]100 participants (Anticipated)Observational2020-04-28Recruiting
Metronomic Cyclophosphamide and Methotrexate Combined With Zoledronic Acid and Sirolimus in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumor With Bone Metastasis and Advanced Pretreated Osteosarcoma. A Phase Ib Study From the French Sarcoma Group [NCT02517918]Phase 123 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-28Completed
Whole Exome Sequencing to Identify Genetic Predisposition to Atypical Femoral Fractures in Women Using Bisphosphonates for Osteoporosis [NCT02731040]38 participants (Actual)Observational2016-04-30Completed
A Multi-Center Phase II Study to Compare MER-101 (20mg) Tablets To Intravenous Zometa 4mg in Male Bisphosphonate-Naive Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer Patients [NCT00636740]Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
Phase 1 Study of Zoledronic Acid in Sickle Cell Disease [NCT00639392]Phase 1/Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-06-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Ended early due to inability to identify eligible subjects)
Phase III Randomized, Controlled, Open, Multicentre Medical-economic Study Evaluating the Efficacy of Adding ZOlédronique Acid to STERéotaxique Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Vertebral Metastases [NCT03951493]Phase 3225 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-06-23Recruiting
Phase II Trial of Zometa on Bone Mineral Density on Patients With Stage D Prostate Cancer Undergoing Androgen Ablation Therapy [NCT00582556]Phase 244 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-04-30Completed
Evaluation of Zoledronic Acid as a Single Agent and as an Adjuvant to Chemotherapy in the Management of High Grade Osteosarcoma [NCT00691236]Phase 2/Phase 360 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-05-31Recruiting
Bone Marker-directed Dosing of ZOMETA® (Zoledronic Acid) for the Prevention of Skeletal Complications in Patients With Advanced Multiple Myeloma. [NCT00622505]Phase 4121 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-11-07Completed
Effect of Zoledronic Acid in Primary Knee Osteoarthritis: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT06051344]Phase 492 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-01-01Recruiting
A Two Year Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group Study to Evaluate the Fracture Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Zoledronic Acid 5 mg Annually for the Treatment of Osteoporosis in Men [NCT00439647]Phase 31,199 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-12-31Completed
Effect of Zoledronic Acid on Chemotherapy Induced Bone Loss in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Patients Receiving Chemotherapy [NCT00352846]Phase 3135 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-01-31Completed
Bone-Targeted Therapy Combining Zoledronate With Atorvastatin in Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Phase II Study [NCT00490698]Phase 211 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-10-31Completed
A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Stratified, Multi-center, 2-arm Trial of the Continued Efficacy and Safety of Zoledronic Acid (Every 4 Weeks vs. Every 12 Weeks) in in the 2nd Year of Treatment in Patients With Documented Bone Metastases From Brea [NCT00320710]Phase 3416 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-02-28Completed
A Real-world Study Cohort of Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis Taking Zoledronic Acid or Oral Bisphosphonates [NCT00984893]1,551 participants (Actual)Observational2008-11-30Completed
A Multicenter,Open Label, Randomized Trial Evaluating the Duration of Infusion of Zoledronic Acid 4 mg IV in Multiple Myeloma Patients With Bone Metastases [NCT00104104]Phase 4179 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-10-31Completed
A Phase III, Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Study of Maximum Androgen Blockade With vs. Without Zoledronic Acid in Prostatic Cancer Patients With Metastatic Bone Disease [NCT00685646]Phase 3227 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
[NCT02595138]Phase 3430 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-10-31Active, not recruiting
Efficacy and Safety Study of ZOMETA® in Treatment of High-level NTX Non Small Cell Lung Cancer With Bone Metastasis [NCT00762346]Phase 4156 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Completed
Post US Approval Voluntary Registry Study to Determine Incidence of Hypocalcemia Post Reclast® Treatment in Patients With Paget's Disease After Institution of Educational Strategies to Improve Adherence to Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation [NCT00668200]Phase 481 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
A Phase IV, Multi-center, Open Label, Single Arm Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Relationship of Bone Remodeling Markers for Skeletal Complications in Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients [NCT00912938]Phase 4237 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-12-31Active, not recruiting
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled Efficacy and Safety Trial of Intravenous Zoledronic Acid Twice Yearly Compared to Placebo in Osteoporotic Children Treated With Glucocorticoids. [NCT00799266]Phase 334 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-04Completed
A Multicenter Prospective Real-world Study on Bisphosphonates Targeting Triple-negative Breast Cancer [NCT04045522]120 participants (Anticipated)Observational2019-09-01Recruiting
A Phase IV Study of the Safety and Feasibility of Rooms-based Infusion of Zoledronic Acid for Women With Post-menopausal Osteoporosis [NCT00745485]Phase 4186 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-08-31Completed
Efficacy and Security of Annual and Biennial Zoledronic Acid for Osteoporosis Treatment in an HIV-infected Patients' Cohort [NCT00795483]Phase 433 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
Phase I, Open-Label, Pharmacokinetic, Safety and Tolerability Study of Subcutaneously Administered Bisphosphonate With Recombinant Human Hyaluronidase (rHuPH20) vs Bisphosphonate [NCT00807963]Phase 131 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-31Completed
Treatment of the Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome With a Combination of Pravastatin and Zoledronic Acid [NCT00731016]Phase 215 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-31Completed
A Phase I Study of Allogeneic Ex Vivo Expanded Gamma Delta (γδ) T Cells (IND # 28460) in Combination With Dinutuximab, Temozolomide, Irinotecan, and Zoledronate in Children With Refractory, Relapsed, or Progressive Neuroblastoma [NCT05400603]Phase 124 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-06Recruiting
A Randomised Phase II Feasibility Study Investigating the Biological Effects of the Addition of Zoledronic Acid to Neoadjuvant Combination Chemotherapy on Invasive Breast Cancer [NCT00525759]Phase 240 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-07-31Completed
Long-Term Bone Quality in Women With Breast Cancer (A Companion Study to S0307) [NCT00873808]0 participants (Actual)Observational2008-10-31Withdrawn(stopped due to lack of accrual)
Intravenous Zoledronic Acid for the Treatment of Osteoporosis and Osteonecrosis in Children With Leukemia: A Pilot Study [NCT02632903]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-10-31Withdrawn(stopped due to While the clinical need for and the scientific merit remain valid, this regulated drug trial was not feasible logistically due to limited funds.)
Preventive Effects of Zoledronic Acid on Bone Metastasis in Patients With Stage IIIB and IV Lung Cancer [NCT02622607]Phase 3200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-01-31Recruiting
Phase II Study of Efficacy of Radiotherapy in Combination With Zoledronic Acid on Pain Relief in Bone Metastasis Patients With Gastrointestinal Tumors [NCT02784652]Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-06-30Completed
A Phase II Prospective Pilot Study Evaluating Efficacy of Intravenous Zoledronic Acid Prophylaxis for Prevention of Aromatase Inhibitor Associated Musculoskeletal Symptoms: ZAP-AIMSS Trial [NCT01194440]Phase 263 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-02-28Completed
Zoledronic Acid in the Prevention of Cancer Therapy Induced Bone Loss [NCT00375505]Phase 370 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-10-31Completed
A Prospective, Randomized, Multi-center Comparative 2-arm Trial of Efficacy and Safety of Zoledronic Acid (Every 3-months vs. Every 4 Weeks) Beyond Approximately 1 Year of Treatment With Zoledronic Acid in Patients With Bone Lesions From Breast Cancer [NCT00375427]Phase 3430 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-02-28Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Zoledronic Acid for the Treatment of Osteoporosis in Men [NCT00097825]Phase 3288 participants Interventional2004-04-30Completed
Local Administration of Enriched Mononuclear Cells, Platelets and Zoledronic Acid for Preventing Collapse of the Femoral Head in the Early Stage of Osteonecrosis: a Prospective, Randomized, Parallel-controlled Clinical Trial [NCT02721940]100 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-02-29Active, not recruiting
A Randomised Phase II Feasibility Study of Docetaxel (Taxotere®) Plus Prednisolone vs. Docetaxel (Taxotere®) Plus Prednisolone Plus Zoledronic Acid (Zometa®) vs. Docetaxel (Taxotere®) Plus Prednisolone Plus Strontium-89 vs. Docetaxel (Taxotere®) Plus Pred [NCT00554918]Phase 2300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-02-28Completed
Pilot Study of Zoledronic Acid and Interleukin-2 for Refractory Pediatric Neuroblastoma: Assessment of Tolerability and In Vivo Expansion γδ T-Cells [NCT01404702]Phase 14 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-08-31Terminated(stopped due to Accrual slower than anticipated)
Prevention of Micro-architectural Bone Decay in Males With Non-metastatic Prostate Cancer Receiving Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) [NCT01006395]Phase 2/Phase 364 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
Influence of Zoledronic Acid on Bone Mineral Density and Bone Ultrasonometry in Premenopausal Women With Hormone Receptor Negative Breast Cancer and Adjuvant Chemotherapeutic Treatment [NCT00333229]Phase 411 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-03-31Terminated(stopped due to Due to rare patient population, planned number of patients could not be recruited in a reasonable timeframe. Recruitment was stopped prematurely.)
A Phase III Randomized Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Zometa® for the Prevention of Osteoporosis and Associated Fractures in Patients Receiving Radiation Therapy and Long Term LHRH Agonists for High-Grade and/or Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer [NCT00329797]Phase 3109 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-03-31Completed
Skeletal Histomorphometry in Patients on Teriparatide or Zoledronic Acid Therapy [NCT00927186]Phase 469 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-07-31Completed
Efficacy of Denosumab and Zoledronic Acid in the Treatment of Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies Related Reduced Bone Mineral Density: a Prospective Controlled Trial [NCT04034199]Phase 340 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-08-15Not yet recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Zoledronic Acid in Acute Spinal Cord Injury: Prevention of Bone Loss [NCT00844480]Phase 217 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Terminated(stopped due to difficulty in enrollment)
Bone Retention of Bisphosphonate (Zometa) in Patients With Multiple Myeloma or Breast Cancer With Metastases to Bone [NCT00760370]Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-31Completed
A 6 Months, Open-Label Phase IV Study to Confirm the Safety and Efficacy of Single Intravenous Dose of 5 mg Zoledronic Acid for the Patients of Paget's Disease of Bone (PDB) in China [NCT00774020]Phase 49 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-30Completed
A Phase II Randomized Study of the Effect of Zoledronic Acid Versus Observation on Bone Mineral Density of the Lumbar Spine in Women Who Elect to Undergo Surgery That Results in Removal of Both Ovaries [NCT00305695]Phase 2160 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-11-28Completed
A 3-year, Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Extension to CZOL446H2301E1 to Evaluate the Efficacy and Long Term Safety of 6 and 9 Years Zoledronic Acid Treatment of Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis [NCT00718861]Phase 3190 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
Antiangiogenic Treatment Strategy With Metronomic Chemotherapy Regimen Combined With a Cox-2 Inhibitor and a Bisphosphonate for Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer [NCT01067989]Phase 222 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Terminated(stopped due to No satisfactory acrual)
Initial Fixation of Bisphosphonate-coated Dental Implants [NCT02044978]Phase 216 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-01-31Recruiting
Influence of Zoledronic Acid on Healing After Arthroscopic Repair of Chronic Rotator Cuff Lesions - A Prospective, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Phase II Trial [NCT05677152]Phase 280 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-08-22Recruiting
Evaluation of Bone Markers as Diagnostic Tools for Early Detection of Bone Metastases in Patients With High Risk Prostate Cancer [NCT00391690]Phase 499 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-02-28Completed
Adjuvant Zoledronic Acid in 'High Risk' Giant Cell Tumour of Bone (GCT) - A Randomized Phase II Study [NCT00889590]Phase 215 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-31Terminated(stopped due to low recruitment with registration denosumab)
The Use of Zoledronic Acid in Men on Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer With Preexisting Osteoporosis [NCT00171639]Phase 328 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-06-30Completed
Efficacy and Tolerability of Intravenous Zometa® (Zoledronic Acid) 4 mg in Primary Breast Cancer Patients With Disseminated Tumor Cells in Bone Marrow. A Prospective, Randomized, Parallel Group, Open-label, Clinical Pilot Study. [NCT00172068]Phase 296 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-01-31Terminated
CHronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis International Registry (CHOIR) [NCT04725422]2,000 participants (Anticipated)Observational2018-08-01Recruiting
Zoledronic Acid to Prevent Bone Loss During Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer [NCT00181584]Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-09-30Completed
A Stratified, Randomized, Open-label, Multi-center Comparative 2-arm Trial of PK, PD, and Safety of Zoledronic Acid Infusions Administered Monthly vs. Every 3-month, in Multiple Myeloma Patients With Malignant Bone Lesions, and Breast Cancer Patients With [NCT00424983]Phase 118 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-11-30Completed
An Open Phase III Trial With Letrozole Alone or in Combination With Zoledronic Acid as Extended Adjuvant Treatment of Postmenopausal Patients With Primary Breast Cancer [NCT00332709]Phase 383 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-01-31Completed
A Multi-center, Randomized, Open-label, Controlled, One-year Trial to Measure the Effect of Zoledronic Acid and Alendronate on Bone Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women With Osteopenia and Osteoporosis [NCT00404820]Phase 3604 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-10-31Completed
A One-year Partial Double-blinded, Randomized, Multi-center, Multi-national Study to Assess the Effects of Combination Therapy of Annual Zoledronic Acid (5 mg) and Daily Subcutaneous Teriparatide (2mcrg) on Postmenopausal Women With Severe Osteoporosis [NCT00439244]Phase 3412 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-12-31Completed
A Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Double-dummy Study in Postmenopausal Women With Low Bone Mineral Density to Compare the Effects of a Single Dose of i.v. Zoledronic Acid 5 mg, With Daily Oral Raloxifene 60 mg OD on Bone Turnover Markers [NCT00431444]Phase 4110 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-01-31Completed
A 2-year Randomized, Multicenter, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Zoledronic Acid 5 mg Administered Either Annually at Randomization and 12 Months, or Administered at Randomization Only in the Pre [NCT00132808]Phase 3581 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-07-31Completed
Zoledronic Acid for the Prevention of Bone Loss Post-bone Marrow Transplantation for Thalassemia Major Patients: A Prospective Pilot Study [NCT01016093]Phase 2/Phase 350 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-11-30Active, not recruiting
A Randomized Phase II of Zoledronic Acid (Zometa) in the Prevention of Osteoporosis in Patients Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation [NCT00321932]Phase 261 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-07-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter Study of Denosumab Compared With Zoledronic Acid (Zometa®) in the Treatment of Bone Metastases in Men With Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer [NCT00321620]Phase 31,904 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-04-01Completed
Zoledronic Acid Versus Alendronate for Prevention of Bone Loss After Organ Transplantation [NCT00297830]Phase 2/Phase 3111 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-11-30Completed
A Randomised Trial Investigating the Effect on Biochemical (PSA) Control and Survival of Different Durations of Adjuvant Androgen Deprivation in Association With Definitive Radiation Treatment for Localised Carcinoma of the Prostate. [NCT00193856]Phase 31,071 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-10-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Phase IV Trial Evaluating the Palliative Benefit of Either Continuing Pamidronate or Switching to Second-line Zoledronic Acid in Breast Cancer Patients With High-risk Bone Metastases. [NCT01907880]Phase 474 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-08-31Completed
Phase 1 Dose Escalation of Early Infusion of Zoledronic Acid in Combination With Increasing Low-dose of Interleukin-2 in Order to Expand Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells After T-replete Haplo-identical Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (SCT) [NCT03862833]Phase 130 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-05-07Completed
Effect of Zoledronic Acid in Patients With Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastasis [NCT00237159]Phase 4284 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-10-31Completed
Zoledronic Acid for Prevention of Bone Loss After BAriatric Surgery (ZABAS) [NCT04742010]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-02-20Recruiting
[NCT00087659]0 participants Interventional2003-12-31Completed
Randomized Multi-Center Study Comparing Prolonged Primary Systemic Endocrine Therapy With Letrozole Alone or in Combination With Zoledronic Acid in Early Breast Cancer (NEOadjuvant Study in CANada) [NCT00247650]Phase 2190 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-09-30Completed
NMR Imaging and Stereological Analysis of Trabecular Bone in Female Subjects 60 and Older at Risk of Fracture Receiving Either Zoledronic Acid or Teriparatide [NCT01153425]Phase 433 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Completed
Evaluation of Romosozumab vs. Zoledronic Acid Effect in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury and Low Bone Mineral Density [NCT04597931]Phase 430 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-11-01Not yet recruiting
Investigation of Changes in Bone Scan Imaging Before and After Intravenous Bisphosphonate Therapy for Osseous Metastases From Breast Cancer [NCT00582920]Phase 110 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-01-31Completed
The Use of Zoledronic Acid to Prevent Cancer-treatment Bone Loss in Post-menopausal Women Receiving Adjuvant Letrozole for Breast Cancer [NCT00171314]Phase 3527 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-03-31Completed
A Multicenter, Open-label, Randomized Trial to Evaluate the Anti-cancer Effects of Zoledronic Acid and Circulating Tumor Cell Measurements in Patients With HER2-negative Metastatic Breast Cancer Without Bone Metastasis [NCT01129336]Phase 444 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-06-30Completed
Innovative Approach to Geriatric Osteoporosis [NCT05058976]Phase 4200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-09-15Recruiting
A Randomized Phase II Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Hypofractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy and 5FU or Capecitabine With and Without Zometa in Patients With Locally Advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma [NCT03073785]Phase 244 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-09-16Recruiting
Stage I Multiple Myeloma Treatment [NCT00733538]Phase 4350 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2004-12-31Active, not recruiting
Perioperative Treatment With Zoledronic Acid in Patients With Resectable Pancreas Cancer [NCT00892242]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-12-31Terminated(stopped due to Principal Investigator decided to close the study early.)
A 3-year, Double-blind Extension to CZOL446H2301 to Evaluate the Long-term Safety and Efficacy of Zoledronic Acid in the Treatment of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women Taking Calcium and Vitamin D [NCT00145327]Phase 32,456 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-05-31Completed
A Phase II Study of Bone Marker Assessment of Multiple Myeloma Patients Treated With AminoBisphosphonates [NCT00577642]Phase 229 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-10-31Completed
A Single-Blinded, Randomized, Controlled, Phase 2 Pilot Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Denosumab Compared to Zoledronic Acid for the Treatment of Osteoporosis in Children [NCT02632916]Phase 210 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-08-31Completed
The Effectiveness of Single or Repeat Zoledronate Infusion Versus Oral Alendronate in Consolidating the Bone Accrual Achieved With Denosumab: a Study Organised by the European Calcified Tissue Society [NCT05575167]125 participants (Anticipated)Observational2023-11-28Recruiting
A Pragmatic Randomised, Multicentre Trial Comparing 4-weekly Versus 12-weekly Administration of Bone-targeted Agents in Patients With Bone Metastases From Either Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer or Breast Cancer - The REaCT-BTA Study [NCT02721433]Phase 4263 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-08-31Completed
A One Year, Local, Open Label, Multicentre Trial Evaluating the Effects of Zoledronic Acid 5 mg Infusion on BMD and Biochemical Markers of Bone in PMO Pts Between the Ages of 50 and 65 Years [NCT00909961]Phase 3118 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
A 1-year, Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Zoledronic Acid 5 mg (Aclasta®) on Bone Mineral Density in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis Followed by a 1-year Open-label Treatment Pha [NCT01166178]Phase 329 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-10-31Terminated
Effect of Periodontal Therapy and Bisphosphonates on Gingival Crevicular Fluid Levels of Nuclear Factor- κb Ligand (RANKL) and Osteoprotegerin in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: Results of a 12-Month Study [NCT02808988]Phase 447 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
Investigation on the Prevention of Periprosthetic Bone Loss After Total Hip Replacement by Annual Bisphosphonate Therapy: A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT02838121]Phase 362 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-12-31Completed
Bisphosphonates in Multicentric Osteolysis, Nodulosis and Arthropathy (MONA) Spectrum Disorder - an Alternative Therapeutic Approach [NCT02823925]3 participants (Actual)Observational2013-02-28Completed
A 1-year, Multicenter, Open-label Extension to CZOL446H2337 to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of Zoledronic Acid Twice Yearly in Osteoporotic Children Treated With Glucocorticoids [NCT01197300]Phase 325 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-10-25Completed
A Prospective, Single-arm Multicenter Study to Evaluate Effect of Intravenous Zoledronic Acid on Bone Metabolism Given Over 4 Months in Patients With Prostate Cancer or Breast Cancer and Bone Metastasis [NCT00334139]Phase 4411 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
ZEST II for Osteoporotic Fracture Prevention [NCT02589600]Phase 4310 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Completed
A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Tolerability of Zoledronic Acid in Patients With Metastatic Prostate Cancer Who Can be Treated With a Group of Medications Known as Bisphosphonates [NCT00172016]Phase 443 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-01-31Completed
Study to Assess Efficacy and Safety of Zoledronic Acid and the Value of Markers of Bone Resorption in the Prediction of Bone Metastases and Cancer Treatment-induced Bone Loss (CTIBL) in Patients With Prostate Cancer on Hormone Therapy [NCT00172055]Phase 3218 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-12-31Completed
Effect of Zoledronic Acid on Prevention of Bone Loss in Acute Phase First-ever Stroke Patients [NCT04652128]56 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-07-15Recruiting
The Effects of Zoledronic Acid (Zometa) and Physical Activity on Bone Density in Women Receiving Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer [NCT00202059]Phase 372 participants Interventional2003-06-30Completed
Phase I/II Study of Adoptive Immunotherapy Comprising Pyrophosphomonoester Antigen-stimulated T Cells, IL-2, and Nitrogen-containing Bisphosphonates in Patients With Stage IV Renal Cell Carcinoma [NCT00588913]Phase 1/Phase 220 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-01-31Completed
Zoledronic Acid in the Prevention of Skeletal-related Events in Hormone Refractory and Hormone-sensitive Prostate Cancer Patients With Bone Metastases [NCT00219219]Phase 40 participants Interventional2003-09-30Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Multi-centre Study to Evaluate the Fficacy and Safety of Zometa as a Treatment in Patients With Bone Metastases of Any Solid Tumors or Multiple Myeloma [NCT00219258]Phase 3240 participants Interventional2005-07-31Completed
A Randomised Trial Comparing Continuation or De-escalation of Bone Modifying Agents (BMA) in Patients Treated for Over 2 Years for Bone Metastases From Either Breast or Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer (REaCT-Hold BMA) [NCT04549207]Phase 4240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-10-09Recruiting
A Randomised, Multicentre, Pragmatic Trial Comparing a Single-Dose vs. Twice Yearly Zoledronate in Patients With Early Stage Breast Cancer (REaCT-ZOL) [NCT03664687]Phase 4211 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-10-31Active, not recruiting
A Phase I-II, 24-Week, Multi-Center, Double-Blind, Randomized, Dose-Ranging Study To Evaluate The Safety And Efficacy Of A Humanized Monoclonal Antibody To PTHrP Versus Zoledronic Acid In Patients With Breast Cancer Metastatic To Bone [NCT00060138]Phase 1/Phase 20 participants Interventional2002-11-30Completed
Assessment of the Efficacy and Safety of Zoledronic Acid in the Treatment of Bone Metastases-related Pain in Patients With Prostate Cancer [NCT00375648]Phase 361 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-06-30Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind and Imitation, Parallel-control, Multicenter Phase II Study of AL2846 Versus Zoledronic Acid in Subjects With Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) With Bone Metastasis [NCT04325776]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-09-24Recruiting
Evaluation of Zoledronic Acid to Prevent Bone Loss in Men Receiving Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer [NCT00489905]24 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-04-30Completed
Frequency of Zoledronic Acid to Prevent Further Bone Loss in Osteoporotic Patients Requiring Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer [NCT00520052]58 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-08-31Completed
Randomized Phase 2 Study on the Relationship Between Circulating VEGF and Weekly or Every-four-week Zometa in Breast Cancer Patients With Bone Metastases [NCT00524849]Phase 2/Phase 360 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-11-30Completed
Zoledronic Acid With Intermittent Hormonal Therapy in Patients With Prostate Cancer [NCT00226954]Phase 223 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-03-31Terminated
Evaluating the Effect of Letrozole With or Without Concomitant Zoledronic Acid on Estrogen Responsive Targets in Postmenopausal Women [NCT00114270]0 participants Interventional2004-05-31Completed
Bone Loss and Immune Reconstitution in HIV/AIDS (BLIR-HIV) [NCT01228318]Phase 263 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
The Effect of Zoledronate on the Prevention of Pneumonia in Hip Fracture Patients (Zoo-P): An Open-label, Pragmatic, Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT05743179]Phase 42,692 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-12-05Recruiting
A Phase III Randomized Study of Zolendronate Bisphosphonate Therapy for the Prevention of Bone Loss in Men With Prostate Cancer Receiving Long-Term Androgen Deprivation [NCT00058188]Phase 353 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-03-31Terminated(stopped due to Closed by the research committee)
Phase 3 Study of the Effect of Zoledronic Acid in the Prevention of Osteoporosis in Early Breast Cancer Patients Receiving the Aromatase Inhibitor, Letrozole, in the Adjuvant Setting [NCT00376740]Phase 390 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-09-30Completed
A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multi-Centre Phase 3 Study to Determine the Treatment Effect of Denosumab in Subjects With Non-Metastatic Breast Cancer Receiving Aromatase Inhibitor Therapy. [NCT00556374]Phase 33,420 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-12-18Completed
Bisphosphonate Treatment of Osteogenesis Imperfecta [NCT00063479]Phase 2158 participants Interventional2003-06-30Completed
A Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Switching Patients Currently on Oral Bisphosphonate to Zoledronic Acid [NCT00097812]Phase 3220 participants Interventional2004-05-31Completed
Assessment of the Efficacy, Tolerability and Pharmaco-economic Impact of Zoledronic Acid Treatment in Prostate Cancer With Bone Metastasis [NCT00241111]Phase 4148 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-09-30Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind Study of the Effect of Bondronat Compared With Zoledronic Acid on Pain in Patients With Malignant Bone Disease Experiencing Moderate to Severe Pain [NCT00099177]Phase 396 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-08-31Terminated
Impact of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy With or Without Zometa on Occult Micrometastases and Bone Density in Women With Locally Advanced Breast Cancer [NCT00242203]Phase 2120 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-10-31Completed
Open-label Phase IV Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Zoledronic Acid in Patients With Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastases [NCT00242554]Phase 4150 participants Interventional2002-10-31Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Zoledronic Acid in the Prevention and Treatment of Corticosteroid Induced Osteoporosis [NCT00100620]Phase 3802 participants Interventional2004-06-30Completed
Does Adjuvant Zoledronic Acid Reduce Recurrence in Patients With High Risk Localized Breast Cancer? [NCT00072020]Phase 30 participants Interventional2003-08-31Active, not recruiting
"Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase as a Bone Resorption Marker in Stage IV Breast Cancer Patients With Bone Metastasis During Zometa Treatment: A Pilot Study" [NCT00264082]30 participants (Anticipated)Observational2004-09-30Completed
An Exploratory Clinical Trial of Zoledronic Acid in Women With CIN 2/3 or 3 [NCT00278434]Phase 112 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-04-30Terminated(stopped due to Accrual was insufficient to meet study endpoints)
[NCT00086268]Phase 3250 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-04-30Completed
Study Comparing Full-dose Radiotherapy Versus Reduced Dose in the Management of Bone Metastasis in Patients With Breast Cancer Receiving Zoledronic Acid [NCT00172029]Phase 4116 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-04-30Completed
Multicenter, Open-label, Randomized Phase III Trial for Administration of Zoledronate to Breast Cancer Metastatic Patients With Non-symptomatic Bone Lesions [NCT00130494]Phase 397 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-08-29Terminated(stopped due to Low recruitment)
Efficacy and Safety of Zoledronic Acid in Children (1 -17 Years) With Severe Osteogenesis Imperfecta [NCT00131118]Phase 2127 participants Interventional2004-07-31Completed
A Multicenter, Open-label Study to Determine the Effect of iv. Zoledronic Acid on Pain and Quality of Life in Patients With Bone Metastases With or Without Skeletal Related Events (SRE) Resulting From Breast Cancer and Prostate Cancer [NCT00434317]Phase 480 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-08-31Completed
A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Study of the Effect of Bondronat Compared With Zoledronic Acid on Pain in Patients With Malignant Bone Disease Experiencing Moderate to Severe Pain [NCT00099203]Phase 3163 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-07-31Terminated
Bisphosphonate Therapy for HIV-Associated Osteopenia [NCT00102908]Phase 230 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-05-31Active, not recruiting
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Proof of Concept Study of Zoledronic Acid in Spontaneous Osteonecrosis of the Knee (SONK) [NCT00477217]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Withdrawn
To Assess the Efficacy of Over-the-counter Analgesics in the Prevention/Treatment of Transient Post-dose Symptoms Following Zoledronate Infusion in Post-menopausal Women [NCT00145275]Phase 3455 participants Interventional2004-12-31Completed
Maintenance of Skeletal Integrity in Frail Elders [NCT00558012]181 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-12-31Completed
Bone Mineral Density Effects of Zoledronate in Postmenopausal Women With Breast Cancer [NCT00213980]Phase 268 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-01-31Completed
Extended Endocrine Therapy for Premenopausal Women With Breast Cancer [NCT00903162]Phase 217 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-05-31Completed
Multicenter, Open-labeled, Randomized Clinical Trial to Determine the Efficacy of Zoledronic Acid in Preventing Collapse of the Osteonecrotic Femoral Head [NCT00939900]Phase 3110 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-07-31Completed
Cost-Effective Use of Bisphosphonates in Metastatic Bone Disease - A Comparison of Bone Marker Directed Zoledronic Acid Therapy to a Standard Schedule [NCT00458796]1,500 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-03-31Terminated(stopped due to Lower than expected recruitment)
Pilot Trial to Evaluate Change in Positron Emission Tomography Scanning (PET) as a Surrogate for Zoledronate (Zometa) Efficacy in Patients With Metastatic Prostate Cancer [NCT01205646]11 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-09-30Completed
An Evaluation of Estramustine, Docetaxel and Zoledronate in Patients With Hormone-Refractory Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate [NCT00151073]Phase 228 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-04-30Completed
Zoledronic Acid (Zometa) for the Management of Tumor-induced Hypercalcemia (TIH) and Malignant Bone Pain (MBP) in the Community: A Feasibility Study [NCT00126386]11 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-01-31Completed
A Phase IV Study of Zoledronic Acid Therapy in Patients With Bone Metastases From Breast Cancer or Hormone Resistant Prostate Cancer, or Bone Involvement From Multiple Myeloma, Assessing Long-term Efficacy and Safety [NCT00434447]Phase 473 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-12-31Completed
An Open-Label, Pilot Study of Samarium - Sm 153 Lexidronam (Quadramet) in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma and Bone Pain [NCT00482378]Phase 1/Phase 239 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-03-21Completed
A Randomized, Multicenter, Open Phase III Study Comparing the Postoperative Use of Zoledronic Acid Versus no Treatment in Patients With Histological Tumor Residuals After Preoperative Anthracycline and Taxane Containing Chemotherapy for Primary Breast Can [NCT00512993]Phase 3654 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2004-12-31Completed
A Dual-Cohort, Prospective, Observational Study of Unresectable Stage IIIB/IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients With and Without Bone Metastasis [NCT00099541]Phase 4300 participants Interventional2004-11-30Completed
A Study of the Clinical Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Zoledronic Acid Compared to an Oral Bisphosphonate [NCT00100555]Phase 3120 participants Interventional2004-06-30Completed
A Randomized, Controlled, Open-Label Trial of Empiric Prophylactic vs. Delayed Use of Zoledronic Acid for Prevention of Bone Loss in Postmenopausal Women With Breast Cancer Initiating Therapy With Letrozole After Tamoxifen [NCT00107263]Phase 3558 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-01-31Completed
The Effect Of The Bisphosphonate, Zoledronic Acid, On Bone Density In Liver Transplant Patients - A Prospective, Randomised, Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT00114556]Phase 4100 participants Interventional2000-02-29Completed
An Open Label, Reclast®/Aclasta®, Re-treatment of Relapsed Patients With Paget's Disease of Bone Who Participated in the CZOL446K2304 and CZOL446K2305 Core Registration Studies [NCT00740129]Phase 46 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-21Completed
Phase III Trial of Intravenous Zoledronic Acid (Zometa) in the Prevention of Bone Loss in Localized Breast Cancer Patients With Chemotherapy-Induced Ovarian Failure [NCT00022087]Phase 3439 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-12-31Completed
A Prospective, Multicenter, Open-label Clinical Evaluation of the Effect of IV Zoledronic Acid 4mg on PAIN, QUALITY OF LIFE and TIME IN INFUSION CHAIR in Breast Cancer, Multiple Myeloma, and Prostate Cancer Patients With Cancer-related Bone Lesions [NCT00029224]Phase 4500 participants Interventional2001-10-31Completed
An Open-Label, Randomized, Multicentre Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Two Zoledronic Acid Schedules on Bone Mineral Density in Prostate Cancer Patients Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Therapy [NCT00391950]Phase 3300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-10-31Terminated
An Open-label Trial on the Effect of I.V. Zoledronic Acid 4 mg on Bone Mineral Density in Hormone Sensitive Prostate Cancer Patients With Bone Metastasis [NCT00035997]Phase 4261 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-04-30Completed
OS2006 : Protocole de Traitement Des ostéosarcomes de l'Enfant, de l'Adolescent et de l'Adulte Comportant [NCT00470223]Phase 3318 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-03-31Active, not recruiting
Bone Loss Prevention With Zoledronic Acid or Denosumab in Critically Ill Adults - A Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT04608630]Phase 2450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-07-15Recruiting
A Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial Of Zoledronic Acid For The Prevention Of Bone Loss In Premenopausal Women With Early Stage Breast Cancer [NCT00049452]Phase 3120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2001-12-31Completed
A Randomized Phase III Trial Of Thalidomide (NSC # 66847) Plus Dexamethasone Versus Dexamethasone In Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma [NCT00033332]Phase 30 participants Interventional2002-04-30Completed
The Effect of Zoledronic Acid Compared to Placebo on Bone Mineral Density in Patients Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Therapy [NCT00063609]Phase 4200 participants Interventional2003-04-30Completed
A Phase II, Open-Label, Randomized Trial of Zoledronic Acid (Zometa™) and BMS-275291 (NSC#713763) in Patients With Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer [NCT00039104]Phase 250 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-04-30Completed
Phase II, Randomized, Open-Label, Two-Arm, Multicenter Study of MEDI-522, a HuMA Directed Against the Human Alpha V Beta 3 Integrin, in Combination With Docetaxel, Prednisone, and Zoledronic Acid in the Treatment of Patients With Metastatic Androgen-Indep [NCT00072930]Phase 2150 participants Interventional2003-12-31Completed
A Randomized Phase II Study of Bisphosphonate: Zoledronic Acid (Zometa) in the Management of Asymptomatic/Early Stage Multiple Myeloma: Hoosier Oncology Group MM02-35 [NCT00216151]Phase 23 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-06-30Terminated(stopped due to Study terminated due to low patient enrollment.)
Effect Of Zoledronic Acid On Circulating And Bone Marrow-Residing Prostate Cancer Cells In Patients With Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer [NCT00219271]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-09-30Completed
HORIZON-PFT: Pivotal Fracture Trial [NCT00049829]Phase 37,700 participants Interventional2002-01-31Completed
Comparison Between Pamidronate and Zoledronic Acid for the Treatment of Heart and Lung Transplant Related Osteopaenia and Osteoporosis [NCT00164008]Phase 456 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-10-31Completed
Evaluation of the Efficacy and Tolerability of Zoledronic Acid in Combination With Radiotherapy in Patients With Advanced Osteolytic Bone Lesions [NCT00171964]Phase 475 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-05-31Completed
Effect of Zoledronic Acid in Patients With Renal Cell Cancer and Bone Metastasis [NCT00172003]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-09-30Completed
[NCT00046254]Phase 32,127 participants Interventional2002-02-28Completed
Atrasentan and Zometa for Men With Androgen Independent Prostate Cancer Metastatic to Bone: A Randomized Pilot Study [NCT00181558]Phase 244 participants Interventional2001-12-31Completed
Denosumab vs Zoledronate in Patients With Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture After Percutaneous Vertebroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05598606]Phase 475 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-01-12Completed
Open Label Proof of Concept Study of IV Zoledronic Acid (ZA) 5 mg After Forteo in Postmenopausal Women [NCT00361595]35 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-08-31Completed
Local Bisphosphonate Effect on Recurrence Rate in Extremity Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03295981]Phase 3120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-05-03Recruiting
Generic Zoledronic Acid Versus Original Zoledronic Acid: A Multicenter, Randomized, Open, Paralled-controlled Clinical Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Women Efficacy and Safety Research. [NCT03158246]Phase 4466 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-06-01Not yet recruiting
A Phase III, Parallel Group, Randomized, Open-label, Multi-centre Clinical Trial of Zoledronic Acid in Males Receiving Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Advanced Prostate Cancer. [NCT00242567]Phase 3522 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-12-31Completed
A Phase III Randomized Trial of Thalidomide Plus Zoledronic Acid Versus Zoledronic Acid Alone in Patients With Early Stage Multiple Myeloma [NCT00432458]Phase 368 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-07-31Completed
An Open Label Dose Escalation Study of Intravenous Paricalcitol (ZEMPLAR™) [19-NOR-1 ALPHA, 25 - (OH)D] With Zoledronic Acid (Zometa™) in Patients With Multiple Myeloma [NCT00258258]Phase 17 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-08-31Terminated(stopped due to Withdrawn due to low accrual)
A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Zoledronic Acid in the Prevention or Delaying of Bone Metastasis in Patients With Stage IIIA and IIIB Non-small Cell Lung Cancer [NCT00172042]Phase 3437 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-03-31Completed
Therapy With Zoledronic Acid in Patients With Multiple Myeloma Stage I [NCT00171925]Phase 3143 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-08-31Terminated(stopped due to Recruitment in study could not be reached after 8 yrs of recruiting)
A Phase IIb Randomised Clinical Trial of the Tolerability, Safety and Efficacy of Adjuvant Docetaxel-Zoledronic Acid After Prostatectomy for High-risk Early Prostate Cancer (AD-ZAP). [NCT00258765]Phase 21 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Terminated(stopped due to Poor recruitment & not feasible to continue)
An Open-Label, Randomized, MultiCenter Study to Evaluate the Use of Zolendronic Acid in the Prevention of Cancer Treatment-Related Bone Loss in Postmenopausal Women With Estrogen Positive and/or Progesterone Positive Breast Cancer Receiving Letrozole as A [NCT00171340]Phase 31,065 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-05-31Completed
Phase I Study of the Combination of Zoledronic Acid and Docetaxel in Patients With Hormone Refractory Metastatic Prostate Cancer [NCT00415779]Phase 136 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-07-31Completed
Bone Response After Luteinizing Hormone-releasing Hormone Analogue and Enzalutamide +/- Zoledronic Acid in Prostate Cancer Patients With Hormone Sensitive Metastatic Bone Disease: a Prospective, Phase II, Randomized, Multicenter Study [NCT03336983]Phase 2120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-12-01Recruiting
Study to Evaluate Zoledronic Acid on Quality of Life and Skeletal-related Events as Adjuvant Treatment in Patients With Hormone-naïve Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastasis Who Have Undergone Orchiectomy. [NCT00237146]Phase 438 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-11-30Completed
An International, Multicenter, Non-Randomized, Open-Labeled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Lower Dose Dexamethasone/Thalidomide and Higher Frequency ZOMETA(TM) in the Treatment of Previously Untreated Patients With Multiple Myeloma [NCT00263484]Phase 256 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-12-31Completed
A Phase I Pilot Trial to Study the Safety and Efficacy of Concomitant Radiotherapy and Zoledronic Acid for the Palliation of Bone Metastases From Breast Cancer, Prostate Cancer and Lung Cancer [NCT00264420]Phase 14 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-12-31Completed
Open-label Study, to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Zoledronic Acid in Patients With Bone Lesions Secondary to Multiple Myeloma. [NCT00242528]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-04-30Withdrawn
The Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Study of Intravenous Zoledronic Acid in Chinese Subjects With Low Bone Mass or Osteoporosis: a Randomized Placebo-controlled Trail [NCT04719650]Phase 464 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-10-31Not yet recruiting
Use of Bisphosphonates in the Treatment of Osteopathy After Liver Transplantation, a Prospective Randomised Study [NCT00302484]96 participants Interventional2002-04-30Active, not recruiting
A Prospective Multicentre Phase II Trial of Zoledronic Acid in Patients With Myelofibrosis With Myeloid Metaplasia (MMM) [NCT00287261]Phase 217 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-02-28Completed
A Phase II Pilot Study of Zoledronic Acid, Pravastatin, and Lonafarnib (SCH66336) for Patients With Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) and Progeroid Laminopathies [NCT00879034]Phase 25 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-03-31Completed
Randomised Open-label Multicenter Prosp. Clinical Study to Show the Efficacy of IV ZOMETA® 4mg for Prevention of Bone Metastases in Hormone-naïve High Risk Patients With Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer [NCT00294437]Phase 3376 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-12-31Terminated(stopped due to underfunding)
Zoledronate Versus Ibandronate Comparative Evaluation: A Randomized Phase III, Open-Label, Multicenter, Parallel Group Clinical Trial to Evaluate and Compare the Efficacy, Safety Profile and Tolerability of Oral Ibandronate Versus Intravenous Zoledronate [NCT00326820]Phase 31,404 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-01-31Active, not recruiting
A Phase III Randomized, Multicenter Non-Inferiority Trial Evaluating the Efficacy of Oral Ibandronate Versus Intravenous Zoledronate in the Reduction of Skeletal-Related Events in Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer [NCT00301886]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Withdrawn(stopped due to withdrawn support for study)
An Open,Multicentre,Prospective Study of Adjuvant Zoledronate Treatment in Osteoporosis Women With Breast Cancer [NCT01623908]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-07-31Terminated
The Effectiveness and Safety of Treating Operable Breast Cancer by the Adjuvant Therapy of Zoledronic Acid and Aromatase Inhibitors and/or Ovarian Function Inhibition [NCT01654367]Phase 2/Phase 3300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-01-31Recruiting
Randomised, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial to Ascertain the Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Zoledronic Acid in Adult Patients With Cystic Fibrosis. [NCT01702415]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Lack of funding)
[NCT01737216]Phase 2100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-11-30Active, not recruiting
A Randomized, Double-blind, Multi-center Phase 2 Trial of Denosumab in Combination With Chemotherapy as First-line Treatment of Metastatic Non-small Cell Lung Cancer [NCT01951586]Phase 2226 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-12-31Completed
Phase 2 Study - The Use of a Single 5 mg Dose of Zoledronic Acid in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Patient. [NCT01788176]Phase 240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-12-31Not yet recruiting
Bone Demineralization Lesions in the Injured Marrow: Efficacy and Tolerability of Administration Early and Repeated the Zoledronic Acid. Comparative Study, Prospective, Double-blind Controlled [NCT01802658]Phase 312 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Terminated(stopped due to Recruiting Difficulty)
A Phase II, Randomised, Open-Label, Pilot Study to Evaluate the Safety and Effects on Bone Resorption of AZD0530 in Patients With Prostate Cancer or Breast Cancer With Metastatic Bone Disease. [NCT00558272]Phase 2139 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
Prevention of Bone Loss After Acute SCI by Zoledronic Acid: Durability, Effect on Bone Strength, and Use of Biomarkers to Guide Therapy [NCT02325414]Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-28Completed
A Phase I Study of Bevacizumab With Bolus and Metronomic Cyclophosphamide and Zoledronic Acid in Children With Recurrent or Refractory Neuroblastoma [NCT00885326]Phase 129 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-12-31Completed
Multicenter, Open-label, Exploratory Phase I Pilot Study to Investigate Safety, Pharmacodynamics, and Pharmacokinetics of Immunological Effects and Activity of Combining Multiple Doses of IMAB362 With Immunomodulation (Zoledronic Acid, Interleukin-2) in P [NCT01671774]Phase 132 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-16Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter Study of Denosumab Compared With Zoledronic Acid (Zometa) in the Treatment of Bone Metastases in Subjects With Advanced Cancer (Excluding Breast and Prostate Cancer) or Multiple Myeloma. [NCT00330759]Phase 31,779 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-06-01Completed
A Prospective, Multicenter, Non-comparative, Open-label, Phase II Study to Evaluate the Effects of the Combination of Bortezomib/Dexamethasone/Zoledronic Acid on Bone Mineral Density, Bone Metabolism, Radiographically-detected Osteolytic Bone Lesions, Ske [NCT00972959]Phase 217 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-07-31Completed
Efficacy of a Single Infusion of Zoledronic Acid to Mitigate the Rebound Effect of Rapid Bone Loss Following Denosumab Treatment Discontinuation [NCT05405894]20 participants (Anticipated)Observational2022-09-01Recruiting
Zoledronic Acid as Adjuvant Therapy in Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration (The Z-AMD Study): A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study [NCT04304755]Phase 240 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-10-25Active, not recruiting
Effect of Zoledronic Acid on Femoral Bone Loss Following Total Hip Arthroplasty [NCT01267279]Phase 451 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-01-31Completed
A Pilot Phase 2 Study of Bisphosphonate Therapy (Zoledronic Acid) in Patients With Advanced Malignant Mesothelioma [NCT01204203]Phase 28 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-30Completed
A Randomized, Phase III Study of Standard Dosing Versus Longer Dosing Interval of Zoledronic Acid in Metastatic Cancer [NCT00869206]Phase 31,822 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-03-31Completed
A Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase III Study of Early Versus Standard Zoledronic Acid to Prevent Skeletal Related Events in Men With Prostate Cancer Metastatic to Bone [NCT00079001]Phase 3645 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-01-31Completed
A Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial Testing The Effect of Zoledronic Acid on Hip Osteoarthritis [NCT04303026]Phase 370 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-03-02Recruiting
Management of Osteoporosis in Patients With Primary Hyperparathyroidism [NCT04085419]Phase 440 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-05-08Enrolling by invitation
Pilot Study to Evaluate the Effect of Zoledronic Acid (Zometa) on Occult Malignant Bone Marrow Cells in Patients With High Risk Early Stage Breast Cancer [NCT00295867]Phase 245 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-11-03Completed
Phase II Study of Zometa (Zoledronic Acid) to Prevent Osteoporosis in Patients With Brain Tumors [NCT00301873]Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
Denosumab Versus Zoledronic Acid for Patients With Beta-Thalassemia Major-Induced Osteoporosis [NCT03040765]Phase 317 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-05-14Terminated(stopped due to failed to recruit eligible subjects)
A Randomized Controlled Study of Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy of FOLFOX With or Without Zoledronic Acid for the Prevention of Bone Metastases in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Staged at BCLC C [NCT05866172]Phase 3264 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-05-10Recruiting
Open Label Dose Escalation Phase I Study to Investigate the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of T121E01Fand T121E02F in Healthy Postmenopausal Women [NCT01721993]Phase 171 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
Study of Efficacy of Zoledronic Acid in the Management of Osteoporosis in Children With Multiple Disabilities [NCT03301285]60 participants (Actual)Observational2017-01-01Completed
Comparative Effect of Zoledronic Acid Versus Denosumab on Serum Sclerostin Levels of Postmenopausal Women With Low Bone Mass: A Multicenter, Randomized, Head-to-head Clinical Trial [NCT01572545]91 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-04-30Completed
Anti-Osteoclast Therapy as Neoadjuvant in Treatment of Chondrosarcoma - Phase 1b Trial [NCT03173976]Phase 120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-07-18Recruiting
Bone Metabolic Markers, TRAP, and Zometa's Effect on Bone Metastasis Due to Lung Cancer [NCT00265200]Phase 228 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-02-28Terminated(stopped due to funding discontinued by sponsor)
Evaluation of Efficacy of Zoledronic Acid in Patients With Haemoglobin Syndromes (Thalassemia and Sicle Cell Anaemia) and Risk of Skeletal Events [NCT00346242]Phase 460 participants Interventional2004-03-31Completed
FES-Rowing Versus Zoledronic Acid to Improve Bone Health in SCI: A Comparative Clinical Trial [NCT01426555]Phase 2/Phase 370 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-02-28Terminated(stopped due to Incomplete data set & analysis)
A Phase I Study of 1,25 Dihydroxy-Vitamin D3 (Calcitriol) in Patients With Prostate Cancer [NCT00004928]Phase 10 participants Interventional1999-10-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Zoledronate (4 and 8 mg) Administered Intravenously as an Adjuvant to Anticancer Therapy to Patients With Any Cancer With Bone Metastases Other Than B [NCT00003884]Phase 3600 participants (Anticipated)Interventional1998-08-31Completed
DCA114273: A Study Comparing Denosumab With Zoledronic Acid in Subjects of Asian Ancestry With Bone Metastases From Solid Tumors [NCT01920568]Phase 3487 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Completed
Replication of the HORIZON Pivotal Fracture Trial in Healthcare Claims Data [NCT04736693]18,028 participants (Actual)Observational2020-09-22Completed
Tamoxifen Versus Anastrozole, Alone or in Combination With Zoledronic Acid, in Premenopausal, Hormone Receptor-positive Breast Cancer Patients (Stage I, II) [NCT00295646]Phase 31,803 participants (Actual)Interventional1999-06-30Completed
A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Phase III Trial Evaluating Zoledronate Plus Standard Therapy Versus Placebo Plus Standard Therapy in Patients With Recurrent Carcinoma of the Prostate Who Are Asymptomatic With Castrate Levels of Testosterone a [NCT00005073]Phase 3544 participants (Actual)Interventional1999-09-30Terminated
Efficacy and Tolerability of Intravenous Zoledronic Acid 4mg as an Adjunct to Standard Therapies Including Conversion From Pamidronate in Breast Cancer Patients With Metastatic Bone Lesions. A Prospective, Randomised, Open-label, Clinical Study [NCT00372710]Phase 330 participants Interventional2002-08-31Terminated
Randomized Phase II Study of Zoledronic Acid vs Observation on Bone Mineral Density and Incidence of Micrometastasis in Women Undergoing Pelvic Radiation for Cervical Cancer [NCT00966992]Phase 23 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-08-31Terminated(stopped due to Lack of enrollment)
Effects of Zoledronic Acid Versus Alendronate on Bone Loss After Kidney and Kidney/Pancreas Transplant [NCT00580047]59 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-12-01Completed
Examination of Bone Metabolism and Bone Mineral Density by Zoledronic Acid in Primary and Secondary Osteoporosis [NCT03183557]Phase 2100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-10-12Recruiting
A Exploratory Study of Vγ2Vδ2 T Lymphocyte-based Immunotherapy for MDR-TB [NCT05493267]Phase 430 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-08-03Recruiting
A Multicenter, Single-arm, Phase II Study to Evaluate the Activity of Pre-operative Zoledronate in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Patients, According to p53 Level [NCT02347163]Phase 222 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-03Terminated(stopped due to The study stopped prematurely due to the low accrual rate)
Attending Physician of Shenzhen People's Hospital [NCT05106517]Phase 2/Phase 3122 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-09-08Recruiting
An Open Label Phase II Trial of Zoledronic Acid, Pravastatin, and Lonafarnib for Patients With Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome(HGPS) and Progeroid Laminopathies [NCT00916747]Phase 285 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-08-31Active, not recruiting
Program of Continuous Passive Motion Exercises Against Heterotopic Ossification [NCT05906056]20 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-05-12Recruiting
Collaboration to Improve Bone Health [NCT05904353]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-06-30Recruiting
Denosumab and Teriparatide Study (DATA-HD and DATA-EX) [NCT02176382]Phase 476 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-08-31Completed
The Effect of Treatment With Teriparatide and Zoledronic Acid in Patients With Osteogenesis Imperfecta [NCT01679080]Phase 29 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Terminated(stopped due to Eli Lilly has withdrawn support to the study of teriparatide and placebo pens. The study was not able to continue as a randomized study without the supply of placebo pens.)
TCR-αβ+ and CD19+ Depleted KIR/KIR Ligand-mismatched Haploidentical Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant and Zoledronate for Pediatric Relapsed/Refractory Hematologic Malignancies and High Risk Solid Tumors [NCT02508038]Phase 122 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-02-12Recruiting
A Pilot Study of the Impact of a Single Dose of Zoledronic Acid on Biomarkers in Breast Cancer [NCT01409811]9 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-14Terminated(stopped due to Study closed after it became too difficult to interest patients in participating.)
Phase III Randomized Trial of Thalidomide/Dexamethasone vs VAD as Induction Chemotherapy for Newly Diagnosed Myeloma Patients and Evaluation of the Effects of Zoledronate on Chemotherapy Induced Apoptosis and Antigen Presentation. [NCT00215943]Phase 390 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-06-30Terminated(stopped due to Poor accrual, changes in management of newly diagnosed myeloma patients, new drugs/more effective regimens.)
Overcoming Chemotherapy Resistance In Refractory Multiple Myeloma With Simvastatin and Zoledronic Acid [NCT01772719]7 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-08-31Terminated(stopped due to Principal Investigator left institution-study not continued)
A Prospective and Randomized Trial of Zoledronic Acid to Prevent Bone Loss in the First Year After Kidney Transplantation [NCT01675089]Phase 434 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-31Completed
A Randomized Phase II Study Of Bone-Targeted Therapy In Advanced Androgen-Dependent Prostate Cancer [NCT00081159]Phase 280 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-07-31Completed
Efficacy of 4 mg Zoledronic Acid Plus Colaren vs 4mg Zoledronic Acid + Conventional Treatment for Secondary Osteoporosis in HIV Positive and Negative Men [NCT03930992]Phase 330 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-04-17Completed
Zoledronic Acid Combined Radiotherapy for Bone Metastasis of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: A Non-inferiority, Randomized, Open, Parallel and Controlled Prospective Clinical Study [NCT02480634]Phase 4280 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-06-30Not yet recruiting
Zoledronic Acid or Methylprednisolone in the Management of Active Charcot's Neuroarthropathy of Foot in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled Trial [NCT03289338]Phase 2/Phase 336 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-06-01Completed
Treatment With Zoledronate Subsequent to Denosumab in Osteoporosis 2 [NCT05655013]Phase 4200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-05-10Recruiting
A Randomized Double-blind Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Denosumab Compared With Zoledronic Acid in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis Previously Treated With Oral Bisphosphonates [NCT01732770]Phase 4643 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-07Completed
The Optimal Sequential Therapy After Long Term Denosumab Treatment [NCT05091099]Phase 444 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-11-20Recruiting
Denosumab vs Zoledronate Efficacy in Osteopenic Patients With Lumbar Degenerative Disease After Lumbar Fusion Surgery [NCT05638399]Phase 3100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-01-15Recruiting
Solitary Plasmacytoma of Bone: Randomized Phase III Trial to Evaluate Treatment With Adjuvant Systemic Treatment and Zoledronic Acid Versus Zoledronic Acid After Definite Radiation Therapy [NCT02516423]Phase 311 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-12-31Active, not recruiting
The Efficacy of Zoledronic Acid in the Prevention of Bone Loss in Acute Spinal Cord Injury [NCT02042872]Phase 421 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
Trial of Zoledronic Acid to Prevent Bone Loss in Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients [NCT02451462]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Logistics)
Sustaining Skeletal Health in Frail Elderly [NCT02753283]Phase 4201 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-06-30Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00050011 (8) [back to overview]Time to Disease Recurrence/Relapse
NCT00050011 (8) [back to overview]Incidence Rate of All Clinical Fractures
NCT00050011 (8) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine (L1-L4) Bone Mineral Density (BMD)
NCT00050011 (8) [back to overview]Rate of Change From Baseline in Total Hip BMD
NCT00050011 (8) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Total Hip BMD
NCT00050011 (8) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine (L1-L4) BMD
NCT00050011 (8) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover, Serum N-Telopeptide (sNTX) and Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BSAP)
NCT00050011 (8) [back to overview]Rate of Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine (L1-L4) BMD
NCT00051636 (11) [back to overview]Relative Change in Urine Alpha C-telopeptide (α-CTx) in ug/mmol at Day 10
NCT00051636 (11) [back to overview]Time to First Therapeutic Response
NCT00051636 (11) [back to overview]Change in Pain Interference Score
NCT00051636 (11) [back to overview]Change in Pain Severity Score
NCT00051636 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Disease Relapse During the Extended Observation Period
NCT00051636 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Loss of Therapeutic Response During the Extended Observation Period
NCT00051636 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Partial Disease Relapse During the Extended Observation Period
NCT00051636 (11) [back to overview]Number of Patients Who Achieve Therapeutic Response at 6 Months.
NCT00051636 (11) [back to overview]Number of Patients Who Achieved Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Normalization at Day 28 Relative to Baseline
NCT00051636 (11) [back to overview]Relative Change in Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (SAP) in Units Per Liter (U/L) at Day 28
NCT00051636 (11) [back to overview]Relative Change in Serum C-telopeptide (CTx) in ng/mL at Day 10
NCT00079001 (3) [back to overview]Time to First Skeletal Related Event
NCT00079001 (3) [back to overview]Progression-free Survival
NCT00079001 (3) [back to overview]Overall Survival
NCT00081159 (3) [back to overview]Major Bone Scan Response
NCT00081159 (3) [back to overview]Overall Survival (OS)
NCT00081159 (3) [back to overview]Progression Free Survival (PFS)
NCT00103740 (11) [back to overview]Number of Patients Who Had Therapeutic Response at 6 Months
NCT00103740 (11) [back to overview]Number of Patients Who Achieved Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Normalization at Day 28
NCT00103740 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Partial Disease Relapse During the Extended Observation Period
NCT00103740 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Loss of Therapeutic Response During the Extended Observation Period
NCT00103740 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Disease Relapse During the Extended Observation Period
NCT00103740 (11) [back to overview]Relative Change in Serum C-telopeptide (CTx) in ng/mL at Day 10
NCT00103740 (11) [back to overview]Change in Pain Interference at Day 182
NCT00103740 (11) [back to overview]Change in Pain Severity at Day 182
NCT00103740 (11) [back to overview]Relative Change in Serum Alkaline Phosphatase in U/L at Day 28
NCT00103740 (11) [back to overview]Time to First Therapeutic Response
NCT00103740 (11) [back to overview]Relative Change in Urine α-CTx in ug/mmol at Day 10
NCT00104104 (5) [back to overview]Time to First Significant Increase in Serum Creatinine
NCT00104104 (5) [back to overview]The Number of Participants With Disease Progression
NCT00104104 (5) [back to overview]Zoledronic Acid Concentrations
NCT00104104 (5) [back to overview]The Number of Participants With a Significant Increase in Serum Creatinine at 24 Months
NCT00104104 (5) [back to overview]The Number of Participants With a Significant Increase in Serum Creatinine at 12 Months
NCT00127205 (4) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Gr 3 Through 5 Adverse Events That Are Related to Study Drugs
NCT00127205 (4) [back to overview]Disease-free Survival
NCT00127205 (4) [back to overview]Overall Survival
NCT00127205 (4) [back to overview]Distributions of Sites of First Recurrence on the Three Arms.
NCT00132808 (6) [back to overview]Biochemical Marker of Bone Resorption: Serum Beta C-telopeptides (b-CTx), by Stratum
NCT00132808 (6) [back to overview]Percentage Change in Femoral Neck BMD at Month 24 Relative to Baseline, by Stratum.
NCT00132808 (6) [back to overview]Biochemical Marker of Bone Formation: Bone Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (BSAP), by Stratum
NCT00132808 (6) [back to overview]Biochemical Marker of Bone Formation: Serum N-terminal Propeptide of Type 1 Collagen (P1NP), by Stratum
NCT00132808 (6) [back to overview]Percentage Change in Total Hip BMD at Month 24 Relative to Baseline, by Stratum.
NCT00132808 (6) [back to overview]Percentage Change in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Month 24 Relative to Baseline, by Stratum
NCT00145327 (16) [back to overview]Change in Serum Creatinine From Baseline to 9-11 Days Post Year 4 Infusion
NCT00145327 (16) [back to overview]Change in Serum Creatinine From Baseline to 9-11 Days Post Year 5 Infusion
NCT00145327 (16) [back to overview]Percentage Change in BMD of Distal Radius at Year 4.5 Relative to Year 3
NCT00145327 (16) [back to overview]Percentage Change in BMD of Distal Radius at Year 6 Relative to Year 3
NCT00145327 (16) [back to overview]Percentage Change in BMD of Femoral Neck, Total Hip and Trochanter at Year 4.5 Relative to Year 3
NCT00145327 (16) [back to overview]Percentage Change in BMD of Lumbar Spine at Year 4.5 Relative to Year 3
NCT00145327 (16) [back to overview]Percentage Change in BMD of Lumbar Spine at Year 6 Relative to Year 3
NCT00145327 (16) [back to overview]Percentage Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of Femoral Neck at Year 6 Relative to Year 3
NCT00145327 (16) [back to overview]Percentage Change in BMD of Femoral Neck, Total Hip and Trochanter at Year 6 Relative to Year 3
NCT00145327 (16) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With New and New/Worsening Morphometric Vertebral Fractures
NCT00145327 (16) [back to overview]Qualitative Bone Biopsy Parameters
NCT00145327 (16) [back to overview]Bone Resorption and Formation Biochemical Markers at Year 4.5: P1NP
NCT00145327 (16) [back to overview]The Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Laboratory Parameters
NCT00145327 (16) [back to overview]Bone Resorption and Formation Biochemical Markers at Year 6: P1NP
NCT00145327 (16) [back to overview]Change in Serum Creatinine From Baseline to 9-11 Days Post Year 3 Infusion
NCT00145327 (16) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Incidence of Clinical Fracture
NCT00171314 (5) [back to overview]Percent Change in Total Hip BMD at Year 1, Year 2, Year 3, Year 4 and Year 5
NCT00171314 (5) [back to overview]Percent Change in Lumbar Spine (L2-L4) BMD at 2 Years, 3 Years, 4 Years and 5 Years
NCT00171314 (5) [back to overview]Percent Change in Lumbar Spine (L1-L4) BMD at Year 1, Year 2, Year 3, Year 4 and Year 5
NCT00171314 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Radiological (Vertebra) Fractures Which Were Not Present at Baseline But Were Present at Year 3
NCT00171314 (5) [back to overview]Percent Change in Lumbar Spine (L2-L4) BMD After 12 Months of Letrozole Therapy
NCT00171340 (5) [back to overview]Percentage Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of the Lumbar Spine (L2-L4) at 12 Months of Therapy.
NCT00171340 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Clinical Fractures at 3 Years of Therapy Which Were Not Present at Baseline
NCT00171340 (5) [back to overview]Percentage Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD)of the Lumbar Spine (L1-L4) Over 5 Years of Therapy.
NCT00171340 (5) [back to overview]Percentage Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of the Total Hip at 12 Months, 2 Years, 3 Years, 4 Years and 5 Years After Therapy.
NCT00171340 (5) [back to overview]Percentage Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of the Lumbar Spine (L2-L4) at 2, 3, 4 and 5 Years of Therapy.
NCT00171925 (3) [back to overview]The Number of Participants With the Development of Skeletal Complications
NCT00171925 (3) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Progression by Individual Criteria
NCT00171925 (3) [back to overview]Days of Progression Free Survival
NCT00172042 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Progression-Free Survival Events
NCT00172042 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Skeletal Related Events (SREs) at 12 and 24 Months From Study Entry
NCT00172042 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Bone Metastases at 6, 12, 18, and 24 Months
NCT00172042 (8) [back to overview]Kaplan-Meier Estimates for Overall Survival
NCT00172042 (8) [back to overview]Kaplan-Meier Estimate of the Time to Occurrence of Bone Metastases
NCT00172042 (8) [back to overview]Progression-Free Survival
NCT00172042 (8) [back to overview]Kaplan-Meier Estimates of the Time to the First Skeletal Related Event (SRE)
NCT00172042 (8) [back to overview]Kaplan-Meier Estimates for Progression-free Survival
NCT00213980 (3) [back to overview]Overall Survival
NCT00213980 (3) [back to overview]Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) From Baseline to 1 Year
NCT00213980 (3) [back to overview]Clinical Toxicity of ZA
NCT00215943 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Progression Free Survival (PFS), by Treatment Arm
NCT00215943 (4) [back to overview]Response Rates of VAD vs. Thalidomide/Dexamethasone
NCT00215943 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events, by Group
NCT00215943 (4) [back to overview]Overall Survival (OS), by Treatment Arm
NCT00242567 (5) [back to overview]Time to Occurrence of Skeletal Related Event or Death
NCT00242567 (5) [back to overview]Overall Survival at 18 Months and 3 Years
NCT00242567 (5) [back to overview]Skeletal-related Event-free Survival in Men With Bone Metastases From Prostate Cancer
NCT00242567 (5) [back to overview]Time to Occurrence of Skeletal Related Event or Death
NCT00242567 (5) [back to overview]Skeletal-related Event(SRE)-Free Survival
NCT00265200 (1) [back to overview]Average Percent Change From Baseline in TRAP Levels at 2 Weeks
NCT00295867 (2) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Incidences of Distant Recurrence
NCT00295867 (2) [back to overview]Response of Bone Marrow Micrometastases
NCT00297830 (3) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at 12 Months
NCT00297830 (3) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Total Hip Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at 12 Months
NCT00297830 (3) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at 12 Months
NCT00301873 (3) [back to overview]Mean Change in Bone Mass Density (BMD)
NCT00301873 (3) [back to overview]Percent of Patients With Change in Combined Bone Mass Density T-score <= -0.5.
NCT00301873 (3) [back to overview]Skeletal-related Complications
NCT00305695 (4) [back to overview]Bone Mineral Density of the Lumbar Spine as Measured by Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) Scan at 18 Months
NCT00305695 (4) [back to overview]Bone Mineral Density of the Lumbar Spine as Measured by Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) Scan at 9 Months
NCT00305695 (4) [back to overview]Bone Mineral Density of the Total Hip as Measured by DEXA Scan on Left Hip
NCT00305695 (4) [back to overview]Bone Mineral Density of the Total Hip as Measured by DEXA Scan on Right Hip
NCT00320710 (8) [back to overview]Time to First Individual Type of SRE
NCT00320710 (8) [back to overview]Time to First SRE
NCT00320710 (8) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Analgesic Score
NCT00320710 (8) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Composite Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) Score
NCT00320710 (8) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Serum Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase
NCT00320710 (8) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Urinary N-telopeptide / Creatinine Ratio
NCT00320710 (8) [back to overview]Proportion of Patients Who Experienced at Least One Skeletal Related Event (SRE)
NCT00320710 (8) [back to overview]Skeletal Morbidity Rate
NCT00321464 (3) [back to overview]Time to First and Subsequent On-Study Skeletal-Related Event
NCT00321464 (3) [back to overview]Time to First On-Study Skeletal Related Event (SRE) (Non-inferiority)
NCT00321464 (3) [back to overview]Time to First On-Study Skeletal-Related Event (Superiority)
NCT00321620 (3) [back to overview]Time to the First On-Study SRE (Non-inferiority)
NCT00321620 (3) [back to overview]Time to the First On-Study SRE (Superiority)
NCT00321620 (3) [back to overview]Time to the First-And-Subsequent On-Study SRE
NCT00321932 (9) [back to overview]Mean Change in Urinary N-terminal Telopeptide
NCT00321932 (9) [back to overview]Mean Change in Bone Mineral Density
NCT00321932 (9) [back to overview]Mean Change in Thyroid Function Test 4
NCT00321932 (9) [back to overview]Mean Change in Serum Osteocalcin
NCT00321932 (9) [back to overview]Mean Change in Total Testosterone
NCT00321932 (9) [back to overview]Mean Change in Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
NCT00321932 (9) [back to overview]Mean Change in Luteinizing Hormone
NCT00321932 (9) [back to overview]Mean Change in Ultrasensitive Estradiol
NCT00321932 (9) [back to overview]Mean Change in Serum Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphate
NCT00329797 (3) [back to overview]Changes in the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) at 3 Years
NCT00329797 (3) [back to overview]Percent Change in Bone Mineral Density at 3 Years
NCT00329797 (3) [back to overview]Freedom From Any Bone Fracture (FABF) Rate at Three Years
NCT00330759 (3) [back to overview]Time to First On-Study Skeletal-Related Event (Superiority)
NCT00330759 (3) [back to overview]Time to the First On-Study Skeletal-Related Event (Non-Inferiority)
NCT00330759 (3) [back to overview]Time to the First-and-Subsequent On-Study Skeletal-Related Event
NCT00332709 (8) [back to overview]Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) From Baseline to Month 36
NCT00332709 (8) [back to overview]Change in Z-Score From Baseline to Month 12
NCT00332709 (8) [back to overview]Change in Z Score From Baseline to Month 36
NCT00332709 (8) [back to overview]Change in T-score From Baseline to Month 36
NCT00332709 (8) [back to overview]Change in Bone Mineral Density From Baseline to 12 Months
NCT00332709 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Any Kind of Fractures, by Visit.
NCT00332709 (8) [back to overview]Percent Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) From Baseline to Month 36
NCT00332709 (8) [back to overview]Change in T-Score From Baseline to Month 12
NCT00352846 (1) [back to overview]Percentage Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) T-Score From Baseline to 12 Months
NCT00361595 (4) [back to overview]Change in Lumbar Spine BMD (Bone Mineral Density) in g/cm^2 From Baseline to Month 12 Relative to Baseline as Measured by DXA (Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry)
NCT00361595 (4) [back to overview]Change in Bone Density (Grams/cm^2) at the Total Hip at 6 and 12 Months
NCT00361595 (4) [back to overview]Change in Serum N-propeptide Type 1 Collagen (P1NP) (at Day 10 and Months 2, 6, 9 and 12)
NCT00361595 (4) [back to overview]Change in Serum C-telopeptide Type 1 Collagen (CTX) (at Day 10 and Months 2, 6, 9 and 12)
NCT00365105 (6) [back to overview]Change in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) at One Year
NCT00365105 (6) [back to overview]Overall Survival
NCT00365105 (6) [back to overview]Time to Development of a Malignant Skeletal-related Events (SRE)
NCT00365105 (6) [back to overview]Change in EuroQol-5 Dimension 3-level (EQ-5D-3L) at One Year
NCT00365105 (6) [back to overview]Change in Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - General (FACT-G) at One Year
NCT00365105 (6) [back to overview]Number of Patients Experiencing a Skeletal-related Event (SRE) Within One Year
NCT00375427 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Skeletal Related Event (SRE) Free
NCT00375427 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Experiencing Skeletal Related Event(s) (SREs)
NCT00375427 (9) [back to overview]Evaluation of Pain According to Verbal Rating Scale (VRS) Based on Median Score Value
NCT00375427 (9) [back to overview]Composite Bone Pain Score According to the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) Questionnaire
NCT00375427 (9) [back to overview]Assessment of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Score
NCT00375427 (9) [back to overview]Annual Incidence of Any Skeletal Related Events (SREs)
NCT00375427 (9) [back to overview]Median Time to First Skeletal Related Event(s) (SRE)
NCT00375427 (9) [back to overview]Annual Overall Skeletal Morbidity Rate (SMR)
NCT00375427 (9) [back to overview]Use Of Analgesic Medications According to the Analgesic Score Scale
NCT00375505 (19) [back to overview]Percentage Change in Bone Mineral Density for Femoral Neck (Right and Left Side) From Baseline to Month 24
NCT00375505 (19) [back to overview]Change in Inhibin A and Inhibin B From Baseline to Month 24
NCT00375505 (19) [back to overview]Change in Bone Mineral Density Phalanges II, III, IV, and V From Baseline to Month 24 or Last Visit as Measured by Amplitude-dependent Speed of Sound (ADSOS)
NCT00375505 (19) [back to overview]Change in Bone Mineral Density Os Calcis (Right and Left Side) From Baseline to Month 24 as Measured by Speed of Sound (SOS)
NCT00375505 (19) [back to overview]Change in Bone Mineral Density Os Calcis (Right and Left Side) From Baseline to Month 24 as Measured by Broadband Ultrasound Attenuation (BUA)
NCT00375505 (19) [back to overview]Percent Change in Bone Mineral Density for L2-L4 From Baseline to Month 24 or Last Visit
NCT00375505 (19) [back to overview]Change in Vitamine D From Baseline to Month 24
NCT00375505 (19) [back to overview]Change in Aminoterminal Propeptide on Type I Procollagen (P1NP) From Baseline to Month 24
NCT00375505 (19) [back to overview]Change in Testosterone From Baseline to Month 24
NCT00375505 (19) [back to overview]Change in Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) From Baseline to Month 24
NCT00375505 (19) [back to overview]Change in Anti-Mueller Hormone (AMH) From Baseline to Month 24
NCT00375505 (19) [back to overview]Change in Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHGB) From Baseline to Month 24
NCT00375505 (19) [back to overview]Change in Serum CTX-carboxy-terminal Collagen Crosslinks From Baseline to Month 24
NCT00375505 (19) [back to overview]Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Lumbar Spine (L2-L4) From Baseline to Month 24 or Last Visit Measure by Z-score
NCT00375505 (19) [back to overview]Change in Estradiol (E2) From Baseline to Month 24
NCT00375505 (19) [back to overview]Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Lumbar Spine (L2-L4) From Baseline to Month 24 or Last Visit Measure by T-score
NCT00375505 (19) [back to overview]Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Measured by Dual (Energy) X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) at Lumbar Spine (L2-L4) From Baseline to Month 24
NCT00375505 (19) [back to overview]Change in Follicle- Stimulating Hormone (FSH) From Baseline to Month 24
NCT00375505 (19) [back to overview]Percentage Change in Bone Mineral Density for Total Femoral Neck (Right and Left Side) From Baseline to Month 24
NCT00404820 (7) [back to overview]Change of Cross-linked N-telopeptide of Type I Collagen (NTx) Level Assessed as Standardized Area Under the Curve From Screening to Month 12 in the Intent-to-Treat Population
NCT00404820 (7) [back to overview]Change of Cross-linked N-telopeptide of Type I Collagen (NTx) Level Assessed as Standardized Area Under the Curve From Screening to Month 12 in the Per Protocol Population
NCT00404820 (7) [back to overview]Change of Procollagen Type I Nitrogenous Propeptide (P1NP) Level Assessed as Standardized Area Under the Curve From Screening to Month 12
NCT00404820 (7) [back to overview]Change in Body Height From Baseline to Month 12
NCT00404820 (7) [back to overview]Number of Patients With a Clinical Fracture From Baseline to Month 12
NCT00404820 (7) [back to overview]Therapy Preference at End of Study (Month 12)
NCT00404820 (7) [back to overview]Change in the Qualeffo-41 Quality of Life (QoL) Questionnaire Score From Baseline to Month 12
NCT00431444 (10) [back to overview]Overall Principal Investigator Satisfaction Assessed by Satisfaction Questionnaire
NCT00431444 (10) [back to overview]Patient Preference at 6 Months for Annual i.v Therapy or Daily Oral Regimens
NCT00431444 (10) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Serum Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BSAP) at 6 Months
NCT00431444 (10) [back to overview]Overall Nurse Satisfaction Assessed by Satisfaction Questionnaire
NCT00431444 (10) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Serum Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BSAP) at 2 Months
NCT00431444 (10) [back to overview]Overall Patient Satisfaction Assessed by Satisfaction Questionnaire
NCT00431444 (10) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Urine NTx at 4 Months
NCT00431444 (10) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Urine NTx at 2 Months
NCT00431444 (10) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Urine N-telopeptide of Type 1 Collagen (NTx.)
NCT00431444 (10) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Serum Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BSAP) at 4 Months
NCT00432458 (6) [back to overview]12-month Progression-free Survival (PFS)
NCT00432458 (6) [back to overview]Duration of Response (Complete Response, Partial Response, and Very Good Partial Response)
NCT00432458 (6) [back to overview]Time to Disease Progression (TTP)
NCT00432458 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Severe (Grade 3, 4 or 5) Adverse Events
NCT00432458 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Confirmed Response (Complete Response [CR], Very Good Partial Response [VGPR] or Partial Response [PR]) on Two Consecutive Evaluations at Least 2 Weeks Apart in the First 12 Months of Treatment
NCT00432458 (6) [back to overview]Time to Treatment Failure
NCT00436917 (11) [back to overview]Average Intra-patient Change in Total Lumbar Spine (L1 to L4) Bone Mineral Density (BMD)
NCT00436917 (11) [back to overview]Average Intra-patient Change in Total Lumbar Spine (L1 to L4) Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Year 2 Post Study Entry
NCT00436917 (11) [back to overview]Average Intra-patient Change in Total Lumbar Spine (L1 to L4) Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Year 3 Post Study Entry
NCT00436917 (11) [back to overview]Average Intra-patient Change in Total Lumbar Spine (L1 to L4) Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Year 4 Post Study Entry
NCT00436917 (11) [back to overview]Average Intra-patient Change in Total Lumbar Spine (L1 to L4) Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Year 5 Post Study Entry
NCT00436917 (11) [back to overview]Maximum-Grade Toxicity Incidence at Least Possibly Related to Study Medications
NCT00436917 (11) [back to overview]Average Intra-patient Change in Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Year 5 Post Study Entry
NCT00436917 (11) [back to overview]Average Intra-patient Change in Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Year 1 Post Study Entry
NCT00436917 (11) [back to overview]Average Intra-patient Change in Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Year 2 Post Study Entry
NCT00436917 (11) [back to overview]Average Intra-patient Change in Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Year 3 Post Study Entry
NCT00436917 (11) [back to overview]Average Intra-patient Change in Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Year 4 Post Study Entry
NCT00439244 (5) [back to overview]Bone Resorption and Formation Biochemical Markers : Beta C-terminal Telopeptides of Type I Collagen (β-CTx)
NCT00439244 (5) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Total Hip Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Week 13, Week 26 and Week 52
NCT00439244 (5) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Week 13 and Week 26
NCT00439244 (5) [back to overview]Bone Resorption and Formation Biochemical Markers : N-terminal Propeptide of Type I Collagen (P1NP)
NCT00439244 (5) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Week 52
NCT00439647 (14) [back to overview]Number of Participants With First Clinical Vertebral Fracture
NCT00439647 (14) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Total Hip BMD (g/CM^2)
NCT00439647 (14) [back to overview]Number of Participants With First Clinical Fracture
NCT00439647 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With at Least One New Morphometric Vertebral Fracture Over 12 Months
NCT00439647 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With at Least One New Moderate or Severe Morphometric Vertebral Fracture Over 24 Months
NCT00439647 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With at Least One New Morphometric Vertebral Fracture Over 24 Months
NCT00439647 (14) [back to overview]Number of Participants With First Non-vertebral Fracture
NCT00439647 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With at Least One New or Worsening Morphometric Vertebral Fracture Over 12 Months
NCT00439647 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With at Least One New or Worsening Morphometric Vertebral Fracture Over 24 Months
NCT00439647 (14) [back to overview]Mean Change in Height From Baseline
NCT00439647 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With at Least One New Moderate or Severe Morphometric Vertebral Fracture Over 12 Months
NCT00439647 (14) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Femoral Neck BMD (g/CM^2)
NCT00439647 (14) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine Bone Mass Density (BMD)
NCT00439647 (14) [back to overview]Serum Beta C-terminal Telopeptides of Type I Collagen(b-CTx) by Visits
NCT00490698 (1) [back to overview]Median Time to First Skeletal-related Event
NCT00556374 (9) [back to overview]Disease-free Survival (DFS)
NCT00556374 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With New or Worsening Vertebral Fractures
NCT00556374 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With New Vertebral Fractures
NCT00556374 (9) [back to overview]Overall Survival (OS)
NCT00556374 (9) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Femoral Neck BMD at Month 36 at Pre-selected Sites
NCT00556374 (9) [back to overview]Time to First Clinical Fracture
NCT00556374 (9) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Total Hip BMD at Month 36 at Pre-selected Sites
NCT00556374 (9) [back to overview]Bone Metastases-free Survival (BMFS)
NCT00556374 (9) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Total Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Month 36 at Pre-selected Sites
NCT00558012 (1) [back to overview]Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of the Total Hip and Spine
NCT00558272 (17) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Serum Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase (bALP) at Week 4
NCT00558272 (17) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Serum Beta C-terminal Cross-linking Telopeptide of Type I Collagen (betaCTX) at Week 4
NCT00558272 (17) [back to overview]N-desmethyl Metabolite of Saracatinib: Time to Cssmax (Tmax)
NCT00558272 (17) [back to overview]N-desmethyl Metabolite of Saracatinib: Minimum Plasma Concentration at Steady State (Css,Min)
NCT00558272 (17) [back to overview]N-desmethyl Metabolite of Saracatinib: Maximum Plasma Concentration at Steady State (Css,Max)
NCT00558272 (17) [back to overview]N-desmethyl Metabolite of Saracatinib: AUCss Metabolite to Parent Ratio
NCT00558272 (17) [back to overview]N-desmethyl Metabolite of Saracatinib: Area Under the Curve at Steady State (AUCss)
NCT00558272 (17) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Urine N-terminal Cross-linking Telopeptide of Type I Collagen Normalised to Creatinine (NTx/Cr) at Week 4
NCT00558272 (17) [back to overview]Saracatinib: Time to Cssmax (Tmax)
NCT00558272 (17) [back to overview]Saracatinib: Minimum Plasma Concentration at Steady State (Css,Min)
NCT00558272 (17) [back to overview]Saracatinib: Maximum Plasma Concentration at Steady State (Css,Max)
NCT00558272 (17) [back to overview]Saracatinib: Area Under the Curve at Steady State (AUCss)
NCT00558272 (17) [back to overview]Saracatinib: Plasma Clearance at Steady State (CLss/F)
NCT00558272 (17) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Urine Alpha-alpha C-terminal Cross-linking Telopeptide of Type I Collagen Normalised to Creatinine (aaCTx/Cr) at Week 4
NCT00558272 (17) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Serum Tartrate-resistant Acid Phosphatase 5b (TRAP5b) at Week 4
NCT00558272 (17) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Serum N-terminal Propeptide of Type I Procollagen (PINP) at Week 4
NCT00558272 (17) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Serum Cross-linked C-terminal Telopeptide of Type I Collagen (ICTP) at Week 4
NCT00566618 (2) [back to overview]Objective Response in Bone From Time of Initiation of Therapy to > 6 Months
NCT00566618 (2) [back to overview]Phase I - Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) and Recommended Phase II Dose (RP2D) for Dasatinib in Combination With Zoledronic Acid
NCT00580047 (2) [back to overview]Compliance With Zoledronic Acid, Alendronate and/or Calcium/Vitamin D Supplementation
NCT00580047 (2) [back to overview]Percentage Change in Posterior Anterior (PA) Spine Bone Density From Baseline to 24 Months Post Transplant
NCT00582556 (4) [back to overview]Number of Subjects Had a Significant Change in Immune Markers.
NCT00582556 (4) [back to overview]Number of Subjects With Decreases in Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) After Zoledronic Acid Prior to Beginning Androgen Deprivation Therapy
NCT00582556 (4) [back to overview]The Number of Subjects Who Had a Significant Increase of Peripheral Blood Markers of Bone Turnover.
NCT00582556 (4) [back to overview]The Number of Subjects Who Had Either an Increase or Decrease on Bone Mineral Density of the Lumbar Spine and Femoral Neck in Men Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Adenocarcinoma.
NCT00582790 (4) [back to overview]Number of Subjects With Antitumor Response With Low-dose Interleukin-2 in Combination With Zoledronic Acid
NCT00582790 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Toxicities
NCT00582790 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Overall Survival and Progression-free Survival at 24 Weeks
NCT00582790 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Immunologic Responses
NCT00622505 (10) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Urinary N-telopeptide of Type 1 Collagen (uNTx)
NCT00622505 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Experienced HCM
NCT00622505 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Experienced Pathologic Bone Fracture
NCT00622505 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Experienced Radiation to Bone
NCT00622505 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Experienced Spinal Cord Compression
NCT00622505 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Experienced Surgery to Bone
NCT00622505 (10) [back to overview]Skeletal Related Event (SRE) Rate
NCT00622505 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With ≥1 SRE at the End of 1 Year on Study
NCT00622505 (10) [back to overview]Time to Death
NCT00622505 (10) [back to overview]Time to First SRE on Study
NCT00668200 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With Serum Calcium <2.07 mmol/L at 9-11 Days After Receiving Zoledronic Acid.
NCT00668200 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Newly Occurring Post-baseline Hypocalcemia Symptoms Based on Hypocalcemia Questionnaire at End of Study Visit 2 or Visit 3 (Safety Population)
NCT00668200 (3) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Serum Calcium (mmol/L) - Safety Population
NCT00697619 (1) [back to overview]Comparing the Level of Urinary N-telopeptide (uNTx) in the Two Arms .
NCT00712985 (1) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Urine and Serum NTx and Serum CTx Within Normal Range at 12 Months
NCT00718861 (11) [back to overview]Change in Height at Years 7, 8 and 9 Relative to Year 6
NCT00718861 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants With New/Worsening Morphometric Vertebral Fractures at Year 9 Compared to Year 6
NCT00718861 (11) [back to overview]Percentage Change of Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Year 7, 8 and 9 Compared to Year 0
NCT00718861 (11) [back to overview]Percentage Change of Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Year 7, 8 and 9 Compared to Year 6
NCT00718861 (11) [back to overview]Percentage Change of Total Hip Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Year 7 and 8 Compared to Year 6
NCT00718861 (11) [back to overview]Percentage Change of Total Hip Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Year 7, 8 and 9 Compared to Year 0
NCT00718861 (11) [back to overview]Biomarkers (Bone Markers) Serum C-terminal Telopeptide of Type I Collagen (CTx) at Year 6 (Extension 2 Baseline), Year 7, Year 8, Year 9
NCT00718861 (11) [back to overview]Mean of Time to First Clinical Fracture
NCT00718861 (11) [back to overview]Percentage Change in Total Hip Bone Mineral Density BMD at Year 6 (Baseline) and Year 9
NCT00718861 (11) [back to overview]Biomarkers (Bone Markers) Serum Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BSAP). at Year 6 (Extension 2 Baseline), Year 7, Year 8, Year 9
NCT00718861 (11) [back to overview]Biomarkers (Bone Markers)Serum N-terminal Propeptide of Type I Collagen (P1NP) at Year 6 (Extension 2 Baseline), Year 7, Year 8, Year 9
NCT00740129 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With At Least One or More Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)
NCT00740129 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Within the Normal Range at Month 6 Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF)
NCT00740129 (4) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (SAP) Levels
NCT00740129 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With SAP Within the Normal Range
NCT00742924 (1) [back to overview]Limiting Toxicity
NCT00799266 (14) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Z-score at Month 6
NCT00799266 (14) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in BSAP at Months 6 and 12
NCT00799266 (14) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Vertebral Morphometry at Month 12
NCT00799266 (14) [back to overview]Safety of Zoledronic Acid for the Treatment of Osteoporotic Children Treated With Glucocorticoids
NCT00799266 (14) [back to overview]Urinary Concentration of Zoledronic Acid at Month 12
NCT00799266 (14) [back to overview]Number of Participants With New Vertebral Fractures at Month 12
NCT00799266 (14) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in 2nd Metacarpal Cortical Width at Month 12
NCT00799266 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With Reduction in Pain at Months 3, 6, 9 and 12
NCT00799266 (14) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Body BMC at Month 6 and 12
NCT00799266 (14) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Serum TRAP-5b at Months 6 and 12
NCT00799266 (14) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Serum P1NP at Months 6 and 12
NCT00799266 (14) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Z-score at Month 12
NCT00799266 (14) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Serum NTX at Months 6 and 12
NCT00799266 (14) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine BMC at Month 6 and 12
NCT00844480 (2) [back to overview]BMD at Other Skeletal Sites
NCT00844480 (2) [back to overview]Bone Mass Density (BMD) at Total Hip
NCT00869206 (12) [back to overview]Bone Turnover Assessed by Serum C-telopeptide (CTX) Levels (Breast Cancer)
NCT00869206 (12) [back to overview]Bone Turnover Assessed by Serum C-telopeptide (CTX) Levels (Multiple Myeloma)
NCT00869206 (12) [back to overview]Incidence of Renal Dysfunction
NCT00869206 (12) [back to overview]Skeletal Morbidity Rate
NCT00869206 (12) [back to overview]Bone Turnover Assessed by Serum C-telopeptide (CTX) Levels (Prostate Cancer)
NCT00869206 (12) [back to overview]Average ECOG Performance Status
NCT00869206 (12) [back to overview]Average Pain Intensity Score as Assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) Questionnaire
NCT00869206 (12) [back to overview]Incidence of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw
NCT00869206 (12) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With at Least One Skeletal-related Event (SRE) Within 2 Years After Randomization
NCT00869206 (12) [back to overview]Proportion of Patients Having at Least One SRE Within 24 Months After Randomization for the Subgroups of Patients With Breast Cancer
NCT00869206 (12) [back to overview]Proportion of Patients Having at Least One SRE Within 24 Months After Randomization for the Subgroups of Patients With Multiple Myeloma
NCT00869206 (12) [back to overview]Proportion of Patients Having at Least One SRE Within 24 Months After Randomization for the Subgroups of Patients With Prostate Cancer
NCT00879034 (4) [back to overview]The Primary Objective of This Study is to Evaluate the Feasibility of Administering Intravenous Zoledronic Acid, Oral Pravastatin and Oral Lonafarnib, to Patients With Progeria for a Minimum of 4 Weeks
NCT00879034 (4) [back to overview]To Describe Any Acute and Chronic Toxicities Associated With Treating Progeria Patients With the Combination of Zoledronic Acid, Pravastatin and Lonafarnib
NCT00879034 (4) [back to overview]To Investigate Which Clinical and Laboratory Studies Are Needed to Monitor or Alter Therapy to Prevent Unacceptable Toxicity
NCT00879034 (4) [back to overview]To Obtain Baseline Clinical and Laboratory Data so That Longer-term Measures of Efficacy Will be Achievable if Treatment Continues Beyond the 4-week Feasibility Study Period.
NCT00896532 (15) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BSAP)
NCT00896532 (15) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline at Month 6 in BMD of the Total Hip
NCT00896532 (15) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Osteocalcin
NCT00896532 (15) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline at Month 6 in BMD at the Lumbar Spine
NCT00896532 (15) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline at Month 12 in BMD of the Total Hip
NCT00896532 (15) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline at Month 12 in BMD of the Femoral Neck
NCT00896532 (15) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline at Month 12 in BMD of the Distal Radius
NCT00896532 (15) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Osteocalcin
NCT00896532 (15) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BSAP)
NCT00896532 (15) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline at Month 12 in BMD at the Lumbar Spine
NCT00896532 (15) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Type 1 Collagen C-telopeptide (CTX)
NCT00896532 (15) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Type 1 Collagen C-telopeptide (CTX)
NCT00896532 (15) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Procollagen Type 1 N-telopeptide (P1NP)
NCT00896532 (15) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Procollagen Type 1 N-telopeptide (P1NP)
NCT00896532 (15) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline at Month 6 in BMD of the Femoral Neck
NCT00903162 (1) [back to overview]Tolerability at One Year of Ovarian Function Suppression (OFS) Using Leuprolide and Letrozole.
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Mineral Apposition Rate (MAR) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Mineral Apposition Rate (MAR) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Serum Procollagen Type I N-Terminal Propeptide (PINP) at Month 1, 3 and 6 Endpoint
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Serum Osteocalcin (OC) at Month 1, 3, and 6 Endpoint
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Serum Carboxyterminal Cross-Linking Telopeptide of Type I Collagen (CTX) at Month 1, 3 and 6 Endpoint
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Bone Formation Rate (BFR) in the Endocortical Compartment (EC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Bone Formation Rate (BFR) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Bone Formation Rate (BFR) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Average Length of Tetracycline Double Labels in the Endocortical Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Adjusted Apposition Rate (Aj.AR) in the Endocortical Compartment (EC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Adjusted Apposition Rate (Aj.AR) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Adjusted Apposition Rate (Aj.AR) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Active Formation Period (a.FP) in the Endocortical Compartment (EC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Active Formation Period (a.FP) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Active Formation Period (a.FP) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Activation Frequency (Ac.f) in the Endocortical Compartment (EC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Activation Frequency (Ac.f) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Activation Frequency (Ac.f) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Wall Thickness (WTh.) in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Wall Thickness (WTh.) in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Percentage of Osteoid Volume (OV)/Bone Volume (BV) in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Percentage of Osteoid Volume (OV)/Bone Volume (BV) in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Percentage of Osteoid Surface (OS)/Bone Surface (BS) in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Percentage of Osteoid Surface (OS)/Bone Surface (BS) in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Percentage of Eroded Surface/Bone Surface (ES/BS) in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Percentage of Eroded Surface/Bone Surface (ES/BS) in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Osteoid Thickness (OTh.) in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Osteoid Thickness (OTh.) in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Mineralizing Surface/Bone Surface (MS/BS) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Mineralizing Surface/Bone Surface (MS/BS) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Serum Osteocalcin (OC) at Month 12 Endpoint
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Number of Samples With Single or Double Tetracycline Labels, Single and Double Labels, or No Tetracycline Labels in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Serum Carboxyterminal Cross-Linking Telopeptide of Type I Collagen (CTX) at Month 12 Endpoint
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Average Length of Tetracycline Double Labels in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Average Length of Tetracycline Double Labels in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Serum Procollagen Type I N-Terminal Propeptide (PINP) at Month 12 Endpoint
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Number of Samples With Single or Double Tetracycline Labels, Single and Double Labels, or No Tetracycline Labels in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Number of Samples With Single or Double Tetracycline Labels, Single and Double Labels, or No Tetracycline Labels in the Endocortical Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Osteoid Maturation Time (Omt) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Osteoid Maturation Time (Omt) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Osteoid Maturation Time (Omt) in the Endocortical Compartment (EC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Osteoid Thickness (OTh.) in the Endocortical Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Percent of Single or Double Tetracycline Labels Per Bone Surface (sLS/BS), (dLS/BS) in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Percent of Single or Double Tetracycline Labels Per Bone Surface (sLS/BS), (dLS/BS) in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Percent of Single or Double Tetracycline Labels Per Bone Surface (sLS/BS), (dLS/BS) in the Endocortical Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Percentage of Eroded Surface/Bone Surface (ES/BS) in the Endocortical Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Percentage of Osteoid Surface (OS)/Bone Surface (BS) in the Endocortical Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Total Formation Period (Tt.FP) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Total Formation Period (Tt.FP) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Total Formation Period (Tt.FP) in the Endocortical Compartment (EC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Wall Thickness (WTh.) in the Endocortical Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Mineralizing Surface/Bone Surface(MS/BS) in the Endocortical Compartment (EC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Mineralization Lag Time (Mlt) in the Endocortical Compartment (EC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Mineralization Lag Time (Mlt) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Mineralization Lag Time (Mlt) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months
NCT00927186 (56) [back to overview]Mineral Apposition Rate (MAR) in the Endocortical Compartment (EC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months
NCT00939900 (1) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Femoral Head Collapse Within 24 Months
NCT00972959 (12) [back to overview]New Skeletal-related Events (SRE: Pathologic Fractures, Need for Bone Radiation Therapy or Surgery)
NCT00972959 (12) [back to overview]Skeletal Survey for New Osteolytic Lesions/Fractures
NCT00972959 (12) [back to overview]Skeletal Survey for New Osteolytic Lesions/Fractures
NCT00972959 (12) [back to overview]Bone Pain
NCT00972959 (12) [back to overview]Bone Remodelling
NCT00972959 (12) [back to overview]Bone Mineral Density (BMD)
NCT00972959 (12) [back to overview]Bone Mineral Density (BMD)
NCT00972959 (12) [back to overview]Bone Remodelling
NCT00972959 (12) [back to overview]Bone Pain
NCT00972959 (12) [back to overview]Bone Remodelling
NCT00972959 (12) [back to overview]Bone Remodelling
NCT00972959 (12) [back to overview]New Skeletal-related Events (SRE: Pathologic Fractures, Need for Bone Radiation Therapy or Surgery)
NCT01129336 (4) [back to overview]Time to Progression (TTP)
NCT01129336 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Urine NTX by Month
NCT01129336 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Progression Free Survival (PFS)
NCT01129336 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With Circulating Tumor Cell Levels of at Least 5 Per 7.5 mL of Peripheral Blood by Month
NCT01153425 (2) [back to overview]Percentage of Change in Trabecular Surface-to-curve Ratio
NCT01153425 (2) [back to overview]Percentage of Change in Bone Volume Fraction (BVF)
NCT01194440 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Discontinue or Change Aromatase Inhibitor (AI) Therapy
NCT01194440 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Aromatase Inhibitor Associated Musculoskeletal Symptoms (AIMSS)
NCT01194440 (4) [back to overview]AIMSS as Determined by Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI) Score
NCT01194440 (4) [back to overview]AIMSS as Determined by Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Score
NCT01197300 (12) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With Reduction in Pain From Baseline 1 (Visit 1 of the Core Study) at Month 15, 18, 21 and 24 by Core Treatment Group.
NCT01197300 (12) [back to overview]Long-term Safety of Zoledronic Acid for the Treatment of Osteoporotic Children Treated With Glucocorticoids.
NCT01197300 (12) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline (Core and Extension) in 2nd Metacarpal Cortical Width at Month 24 by Core Treatment Group.
NCT01197300 (12) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline 1 (Visit 1 of the Core Study) in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Content (BMC) at Month 18 and 24 by Core Treatment Group.
NCT01197300 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants With New Vertebral Fractures During the 12 Month Extension Period by Core Treatment Group.
NCT01197300 (12) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline 1 (Visit 1 of the Core Study) in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Z-score at Month 18 and 24 by Core Treatment Group.
NCT01197300 (12) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline 1 (Visit 1 of the Core Study) in Serum NTX at Month 18 and 24 by Core Treatment Group.
NCT01197300 (12) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline 1 (Visit 1 of the Core Study) in Serum P1NP at Month 18 and 24 by Core Treatment Group.
NCT01197300 (12) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline 1 (Visit 1 of the Core Study) in Serum TRAP-5b at Month 18 and 24 by Core Treatment Group.
NCT01197300 (12) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline 1 (Visit 1 of the Core Study) in Total Body BMC at Month 18 and 24 by Core Treatment Group.
NCT01197300 (12) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline 1 (Visit 1 of the Core Study) in BSAP at Month 18 and 24 by Core Treatment Group.
NCT01197300 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants With New Morphometric Vertebral Fractures During the 12 Month Extension Period by Core Treatment Group.
NCT01204203 (3) [back to overview]Progression Free Survival (PFS)
NCT01204203 (3) [back to overview]Tumor Response Rate Following Zoledronic Acid (Zometa)
NCT01204203 (3) [back to overview]Overall Survival (OS)
NCT01205646 (4) [back to overview]Changes in Bone Turnover Markers
NCT01205646 (4) [back to overview]The Change in PSA After Zoledronate Therapy
NCT01205646 (4) [back to overview]PET Response Rate in Metastatic Prostate Cancer Patients Treated With Zoledronate Therapy.
NCT01205646 (4) [back to overview]Change in Bone Scans
NCT01228318 (5) [back to overview]CD4 T Cell Count
NCT01228318 (5) [back to overview]Baseline-Adjusted Means of Osteocalcin
NCT01228318 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Virological Suppression by Week 144
NCT01228318 (5) [back to overview]Baseline-Adjusted Means for C-terminal Telopeptide of Collagen (CTx) Levels
NCT01228318 (5) [back to overview]Baseline-Adjusted Means of Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA)
NCT01267279 (1) [back to overview]Bone Mineral Density (BMD)
NCT01345019 (8) [back to overview]Time to First and Subsequent On-Study Skeletal Related Event - Number of Events
NCT01345019 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With an On-study Skeletal Related Event
NCT01345019 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Died
NCT01345019 (8) [back to overview]Overall Survival
NCT01345019 (8) [back to overview]Time to First On-study Skeletal Related Event
NCT01345019 (8) [back to overview]Time to First On-study Skeletal Related Event - Superiority Analysis
NCT01345019 (8) [back to overview]Time to First and Subsequent On-Study Skeletal Related Event - Number of Events Per Patient
NCT01345019 (8) [back to overview]Kaplan-Meier Estimate of Percentage of Participants With an On-study Skeletal Related Event
NCT01409811 (1) [back to overview]Mean (SE) Change From Pre-Treatment Baseline in (Log)pg/mL of Biomarker, by Time, Adjusted for Level at Baseline
NCT01642901 (7) [back to overview]Safety and Tolerability of Zoledronic Acid
NCT01642901 (7) [back to overview]Change in Biomarkers of Bone Resorption (sCTX)
NCT01642901 (7) [back to overview]Change in Biomarkers of Bone Formation (P1NP)
NCT01642901 (7) [back to overview]Change in Areal Bone Mineral Density at Knee
NCT01642901 (7) [back to overview]Change in Areal Bone Mineral Density at Knee
NCT01642901 (7) [back to overview]Change in Areal Bone Mineral Density at Hip
NCT01642901 (7) [back to overview]Change in Areal Bone Mineral Density at Hip
NCT01732770 (4) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine BMD at Month 12 - Superiority Analysis
NCT01732770 (4) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density at Month 12 - Non-inferiority Analysis
NCT01732770 (4) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Total Hip BMD at Month 12 - Non-inferiority Analysis
NCT01732770 (4) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Total Hip BMD at Month 12 - Superiority Analysis
NCT01920568 (9) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline to Week 13 in Urinary Amino-terminal Cross-linking Telopeptide of Type I Collagen of Type I Collagen Corrected for Urine Creatinine (uNTx/uCr) in Chinese Participants.
NCT01920568 (9) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in the Serum Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase (s-BALP) at Week 13.
NCT01920568 (9) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline to Week 13 in Urinary Amino-terminal Cross-linking Telopeptide of Type I Collagen of Type I Collagen Corrected for Urine Creatinine (uNTx/uCr) in Participants With Advanced Breast Cancer.
NCT01920568 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Worst-case (WC) On-therapy Increase in the Indicated Clinical Chemistry Parameters From Baseline Grade to the Indicated Grade.
NCT01920568 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Any Adverse Events (AEs), Serious Adverse Events (Non-fatal Serious Adverse Events and Fatal Serious Adverse Events)
NCT01920568 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Confirmed Anti-denosumab Antibody Formation at Day 1, Week 25 and Week 53.
NCT01920568 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Worst-case On-therapy Increase in the Indicated Hematology Parameters From Baseline Grade to the Indicated Grade.
NCT01920568 (9) [back to overview]Serum Concentration of Denosumab on Day 1, at Week 2, Week 5, Week 9, Week 13, Week 17, Week 19, Week 21, Week 25 and Week 49
NCT01920568 (9) [back to overview]Percent Change (Chg) From Baseline (BL) to Week (Wk)13 in Urinary Amino-terminal Cross-linking Telopeptide of Type I Collagen Corrected for Urine Creatinine (uNTx/uCr)
NCT01951586 (11) [back to overview]Clinical Benefit Rate
NCT01951586 (11) [back to overview]Objective Response Rate
NCT01951586 (11) [back to overview]Overall Survival (OS)
NCT01951586 (11) [back to overview]Correlation of Tumor Tissue RANK Expression With Objective Response Rate
NCT01951586 (11) [back to overview]Correlation of Tumor Tissue RANK Expression With Overall Survival
NCT01951586 (11) [back to overview]Correlation of Tumor Tissue RANK Ligand Expression With Overall Survival
NCT01951586 (11) [back to overview]Correlation of Tumor Tissue RANKL Expression With Objective Response Rate
NCT01951586 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-emergent Adverse Events
NCT01951586 (11) [back to overview]Serum Denosumab Trough Levels in Participants Who Received Q3W Dosing
NCT01951586 (11) [back to overview]Serum Denosumab Trough Levels in Participants Who Received Q4W Dosing
NCT01951586 (11) [back to overview]Progression-free Survival (PFS)
NCT02042872 (2) [back to overview]Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at the Total Hip at Baseline and Month 12
NCT02042872 (2) [back to overview]Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at the Distal Femur and Proximal Tibia at Baseline and Month 12.
NCT02176382 (1) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Spine Bone Mineral Density by Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA)
NCT02325414 (4) [back to overview]Percent Change in Bone Mass Density (BMD) in the Hip
NCT02325414 (4) [back to overview]Percent Change in the Epiphyseal Integral Bone Mass Content (iBMC) of the Femur
NCT02325414 (4) [back to overview]Percent Change in the Metaphyseal Integral Bone Mass Content (iBMC) of the Femur
NCT02325414 (4) [back to overview]Percent Change of Bone Mass Density (BMD) in the Femoral Neck
NCT02589600 (1) [back to overview]Non-traumatic Incidental Fractures (Vertebral and Nonvertebral [Identified by X-ray, CT, MRI, VFA Imaging] Per Person-year)
NCT02739594 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Deterioration in Renal Function According to Reduction in Creatinine Clearance (CrCl) From Baseline to Week 44
NCT02739594 (14) [back to overview]Number of Zoledronate Dose Reductions for Each Participant
NCT02739594 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Deterioration in Renal Function According to Reduction in CrCl From Baseline to Week 92
NCT02739594 (14) [back to overview]Number of Events of Osteonecrosis of Jaw for Each Participant
NCT02739594 (14) [back to overview]Number of SREs for Each Participant
NCT02739594 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in N-Acetyl-Beta-D-Glucosaminidase (B-NAG)
NCT02739594 (14) [back to overview]Time to First SRE
NCT02739594 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Osteonecrosis of Jaw
NCT02739594 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Skeletal-Related Events (SREs)
NCT02739594 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Zoledronate Dose Reduction
NCT02739594 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Alpha (A) 1-Microglobulin
NCT02739594 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in CrCl
NCT02739594 (14) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT)
NCT02739594 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Elevation of Serum Creatinine (SCr) From Baseline
NCT03087851 (8) [back to overview]Changes in Cortical Porosity Measured by High-resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (HR-pQCT) Scan at the Radius and Tibia From Baseline to One Year After the Zoledronic Acid Infusion.
NCT03087851 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Fail to Maintain BMD
NCT03087851 (8) [back to overview]Morphometric Vertebral Fractures Assessed by Vertebral Fracture Assessment (VFA) One and Two Years After the Zoledronic Acid Infusion.
NCT03087851 (8) [back to overview]Changes in p-CTX From Baseline to Six Months After the Zoledronic Acid Infusion.
NCT03087851 (8) [back to overview]Changes in p-CTX From Baseline to 12 Months After the Zoledronic Acid Infusion.
NCT03087851 (8) [back to overview]Changes in BMD From Baseline to Two Years After the Zoledronic Acid Infusion.
NCT03087851 (8) [back to overview]Changes in BMD From Baseline to One Year After the Zoledronic Acid Infusion.
NCT03087851 (8) [back to overview]Change in Lumbar Spine BMD From Baseline to 6 Months After the Zoledronic Acid Infusion.
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs), Treatment-Emergent AEs (TEAEs), Serious TEAEs, and TEAEs Leading to Discontinuation or Death
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With at Least 1 New Fracture (Peripheral, Vertebral, Long-Bone, Any) at Month 12
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in SF-12 Mental Component Summary Score at Months 6 and 12
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Radial Bone Strength (Stiffness) at Month 12
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Lumbar, Total Body, and Femoral Neck BMD T-score at Month 12
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Lumbar, Total Body, and Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density (BMD) T-score at Month 6
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in OIQoL-A Activity Subscale Score at Months 6 and 12
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in OIQoL-A Pain Subscale Score at Months 6 and 12
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Osteogenesis Imperfecta Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire for Adults (OIQoL-A) Total Score at Months 6 and 12
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Radial and Tibial Tr VBMD Over Time: Full Analysis Set
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Lumbar, Total Body, and Femoral Neck BMD at Month 6
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Short Form 12 Health Survey (SF-12) Physical Component Summary Score at Months 6 and 12
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Total vBMD (Radial and Tibial) Over Time
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline in Radial and Tibial Bone Strength (Failure Load) at Months 6 and 12: Open-Label Arm
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline in Radial and Tibial Bone Strength (Failure Load) Over Time: Full Analysis Set
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline in Radial and Tibial Bone Strength (Stiffness) at Months 6 and 12: Open-Label Arm
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Lumbar, Total Body, and Femoral Neck BMD at Month 12
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Lean and Fat Body Mass From Whole Body at Months 6 and 12
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Index (Utility) Score on EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-Level Descriptive System (EQ-5D-5L) Score at Months 6 and 12
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Cortical vBMD (Radial and Tibial) Over Time
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Carboxy-Terminal Telo-Peptide [CTX-1] up to Month 12
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline in Radial and Tibial Bone Strength (Stiffness) Over Time: Full Analysis Set
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline in Radial and Tibial Tr VBMD at Months 6 and 12: Open-Label Arm
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Changes From Baseline in Body Height, Weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) at 6 and 12 Months: Full Analysis Set
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Radial Bone Strength (Failure Load) at Month 12
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Amino-Terminal Propeptide of Type 1 Procollagen (P1NP) up to Month 12
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Radial Trabecular Volumetric Bone Mineral Density (Tr vBMD) at Month 12
NCT03118570 (28) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Were Positive for Anti-Setrusumab Antibodies at Any Time During the Study up to Month 14
NCT03424239 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-related Hypocalcemia Events as Assessed by CTCAE v4.0
NCT03424239 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Femoral Neck Bone Density Measured by DXA
NCT03424239 (6) [back to overview]Change in Serum CTX
NCT03424239 (6) [back to overview]Change in Total Hip Bone Mineral Density by DXA
NCT03424239 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline of Spine Bone Density Measured by DXA
NCT03424239 (6) [back to overview]Change in Trabecular Spine Bone Mineral Density by QCT

Time to Disease Recurrence/Relapse

The median time to disease progression was assessed by Kaplan-Meier analysis. The Principal Investigator assessed each participant for disease recurrence at each visit. Further testing was performed at the discretion of the Principal Investigator and as clinically indicated. Disease progression was defined as chest wall and/or regional recurrence confirmed by positive cytology or biopsy, and/or distance recurrence of the 1) skin, subcutaneous tissue, and lymph nodes (other than local or regional), 2) bone marrow, 3) lung, 4) skeleton 5) liver and 6) central nervous system confirmed by positive cytology, biopsy, aspirate or radiology as appropriate. (NCT00050011)
Timeframe: over 5 years

Interventionmonths (Median)
Zoledronic Acid UpfrontNA
Zoledronic Acid Delayed StartNA

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Incidence Rate of All Clinical Fractures

The number of participants who experienced a clinical fracture at month 36 was assessed. Initial x-ray (both AP and lateral views) of the lumbar and thoracic spine were performed at baseline to exclude participants with evidence of fracture. In addition, repeated bone scan and/or x-ray were performed at the Principal Investigator's discretion during the course of the study to confirm evidence of clinical fracture, or at month 36 if there was no evidence of clinical fracture (lumbar and thoracic spine - lateral view). X-ray films were sent to a central reader. (NCT00050011)
Timeframe: 3 years

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid Upfront18
Zoledronic Acid Delayed Start21

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Percent Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine (L1-L4) Bone Mineral Density (BMD)

Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements were assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The DXA devices of participating sites were cross-calibrated and the DXA results were compiled and analyzed by a central reader. Percent change = 100*((BMD at Month 12 - Baseline BMD)/Baseline BMD)). Missing data at month 12 were imputed by using the last observation carried forward (LOCF) method. Post-baseline non-missing data from month 6 were carried forward to month 12. Data prior to month 6 were not carried forward. (NCT00050011)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months

InterventionPercentage of BMD (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid Upfront1.955
Zoledronic Acid Delayed-start-2.325

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Rate of Change From Baseline in Total Hip BMD

The rate of change from baseline in BMD was assessed. (NCT00050011)
Timeframe: Baseline, 5 years

Interventiong/sq. cm/month (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid Upfront0.00226
Zoledronic Acid Delayed Start-0.00625

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Percent Change From Baseline in Total Hip BMD

"Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements were assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The DXA devices of participating sites were cross-calibrated and the DXA results were compiled and analyzed by a central reader.~Percent change = 100*((BMD at Time Frame - Baseline BMD)/Baseline BMD)). Missing data at month 12 were imputed by using the LOCF method. Post-baseline non-missing data from month 6 were carried forward to month 12. Data prior to month 6 were not carried forward." (NCT00050011)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months, 2 years, 3 years, 5 years

,
InterventionPercentage of BMD (Mean)
12 months (n=253,256)2 years (n=208,200)3 years (n=187,189)5 years (n=141,132)
Zoledronic Acid Delayed Start-1.883-3.150-3.463-4.115
Zoledronic Acid Upfront1.2561.4131.6762.571

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Percent Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine (L1-L4) BMD

"Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements were assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The DXA devices of participating sites were cross-calibrated and the DXA results were compiled and analyzed by a central reader.~Percent change = 100*((BMD at Time Frame - Baseline BMD)/Baseline BMD)). Missing data beyond month 12 were not imputed by LOCF." (NCT00050011)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2 years, 3 years, 5 years

,
InterventionPercentage of BMD (Mean)
2 years (n=206,202)3 years (n=189,190)5 years (n=140,132)
Zoledronic Acid Delayed Start-2.889-2.990-2.418
Zoledronic Acid Upfront3.1373.8536.192

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Percent Change From Baseline in Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover, Serum N-Telopeptide (sNTX) and Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BSAP)

Blood samples from a subset of participants (231 participants in total) were collected to measure the sNTX and BSAP. Missing data at month 12 were imputed by using the LOCF method. Post-baseline non-missing data from months 6 and 9 were carried forward to month 12. Data prior to month 6 were not carried forward. Missing data beyond month 12 were not imputed by LOCF. (NCT00050011)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months, 2 years, 3 years, 5 years

,
InterventionPercentage of biochemical markers (Mean)
sNTX, 12 months (n=87,85)sNTX, 2 yearssNTX, 3 yearssNTX, 5 yearsBSAP, 12 months (n=88,90)BSAP, 2 years (n=63,60)BSAP, 3 years (n=59,52)BSAP, 5 years (n=95,102)
Zoledronic Acid Delayed Start21.7NANANA19.019.910.611.9
Zoledronic Acid Upfront-20.1NANANA-7.8-12.0-12.4-6.4

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Rate of Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine (L1-L4) BMD

The rate of change from baseline in BMD was assessed. (NCT00050011)
Timeframe: Baseline, 5 years

Interventiong/sq cm/month (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid Upfront0.01043
Zoledronic Acid Delayed Start-0.00157

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Relative Change in Urine Alpha C-telopeptide (α-CTx) in ug/mmol at Day 10

The percent change in urine alpha C-telopeptide from baseline to day 10 was measured. (NCT00051636)
Timeframe: Baseline and day 10

InterventionPercent change (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid and Placebo to Risedronate-90.3
Risedronate and Placebo to Zoledronic Acid-29.9

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Time to First Therapeutic Response

A therapeutic response was defined as a reduction of at least 75% from baseline (Visit 1) in serum alkaline phosphatase excess (difference between measured level and midpoint to the normal range) or normalization of serum alkaline phosphatase. (NCT00051636)
Timeframe: 182 days

InterventionDays (Median)
Zoledronic Acid and Placebo to Risedronate64
Risedronate and Placebo to Zoledronic Acid78

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Change in Pain Interference Score

Change in pain interference score from Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form (BPI-SF). This scale values are 0 to 10, a lower score means little to no pain while a higher score means greater pain. (NCT00051636)
Timeframe: Baseline and day 182

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid and Placebo to Risedronate-0.2
Risedronate and Placebo to Zoledronic Acid0.1

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Change in Pain Severity Score

Change in pain severity score from Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form (BPI-SF). This scale values are 0 to 10, a lower score means little to no pain while a higher score means greater pain. (NCT00051636)
Timeframe: Baseline and day 182

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid and Placebo to Risedronate-0.5
Risedronate and Placebo to Zoledronic Acid-0.7

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Number of Participants With a Disease Relapse During the Extended Observation Period

Extended observation period. A disease relapse was defined as the occurrence of a serum alkaline phosphatase level that was >= 80% of baseline serum alkaline phosphatase value. (NCT00051636)
Timeframe: 8 years was the maximum

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid and Placebo to Risedronate0
Risedronate and Placebo to Zoledronic Acid7

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Number of Participants With a Loss of Therapeutic Response During the Extended Observation Period

Extended observation period. A therapeutic response is defined as a reduction of at least 75% from baseline in serum alkaline phosphatase excess or normalization of serum alkaline phosphatase. (NCT00051636)
Timeframe: 8 years was the maximum

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid and Placebo to Risedronate8
Risedronate and Placebo to Zoledronic Acid29

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Number of Participants With a Partial Disease Relapse During the Extended Observation Period

Extended observation period. A partial disease relapse was defined as an increase in serum alkaline phosphatase >= 50% from the serum alkaline phosphatase measurement at month 6 and at least 1.25 times the upper normal limit. (NCT00051636)
Timeframe: 8 years was the maximum

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid and Placebo to Risedronate6
Risedronate and Placebo to Zoledronic Acid26

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Number of Patients Who Achieve Therapeutic Response at 6 Months.

Therapeutic response is defined as a reduction of at least 75% from baseline (Visit 1) in total serum alkaline phosphatase excess (difference between measured level and midpoint to the normal range) or normalization of serum alkaline phosphatase at the end of six months. (NCT00051636)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid and Placebo to Risedronate85
Risedronate and Placebo to Zoledronic Acid60

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Number of Patients Who Achieved Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Normalization at Day 28 Relative to Baseline

Normalization of serum alkaline phosphatase occurred if the serum alkaline phosphatase measurement fell within the normal range. (NCT00051636)
Timeframe: Baseline and day 28

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid and Placebo to Risedronate5
Risedronate and Placebo to Zoledronic Acid0

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Relative Change in Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (SAP) in Units Per Liter (U/L) at Day 28

The percent change in serum alkaline phosphatase from baseline to day 28 was measured. (NCT00051636)
Timeframe: Baseline and day 28

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid and Placebo to Risedronate-48.8
Risedronate and Placebo to Zoledronic Acid-28.4

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Relative Change in Serum C-telopeptide (CTx) in ng/mL at Day 10

The percent change in serum C-telopeptide from baseline to day 10 was measured. (NCT00051636)
Timeframe: Baseline and day 10

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid and Placebo to Risedronate-85.4
Risedronate and Placebo to Zoledronic Acid-36.7

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Progression-free Survival

"Progression Free Survival (PFS) was defined as the time from registration until disease progression or death, whichever occurs first. The median PFS with 95% CI was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method.~Progression is defined as one or more of the following: new bone metastases, biochemical progression of PSA, treatment with radiation therapy while on treatment." (NCT00079001)
Timeframe: Up to 10 years

Interventionmonths (Median)
Zoledronic Acid + Androgen Deprivation Therapy10.6
Placebo + Androgen Deprivation Therapy9.2

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Overall Survival

Overall survival (OS) was defined as the time from randomization to death of any cause. Surviving patients were censored at the date of last follow-up. The median OS with 95% CI was estimated using the Kaplan Meier method. (NCT00079001)
Timeframe: Up to 10 years

Interventionmonths (Median)
Zoledronic Acid + Androgen Deprivation Therapy37.9
Placebo + Androgen Deprivation Therapy36.0

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Major Bone Scan Response

Bone scan performed at baseline and at Week 13 provided if baseline scan was positive for metastases. A major bone scan response was considered with a substantial resolution of participant bone metastases on the bone scans, i.e. complete resolution of the osseous metastases on the bone scan. (NCT00081159)
Timeframe: Week 13

Interventionparticipants (Number)
HAT, Doxorubicin, Zoledronate + Strontium Chloride0
HAT, Doxorubicin + Zoledronate0

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Overall Survival (OS)

Overall Survival defined as the length of time from the start of treatment till time that participants are still alive. (NCT00081159)
Timeframe: Up to 90 months

InterventionMonths (Median)
HAT, Doxorubicin, Zoledronate + Strontium Chloride47.4
HAT, Doxorubicin + Zoledronate53.5

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Progression Free Survival (PFS)

Study's primary endpoint of PFS duration/time to progression was defined as the time from the date of randomization to the date of first evidence of disease progression or patient death. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression is usually the first evidence of progression. PSA progression is defined as a 25% increase over the baseline or the nadir provided that the increase is a minimum of 1 ng/ml. (NCT00081159)
Timeframe: Up to 90 months with evaulation in 4 week intervals for up to 6 months of treatment, then follow up until disease progression

InterventionMonths (Median)
HAT, Doxorubicin, Zoledronate + Strontium Chloride12.9
HAT, Doxorubicin + Zoledronate18.5

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Number of Patients Who Had Therapeutic Response at 6 Months

A therapeutic response was defined as a reduction of at least 75% from baseline (Visit 1) in serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) excess (difference between measured level and midpoint to the normal range) or normalization of SAP at the end of six months. (NCT00103740)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid and Placebo to Risedronate84
Risedronate and Placebo to Zoledronic Acid67

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Number of Patients Who Achieved Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Normalization at Day 28

Normalization of serum alkaline phosphatase occurred if the serum alkaline phosphatase measurement fell within the normal range. Central laboratory reference ranges for serum alkaline phosphatase: 31-110 U/L (female & male 20-58 years) and 35-115 U/L (female & male >58 years). (NCT00103740)
Timeframe: Day 28

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid and Placebo to Risedronate8
Risedronate and Placebo to Zoledronic Acid1

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Number of Participants With a Partial Disease Relapse During the Extended Observation Period

Extended observation period. A partial disease relapse was defined as an increase in serum alkaline phosphatase >= 50% from the serum alkaline phosphatase measurement at Month 6 and at least 1.25 times the upper normal limit. (NCT00103740)
Timeframe: 8 years was the maximum

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid and Placebo to Risedronate9
Risedronate and Placebo to Zoledronic Acid37

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Number of Participants With a Loss of Therapeutic Response During the Extended Observation Period

Extended observation period. A therapeutic response is defined as a reduction of at least 75% from baseline in serum alkaline phosphatase excess or normalization of serum alkaline phosphatase. (NCT00103740)
Timeframe: 8 years was the maximum

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid and Placebo to Risedronate10
Risedronate and Placebo to Zoledronic Acid42

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Number of Participants With a Disease Relapse During the Extended Observation Period

Extended observation period. A disease relapse was defined as the occurrence of a serum alkaline phosphatase level that was >= 80% of baseline serum alkaline phosphatase value. (NCT00103740)
Timeframe: 8 years was maximum

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid and Placebo to Risedronate0
Risedronate and Placebo to Zoledronic Acid15

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Relative Change in Serum C-telopeptide (CTx) in ng/mL at Day 10

The percent change in serum C-telopeptide from baseline to Day 10 was measured. (NCT00103740)
Timeframe: Baseline and day 10

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid and Placebo to Risedronate-74.2
Risedronate and Placebo to Zoledronic Acid-40.1

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Change in Pain Interference at Day 182

Change in pain interference score from Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form (BPI-SF). This scale values are 0 to 10, a lower score means little to no pain while a higher score means greater pain. (NCT00103740)
Timeframe: Baseline and day 182

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid and Placebo to Risedronate-0.5
Risedronate and Placebo to Zoledronic Acid0.0

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Change in Pain Severity at Day 182

Change in pain severity score from Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form (BPI-SF). This scale values are 0 to 10, a lower score means little to no pain while a higher score means greater pain. (NCT00103740)
Timeframe: Baseline and day 182

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid and Placebo to Risedronate-0.5
Risedronate and Placebo to Zoledronic Acid-0.1

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Relative Change in Serum Alkaline Phosphatase in U/L at Day 28

The percent change in serum alkaline phosphatase from baseline to Day 28 was measured. (NCT00103740)
Timeframe: Baseline and 28 days

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid and Placebo to Risedronate-49.1
Risedronate and Placebo to Zoledronic Acid-24.3

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Time to First Therapeutic Response

Therapeutic response was defined as a reduction of at least 75% from baseline in serum alkaline phosphatase excess (difference between measured level and midpoint to the normal range) or normalization of serum alkaline phosphatase. (NCT00103740)
Timeframe: 182 days

Interventiondays (Median)
Zoledronic Acid and Placebo to Risedronate64
Risedronate and Placebo to Zoledronic Acid91

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Relative Change in Urine α-CTx in ug/mmol at Day 10

The percent change in urine α-CTx from baseline to Day 10 was measured. (NCT00103740)
Timeframe: Baseline and day 10

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid and Placebo to Risedronate-87.5
Risedronate and Placebo to Zoledronic Acid-28.7

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Time to First Significant Increase in Serum Creatinine

Median time to event in participants who had a clinically relevant increase in serum creatinine. (NCT00104104)
Timeframe: Up to 24 months

Interventionweeks (Median)
15 - Minute Infusion21.6
30 - Minute Infusion24.4

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The Number of Participants With Disease Progression

(NCT00104104)
Timeframe: 24 Months

InterventionParticipants (Number)
15 - Minute Infusion28
30 - Minute Infusion20

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Zoledronic Acid Concentrations

Samples for drug concentration analysis were drawn at 10 and 15 minutes into the infusion for participants in the 15-minute infusion group and at 25 and 30 minutes into the infusion for patients in the 30-minute infusion group. The mean and median zoledronic acid concentrations were greater in the 15-minute group than in the 30-minute group at both sampling timepoints. (NCT00104104)
Timeframe: 24 months

,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
First Collection (10 minutes, 25 minutes)Second Collection (15 minutes, 30 minutes)
15 - Minute Infusion231.1248.8
30 - Minute Infusion186.3172.0

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The Number of Participants With a Significant Increase in Serum Creatinine at 24 Months

Serum Creatinine was considered to be significantly increased if there was an increase of 0.5 mg/dL or more or a doubling of the baseline serum creatinine value. (NCT00104104)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 Months

InterventionParticipants (Number)
15 - Minute Infusion24
30 - Minute Infusion23

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The Number of Participants With a Significant Increase in Serum Creatinine at 12 Months

The primary renal safety endpoint was the number of participants with a clinically relevant increase in serum creatinine at 12 months. Serum creatinine was determined prior to each zoledronic acid infusion for all Participants and was considered to be significantly increased if there was an increase of 0.5 mg/dL or more or a doubling of the baseline serum creatinine value. (NCT00104104)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 Months

InterventionParticipants (Number)
15 - Minute Infusion17
30 - Minute Infusion13

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Disease-free Survival

Time from date of registration to date of first observation of recurrence or death due to any cause. Patients last known to be alive who have not experienced recurrence of disease are censored at their last contact date. The outcome for the disease-free survival will be presented as 5 year survival rate. (NCT00127205)
Timeframe: Disease assessments are completed every 6 months for 5 years then annually for 5 years or until death or recurrence

Interventionpercentage of analyzed participants (Number)
Arm I Zoledronate88
Arm II Clodronate88
Arm III Ibandronate87

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Overall Survival

Time from date of registration to date of death due to any cause. Patients last known to be alive are censored at their last contact date. The outcome for overall survival will be presented as 5 year overall survival rate. (NCT00127205)
Timeframe: follow up completed every 6 months for 5 years and then annually for 5 years or until death

Interventionpercentage of analyzable patients (Number)
Arm I Zoledronate93
Arm II Clodronate92
Arm III Ibandronate93

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Distributions of Sites of First Recurrence on the Three Arms.

All sites of invasive disease documented within 30 days of first documentation of invasive recurrence. (NCT00127205)
Timeframe: Disease assessments are completed every 6 months for 5 years then annually for 5 years or until death or recurrence

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Local/Regional onlyContralateral onlyDistant recurrenceUnknown location of recurrenceBone as 1st site of distant recurrenceBone onlyBone and nodes onlyBone and other distant sites (beside nodes)Liver/lung/other visceral without bone recurrenceBrain/other CNS (+/- any other site)
Arm I Zoledronate411721810110622465731
Arm II Clodronate551820715108482586724
Arm III Ibandronate36171461082442364022

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Biochemical Marker of Bone Resorption: Serum Beta C-telopeptides (b-CTx), by Stratum

Biomarker: Serum b-CTx levels at Months 6, 12, 18 and 24 by stratum. (NCT00132808)
Timeframe: Months 6, 12, 18 and 24

,,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Stratum I - Month 6Stratum I - Month 12Stratum I - Month 18Stratum I - Month 24Stratum II - Month 6Stratum II - Month 12Stratum II - Month 18Stratum II - Month 24
Placebo0.64390.66340.64440.66400.58020.56340.57420.6012
Zoledronic Acid 1x5 mg0.22860.31110.36050.37770.18880.24840.28540.3254
Zoledronic Acid 2x5 mg0.22170.28610.21870.28640.19180.26960.19860.2554

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Percentage Change in Femoral Neck BMD at Month 24 Relative to Baseline, by Stratum.

The percentage change in femoral neck BMD at Month 24 relative to baseline was derived as 100 x (femoral neck BMD at 24 Month - femoral neck BMD at baseline) / (femoral neck BMD at baseline). (NCT00132808)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 24

,,
InterventionPercentage change in BMD (Least Squares Mean)
Stratum I (Women < 5 Years From Menopause)Stratum II (Women >= 5 Years From Menopause)
Placebo-1.55-1.18
Zoledronic Acid 1x5 mg2.011.46
Zoledronic Acid 2x5 mg2.042.35

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Biochemical Marker of Bone Formation: Bone Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (BSAP), by Stratum

Biomarker: BSAP levels at Months 6, 12, 18 and 24 by stratum. (NCT00132808)
Timeframe: Months 6, 12, 18 and 24

,,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Stratum I - Month 6Stratum I - Month 12Stratum I - Month 18Stratum I - Month 24Stratum II - Month 6Stratum II - Month 12Stratum II - Month 18Stratum II - Month 24
Placebo13.98214.12714.14914.35313.39413.65013.22213.902
Zoledronic Acid 1x5 mg8.84110.53911.23311.7647.9259.13910.02310.916
Zoledronic Acid 2x5 mg8.7189.9458.3659.7998.2199.6788.3579.730

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Biochemical Marker of Bone Formation: Serum N-terminal Propeptide of Type 1 Collagen (P1NP), by Stratum

Biomarker: Serum P1NP levels at Months 6, 12, 18 and 24 by stratum. (NCT00132808)
Timeframe: Months 6, 12, 18 and 24

,,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Stratum I - Month 6Stratum I - Month 12Stratum I - Month 18Stratum I - Month 24Stratum II - Month 6Stratum II - Month 12Stratum II - Month 18Stratum II - Month 24
Placebo59.44955.16655.77556.31550.27149.58146.94351.621
Zoledronic Acid 1x5 mg20.75230.50035.56138.74319.42326.36329.56934.418
Zoledronic Acid 2x5 mg20.85128.23120.10228.28819.36928.33319.03126.211

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Percentage Change in Total Hip BMD at Month 24 Relative to Baseline, by Stratum.

The percentage change in total hip BMD at Month 24 relative to baseline was derived as 100 x (total hip BMD at 24 Month - total hip BMD at baseline) / (total hip BMD at baseline). (NCT00132808)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 24

,,
InterventionPercentage change in BMD (Least Squares Mean)
Stratum I (Women < 5 Years From Menopause)Stratum II (Women >= 5 Years From Menopause)
Placebo-2.10-1.04
Zoledronic Acid 1x5 mg2.552.11
Zoledronic Acid 2x5 mg2.663.04

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Percentage Change in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Month 24 Relative to Baseline, by Stratum

The percentage change in lumbar spine BMD at Month 24 relative to baseline was derived as 100 x (lumbar spine BMD at 24 Month - lumbar spine BMD at baseline) / (lumbar spine BMD at baseline). (NCT00132808)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 24

,,
InterventionPercentage change in BMD (Least Squares Mean)
Stratum I (Women < 5 Years From Menopause)Stratum II (Women >= 5 Years From Menopause)
Placebo-2.24-0.65
Zoledronic Acid 1x5 mg4.034.76
Zoledronic Acid 2x5 mg4.625.60

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Change in Serum Creatinine From Baseline to 9-11 Days Post Year 4 Infusion

Serum creatinine measurements performed by a central laboratory was used to evaluate acute changes in renal function 9-11 days after Year 4 study drug infusion. (NCT00145327)
Timeframe: Extension Baseline (Year 3; Month 36 prior to the first treatment of the extension study) to 9-11 days after the Year 4 infusion

Interventionμmol/L (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid 63.35
Zoledronic Acid 3 Placebo 32.23
Placebo 3 Zoledronic Acid 32.47

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Change in Serum Creatinine From Baseline to 9-11 Days Post Year 5 Infusion

Serum creatinine measurements performed by a central laboratory was used to evaluate acute changes in renal function 9-11 days after Year 5 study drug infusion. (NCT00145327)
Timeframe: Extension Baseline (Year 3; Month 36 prior to the first treatment of the extension study) to 9-11 days after the Year 5 infusion

Interventionμmol/L (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid 63.46
Zoledronic Acid 3 Placebo 30.71
Placebo 3 Zoledronic Acid 31.04

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Percentage Change in BMD of Distal Radius at Year 4.5 Relative to Year 3

The percentage change in BMD as measured by DXA at Year 4.5 relative to Year 3. It was derived as 100 * (BMD at Year 4.5 - BMD at Year 3)/(BMD at Year 3). (NCT00145327)
Timeframe: Year 3 (Extension Baseline; Month 36 prior to the first treatment of the extension study) and Year 4.5 (Month 54)

InterventionPercentage change in BMD (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid 60.378
Zoledronic Acid 3 Placebo 3-0.924
Placebo 3 Zoledronic Acid 30.386

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Percentage Change in BMD of Distal Radius at Year 6 Relative to Year 3

The percentage change in BMD as measured by DXA at Year 6 relative to Year 3. It was derived as 100 * (BMD at Year 6 - BMD at Year 3)/(BMD at Year 3). (NCT00145327)
Timeframe: Year 3 (Extension Baseline; Month 36 prior to the first treatment of the extension study) and Year 6 (Month 72)

InterventionPercentage change in BMD (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid 60.178
Zoledronic Acid 3 Placebo 3-0.567
Placebo 3 Zoledronic Acid 30.299

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Percentage Change in BMD of Femoral Neck, Total Hip and Trochanter at Year 4.5 Relative to Year 3

The percentage change in BMD as measured by DXA at 4.5 relative to Year 3. It was derived as 100 * (BMD at Year 4.5 - BMD at Year 3)/(BMD at Year 3). (NCT00145327)
Timeframe: Year 3 (Extension Baseline; Month 36 prior to the first treatment of the extension study) and Year 4.5 (Month 54)

,,
InterventionPercentage change in BMD (Mean)
Femoral NeckTotal HipTrochanter
Placebo 3 Zoledronic Acid 32.6973.2284.611
Zoledronic Acid 3 Placebo 30.210-0.0700.041
Zoledronic Acid 60.7380.4790.813

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Percentage Change in BMD of Lumbar Spine at Year 4.5 Relative to Year 3

The percentage change in BMD as measured by DXA at Year 4.5 relative to Year 3. It was derived as 100 * (BMD at Year 4.5 - BMD at Year 3)/(BMD at Year 3). (NCT00145327)
Timeframe: Year 3 (Extension Baseline; Month 36 prior to the first treatment of the extension study) and Year 4.5 (Month 54)

InterventionPercentage Change in BMD (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid 62.618
Zoledronic Acid 3 Placebo 31.196
Placebo 3 Zoledronic Acid 36.551

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Percentage Change in BMD of Lumbar Spine at Year 6 Relative to Year 3

The percentage change in BMD as measured by DXA at Year 6 relative to Year 3. It was derived as 100 * (BMD at Year 6 - BMD at Year 3)/(BMD at Year 3). (NCT00145327)
Timeframe: Year 3 (Extension Baseline; Month 36 prior to the first treatment of the extension study) and Year 6

InterventionPercentage change in BMD (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid 63.473
Zoledronic Acid 3 Placebo 31.606
Placebo 3 Zoledronic Acid 38.875

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Percentage Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of Femoral Neck at Year 6 Relative to Year 3

The primary efficacy variable was the percentage change in BMD of the femoral neck as measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at Year 6 relative to Year 3. It was derived as 100 *(femoral neck BMD at Year 6 - femoral neck BMD at Year 3) / (femoral neck BMD at Year 3). (NCT00145327)
Timeframe: Year 3 (Extension Baseline; Month 36 prior to the first treatment of the extension study) and Year 6 (Month 72; end of extension study)

InterventionPercentage Change in BMD (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid 60.557
Zoledronic Acid 3 Placebo 3-0.493
Placebo 3 Zoledronic Acid 33.337

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Percentage Change in BMD of Femoral Neck, Total Hip and Trochanter at Year 6 Relative to Year 3

The percentage change in BMD as measured by DXA at Year 6 relative to Year 3. It was derived as 100 * (BMD at Year 6 - BMD at Year 3)/(BMD at Year 3). (NCT00145327)
Timeframe: Year 3 (Extension Baseline; Month 36 prior to the first treatment of the extension study) and Year 6 (Month 72)

,,
InterventionPercentage change in BMD (Mean)
Femoral NeckTotal HipTrochanter
Placebo 3 Zoledronic Acid 33.3373.8156.072
Zoledronic Acid 3 Placebo 3-0.493-1.151-0.903
Zoledronic Acid 60.5770.0830.628

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Percentage of Patients With New and New/Worsening Morphometric Vertebral Fractures

Lateral vertebral x-rays were performed at the final core study visit and at Year 6 and read by a central expert reader at a central imaging laboratory to assess for new or new/worsening morphometric vertebral fracture. The percentage of patients with new morphometric vertebral fractures (observed for the first time) and patients with either new or worsening morphometric vertebral fractures was calculated. (NCT00145327)
Timeframe: Year 3 (Extension Baseline; Month 36 prior to the first treatment of the extension study) and Year 6

,,
InterventionPercentage of patients (Number)
New morphometric vertebral fractureNew/Worsening morphometric vertebral fracture
Placebo 3 Zoledronic Acid 32.93.1
Zoledronic Acid 3 Placebo 36.27.0
Zoledronic Acid 63.03.4

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Qualitative Bone Biopsy Parameters

Unpaired transiliac crest bone biopsy was performed for histomorphometry, which was obtained after double tetracycline labeling. No data were collected for Patients who received Placebo for the first 3 years of the study (Placebo 3 Zoledronic Acid 3). (NCT00145327)
Timeframe: End of Study Visit at Year 6

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
OsteomalaciaWoven boneCortical trabeculationMarrow fibrosisNormal mineralization and normal osteoidContained double labeling
Zoledronic Acid 3 Placebo 3000022
Zoledronic Acid 6000033

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Bone Resorption and Formation Biochemical Markers at Year 4.5: P1NP

The amount of serum n-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (P1NP) as determined by the central laboratory. (NCT00145327)
Timeframe: Year 4.5

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid 618.842
Zoledronic Acid 3 Placebo 329.677
Placebo 3 Zoledronic Acid 317.256

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The Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Laboratory Parameters

Evaluate the laboratory key profile such as Calcium, Creatinine and Urea. The number of patients with clinically significant calcium, creatinine and urea were reported. (NCT00145327)
Timeframe: Extension Baseline (Year 3; Month 36 prior to the first treatment of the extension study) to Year 6

,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Creatinine <18 μmol/LCreatinine >221 μmol/LCalcium <1.87 mmol/LCalcium >2.89 mmol/LUrea < 0.7 mmol/LUrea >14.3 mmol/L
Placebo 3 Zoledronic Acid 31214017
Zoledronic Acid 3 Placebo 30000010
Zoledronic Acid 6130409

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Bone Resorption and Formation Biochemical Markers at Year 6: P1NP

The amount of serum P1NP as determined by the central laboratory (NCT00145327)
Timeframe: Year 6

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid 627.356
Zoledronic Acid 3 Placebo 330.344
Placebo 3 Zoledronic Acid 325.926

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Change in Serum Creatinine From Baseline to 9-11 Days Post Year 3 Infusion

Serum creatinine measurements performed by a central laboratory was used to evaluate acute changes in renal function 9-11 days after study drug infusion in Z6 patients compared to Z3P3 patients and in P3Z3 patients. (NCT00145327)
Timeframe: Extension Baseline (Year 3; Month 36 prior to the first treatment of the extension study) to 9-11 days after the Year 3 infusion

Interventionμmol/L (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid 61.96
Zoledronic Acid 3 Placebo 31.28
Placebo 3 Zoledronic Acid 30.21

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Number of Participants With Incidence of Clinical Fracture

Clinical fracture excludes finger, toe, and facial bone fractures. Clinical vertebral fracture includes thoracic spine fracture and lumbar spine fracture. Non-vertebral fracture excludes clinical vertebral, finger, toe, and facial bone fractures. (NCT00145327)
Timeframe: Extension Baseline (Year 3; Month 36) to Year 6

,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Clinical fractureClinical vertebral fracturesNon-vertebral fracturesHip fracture
Placebo 3 Zoledronic Acid 39178510
Zoledronic Acid 3 Placebo 3514478
Zoledronic Acid 6517457

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Percent Change in Total Hip BMD at Year 1, Year 2, Year 3, Year 4 and Year 5

Bone Mineral Density (BMD)is measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA).Percent Change = [(BMD at Visit - BMD at Baseline) / BMD at Baseline] * 100. (NCT00171314)
Timeframe: From baseline to Year 1, Year 2, Year 3, Year 4, Year 5

,
InterventionPercent Change (Mean)
Year 1 (n=173, 187)Year 2 (n=169, 168)Year 3 (n=163, 162)Year 4 (n=145, 152)Year 5 (n=119, 121)
Delayed Zoledronic Acid-1.644-2.628-3.011-3.074-4.012
Upfront Zoledronic Acid1.6372.1191.9912.4392.788

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Percent Change in Lumbar Spine (L2-L4) BMD at 2 Years, 3 Years, 4 Years and 5 Years

Bone Mineral Density (BMD)is measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA).Percent Change = [(BMD at Visit - BMD at Baseline) / BMD at Baseline] * 100. (NCT00171314)
Timeframe: From Baseline to Year 2, Year 3, Year 4, Year 5

,
InterventionPercent Change (Mean)
Year 2 (n=122,142)Year 3 (n=119,133)Year 4 (n=104, 122)Year 5 (n=86, 102)
Delayed Zoledronic Acid-3.924-4.297-4.746-4.572
Upfront Zoledronic Acid4.1364.7775.4626.013

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Percent Change in Lumbar Spine (L1-L4) BMD at Year 1, Year 2, Year 3, Year 4 and Year 5

Bone Mineral Density (BMD)is measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA).Percent Change = [(BMD at Visit - BMD at Baseline) / BMD at Baseline] * 100. (NCT00171314)
Timeframe: From Baseline to Year 1, Year 2, Year 3, Year 4, Year 5

,
InterventionPercent Change (Mean)
Year 1 (n=123, 156)Year 2 (n=122, 142)Year 3 (n=199, 133)Year 4 (n=104, 122)Year 5 (n=86, 102)
Delayed Zoledronic Acid-3.532-3.934-4.292-4.713-4.692
Upfront Zoledronic Acid2.3303.9944.5235.0515.476

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Percentage of Participants With Radiological (Vertebra) Fractures Which Were Not Present at Baseline But Were Present at Year 3

Radiological Fracture at 36 months which was not present at baseline = (new fracture/number participant analyzed)*100. Evaluation of radiological fractures were based on central lab X-ray data. A subject with multiple fractures at the same time or multiple fractures with the same grade is counted only once for that treatment. (NCT00171314)
Timeframe: Year 3

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Upfront Zoledronic Acid2.8
Delayed Zoledronic Acid3.3

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Percent Change in Lumbar Spine (L2-L4) BMD After 12 Months of Letrozole Therapy

Bone Mineral Density (BMD)is measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA).Percent Change = [(BMD at Visit - BMD at Baseline) / BMD at Baseline] * 100. (NCT00171314)
Timeframe: From Baseline - 12 months

InterventionPercent Change (Mean)
Upfront Zoledronic Acid2.680
Delayed Zoledronic Acid-3.314

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Percentage Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of the Lumbar Spine (L2-L4) at 12 Months of Therapy.

Bone Mineral Density (g/cm^2) of the Lumbar Spine (L2-L4) as measured by energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). (NCT00171340)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months

InterventionPercentage change in BMD (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid 4 mg Upfront2.208
Zoledronic Acid 4 mg Delayed-3.617

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Percentage of Participants With Clinical Fractures at 3 Years of Therapy Which Were Not Present at Baseline

At 3 years of therapy the percentage of participants with fractures as detected by X-ray and/ or bone scan. (NCT00171340)
Timeframe: Baseline,3 years

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid 4 mg Upfront0.6
Zoledronic Acid 4 mg Delayed1.5

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Percentage Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD)of the Lumbar Spine (L1-L4) Over 5 Years of Therapy.

Bone Mineral Density (g/cm^2) of the Lumbar Spine (L1-L4)as measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (NCT00171340)
Timeframe: Baseline, 5 years.

,
InterventionPercentage change in BMD (Mean)
At 12 months (n=360,369)At 2 years (n=339,343)At 3 years (n=313,311)At 4 years (n=290,294)At 5 years (n=264,264)
Zolendronic Acid 4 mg Delayed-3603-4.521-4.869-5.148-5.427
Zolendronic Acid 4 mg Upfront2.1283.3003.5213.5293.898

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Percentage Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of the Total Hip at 12 Months, 2 Years, 3 Years, 4 Years and 5 Years After Therapy.

Bone Mineral Density (g/cm^2) of the Lumbar Spine (L2-L4) as measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (NCT00171340)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months. Baseline, 2 years. Baseline, 3 years. Baseline, 4 years. Baseline, 5 years.

,
InterventionPercentage change in BMD (Mean)
At 12 months (n=419,434)At 2 years (n=394,393)At 3 years (n=376,365)At 4 years (n=336,349)At 5 years (n=306,314)
Zolendronic Acid 4 mg Delayed-2.239-2.990-3.302-3.922-4.162
Zolendronic Acid 4 mg Upfront1.2221.6491.7541.7161.615

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Percentage Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of the Lumbar Spine (L2-L4) at 2, 3, 4 and 5 Years of Therapy.

Bone Mineral Density (g/cm^2) of the Lumbar Spine (L2-L4) as measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (NCT00171340)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2 years. Baseline, 3 years. Baseline, 4 years. Baseline, 5 years.

,
InterventionPercentage change in BMD (Mean)
At 2 years (n=339,343)At 3 years (n=313,311)At 4 years (n=290,294)At 5 years (n=264,264)
Zolendronic Acid 4 mg Delayed-4.601-4.871-5.154-5.414
Zolendronic Acid 4 mg Upfront3.4633.7303.7824.308

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The Number of Participants With the Development of Skeletal Complications

"Pathologic fracture: bone fractures that occur spontaneously or from trivial trauma. New vertebral compression fracture defined as a decrease in vertebral height of 25% from baseline~Spinal cord compression: the impingement of tumor on the spinal cord confirmed by radiography~Bone Radiotherapy: Bone irradiation to palliate painful lesions, treat or prevent pathologic fractures or spinal cord compression~Surgery on bone: surgical procedures performed to set, stabilize or prevent pathologic fractures or areas of spinal cord compression~Hypercalcemia: Corrected serum calcium ≥ 12.0 mg/dl" (NCT00171925)
Timeframe: 48 months

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Skeletal events overallPathological fractureInitiation of radiotherapy or surgery on boneSpinal cord compressionHypercalcemia
Control41120
Zoledronic Acid (ZOL446)00000

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Number of Patients With Progression by Individual Criteria

Number of patients with progression by individual criteria consisting of Progression of disease overall, Skeletal-related events (including pathological fracture, initiation of radiotherapy or surgery on bone, spinal cord compression or Hypercalcemia), Progression to stage II or III according to Salmon & Durie classification, and unequivocal progression of osteolytic lesion. Patients are counted separately for every type of progression, but only once for Overall Progression. (NCT00171925)
Timeframe: 48 months

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Progression of disease overallSkeletal-related eventsProgression to stage II or IIIUnequivocal progression of osteolytic lesion
Control2642410
Zoledronic Acid (ZOL446)190173

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Days of Progression Free Survival

"Progression-free survival was defined as time from date of randomization to death from any cause or one of the following events:~progression to stage II or III according to Salmon & Durie classification~skeletal related events (pathologic fracture, initiation of radiotherapy or surgery on bone, spinal cord compression or hypercalcemia)~unequivocal progression of osteolytic lesions (at least a 20% increase in the largest diameter of one existing osteolytic lesion which is measured in at least one dimension as 20 mm with conventional techniques), determined radiologically." (NCT00171925)
Timeframe: 48 months

InterventionDays (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid (ZOL446)1078.1
Control992.80

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Percentage of Participants With Progression-Free Survival Events

Percentage of Participants with the Progression-free survival events: disease progression and death. Time to disease progression (TTP) was assessed by the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) guidelines with evaluations every 3 months. (NCT00172042)
Timeframe: Up to 24 months

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Disease ProgressionDeath
Control55.55.7
Zoledronic Acid60.28.4

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Percentage of Participants With Skeletal Related Events (SREs) at 12 and 24 Months From Study Entry

Skeletal Related Events were defined as radiation therapy or surgery to bone, spinal cord compression event or a pathologic bone fracture event. (NCT00172042)
Timeframe: Months 12 and 24

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
12 months24 months
Control1.41.4
Zoledronic Acid2.22.2

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Percentage of Participants With Bone Metastases at 6, 12, 18, and 24 Months

Percentage of participants developing at least 1 bone metastasis, whether or not symptomatic. Bone scans were scheduled at screening and at 6-monthly intervals after study entry, or when symptoms suggested the presence of bone metastases. Positive bone scans required confirmation by x-ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or computed tomography (CT). (NCT00172042)
Timeframe: Months 6, 12, 18 and 24

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
6 months12 months18 months24 months
Control4.37.18.19.0
Zoledronic Acid2.24.06.26.6

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Kaplan-Meier Estimates for Overall Survival

(NCT00172042)
Timeframe: Months 6, 12, 18, and 24

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
6 months12 months18 months24 months
Control93.681.871.063.6
Zoledronic Acid92.881.872.459.5

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Kaplan-Meier Estimate of the Time to Occurrence of Bone Metastases

Time to occurrence of bone metastases was defined as the time from randomization to the date of the first documented bone metastases which could be asymptomatic or symptomatic at the time of detection. Bone scans were scheduled at screening and at 6-monthly intervals after study entry, or when symptoms suggested the presence of bone metastases. Positive bone scans required confirmation by x-ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or computed tomography (CT). (NCT00172042)
Timeframe: Months 6, 12, 18, and 24

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
6 months12 months18 months24 months
Control1.99.012.613.7
Zoledronic Acid2.74.211.112.4

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Progression-Free Survival

Progression-free survival is defined as the time from randomization to the date of the first documented progression or recurrence of disease or death from any cause. Time to disease progression (TTP) was assessed by the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) guidelines with evaluations every 3 months. (NCT00172042)
Timeframe: Up to 24 months

InterventionMonths (Median)
Zoledronic Acid9.0
Control11.3

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Kaplan-Meier Estimates for Progression-free Survival

Progression-free survival is defined as the time from randomization to the date of the first documented progression or recurrence of disease or death from any cause. Time to disease progression (TTP) was assessed by the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) guidelines with evaluations every 3 months. (NCT00172042)
Timeframe: Months 6, 12, 18, and 24

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
6 months12 months18 months24 months
Control67.948.840.636.0
Zoledronic Acid63.044.430.725.7

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Overall Survival

Number of participants who survived from the start of treatment through off treatment, up to 10 years. (NCT00213980)
Timeframe: Up to 10 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Zoledronic Acid (ZA)24
Observation22

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Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) From Baseline to 1 Year

To determine whether zoledronate 4 mg IV every 12 weeks x 4 doses is associated with increases in bone mineral density at the lumbar spine and femoral head, calculated from baseline and 1 year data. Participants who missed one or more DXA were not evaluated. (NCT00213980)
Timeframe: Up to 1 year

,
Interventiongrams per cubic centimeter (Mean)
Lumbar Spine L1-L4 (L1-L4)Femoral neck (FN)Total femur (TF)Trochanter (T)Calcaneal (OC)
Observation0.0070.0050.0040.0050.001
Zoledronic Acid (ZA)0.0480.0140.0190.0230.010

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Clinical Toxicity of ZA

Tolerability and side effects of ZA, measured by the number of participants experiencing adverse events. (NCT00213980)
Timeframe: Up to 1 year

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Zoledronic Acid (ZA)36
Observation23

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Number of Participants With Progression Free Survival (PFS), by Treatment Arm

"Number of participants with PFS for thalidomide/Dexamethasone vs. VAD with respect to progression free survival in newly diagnosed MM. Progressive Disease (PD): (for patients not in CR) Requires one or more of the following; > 25% increase in the level of serum monoclonal paraprotein, which must also be an absolute increase of at least 5 g/L and confirmed on a repeat investigation.~> 25% increase in 24-hour urinary light chain excretion, which must also be an absolute increase of at least 200mg and confirmed on a repeat investigation.~>25% increase in plasma cells in a bone marrow aspirate, which also must be an absolute increase of at least 10%. Definite increase in the size of existing lytic lesions or plasmacytomas. Development of new bone lesions or plasmacytomas (except compression fractures). Development of hypercalcemia (corrected calcium > 11.5 mg/dL not attributable to other causes)." (NCT00215943)
Timeframe: 4 Months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Active Comparator: VAD Treatment2
Active Comparator: Thalidomide and Dexamethasone Treatment1

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Response Rates of VAD vs. Thalidomide/Dexamethasone

Blade (15) criteria for remission in multiple myeloma was used to assess response. Complete Response (CR)includes: Disappearance of the original monoclonal protein from the blood and urine on at least two determinations for a minimum of 6 weeks by immunofixation studies. Partial Response (PR) includes: At least a 50% reduction in the level of serum monoclonal protein for at least two determinations 6 weeks apart. Minimal Response (MR)includes: At least a 25% to 49% reduction in the level of serum monoclonal protein for at least 2 determinations 2 weeks apart. (NCT00215943)
Timeframe: End of Cycle 4 - 4 Months per Participant

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Complete ResponsePartial ResponseMinimal Response
Active Comparator: Thalidomide and Dexamethasone Treatment1162
Active Comparator: VAD Treatment196

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events, by Group

Number of participants with toxicities of Thalidomide/Dexamethasone vs. VAD as induction regimens in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM). (NCT00215943)
Timeframe: 4 Years, 7 Months

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)Adverse Events (AEs)
Active Comparator: Thalidomide and Dexamethasone Treatment137
Active Comparator: VAD Treatment036

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Overall Survival (OS), by Treatment Arm

"Median OS for thalidomide/Dexamethasone participants vs. VAD participants. Months from On Study to Expired/Last Date Known Alive.~Investigators had planned to accrue 176 participants to calculate median overall survival." (NCT00215943)
Timeframe: Up to 10 Years

Interventionmonths (Median)
Active Comparator: VAD Treatment57
Active Comparator: Thalidomide and Dexamethasone Treatment56.5

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Overall Survival at 18 Months and 3 Years

Overall survival (OS) time was measured from the start of study drug to the date of death due to any cause. (NCT00242567)
Timeframe: month 18, year 3

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Patients with event (s) - 18 monthsPatients without event - 18 monthsPatients with event (s) - 36 monthsPatients without event - 36 months
Delayed Group2124244219
Early Group3122849210

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Average Percent Change From Baseline in TRAP Levels at 2 Weeks

Change was calculated as 100% (value at baseline minus value at 2 weeks)/value at baseline (NCT00265200)
Timeframe: TRAP levels at Baseline and 2 weeks after first Zometa infusion

InterventionPercent change (Mean)
NTxTRAP-5bbALP
Zoledronic Acid37.344.912.9

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Number of Patients With Incidences of Distant Recurrence

Distant breast cancer recurrence is when the cancer has spread to another organ within the body. (NCT00295867)
Timeframe: up to 5 years post initiation of treatment

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid6

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Response of Bone Marrow Micrometastases

Median change in disseminated tumor cells (DTCs)/mL from baseline after 24 months (NCT00295867)
Timeframe: up to 2 years

InterventionDTCs/mL (Median)
Zoledronic Acid-4.5

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at 12 Months

BMD was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (QDR-4500 densitometer; Hologic, Inc., Bedford, MA); short-term in vivo coefficient of variation is 0.68% (spine) and 1.36% (femoral neck). T scores were generated using gender-specific databases provided by the manufacturer. (NCT00297830)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Active Zoledronic Acid and Placebo Alendronate0.28
Placebo Zoledronic Acid and Active Alendronate-0.57
Reference Group-3.3

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Total Hip Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at 12 Months

BMD was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (QDR-4500 densitometer; Hologic, Inc., Bedford, MA); short-term in vivo coefficient of variation is 0.68% (spine) and 1.36% (femoral neck). T scores were generated using gender-specific databases provided by the manufacturer. (NCT00297830)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Active Zoledronic Acid and Placebo Alendronate0.39
Placebo Zoledronic Acid and Active Alendronate-0.21
Reference Group-2.2

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at 12 Months

BMD was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (QDR-4500 densitometer; Hologic, Inc., Bedford, MA); short-term in vivo coefficient of variation is 0.68% (spine) and 1.36% (femoral neck). T scores were generated using gender-specific databases provided by the manufacturer. (NCT00297830)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Active Zoledronic Acid and Placebo Alendronate1.98
Placebo Zoledronic Acid and Active Alendronate-0.45
Reference Group-2.6

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Mean Change in Bone Mass Density (BMD)

Mean change in the combined t-score was measured by Dexa-scan. The patients bone density was determined by Dexa-scan at baseline, after 6 months Zometa and after 12 months of Zometa. The t-score, which is a comparison of a person's bone density with that of a healthy 30-year old of the same sex, was generated by Dexa-scan for the spine and femur. A lower t-score implies a lower BMD. The combined t-score is the minimum of the t-score for the spine and that for the femur. BMD change from baseline at 6 and 12 months in the combined t-score was defined as the follow-up combined t-score minus the baseline combined t-score. (NCT00301873)
Timeframe: 6 & 12 months

InterventionT score units (Mean)
Change in combined BMD at 6 months (n=27)Change in combined BMD at 12 months (n=19)
IV Zometa.01-.06

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Percent of Patients With Change in Combined Bone Mass Density T-score <= -0.5.

Percent of patients who failed treatment as defined by a decrease of 0.5 or more from baseline in the combined T-score as measured by Dexa-scan. The patient's bone densitometry was determined by Dexa-scan at baseline, after 6 months of Zometa and after 1 year of Zometa. The t-score, which is a comparison of a person's bone density with that of a healthy 30-year-old of the same sex, was generated by Dexa-scan for the spine and femur. The combined T-score is the minimum of the T-score for the spine and femur. A lower t-score implies a lower BMD. (NCT00301873)
Timeframe: 6 and 12 months

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
At 6 months (n=27)At 12 months (n=19)
IV Zometa3.710.5

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Bone Mineral Density of the Lumbar Spine as Measured by Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) Scan at 18 Months

To compare the effect of zoledronic acid administered every 6 months on bone loss associated with surgery (at a minimum, any surgical procedure that results in removal of both ovaries), as compared with observation alone. This is to be evaluated by measuring the change from baseline to 18 months in bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine, specifically L1-L4 dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). (NCT00305695)
Timeframe: 18 months

Interventiong/cm2 (Mean)
Arm I (Zoledroic Acid)-0.001
Arm II (Clinical Observation)-0.094

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Bone Mineral Density of the Lumbar Spine as Measured by Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) Scan at 9 Months

To compare the effect of zoledronic acid administered every 6 months on bone loss associated with surgery (at a minimum, any surgical procedure that results in removal of both ovaries), as compared with observation alone. This is to be evaluated by measuring the change from baseline to 9 months in bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine, specifically L1-L4 dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). (NCT00305695)
Timeframe: 9 Months

Interventiong/cm2 (Mean)
Arm I (Zoledroic Acid)-0.025
Arm II (Clinical Observation)-0.086

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Bone Mineral Density of the Total Hip as Measured by DEXA Scan on Left Hip

To compare the effect of zoledronic acid on the change in BMD of the left hip following treatment, evaluated by measuring the change from baseline to 18 months (NCT00305695)
Timeframe: 18 months

Interventiong/cm2 (Mean)
Arm I (Zoledroic Acid)-0.003
Arm II (Clinical Observation)-0.058

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Bone Mineral Density of the Total Hip as Measured by DEXA Scan on Right Hip

To compare the effect of zoledronic acid on the change in BMD of the right hip following treatment, evaluated by measuring the change from baseline to 18 months (NCT00305695)
Timeframe: 18 months

Interventiong/cm2 (Mean)
Arm I (Zoledroic Acid)0.101
Arm II (Clinical Observation)-0.052

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Time to First Individual Type of SRE

Types of SREs analyzed were pathologic fractures (vertebral and non-vertebral), spinal cord compression, radiation to bone and surgery to bone. The time to first indvidual SRE was defined as the date of randomization to the date of the first occurrence of any individual SRE. (NCT00320710)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

,
InterventionWeeks (Median)
Vertebral pathologic fracturesNon-vertebral pathologic fracturesSpinal cord compressionRadiation to boneSurgery to bone
Zoledronic Acid Every (q) 4 WeeksNANANANANA
Zoledronic Acid q 12 WeeksNANANANANA

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Time to First SRE

An SRE was defined as a pathologic bone fracture (vertebral and non-vertebral), spinal cord compression, radiation to bone, or surgery to bone. The time to first individual SRE was defined as the date of randomization to the date of first occurrence of any SRE. (NCT00320710)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

InterventionDays (Median)
Zoledronic Acid Every (q) 4 WeeksNA
Zoledronic Acid q 12 WeeksNA

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Change From Baseline in Mean Analgesic Score

The analgesic score indicates the types of pain medication used. The scores range as follows: 0 = none medication; 1 = minor analgesics (aspirin, NSAID, acetaminophen, propoxyphene, etc.); 2 = Tranquilizers, antidepressants, muscle relaxants, and steroids; 3 = Mild narcotics (oxycodone, meperidine, codeine, etc.); and 4 = Strong narcotics (morphine, hydromorphone, etc.). A positive change from baseline indicates worsening. (NCT00320710)
Timeframe: baseline, 52 weeks

Interventionscore (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid Every (q) 4 Weeks0.5
Zoledronic Acid q 12 Weeks0.5

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Change From Baseline in Mean Composite Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) Score

Participants completed a BPI short form which is a 9 item self-administered questionnaire used to evaluate the severity of a participant's pain and the impact of this pain on the participant's daily functioning. The participant rates his or her worst, least, average, and current pain intensity, lists current treatments and perceived effectiveness, and rates the degree that pain interferes with general activity, mood, walking ability, normal work, relations with other persons, sleep, and enjoyment of life on a 10 point scale. The BPI composite score, which was calculated as the average of items 3, 4, 5 and 6 (worst pain, least pain, average pain and pain right now), ranged from 0 (best possible outcome, no pain) to 10 (worst possible outcome, pain as bad as you can imagine). A positive change from baseline indicates worsening. (NCT00320710)
Timeframe: baseline, 52 weeks

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid Every (q) 4 Weeks0.24
Zoledronic Acid q 12 Weeks0.31

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Change From Baseline in Serum Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase

Serum samples were collected to obtain bone specific alkaline phosphatase values. (NCT00320710)
Timeframe: baseline, 48 weeks

Interventionmcg/L (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid Every (q) 4 Weeks0.797
Zoledronic Acid q 12 Weeks4.514

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Change From Baseline in Urinary N-telopeptide / Creatinine Ratio

Urine samples were collected to obtain n-telopeptide and creatinine values. (NCT00320710)
Timeframe: baseline, 48 weeks

Interventionratio (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid Every (q) 4 Weeks10.612
Zoledronic Acid q 12 Weeks14.697

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Skeletal Morbidity Rate

"An SMR for a patient was defined as the number of occurrences of any (or a particular) SRE allowing for only 1 event in any 3-week interval, divided by the time at risk in years. The number of occurrences and the time at risk were counts of SRE and the time from the randomization date. Counting began from randomization in the way that every counted event was followed by a 20-day period during which no SRE was counted, nor was the time counted as at risk. For example, if a patient had 1 SRE during the study, the time at risk was calculated as the total number of days in the study minus the 20-day follow-up period for that SRE. If a patient had no SRE events, the entire study period was counted as time at risk. This SMR calculation method had the advantage of avoiding multiple counts of possibly interdependent SREs (e.g. having 1 fracture increases the probability of having a subsequent SRE)." (NCT00320710)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

InterventionNumber of events per year (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid Every (q) 4 Weeks0.46
Zoledronic Acid q 12 Weeks0.50

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Time to the First On-Study SRE (Non-inferiority)

Time to the first on-study skeletal-related event (SRE) analyzed for non-inferiority. Kaplan-Meier estimates of the median and its dispersion are reported. (NCT00321620)
Timeframe: Up to 40.5 months

InterventionDays (Median)
Zoledronic Acid521.0
Denosumab629.0

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Time to the First On-Study SRE (Superiority)

Time to the first on-study skeletal-related event (SRE), analyzed for superiority of denosumab. Kaplan-Meier estimates of the median and its dispersion are reported. (NCT00321620)
Timeframe: Up to 40.5 months

InterventionDays (Median)
Zoledronic Acid521.0
Denosumab629.0

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Time to the First-And-Subsequent On-Study SRE

"Time to the first-and-subsequent on-study skeletal-related event (SRE), analyzed for superiority of denosumab using multiple event analysis, the event must occur at least 21 days after the previous SRE.~This outcome measure utilizes multiple event times, was analyzed based on a proportional mean model, and is therefore more appropriately summarized by the cumulative mean number of events." (NCT00321620)
Timeframe: Up to 40.5 months

InterventionEvents (Number)
Zoledronic Acid584
Denosumab494

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Mean Change in Urinary N-terminal Telopeptide

Change in bone resorption markers of bone metabolism measured at baseline and 12 months post transplant for all enrolled patients. In bone physiology, the N-terminal telopeptide is a biomarker used to measure the rate of bone turnover. (NCT00321932)
Timeframe: From Time of Transplant to 12 Months Post-Transplant

InterventionnM Bone Collagen Equivalents/mM creatini (Mean)
Arm I (Standard of Care)-22.5
Arm II (Treatment With Zometa)-103.0

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Mean Change in Bone Mineral Density

"Change in bone mineral density of the femoral neck measured from baseline to 12 months after transplant utilizing Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan. Comparison of difference between the standard of care group (receiving calcium and vitamin D)and the Zometa group. The measurement consists of baseline bone mineral density measurements with followup measurements at 12 months.~This will be analyzed as a continuous variable. Percent change in bone mineral density (BMD) will be calculated as (BMD change) x 100/BMD baseline." (NCT00321932)
Timeframe: From Time of Transplant to 12 Months Post-Transplant

Interventionpercent (Mean)
Arm I (Standard of Care)-0.0714
Arm II (Treatment With Zometa)-0.0036

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Mean Change in Thyroid Function Test 4

Change in bone resorption markers of bone metabolism measured at baseline and 12 months post transplant for all enrolled patients. Individuals who have hyperthyroidism will have an elevated thyroxine (FT4). Low serum thyroxine can also indicate a pituitary problem. (NCT00321932)
Timeframe: From Time of Transplant to 12 Months Post-Transplant

Interventionng/dL (Mean)
Arm I (Standard of Care)-0.6
Arm II (Treatment With Zometa)-0.2

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Mean Change in Serum Osteocalcin

Change in bone resorption markers of bone metabolism measured at baseline and 12 months post transplant for all enrolled patients. As osteocalcin is produced by osteoblasts, it is often used as a marker for the bone formation process. (NCT00321932)
Timeframe: From Time of Transplant to 12 Months Post-Transplant

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Arm I (Standard of Care)-3.6
Arm II (Treatment With Zometa)-11.3

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Mean Change in Total Testosterone

Change in bone resorption markers of bone metabolism measured at baseline and 12 months post transplant for all enrolled patients. Testosterone affects the brain, bone and muscle mass, fat distribution, the vascular system, energy levels, genital tissues, and sexual functioning. (NCT00321932)
Timeframe: From Time of Transplant to 12 Months Post-Transplant

Interventionng/dL (Mean)
Arm I (Standard of Care)-65.4
Arm II (Treatment With Zometa)-23.6

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Mean Change in Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

Change in bone resorption markers of bone metabolism measured at baseline and 12 months post transplant for all enrolled patients. Follicle-stimulating hormone is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. (NCT00321932)
Timeframe: From Time of Transplant to 12 Months Post-Transplant

InterventionIU/L (Mean)
Arm I (Standard of Care)14.0
Arm II (Treatment With Zometa)6.6

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Mean Change in Luteinizing Hormone

Change in bone resorption markers of bone metabolism measured at baseline and 12 months post transplant for all enrolled patients. Luteinizing hormone is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. (NCT00321932)
Timeframe: From Time of Transplant to 12 Months Post-Transplant

InterventionIU/L (Mean)
Arm I (Standard of Care)18.8
Arm II (Treatment With Zometa)12.8

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Mean Change in Ultrasensitive Estradiol

Change in bone resorption markers of bone metabolism measured at baseline and 12 months post transplant for all enrolled patients. In women estradiol is responsible for growth of the breast and reproductive epithelia, maturation of long bones and development of the secondary sexual characteristics. (NCT00321932)
Timeframe: From Time of Transplant to 12 Months Post-Transplant

Interventionpg/ml (Mean)
Arm I (Standard of Care)-3.6
Arm II (Treatment With Zometa)-6.3

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Mean Change in Serum Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphate

Change in bone resorption markers of bone metabolism measured at baseline and 12 months post transplant for all enrolled patients. The decrease in serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase predicts bone mineral density response to hormone replacement therapy in early postmenopausal women. (NCT00321932)
Timeframe: From Time of Transplant to 12 Months Post-Transplant

InterventionU/L (Mean)
Arm I (Standard of Care)-3.0
Arm II (Treatment With Zometa)-4.3

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Changes in the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) at 3 Years

The FACT-G is a validated, 27-item measure. In addition to a total QOL score, subscale scores for physical, functional, social and emotional well-being are produced. There are 5 responses options, with 0=Not a lot and 4=Very much. All items in a subscale are added together, multiplied by the number of items in the subscale, then divided by the number of items answered to obtain subscale totals. Scores range from 0-108 for the FACT-G total score, 0-28 for the physical, social and functional subscales, and 0-24 for the emotional subscale. Certain items, identified on the FACT-G scoring guides, must be reversed before it is added by subtracting the response from 4. All subscale totals are added together to form the FACT-G total score. Each subscale requires at least 50% of the items to be completed while the overall response rate must be greater than 80%. If items are missing, the subscale scores can be prorated. A higher score indicates better QOL. (NCT00329797)
Timeframe: Baseline, 3 years from start of treatment

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Physical SubscaleSocial SubscaleEmotional SubscaleFunctional SubscaleTotal
Control0.06-1.131.15-2.76-2.77
Zoledronic Acid-1.03-0.691.83-1.10-1.00

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Percent Change in Bone Mineral Density at 3 Years

Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by DXA scan (Dual X-ray absorptiometry) for five locations: lumbar, right total hip, left total hip, right femoral neck, and left femoral neck. The percent change at 3 years was calculated for each location by the following formula: Percent Change BMD = (BMD_3 years - BMD_Baseline)/ BMD_Baseline * 100. (NCT00329797)
Timeframe: Baseline, 3 years from start of treatment

,
Interventionpercentage of baseline value (Mean)
LumbarHip - RightHip - LeftFemoral - RightFemoral - Left
Control-5-5-8-6-8
Zoledronic Acid6-2113

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Freedom From Any Bone Fracture (FABF) Rate at Three Years

The time of failure was measured from the date of randomization to the date of documented bone fractures, defined as any fracture of the bone. The three-year FABF rate will be estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. (NCT00329797)
Timeframe: From randomization to 3 years

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid98.0
Control97.4

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Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) From Baseline to Month 36

Change in bone mineral density (BMD) measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in lumbar spine (L1-L4). Change calculated by (Month 36 BMD-Baseline BMD)/Baseline BMD*100. (NCT00332709)
Timeframe: at 36 months as compared to baseline

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Letrozole-0.11
Letrozole + Zoledronic Acid0.03

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Change in Z-Score From Baseline to Month 12

(DXA). The Z-Score is the number of standard deviations a patient's BMD differs from the average BMD of their age, sex and ethnicity. A Z-score of less than minus -1.5 raises concern of factors other than aging as contributing to osteoporosis (NCT00332709)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 12

InterventionZ-Score (Mean)
Letrozole-0.26
Letrozole + Zoledronic Acid0.37

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Change in Z Score From Baseline to Month 36

Bone Mineral Density is measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The Z-Score is the number of standard deviations a patient's BMD differs from the average BMD of their age, sex and ethnicity. A Z-score of less than minus -1.5 raises concern of factors other than aging as contributing to osteoporosis. (NCT00332709)
Timeframe: Baseline, month 36

InterventionZ-Score (Mean)
Letrozole-0.31
Letrozole + Zoledronic Acid0.25

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Change in T-score From Baseline to Month 36

BMD measured by DXA (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) at lumbar spine, L1-L4. The T-Score is a comparison of a patient's BMD to that of a healthy 30 year of the same sex and ethnicity. The criteria of the World Health Organization are Normal is a T-Score of 1.0 or higher. Osteopenia is defined as between - 1.0 and -2.5. Osteoporosis is defined as -2.5 or lower, meaning a bone density that is two and half standard deviations below the mean of a 30 year old man/woman. (NCT00332709)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 36

InterventionT-Score (Mean)
Letrozole-0.90
Letrozole + Zoledronic Acid0.46

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Change in Bone Mineral Density From Baseline to 12 Months

Change in bone mineral density (BMD) measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in lumbar spine (L1-L4). Change calculated by (Month 36 BMD-Baseline BMD)/Baseline BMD*100. (NCT00332709)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months

Interventiong/cm^2 (Mean)
Letrozole-0.04
Letrozole + Zoledronic Acid0.02

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Number of Participants With Any Kind of Fractures, by Visit.

Number of participants with fractures of any type since the last visit (NCT00332709)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6, 12, 18, 24 , 30 and 36

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
BaselineMonth 6Month 12Month 18Month 24Month 30Month 36
Letrozole0000000
Letrozole + Zoledronic Acid0000000

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Percent Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) From Baseline to Month 36

"Bone Mineral Density is measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan.~ANCOVA model was used in the analysis where: Variable = Baseline, Center, Treatment BMD = (Month 36 BMD-Baseline BMD)/Baseline BMD*100." (NCT00332709)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 36

InterventionPercent Change in BMD (Mean)
Letrozole-11.34
Letrozole + Zoledronic Acid3.31

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Change in T-Score From Baseline to Month 12

BMD measured by DXA (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) at lumbar spine, L1-L4. The T-Score is a comparison of a patient's BMD to that of a healthy 30 year of the same sex and ethnicity. The criteria of the World Health Organization are Normal is a T-Score of 1.0 or higher. Osteopenia is defined as between - 1.0 and -2.5. Osteoporosis is defined as -2.5 or lower, meaning a bone density that is two and half standard deviations below the mean of a 30 year old man/woman. (NCT00332709)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 12

InterventionT-Score (Mean)
Letrozole-0.31
Letrozole + Zoledronic Acid0.25

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Percentage Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) T-Score From Baseline to 12 Months

The 12-month change from baseline in BMD at the total lumbar spine. BMD evaluation was performed at baseline and at 12 months after initiation of therapy at the lumbar spine. BMD was measured by dual-energy, x-ray absorptiometry scanners. T-Score is the number of standard deviations above or below the mean. A T-score >= -1 indicates a normal BMD, while T-scores between -1 and -2.5 indicate osteopenia and T-scores <= -2.5 indicate osteoporosis. (NCT00352846)
Timeframe: From baseline to 12 Months

InterventionPercentage Change of BMD (Mean)
Vitamin D + Calcium Carbonate0.08
Vitamin D + Calcium Carbonate + Zoledronic Acid-0.09

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Change in Lumbar Spine BMD (Bone Mineral Density) in g/cm^2 From Baseline to Month 12 Relative to Baseline as Measured by DXA (Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry)

(NCT00361595)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 months

Interventiongrams/cm^2 (Mean)
Open Label2.2

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Change in Bone Density (Grams/cm^2) at the Total Hip at 6 and 12 Months

Change in bone density (grams/cm^2) at the total hip at 6 and 12 months. 12 month reported based on usual interval for bone density follow-up in clinical practice. (NCT00361595)
Timeframe: 6 months and 12 months

Interventiongrams/cm^2 (Mean)
Open Label2.4

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Change in Serum N-propeptide Type 1 Collagen (P1NP) (at Day 10 and Months 2, 6, 9 and 12)

Change in serum n-propeptide type 1 collagen (P1NP) (at day 10 and months 2, 6, 9 and 12. 12 month values reported based on 12 month duraton of zolendronic acid effect. (NCT00361595)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionmcg/ml (Mean)
Open Label-66.2

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Change in Serum C-telopeptide Type 1 Collagen (CTX) (at Day 10 and Months 2, 6, 9 and 12)

Change in serum c-telopeptide type 1 collagen (CTX) (at day 10 and months 2, 6, 9 and 12. 12 month values reported based on 12 month duraton of zolendronic acid effect. (NCT00361595)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Open Label-49.1

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Change in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) at One Year

"The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) is a measurement tool for assessing clinical pain. The BPI assesses severity (pain at its worst, least, average, and now), and interference (how much pain has interfered with seven daily activities, including general activity, walking, work, mood, enjoyment of life, relations with others, and sleep). Patients rate the severity of their pain and the degree to which their pain interferes with common dimensions of feeling and function on a scale of 0 to 10, with 0=no pain/interference and 10=interferes completely/worst pain imaginable." (NCT00365105)
Timeframe: Baseline and 1 year

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Zoledronic Acid1
Zoledronic Acid + Radiopharmaceuticals0

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Overall Survival

Overall survival time is defined as time from randomization to the date of death from any cause. Overall survival rates are estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Patients last known to be alive are censored at the date of last contact. (NCT00365105)
Timeframe: From randomization to last follow-up. Maximum follow-up at time of analysis was 101.7 months.

Interventionmonths (Median)
Zoledronic Acid32.1
Zoledronic Acid + Radiopharmaceuticals26.9

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Change in EuroQol-5 Dimension 3-level (EQ-5D-3L) at One Year

The EQ-5D-3L is a 2-part self-assessment questionnaire. First part is 5 items (mobility, self care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression) each with 3 problem levels (1-none, 2-moderate, 3-extreme). The 5-item index score is transformed into a utility score between 0 (worst health state) and 1 (best health state). The 2nd part is a visual analogue scale (VAS) valuing current health state, measured on a 20-cm 10-point interval scale. Worst imaginable health state is scored as 0 at the bottom of the scale, and best imaginable health state is scored as 100 at the top. Change at one year is calculated as one-year score - baseline score with positive change indicating improved quality of life. (NCT00365105)
Timeframe: Baseline and 1 year

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Index ScoreVAS Score
Zoledronic Acid-0.04-1.20
Zoledronic Acid + Radiopharmaceuticals-0.06-6.70

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Change in Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - General (FACT-G) at One Year

The FACT-G is a validated 27-item measure in which a higher score represents higher quality of life (QOL). Physical, functional, social and emotional well-being subscale scores are added together to form the FACT-G total score. Responses range from 0=Not a lot to 4=Very much. Certain items must be reversed before being added, by subtracting the response from 4. Subscale items are added together, multiplied by the number of items in the subscale, then divided by the number of items answered to obtain subscale totals. Total score ranges from 0-108; physical, social and functional subscales from 0-28; emotional subscale from 0-24. Each subscale requires at least 50% of the items to be completed while the overall response rate must be greater than 80%. If items are missing the subscale scores can be prorated. Change score at one year is calculated as one year score - baseline score with a positive change score indicating improvement in QOL. (NCT00365105)
Timeframe: Baseline and 1 year

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
FACT-G TotalPhysical Well-BeingSocial/Family Well-BeingEmotional Well-BeingFunctional Well-Being
Zoledronic Acid-1-1000
Zoledronic Acid + Radiopharmaceuticals-2-1000

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Evaluation of Pain According to Verbal Rating Scale (VRS) Based on Median Score Value

Pain intensity at rest and on movement is rated by the patient by means of a validated 6-point Verbal Rating Scale (VRS) and refers to the pain which occurred during the last week before the assessment. Median score value is the median of all the observed scores (none=0, very mild=1, mild=2, moderate=3, severe=5 and very severe=6) at each time point. (NCT00375427)
Timeframe: At Baseline, Month 3, Month 6, Month 9 and Month 12

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
At Rest: BaselineAt Rest: Month 3At Rest: Month 6At Rest: Month 9At Rest: Month 12At Movement : BaselineAt Movement : Month 3At Movement : Month 6At Movement : Month 9At Movement : Month 12
Zoledronic Acid Every 3 Months1221222222.5
Zoledronic Acid Every 4 Weeks1211122222

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Composite Bone Pain Score According to the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) Questionnaire

Bone pain was assessed by means of a pain score obtained using the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) questionnaire. The BPI can produce three pain scores: worst pain, a composite pain score, and a pain interference score. The composite pain score, which is the average of questions 3, 4, 5 and 6 of the questionnaire was used in this study. Pain was rated on a scale of 0 (no pain) to 10 (pain as bad as you can imagine). The outcome is given as the median score for participants at baseline, and 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of treatment (NCT00375427)
Timeframe: At Baseline, Month 3, Month 6, Month 9 and Month 12

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (N= 186, 185)Month 3 (N= 156, 163)Month 6 (N= 143, 160)Month 9 (N= 131, 130)Month 12 (N= 135, 124)
Zoledronic Acid Every 3 Months2.02.32.32.32.4
Zoledronic Acid Every 4 Weeks2.12.21.92.12.1

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Assessment of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Score

ECOG Performance Score has 4 grades. 0 = Fully active, able to carry out all pre-disease activities; 1 = Restricted in strenuous activity but ambulatory and able to carry out work of light or sedentary nature; 2 = Ambulatory and capable of all self-care but unable to carry out work activities. Active about 50% of waking hours; 3 = Capable of limited self-care, confined to bed/chair more than 50% of waking hours; 4 = Completely disabled; cannot carry on self-care. Totally confined to bed/chair. Outcome is given as median score for participants at Baseline and 3, 6 , 9 and 12 months of treatment (NCT00375427)
Timeframe: At Baseline, Month 3, Month 6, Month 9 and Month 12

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
BaselineMonth 3Month 6Month 9Month 12
Zoledronic Acid Every 3 Months00000
Zoledronic Acid Every 4 Weeks00000

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Annual Overall Skeletal Morbidity Rate (SMR)

"The SMR was computed by summing all Skeletal Related Event(s) (SREs)which occurred during the observation period and dividing it by the ratio days of observation period / 365.25, for each participant. SRE was defined as: pathologic bone fracture, spinal cord compression, surgery to bone both curative and prophylactic, radiation therapy to bone, or hypercalcemia of malignancy.~SMR (years) = 365.25 x SMR(days) where SMR (days) = total number of SREs / total SRE risk period (days). Risk period for SMR was computed as the days from randomization date to the date of last visit." (NCT00375427)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionNumber of Skeletal Events per Year (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid Every 3 Months0.26
Zoledronic Acid Every 4 Weeks0.22

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Use Of Analgesic Medications According to the Analgesic Score Scale

"The analgesic score used for this study is modified from the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) analgesic score scale. The scale represents type of medication administered from 0 to 4 where:~0 = None~= Minor analgesics (aspirin, NSAID, acetaminophen, propoxyphene, etc.)~= Tranquilisers, antidepressants, muscle relaxants, and steroids~= Mild narcotics (oxycodone, meperidine, codeine, etc.)~= Strong narcotics (morphine, hydromorphone, etc.) The outcome is given a the median score for the participants at Baseline and 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of treatment" (NCT00375427)
Timeframe: At Baseline, Month 3, Month 6, Month 9 and Month 12

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
BaselineMonth 3Month 6Month 9Month 12
Zoledronic Acid Every 3 Months00000
Zoledronic Acid Every 4 Weeks00000

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Percentage Change in Bone Mineral Density for Femoral Neck (Right and Left Side) From Baseline to Month 24

Bone mineral density (BMD) for femoral neck (right and left side) is measured by using Lunar or Hologic dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) Instruments. Measurements were done on femoral neck (right and left side) (NCT00375505)
Timeframe: baseline, month 24

,
InterventionPercentage Change (Mean)
femoral neck (right)femoral neck (left)
Placebo-0.023-0.023
Zometa0.0110.008

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Change in Inhibin A and Inhibin B From Baseline to Month 24

Change in Inhibin A and Inhibin B from baseline to month 24 (NCT00375505)
Timeframe: baseline, month 24

,
Interventionpg/ml (Mean)
Inhibin A (n=34,34)Inhibin B (n=34,34)
Placebo-19.079-28.200
Zometa-10.209-39.126

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Change in Bone Mineral Density Phalanges II, III, IV, and V From Baseline to Month 24 or Last Visit as Measured by Amplitude-dependent Speed of Sound (ADSOS)

Bone mineral density (BMD) for Phalanges II, III, IV, and V is measured by ADSOS; ADSOS is a Quantitative ultrasonography scanning and measures bone mass and strength and assesses bone microarchitecture by detecting the transmission of high-frequency sound waves through bone. (NCT00375505)
Timeframe: baseline, month 24

,
Interventionm/s (Mean)
Phalanges II (n=35, 33)Phalanges III (n=35, 33)Phalanges IV (n=35, 33)Phalanges V (n=35, 33)
Placebo-48.514-62.971-49.086-35.000
Zometa-21.485-19.8790.4550.303

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Change in Bone Mineral Density Os Calcis (Right and Left Side) From Baseline to Month 24 as Measured by Speed of Sound (SOS)

Bone mineral density (BMD) for Os calcis (right and left side) is measured by SOS; SOS is a Quantitative ultrasonography scanning and measures bone mass and strength and assesses bone microarchitecture by detecting the transmission of high-frequency sound waves through bone. (NCT00375505)
Timeframe: baseline, month 24

,
Interventionm/s (Mean)
Os calcis (right)Os calcis (left)
Placebo-13.139-13.028
Zometa-10.853-13.485

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Change in Bone Mineral Density Os Calcis (Right and Left Side) From Baseline to Month 24 as Measured by Broadband Ultrasound Attenuation (BUA)

Bone mineral density (BMD) for Os calcis (right and left side) is measured by BUA; BUA is a Quantitative ultrasonography scanning and measures bone mass and strength and assesses bone microarchitecture by detecting the transmission of high-frequency sound waves through bone. (NCT00375505)
Timeframe: baseline, month 24

,
InterventiondB/MHz (Mean)
Os calcis (right)Os calcis (left)
Placebo-0.306-2.417
Zometa1.8241.848

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Percent Change in Bone Mineral Density for L2-L4 From Baseline to Month 24 or Last Visit

Bone mineral density (BMD) at lumbar spine (L2-L4) measured by using Lunar or Hologic dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) Instruments. Measurements were done in the lumbar vertebrae (L2-L4) (NCT00375505)
Timeframe: baseline, month 24

Interventionpercentage change (Mean)
Placebo-6.429
Zometa3.139

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Change in Vitamine D From Baseline to Month 24

Change in Vitamine D from baseline to month 24 (NCT00375505)
Timeframe: baseline, month 24

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Placebo11.163
Zometa9.638

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Change in Aminoterminal Propeptide on Type I Procollagen (P1NP) From Baseline to Month 24

Change in Aminoterminal propeptide on type I procollagen (P1NP) from baseline to month 24. P1NP is a marker for bone formation. It is a specific indicator of type 1 collagen deposition. P1NP is increased in states of high bone turnover (NCT00375505)
Timeframe: baseline, month 24

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Placebo16.729
Zometa-21.476

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Change in Testosterone From Baseline to Month 24

Change in Testosterone from baseline to month 24 (NCT00375505)
Timeframe: baseline, month 24

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Placebo0.039
Zometa0.015

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Change in Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) From Baseline to Month 24

Change in Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) from baseline to month 24 (NCT00375505)
Timeframe: baseline, month 24

Interventionpg/ml (Mean)
Placebo7.288
Zometa4.729

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Change in Anti-Mueller Hormone (AMH) From Baseline to Month 24

Change in anti-Mueller hormone (AMH) from baseline to month 24 (NCT00375505)
Timeframe: baseline, month 24

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Placebo-0.584
Zometa-0.878

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Change in Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHGB) From Baseline to Month 24

Change in Sex Hormone binding globulin (SHGB) from baseline to month 24 (NCT00375505)
Timeframe: baseline, month 24

Interventionnmol/l (Mean)
Placebo5.609
Zometa12.806

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Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Lumbar Spine (L2-L4) From Baseline to Month 24 or Last Visit Measure by Z-score

Bone mineral density (BMD) at lumbar spine (L2-L4) measured by Z-score. If Z-score is -2 or lower, it may suggest that something other than aging is causing abnormal bone loss. (NCT00375505)
Timeframe: baseline, month 24

InterventionZ-score (Mean)
Placebo-0.658
Zometa0.309

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Change in Estradiol (E2) From Baseline to Month 24

Change in Estradiol from baseline to month 24 (NCT00375505)
Timeframe: baseline, month 24

Interventionng/L (Mean)
Placebo-119.026
Zometa-10.421

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Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Lumbar Spine (L2-L4) From Baseline to Month 24 or Last Visit Measure by T-score

Bone mineral density (BMD) at lumbar spine (L2-L4) by T-score. Your T-score is the number of units that your bone density is above or below the average. -1 and above-bone density is considered normal; Between -1 and -2.5-is a sign of osteopenia, a condition in which bone density is below normal and may lead to osteoporosis. -2.5 and below-indicates that it is likely osteoporosis. (NCT00375505)
Timeframe: baseline, month 24

InterventionT-score (Mean)
Placebo-0.622
Zometa0.309

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Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Measured by Dual (Energy) X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) at Lumbar Spine (L2-L4) From Baseline to Month 24

Bone mineral density (BMD) by DXA at lumbar spine (L2-L4); DXA assessments of the BMD at dual hips. (BMD). Two X-ray beams with different energy levels are aimed at the patient's bones. When soft tissue absorption is subtracted out, the BMD can be determined from the absorption of each beam by bone. (NCT00375505)
Timeframe: baseline, month 24

InterventionZ-score (Mean)
Placebo-0.075
Zometa0.037

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Change in Follicle- Stimulating Hormone (FSH) From Baseline to Month 24

Change in Follicle- Stimulating Hormone (FSH) from baseline to month 24 (NCT00375505)
Timeframe: baseline, month 24

InterventionmIU/ml (Mean)
Placebo-0.593
Zometa0.860

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Percentage Change in Bone Mineral Density for Total Femoral Neck (Right and Left Side) From Baseline to Month 24

Bone mineral density (BMD) for total femoral neck (right and left side) is measured by using Lunar or Hologic dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) Instruments. Measurements were done on femoral neck (right and left side) (NCT00375505)
Timeframe: baseline, month 24

,
Interventionpercentage change (Mean)
femoral neck (right)femoral neck (left)
Placebo-0.039-0.036
Zometa0.0130.014

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Change of Cross-linked N-telopeptide of Type I Collagen (NTx) Level Assessed as Standardized Area Under the Curve From Screening to Month 12 in the Intent-to-Treat Population

The level of bone activity as measured by NTx over the course of 12 months was assessed using the standardized area under the curve. Blood samples were collected after an overnight fast of at least 8 hours between 7:00 and 11:00 AM at Screening and Months 1.5, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after baseline. Serum was analyzed at a central lab using commercially available ELISA kits. Standardized AUC was calculated by the AUC divided by the number of days the patient participated in the study. (NCT00404820)
Timeframe: Screening to end of study (Month 12)

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid 5 mg0.282
Alendronate 70 mg0.270

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Change of Cross-linked N-telopeptide of Type I Collagen (NTx) Level Assessed as Standardized Area Under the Curve From Screening to Month 12 in the Per Protocol Population

The level of bone activity as measured by NTx over the course of 12 months was assessed using the standardized area under the curve. Blood samples were collected after an overnight fast of at least 8 hours between 7:00 and 11:00 AM at Screening and Months 1.5, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after baseline. Serum was analyzed at a central lab using commercially available ELISA kits. Standardized AUC was calculated by the AUC divided by the number of days the patient participated in the study. (NCT00404820)
Timeframe: Screening to end of study (Month 12)

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid 5 mg0.293
Alendronate 70 mg0.294

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Change of Procollagen Type I Nitrogenous Propeptide (P1NP) Level Assessed as Standardized Area Under the Curve From Screening to Month 12

The level of bone activity as measured by P1NP over the course of 12 months was assessed using the standardized area under the curve. Blood samples were collected after an overnight fast of at least 8 hours between 7:00 and 11:00 AM at Screening and Months 1.5, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after baseline. Serum was analyzed at a central lab using commercially available ELISA kits. Standardized AUC was calculated by the AUC divided by the number of days the patient participated in the study. (NCT00404820)
Timeframe: Screening to end of study (Month 12)

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid 5 mg28.2
Alendronate 70 mg25.5

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Change in Body Height From Baseline to Month 12

Body height was measured at Baseline and at the end of the study (Month 12) and the change in height calculated. (NCT00404820)
Timeframe: Baseline to end of study (Month 12)

Interventioncm (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid 5 mg-0.1
Alendronate 70 mg0.0

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Number of Patients With a Clinical Fracture From Baseline to Month 12

A diagnosis of clinical fracture was based on physical examination findings, ie, swelling, tenderness, limited movement, pain. (NCT00404820)
Timeframe: Baseline to end of study (Month 12)

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid 5 mg10
Alendronate 70 mg4

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Therapy Preference at End of Study (Month 12)

Patients were administered a questionnaire at the end of the study in which they were asked which type of therapy, weekly oral or yearly iv, they preferred. (NCT00404820)
Timeframe: Month 12

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
No data availableYearly ivWeekly oral
Alendronate 70 mg168293
Zoledronic Acid 5 mg3033048

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Change in the Qualeffo-41 Quality of Life (QoL) Questionnaire Score From Baseline to Month 12

The Qualeffo-41 QoL questionnaire was completed by the patient at Baseline and at Month 12. The questionnaire includes 41 questions covering 7 domains (pain, physical function and activities of daily living, physical function and jobs around the house, physical function and mobility, leisure and social activities, general health perception, mental function). Scores on each question range from 1 to 3, 4, or 5. The total score summed over all questions ranges from 41-205 points; the lower the score the higher the quality of life. A negative change score indicates improvement. (NCT00404820)
Timeframe: Baseline to end of study (Month 12)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid 5 mg-1.2
Alendronate 70 mg-0.6

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Overall Principal Investigator Satisfaction Assessed by Satisfaction Questionnaire

"The investigator was asked to complete satisfaction questionnaires at baseline (Visit 2/Day 1) when each patient's i.v. drug administration occurred. The questionnaire assessed overall satisfaction with the i.v. infusion procedure. The possible answers to the question were: not at all, a little, somewhat, quite, or completely." (NCT00431444)
Timeframe: Immediately after infusion procedure

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Not at all / A littleSomewhatQuiteCompletelyMissing
Raloxifene0131138
Zoledronic Acid0321633

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Patient Preference at 6 Months for Annual i.v Therapy or Daily Oral Regimens

"At the end-of-study visit, Month 6, patients were asked to complete a questionnaire to assess preference for the different treatment modalities (annual i.v. infusion vs. daily oral capsule). The possible answers to question were: once a year i.v. infusion, once daily pill, or both are equal." (NCT00431444)
Timeframe: At 6 month visit

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Once a year intravenous infusionOnce daily pillBoth are equalMissing
Raloxifene46430
Zoledronic Acid47331

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Change From Baseline in Serum Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BSAP) at 6 Months

(NCT00431444)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 months

,
InterventionU/L (Mean)
Baseline (n= 50, 48)At Month 6 (n= 51, 47)Change from baseline to Month 6 (n= 47, 42)
Raloxifene27.09424.981-2.250
Zoledronic Acid30.10419.237-10.572

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Overall Nurse Satisfaction Assessed by Satisfaction Questionnaire

"The study coordinator (nurse) was asked to complete satisfaction questionnaires at baseline (Visit 2/Day 1) when each patient's i.v. drug administration occurred. The questionnaire assessed overall satisfaction with the i.v. infusion procedure. The possible answers to the question were: not at all, a little, somewhat, quite, or completely." (NCT00431444)
Timeframe: Immediately after infusion procedure

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Not at all / A little / SomewhatQuiteCompletelyMissing
Raloxifene033515
Zoledronic Acid042921

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Change From Baseline in Serum Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BSAP) at 2 Months

(NCT00431444)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 months

,
InterventionU/L (Mean)
Baseline (n= 50, 48)At Month 2 (n= 51, 51)Change from baseline to Month 2 (n= 47, 46)
Raloxifene27.09426.424-1.085
Zoledronic Acid30.10420.855-8.947

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Overall Patient Satisfaction Assessed by Satisfaction Questionnaire

"Patients were asked to complete the satisfaction questionnaire at baseline. The questionnaire assessed overall satisfaction with the i.v. infusion procedure. The possible answers to the question were: not at all, a little, somewhat, quite, or completely." (NCT00431444)
Timeframe: Immediately after infusion procedure

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Not at allA littleSomewhatQuiteCompletelyMissing
Raloxifene1117421
Zoledronic Acid1019430

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Change From Baseline in Urine NTx at 4 Months

The results are reported as nanomoles (nM) of bone collagen equivalents (BCE) per millimole (mM) of urine creatinine. (NCT00431444)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 months

,
InterventionnM BCE/mM Cr (Mean)
Baseline (n= 52 , 53)At Month 4 (n= 48, 46)Change from baseline to Month 4 (n= 47, 46)
Raloxifene44.46038.143-3.920
Zoledronic Acid49.05420.802-27.832

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Change From Baseline in Urine NTx at 2 Months

The results are reported as nanomoles (nM) of bone collagen equivalents (BCE) per millimole (mM) of urine creatinine. (NCT00431444)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 months

,
InterventionnM BCE/mM Cr (Mean)
Baseline (n= 52, 53)At Month 2 (n= 54, 50)Change from baseline to Month 2 (n= 52, 50)
Raloxifene44.46040.756-4.000
Zoledronic Acid49.05417.774-31.065

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Change From Baseline in Urine N-telopeptide of Type 1 Collagen (NTx.)

The primary efficacy variable was the change from baseline in urine NTx (corrected by creatinine). The primary analysis time point was at 6 months of treatment. The results are reported as nanomoles (nM) of bone collagen equivalents (BCE) per millimole (mM) of urine creatinine. (NCT00431444)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 months

,
InterventionnM BCE/mM Cr (Mean)
Baseline (n = 52, 53)6 months (n = 49, 47)Change from baseline to Month 6 (n= 48, 47)
Raloxifene44.46034.183-8.362
Zoledronic Acid49.05423.676-24.646

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Change From Baseline in Serum Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BSAP) at 4 Months

(NCT00431444)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 months

,
InterventionU/L (Mean)
Baseline (n= 50, 48)At Month 4 (n= 49, 47)Change from baseline to Month 4 (n= 45, 42)
Raloxifene27.09425.111-2.000
Zoledronic Acid30.10418.218-11.442

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12-month Progression-free Survival (PFS)

PFS at 12 months is a dichotomized outcome indicating whether or not a participant was progression free (and alive) at 12 months from the date of randomization. (NCT00432458)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Arm I: Thal/ZLD30
Arm II: ZLD18

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Duration of Response (Complete Response, Partial Response, and Very Good Partial Response)

Duration of response (DOR) is defined as the time from first documentation of response (CR, VGPR or PR) to disease progression. The median DOR with 95% CI was estimated using the Kaplan Meier method (NCT00432458)
Timeframe: time from start of response to progression (up to 5 years)

Interventionyears (Median)
Arm I: Thal/ZLD3.3

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Time to Disease Progression (TTP)

Time to disease progression (TTP) was defined as the time from randomization to the earliest documentation of disease progression. Participants were followed for a maximum of 5 years from registration. The median OS with 95% CI was estimated using the Kaplan Meier method, a two-sided (stratified) log-rank test was calculated. (NCT00432458)
Timeframe: randomization to progression (up to 5 years)

Interventionyears (Median)
Arm I: Thal/ZLD2.4
Arm II: ZLD1.2

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Number of Participants With Severe (Grade 3, 4 or 5) Adverse Events

"Adverse events were graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI CTCAE) version 2.~Description of Grades:~Grade 1: Mild Grade 2: Moderate Grade 3: Severe Grade 4: Life-threatening Grade 5: Death" (NCT00432458)
Timeframe: During treatment (up to 5 years)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Arm I: Thal/ZLD17
Arm II: ZLD13

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Number of Participants With a Confirmed Response (Complete Response [CR], Very Good Partial Response [VGPR] or Partial Response [PR]) on Two Consecutive Evaluations at Least 2 Weeks Apart in the First 12 Months of Treatment

"Response is defined as follows:~CR: Complete disappearance of M-protein from serum & urine on immunofixation, <5% plasma cells in bone marrow (BM)~VGPR: >=90% reduction in serum M-component; Urine M-Component <100 mg per 24 hours; <=5% plasma cells in BM~PR: >= 50% reduction in serum M-Component and/or Urine M-Component >= 90% reduction or <200 mg per 24 hours; or >= 50% decrease in difference between involved and uninvolved FLC levels" (NCT00432458)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Arm I: Thal/ZLD13
Arm II: ZLD0

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Time to Treatment Failure

Time to treatment failure (TTF) was defined as the time from randomization to the date at which the patient was removed from (protocol) treatment due to disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, participant refusal or death. The median TTF with 95% CI was estimated using the Kaplan Meier method (NCT00432458)
Timeframe: time from randomization to treatment failure (up to 5 years)

Interventionmonths (Median)
Arm I: Thal/ZLD16.5
Arm II: ZLD11.1

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Average Intra-patient Change in Total Lumbar Spine (L1 to L4) Bone Mineral Density (BMD)

Change: BMD values at twelve months post study entry minus BMD values at baseline, expressed as a percentage of the baseline value. (NCT00436917)
Timeframe: Baseline and 1 year

InterventionPercentage of the baseline value (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid2.66

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Average Intra-patient Change in Total Lumbar Spine (L1 to L4) Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Year 2 Post Study Entry

Change: BMD values at year 2 post study entry minus BMD values at baseline, expressed as a percentage of the baseline value. (NCT00436917)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 year

InterventionPercentage of the baseline value (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid4.94

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Average Intra-patient Change in Total Lumbar Spine (L1 to L4) Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Year 3 Post Study Entry

Change: BMD values at year 3 post study entry minus BMD values at baseline, expressed as a percentage of the baseline value. (NCT00436917)
Timeframe: Baseline and 3 year

InterventionPercentage of the baseline value (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid6.20

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Average Intra-patient Change in Total Lumbar Spine (L1 to L4) Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Year 4 Post Study Entry

Change: BMD values at year 4 post study entry minus BMD values at baseline, expressed as a percentage of the baseline value. (NCT00436917)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 year

InterventionPercentage of the baseline value (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid6.99

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Average Intra-patient Change in Total Lumbar Spine (L1 to L4) Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Year 5 Post Study Entry

Change: BMD values at year 5 post study entry minus BMD values at baseline, expressed as a percentage of the baseline value. (NCT00436917)
Timeframe: Baseline and 5 year

InterventionPercentage of the baseline value (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid11.71

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Average Intra-patient Change in Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Year 5 Post Study Entry

Change: BMD values at year 5 post study entry minus BMD values at baseline, expressed as a percentage of the baseline value. (NCT00436917)
Timeframe: Baseline and 5 year

InterventionPercentage of the baseline value (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid4.54

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Average Intra-patient Change in Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Year 1 Post Study Entry

Change: BMD values at year 1 post study entry minus BMD values at baseline, expressed as a percentage of the baseline value. (NCT00436917)
Timeframe: Baseline and 1 year

InterventionPercentage of the baseline value (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid5.66

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Average Intra-patient Change in Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Year 2 Post Study Entry

Change: BMD values at year 2 post study entry minus BMD values at baseline, expressed as a percentage of the baseline value. (NCT00436917)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 year

InterventionPercentage of the baseline value (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid10.47

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Average Intra-patient Change in Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Year 3 Post Study Entry

Change: BMD values at year 3 post study entry minus BMD values at baseline, expressed as a percentage of the baseline value. (NCT00436917)
Timeframe: Baseline and 3 year

InterventionPercentage of the baseline value (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid8.44

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Average Intra-patient Change in Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Year 4 Post Study Entry

Change: BMD values at year 4 post study entry minus BMD values at baseline, expressed as a percentage of the baseline value. (NCT00436917)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 year

InterventionPercentage of the baseline value (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid4.49

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Bone Resorption and Formation Biochemical Markers : Beta C-terminal Telopeptides of Type I Collagen (β-CTx)

Specialized tests for markers of bone formation such as β-CTx were performed at Baseline, and Weeks 4, 8, 26, 39, and 52. The amount of serum β-CTx was determined by the central laboratory. (NCT00439244)
Timeframe: At Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 26, Week 39 and Week 52

,,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
At Baseline (n= 126, 129, 121)At Week 4 (n= 109, 110, 104)At Week 8 (n= 106, 107, 98)At Week 26 (n= 116, 119, 114)At Week 39 (n= 110, 115, 110)At Week 52 (n= 110, 113, 112)
Placebo Zoledronic Acid Plus Teriparatide0.460.450.600.900.890.83
Zoledronic Acid0.440.050.070.120.150.17
Zoledronic Acid Plus Teriparatide0.450.050.090.430.570.64

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Percent Change From Baseline in Total Hip Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Week 13, Week 26 and Week 52

BMD measurements of the total hip by Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were performed on all patients at screening, and Weeks 13, 26, and 52 (or early termination). Every attempt was made to obtain the BMD measurements at the scheduled visit. If this was not possible, a BMD measurement ± 7 days from the scheduled visit was obtained. For the final DXA at Week 52, the window was 10 - 15 days prior to the final study visit. BMD scans were acquired locally and all results sent to a central reader for evaluation. (NCT00439244)
Timeframe: Baseline through Week 13, Week 26 and Week 52

,,
InterventionPercent Change (Least Squares Mean)
At Week 13 (n= 127, 133, 133)At Week 26 (n= 128, 130, 133)At Week 52 (n= 123, 129, 129)
Placebo Zoledronic Acid Plus Teriparatide0.750.891.10
Zoledronic Acid1.531.732.16
Zoledronic Acid Plus Teriparatide2.542.312.33

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Percent Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Week 13 and Week 26

BMD measurements of the lumbar spine (L1-L4) by Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were performed on all patients at screening, and Weeks 13, 26, and 52 (or early termination). Every attempt was made to obtain the BMD measurements at the scheduled visit. If this was not possible, a BMD measurement ± 7 days from the scheduled visit was obtained. For the Final DXA at Week 52, the window was 10 - 15 days prior to the final study visit. BMD scans were acquired locally and all results sent to a central reader for evaluation. (NCT00439244)
Timeframe: Baseline through Week 13 and Week 26

,,
InterventionPercent Change (Least Squares Mean)
At Week 13 (n= 127, 131, 131)At Week 26 (n= 128, 130, 132)
Placebo Zoledronic Acid Plus Teriparatide2.884.45
Zoledronic Acid2.973.87
Zoledronic Acid Plus Teriparatide4.656.31

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Bone Resorption and Formation Biochemical Markers : N-terminal Propeptide of Type I Collagen (P1NP)

Specialized tests for markers of bone formation such as n-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (P1NP) were performed at Baseline, and Weeks 4, 8, 26, 39, and 52. The amount of serum P1NP was determined by the central laboratory. (NCT00439244)
Timeframe: At Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 26, Week 39 and Week 52

,,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
At Baseline (n= 126, 129, 121)At Week 4 (n= 109, 110, 104)At Week 8 (n= 106, 107, 98)At Week 26 (n= 116, 119, 114)At Week 39 (n= 110, 115, 110)At Week 52 (n= 110, 113, 112)
Placebo Zoledronic Acid Plus Teriparatide55.6993.6399.27156.97153.92137.53
Zoledronic Acid53.6439.5721.6818.3220.6923.49
Zoledronic Acid Plus Teriparatide52.7261.7439.9165.2697.00112.87

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Percent Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Week 52

BMD measurements of the lumbar spine (L1-L4) by Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were performed on all patients at screening, and Weeks 13, 26, and 52 (or early termination). Every attempt was made to obtain the BMD measurements at the scheduled visit. If this was not possible, a BMD measurement ± 7 days from the scheduled visit was obtained. For the Final DXA at Week 52, the window was 10 - 15 days prior to the final study visit. BMD scans were acquired locally and all results sent to a central reader for evaluation. (NCT00439244)
Timeframe: Baseline through Week 52

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Zoledronic Acid Plus Teriparatide7.51
Zoledronic Acid4.37
Placebo Zoledronic Acid Plus Teriparatide7.05

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Number of Participants With First Clinical Vertebral Fracture

Clinical vertebral fracture is a painful vertebral fracture which came to clinical attention, e.g., with increased back pain, impairment of mobility or functional limitations. Subjects who did not experience a fracture event were censored at the end of study. End of study was defined as the last visit or date of death, whichever was earlier. (NCT00439647)
Timeframe: 24 months

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid1
Placebo3

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Total Hip BMD (g/CM^2)

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) Least Square Means (LSM) were analyzed using an ANCOVA model with treatment and baseline value as explanatory variables. Percent change in total hip BMD at Months 6, 12, and 24 relative to baseline as measured by DXA in a subset of at least 100 evaluable subjects at selected sites. Percentage change from baseline = 100*(endpoint - baseline) (NCT00439647)
Timeframe: Month 6, Month 12, Month 24

,
InterventionPercent change in BMD (Least Squares Mean)
Month 6 (n=60, n=63)Month 12 (n=58, n=64)Month 24 (n=56, n=63)
Placebo-0.440.260.16
Zoledronic Acid1.381.662.31

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Number of Participants With First Clinical Fracture

Clinical fracture is painful fracture in any site which came to clinical attention, e.g., with increased pain, impaired mobility or functional limitations. Subjects who did not experience fracture were censored at end of study. End of study was defined as the earlier of last visit or date of death. (NCT00439647)
Timeframe: 24 months

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid6
Placebo11

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Percentage of Participants With at Least One New Morphometric Vertebral Fracture Over 12 Months

Vertebral fracture (VF) was assessed based on morphometry. QM(quantitative morphometry) incident VF(QM positive) is defined by at least 20% decrease in vertebral height of at least 4mm. If participant had QM positive at any vertebrae at any visit, x-rays from visits for participants were evaluated using Genant semi-quantitative method for VF assessment: Grade1 Mild VF is defined as 20-24% decrease in anterior, middle, and/or posterior vertebral height. Grade2 moderate VF is defined as 25-40% decrease in vertebral height. Grade3 Severe VF is defined as more than 40% decrease in vertebral height (NCT00439647)
Timeframe: 12 Months

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid0.9
Placebo2.8

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Percentage of Participants With at Least One New Moderate or Severe Morphometric Vertebral Fracture Over 24 Months

Moderate or severe vertebral fracture (VF) was assessed based on morphometry. A QM (quantitative morphometry) incident VF(QM positive) was defined by at least a 20% decrease in any vertebral height (at least 4 mm). If a participant had a QM positive at any vertebrae at any visit,x-rays from all visits for participants were evaluated using Genant semi-quantitative (SQ) method for VF assessment. Grade 2 moderate VF was defined as a 25-40% reduction in any vertebral height.Grade 3 Severe: VF was defined as more than 40% reduction in any vertebral height. (NCT00439647)
Timeframe: 24 Months

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid1.1
Placebo3.0

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Percentage of Participants With at Least One New Morphometric Vertebral Fracture Over 24 Months

Vertebral fracture (VF) was assessed based on morphometry. QM(quantitative morphometry) incident VF(QM positive) is defined by at least 20% decrease in vertebral height of at least 4mm. If participant had QM positive at any vertebrae at any visit, x-rays from visits for participants were evaluated using Genant semi-quantitative method for VF assessment: Grade1 Mild VF is defined as 20-24% decrease in anterior, middle, and/or posterior vertebral height. Grade2 moderate VF is defined as 25-40% decrease in vertebral height. Grade3 Severe VF is defined as more than 40% decrease in vertebral height (NCT00439647)
Timeframe: 24 Months

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid1.6
Placebo4.9

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Number of Participants With First Non-vertebral Fracture

Non-vertebral fracture is any fracture which was not of the vertebrae. Subjects who did not experience a fracture event were censored at the end of study. End of study was defined as the last visit or date of death, whichever was earlier. (NCT00439647)
Timeframe: 24 months

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid5
Placebo8

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Percentage of Participants With at Least One New or Worsening Morphometric Vertebral Fracture Over 12 Months

Worsening vertebral fracture (VF) was assessed based on morphometry. QM (quantitative morphometry) incident VF(QM positive) was defined by at least a 20% decrease in any vertebral height (at least 4 mm). If a participant had a QM positive at any vertebrae at any visit, x-rays from all visits for participants were evaluated using Genant semi-quantitative (SQ) method for VF assessment. A worsening fracture was defined as an SQ reading that was greater than the baseline SQ reading, which was at least 1 (prevalent fracture) (NCT00439647)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid1.3
Placebo2.8

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Percentage of Participants With at Least One New or Worsening Morphometric Vertebral Fracture Over 24 Months

Worsening vertebral fracture (VF) was assessed based on morphometry. A QM (quantitative morphometry) incident VF(QM positive) was defined by at least a 20% decrease in any vertebral height (at least 4 mm). If a participant had a QM positive at any vertebrae at any visit,x-rays from all visits for participants were evaluated using Genant semi-quantitative (SQ) method for VF assessment. A worsening fracture was defined as an SQ reading that was greater than the baseline SQ reading, which was at least 1 (prevalent fracture) (NCT00439647)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 24

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid2.0
Placebo4.9

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Mean Change in Height From Baseline

Height was measured using a stadiometer. Two measurements were taken in millimeters (mm), and repeated if the two measurements differed by greater than 4 mm. The average of the two (or four) height measurements was used for analysis (NCT00439647)
Timeframe: from Baseline to 12 months and 24 months

,
Interventionmm (Mean)
12 months24 months
Placebo-2.50-4.61
Zoledronic Acid-0.86-2.33

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Percentage of Participants With at Least One New Moderate or Severe Morphometric Vertebral Fracture Over 12 Months

Moderate or severe vertebral fracture (VF) was assessed based on morphometry. A QM (quantitative morphometry) incident VF(QM positive) was defined by at least a 20% decrease in any vertebral height (at least 4 mm). If a participant had a QM positive at any vertebrae at any visit,x-rays from all visits for participants were evaluated using Genant semi-quantitative (SQ) method for VF assessment. Grade 2 moderate VF was defined as a 25-40% reduction in any vertebral height.Grade 3 Severe: VF was defined as more than 40% reduction in any vertebral height. (NCT00439647)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid0.4
Placebo1.9

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Femoral Neck BMD (g/CM^2)

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) Least Square Means (LSM) were analyzed using an ANCOVA model with treatment and baseline value as explanatory variables. Percent change in total femoral neck BMD at Months 6, 12, and 24 relative to baseline as measured by DXA in a subset of at least 100 evaluable subjects at selected sites. Percentage change from baseline = 100*(endpoint - baseline) (NCT00439647)
Timeframe: Month 6, Month 12, Month 24

,
InterventionPercent change in BMD (Least Squares Mean)
Month 6 (n=60, n=63)Month 12 (n=58, n=64)Month 24 (n=56, n=63)
Placebo0.580.590.09
Zoledronic Acid2.212.063.39

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine Bone Mass Density (BMD)

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) Least Square Means (LSM) were analyzed using an ANCOVA model with treatment and baseline value as explanatory variables. Percent change in BMD at lumbar spine at Months 6, 12, and 24 relative to baseline as measured by DXA in a subset of at least 100 evaluable subjects at selected sites. Percentage change from baseline = 100*(endpoint - baseline) (NCT00439647)
Timeframe: Month 6, Month 12, Month 24

,
InterventionPercent change in BMD (Least Squares Mean)
Month 6 (n=61, n=61)Month 12 (n=60, n=62)Month 24 (n=58, n=61)
Placebo0.100.841.61
Zoledronic Acid4.875.517.73

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Serum Beta C-terminal Telopeptides of Type I Collagen(b-CTx) by Visits

(NCT00439647)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6, Month 12, Month 15, month 18, Month 24

,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Baseline (n-64) (n=66)Month 3 (n=63) (n=65)Month 6 (n=62) (n=64)Month 12 (n=63) (n=64)Month 15 (n=55) (n=58)Month 18 (n=55) (n=60)Month 24 (n=55) (n=62)
Placebo0.39330.36470.35400.40420.35760.39540.4060
Zoledronic Acid0.36460.09900.13840.16690.09960.13200.1760

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Disease-free Survival (DFS)

DFS was defined as the time interval from the randomization date to the date of first evidence of local or distant metastases, contra-lateral breast cancer, secondary carcinoma, or death from any cause (whichever occurred first). Participants last known to be alive, who did not experience recurrence of disease, were censored at their last contact date or at the data cut-off date whichever came first. (NCT00556374)
Timeframe: From randomization until the DFS data cut-off date of 15 September 2015; maximum time on main study at the cut-off was 102 months

InterventionDays (Median)
PlaceboNA
DenosumabNA

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Number of Participants With New or Worsening Vertebral Fractures

"Assessment of vertebral fractures was performed by an expert radiologist at the central imaging center using a semiquantitative grading scale: Grade 1, 20% to 25% reduction in vertebral height (anterior, middle, or posterior); Grade 2, 25% to 40% reduction in height; Grade 3, greater than 40% reduction in height.~A new vertebral fracture was defined as a fracture in a previously undeformed vertebrae including new compression fractures, defined as those compression fractures having a decrease in total anterior or posterior height of at least 25% from baseline. New vertebral fractures includes morphometric vertebral fractures identified from on study x-rays and clinical vertebral fractures confirmed by x-rays. Worsening of pre-existing fractures was defined as an increase in fracture severity of at least 1 grade on the semiquantitative scale." (NCT00556374)
Timeframe: 36 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Placebo55
Denosumab31

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Number of Participants With New Vertebral Fractures

"Assessment of vertebral fractures was performed by an expert radiologist at the central imaging center using a semiquantitative grading scale: Grade 1, 20% to 25% reduction in vertebral height (anterior, middle, or posterior); Grade 2, 25% to 40% reduction in height; Grade 3, greater than 40% reduction in height.~A new vertebral fracture was defined as a fracture in a previously undeformed vertebrae including new compression fractures, defined as those compression fractures having a decrease in total anterior or posterior height of at least 25% from baseline. New vertebral fractures includes morphometric vertebral fractures identified from on study x-rays and clinical vertebral fractures confirmed by x-rays." (NCT00556374)
Timeframe: 36 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Placebo49
Denosumab27

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Overall Survival (OS)

OS was defined as the time from randomization to death from any cause. (NCT00556374)
Timeframe: Randomization until end of main study, maximum duration of main study was 152 months

InterventionDays (Median)
PlaceboNA
DenosumabNA

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Percent Change From Baseline in Femoral Neck BMD at Month 36 at Pre-selected Sites

Bone mineral density was assessed by dual x-ray absorptiometry. (NCT00556374)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 36

InterventionPercent Change in BMD (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-3.10
Denosumab3.41

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Time to First Clinical Fracture

The time to first on-study clinical fracture was defined as the number of days from randomization to the date of the x-ray confirming the clinical fracture. A clinical fracture is any clinically evident fracture with associated symptoms and confirmed by x-ray. Participants who died or withdrew without experiencing a clinical fracture were censored at the date of last contact or study termination whichever was earlier. (NCT00556374)
Timeframe: From randomization until the primary analysis cut-off date of 26 March 2014; maximum time on main study at the cut-off was 87 months

InterventionDays (Median)
PlaceboNA
DenosumabNA

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Percent Change From Baseline in Total Hip BMD at Month 36 at Pre-selected Sites

Bone mineral density was assessed by dual x-ray absorptiometry. (NCT00556374)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 36

InterventionPercent Change in BMD (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-3.32
Denosumab4.60

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Bone Metastases-free Survival (BMFS)

BMFS was defined as the time interval from randomization to first occurrence of bone metastasis or death from any cause, whichever comes first. Participants last known to be alive, who did not experience bone metastasis, were censored at their last assessment (i.e., bone scan) date or at the last contact date, whichever comes first. (NCT00556374)
Timeframe: From randomization until end of main study, maximum time on main study was 152 months

InterventionDays (Median)
PlaceboNA
DenosumabNA

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Percent Change From Baseline in Total Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Month 36 at Pre-selected Sites

Bone mineral density was assessed by dual x-ray absorptiometry. (NCT00556374)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 36

InterventionPercent Change in BMD (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-2.75
Denosumab7.27

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Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of the Total Hip and Spine

BMD is the bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and total hip measured using dual-energy xray absorptiometry (DXA) scan (NCT00558012)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months, 24 month

,
InterventionPercent change (Mean)
Spine BMD at 24 monthsSpine BMD at 12 monthsTotal Hip BMD at 24 monthsTotal Hip BMD at 12 months
Active Medication Group4.53.02.62.8
Placebo0.71.1-1.5-0.5

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Serum Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase (bALP) at Week 4

Result at Week 4 minus result at baseline as a percentage of the result at baseline, based on log transformed data. Back transformation of the least squares (LS) mean. (NCT00558272)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4

InterventionPercentage change in bALP (Geometric Mean)
AZD0530 175 mg-13.2
Zoledronic Acid 4 mg-3.1

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Serum Beta C-terminal Cross-linking Telopeptide of Type I Collagen (betaCTX) at Week 4

Result at Week 4 minus result at baseline as a percentage of the result at baseline, based on log transformed data. Back transformation of the least squares (LS) mean. (NCT00558272)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4

InterventionPercentage change in betaCTX (Geometric Mean)
AZD0530 175 mg-71.1
Zoledronic Acid 4 mg-68.4

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N-desmethyl Metabolite of Saracatinib: Time to Cssmax (Tmax)

(NCT00558272)
Timeframe: Pre-dose on days 8, 15, 29; 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 9 hours post dose on day 29

Interventionh (Median)
AZD0530 175 mg2.0

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N-desmethyl Metabolite of Saracatinib: Minimum Plasma Concentration at Steady State (Css,Min)

(NCT00558272)
Timeframe: Pre-dose on days 8, 15, 29; 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 9 hours post dose on day 29

Interventionng/ml (Median)
AZD0530 175 mg34.30

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N-desmethyl Metabolite of Saracatinib: Maximum Plasma Concentration at Steady State (Css,Max)

(NCT00558272)
Timeframe: Pre-dose on days 8, 15, 29; 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 9 hours post dose on day 29

Interventionng/ml (Median)
AZD0530 175 mg62.80

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N-desmethyl Metabolite of Saracatinib: AUCss Metabolite to Parent Ratio

(NCT00558272)
Timeframe: Pre-dose on days 8, 15, 29; 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 9 hours post dose on day 29

InterventionRatio (Median)
AZD0530 175 mg0.1420

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N-desmethyl Metabolite of Saracatinib: Area Under the Curve at Steady State (AUCss)

(NCT00558272)
Timeframe: Pre-dose on days 8, 15, 29; 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 9 hours post dose on day 29

Interventionng.h/ml (Median)
AZD0530 175 mg1069

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Urine N-terminal Cross-linking Telopeptide of Type I Collagen Normalised to Creatinine (NTx/Cr) at Week 4

Result at Week 4 minus result at baseline as a percentage of the result at baseline, based on log transformed data. Back transformation of the least squares (LS) mean. (NCT00558272)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4

InterventionPercentage change in NTx/Cr (Geometric Mean)
AZD0530 175 mg-57.2
Zoledronic Acid 4 mg-70.1

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Saracatinib: Time to Cssmax (Tmax)

(NCT00558272)
Timeframe: Pre-dose on days 8, 15, 29; 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 9 hours post dose on day 29

Interventionh (Median)
AZD0530 175 mg4.0

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Saracatinib: Minimum Plasma Concentration at Steady State (Css,Min)

(NCT00558272)
Timeframe: Pre-dose on days 8, 15, 29; 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 9 hours post dose on day 29

Interventionng/ml (Median)
AZD0530 175 mg229.0

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Saracatinib: Maximum Plasma Concentration at Steady State (Css,Max)

(NCT00558272)
Timeframe: Pre-dose on days 8, 15, 29; 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 9 hours post dose on day 29

Interventionng/ml (Median)
AZD0530 175 mg396.0

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Saracatinib: Area Under the Curve at Steady State (AUCss)

Previous studies have shown that saracatinib reduces osteoclast function and bone resorption. Bone turnover, the combined result of bone formation and bone resorption, can be assessed in real time by measuring specific markers of bone turnover in serum and in urine. These markers were assessed in a study of patients with metastatic bone disease treated with saracatinib. Specific assays are available to quantitate these markers in serum and urine. In this study the effects of saracatinib on bone turnover were compared with the effects of zoledronic acid, a marketed drug known to inhibit bone resorption in cancer patients with bone metastatses. (NCT00558272)
Timeframe: Pre-dose on days 8, 15, 29; 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 9 hours post dose on day 29

Interventionng•hr/ml (Median)
AZD0530 175 mg7261

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Saracatinib: Plasma Clearance at Steady State (CLss/F)

(NCT00558272)
Timeframe: Pre-dose on days 8, 15, 29; 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 9 hours post dose on day 29

InterventionL/h (Median)
AZD0530 175 mg24.10

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Urine Alpha-alpha C-terminal Cross-linking Telopeptide of Type I Collagen Normalised to Creatinine (aaCTx/Cr) at Week 4

Result at Week 4 minus result at baseline as a percentage of the result at baseline, based on log transformed data. Back transformation of the least squares (LS) mean. (NCT00558272)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4

InterventionPercentage change in aaCTx/Cr (Geometric Mean)
AZD0530 175 mg-68.2
Zoledronic Acid 4 mg-82.8

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Serum Tartrate-resistant Acid Phosphatase 5b (TRAP5b) at Week 4

Result at Week 4 minus result at baseline as a percentage of the result at baseline, based on log transformed data. Back transformation of the least squares (LS) mean. (NCT00558272)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4

InterventionPercentage change in TRAP5b (Geometric Mean)
AZD0530 175 mg-36.9
Zoledronic Acid 4 mg-43.4

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Serum N-terminal Propeptide of Type I Procollagen (PINP) at Week 4

Result at Week 4 minus result at baseline as a percentage of the result at baseline, based on log transformed data. Back transformation of the least squares (LS) mean. (NCT00558272)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4

InterventionPercentage change in PINP (Geometric Mean)
AZD0530 175 mg-26.1
Zoledronic Acid 4 mg-29.5

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Serum Cross-linked C-terminal Telopeptide of Type I Collagen (ICTP) at Week 4

Result at Week 4 minus result at baseline as a percentage of the result at baseline, based on log transformed data. Back transformation of the least squares (LS) mean. (NCT00558272)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4

InterventionPercentage change in ICTP (Geometric Mean)
AZD0530 175 mg-40.2
Zoledronic Acid 4 mg7.4

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Objective Response in Bone From Time of Initiation of Therapy to > 6 Months

Objective response rate is defined as the clinical benefit rate (complete and partial response) + stable disease > 6 months in bone. (NCT00566618)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Central ReviewSite Review
Phase I/Phase II87

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Phase I - Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) and Recommended Phase II Dose (RP2D) for Dasatinib in Combination With Zoledronic Acid

To determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended phase II dose (RP2D) for dasatinib in combination with zoledronic acid. (NCT00566618)
Timeframe: day 1 (+/- 48 hours) prior to therapy during cycle 2 and all subsequent cycles

Interventionmg (Number)
Dasatinibzoledronic acid
Phase I1004

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Compliance With Zoledronic Acid, Alendronate and/or Calcium/Vitamin D Supplementation

Compare compliance where a study coordinator interviewed patients as to how often they missed the once a week oral alendronate, missed taking calcium and vitamin D supplementation, or missed the once a year IV Reclast. (NCT00580047)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionpercentage of compliance (Number)
Intravenous Bisphosphonate Post Transplantation100
Oral Bisphosphonate Post Transplantation80
Placebo Group Post Transplantation80

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Percentage Change in Posterior Anterior (PA) Spine Bone Density From Baseline to 24 Months Post Transplant

Posterior Anterior (PA) spine bone density was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at baseline and 24 months post transplant. The percentage change in the PA spine bone density was then compared from baseline to 24 months post transplant. (NCT00580047)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionpercentage of change of bone density (Number)
Intravenous Bisphosphonate Post Transplantation8.1
Oral Bisphosphonate Post Transplantation6.6
Placebo Group Post Transplantation6.5

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Number of Subjects Had a Significant Change in Immune Markers.

Immune markers were measured by isolating gamma-delta T cells one month after treatment with zoledronic acid. (NCT00582556)
Timeframe: 2 Years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Zometa Given 7 Days Prior to Beginning ADT0
Zometa Given at Month 60
Zometa Given Monthly, Months 6-110

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Number of Subjects With Decreases in Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) After Zoledronic Acid Prior to Beginning Androgen Deprivation Therapy

"PSA response was measured by observing the serum PSA one week after beginning zoledronic acid and prior to beginning androgen deprivation therapy.~Arm 2 and Arm 3 were not able to be assessed for this endpoint as all subjects were on androgen deprivation prior to receiving zoledronic acid." (NCT00582556)
Timeframe: 2 Years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Zometa Given 7 Days Prior to Beginning ADT0

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The Number of Subjects Who Had a Significant Increase of Peripheral Blood Markers of Bone Turnover.

Serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase was collected as the blood marker of bone turnover. (NCT00582556)
Timeframe: 2 years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Zometa Given 7 Days Prior to Beginning ADT0
Zometa Given at Month 60
Zometa Given Monthly, Months 6-110

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The Number of Subjects Who Had Either an Increase or Decrease on Bone Mineral Density of the Lumbar Spine and Femoral Neck in Men Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Adenocarcinoma.

Effects on bone mineral density were measured at four locations at six month intervals for 24 months. (NCT00582556)
Timeframe: 2 years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Zometa Given 7 Days Prior to Beginning ADT14
Zometa Given at Month 615
Zometa Given Monthly, Months 6-1115

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Number of Subjects With Antitumor Response With Low-dose Interleukin-2 in Combination With Zoledronic Acid

Anti-tumor response was measured per RECIST criteria (V1.0) and assessed by chest/abdomen/pelvis CT: Complete Response (CR), disappearance of all target lessions; Partial Response (PR), >=30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter (LD) of target lesions; Stable Response (SD), Neither sufficient shrinkage to qualify for PR nor sufficient increase to qualify for progressive disease, taking as reference the smallest sum LD since the treatment started. (NCT00582790)
Timeframe: CT scans obtained at baseline, then every 2 cycles

Interventionparticipants (Number)
IL2 and Zoledronic Acid5

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Number of Participants With Toxicities

Patients were observed for toxicities. The National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria Version 2.0 was used to categorize and report adverse events. (NCT00582790)
Timeframe: Baseline to 30 days after last dose of study treatment

Interventionparticipants (Number)
IL2 and Zoledronic Acid11

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Number of Participants With Overall Survival and Progression-free Survival at 24 Weeks

All 12 patients were followed for survival until death. 8 participants who received more than one cycle of treatment and who were considered evaluable for response were followed until time to progression. Disease progression was determined by CT scans of the chest/abdomen/pelvis obtained every 2 cycles and based on RECIST version 1.0. Progression is defined using RECIST (V1.0) at least a 20% increase in the sum of the longest diameter (LD)of target lesions, taking as reference the smallest sum LD recorded since the treatment started or the appearance of one or more new lesions (NCT00582790)
Timeframe: Time frame is from study entry until time to disease progression and time to death, up to 50 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
IL2 and Zoledronic Acid5

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Number of Participants With Immunologic Responses

Blood was collected to analyze T-cell populations from all patients prior to treatment on day 1 of cycles 1 and 2, and days 4 and 8 of cycles 1 and 2. Changes in gamma delta T-cell population and CD3 T-cell populations were reported. (NCT00582790)
Timeframe: baseline to cycle 2 day 8

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Low-dose IL2 and Zoledronic Acid0

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Change From Baseline in Urinary N-telopeptide of Type 1 Collagen (uNTx)

uNTx is a biomarker used to measure the rate of bone turnover found in urine. (NCT00622505)
Timeframe: Baseline and Weeks 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84 and 100/End of Study (EOS)

,
Interventionnmol/mmol creatinine (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline to Week 12Change from Baseline to Week 24Change from Baseline to Week 36Change from Baseline to Week 48Change from Baseline to Week 60Change from Baseline to Week 72Change from Baseline to Week 84Change from Baseline to Week 100
Zoledronic Acid Every 12 Weeks19.80.2-1.4-2.0-2.3-2.5-3.5-3.0-5.2
Zoledronic Acid Every 4 Weeks or 12 Weeks24.14.3-0.5-0.91.7-0.8-6.7-7.6-7.4

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Percentage of Participants Who Experienced HCM

HCM is defined as corrected serum calcium ≥ 12.0 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) (3.00 millimoles per liter [mmol/L]), or a lower level of hypercalcemia that was symptomatic and required active treatment other than rehydration. (NCT00622505)
Timeframe: Years 1 and 2

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Year 1Year 2
Zoledronic Acid Every 12 Weeks0.000.00
Zoledronic Acid Every 4 Weeks or 12 Weeks0.020.00

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Percentage of Participants Who Experienced Pathologic Bone Fracture

Pathologic bone fractures are defined as bone fractures that occur spontaneously or as a result of trivial trauma. (NCT00622505)
Timeframe: Years 1 and 2

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Year 1Year 2
Zoledronic Acid Every 12 Weeks0.000.00
Zoledronic Acid Every 4 Weeks or 12 Weeks0.070.03

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Percentage of Participants Who Experienced Radiation to Bone

Radiation therapy to bone events includes irradiation of bone to palliate painful lesions, to treat or prevent pathologic fractures, or to treat or prevent spinal cord compression. (NCT00622505)
Timeframe: Years 1 and 2

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Year 1Year 2
Zoledronic Acid Every 12 Weeks0.000.00
Zoledronic Acid Every 4 Weeks or 12 Weeks0.100.11

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Percentage of Participants Who Experienced Spinal Cord Compression

Spinal cord compression is caused by the impingement of a tumor on the spinal cord and is associated with neurologic impairment and/or back pain. (NCT00622505)
Timeframe: Years 1 and 2

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Year 1Year 2
Zoledronic Acid Every 12 Weeks0.000.00
Zoledronic Acid Every 4 Weeks or 12 Weeks0.070.00

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Percentage of Participants Who Experienced Surgery to Bone

Surgery to bone events includes surgical procedures that are performed to set or stabilize pathologic fractures or areas of spinal cord compression and surgical procedures that are performed to prevent an imminent pathologic fracture or spinal cord compression. (NCT00622505)
Timeframe: Years 1 and 2

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Year 1Year 2
Zoledronic Acid Every 12 Weeks0.000.00
Zoledronic Acid Every 4 Weeks or 12 Weeks0.020.00

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Percentage of Participants With ≥1 SRE at the End of 1 Year on Study

SRE was defined as pathological bone fracture, initiation of radiotherapy or surgery on bone, spinal cord compression, or hypercalcemia of malignancy (HCM). SRE was assessed by centrally read radiographic bone surveys. (NCT00622505)
Timeframe: 1 year

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid Every 12 Weeks0
Zoledronic Acid Every 4 Weeks or 12 Weeks0.17

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Time to Death

Time to death was defined as the time from the date of enrollment to the date of death. Participants who dropped out or completed the study were considered censored observations. Time to death was assessed by Kaplan-Meier method. (NCT00622505)
Timeframe: Up to 2 years

Interventionyears (Median)
Zoledronic Acid Every 12 WeeksNA
Zoledronic Acid Every 4 Weeks or 12 WeeksNA

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Time to First SRE on Study

The time to first SRE is defined as the date of enrollment to the date of the first occurrence of any SRE on the study. SRE includes pathological fracture, initiation of radiotherapy or surgery on bone, spinal cord compression, or HCM. Participants who drop-out was treated as censored observations. Time to first SRE on the study was assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method. (NCT00622505)
Timeframe: Up to 2 years

Interventionyears (Median)
Zoledronic Acid Every 12 WeeksNA
Zoledronic Acid Every 4 Weeks or 12 WeeksNA

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Percentage of Patients With Serum Calcium <2.07 mmol/L at 9-11 Days After Receiving Zoledronic Acid.

To be included in the analysis, patients were required to have a baseline serum calcium of at least 2.07 mmol/L and at least one serum calcium measurement 9-11 days post-infusion of zoledronic acid. In case of multiple assessments, for baseline visit the last measurement prior to the first dose was used in the analysis, and for Visits 2 and 3, the lowest serum calcium in the visit window was used. hypocalcemia was defined as treatment-emergent serum calcium <2.07 mmol/L at 9-11 days after the study drug infusion. (NCT00668200)
Timeframe: at Visit 2 (days 9 - 11 post-infusion), visit 3 (day 30)

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Visit 2Visit 3
Zoledronic Acid1.30.0

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Percentage of Newly Occurring Post-baseline Hypocalcemia Symptoms Based on Hypocalcemia Questionnaire at End of Study Visit 2 or Visit 3 (Safety Population)

The end of study is not a separate time point. It is the last post-baseline, for majority the end of study was visit 2. There were 2 patients who had the end of study at Visit 3. If calcium at visit 2 was abnormal it was measured again at visit 3. (NCT00668200)
Timeframe: End of study: Visit 2 (days 9 - 11 post-infusion) or visit 3 (day 30)

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Tingling around your mouth n=76Tingling in fingers n=66Cramps in hands n=62Cramps in leg or feet n=50Involuntary movements of hands n=73Involuntary movements of feet n=70Involuntary movements of facial muscles n=71Generalized (epileptic) seizures n=76
Zoledronic Acid1.333.202.71.400

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Change From Baseline in Serum Calcium (mmol/L) - Safety Population

Change from baseline = endpoint - baseline, at each time point, only participants with a value at baseline and that time point are included in the change from baseline column. In case of multiple assessments, for baseline visit the last measurement prior to the first dose was used in the analysis, and for Visits 2 and 3, the lowest serum calcium in the visit window was used. (NCT00668200)
Timeframe: Baseline, Visit 2 (days 9 - 11 post-infusion), visit 3 (day 30)

Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
Visit 2 n=76Visit 3 n=2
Zoledronic Acid-0.0240.04

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Comparing the Level of Urinary N-telopeptide (uNTx) in the Two Arms .

(NCT00697619)
Timeframe: Baseline, the first, second and third month

,
InterventionnM /mM (Median)
Baselinethe first monththe second monththe third month
Control Group94885245
Test Group75291711

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Number of Participants With Urine and Serum NTx and Serum CTx Within Normal Range at 12 Months

17 women with early breast cancer receiving adjuvant Aromatase Inhibitor (AI) therapy were treated with a single 5 mg IV dose of zoledronic acid. Urine and serum NTx and serum CTx were measured at baseline and month 12. (NCT00712985)
Timeframe: One year

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid 5 mg IV13

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Change in Height at Years 7, 8 and 9 Relative to Year 6

Height was measured using a stadiometer in millimeters (mm). A stadiometer is a piece of medical equipment used for measuring height. It is usually constructed out of a ruler and a sliding horizontal headpiece which is adjusted to rest on the top of the head. (NCT00718861)
Timeframe: Year 6 (extension 2 baseline), Year 7, Year 8, Year 9

,
Interventionmillimeters (mm) (Least Squares Mean)
Year 7 (n=58, 51)Year 8 (n=55, 49)Year 9 (n=52, 48)
Z6P3 (Zoledronic Acid 6 Placebo 3)-4.84-9.90-11.65
Z9 (Zoledronic Acid 9)-5.29-10.16-13.31

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Number of Participants With New/Worsening Morphometric Vertebral Fractures at Year 9 Compared to Year 6

Morphometric vertebral fracture (VF) was assessed based on morphometry. QM (quantitative morphometry) incident VF(QM positive) was defined by at least a 20% decrease in any vertebral height (at least 4 mm). If a participant had a QM positive at any vertebrae at any visit, x-rays from all visits for participants were evaluated using Genant semi-quantitative (SQ) method for VF assessment. A fracture was defined as an SQ reading that was greater than the baseline SQ reading. (NCT00718861)
Timeframe: Year 6 (extension 2 baseline), Year 9 (3 years of study duration)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
New Morphometric vertebral fractureNew/worsening Morphometric vertebra
Z6P3 (Zoledronic Acid 6 Placebo 3)55
Z9 (Zoledronic Acid 9)33

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Percentage Change of Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Year 7, 8 and 9 Compared to Year 0

Bone Mineral Density (BMD) measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). DXA consists of two X-ray beams with different energy levels that are aimed at the patient's bones. When soft tissue absorption is subtracted out, the BMD can be determined from the absorption of each beam by bone. Percentage change from Year 0 = 100*(Year 9 - Year 0)/Year 0. (NCT00718861)
Timeframe: Year 0 (core baseline), Year 7, Year 8, Year 9

,
Interventionpercentage change of BMD (Least Squares Mean)
Year 7 (n=83,75)Year 8 (n=72,71)Year 9 (n=67,68)
Z6P3 (Zoledronic Acid 6 Placebo 3)3.864.433.88
Z9 (Zoledronic Acid 9)5.116.124.16

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Percentage Change of Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Year 7, 8 and 9 Compared to Year 6

Bone Mineral Density (BMD) measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). DXA consists of two X-ray beams with different energy levels that are aimed at the patient's bones. When soft tissue absorption is subtracted out, the BMD can be determined from the absorption of each beam by bone. Percentage change from Year 6 = 100*(Year 9 - Year 6)/Year 6. (NCT00718861)
Timeframe: Year 6 (extension 2 baseline), Year 7, Year 8, Year 9

,
Interventionpercentage change of BMD (Least Squares Mean)
Year 7 (n=83,76)Year 8 (n=73,72)Year 9 (n=67,69)
Z6P3 (Zoledronic Acid 6 Placebo 3)-1.24-0.88-1.17
Z9 (Zoledronic Acid 9)-0.780.00-1.11

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Percentage Change of Total Hip Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Year 7 and 8 Compared to Year 6

Bone Mineral Density (BMD) measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). DXA consists of two X-ray beams with different energy levels that are aimed at the patient's bones. When soft tissue absorption is subtracted out, the BMD can be determined from the absorption of each beam by bone. Percentage change from Year 6 = 100*(Year 9 - Year 6)/Year 6. (NCT00718861)
Timeframe: Year 6 (extension 2 baseline), Year 7, Year 8

,
Interventionpercentage change of BMD (Least Squares Mean)
Year 7 (n=83,76)Year 8 (n=73,72)
Z6P3 (Zoledronic Acid 6 Placebo 3)-0.83-1.06
Z9 (Zoledronic Acid 9)-0.28-0.14

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Percentage Change of Total Hip Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Year 7, 8 and 9 Compared to Year 0

Bone Mineral Density (BMD) measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). DXA consists of two X-ray beams with different energy levels that are aimed at the patient's bones. When soft tissue absorption is subtracted out, the BMD can be determined from the absorption of each beam by bone. Percentage change from Year 0 = 100*(Year 9 - Year 0)/Year 0. (NCT00718861)
Timeframe: Year 0 (core baseline), Year 7, Year 8, Year 9

,
Interventionpercentage change of BMD (Least Squares Mean)
Year 7 (n=83,75)Year 8 (n=72,71)Year 9 (n=67,68)
Z6P3 (Zoledronic Acid 6 Placebo 3)3.733.653.68
Z9 (Zoledronic Acid 9)4.815.354.64

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Biomarkers (Bone Markers) Serum C-terminal Telopeptide of Type I Collagen (CTx) at Year 6 (Extension 2 Baseline), Year 7, Year 8, Year 9

Bone marker analysis: All patients had blood samples collected for analysis of serum c-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx). Serum CTX assays measure a fragment of the C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen released during resorption of mature bone (NCT00718861)
Timeframe: Year 6 (extension 2 baseline), Year 7, Year 8, Year 9

,
Interventionng/ml (Median)
Year 6 (n=59, 58)Year 7 (n=56, 51)Year 8 (n=51, 52)Year 9 (n=51,54)
Z6P3 (Zoledronic Acid 6 Placebo 3)0.180.220.20.22
Z9 (Zoledronic Acid 9)0.190.20.220.22

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Mean of Time to First Clinical Fracture

The mean of time to the first clinical fracture is estimated from the area under the Kaplan-Meier curve. (NCT00718861)
Timeframe: over 3 years of study duration

InterventionDays (Mean)
Z9 (Zoledronic Acid 9)1212.05
Z6P3 (Zoledronic Acid 6 Placebo 3)1204.65

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Percentage Change in Total Hip Bone Mineral Density BMD at Year 6 (Baseline) and Year 9

Bone Mineral Density (BMD) measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). DXA consists of two X-ray beams with different energy levels that are aimed at the patient's bones. When soft tissue absorption is subtracted out, the BMD can be determined from the absorption of each beam by bone. Percentage change from Year 6 = 100*(Year 9 - Year 6)/Year 6. (NCT00718861)
Timeframe: Year 6 (baseline) and Year 9

InterventionPercentage Change of BMD (Least Squares Mean)
Z9 (Zoledronic Acid 9)-0.54
Z6P3 (Zoledronic Acid 6 Placebo 3)-1.31

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Biomarkers (Bone Markers) Serum Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BSAP). at Year 6 (Extension 2 Baseline), Year 7, Year 8, Year 9

Bone marker analysis: All patients had blood samples collected for analysis of serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP).Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) is a useful marker of active bone formation. (NCT00718861)
Timeframe: Year 6 (extension 2 baseline), Year 7, Year 8, Year 9

,
Interventionng/ml (Median)
Year 6 (n=59, 62)Year 7 (n=58, 65)Year 8 (n=54, 57)Year 9 (n=52, 56)
Z6P3 (Zoledronic Acid 6 Placebo 3)8.9510.009.579.94
Z9 (Zoledronic Acid 9)8.168.47.848.46

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Biomarkers (Bone Markers)Serum N-terminal Propeptide of Type I Collagen (P1NP) at Year 6 (Extension 2 Baseline), Year 7, Year 8, Year 9

Bone marker analysis: All patients had blood samples collected for analysis of serum n-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (P1NP) The P1NP concentration is directly proportional to the amount of new collagen laid down during bone formation. (NCT00718861)
Timeframe: Year 6 (extension 2 baseline), Year 7, Year 8, Year 9

,
Interventionng/ml (Median)
Year 6 (n=88, 86)Year 7 (n=58, 65)Year 8 (n=54, 57)Year 9 (n=52,56)
Z6P3 (Zoledronic Acid 6 Placebo 3)24.9827.7925.1927.41
Z9 (Zoledronic Acid 9)25.8925.6926.0726.74

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Number of Participants With At Least One or More Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)

Adverse event was the appearance or worsening of any undesirable sign, symptom, or medical condition that occurred after starting the study drug even if the event was not considered to be related to study drug. TEAEs were defined as AEs that were absent prior to, but occurred after the i.v. infusion of study drug. TEAEs also included those that were present prior to the i.v. study drug infusion (i.e., as part of the extended observation period) but occurred at an increased severity after the i.v. infusion of study drug. (NCT00740129)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Zoledronic Acid 5 mg1

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Percentage of Participants With Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Within the Normal Range at Month 6 Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF)

Normalization of serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) occurred if the SAP measurement fell within the normal ranges. The lower and upper limits of normal ranges were 31 and 110 Units/Liter (U/L) for participants with age ≤ 58 years old and 35 and 115 U/L for participants with age > 58 years old, respectively. Last observation carried forward (LOCF) was defined as the last post-baseline SAP value prior to month 6 for a participant who did not have an SAP value at month 6. (NCT00740129)
Timeframe: Month 6

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid 5 mg83.3

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (SAP) Levels

The percentage change in SAP at Months 3 and 6 relative to baseline were measured. (NCT00740129)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 3 and 6

Interventionpercentage change (Mean)
Percentage Change From Baseline in SAP Level at Month 3Percentage Change From Baseline in SAP Level at Month 6
Zoledronic Acid 5 mg-53.12-49.51

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Percentage of Participants With SAP Within the Normal Range

Normalization of SAP occurred if the SAP measurement fell within the normal ranges. The lower and upper limits of normal ranges were 31 and 110 Units/Liter (U/L) for participants with age ≤ 58 years old and 35 and 115 U/L for participants with age > 58 years old, respectively. (NCT00740129)
Timeframe: Months 3 and 6

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Month 3Month 6
Zoledronic Acid 5 mg100.083.3

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Limiting Toxicity

"The occurrence of Limiting Toxicity defined as Any CTC AE version 4 Grade 3 and 4 non-hematologic toxicity thought to be possibly, probably or definitely related to zoledronic acid with the specific exclusion of:~Grade 3 nausea and vomiting controlled with adequate antiemetic prophylaxis.~Grade 3 transaminase (AST/ALT) that occurs during the evaluation period but resolves to ≤ Grade 2, before the planned dose of therapy after definitive surgery.~Grade 3 fever or infection.~Grade 3 or 4 hypocalcemia (see Section 5.1.1)~Grade 3 mucositis.~Grade 3 fatigue that returns to ≤ Grade 2, before the planned dose of therapy after definitive surgery.~Grade 3 joint range of motion, decreased or joint effusion that is related to the primary tumor." (NCT00742924)
Timeframe: Enrollment through the first 12 weeks of therapy.

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Arm 1- Chemotherapy and 1.2 mg/m2 Zoledronic Acid1
Arm 2 - Chemotherapy and 2.3 mg/m2 Zoledronic Acid1
Arm 3 - Chemotherapy and 3.5 mg/m2 Zoledronic Acid3
Chemotherapy and 2.3 mg/m2 Zoledronic Acid After MTD2

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Mean Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Z-score at Month 6

Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Z-score was determined by the central imaging vendor before first treatment and at Month 6. The methods to be used to measure Lumbar Spine BMD Z-score were described in the respective DXA Manuals provided by central imaging vendor. Positive changes from baseline indicated an improvement in condition. (NCT00799266)
Timeframe: Month 6

InterventionZ-score (Least Squares Mean)
Zoledronic Acid0.447
Placebo0.157

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Mean Change From Baseline in BSAP at Months 6 and 12

Bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) were collected before first treatment (baseline) and at Months 6 and Month 12 according to the instructions provided in the Laboratory Manual. The samples were analyzed in batches at the laboratory. (NCT00799266)
Timeframe: Month 6, Month 12

,
Interventionnanogram per milliliter (ng/mL) (Least Squares Mean)
BSAP Change at Month 6BSAP Change at Month 12
Placebo3.8106.450
Zoledronic Acid-7.413-13.984

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Mean Change From Baseline in Vertebral Morphometry at Month 12

Vertebral morphometry (or concave index) was calculated using the average ratio between mid-height and posterior height from L1 to L4 and performed by a central reader. (NCT00799266)
Timeframe: Month 12

InterventionRatio (Least Squares Mean)
Zoledronic Acid-0.018
Placebo-0.0003

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Safety of Zoledronic Acid for the Treatment of Osteoporotic Children Treated With Glucocorticoids

Analysis of absolute and relative frequencies for treatment emergent Adverse Event (AE), Serious Adverse Event (SAE) and Deaths by primary System Organ Class (SOC) to demonstrate that zoledronic acid is safe for the treatment of osteoporotic children treated with glucocorticoids through the monitoring of relevant clinical and laboratory safety parameters. Only descriptive analysis done. (NCT00799266)
Timeframe: Baseline through Month 12

,
InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
AEs by Primary System Organ Class (SOC)SAEs by Primary System Organ Class (SOC)
Placebo75.06.3
Zoledronic Acid83.327.8

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Urinary Concentration of Zoledronic Acid at Month 12

Urine was collected overnight or for at least 4 waking hours from all patients able to provide specimens, to measure urinary concentration of zoledronic acid at Month 12. Only descriptive analysis done. (NCT00799266)
Timeframe: Month 12

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid1643.3

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Number of Participants With New Vertebral Fractures at Month 12

New vertebral fractures were defined as fractures of Genant Grade 1 or higher that occurred at lumbar or thoracic spine from first dose infusion to the end of the study. (NCT00799266)
Timeframe: Month 12

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Zoledronic Acid0
Placebo2

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Mean Change From Baseline in 2nd Metacarpal Cortical Width at Month 12

Left posteroanterior (PA) hand/wrist X-ray were taken at Visit 1 and at the Month 12 visit to assess bone age and the between-treatment differences for change in 2nd metacarpal cortical width at Month 12 relative to baseline. If a fracture of the left upper extremity precluded radiographic imaging, then the right hand was evaluated for this purpose. In this case, the right hand was be imaged at both Visit 1 and at Month 12. The information was used in the assessment of bone density. (NCT00799266)
Timeframe: Month 12

Interventionmillimeter (mm) (Least Squares Mean)
Zoledronic Acid-0.01
Placebo0.03

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Percentage of Patients With Reduction in Pain at Months 3, 6, 9 and 12

Pain was evaluated at each visit (in office and telephone visit) at randomization, Months 3, 6, 9 and 12 using the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R). Children were selecting the face that best fits their pain. The pain score ranged from 0 (No Pain) to 10 (Very Much Pain). The reduction in pain from baseline by visit was evaluated based on whether or not patients had a decrease in their FPS-R from baseline. If pain remained the same or worsened from baseline a patient was classified as '0' and if the pain scale decreased then the patient was classified as '1'. (NCT00799266)
Timeframe: Month 3, Month 6, Month 9 and Month 12

,
InterventionPercentage of Patients (Number)
Month 3Month 6Month 9Month 12
Placebo53.850.046.257.1
Zoledronic Acid37.537.533.331.3

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Mean Change From Baseline in Total Body BMC at Month 6 and 12

Total body BMC was all determined by the central imaging vendor before first treatment and at Months 6 and 12. The methods to be used to measure BMC were described in the respective DXA Manuals. (NCT00799266)
Timeframe: Month 6, Month 12

,
Interventiong (Least Squares Mean)
Total BMC Change at Month 6Total BMC Change at Month 12
Placebo95.214140.064
Zoledronic Acid129.272220.805

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Mean Change From Baseline in Serum TRAP-5b at Months 6 and 12

Serum Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b (TRAP 5b) was collected before first treatment (baseline) and at Months 6 and Month 12 according to the instructions provided in the Laboratory Manual. The samples were analyzed in batches at the laboratory. (NCT00799266)
Timeframe: Month 6, Month 12

,
InterventionU/L (Least Squares Mean)
TRAP 5b Change at Month 6TRAP 5b Change at Month 12
Placebo0.3130.109
Zoledronic Acid-1.561-1.728

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Mean Change From Baseline in Serum P1NP at Months 6 and 12

Serum Procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide (P1NP) was collected before first treatment (baseline) and at Months 6 and Month 12 according to the instructions provided in the Laboratory Manual. The samples were analyzed in batches at the laboratory. (NCT00799266)
Timeframe: Month 6, Month 12

,
Interventionnanogram per milliliter (ng/mL) (Least Squares Mean)
P1NP Change at Month 6P1NP Change at Month 12
Placebo77.497150.166
Zoledronic Acid-134.285-230.966

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Mean Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Z-score at Month 12

Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Z-score was determined by the central imaging vendor before first treatment and at Month 12. The methods to be used to measure Lumbar Spine BMD Z-score were described in the respective DXA Manuals provided by central imaging vendor. Positive changes from baseline indicated an improvement in condition. (NCT00799266)
Timeframe: Month 12

InterventionZ-score (Least Squares Mean)
Zoledronic Acid0.582
Placebo0.168

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Mean Change From Baseline in Serum NTX at Months 6 and 12

Serum Cross linked N-telopeptide (NTX) were collected before first treatment (baseline) and at Months 6 and Month 12 according to the instructions provided in the Laboratory Manual. The samples were analyzed in batches at the laboratory. (NCT00799266)
Timeframe: Month 6, Month 12

,
Interventionnmol BCE/L (Least Squares Mean)
NTX Change at Month 6NTX Change at Month 12
Placebo7.1927.440
Zoledronic Acid-13.746-20.134

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Mean Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine BMC at Month 6 and 12

Lumbar Spine BMC was determined by the central imaging vendor before first treatment and at Months 6 and 12. The methods to be used to measure BMC were described in the respective DXA Manuals. (NCT00799266)
Timeframe: Month 6, Month 12

,
Interventiong (Least Squares Mean)
Lumbar Spine (LS) BMC Change at Month 6Lumbar Spine (LS) BMC Change at Month 12
Placebo2.1314.295
Zoledronic Acid4.1106.450

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BMD at Other Skeletal Sites

BMD at spine, femoral neck, distal femur, proximal tibia, heel (NCT00844480)
Timeframe: 6 months

,
Interventionpercentage of baseline BMD (Mean)
spine BMDright femoral neck BMDdistal femurproximal tibia
Placebo-2.5-8.6-9.1-13.8
Zoledronic Acid2.4-2.2-8.2-3.3

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Bone Mass Density (BMD) at Total Hip

bone mineral density measured by DXA at the total hip (NCT00844480)
Timeframe: 6 months

Intervention%change in BMD from baseline (Mean)
Zoledronic Acid-3.7
Placebo-12.3

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Bone Turnover Assessed by Serum C-telopeptide (CTX) Levels (Breast Cancer)

To compare the suppression of serum markers of bone resorption of patients with metastatic breast cancer, metastatic prostate cancer, or myeloma involving bone receiving every 12 week dosing of zoledronic acid to those receiving every 4 week dosing. The number of patients with high & low CTX values by arm will be reported here. (NCT00869206)
Timeframe: from baseline up to 2 years

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Low CTX (<0.415ng/ml)High CTX (>0.415ng/ml)
Breast Cancer 12 Weeks7554
Breast Cancer 4 Weeks8354

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Bone Turnover Assessed by Serum C-telopeptide (CTX) Levels (Multiple Myeloma)

To compare the suppression of serum markers of bone resorption of patients with metastatic breast cancer, metastatic prostate cancer, or myeloma involving bone receiving every 12 week dosing of zoledronic acid to those receiving every 4 week dosing. The number of patients with high & low CTX values by arm will be reported here. (NCT00869206)
Timeframe: from baseline up to 24 months

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Low CTX (<0.415ng/ml)High CTX (>.0.415ng/ml)
Multiple Myeloma 12 Weeks1917
Multiple Myeloma 4 Weeks1523

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Incidence of Renal Dysfunction

To compare the incidence of renal dysfunction of patients with metastatic breast cancer, metastatic prostate cancer, or myeloma involving bone receiving every 12 week dosing of zoledronic acid to those receiving every 4 week dosing. The percentage of patients with renal dysfunction, defined as grade 3 or grade 4 increased creatinine (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0), will be reported here. (NCT00869206)
Timeframe: from baseline up to 2 years

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Arm I (Zoledronic Acid Every 4 Weeks)1.2
Arm II (Zoledronic Acid Every 12 Weeks).5

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Skeletal Morbidity Rate

To compare the skeletal morbidity rate, defined as the number of skeletal-related events per year, of patients receiving every 12 week dosing to those receiving every 4 week dosing. (NCT00869206)
Timeframe: from baseline up to 2 years

InterventionSRE's per year (Mean)
Arm I (Zoledronic Acid Every 4 Weeks).4
Arm II (Zoledronic Acid Every 12 Weeks).4

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Bone Turnover Assessed by Serum C-telopeptide (CTX) Levels (Prostate Cancer)

To compare the suppression of serum markers of bone resorption of patients with metastatic breast cancer, metastatic prostate cancer, or myeloma involving bone receiving every 12 week dosing of zoledronic acid to those receiving every 4 week dosing. The number of patients with high & low CTX values by arm will be reported here. (NCT00869206)
Timeframe: from baseline up to 24 months

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Low CTX (<0.415ng/ml)High CTX (>.0.415ng/ml)
Prostate Cancer 12 Weeks4954
Prostate Cancer 4 Weeks3470

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Average ECOG Performance Status

To compare functional status (ECOG performance status) of patients with metastatic breast cancer, metastatic prostate cancer, or myeloma involving bone receiving every 12 week dosing of zoledronic acid to those receiving every 4 week dosing. The change scores were evaluated in a general linear model with repeated measures for treatment effect and the time trend with patient-specific characteristics being adjusted. Specifically the difference in score change per 4 weeks for Arm I using Arm II as the reference is reported. ECOG performance status is a measurement of a patients disability ranging from 0, fully active and able to carry out all pre disease performance without restriction, to 5, dead. The average performance status is reported below by arm. (NCT00869206)
Timeframe: from baseline up to 2 years

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Arm I (Zoledronic Acid Every 4 Weeks)0.82
Arm II (Zoledronic Acid Every 12 Weeks)0.84

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Average Pain Intensity Score as Assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) Questionnaire

To compare pain scores (Brief Pain Inventory) of patients with metastatic breast cancer, metastatic prostate cancer, or myeloma involving bone receiving every 12 week dosing of zoledronic acid to those receiving every 4 week dosing. The change scores were evaluated in a general linear model with repeated measures for treatment effect and the time trend with patient-specific characteristics being adjusted for the mean interference score. Specifically the difference in score change per 4 weeks for Arm I using Arm II as the reference is reported. The score of the BPI questionnaire ranges from 0 being no pain to 10 being the most pain. The average score is reported for each arm below. (NCT00869206)
Timeframe: from baseline up to 2 years

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Arm I (Zoledronic Acid Every 4 Weeks)2.06
Arm II (Zoledronic Acid Every 12 Weeks)2.09

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Incidence of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw

To compare the incidence of osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with metastatic breast cancer, metastatic prostate cancer, or myeloma involving bone receiving every 12 week dosing of zoledronic acid to those receiving every 4 week dosing. The percentage of participants with osteonecrosis is reported here. (NCT00869206)
Timeframe: from baseline up to 2 years

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Arm I (Zoledronic Acid Every 4 Weeks)2.0
Arm II (Zoledronic Acid Every 12 Weeks)1.0

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Proportion of Patients Having at Least One SRE Within 24 Months After Randomization for the Subgroups of Patients With Breast Cancer

To determine whether every 12 week therapy with zoledronic acid is not inferior to every-4-week therapy for patients with breast cancer, as measured by the proportion who experience at least one skeletal related event within 24 months after randomization. (NCT00869206)
Timeframe: from baseline up to 24 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Breast Cancer 4 Weeks113
Breast Cancer 12 Weeks119

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Proportion of Patients Having at Least One SRE Within 24 Months After Randomization for the Subgroups of Patients With Multiple Myeloma

To determine whether every 12 week therapy with zoledronic acid is not inferior to every-4-week therapy for patients with multiple myeloma, as measured by the proportion who experience at least one skeletal related event within 24 months after randomization. (NCT00869206)
Timeframe: from baseline up to 24 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Multiple Myeloma 4 Weeks35
Multiple Myeloma 12 Weeks30

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Proportion of Patients Having at Least One SRE Within 24 Months After Randomization for the Subgroups of Patients With Prostate Cancer

To determine whether every 12 week therapy with zoledronic acid is not inferior to every-4-week therapy for patients with prostate cancer, as measured by the proportion who experience at least one skeletal related event within 24 months after randomization. (NCT00869206)
Timeframe: from baseline up to 24 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Prostate Cancer 4 Weeks107
Prostate Cancer 12 Weeks101

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The Primary Objective of This Study is to Evaluate the Feasibility of Administering Intravenous Zoledronic Acid, Oral Pravastatin and Oral Lonafarnib, to Patients With Progeria for a Minimum of 4 Weeks

Feasibility was assessed by determining the number of participants with adverse events occurring over the course of the 4 week study. (NCT00879034)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Zoledronic Acid, Pravastatin, and Lonafarnib0

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To Describe Any Acute and Chronic Toxicities Associated With Treating Progeria Patients With the Combination of Zoledronic Acid, Pravastatin and Lonafarnib

Number of participants with acute and chronic toxicities associated with treating progeria patients with the combination of zoledronic acid, pravastatin and lonafarnib (NCT00879034)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Zoledronic Acid, Pravastatin, and Lonafarnib0

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To Investigate Which Clinical and Laboratory Studies Are Needed to Monitor or Alter Therapy to Prevent Unacceptable Toxicity

The number of participants with abnormal CBC w/diff panel, LFTs, renal functions and lipid panels. (NCT00879034)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Zoledronic Acid, Pravastatin, and Lonafarnib0

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To Obtain Baseline Clinical and Laboratory Data so That Longer-term Measures of Efficacy Will be Achievable if Treatment Continues Beyond the 4-week Feasibility Study Period.

The number of participants from whom baseline clinical and Laboratory data was obtained. (NCT00879034)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Zoledronic Acid, Pravastatin, and Lonafarnib5

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Percent Change From Baseline in Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BSAP)

Percent change from baseline in the bone turnover marker (BTM) BSAP was analyzed using a linear mixed effects model with the natural logarithm of the ratio of BTM (follow-up versus baseline) as the dependent variables, and visit, treatment (categorical), interaction of treatment and visit and the natural logarithm of the baseline BTM as the independent variables; outcomes were then transformed back to percent change from baseline. (NCT00896532)
Timeframe: Baseline and months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12

,
Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 3Month 6Month 9Month 12
Alendronate-30.5-35.4-32.5-31.2
Teriparatide21.829.841.845.7

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Percent Change From Baseline at Month 6 in BMD of the Total Hip

"Bone mineral density was measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Images were analyzed by a central imaging reader.~Percent change from baseline to month 6 was analyzed using a linear mixed effects model with the percent change from baseline to month 6 in DXA BMD as dependent variable, and baseline BMD value, machine type, geographic region, interaction of baseline BMD and machine type, visit, treatment (categorical) and interaction of treatment and visit as the independent variables." (NCT00896532)
Timeframe: Baseline to 6 months

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.6
Alendronate0.9
Teriparatide0.5
Romosozumab 70 mg QM0.5
Romosozumab 140 mg Q3M0.9
Romosozumab 140 mg QM2.2
Romosozumab 210 mg Q3M1.1
Romosozumab 210 mg QM2.9

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Percent Change From Baseline in Osteocalcin

Percent change from baseline in the bone turnover marker (BTM) osteocalcin was analyzed using a linear mixed effects model with the natural logarithm of the ratio of BTM (follow-up versus baseline) as the dependent variables, and visit, treatment (categorical), interaction of treatment and visit and the natural logarithm of the baseline BTM as the independent variables; outcomes were then transformed back to percent change from baseline. (NCT00896532)
Timeframe: Baseline and months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12

,,,,,
Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 1Month 3Month 6Month 9Month 12
Placebo-1.64.1-7.1-6.0-14.1
Romosozumab 140 mg Q3M60.1-5.6-16.5-29.0-24.7
Romosozumab 140 mg QM53.115.6-7.4-27.7-31.1
Romosozumab 210 mg Q3M77.9-3.7-23.2-30.7-26.2
Romosozumab 210 mg QM78.641.610.0-4.0-12.5
Romosozumab 70 mg QM28.1-0.3-11.8-26.9-27.3

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Percent Change From Baseline at Month 6 in BMD at the Lumbar Spine

"Bone mineral density was measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Images were analyzed by a central imaging reader.~Percent change from baseline to month 6 was analyzed using a linear mixed effects model with the percent change from baseline to month 6 in DXA BMD as dependent variable, and baseline BMD value, machine type, geographic region, interaction of baseline BMD and machine type, visit, treatment (categorical) and interaction of treatment and visit as the independent variables." (NCT00896532)
Timeframe: Baseline to 6 months

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo0.3
Alendronate2.6
Teriparatide4.8
Romosozumab 70 mg QM4.1
Romosozumab 140 mg Q3M4.2
Romosozumab 140 mg QM7.1
Romosozumab 210 mg Q3M4.4
Romosozumab 210 mg QM8.2

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Percent Change From Baseline at Month 12 in BMD of the Total Hip

"Bone mineral density was measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Images were analyzed by a central imaging reader.~Percent change from baseline to 12 months in BMD was analyzed using a linear mixed effects model with the percent change from baseline to month 12 in DXA BMD as dependent variable, and baseline BMD value, machine type, geographic region, interaction of baseline BMD and machine type, visit, treatment (categorical) and interaction of treatment and visit as the independent variables." (NCT00896532)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 months

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.7
Alendronate1.9
Teriparatide1.3
Romosozumab 70 mg QM1.3
Romosozumab 140 mg Q3M1.3
Romosozumab 140 mg QM3.4
Romosozumab 210 mg Q3M1.9
Romosozumab 210 mg QM4.1

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Percent Change From Baseline at Month 12 in BMD of the Femoral Neck

"Bone mineral density was measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Images were analyzed by a central imaging reader.~Percent change from baseline to 12 months in BMD was analyzed using a linear mixed effects model with the percent change from baseline to month 12 in DXA BMD as dependent variable, and baseline BMD value, machine type, geographic region, interaction of baseline BMD and machine type, visit, treatment (categorical) and interaction of treatment and visit as the independent variables." (NCT00896532)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 months

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.1
Alendronate1.2
Teriparatide1.1
Romosozumab 70 mg QM0.6
Romosozumab 140 mg Q3M1.8
Romosozumab 140 mg QM4.2
Romosozumab 210 mg Q3M1.4
Romosozumab 210 mg QM3.7

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Percent Change From Baseline at Month 12 in BMD of the Distal Radius

"Bone mineral density was measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Images were analyzed by a central imaging reader.~Percent change from baseline in distal radius BMD was analyzed using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with the percent change from baseline to Month 12 in DXA BMD as dependent variable, baseline BMD value, machine type, interaction of baseline BMD and machine type, treatment (categorical) and geographic region as the independent class variables." (NCT00896532)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 months

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.9
Alendronate-0.3
Teriparatide-1.7
Romosozumab 70 mg QM-1.8
Romosozumab 140 mg Q3M-1.1
Romosozumab 140 mg QM-1.0
Romosozumab 210 mg Q3M-0.4
Romosozumab 210 mg QM-1.2

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Percent Change From Baseline in Osteocalcin

Percent change from baseline in the bone turnover marker (BTM) osteocalcin was analyzed using a linear mixed effects model with the natural logarithm of the ratio of BTM (follow-up versus baseline) as the dependent variables, and visit, treatment (categorical), interaction of treatment and visit and the natural logarithm of the baseline BTM as the independent variables; outcomes were then transformed back to percent change from baseline. (NCT00896532)
Timeframe: Baseline and months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12

,
Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 3Month 6Month 9Month 12
Alendronate-28.7-40.6-50.9-50.3
Teriparatide104.7106.799.991.6

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Percent Change From Baseline in Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BSAP)

Percent change from baseline in the bone turnover marker (BTM) BSAP was analyzed using a linear mixed effects model with the natural logarithm of the ratio of BTM (follow-up versus baseline) as the dependent variables, and visit, treatment (categorical), interaction of treatment and visit and the natural logarithm of the baseline BTM as the independent variables; outcomes were then transformed back to percent change from baseline. (NCT00896532)
Timeframe: Baseline and months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12

,,,,,
Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 1Month 3Month 6Month 9Month 12
Placebo-1.1-7.6-4.13.59.2
Romosozumab 140 mg Q3M35.1-18.0-18.2-12.5-10.8
Romosozumab 140 mg QM29.31.3-6.6-5.5-5.0
Romosozumab 210 mg Q3M47.5-17.3-20.0-17.7-12.4
Romosozumab 210 mg QM60.927.413.110.49.2
Romosozumab 70 mg QM11.7-8.5-8.7-4.9-2.6

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Percent Change From Baseline at Month 12 in BMD at the Lumbar Spine

Bone mineral density was measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Images were analyzed by a central imaging reader. (NCT00896532)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 months

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.1
Alendronate4.1
Teriparatide7.1
Romosozumab 70 mg QM5.4
Romosozumab 140 mg Q3M5.4
Romosozumab 140 mg QM9.1
Romosozumab 210 mg Q3M5.5
Romosozumab 210 mg QM11.3
Romosozumab Monthly8.6
Romosozumab Every 3 Months5.5
Romosozumab 140 mg7.3
Romosozumab 210 mg8.4

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Percent Change From Baseline in Type 1 Collagen C-telopeptide (CTX)

Percent change from baseline in the bone turnover marker (BTM) CTX was analyzed using a linear mixed effects model with the natural logarithm of the ratio of BTM (follow-up versus baseline) as the dependent variables, and visit, treatment (categorical), interaction of treatment and visit and the natural logarithm of the baseline BTM as the independent variables; outcomes were then transformed back to percent change from baseline. (NCT00896532)
Timeframe: Baseline and months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12

,,,,,
Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 1Month 3Month 6Month 9Month 12
Romosozumab 140 mg Q3M-19.2-6.2-8.41.312.2
Romosozumab 140 mg QM-35.4-26.5-24.6-27.7-33.0
Romosozumab 210 mg Q3M-33.0-12.6-10.5-11.7-6.6
Romosozumab 210 mg QM-28.5-3.7-8.7-17.2-22.5
Romosozumab 70 mg QM-22.1-21.5-18.1-15.1-20.3
Placebo-3.9-2.42.71.09.8

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Percent Change From Baseline in Type 1 Collagen C-telopeptide (CTX)

Percent change from baseline in the bone turnover marker (BTM) CTX was analyzed using a linear mixed effects model with the natural logarithm of the ratio of BTM (follow-up versus baseline) as the dependent variables, and visit, treatment (categorical), interaction of treatment and visit and the natural logarithm of the baseline BTM as the independent variables; outcomes were then transformed back to percent change from baseline. (NCT00896532)
Timeframe: Baseline and months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12

,
Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 3Month 6Month 9Month 12
Alendronate-65.0-64.2-64.4-66.7
Teriparatide69.493.581.377.0

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Percent Change From Baseline in Procollagen Type 1 N-telopeptide (P1NP)

Percent change from baseline in the bone turnover marker (BTM) P1NP was analyzed using a linear mixed effects model with the natural logarithm of the ratio of BTM (follow-up versus baseline) as the dependent variables, and visit, treatment (categorical), interaction of treatment and visit and the natural logarithm of the baseline BTM as the independent variables; outcomes were then transformed back to percent change from baseline. (NCT00896532)
Timeframe: Baseline and months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12

,
Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 3Month 6Month 9Month 12
Alendronate-50.8-57.0-60.8-60.8
Teriparatide97.1138.0116.898.3

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Percent Change From Baseline in Procollagen Type 1 N-telopeptide (P1NP)

Percent change from baseline in the bone turnover marker (BTM) P1NP was analyzed using a linear mixed effects model with the natural logarithm of the ratio of BTM (follow-up versus baseline) as the dependent variables, and visit, treatment (categorical), interaction of treatment and visit and the natural logarithm of the baseline BTM as the independent variables; outcomes were then transformed back to percent change from baseline. (NCT00896532)
Timeframe: Baseline and months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12

,,,,,
Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Month 1Month 3Month 6Month 9Month 12
Placebo-0.7-5.4-5.9-10.6-8.7
Romosozumab 140 mg Q3M61.4-15.5-22.8-23.8-23.3
Romosozumab 140 mg QM55.03.8-18.6-26.1-31.2
Romosozumab 210 mg Q3M75.8-19.5-25.5-30.1-29.7
Romosozumab 210 mg QM92.225.66.9-5.8-17.2
Romosozumab 70 mg QM24.2-9.1-20.0-26.9-23.0

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Percent Change From Baseline at Month 6 in BMD of the Femoral Neck

"Bone mineral density was measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Images were analyzed by a central imaging reader.~Percent change from baseline to month 6 was analyzed using a linear mixed effects model with the percent change from baseline to month 6 in DXA BMD as dependent variable, and baseline BMD value, machine type, geographic region, interaction of baseline BMD and machine type, visit, treatment (categorical) and interaction of treatment and visit as the independent variables." (NCT00896532)
Timeframe: Baseline to 6 months

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.4
Alendronate0.5
Teriparatide0.5
Romosozumab 70 mg QM0.2
Romosozumab 140 mg Q3M0.4
Romosozumab 140 mg QM2.1
Romosozumab 210 mg Q3M0.9
Romosozumab 210 mg QM1.9

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Tolerability at One Year of Ovarian Function Suppression (OFS) Using Leuprolide and Letrozole.

The tolerability at one year of ovarian function suppression (OFS) using leuprolide and letrozole in this patient population. Specifically, the number of patients who discontinued treatment prior to one year due to toxicity. (NCT00903162)
Timeframe: 1 year

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Letrozole-Leuprolide4

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Mineral Apposition Rate (MAR) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months

MAR in CC is a measure of the linear rate of production of mineralized bone matrix by osteoblasts and is measured by the mean distance between two consecutive T labels divided by the time interval. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. SL cases were imputed to a value of 0.3 µm/day or counted as missing. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 months

,
Interventionmicrometer (µm)/day (Median)
DL and NL (n=28, 28)DL, ISL and NL (n=28, 30)
Teriparatide0.560.56
Zoledronic Acid0.350.33

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Mineral Apposition Rate (MAR) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months

MAR in CC is a measure of the linear rate of production of mineralized bone matrix by osteoblasts and is measured by the mean distance between two consecutive labels divided by the time interval. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. SL cases were imputed to a value of 0.3 µm/day or counted as missing. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 24 months

,
Interventionmicrometer (µm)/day (Median)
DL and NL (n=9, 6)DL, Imputed SL (ISL) and NL (n=10, 9)
Teriparatide0.440.43
Zoledronic Acid0.000.30

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Change From Baseline in Serum Procollagen Type I N-Terminal Propeptide (PINP) at Month 1, 3 and 6 Endpoint

PINP is a measure of bone formation. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: Baseline, 1, 3, 6 months

,
Interventionmicrogram/Liter (µg/L) (Median)
Change at 1 month (n= 32, 31)Change at 3 months (n= 32, 29)Change at 6 months (n= 25, 28)
Teriparatide65.5066.0084.00
Zoledronic Acid-15.00-39.00-37.50

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Change From Baseline in Serum Osteocalcin (OC) at Month 1, 3, and 6 Endpoint

OC is a measure of osteoblast function. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: Baseline, 1, 3, 6 months

,
Interventionµg/L (Median)
Change at 1 month (n= 32, 32)Change at 3 months (n=32, 30)Change at 6 months (n= 25, 29)
Teriparatide22.3529.9330.85
Zoledronic Acid-3.39-12.30-14.06

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Change From Baseline in Serum Carboxyterminal Cross-Linking Telopeptide of Type I Collagen (CTX) at Month 1, 3 and 6 Endpoint

CTX is a measure of bone resorption. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: Baseline, 1, 3, 6 months

,
Interventionnanogram/milliliter (ng/mL) (Median)
Change at 1 month (n= 32, 31)Change at 3 months (n= 32, 29)Change at 6 months (n= 25, 28)
Teriparatide0.060.260.31
Zoledronic Acid-0.37-0.35-0.32

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Bone Formation Rate (BFR) in the Endocortical Compartment (EC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months

BFR in EC is the volume of mineralized bone formed per unit surface bone per unit time (mm³/mm²/year); calculated as MAR times MS/BS. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. SL cases were imputed to a value of 0.3 µm/day or counted as missing. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 and 24 months

,
Interventionmm³/mm²/year (Median)
DL and NL at 6 Months (n=23, 20)DL, Imputed SL (ISL) and NL at 6 Months (n=23, 29)DL and NL at 24 Months (n=8, 7)DL, ISL and NL at 24 Months (n=9, 8)
Teriparatide0.03070.03070.00930.0090
Zoledronic Acid0.00000.00030.00000.0000

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Bone Formation Rate (BFR) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months

BFR in CC is the volume of mineralized bone formed per unit surface bone per unit time (cubic millimeter/square millimeter/year [mm³/mm²/year]); calculated as mineral apposition rate (MAR) times MS/BS. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. SL cases were imputed to a value of 0.3 µm/day or counted as missing. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 months

,
Interventionmm³/mm²/year (Median)
DL and NL (n=28, 28)DL, ISL and NL (n=28, 30)
Teriparatide0.01160.0116
Zoledronic Acid0.00020.0002

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Bone Formation Rate (BFR) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months

BFR in CC is the volume of mineralized bone formed per unit surface bone per unit time (mm³/mm²/year); calculated as MAR times MS/BS. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. SL cases were imputed to a value of 0.3 µm/day or counted as missing. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 24 months

,
Interventionmm³/mm²/year (Median)
DL and NL (n=9, 6)DL, Imputed SL (ISL) and NL (n=10, 9)
Teriparatide0.00570.0057
Zoledronic Acid0.00000.0001

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Average Length of Tetracycline Double Labels in the Endocortical Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months

The length of tetracycline double labels is a measure of the extent of bone formation in the endocortical compartment within individual remodeling units and is measured in millimeters (mm). Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 and 24 months

,
Interventionmillimeter (mm) (Median)
6 months (n=23, 6)24 months (n=8, 2)
Teriparatide0.340.27
Zoledronic Acid0.300.30

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Adjusted Apposition Rate (Aj.AR) in the Endocortical Compartment (EC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months

Aj.AR in EC is MAR averaged over the entire osteoid surface and in a steady state is an estimate of the mean rate of matrix apposition. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. SL cases were imputed to a value of 0.3 µm/day or counted as missing. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 and 24 months

,
Interventionmicrometer (µm)/day (Median)
DL and NL at 6 Months (n=23, 20)DL, Imputed SL (ISL) and NL at 6 Months (n=23, 29)DL and NL at 24 Months (n=8, 7)DL, ISL and NL at 24 Months (n=9, 8)
Teriparatide0.410.410.350.32
Zoledronic Acid0.000.030.000.00

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Adjusted Apposition Rate (Aj.AR) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months

Aj.AR in CC is MAR averaged over the entire osteoid surface and in a steady state is an estimate of the mean rate of matrix apposition. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. SL cases were imputed to a value of 0.3 µm/day or counted as missing. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 months

,
Interventionµm/day (Median)
DL and NL (n=28, 28)DL, ISL and NL (n=28, 30)
Teriparatide0.340.34
Zoledronic Acid0.020.02

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Adjusted Apposition Rate (Aj.AR) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months

Aj.AR in CC is MAR averaged over the entire osteoid surface and in a steady state is an estimate of the mean rate of matrix apposition. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. SL cases were imputed to a value of 0.3 µm/day or counted as missing. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 24 months

,
Interventionmicrometer (µm)/day (Median)
DL and NL (n=9, 6)DL, Imputed SL (ISL) and NL (n=10, 9)
Teriparatide0.130.12
Zoledronic Acid0.000.02

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Active Formation Period (a.FP) in the Endocortical Compartment (EC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months

a. FP in EC is the mean time required to rebuild a new bone structural unit, calculated as wall thickness divided by MAR. Participants were given T for two 3 day-periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. SL cases were imputed to a value of 0.3 µm/day or counted as missing. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 and 24 months

,
Interventionyear (Median)
DL and NL at 6 Months (n=23, 6)DL, Imputed SL (ISL) and NL at 6 Months (n=23, 15)DL and NL at 24 Months (n=8, 2)DL, ISL and NL at 24 Months (n=9, 3)
Teriparatide0.200.200.230.24
Zoledronic Acid0.200.280.220.25

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Active Formation Period (a.FP) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months

a. FP in CC is the mean time required to rebuild a new bone structural unit, calculated as wall thickness divided by MAR. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. SL cases were imputed to a value of 0.3 µm/day or counted as missing. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 months

,
Interventionyear (Median)
DL and NL (n=28, 16)DL, ISL and NL (n=28, 18)
Teriparatide0.150.15
Zoledronic Acid0.160.16

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Active Formation Period (a.FP) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months

a. FP in CC is the mean time required to rebuild a new bone structural unit, calculated as wall thickness divided by MAR. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. SL cases were imputed to a value of 0.3 µm/day or counted as missing. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 24 months

,
Interventionyear (Median)
DL and NL (n=9, 2)DL, Imputed SL (ISL) and NL (n=10, 5)
Teriparatide0.190.19
Zoledronic Acid0.190.25

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Activation Frequency (Ac.f) in the Endocortical Compartment (EC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months

Ac.f in EC represents the frequency of activation of new remodeling cycles on the bone surface (BFR/BS divided by wall thickness) and is expressed in units of new cycles per unit of time. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. SL cases were imputed to a value of 0.3 µm/day or counted as missing. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 and 24 months

,
Interventionnew cycles/year (Median)
DL and NL at 6 Months (n=23, 20)DL, Imputed SL (ISL) and NL at 6 Months (n=23, 29)DL and NL at 24 Months (n=8, 7)DL, ISL and NL at 24 Months (n=9, 8)
Teriparatide0.830.830.250.24
Zoledronic Acid0.000.010.000.00

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Activation Frequency (Ac.f) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months

Ac.f in CC represents the frequency of activation of new remodeling cycles on BS (bone formation rate [BFR]/BS divided by wall thickness) and is expressed in units of new cycles per unit of time. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. SL cases were imputed to a value of 0.3 micrometer (µm)/day or counted as missing. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 months

,
Interventionnew cycles/year (Median)
DL and NL (n=28, 28)DL, Imputed SL (ISL) and NL (n=28, 30)
Teriparatide0.370.37
Zoledronic Acid0.010.01

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Activation Frequency (Ac.f) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months

Ac.f in CC represents the frequency of activation of new remodeling cycles on the bone surface (BFR/BS divided by wall thickness) and is expressed in units of new cycles per unit of time. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. SL cases were imputed to a value of 0.3 µm/day or counted as missing. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 24 months

,
Interventionnew cycles/year (Median)
DL and NL (n=9, 6)DL, Imputed SL (ISL) and NL (n=10, 9)
Teriparatide0.190.18
Zoledronic Acid0.000.00

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Wall Thickness (WTh.) in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months

Wall thickness (WTh.) in the cancellous compartment is measured as the mean distance from the cement line to the marrow space of completed trabecular bone packets. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionµm (Median)
Teriparatide31.29
Zoledronic Acid28.63

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Wall Thickness (WTh.) in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months

Wall thickness (WTh.) in the cancellous compartment is measured as the mean distance from the cement line to the marrow space of completed trabecular bone packets. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionmicrometer (µm) (Median)
Teriparatide31.37
Zoledronic Acid29.26

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Percentage of Osteoid Volume (OV)/Bone Volume (BV) in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months

Osteoid volume (OV) in the cancellous compartment is the percent of a given volume of bone tissue that consists of unmineralized bone (osteoid). (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionpercentage of volume (Median)
Teriparatide1.32
Zoledronic Acid0.24

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Percentage of Osteoid Volume (OV)/Bone Volume (BV) in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months

Osteoid volume (OV) in the cancellous compartment is the percent of a given volume of bone tissue that consists of unmineralized bone (osteoid). (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionpercentage of volume (Median)
Teriparatide1.33
Zoledronic Acid0.18

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Percentage of Osteoid Surface (OS)/Bone Surface (BS) in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months

Osteoid surface (OS) in the cancellous compartment is the fraction (%) of the entire trabecular bone surface that is covered by osteoid. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionpercentage of surface (Median)
Teriparatide11.34
Zoledronic Acid2.51

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Percentage of Osteoid Surface (OS)/Bone Surface (BS) in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months

Osteoid surface (OS) in the cancellous compartment is the fraction (%) of the entire trabecular bone surface that is covered by osteoid. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionpercentage of surface (Median)
Teriparatide11.19
Zoledronic Acid1.26

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Percentage of Eroded Surface/Bone Surface (ES/BS) in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months

Eroded surface/bone surface (ES/BS) in the cancellous compartment is the fraction of the entire trabecular surface occupied by resorption bays, including both those with and without osteoclasts. It is an indicator of bone resorption. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionpercentage of surface (Median)
Teriparatide4.59
Zoledronic Acid2.71

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Percentage of Eroded Surface/Bone Surface (ES/BS) in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months

Eroded surface/bone surface (ES/BS) in the cancellous compartment is the fraction of the entire trabecular surface occupied by resorption bays, including both those with and without osteoclasts. It is an indicator of bone resorption. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionpercentage of surface (Median)
Teriparatide4.44
Zoledronic Acid2.39

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Osteoid Thickness (OTh.) in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months

Osteoid thickness (OTh.) in the cancellous compartment is a measure of the average thickness of osteoid seams. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionmicrometer (µm) (Median)
Teriparatide4.92
Zoledronic Acid3.77

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Osteoid Thickness (OTh.) in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months

Osteoid thickness (OTh.) in the cancellous compartment is a measure of the average thickness of osteoid seams. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionmicrometer (µm) (Median)
Teriparatide5.71
Zoledronic Acid3.98

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Mineralizing Surface/Bone Surface (MS/BS) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months

MS/BS in CC is a measure of the proportion of BS on which new mineralized bone is deposited at the time of tetracycline (T) labeling and is calculated as sum of total extent of double label (DL) plus half the extent of single label (SL) divided by BS. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in the biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under a microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or no label (NL) suggests suppression of bone formation. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionpercentage of surface (Median)
Teriparatide5.60
Zoledronic Acid0.16

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Mineralizing Surface/Bone Surface (MS/BS) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months

MS/BS in CC is a measure of the proportion of BS on which new mineralized bone is deposited at the time of tetracycline (T) labeling and is calculated as sum of total extent of double label (DL) plus half the extent of single label (SL) divided by BS. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in the biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under a microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or no label (NL) suggests suppression of bone formation. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionpercentage of surface (Median)
Teriparatide3.00
Zoledronic Acid0.07

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Change From Baseline in Serum Osteocalcin (OC) at Month 12 Endpoint

OC is a measure of osteoblast function. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months

Interventionmicrogram/liter (µg/L) (Median)
Teriparatide32.98
Zoledronic Acid-12.32

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Number of Samples With Single or Double Tetracycline Labels, Single and Double Labels, or No Tetracycline Labels in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months

Number of samples with single or double tetracycline labels, both single and double labels, or no labels in the cancellous compartment were compared between teriparatide and zoledronic acid treated participants. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 24 months

,
Interventionsamples (Number)
No LabelSingle Label OnlyDouble Label OnlySingle and Double Label
Teriparatide0109
Zoledronic Acid4302

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Change From Baseline in Serum Carboxyterminal Cross-Linking Telopeptide of Type I Collagen (CTX) at Month 12 Endpoint

CTX is a measure of bone resorption. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months

Interventionnanogram/milliliter (ng/mL) (Median)
Teriparatide0.42
Zoledronic Acid-0.23

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Average Length of Tetracycline Double Labels in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months

The length of tetracycline double labels is a measure of the extent of bone formation in the cancellous compartment within individual remodeling units and is measured in millimeters (mm). Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionmillimeter (mm) (Median)
Teriparatide0.35
Zoledronic Acid0.24

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Average Length of Tetracycline Double Labels in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months

The length of tetracycline double labels is a measure of the extent of bone formation in the cancellous compartment within individual remodeling units and is measured in millimeters (mm). Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionmillimeter (mm) (Median)
Teriparatide0.23
Zoledronic Acid0.29

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Change From Baseline in Serum Procollagen Type I N-Terminal Propeptide (PINP) at Month 12 Endpoint

PINP is a measure of bone formation. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 months

Interventionmicrogram/liter (µg/L) (Median)
Teriparatide93.50
Zoledronic Acid-33.00

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Number of Samples With Single or Double Tetracycline Labels, Single and Double Labels, or No Tetracycline Labels in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months

Number of samples with single or double tetracycline labels, both single and double labels, or no labels in the cancellous compartment were compared between teriparatide and zoledronic acid treated participants. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 months

,
Interventionsamples (Number)
No LabelSingle Label OnlyDouble Label OnlySingle and Double Label
Teriparatide00028
Zoledronic Acid122313

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Number of Samples With Single or Double Tetracycline Labels, Single and Double Labels, or No Tetracycline Labels in the Endocortical Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months

Number of samples with single or double tetracycline labels, both single and double labels, or no labels in the endocortical compartment were compared between teriparatide and zoledronic acid treated participants. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 and 24 months

,
Interventionsamples (Number)
No Label at 6 months (n=23, 29)Single Label Only at 6 months (n=23, 29)Double Label Only at 6 months (n=23, 29)Single and Double Label at 6 months (n=23, 29)No Label at 24 months (n=9, 8)Single Label Only at 24 months (n=9, 8)Double Label Only at 24 months (n=9, 8)Single and Double Label at 24 months (n=9, 8)
Teriparatide000230108
Zoledronic Acid149065102

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Osteoid Maturation Time (Omt) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months

Omt in CC is the period between the onset of deposition and onset of mineralization of a given amount of osteoid. Omt is calculated as O.Th divided by MAR. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. SL cases were imputed to a value of 0.3 µm/day or counted as missing. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 24 months

,
Interventionday (Median)
DL and NL (n=9, 2)DL, Imputed SL (ISL) and NL (n=10, 5)
Teriparatide13.4213.52
Zoledronic Acid17.3813.92

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Osteoid Maturation Time (Omt) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months

Omt in CC is the period between the onset of deposition and onset of mineralization of a given amount of osteoid. Omt is calculated as O.Th divided by MAR. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. SL cases were imputed to a value of 0.3 µm/day or counted as missing. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 months

,
Interventionday (Median)
DL and NL (n=28, 16)DL, ISL and NL (n=28, 18)
Teriparatide9.999.99
Zoledronic Acid9.059.05

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Osteoid Maturation Time (Omt) in the Endocortical Compartment (EC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months

Omt in EC is the period between the onset of deposition and onset of mineralization of a given amount of osteoid. Omt is calculated as O.Th divided by MAR. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. SL cases were imputed to a value of 0.3 µm/day or counted as missing. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 and 24 Months

,
Interventionday (Median)
DL and NL at 6 Months (n=23, 6)DL, Imputed SL (ISL) and NL at 6 Months (n=23, 15)DL and NL at 24 Months (n=8, 2)DL, ISL and NL at 24 Months (n=9, 3)
Teriparatide10.5710.5712.3013.03
Zoledronic Acid11.2711.3414.9412.12

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Osteoid Thickness (OTh.) in the Endocortical Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months

Osteoid thickness (OTh.) in the endocortical compartment is a measure of the average thickness of osteoid seams. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 and 24 months

,
Interventionmicrometer (µm) (Median)
6 months (n=23, 29)24 months (n=9, 8)
Teriparatide4.945.23
Zoledronic Acid3.703.53

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Percent of Single or Double Tetracycline Labels Per Bone Surface (sLS/BS), (dLS/BS) in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months

The percent of single or double tetracycline labels per bone surface (sLS/BS, dLS/BS) in the cancellous compartment. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 24 months

,
Interventionpercentage of tetracycline labels (Median)
sLS/BSdLS/BS
Teriparatide2.251.69
Zoledronic Acid0.150.00

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Percent of Single or Double Tetracycline Labels Per Bone Surface (sLS/BS), (dLS/BS) in the Cancellous Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months

The percent of single or double tetracycline labels per bone surface (sLS/BS, dLS/BS) in the cancellous compartment. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 months

,
Interventionpercentage of tetracycline labels (Median)
sLS/BSdLS/BS
Teriparatide3.194.13
Zoledronic Acid0.020.07

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Percent of Single or Double Tetracycline Labels Per Bone Surface (sLS/BS), (dLS/BS) in the Endocortical Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months

The percent of single or double tetracycline labels per bone surface (sLS/BS, dLS/BS) in the endocortical compartment. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 and 24 months

,
Interventionpercentage of tetracycline labels (Median)
sLS/BS at 6 months (n=23, 29)dLS/BS at 6 months (n=23, 29)sLS/BS at 24 months (n=9, 8)dLS/BS at 24 months (n=9, 8)
Teriparatide5.5613.463.752.77
Zoledronic Acid0.250.000.000.00

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Percentage of Eroded Surface/Bone Surface (ES/BS) in the Endocortical Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months

Eroded surface/bone surface (ES/BS) in the endocortical compartment is the fraction of the entire trabecular surface occupied by resorption bays, including both those with and without osteoclasts. It is an indicator of bone resorption. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 and 24 months

,
Interventionpercentage of surface (Median)
6 months (n=23, 29)24 months (n=9, 8)
Teriparatide4.063.43
Zoledronic Acid1.871.88

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Percentage of Osteoid Surface (OS)/Bone Surface (BS) in the Endocortical Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months

Osteoid surface (OS) in the endocortical compartment is the fraction (%) of the entire trabecular bone surface that is covered by osteoid. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 and 24 months

,
Interventionpercentage of surface (Median)
6 months (n=23, 29)24 months (n=9, 8)
Teriparatide16.337.48
Zoledronic Acid1.871.55

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Total Formation Period (Tt.FP) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months

Tt.FP in CC is a measure of bone formation and is calculated as wall thickness divided by Aj.AR. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. SL cases were imputed to a value of 0.3 µm/day or counted as missing. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 24 months

,
Interventionyear (Median)
DL and NL (n=9, 2)DL, Imputed SL (ISL) and NL (n=10, 5)
Teriparatide0.600.68
Zoledronic Acid0.512.62

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Total Formation Period (Tt.FP) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months

Tt.FP in CC is a measure of bone formation and is calculated as wall thickness divided by Aj.AR. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. SL cases were imputed to a value of 0.3 µm/day or counted as missing. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 months

,
Interventionyear (Median)
DL and NL (n=28, 16)DL, ISL and NL (n=28, 18)
Teriparatide0.240.24
Zoledronic Acid1.461.46

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Total Formation Period (Tt.FP) in the Endocortical Compartment (EC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months

Tt.FP in EC is a measure of bone formation and is calculated as wall thickness divided by Aj.AR. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. SL cases were imputed to a value of 0.3 µm/day or counted as missing. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 and 24 months

,
Interventionyear (Median)
DL and NL at 6 Months (n=23, 6)DL, Imputed SL (ISL) and NL at 6 Months (n=23, 15)DL and NL at 24 Months (n=8, 2)DL, ISL and NL at 24 Months (n=9, 3)
Teriparatide0.240.240.270.31
Zoledronic Acid0.430.540.620.86

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Wall Thickness (WTh.) in the Endocortical Compartment of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months

Wall thickness (WTh.) in the endocortical compartment is measured as the mean distance from the cement line to the marrow space of completed trabecular bone packets. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 and 24 months

,
Interventionmicrometer (µm) (Median)
6 months (n=23, 29)24 months (n=9, 8)
Teriparatide36.3034.00
Zoledronic Acid32.3932.45

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Mineralizing Surface/Bone Surface(MS/BS) in the Endocortical Compartment (EC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months

MS/BS in EC is a measure of the proportion of BS on which new mineralized bone is deposited at the time of tetracycline (T) labeling and is calculated as sum of total extent of double label (DL) plus half the extent of single label (SL) divided by BS. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in the biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under a microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or no label (NL) suggests suppression of bone formation. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 and 24 months

,
Interventionpercentage of surface (Median)
6 months (n=23, 29)24 months (n=9, 8)
Teriparatide18.645.82
Zoledronic Acid0.300.00

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Mineralization Lag Time (Mlt) in the Endocortical Compartment (EC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months

Mlt in EC is the period between deposition and subsequent mineralization of osteoid. Mlt is calculated as O.Th divided by Aj.AR. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. SL cases were imputed to a value of 0.3 µm/day or counted as missing. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 and 24 months

,
Interventionday (Median)
DL and NL at 6 Months (n=23, 6)DL, Imputed SL (ISL) and NL at 6 Months (n=23, 15)DL and NL at 24 Months (n=8, 2)DL, ISL and NL at 24 Months (n=9, 3)
Teriparatide12.6312.6315.6717.04
Zoledronic Acid26.9726.7042.8629.03

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Mineralization Lag Time (Mlt) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 Months

Mlt in CC is the period between deposition and subsequent mineralization of osteoid. Mlt is calculated as Osteoid Thickness (O.Th) divided by Aj.AR. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. SL cases were imputed to a value of 0.3 µm/day or counted as missing. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 months

,
Interventionday (Median)
DL and NL (n=28, 16)DL, ISL and NL (n=28, 18)
Teriparatide13.6313.63
Zoledronic Acid75.7275.72

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Mineralization Lag Time (Mlt) in the Cancellous Compartment (CC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 24 Months

Mlt in CC is the period between deposition and subsequent mineralization of osteoid. Mlt is calculated as O.Th divided by Aj.AR. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. SL cases were imputed to a value of 0.3 µm/day or counted as missing. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 24 months

,
Interventionday (Median)
DL and NL (n=9, 2)DL, Imputed SL (ISL) and NL (n=10, 5)
Teriparatide38.8445.33
Zoledronic Acid45.67128.37

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Mineral Apposition Rate (MAR) in the Endocortical Compartment (EC) of Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies at 6 and 24 Months

MAR in EC is a measure of the linear rate of production of mineralized bone matrix by osteoblasts and is measured by the mean distance between two consecutive labels divided by the time interval. Participants were given T for two 3-day periods, 14 days apart. T fluoresces under certain light and temporarily binds to new bone. New bone in biopsy is seen as the amount of bone between 2 fluorescently T labeled lines under microscope. DL indicates active bone formation, SL or NL suggests suppression of bone formation. SL cases were imputed to a value of 0.3 µm/day or counted as missing. (NCT00927186)
Timeframe: 6 and 24 months

,
Interventionmicrometer (µm/day) (Median)
DL and NL at 6 Months (n=23, 20)DL, Imputed SL (ISL) and NL at 6 Months (n=23, 29)DL and NL at 24 Months (n=8, 7)DL, ISL and NL at 24 Months (n=9, 8)
Teriparatide0.500.500.430.42
Zoledronic Acid0.000.300.000.00

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Number of Participants With Femoral Head Collapse Within 24 Months

(NCT00939900)
Timeframe: Measurements were done at 6, 12, 24 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Aclasta29
Control22

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Skeletal Survey for New Osteolytic Lesions/Fractures

Skeletal survey was measured using conventional radiography [imaging of the whole skeleton (skull, cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, pelvis, humeri, femoral bones)] on day 21 of cycle 8 (day 168) (NCT00972959)
Timeframe: day 168

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Bortezomib/Dexamethasone/Zoledronic Acid0

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Skeletal Survey for New Osteolytic Lesions/Fractures

Skeletal survey was measured using conventional radiography [imaging of the whole skeleton (skull, cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, pelvis, humeri, femoral bones)] every 6 months for up to 18 months (NCT00972959)
Timeframe: 18 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Bortezomib/Dexamethasone/Zoledronic Acid0

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Bone Pain

"Bone pain was measured with the use of the Visual Analogue Scale on day 21 of cycle 4 (day 84).~Bone pain was measured with the use of the Visual Analogue Scale. The visual analogue scale or visual analog scale (VAS) is a psychometric response scale which can be used in questionnaires. It is a measurement instrument for subjective characteristics or attitudes that cannot be directly measured.~The VAS for Bone Pain was constructed as follows:~None Mild Moderate Severe Worst possible 1,2 3,4 5,6 7,8 9,10 Lower values are considered to be of a better outcome, higher values are considered to be of a worst outcome." (NCT00972959)
Timeframe: On the day 84

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Bortezomib/Dexamethasone/Zoledronic Acid1.5

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Bone Remodelling

Bone remodelling was studied by the measurement of the following serum indices on day 21 of cycle 4 (day 84) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): i) bone resorption marker C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of collagen type I (CTX) and ii) bone formation markers [osteocalcin (OC)]. (NCT00972959)
Timeframe: day 84

Interventionng/ml (Median)
CTXOC
Bortezomib/Dexamethasone/Zoledronic Acid0.257.4

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Bone Mineral Density (BMD)

BMD of the lumbar spine (L1-L4, anteroposterior view) and femoral neck (FN) was measured by Dual Energy X-Absorptiometry scan (DEXA-scan) using a Hologic QDR-1000 scanner on day 21 of cycle 8 (day 168) (NCT00972959)
Timeframe: day 168

InterventionT-score (Median)
Lumbar spine (L1-L4)Femoral neck (FN)
Bortezomib/Dexamethasone/Zoledronic Acid1.63-1.44

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Bone Mineral Density (BMD)

BMD of the lumbar spine (L1-L4, anteroposterior view) and femoral neck (FN) was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) using a Hologic QDR-1000 scanner on day 21 of cycle 4 (day 84) (NCT00972959)
Timeframe: day 84

InterventionT-scores (Median)
Lumbar spine (L1-L4)Femoral neck (FN)
Bortezomib/Dexamethasone/Zoledronic Acid0.14-2.68

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Bone Remodelling

Bone remodelling was studied by the measurement of the following serum indices on day 21 of cycle 8 (day 168) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): i) bone resorption marker C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of collagen type I (CTX) and ii) bone formation marker [osteocalcin (OC)]. (NCT00972959)
Timeframe: day 168

Interventionng/ml (Median)
CTXOC
Bortezomib/Dexamethasone/Zoledronic Acid0.1710.2

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Bone Pain

"Bone pain was measured with the use of the Visual Analogue Scale on day 21 of cycle 8 (day 168).~Bone pain was measured with the use of the Visual Analogue Scale. The visual analogue scale or visual analog scale (VAS) is a psychometric response scale which can be used in questionnaires. It is a measurement instrument for subjective characteristics or attitudes that cannot be directly measured.~The VAS for Bone Pain was constructed as follows:~None Mild Moderate Severe Worst possible 1,2 3,4 5,6 7,8 9,10 Lower values are considered to be of a better outcome, higher values are considered to be of a worst outcome." (NCT00972959)
Timeframe: On the day 168

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Bortezomib/Dexamethasone/Zoledronic Acid0.3

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Bone Remodelling

Bone remodelling was studied by the measurement of the following serum indices on day 21 of cycle 4 (day 84) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) bone formation marker [bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bALP)]. (NCT00972959)
Timeframe: day 84

InterventionU/L (Median)
Bortezomib/Dexamethasone/Zoledronic Acid22.5

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Bone Remodelling

Bone remodelling was studied by the measurement of the following serum indices on day 21 of cycle 4 (day 84) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): bone formation marker [bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bALP) ]. (NCT00972959)
Timeframe: day 168

InterventionU/L (Median)
Bortezomib/Dexamethasone/Zoledronic Acid24.8

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Time to Progression (TTP)

Time to progression is defined as the time from the date of enrollment to the date of first documented disease progression or death due to metastatic breast cancer. (NCT01129336)
Timeframe: up to 18 months

InterventionDays (Median)
Patients Without Bone Metastases190
Patients With Bone Metastases297

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Change From Baseline in Urine NTX by Month

NTX= N-telopeptide of type 1 collagen (nmol bce/mmol [nanomoles of bone collagen equivalents per millimole of creatinine]). Baseline was defined as the last predose measurement for patients who received any study drug and as the later of the screening visit or visit 2 value for patients who did not receive study drug. (NCT01129336)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 2, Month 4

,
Interventionnmol bce/mmol (Mean)
Change from baseline at Month 2Change from baseline at Month 4
Patients With Bone Metastases-27.619-23.476
Patients Without Bone Metastases-5.25-4.750

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Number of Participants With Progression Free Survival (PFS)

Complete Response (CR): disappearance of all target lesions. Any pathological lymph nodes (target or non-target) must have exhibited a reduction in short axis to < 10 mm. Partial Response (PR): at least a 30% decrease in sum of diameters of target lesions, taking as reference the baseline sum of diameters. Progressive Disease (PD): at least 20% increase in sum of diameters of target lesions taking as reference the smallest sum on study accompanied by an absolute increase of at least 5 mm or appearance of one or more new lesions. Stable Disease (SD): neither sufficient shrinkage to qualify for PR nor sufficient increase to qualify for PD, taking as reference smallest sum diameters. PFS is time from enrollment to date of first documented disease progression or death due to any cause. A participant is considered to be censored when data on time to event is missing due to a subject being lost to follow-up or non-occurrence of the outcome event before the completion of the trial. (NCT01129336)
Timeframe: up to 18 months

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
EventCensor
Patients With Bone Metastases1910
Patients Without Bone Metastases96

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Percentage of Patients With Circulating Tumor Cell Levels of at Least 5 Per 7.5 mL of Peripheral Blood by Month

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been associated with poor patient prognosis and outcomes in patients receiving treatment for MBC. CTCs have been evaluated as a potential biomarker for predicting treatment effects and overall survival. Baseline was defined as the last predose measurement for patients who received any study drug and as the later of the screening visit or Visit 2 value for patients who did not receive the study drug. Percentage was calculated as the number of patients with CTC ≥5/7.5 mL against the number of patients with nonmissing CTC values (represented as 'n' in the categories). (NCT01129336)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 1, 2, 4, 6, 9 and 18

,
InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Baseline (n=15,28)Month 1 (n=8,0)Month 2 (n=12,24)Month 4 (n=8,20)Month 6 (n=7,19)Month 9 (n=2,14)Month 18 (n=2,1)
Patients With Bone Metastases57.1NA25.015.015.835.7100.0
Patients Without Bone Metastases26.712.58.30000

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Percentage of Change in Trabecular Surface-to-curve Ratio

Ratio of the volume densities of surface (S) and curve (C)-type voxels, S/C (NCT01153425)
Timeframe: Change between baseline and 12 months

InterventionPercentage of Change (Mean)
Teriparatide (Forteo)9.1
Zoledronic Acid (Reclast)7.1

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Percentage of Change in Bone Volume Fraction (BVF)

Average fractional content of bone expressed in percent (NCT01153425)
Timeframe: Change between baseline and 12 months

InterventionPercentage of Change (Mean)
Teriparatide (Forteo)1.0
Zoledronic Acid (Reclast)0.6

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Number of Participants Who Discontinue or Change Aromatase Inhibitor (AI) Therapy

(NCT01194440)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Arm I5

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Number of Participants With Aromatase Inhibitor Associated Musculoskeletal Symptoms (AIMSS)

(NCT01194440)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Arm I22

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AIMSS as Determined by Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI) Score

The HAQ-DI score ranges from 0-3 with a higher score reflective of greater disability or increased incidence of AIMSS. (NCT01194440)
Timeframe: Baseline, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Baseline1 month3 months6 months12 months
Arm I0.20.20.10.20.4

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AIMSS as Determined by Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Score

VAS is a visual measurement tool to assess AIMSS. It is a visual scale that ranges from 0 centimeters (cm) to 10cm. The VAS score ranges from zero (0cm) to 10 (10cm), with a higher score reflecting a greater frequency of AIMSS. (NCT01194440)
Timeframe: Baseline, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Baseline1 month3 months6 months12 months
Arm I - IV Zoledronic Acid Prophylaxis0.811.41.21.9

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Percentage of Patients With Reduction in Pain From Baseline 1 (Visit 1 of the Core Study) at Month 15, 18, 21 and 24 by Core Treatment Group.

Pain was evaluated at each visit (at office and telephone visit) at the final visit of the Core study and first visit of the Extension study (Visit 9), Visits 11 (Month 15), 12 (Month 18), 14 (Month 21) and 15 (Month 24) using the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R). Children were selecting the face that best fits their pain. The pain score ranged from 0 (No Pain) to 10 (Very Much Pain). The reduction in pain from Core baseline by visit was evaluated based on whether or not patients had a decrease in their FPS-R from baseline. If pain remained the same or worsened from baseline a patient was classified as '0' and if the pain scale decreased then the patient was classified as '1'. (NCT01197300)
Timeframe: Month 15, Month 18, Month 21, Month 24

,
InterventionPercentage of Patients (Number)
Reduction in Pain at Month 15Reduction in Pain at Month 18Reduction in Pain at Month 21Reduction in Pain at Month 24
Core Treatment Zoledronic Acid55.630.030.030.0
Core Treatment: Placebo46.250.050.038.5

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Long-term Safety of Zoledronic Acid for the Treatment of Osteoporotic Children Treated With Glucocorticoids.

Analysis of absolute and relative frequencies for treatment emergent Adverse Event (AE), Serious Adverse Event (SAE) and Deaths by primary System Organ Class (SOC) to demonstrate that zoledronic acid given long-term, over an additional 12 months from the Core study (CZOL446H2337), is safe for the treatment of osteoporotic children treated with glucocorticoids through the monitoring of relevant clinical and laboratory safety parameters. (NCT01197300)
Timeframe: Baseline 1 (Visit 1 of the Core Study) through Month 24 (Visit 15/Final Extension Visit)

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
On-treatment Adverse Events (AEs)On-treatment Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)On-treatment Deaths
Core Treatment Zoledronic Acid730
Core Treatment: Placebo1200

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Mean Change From Baseline (Core and Extension) in 2nd Metacarpal Cortical Width at Month 24 by Core Treatment Group.

Left postero-anterior (PA) hand/wrist X-ray were taken at the final visit of Core study and at Visit 15/EOS (Month 24) to assess bone age. The change in 2nd metacarpal cortical width at Month 24 relative to the respective Baseline was calculated. If a fracture of the left upper extremity precluded radiographic imaging, (or precluded this X-ray in the Core study) then the right hand was evaluated for this purpose. In this case, an image of the right hand was carried out at both Visit 8 and at Visit 15/EOS (Month 24). The information was used in the assessment of bone density. (NCT01197300)
Timeframe: Baseline 1 (Visit 1 of the Core Study) and Baseline 2 (Visit 9 of the Extension Study) through Month 24 (Visit 15/Final Extension Visit)

,
Interventionmillimeter (mm) (Least Squares Mean)
2nd metacarpal cortical width change from BL12nd metacarpal cortical width change from BL2
Core Treatment Zoledronic Acid-0.04-0.09
Core Treatment: Placebo-0.030.02

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Mean Change From Baseline 1 (Visit 1 of the Core Study) in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Content (BMC) at Month 18 and 24 by Core Treatment Group.

Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Content (BMC) was determined by the central imaging vendor at the final visit of Core study (Visit 8) or at 1st infusion visit (Visit 9), and thereafter at Visit 12 (Month 18) and Visit 15 (Month 24) (final Extension Study visit/EOS) of Extension study. The methods to be used to measure BMC were described in the respective DXA Manuals. Positive changes from Core baseline indicated an improvement in condition. (NCT01197300)
Timeframe: Month 18 (Visit 12 of the Extension Study), Month 24 (Visit 15/Final Extension Visit)

,
Interventiongram (Least Squares Mean)
Lumbar Spine BMC Change at Month 18Lumbar Spine BMC Change at Month 24
Core Treatment Zoledronic Acid12.29315.845
Core Treatment: Placebo9.93314.666

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Number of Participants With New Vertebral Fractures During the 12 Month Extension Period by Core Treatment Group.

New vertebral fractures are defined as fractures of Genant grade 1 or higher that occur at lumbar or thoracic spine from first extension dose infusion to the end of the study in a previously normal vertebra. (NCT01197300)
Timeframe: Month 24 (Visit 15/Final Extension Visit)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Core Treatment Zoledronic Acid1
Core Treatment: Placebo1

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Mean Change From Baseline 1 (Visit 1 of the Core Study) in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Z-score at Month 18 and 24 by Core Treatment Group.

Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Z-score was determined by the central imaging vendor at the final visit of Core study (Visit 8) or at 1st infusion visit (Visit 9), and thereafter at Visit 12 (Month 18) and Visit 15 (Month 24) (final Extension Study visit/EOS) of Extension study. The methods to be used to measure Lumbar Spine BMD Z-score were described in the respective DXA Manuals provided by central imaging vendor. Positive changes from Core baseline indicated an improvement in condition. (NCT01197300)
Timeframe: Month 18 (Visit 12 of the Extension Study), Month 24 (Visit 15/Final Extension Visit)

,
InterventionZ-score (Least Squares Mean)
Lumbar Spine BMD Z-score Change at Month 18Lumbar Spine BMD Z-score Change at Month 24
Core Treatment Zoledronic Acid-40.648-46.161
Core Treatment: Placebo-44.348-67.913

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Mean Change From Baseline 1 (Visit 1 of the Core Study) in Serum NTX at Month 18 and 24 by Core Treatment Group.

Serum Cross linked N-telopeptide (NTX) was collected at the final visit Core study at Visit 8, or at 1st infusion visit (Visit 9), and thereafter at Visit 12 (Month 18) and Visit 15 (Month 24) (final Extension study Visit/EOS) of Extension study according to the instructions provided in the Laboratory Manual. The samples were analyzed in batches at the laboratory. Decrease or negative changes from Core baseline indicated a pharmacological response to therapy. (NCT01197300)
Timeframe: Month 18 (Visit 12 of the Extension Study), Month 24 (Visit 15/Final Extension Visit)

,
Interventionnmol BCE/L (Least Squares Mean)
Serum NTX Change at Month 18Serum NTX Change at Month 24
Core Treatment Zoledronic Acid-17.577-17.450
Core Treatment: Placebo-12.916-14.891

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Mean Change From Baseline 1 (Visit 1 of the Core Study) in Serum P1NP at Month 18 and 24 by Core Treatment Group.

Serum Procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide (P1NP) was collected at the final visit Core study at Visit 8, or at 1st infusion visit (Visit 9), and thereafter at Visit 12 (Month 18) and Visit 15 (Month 24) (final Extension study Visit/EOS) of Extension study according to the instructions provided in the Laboratory Manual. The samples were analyzed in batches at the laboratory. Decrease or negative changes from Core baseline indicated a pharmacological response to therapy. (NCT01197300)
Timeframe: Month 18 (Visit 12 of the Extension Study), Month 24 (Visit 15/Final Extension Visit)

,
Interventionnanogram per milliliter (ng/mL) (Least Squares Mean)
Serum P1NP Change at Month 18Serum P1NP Change at Month 24
Core Treatment Zoledronic Acid-169.837-228.068
Core Treatment: Placebo-22.157-95.631

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Mean Change From Baseline 1 (Visit 1 of the Core Study) in Serum TRAP-5b at Month 18 and 24 by Core Treatment Group.

Serum Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b (TRAP 5b) were collected at the final visit Core study at Visit 8, or at 1st infusion visit (Visit 9), and thereafter at Visit 12 (Month 18) and Visit 15 (Month 24) (final Extension study Visit/EOS) of Extension study according to the instructions provided in the Laboratory Manual. The samples were analyzed in batches at the laboratory. Decrease or negative changes from Core baseline indicated a pharmacological response to therapy. Decrease or negative changes from Core baseline indicated a pharmacological response to therapy. (NCT01197300)
Timeframe: Month 18 (Visit 12 of the Extension Study), Month 24 (Visit 15/Final Extension Visit)

,
InterventionU/L (Least Squares Mean)
Serum TRAP-5b Change at Month 18Serum TRAP-5b Change at Month 24
Core Treatment Zoledronic Acid-2.661-2.670
Core Treatment: Placebo-1.179-2.260

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Mean Change From Baseline 1 (Visit 1 of the Core Study) in Total Body BMC at Month 18 and 24 by Core Treatment Group.

Total body BMC were determined by the central imaging vendor at the final visit of Core study (Visit 8) or at 1st infusion visit (Visit 9), and thereafter at Visit 12 (Month 18) and Visit 15 (Month 24) (final Extension Study visit/EOS) of Extension study. The methods to be used to measure BMC were described in the respective DXA Manuals. Positive changes from Core baseline indicated an improvement in condition. (NCT01197300)
Timeframe: Month 18 (Visit 12 of the Extension Study), Month 24 (Visit 15/Final Extension Visit)

,
Interventiongram (Least Squares Mean)
Total body BMC Change at Month 18Total body BMC Change at Month 24
Core Treatment Zoledronic Acid387.721496.997
Core Treatment: Placebo266.592431.323

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Mean Change From Baseline 1 (Visit 1 of the Core Study) in BSAP at Month 18 and 24 by Core Treatment Group.

Bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) was collected at the final visit Core study at Visit 8, or at 1st infusion visit (Visit 9), and thereafter at Visit 12 (Month 18) and Visit 15 (Month 24) (final Extension study Visit/EOS) of Extension study according to the instructions provided in the Laboratory Manual. The samples were analyzed in batches at the laboratory. Decrease or negative changes from Core baseline indicated a pharmacological response to therapy. (NCT01197300)
Timeframe: Month 18 (Visit 12 of the Extension Study), Month 24 (Visit 15/Final Extension Visit)

,
Interventionnanogram per milliliter (ng/mL) (Least Squares Mean)
BSAP Change at Month 18BSAP Change at Month 24
Core Treatment Zoledronic Acid-13.716-9.675
Core Treatment: Placebo3.975-6.013

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Number of Participants With New Morphometric Vertebral Fractures During the 12 Month Extension Period by Core Treatment Group.

Vertebral morphometry (or concave index) was calculated using the average ratio between mid-height and posterior height from L1 to L4 and performed by a central reader. A new morphometric vertebral fractures during the 12 month Extension Period was defined as a morphometric vertebral fracture present at Month 24 X-ray which was not present at the Extension Baseline (Baseline 2). (NCT01197300)
Timeframe: Month 24 (Visit 15/Final Extension Visit)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Core Treatment Zoledronic Acid1
Core Treatment: Placebo1

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Progression Free Survival (PFS)

Progression Free Survival is defined as the number of days from the day the subject started treatment to the day the subject experienced evidence of disease progression, as determined by radiological or clinical progression. (NCT01204203)
Timeframe: Baseline up to 28 months

InterventionMonths (Median)
Zometa2

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Tumor Response Rate Following Zoledronic Acid (Zometa)

The modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors Criteria (RECIST 2004) will be used for target lesions and assessed by CT scans. Complete Response (CR) is the disappearance of target lesions; Partial Response (PR) is greater than or equal to 30% reduction in the total tumor measurement; Stable Disease (SD) is the absence of response or progression; and Progressive Disease (PD) is a 20% increase in the total tumor measurement over nadir value or the appearance of new lesions. (NCT01204203)
Timeframe: Baseline up to 28 months or until progressive disease or death

Interventionpercentage of responders (Number)
Zometa12.5

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Overall Survival (OS)

Overall Survival is defined as the number of days from the day the subject started treatment to the day the subject experienced death or lost to follow-up. (NCT01204203)
Timeframe: Baseline up to 28 months

Interventionmonths (Median)
Zometa7

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Changes in Bone Turnover Markers

Changes in bone turnover markers using per cent change of BSAP and NTx (NCT01205646)
Timeframe: Four weeks after initiating zoledronte therapy

Interventionpercentage of change in bio-marker (Median)
BSAPNTx
Zometa & PET Scans-1.66-68.18

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The Change in PSA After Zoledronate Therapy

The change in PSA after zoledronate therapy using per cent change. (NCT01205646)
Timeframe: Four weeks after initiating Zoledronate therapy

Interventionpercentage of change in PSA (Median)
Zometa & PET Scans38.99

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PET Response Rate in Metastatic Prostate Cancer Patients Treated With Zoledronate Therapy.

"PET response rate was pre-defined in Section 5.0 of the protocol based on the magnitude of change in the mean standardized uptake value (SUVmean), which is measured at each PET scan. Specifically, a decline in SUVmean of at least 15% pre/post Zometa was taken as evidence of a PET response. Per the protocol, Scan 2 was used as the pre-Zometa measure of SUVmean, and Scan 3 (1-2 weeks later) was used as the post-Zometa measure of SUVmean." (NCT01205646)
Timeframe: Within 3 weeks

InterventionProportion of participants with response (Number)
Zometa & PET Scans.091

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Change in Bone Scans

Change in bone scans using per cent change in SUVmax. (NCT01205646)
Timeframe: Four weeks after initiating zoledronate therapy

Interventionpercentage of change of SUVmax (Median)
Zometa & PET Scans-10.08

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CD4 T Cell Count

Immunologic response measured by CD4 T cell count by treatment arm and weeks on study. (NCT01228318)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 144

,
Interventioncells/uL (Mean)
BaselineWeek 144
Placebo155439
Zoledronic Acid102347

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Baseline-Adjusted Means of Osteocalcin

Osteocalcin was evaluated to examine the inhibitory effect of single dose zoledronic acid on HAART associated changes in markers of bone turnover. Osteocalcin is released from bone during resorption and higher levels in the circulatory system indicate increased bone turnover. HIV-infected individuals are expected to have increased bone resorption. The baseline-adjusted osteocalcin mean is defined as the predicted response value obtained by fitting the regression equation for each treatment arm at the mean baseline value for the 2 treatment arms. The adjusted means were estimated using analysis of covariance at the Week 144 clinic visit. Baseline-adjusted means of osteocalcin at week 144 are presented. (NCT01228318)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 144

Interventionng/ml (Least Squares Mean)
Zoledronic Acid9.176
Placebo13.597

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Percentage of Participants With Virological Suppression by Week 144

The percentage of participants achieving viral load suppression by study week 144. Virologic suppression was defined as HIV RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (viral loads) less than 50 copies per mL. (NCT01228318)
Timeframe: Week 144

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid91
Placebo100

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Baseline-Adjusted Means for C-terminal Telopeptide of Collagen (CTx) Levels

Serum C-terminal telopeptide of collagen (CTx) levels through week 144 were examined by evaluating the baseline-adjusted means. The baseline-adjusted CTx mean is defined as the predicted response value obtained by fitting the regression equation for each treatment arm at the mean baseline value for the 2 treatment arms. The adjusted means were estimated using analysis of covariance at each scheduled clinical visit. The expected outcome is that HIV-infected individuals will display increased indices of bone resorption (CTx) as a result of diminished bone mineral density (BMD). Lower CTx values indicate that better maintenance of bone mineral density. (NCT01228318)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12 through Week 144

,
Interventionng/ml (Least Squares Mean)
Week 12Week 24Week 48Week 72Week 96Week 120Week 144
Placebo0.2970.3310.2640.2420.3210.2010.200
Zoledronic Acid0.0920.1220.1220.1380.1260.1370.148

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Baseline-Adjusted Means of Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA)

Development of osteoporosis was assessed by examining bone mineral density (BMD) by DXA scan. Baseline-adjusted means of DXA scan Z-scores are presented for the lumbar spine (L1-L4), left hip, and femur neck. The baseline-adjusted BMD mean is defined as the predicted response value obtained by fitting the regression equation for each treatment arm at the mean baseline value for the 2 treatment arms. The adjusted means were estimated using analysis of covariance at the Week 144 clinic visit. Bone density Z-scores tell how close to the average that a person is (adjusted for age, race, and gender). A Z-score of 0 means the value matches that of the average person. Z-score values below 0 indicate lower than average bone density while values above 0 indicate higher bone density than the average person. (NCT01228318)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 144

,
InterventionZ score (Least Squares Mean)
Lumbar SpineHipFemoral Neck
Placebo-0.836-1.092-0.817
Zoledronic Acid-0.177-0.860-0.665

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Bone Mineral Density (BMD)

Change in bone mineral density (BMD) (per dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) imaging) from 1 week post-operative data in the Standard and Custom Gruen Zones around the femoral stem. (NCT01267279)
Timeframe: 2 years post-operative

,
InterventionPercent change (Mean)
Gruen Zone 1: 2 yearsGruen Zone 7: 2 years
Placebo-3.97-27.3
Zoledronic Acid14.30-9.58

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Time to First and Subsequent On-Study Skeletal Related Event - Number of Events

"A skeletal-related event (SRE) is defined as one of the following: pathologic fracture (vertebral or non-vertebral), radiation therapy to bone (including the use of radioisotopes), surgery to bone, or spinal cord compression. Time to first on-study SRE is defined as the time interval (in days) from the randomization date to the date of first occurrence of on-study SRE. Time to a subsequent SRE is defined, similarly to the time to first on-study SRE, as the time interval from the randomization date to the date of a subsequent occurrence of on-study SRE, which had to be at least 21 days after the previous SRE.~A multiple event analysis was used, which accounts for both the absolute number of SREs and for the time between two consecutive events, and therefore, provides a more sensitive assessment of the risk of experiencing an SRE. The total number of events is reported." (NCT01345019)
Timeframe: From randomization until the primary analysis data cut-off date of 19 July 2016 (per protocol); median time on study was 17.6 and 17.3 months in each treatment group respectively.

Interventionskeletal-related events (Number)
Zoledronic Acid565
Denosumab565

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Percentage of Participants Who Died

(NCT01345019)
Timeframe: From randomization until the primary analysis data cut-off date of 19 July 2016 (per protocol); median time on study was 17.6 and 17.3 months in each treatment group respectively.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Zoledronic Acid15.0
Denosumab14.1

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Overall Survival

Overall survival was defined as the time interval (in days) from the randomization date to the date of death. If a participant was still alive at the primary analysis data cut-off date or was lost to follow-up by the primary analysis data cut-off date, survival time was censored at their last contact date or the primary analysis data cut-off date, whichever was first. (NCT01345019)
Timeframe: From randomization until the primary analysis data cut-off date of 19 July 2016 (per protocol); median time on study was 17.6 and 17.3 months in each treatment group respectively.

Interventiondays (Median)
Zoledronic AcidNA
Denosumab1507.0

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Time to First On-study Skeletal Related Event - Superiority Analysis

A skeletal-related event (SRE) is defined as one of the following: pathologic fracture (vertebral or non-vertebral), radiation therapy to bone (including the use of radioisotopes), surgery to bone, or spinal cord compression. Time to first on-study SRE is defined as the time interval (in days) from the randomization date to the date of first occurrence of on-study SRE. If there was no known event, and the participant was monitored for any one of the four SRE components, time to first on-study SRE was censored at the end of the treatment phase date or the primary analysis data cut-off date, whichever came first. (NCT01345019)
Timeframe: From randomization until the primary analysis data cut-off date of 19 July 2016 (per protocol); median time on study was 17.6 and 17.3 months in each treatment group respectively.

Interventiondays (Median)
Zoledronic Acid730.0
Denosumab695.0

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Time to First and Subsequent On-Study Skeletal Related Event - Number of Events Per Patient

"A skeletal-related event (SRE) is defined as one of the following: pathologic fracture (vertebral or non-vertebral), radiation therapy to bone (including the use of radioisotopes), surgery to bone, or spinal cord compression. Time to first on-study SRE is defined as the time interval (in days) from the randomization date to the date of first occurrence of on-study SRE. Time to a subsequent SRE is defined, similarly to the time to first on-study SRE, as the time interval from the randomization date to the date of a subsequent occurrence of on-study SRE, which had to be at least 21 days after the previous SRE.~A multiple event analysis was used, which accounts for both the absolute number of SREs and for the time between two consecutive events, and therefore, provides a more sensitive assessment of the risk of experiencing an SRE. The average number of events per patient is reported." (NCT01345019)
Timeframe: From randomization until the primary analysis data cut-off date of 19 July 2016 (per protocol); median time on study was 17.6 and 17.3 months in each treatment group respectively.

Interventionevents/patient (Number)
Zoledronic Acid0.66
Denosumab0.66

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Mean (SE) Change From Pre-Treatment Baseline in (Log)pg/mL of Biomarker, by Time, Adjusted for Level at Baseline

After the trial's premature closure, no data were collected for the primary endpoints; however, data on 14 of 30 secondary endpoints were obtained and are summarized below. Serum level (pg/mL) per biomarker was log-transformed. Change from baseline over time was evaluated using a generalized linear mixed model where follow-up time was represented by terms for the sequence of post-baseline samples or for (log)day on study. To recognize regression to the mean across repeated samples, a term for biomarker level at baseline, with or without interaction by time, was included when it improved the model's fit to the observed data. With 14 biomarkers sampled twice after baseline, there were 28 evaluations of change in biomarker level with exposure to study drug. Therefore, to control the False Discovery Rate (FDR), only evaluations that maintained the study's FDR at no more than 5 percent were accepted as true. (NCT01409811)
Timeframe: "48-72 hrs and Surgery (10-23 days)"

Intervention(log)pg/mL (Mean)
MIG @ 48-72 hrsMIG @ Surgery (Day 10-23)IP-10 @ 48-72 hrsIP-10 @ Surgery (Day 10-23)IL-12 @ 48-72 hrsIL-12 @ Surgery (Day 10-23)Eotaxin @ 48-72 hrsEotaxin @ Surgery (Day 10-23)IL-2R @ 48-72 hrsIL-2R @ Surgery (Day 10-23)IFN-gamma @ 48-72 hrsIFN-gamma @ Surgery (Day 10-23)MIP1B @ 48-72 hrsMIP1B @ Surgery (Day 10-23)EGF @ 48-72 hrsEGF @ Surgery (Day 10-23)MCP-1 @ 48-72 hrsMCP-1 @ Surgery (Day 10-23)IFN-alpha per (log)Day until Surgery (Day 10-23)MIP1A per (log)Day until Surgery (Day 10-23)
Treatment (Zoledronic Acid)2.310.621.470.160.23-0.01-0.230.020.170.100.04-0.010.370.28-0.180.250.15-0.02-0.0260.12

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Safety and Tolerability of Zoledronic Acid

Assessment of the safety and tolerability of zoledronic acid in the acute spinal cord injury population. This will be done by examination reportable adverse events including fevers, flu-like symptoms, GI upset as measures of safety and report of patient's willingness to have participate in physical therapy in the first week after receiving medication as a measure of tolerability (NCT01642901)
Timeframe: 72-hours and 1 month post intervention.

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Fever > 100.9 within 72 hours of study drug infusionFlu-like symptoms within 72 hours of study drug infusionAcute kidney injury
Normal Saline 0.9%111
Zoledronic Acid 5 mg IV Infusion761

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Change in Biomarkers of Bone Resorption (sCTX)

Change in sCTX from baseline to 1- and 4-months post intervention and 12-months post-injury. (NCT01642901)
Timeframe: 1 month, 4 months, 12 months

,
Interventionpercentage change (Median)
1 month4 months12 months
Normal Saline 0.9%14.423.9-5.11
Zoledronic Acid 5 mg IV Infusion-64.1-45.9-43.6

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Change in Biomarkers of Bone Formation (P1NP)

Change in serum P1NP from baseline to 1- and 4-months post intervention. (NCT01642901)
Timeframe: 1 month, 4 months

,
Interventionpercentage change (Median)
1 month4 months
Normal Saline 0.9%65.9627.45
Zoledronic Acid 5 mg IV Infusion5.6632.43

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Change in Areal Bone Mineral Density at Knee

"Percent change in areal bone mineral density (aBMD) assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at 4 months compared to baseline.~This will compare aBMD at the distal femur and proximal tibia." (NCT01642901)
Timeframe: 4 months

,
Interventionpercentage change (Mean)
Distal femurProximal tibia
Normal Saline 0.9%-6.75-8.56
Zoledronic Acid 5 mg IV Infusion-0.78-0.24

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Change in Areal Bone Mineral Density at Knee

"Percent change in areal bone mineral density (aBMD) assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at 12 months post-injury compared to baseline.~This will compare aBMD at the distal femur and proximal tibia." (NCT01642901)
Timeframe: one year

,
Interventionpercentage change (Mean)
Distal femurProximal tibia
Normal Saline 0.9%-10.0-10.0
Zoledronic Acid 5 mg IV Infusion-8.07-4.54

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Change in Areal Bone Mineral Density at Hip

"Percent change in areal bone mineral density (aBMD) assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at 4 months compared to baseline.~This will compare aBMD at the hip." (NCT01642901)
Timeframe: 4 months

,
Interventionpercentage change (Mean)
Total proximal femurIntertrochanteric femurFemoral neck
Normal Saline 0.9%-12.0-12.9-9.37
Zoledronic Acid 5 mg IV Infusion0.921.190.97

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Change in Areal Bone Mineral Density at Hip

"Percent change in areal bone mineral density (aBMD) assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at 12 months post-injury compared to baseline.~This will compare aBMD at the hip." (NCT01642901)
Timeframe: one year

,
Interventionpercentage change (Mean)
Total proximal femurIntertrochanteric femurFemoral neck
Normal Saline 0.9%-21.3-19.4-17.0
Zoledronic Acid 5 mg IV Infusion-8.2-8.62-3.93

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Percent Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine BMD at Month 12 - Superiority Analysis

(NCT01732770)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Zoledronic Acid 5 mg Q12M1.1
Denosumab 60 mg Q6M3.2

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Percent Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density at Month 12 - Non-inferiority Analysis

Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). DXA scans were analyzed by a central imaging facility. (NCT01732770)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Zoledronic Acid 5 mg Q12M1.1
Denosumab 60 mg Q6M3.2

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Percent Change From Baseline in Total Hip BMD at Month 12 - Non-inferiority Analysis

BMD of the hip was measured by DXA. DXA scans were analyzed by a central imaging facility. (NCT01732770)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Zoledronic Acid 5 mg Q12M0.6
Denosumab 60 mg Q6M1.9

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Percent Change From Baseline in Total Hip BMD at Month 12 - Superiority Analysis

(NCT01732770)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Zoledronic Acid 5 mg Q12M0.6
Denosumab 60 mg Q6M1.9

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Percentage Change From Baseline to Week 13 in Urinary Amino-terminal Cross-linking Telopeptide of Type I Collagen of Type I Collagen Corrected for Urine Creatinine (uNTx/uCr) in Chinese Participants.

uNTx/uCr is the bone turnover marker correlated with the presence and extent of metastases, and the prognosis and response to bone targeted treatment. uNTx/uCr was expressed in nanomoles bone collagen equivalent per millimole (nM BCE/mM). Secondary objective: to compare the effect of denosumab with that of zoledronic acid on % chg from BL in uNTx/uCr at Wk 13 in par. of Chinese ancestry with bone metastases from solid tumors. Baseline value is the most recent, non-missing value prior to or on the first study treatment dose date. Change from Baseline is the value at Week 13 minus Baseline value. Percent chg from BL is the chg from BL / BL value * 100. For missing Wk 13 observations, the last post-BL value was carried forward to obtain the Wk 13 value. (NCT01920568)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 13

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Denosumab 120 mg-82.2
Zoledronic Acid 4 mg-75.6

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Percent Change From Baseline in the Serum Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase (s-BALP) at Week 13.

Baseline value is the most recent, non-missing value prior to or on the first study treatment dose date. Change from Baseline is the value at Indicated visit minus Baseline value. Percent change from Baseline is the change from Baseline divided by Baseline value multiplied by 100. (NCT01920568)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 13

InterventionPercent change (Median)
Denosumab 120 mg-36.8
Zoledronic Acid 4 mg-30.3

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Percentage Change From Baseline to Week 13 in Urinary Amino-terminal Cross-linking Telopeptide of Type I Collagen of Type I Collagen Corrected for Urine Creatinine (uNTx/uCr) in Participants With Advanced Breast Cancer.

uNTx/uCr is the bone turnover marker correlated with the presence and extent of metastases, and the prognosis and response to bone targeted treatment. uNTx/uCr was expressed in nanomoles bone collagen equivalent per millimole (nM BCE/mM). Secondary objective: to compare the effect of denosumab with that of zoledronic acid on % chg from BL in uNTx/uCr at Wk 13 in breast cancer par. with bone metastases from solid tumors. Baseline value is the most recent, non-missing value prior to or on the first study treatment dose date. Change from Baseline is the value at Week 13 minus Baseline value. Percent chg from BL is the chg from BL / BL value * 100. For missing Wk 13 observations, the last post-BL value was carried forward to obtain the Wk 13 value. (NCT01920568)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 13

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Denosumab 120 mg-80.9
Zoledronic Acid 4 mg-72.4

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Number of Participants With Worst-case (WC) On-therapy Increase in the Indicated Clinical Chemistry Parameters From Baseline Grade to the Indicated Grade.

Clinical chemistry parameters were measured at the Screening and Weeks 2, 5, 9, 13, 25, 37, and 53 visits. Clinical chemistry parameters measured on-study included albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin, calcium (Ca), creatinine, magnesium, and phosphorous (P) inorganic. All reported values are of participants with worst-case on-therapy increase to the specified grade: Any increase, that is, worst-case increase to grade 1, 2, 3, or 4 (any grade); worst-case increase to grade 3 (WC G3); and worst-case increase to grade 4 (WC G4). The National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTCAE) was used for grading. Participants with missing Baseline grade were assumed to have a Baseline grade of 0. The worst-case during the on-therapy period was determined taking into account both scheduled and unscheduled assessments. (NCT01920568)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to last study-related visit (up to 53 weeks)

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Albumin (hyperalbuminemia), any grade, n=324, 156Albumin (hyperalbuminemia), WC G3, n=324, 156Albumin (hyperalbuminemia), WC G4, n=324, 156Albumin (hypoalbuminemia), any grade, n=324, 156Albumin (hypoalbuminemia), WC G3, n=324, 156Albumin (hypoalbuminemia), WC G4, n=324, 156ALP, any grade, n=324, 156ALP, WC G3, n=324, 156ALP, WC G4, n=324, 156ALT, any grade, n=324, 156ALT, WC G3, n=324, 156ALT, WC G4, n=324, 156AST, any grade, n=323, 155AST, WC G3, n=323, 155AST, WC G4, n=323, 155Total Bilirubin, any grade, n=324, 155Total Bilirubin, WC G3, n=324, 155Total Bilirubin, WC G4, n=324, 155Calcium (hypercalcemia), any grade, n=324, 156Calcium (hypercalcemia), WC G3, n=324, 156Calcium (hypercalcemia), WC G4, n=324, 156Calcium (hypocalcemia), any grade, n=324,156Calcium (hypocalcemia), WC G3, n=324, 156Calcium (hypocalcemia), WC G4, n=324, 156Creatinine, any grade, n=324, 156Creatinine, WC G3, n=324, 156Creatinine, WC G4, n=324, 156Magnesium (hypermagnesemia), any grade, n=324, 156Magnesium (hypermagnesemia), WC G3, n=324, 156Magnesium (hypermagnesemia), WC G4, n=324, 156Magnesium (hypomagnesemia), any grade, n=324, 156Magnesium (hypomagnesemia), WC G3, n=324, 156Magnesium (hypomagnesemia), WC G4, n=324, 156P,inorganic(hyperphosphatemia),any grade,n=323,156P, inorganic (hyperphosphatemia),WC G3, n=323, 156P, inorganic (hyperphosphatemia),WC G4, n=323, 156P,inorganic(hypophosphatemia),any grade,n=323, 156P, inorganic (hypophosphatemia),WC G3, n=323, 156P, inorganic (hypophosphatemia), WC G4, n=323, 156
Denosumab 120 mg000451067701377011770342240078511610420800000124351
Zoledronic Acid 4 mg00026003120594061401601301280013000002000003590

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Number of Participants With Any Adverse Events (AEs), Serious Adverse Events (Non-fatal Serious Adverse Events and Fatal Serious Adverse Events)

An AE is defined as any unfavorable and unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease (new or exacerbated) temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product. A serious adverse event (SAE) is any untoward medical occurrence that, at any dose results in death, is life-threatening, requires hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, results in disability/incapacity, or is a congenital anomaly/birth defect or other events that may jeopardize the participant or may require medical or surgical intervention to prevent one of the outcome listed above, liver injury and impaired liver function and grade 4 laboratory abnormalities. Number of participants with any AEs, non-fatal SAEs, fatal SAEs have been presented. (NCT01920568)
Timeframe: From start of IP through the Study Phase (49 weeks post-dose) (assessed up to 73 weeks)

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Any AEsAny SAEsAny Fatal SAEsAny Non-Fatal SAEs
Denosumab 120 mg291462525
Zoledronic Acid 4 mg1451477

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Number of Participants With Confirmed Anti-denosumab Antibody Formation at Day 1, Week 25 and Week 53.

Anti-denosumab antibody formation was assessed at Day 1, Week 25 and Week 53. Binding antibody assay was used to assess number of participants with anti-denosumab antibody. (NCT01920568)
Timeframe: Day 1, Week 25 and Week 53

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Day 1, n = 326, 158Week 25, n = 256, 115Week 53, n = 180, 76
Denosumab 120 mg000
Zoledronic Acid 4 mg000

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Number of Participants With Worst-case On-therapy Increase in the Indicated Hematology Parameters From Baseline Grade to the Indicated Grade.

Hematology parameters included hemoglobin, lymphocytes, platelet count, total neutrophils, white blood cell (WBC) count. All reported values are of participants with worst-case on-therapy increase to the specified grade: Any increase, that is, worst-case increase to grade 1, 2, 3, or 4 (any grade); worst-case increase to grade 3 (WC G3); and worst-case increase to grade 4 (WC G4). Participants with missing Baseline grade were assumed to have a Baseline grade of 0. The worst-case during the on-therapy period was determined taking into account both scheduled and unscheduled assessments. (NCT01920568)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to last study-related visit (up to 53 weeks)

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Hemoglobin, any grade, n=316, 147Hemoglobin, WC G3, n=316, 147Hemoglobin, WC G4, n=316, 147Lymphocyte count decreased, any grade, n=315, 147Lymphocyte count decreased, WC G3, n=315, 147Lymphocyte count decreased, WC G4, n=315, 147Lymphocyte count increased, any grade, n=315, 147Lymphocyte count increased, WC G3, n=315, 147Lymphocyte count increased, WC G4, n=315, 147Platelet count, any grade, n=314, 144Platelet count, WC G3, n=314, 144Platelet count, WC G4, n=314, 144Total neutrophils, any grade, n=315, 147Total neutrophils, WC G3, n=315, 147Total neutrophils, WC G4, n=315, 147WBC count, any grade, n=315, 147WBC count, WC G3, n=315, 147WBC count, WC G4, n=315, 147
Denosumab 120 mg1392407721120077221244012138252
Zoledronic Acid 4 mg691104714120048515819878191

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Serum Concentration of Denosumab on Day 1, at Week 2, Week 5, Week 9, Week 13, Week 17, Week 19, Week 21, Week 25 and Week 49

Blood samples were drawn on study Day 1, pre-dose; 4 hours, 24 hours, and at Week 2 (168 hours); then pre-dose at Week 5, Week 9, Week 13, Week 17, Week 19 (no dose), Week 21, Week 25, and Week 49. (NCT01920568)
Timeframe: Samples were collected at pre-dose (Day 1); 4 hours, 24 hours, 168 hours post-dose; pre-dose at Week 5, Week 9, Week 13, Week 17; Week 19 (at 336 hours); pre-dose at Week 21, Week 25, Week 49

Interventionmicrograms per milliliter (µg/mL) (Geometric Mean)
Day 1, Pre-dose, n=26Day 1, 4 hours post-dose, n=26Day 1, 24 hours post-dose, n=26Week 2, 168 hours post-dose, n=26Week 5, Pre-dose, n=25Week 9, Pre-dose, n=25Week 13, Pre-dose, n=25Week 17, Pre-dose, n=24Week 19, 336 hours, n=22Week 21, Predose, n=21Week 25, Predose, n=22Week 49, Predose, n=19
Denosumab 120 mg0777.15521.611701.18658.112086.414867.516543.320802.414508.016619.020029.2

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Percent Change (Chg) From Baseline (BL) to Week (Wk)13 in Urinary Amino-terminal Cross-linking Telopeptide of Type I Collagen Corrected for Urine Creatinine (uNTx/uCr)

uNTx/uCr is the bone turnover marker correlated with the presence and extent of metastases, and the prognosis and response to bone targeted treatment (trt). uNTx/uCr was expressed in nanomoles bone collagen equivalent per millimole (nM BCE/mM). Primary objective: to compare the effect of denosumab with that of zoledronic acid on % chg from BL in uNTx/uCr at Wk 13 in par. of Asian ancestry with bone metastases from solid tumors. BL value is the most recent, non-missing value prior to or on the 1st study trt dose date. Chg from BL is the value at Wk13 minus BL value. Percent chg from BL is the chg from BL / BL value * 100. For missing Wk 13 observations, the last post-BL value was carried forward to obtain the Wk 13 value. (NCT01920568)
Timeframe: Baseline (BL) and Week (Wk) 13

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Denosumab 120 mg-81.9
Zoledronic Acid 4 mg-75.2

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Clinical Benefit Rate

Clinical benefit rate was defined as the percentage of participants with an objective response (CR or PR) or stable disease (SD) or better for at least 16 weeks achieved over the study duration. If a participant underwent surgical resection while on study, the participant was not evaluated for response after the surgery. Participants who did not meet the criteria for clinical benefit by the analysis cutoff date were considered as non-responders. (NCT01951586)
Timeframe: From randomization until the data cut-off date of 29 July 2016; median time on study was 9.64 months.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo53.9
Denosumab47.9

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Objective Response Rate

"Objective response rate was defined as the percentage of participants with a complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) based on modified RECIST 1.1 achieved over the study duration.~CR: Disappearance of all target and non target lesions, normalization of tumor marker levels and no new lesions.~PR: At least a 30% decrease in the size of target lesions with no progression of non-target lesions and no new lesions, or, disappearance of target lesions with persistence of one or more non-target lesions and/or maintenance of tumor marker levels above normal limits and no new lesions.~Participants who underwent surgical resection while on study were not evaluated for response after the surgery. Participants who did not meet the criteria for an objective response by the analysis cutoff date were considered non-responders." (NCT01951586)
Timeframe: From randomization until the data cut-off date of 29 July 2016; median time on study was 9.64 months.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo43.4
Denosumab36.8

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Overall Survival (OS)

Overall survival was calculated as the time from the date of randomization to the date of death from any cause. Participants last known to be alive were censored at the last contact date. (NCT01951586)
Timeframe: From randomization until the end of study; median time on study was 9.64 months.

Interventionmonths (Median)
Placebo10.9
Denosumab10.7

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Correlation of Tumor Tissue RANK Expression With Objective Response Rate

"To assess whether the treatment effect on objective response rate (ORR) based on RECIST 1.1 was correlated with RANK protein expression in tumor cells, RANK expression in archival tumor samples was measured using immunohistochemistry. The intensity of stain in the cytoplasm, membrane, and total was categorized as 0 (negative), 1+ (weak), 2+ (moderate) or 3+ (strong); All intensity is the sum of levels +1, +2 and +3. In addition, an H-score was calculated using the following formula: H-score=(percentage of cells of weak×1)+(percentage of cells of moderate×2)+(percentage of cells of strong×3). The maximum H-score was 300, corresponding to 100% of cells with strong intensity.~The correlation between RANK expression level and ORR was evaluated within each treatment group using a logistical regression model that included RANK expression value as an independent variable and stratified by the randomization stratification factors. The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval are reported." (NCT01951586)
Timeframe: From randomization until the data cut-off date of 29 July 2016; median time on study was 9.64 months.

,
Interventionodds ratio (Number)
Cytoplasm all intensityMembrane all intensityTotal all intensityCytoplasm H-scoreMembrane H-scoreTotal H-score
Denosumab0.880.820.880.870.820.87
Placebo1.001.181.161.001.141.14

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Correlation of Tumor Tissue RANK Expression With Overall Survival

"To assess whether the treatment effect on overall survival was correlated with receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-κB (RANK) protein expression in tumor cells, RANK expression in archival tumor samples was measured using immunohistochemistry. The intensity of stain in the cytoplasm, membrane, and total was categorized as 0 (negative), 1+ (weak), 2+ (moderate) or 3+ (strong); All intensity is the sum of levels +1, +2 and +3. In addition, an H-score was calculated using the following formula: H-score=(percentage of cells of weak×1)+(percentage of cells of moderate×2)+(percentage of cells of strong×3). The maximum H-score was 300, corresponding to 100% of cells with strong intensity.~The correlation between RANK expression level and OS was evaluated using a Cox proportional hazard models that included RANK expression level stratified by the randomization stratification factors in the corresponding treatment group." (NCT01951586)
Timeframe: From randomization until the data cut-off date of 29 July 2016; median time on study was 9.64 months.

,
Interventionhazard ratio (Number)
Cytoplasm all intensityMembrane all intensityTotal all intensityCytoplasm H-scoreMembrane H-scoreTotal H-score
Denosumab1.000.921.001.000.931.00
Placebo0.840.720.800.830.720.80

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Correlation of Tumor Tissue RANK Ligand Expression With Overall Survival

"To assess whether the treatment effect on overall survival was correlated with RANK ligand (RANKL) protein expression in tumor cells, RANKL expression in archival tumor samples was measured using immunohistochemistry. The intensity of stain in the cytoplasm was categorized as 0 (negative), 1+ (weak), 2+ (moderate) or 3+ (strong); All intensity is the sum of levels +1, +2 and +3. In addition, an H-score was calculated using the following formula: H-score=(percentage of cells of weak×1)+(percentage of cells of moderate×2)+(percentage of cells of strong×3). The maximum H-score was 300, corresponding to 100% of cells with strong intensity.~The correlation between RANKL expression level and OS was evaluated using a Cox proportional hazard models that included RANKL expression level stratified by the randomization stratification factors in the corresponding treatment group." (NCT01951586)
Timeframe: From randomization until the data cut-off date of 29 July 2016; median time on study was 9.64 months.

,
Interventionhazard ratio (Number)
Cytoplasm all intensityCytoplasm H-score
Denosumab0.930.93
Placebo0.770.79

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Correlation of Tumor Tissue RANKL Expression With Objective Response Rate

"To assess whether the treatment effect on objective response rate (ORR) based on RECIST 1.1 was correlated with RANKL protein expression in tumor cells, RANKL expression in archival tumor samples was measured using immunohistochemistry. The intensity of stain in the cytoplasm was categorized as 0 (negative), 1+ (weak), 2+ (moderate) or 3+ (strong); All intensity is the sum of levels +1, +2 and +3. In addition, an H-score was calculated using the following formula: H-score=(percentage of cells of weak×1)+(percentage of cells of moderate×2)+(percentage of cells of strong×3). The maximum H-score was 300, corresponding to 100% of cells with strong intensity.~The correlation between RANKL expression level and ORR was evaluated within each treatment group using a logistical regression model that included RANKL expression value as an independent variable and stratified by the randomization stratification factors. The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval are reported." (NCT01951586)
Timeframe: From randomization until the data cut-off date of 29 July 2016; median time on study was 9.64 months.

,
Interventionodds ratio (Number)
Cytoplasm all intensityCytoplasm H-score
Denosumab1.101.09
Placebo1.271.25

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Number of Participants With Treatment-emergent Adverse Events

"An adverse event (AE) is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical trial participant. The event does not necessarily have a causal relationship with study treatment.~A serious adverse event is defined as an AE that meets at least 1 of the following criteria~fatal~life threatening~requires in-patient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization~results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity~congenital anomaly/birth defect~other medically important serious event Treatment-related AEs include only TEAEs for which the investigator indicated there was a reasonable possibility they may have been caused by study drug.~Fatal adverse events include only deaths reported on the Adverse Event Case Report Form." (NCT01951586)
Timeframe: From first dose of study drug to the end of study date; the median (min, max) duration was 10.0 (0.2, 41.4) and 9.4 (0.2, 42.9) months for Placebo and Denosumab respectively.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
All adverse events (AEs)Serious adverse eventsAEs leading to discontinuation of study drugFatal adverse eventsTreatment-related adverse events (TRAEs)Treatment-related serious adverse eventsTRAEs leading to discontinuation of study drugTreatment-related fatal adverse events
Denosumab1441292011351670
Placebo766865324000

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Serum Denosumab Trough Levels in Participants Who Received Q3W Dosing

Serum samples were analyzed for denosumab using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) following a validated procedure. The lower limit of quantification for the assay was 20 ng/mL. (NCT01951586)
Timeframe: Prior to dosing at day 8 and weeks 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 and 24.

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Dose 2 - Day 8Dose 3 - Week 3Dose 4 - Week 6Dose 5 - Week 9Dose 6 - Week 12Dose 7 - Week 15Dose 8 - Week 18Dose 9 - Week 21Dose 10 - Week 24
Denosumab85901220019700196002280024300227002210023300

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Serum Denosumab Trough Levels in Participants Who Received Q4W Dosing

Serum samples were analyzed for denosumab using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) following a validated procedure. The lower limit of quantification for the assay was 20 ng/mL. (NCT01951586)
Timeframe: Prior to dosing at day 8 and weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Dose 2 - Day 8Dose 3 - Week 4Dose 4 - Week 8Dose 5 - Week 12Dose 6 - Week 16Dose 7 - Week 20Dose 8 - Week 24
Denosumab8990109001570014500130001540015900

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Progression-free Survival (PFS)

Progression-free survival was defined as the time from randomization to the first observed disease progression per modified RECIST 1.1 criteria or death from any cause. Participants last known to be alive who did not experience disease progression were censored at their last imaging assessment date, last contact date if they were in the survival follow up phase, end of the study date, or the primary analysis cut-off date, whichever was first. If a participant underwent surgical resection while on study, the participant was censored at the last evaluable imaging assessment prior to the surgery. (NCT01951586)
Timeframe: From randomization until the data cut-off date of 29 July 2016; median time on study was 9.64 months.

Interventionmonths (Median)
Placebo5.7
Denosumab5.2

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Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at the Total Hip at Baseline and Month 12

An imaging method known as dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to obtain BMD of the total hip. (NCT02042872)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 months

,
Interventiong/cm2 (Mean)
Baseline Total Hip12 Month Total Hip
No Treatment1.0200.814
Zoledronic Acid1.1251.042

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Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at the Distal Femur and Proximal Tibia at Baseline and Month 12.

An imaging method known as dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to obtain BMD of the distal femur and proximal tibia by using a customized research software program supplied by the manufacturer. This measurement will be the primary determinant (dependent measure) of difference among the treatment and control groups, and they will be followed over time at the previously specified time points. (NCT02042872)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 months

,
Interventiong/cm2 (Mean)
Baseline Distal Femur12 Month Distal FemurBaseline Proximal Tibia12 Month Proximal Tibia
No Treatment1.1341.0381.3411.237
Zoledronic Acid1.1020.8981.2741.022

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Percent Change From Baseline in Spine Bone Mineral Density by Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA)

(NCT02176382)
Timeframe: Baseline and 42 months

Interventionpercent change in BMD (Mean)
Standard Dose Teriparatide7.69
High Dose Teriparatide12.70

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Percent Change in Bone Mass Density (BMD) in the Hip

Percent change of bone mass density (BMD) in the total hip (as measured by DXA) (NCT02325414)
Timeframe: 0-12 months

Interventionpercent change in bone mass density (Median)
Zoledronic Acid-2.21
Placebo-12.82

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Percent Change in the Epiphyseal Integral Bone Mass Content (iBMC) of the Femur

Percent change in the epiphyseal integral bone mass content (iBMC) of the femur, as collected by CT. (NCT02325414)
Timeframe: 0-12 months

Interventionpercent change (Median)
Zoledronic Acid (Zol)-9.6
Placebo (Pla)-22.90

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Percent Change in the Metaphyseal Integral Bone Mass Content (iBMC) of the Femur

Percent change in the metaphyseal integral bone mass content (iBMC) of the femur, as collected by CT (NCT02325414)
Timeframe: 0-12 months

Interventionpercent change (Median)
Zoledronic Acid (Zol)-4.73
Placebo (Pla)-8.88

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Percent Change of Bone Mass Density (BMD) in the Femoral Neck

Percent change of bone mass density (BMD) in the femoral neck (as measured by DXA) (NCT02325414)
Timeframe: 0-12 months

Interventionpercent change in bone mass density (Median)
Zoledronic Acid (Zol)-1.72
Placebo (Pla)-11.34

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Non-traumatic Incidental Fractures (Vertebral and Nonvertebral [Identified by X-ray, CT, MRI, VFA Imaging] Per Person-year)

Number of fractures divided by number of person-years. Effectiveness of fracture reduction will be demonstrated by total non-traumatic incidental fractures (vertebral and nonvertebral [identified by x-ray, CT, MRI, VFA imaging) except those viewed as severe trauma (fall from a height higher than a stool or chair or severe trauma other than a fall), cancer-related or fractures of the toes, finger or facial bones. (NCT02589600)
Timeframe: 3 years

InterventionFractures per person-year (Number)
Active Medication Group1.06093
Placebo Group1.01563

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Percentage of Participants With Deterioration in Renal Function According to Reduction in Creatinine Clearance (CrCl) From Baseline to Week 44

CrCl was calculated from blood samples using the Cockcroft-Gault formula. Relevant deterioration in renal function was defined as CrCl reduction of 30 percent (%) from Baseline or an absolute value less than or equal to (≤) 30 milliliters per minute (mL/min) at Week 44. The last available value on/before Week 44 was used in the calculation. The percentage of participants with deterioration in renal function at Week 44 was reported. (NCT02739594)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 44

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Ibandronate9.8
Zoledronate12.5

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Number of Zoledronate Dose Reductions for Each Participant

The number of zoledronate dose reductions was averaged across all participants, including those participants who did not have any dose reductions during the study. (NCT02739594)
Timeframe: From Baseline to end of study (up to Week 96)

Interventiondose reductions (Mean)
Zoledronate0.8

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Percentage of Participants With Deterioration in Renal Function According to Reduction in CrCl From Baseline to Week 92

CrCl was calculated from blood samples using the Cockcroft-Gault formula. Relevant deterioration in renal function was defined as CrCl reduction of 30% from Baseline or an absolute value ≤30 mL/min at Week 92. The last available value on/before Week 92 was used in the calculation. The percentage of participants with deterioration in renal function at Week 92 was reported. (NCT02739594)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 92

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Ibandronate14.6
Zoledronate12.5

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Number of Events of Osteonecrosis of Jaw for Each Participant

The number of events of osteonecrosis of jaw was averaged across all participants, including those participants who did not experience the event during the study. (NCT02739594)
Timeframe: From Baseline to end of study (up to Week 96)

Interventionevents of osteonecrosis of jaw (Mean)
Ibandronate0.0
Zoledronate0.0

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Number of SREs for Each Participant

SREs were defined according to the Bondronat SmPC to include radiotherapy to bone for treatment of fractures/impending fractures, surgery to bone for treatment of fractures, vertebral fractures, and non-vertebral fractures. The number of SREs was averaged across all participants, including those participants who did not experience SREs during the study. (NCT02739594)
Timeframe: From Baseline to end of study (up to Week 96)

InterventionSREs (Mean)
Ibandronate0.3
Zoledronate0.5

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Percent Change From Baseline in N-Acetyl-Beta-D-Glucosaminidase (B-NAG)

The percent change in B-NAG was calculated as [Week 44 or 92 B-NAG minus Baseline B-NAG] divided by Baseline B-NAG, multiplied by 100. For the Week 44 analysis, the last available value on/before Week 44 was used in the calculation. For the Week 92 analysis, the last available value on/before Week 92 was used in the calculation. (NCT02739594)
Timeframe: Baseline and Weeks 44, 92

,
Interventionpercent change (Median)
Week 44Week 92
Ibandronate-15.7-17.2
Zoledronate10.69.3

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Time to First SRE

SREs were defined according to the Bondronat SmPC to include radiotherapy to bone for treatment of fractures/impending fractures, surgery to bone for treatment of fractures, vertebral fractures, and non-vertebral fractures. Time to first SRE was defined as the time from first dose of study drug to the time of SRE during the study. The median time to first SRE was estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis and expressed in days. (NCT02739594)
Timeframe: From Baseline to end of study (up to Week 96)

Interventiondays (Median)
Ibandronate393.0
Zoledronate244.5

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Percentage of Participants With Osteonecrosis of Jaw

The percentage of participants with at least 1 event of osteonecrosis of jaw during the study was reported. (NCT02739594)
Timeframe: From Baseline to end of study (up to Week 96)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Ibandronate0.0
Zoledronate0.0

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Percentage of Participants With Zoledronate Dose Reduction

The percentage of participants with at least 1 zoledronate dose reduction during the study was reported. (NCT02739594)
Timeframe: From Baseline to end of study (up to Week 96)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Zoledronate30.0

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Percent Change From Baseline in Alpha (A) 1-Microglobulin

The percent change in A1-microglobulin was calculated as [Week 44 or 92 A1-microglobulin minus Baseline A1-microglobulin] divided by Baseline A1-microglobulin, multiplied by 100. For the Week 44 analysis, the last available value on/before Week 44 was used in the calculation. For the Week 92 analysis, the last available value on/before Week 92 was used in the calculation. (NCT02739594)
Timeframe: Baseline and Weeks 44, 92

,
Interventionpercent change (Median)
Week 44Week 92
Ibandronate0.00.0
Zoledronate0.00.0

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Percent Change From Baseline in CrCl

CrCl was calculated from blood samples using the Cockcroft-Gault formula, and was also measured by urinalysis. The percent change in CrCl was calculated as [Week 44 or 92 CrCl minus Baseline CrCl] divided by Baseline CrCl, multiplied by 100. For the Week 44 analysis, the last available value on/before Week 44 was used in the calculation. For the Week 92 analysis, the last available value on/before Week 92 was used in the calculation. (NCT02739594)
Timeframe: Baseline and Weeks 44, 92

,
Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Week 44, Calculated/Blood (n=41,40)Week 44, Measured/Urinalysis (n=37,37)Week 92, Calculated/Blood (n=41,40)Week 92, Measured/Urinalysis (n=37,37)
Ibandronate-0.56.9-0.73.1
Zoledronate-0.43.9-4.32.0

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Percent Change From Baseline in Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT)

The percent change in GGT was calculated as [Week 44 or 92 GGT minus Baseline GGT] divided by Baseline GGT, multiplied by 100. For the Week 44 analysis, the last available value on/before Week 44 was used in the calculation. For the Week 92 analysis, the last available value on/before Week 92 was used in the calculation. (NCT02739594)
Timeframe: Baseline and Weeks 44, 92

,
Interventionpercent change (Median)
Week 44Week 92
Ibandronate-6.0-2.5
Zoledronate3.83.8

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Percentage of Participants With Elevation of Serum Creatinine (SCr) From Baseline

Elevation in SCr was defined as an increase greater than (>) 0.5 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) for participants with Baseline SCr less than (<) 1.4 mg/dL, or an increase >1.0 mg/dL for participants with Baseline SCr greater than or equal to (≥) 1.4 mg/dL. For the Week 44 analysis, the last available value on/before Week 44 was used. For the Week 92 analysis, the last available value on/before Week 92 was used. The percentage of participants with elevation of SCr at Weeks 44 and 92 was reported. (NCT02739594)
Timeframe: Baseline and Weeks 44, 92

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 44Week 92
Ibandronate2.47.3
Zoledronate2.52.5

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Changes in Cortical Porosity Measured by High-resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (HR-pQCT) Scan at the Radius and Tibia From Baseline to One Year After the Zoledronic Acid Infusion.

Changes in cortical porosity measured by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) scan at the radius and tibia from baseline to one year after the zoledronic acid infusion. (NCT03087851)
Timeframe: from baseline to one year after the zoledronic acid infusion.

Interventionpercentage change (Mean)
6-month Group-2.5
9-months Group-1.6
Observation Group-4.2

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Number of Participants Who Fail to Maintain BMD

Failure is defined as ≥ 3 % BMD loss at the lumbar spine (NCT03087851)
Timeframe: 2 years after the first ZOL treatment

Interventionparticipants (Number)
6-month Group10
9-months Group5
Observation Group6

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Morphometric Vertebral Fractures Assessed by Vertebral Fracture Assessment (VFA) One and Two Years After the Zoledronic Acid Infusion.

Morphometric vertebral fractures assessed by vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) one and two years after the zoledronic acid infusion. (NCT03087851)
Timeframe: one and two years after the zoledronic acid infusion.

Interventionparticipants (Number)
6-month Group0
9-months Group2
Observation Group0

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Changes in p-CTX From Baseline to Six Months After the Zoledronic Acid Infusion.

Changes in p-CTX from baseline to six months after the zoledronic acid infusion. (NCT03087851)
Timeframe: from baseline to six months after the zoledronic acid infusion.

Interventionug/l (Mean)
6-month Group0.60
9-months Group0.47
Observation Group0.47

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Changes in p-CTX From Baseline to 12 Months After the Zoledronic Acid Infusion.

Changes in p-CTX from baseline to 12 months after the zoledronic acid infusion. (NCT03087851)
Timeframe: from baseline to 12 months after the zoledronic acid infusion.

Interventionug/l (Mean)
6-month Group0.58
9-months Group0.40
Observation Group0.49

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Changes in BMD From Baseline to Two Years After the Zoledronic Acid Infusion.

Changes in lumbar spine BMD from baseline to two years after the zoledronic acid infusion. (NCT03087851)
Timeframe: from baseline to two years after the zoledronic acid infusion.

Interventionpercentage change (Mean)
6-month Group-4.0
9-months Group-4.1
Observation Group-4.3

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Changes in BMD From Baseline to One Year After the Zoledronic Acid Infusion.

Changes in lumbar spine BMD from baseline to one year after the zoledronic acid infusion. (NCT03087851)
Timeframe: from baseline to one year after the zoledronic acid infusion

Interventionpercentage change (Mean)
6-month Group-4.8
9-months Group-4.1
Observation Group-4.7

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Change in Lumbar Spine BMD From Baseline to 6 Months After the Zoledronic Acid Infusion.

Change in lumbar spine BMD from baseline to 6 months after the zoledronic acid infusion. (NCT03087851)
Timeframe: baseline to 6 months after the zoledronic acid infusion

Interventionpercentage change (Mean)
6-month Group-2.1
9-months Group-4.3
Observation Group-3.0

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Percentage of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs), Treatment-Emergent AEs (TEAEs), Serious TEAEs, and TEAEs Leading to Discontinuation or Death

"An AE is any untoward medical occurrence, which does not necessarily have a causal relationship with treatment. A serious AE (SAE) is defined as any untoward medical occurrence that, at any dose: results in death; is life-threatening; requires inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization; results in persistent disability/incapacity; is a congenital anomaly/birth defect; is another important medical event. The intensity for each AE was graded as mild, moderate or severe, according to the investigator's judgement. An event was considered related to study drug if there were a reasonable possibility of a relationship, according to the investigator's clinical judgment. A TEAE was defined as an event occurring or worsening on or after the first dose of study medication." (NCT03118570)
Timeframe: Non-serious AEs: up to Month 14; Serious AEs: up to Month 24. (Average duration of exposure to placebo was 5 months and for setrusumab was 11 month plus follow-up to 24 months.)

,,,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
All AEsTEAEsTreatment-Related TEAEsSerious TEAEsTreatment-Related Serious TEAEsTEAEs Leading to DeathTEAEs Leading to Permanent Study Treatment Discontinuation
Placebo90.080.025.010.0005.0
Setrusumab 2 mg/kg (Blinded)90.090.036.723.3000
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Blinded)100.0100.071.012.96.506.5
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Open-Label)100.095.242.923.89.509.5
Setrusumab 8 mg/kg (Blinded)96.696.641.424.1000

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Percentage of Participants With at Least 1 New Fracture (Peripheral, Vertebral, Long-Bone, Any) at Month 12

Fracture assessment, confirmed by central radiographic reading, was carried out for peripheral including all major long bones, minor bone (digits, ribs) and vertebral fractures. Fractures without clinical symptoms, detected only by means of radiographic investigations, were not included in the analysis. (NCT03118570)
Timeframe: Month 12 (EOT)

,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
PeripheralVertebralLong-BoneAny
Setrusumab 2 mg/kg (Blinded)13.303.323.3
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Blinded)6.503.216.1
Setrusumab 8 mg/kg (Blinded)17.2013.834.5

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Change From Baseline in SF-12 Mental Component Summary Score at Months 6 and 12

The SF-12 is a generic, 12-item survey that measures 8 domains of health: physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health, bodily pain, general health perceptions, vitality, social functioning, role limitations due to emotional problems, and mental health. It yields scale scores for each of these 8 domains and 2 summary measures of physical and mental health: The Physical Component Summary and the Mental Component Summary. The total score for the Mental Component Summary ranges from 0 to 100, where higher scores reflect better mental health functioning. (NCT03118570)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 6, 12 (EOT)

,,
Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Month 6Month 12
Setrusumab 2 mg/kg (Blinded)-1.133-1.664
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Blinded)0.9662.807
Setrusumab 8 mg/kg (Blinded)-0.492-1.473

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Change From Baseline in Radial Bone Strength (Stiffness) at Month 12

Assessed by FEA of models generated from HRpQCT images of the distal radius. (NCT03118570)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 12 (EOT)

InterventionN/mm (Least Squares Mean)
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Blinded)1638.70
Setrusumab 8 mg/kg (Blinded)1422.00
Setrusumab 2 mg/kg (Blinded)209.89

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Change From Baseline in Lumbar, Total Body, and Femoral Neck BMD T-score at Month 12

BMD was evaluated by DXA. T-Score was calculated based on actual measured bone density value. T-scores are standardized scores that reflect the standard deviations (SDs) above/below the normal mean for young adults. A score of 50 indicates the population mean with a standard deviation of 10. A positive change in DXA T-score indicates an improvement in BMD. (NCT03118570)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 12 (EOT)

,,
InterventionT-score (Least Squares Mean)
LumbarTotal BodyFemoral Neck
Setrusumab 2 mg/kg (Blinded)0.1740.1080.104
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Blinded)0.5870.1810.163
Setrusumab 8 mg/kg (Blinded)0.4860.1990.159

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Change From Baseline in Lumbar, Total Body, and Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density (BMD) T-score at Month 6

BMD was evaluated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). T-Score was calculated based on actual measured bone density value. T-scores are standardized scores that reflect the standard deviations (SDs) above/below the normal mean for young adults. A score of 50 indicates the population mean with a standard deviation of 10. A positive change in DXA T-score indicates an improvement in BMD. (NCT03118570)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6

,,
InterventionT-score (Least Squares Mean)
LumbarTotal BodyFemoral Neck
Setrusumab 2 mg/kg (Blinded)0.1100.1220.087
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Blinded)0.2730.072-0.024
Setrusumab 8 mg/kg (Blinded)0.3380.0710.102

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Change From Baseline in OIQoL-A Activity Subscale Score at Months 6 and 12

The OIQoL-A measures 5 areas of quality of life related to OI (Physical Function, Pain, Hearing Loss, Taking Care/Concerns, Social and Family Life and Activities). The Activities subscale ranges from 0 to 100, with higher value representing increased difficulty. (NCT03118570)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 6, 12 (EOT)

,,
Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Month 6Month 12
Setrusumab 2 mg/kg (Blinded)1.907-1.630
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Blinded)-5.980-0.964
Setrusumab 8 mg/kg (Blinded)-2.7224.489

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Change From Baseline in OIQoL-A Pain Subscale Score at Months 6 and 12

The OIQoL-A measures 5 areas of quality of life related to OI (Physical Function, Pain, Hearing Loss, Taking Care/Concerns, Social and Family Life and Activities). The Pain subscale ranges from 0 to 10, with higher value representing worse pain. (NCT03118570)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 6, 12 (EOT)

,,
Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Month 6Month 12
Setrusumab 2 mg/kg (Blinded)-6.003-7.178
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Blinded)-3.990-3.655
Setrusumab 8 mg/kg (Blinded)-3.906-4.968

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Change From Baseline in Osteogenesis Imperfecta Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire for Adults (OIQoL-A) Total Score at Months 6 and 12

The OIQoL-A measures 5 areas of quality of life related to OI (Physical Function, Pain, Hearing Loss, Taking Care/Concerns, Social and Family Life and Activities). The total score is calculated on a 0-100 scale, where higher scores indicate a greater (negative) impact on quality of life. (NCT03118570)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 6, 12 (EOT)

,,
Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Month 6Month 12
Setrusumab 2 mg/kg (Blinded)-0.649-3.846
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Blinded)-3.584-1.668
Setrusumab 8 mg/kg (Blinded)-1.848-0.587

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Change From Baseline in Radial and Tibial Tr VBMD Over Time: Full Analysis Set

Assessed by HRpQCT. HRpQCT scans were performed on the participant's distal non-dominant arm. In cases of an arm that had been supported with rods or had significant deformity, the dominant limb was selected. Data presented is the ratio of the means between the Visit and Baseline from ANCOVA. (NCT03118570)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 6, 12 (EOT), 18, 24

,,
Interventionratio (Number)
Radial: Month 6Radial: Month 12Radial: Month 18Radial: Month 24Tibial: Month 6Tibial: Month 12Tibial: Month 18Tibial: Month 24
Setrusumab 2 mg/kg (Blinded)0.9980.9920.9790.9790.9900.9730.9831.017
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Blinded)1.0071.0041.0020.9971.0040.9910.9891.000
Setrusumab 8 mg/kg (Blinded)1.0000.9930.9920.9981.0161.0181.0421.062

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Change From Baseline in Lumbar, Total Body, and Femoral Neck BMD at Month 6

BMD was evaluated by DXA. (NCT03118570)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6

,,
Interventiong/cm^2 (Least Squares Mean)
LumbarTotal BodyFemoral Neck
Setrusumab 2 mg/kg (Blinded)1.581.211.61
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Blinded)4.060.77-0.42
Setrusumab 8 mg/kg (Blinded)4.700.831.64

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Change From Baseline in Short Form 12 Health Survey (SF-12) Physical Component Summary Score at Months 6 and 12

The SF-12 is a generic, 12-item survey that measures 8 domains of health: physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health, bodily pain, general health perceptions, vitality, social functioning, role limitations due to emotional problems, and mental health. It yields scale scores for each of these 8 domains and 2 summary measures of physical and mental health: The Physical Component Summary and the Mental Component Summary. The total score for the Physical Component Summary ranges from 0 to 100, where higher scores reflect better physical functioning. (NCT03118570)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 6, 12 (EOT)

,,
Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Month 6Month 12
Setrusumab 2 mg/kg (Blinded)1.3422.171
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Blinded)0.672-1.178
Setrusumab 8 mg/kg (Blinded)-0.463-0.994

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Change From Baseline in Total vBMD (Radial and Tibial) Over Time

Assessed by HRpQCT. HRpQCT scans were performed on the participant's distal non-dominant arm. In cases of an arm that had been supported with rods or had significant deformity, the dominant limb was selected. Data presented is the ratio of the means between the Visit and Baseline from ANCOVA. (NCT03118570)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 6, 12 (EOT), 18, and 24

,,
Interventionratio (Number)
Radial, Month 6Radial, Month 12Radial, Month 18Radial, Month 24Tibial, Month 6Tibial, Month 12Tibial, Month 18Tibial, Month 24
Setrusumab 2 mg/kg (Blinded)1.0000.9990.9960.9850.9950.9890.9870.994
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Blinded)1.0111.0171.0130.9981.0171.0241.0201.001
Setrusumab 8 mg/kg (Blinded)0.9951.0080.9921.0091.0111.0111.0211.025

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Changes From Baseline in Radial and Tibial Bone Strength (Failure Load) at Months 6 and 12: Open-Label Arm

Assessed by FEA of models generated from HRpQCT images of the distal radius. (NCT03118570)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 6, 12 (EOT)

InterventionN (Least Squares Mean)
Radial: Month 6Radial: Month 12Tibial: Month 6Tibial: Month 12
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Open-Label)110.1688.3269.78112.92

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Changes From Baseline in Radial and Tibial Bone Strength (Failure Load) Over Time: Full Analysis Set

Assessed by FEA of models generated from HRpQCT images of the distal radius. (NCT03118570)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 6, 12 (EOT), 18, 24

,,
InterventionN (Least Squares Mean)
Radial: Month 6Radial: Month 12Radial: Month 18Radial: Month 24Tibial: Month 6Tibial: Month 12Tibial: Month 18Tibial: Month 24
Setrusumab 2 mg/kg (Blinded)-3.288.86-10.53-50.65-65.33-65.96-49.50-74.94
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Blinded)31.2261.2550.39-19.5946.0076.1550.69-24.75
Setrusumab 8 mg/kg (Blinded)39.9532.2543.1145.0345.9160.2088.3341.37

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Changes From Baseline in Radial and Tibial Bone Strength (Stiffness) at Months 6 and 12: Open-Label Arm

Assessed by FEA of models generated from HRpQCT images of the distal radius. (NCT03118570)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 6, 12 (EOT)

InterventionN/mm (Least Squares Mean)
Radial: Month 6Radial: Month 12Tibial: Month 6Tibial: Month 12
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Open-Label)5056.514992.824225.925827.81

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Change From Baseline in Lumbar, Total Body, and Femoral Neck BMD at Month 12

BMD was evaluated by DXA. (NCT03118570)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 12 (EOT)

,,
Interventiong/cm^2 (Least Squares Mean)
LumbarTotal BodyFemoral Neck
Setrusumab 2 mg/kg (Blinded)2.501.061.90
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Blinded)8.551.983.30
Setrusumab 8 mg/kg (Blinded)6.792.032.65

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Change From Baseline in Lean and Fat Body Mass From Whole Body at Months 6 and 12

Lean and fat body mass was evaluated using whole body DXA (including the head). (NCT03118570)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 6, 12 (EOT)

,,
Interventiongrams (Least Squares Mean)
Month 6: LeanMonth 12: LeanMonth 6: FatMonth 12: Fat
Setrusumab 2 mg/kg (Blinded)168.206184.164426.388792.485
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Blinded)519.152867.66842.567421.266
Setrusumab 8 mg/kg (Blinded)-410.664-225.474105.420-85.495

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Change From Baseline in Index (Utility) Score on EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-Level Descriptive System (EQ-5D-5L) Score at Months 6 and 12

"The EQ-5D-5L is a standardised measure of health status comprised of a descriptive system of 5 health-related quality of life states (i.e., mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression) and a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of overall health. Each dimension is rated on a 5-point response scale indicating severity of problems, where 1 is no problems and 5 is extreme problems. The 5 questions are scored and together contribute to the EQ-5D index (utility) score between 0 and 1 (1 being perfect health)." (NCT03118570)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 6 and 12 (EOT)

,,
Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Month 6Month 12
Setrusumab 2 mg/kg (Blinded)-0.03830.0214
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Blinded)0.06270.0424
Setrusumab 8 mg/kg (Blinded)0.03620.0252

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Change From Baseline in Cortical vBMD (Radial and Tibial) Over Time

Assessed by HRpQCT. HRpQCT scans were performed on the participant's distal non-dominant arm. In cases of an arm that had been supported with rods or had significant deformity, the dominant limb was selected. Data presented is the ratio of the means between the Visit and Baseline from ANCOVA. (NCT03118570)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 6, 12 (EOT), 18, and 24

,,
Interventionratio (Number)
Radial, Month 6Radial, Month 12Radial, Month 18Radial, Month 24Tibial, Month 6Tibial, Month 12Tibial, Month 18Tibial, Month 24
Setrusumab 2 mg/kg (Blinded)0.9981.0011.0071.0020.9980.9980.9930.996
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Blinded)1.0041.0051.0111.0111.0121.0171.0241.020
Setrusumab 8 mg/kg (Blinded)1.0021.0031.0011.0180.9971.0041.0041.017

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Change From Baseline in Carboxy-Terminal Telo-Peptide [CTX-1] up to Month 12

(NCT03118570)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 (EOT)

,,
Interventionµg/L (Least Squares Mean)
Month 1Month 3Month 6Month 9Month 12
Setrusumab 2 mg/kg (Blinded)-0.041-0.043-0.028-0.031-0.034
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Blinded)-0.077-0.044-0.013-0.020-0.037
Setrusumab 8 mg/kg (Blinded)-0.047-0.029-0.025-0.039-0.002

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Changes From Baseline in Radial and Tibial Bone Strength (Stiffness) Over Time: Full Analysis Set

Assessed by FEA of models generated from HRpQCT images of the distal radius. (NCT03118570)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 6, 12 (EOT), 18, 24

,,
InterventionN/mm (Least Squares Mean)
Radial: Month 6Radial: Month 12Radial: Month 18Radial: Month 24Tibial: Month 6Tibial: Month 12Tibial: Month 18Tibial: Month 24
Setrusumab 2 mg/kg (Blinded)109.65209.89-215.92-1258.55-1356.71-1428.87-815.38-1844.84
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Blinded)795.671638.701295.98-625.461344.842326.631047.16-1250.69
Setrusumab 8 mg/kg (Blinded)1048.611422.00803.501172.451051.401543.851697.21622.77

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Changes From Baseline in Radial and Tibial Tr VBMD at Months 6 and 12: Open-Label Arm

Assessed by HRpQCT. HRpQCT scans were performed on the participant's distal non-dominant arm. In cases of an arm that had been supported with rods or had significant deformity, the dominant limb was selected. Data presented is the ratio of the means between the Visit and Baseline from ANCOVA. (NCT03118570)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 6, 12 (EOT)

Interventionratio (Number)
Radial: Month 6Radial: Month 12Tibial: Month 6Tibial: Month 12
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Open-Label)0.9941.0111.0131.035

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Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Changes From Baseline in Body Height, Weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) at 6 and 12 Months: Full Analysis Set

(NCT03118570)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6, Month 12 (EOT)

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Month 6: Body HeightMonth 6: WeightMonth 6: BMIMonth 12: Body HeightMonth 12: WeightMonth 12: BMI
Setrusumab 2 mg/kg (Blinded)000000
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Blinded)000000
Setrusumab 8 mg/kg (Blinded)000000

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Change From Baseline in Radial Bone Strength (Failure Load) at Month 12

Assessed by finite element analysis (FEA) of models generated from HRpQCT images of the distal radius. (NCT03118570)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 12 (EOT)

Interventionnewton (N) (Least Squares Mean)
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Blinded)61.25
Setrusumab 8 mg/kg (Blinded)32.25
Setrusumab 2 mg/kg (Blinded)8.86

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Change From Baseline in Amino-Terminal Propeptide of Type 1 Procollagen (P1NP) up to Month 12

(NCT03118570)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 (EOT)

,,
Interventionµg/L (Least Squares Mean)
Month 1Month 3Month 6Month 9Month 12
Setrusumab 2 mg/kg (Blinded)0.0600.640-0.429-2.2544.428
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Blinded)24.34917.90313.0967.2655.452
Setrusumab 8 mg/kg (Blinded)14.2886.7356.6650.2384.172

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Change From Baseline in Radial Trabecular Volumetric Bone Mineral Density (Tr vBMD) at Month 12

Assessed by high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HRpQCT). HRpQCT scans were performed on the participant's distal non-dominant arm. In cases of an arm that had been supported with rods or had significant deformity, the dominant limb was selected. Data presents the ratio of the means between the visit and Baseline from analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). (NCT03118570)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 12 (end of treatment [EOT])

Interventionratio (Number)
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Blinded)1.004
Setrusumab 8 mg/kg (Blinded)0.993
Setrusumab 2 mg/kg (Blinded)0.992

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Percentage of Participants Who Were Positive for Anti-Setrusumab Antibodies at Any Time During the Study up to Month 14

Serum samples were screened for antibodies binding to setrusumab using a validated assay method by or under the supervision of the sponsor. (NCT03118570)
Timeframe: up to Month 14

,,,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Binding AntibodiesNeutralizing AntibodiesBoth Binding and Neutralizing Antibodies
Placebo15.000
Setrusumab 2 mg/kg (Blinded)16.716.716.7
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Blinded)16.116.116.1
Setrusumab 20 mg/kg (Open-Label)9.500
Setrusumab 8 mg/kg (Blinded)17.217.217.2

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Change From Baseline of Femoral Neck Bone Density Measured by DXA

Early changes in areal bone mineral density will be measured at the hip and spine by Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). (NCT03424239)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 months

Interventiong/cm^2 (Mean)
Drug: Zoledronic Acid, Calcium+Vitamin D-0.038

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Change in Serum CTX

The primary aim of this study is to determine the postoperative changes in serum markers of bone turnover after a preoperative infusion of zoledronic acid. Serum C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX) is marker of bone resorption. (NCT03424239)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 months

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Drug: Zoledronic Acid, Calcium+Vitamin D0.228

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Change in Total Hip Bone Mineral Density by DXA

Early changes in areal bone mineral density will be measured at the hip and spine by Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). (NCT03424239)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 months

Interventiong/cm^2 (Mean)
Drug: Zoledronic Acid, Calcium+Vitamin D-0.039

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Change From Baseline of Spine Bone Density Measured by DXA

Early changes in areal bone mineral density will be measured at the hip and spine by Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). (NCT03424239)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 months

Interventiong/cm^2 (Mean)
Drug: Zoledronic Acid, Calcium+Vitamin D0.003

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Change in Trabecular Spine Bone Mineral Density by QCT

Early changes in volumetric bone mineral density will be measured at the spine by Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT). (NCT03424239)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 months

Interventionmg/cm^3 (Mean)
Drug: Zoledronic Acid, Calcium+Vitamin D4.9

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		2.0810amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		2.6104-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
adenine
[no description available]		2.46206-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		2.4520acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		3.2310amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
butyric acid
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.		2.110fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
aminooxyacetic acid
Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.		2.0510amino acid;
hydroxylamines;
monocarboxylic acid		anticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		2.0810alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		2.0510tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.1710halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		2.610coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		2.7620monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		3.8630amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
fosmidomycin
fosmidomycin: from Streptomyces lavendulae; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in second source. fosmidomycin : Propylphosphonic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a formyl(hydroxy)amino group. An antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lavendulae, it specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267), a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.		2.0310hydroxamic acid;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
creatine
[no description available]		2.7130glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
cytosine
[no description available]		2.0610aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.78302-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate: isomeric with isopentenyl pyrophosphate. prenyl diphosphate : A prenol phosphate that is a phosphoantigen comprising the O-pyrophosphate of prenol.		2.0510prenol phosphateepitope;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
phosphoantigen
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		2.0810aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		2.4110carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin
Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.0510
histamine
[no description available]		3.930aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		2.4520elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
kynurenine
Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.		2.1110aromatic ketone;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
substituted aniline		human metabolite
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		2.610dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
melatonin
[no description available]		2.830acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		4.6980pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		3.2310pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		2.5420monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.0510monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
picolinic acid
picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.		2.610pyridinemonocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite;
MALDI matrix material
diphosphoric acid
diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.		2.8530acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
phosphorus oxoacid		Escherichia coli metabolite
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		3.6120monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		3.2310hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
taurine
[no description available]		2.0310amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		3.7320primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		8.3620pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		2.4220isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isopentenyl pyrophosphate
isopentenyl pyrophosphate: substrate for isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; a nonpeptide mycobacterial antigen that stimulates gamma delta T cells. isopentenyl diphosphate : A prenol phosphate comprising 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol having an O-diphosphate substituent.		6.46222prenol phosphateantigen;
antioxidant;
epitope;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
phosphoantigen
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		2.1110p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.		2.4620monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
3-aminobenzamide
[no description available]		2.610benzamides;
substituted aniline		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
enprofylline
enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.		2.4520oxopurineanti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
pleconaril
WIN 63843: structure given in first source		2.610
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride
[no description available]		2.610
phenytoin
[no description available]		3.9330imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.9740acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		4.0840aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		7.19103acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		5.5110monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.8730acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
alaproclate
alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		3.2310alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole
[no description available]		3.6120aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		4.2650phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		19.18237191,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		3.5820monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
alosetron
alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.		3.5820imidazoles;
pyridoindole		antiemetic;
gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic antagonist
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		4.0840organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
alprenolol
Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.		3.1850secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		3.2310triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		4.1140adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambenonium
ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ionEC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		3.8730acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		3.2310diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		2.4720dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		3.2310N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
theophylline
[no description available]		4.4160dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
2-aminothiazole
2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.		2.6101,3-thiazoles;
primary amino compound
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		4.41601-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
dan 2163
[no description available]		2.4720aromatic amide;
aromatic amine;
benzamides;
pyrrolidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
second generation antipsychotic;
xenobiotic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		4.4160carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlexanox
amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid;
pyridochromene		anti-allergic agent;
anti-ulcer drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		4.4360dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amodiaquine
Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.		2.920aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		3.6120dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.4620acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		12.392411nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anthralin
Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.		2.0810anthracenesantipsoriatic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		2.9740pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
aprindine
Aprindine: A class Ib anti-arrhythmia agent used to manage ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		2.0510indanes
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		4.5670benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		2.0810benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		4.2650ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		4.2650aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
azelastine
azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.4520monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
baclofen
[no description available]		3.9530amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		3.2310indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		3.2310benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benzamide
benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.		2.610benzamides
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		3.87301-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		2.0810benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		2.0510pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
betaxolol
[no description available]		3.8530propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		3.2310carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bevantolol
bevantolol: structure given in first source. bevantolol : A propanolamine that is 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by 3-methylphenyl and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl. A beta1 adrenoceptor antagonist, it has been shown to be as effective as other beta-blockers for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.4520propanolamineanti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
calcium channel blocker
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		6.2352(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502
bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.		2.0810biphenyls;
imidazoles
biperiden
Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.		3.5820piperidines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to sarin poisoning;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		3.6120diarylmethane
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		4.0840secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bretylium
bretylium: RN given refers to parent cpd. bretylium : A quaternary ammonium cation having 2-bromobenzyl, ethyl and two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.0510quaternary ammonium ionadrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
bromazepam
Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		2.4520organic molecular entity
bromhexine
Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).		2.0510organobromine compound;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		mucolytic
bromopride
bromopride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.7530benzamides
bronopol
[no description available]		2.0810nitro compound
brotizolam
brotizolam: structure		2.0410organic molecular entity
buflomedil
buflomedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym LL 1656 refers to HCl; structure		2.4520aromatic ketone
bumetanide
[no description available]		4.4160amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bunazosin
bunazosin: structure		2.0410quinazolines
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		2.4520aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		3.2310azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		5.8261methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
secbutabarbital
secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital		3.2310barbiturates
caffeine
[no description available]		4.2650purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		4.4160aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
metrizoate
Metrizoic Acid: A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt.		2.4520monocarboxylic acidradioopaque medium
camostat
camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.		2.610benzoate ester;
carboxylic ester;
diester;
guanidines;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifibrinolytic drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
serine protease inhibitor
camphor, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.610bornane monoterpenoid;
cyclic monoterpene ketone		plant metabolite
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		4.0430benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		3.8730dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbinoxamine
carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		3.2310carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		2.7530N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		2.0810carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
carteolol
Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.		2.0510quinolone;
secondary alcohol		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		4.0840carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
celecoxib
[no description available]		9.79113organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		3.2310ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
cetylpyridinium
Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.		2.610pyridinium ion
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		4.2650aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine
chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness		3.2310diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		4.4160benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		3.23101,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.6680aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		3.2310benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chloroxylenol
chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.		2.610monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
molluscicide
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		4.2650monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		4.5670organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		4.4160monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		4.2650isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.61201,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cifenline
[no description available]		2.7530diarylmethane
ciclopirox
[no description available]		2.0810cyclic hydroxamic acid;
hydroxypyridone antifungal drug;
pyridone		antibacterial agent;
antiseborrheic
ciglitazone
ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.		2.4720aromatic ether;
thiazolidinone		antineoplastic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug
cilostazol
[no description available]		3.6120lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		4.4160aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		2.8130cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		4.5670aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		4.26502-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clenbuterol
Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0510amino alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
ethanolamines;
primary arylamine;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.4720monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		2.08101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		2.4720monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		4.0940aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene
[no description available]		3.6120tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		9.5870dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		3.85301,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		4.0840clonidine;
imidazoline
4-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide
[no description available]		2.4720sulfonamide
chlorazepate
clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.		3.86301,4-benzodiazepinoneanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
clotrimazole
[no description available]		3.2310conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyclobenzaprine
cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.2310carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant;
muscle relaxant;
tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil
Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.		3.2310organic molecular entity
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
indibulin
indibulin: Tubulin Modulator/Antineoplastic Agent; structure in first source		2.2510
danthron
danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.		2.610dihydroxyanthraquinoneapoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
dapsone
[no description available]		4.4160substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
debrisoquin
Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.		2.0510carboxamidine;
isoquinolines		adrenergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
human metabolite;
sympatholytic agent
deferiprone
Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.		2.6104-pyridonesiron chelator;
protective agent
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		3.6820acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		4.4160dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nordazepam
Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.		2.04101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
human metabolite;
sedative
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		3.5820primary amine
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		4.41601,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		4.4160benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		4.9560amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		3.2310dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
3,4-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid
[no description available]		2.0510benzoic acids
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		3.2310pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		3.8630monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		3.5920dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		4.0840ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		3.9530piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		4.2650monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		3.9530organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		4.350branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		2.9740benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		3.6120aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
doxapram
Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.		3.5820morpholines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		3.9130aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		4.2650dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		3.2310pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		3.5820oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
ebastine
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
ebselen
ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.		2.610benzoselenazoleanti-inflammatory drug;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor;
enzyme mimic;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
genotoxin;
hepatoprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		3.2310phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2.78301,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		3.5580
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		3.2310triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		4.0840aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		3.8730dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin
ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
ethyl loflazepate
ethyl loflazepate: structure given in first source		2.0510organic molecular entity
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		16.518981,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etilefrine
Etilefrine: A phenylephrine-related beta-1 adrenergic and alpha adrenergic agonist used as a cardiotonic and antihypotensive agent.		2.4520phenols
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
2-hexyloxybenzamide
2-hexyloxybenzamide: structure		2.610aromatic ether;
benzamides		antifungal agent
brl 42810
[no description available]		3.95302-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.2310carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
4-biphenylylacetic acid
biphenyl-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is substituted by a biphenyl-4-yl group. An active metabolite of fenbufen, it is used as a topical medicine to treat muscle inflammation and arthritis.		2.0810biphenyls;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		4.2650dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		4.1140aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoldopam
Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.		3.2310benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.4520resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fenspiride
fenspiride: was heading 1975-94 (see under SPIRO COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SPIRO COMPOUNDS to search FENSPIRIDE 1975-94; bronchodilator agent used in asthma		2.0410azaspiro compound
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		2.7430anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide
fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level		3.2310benzodioxoles
flavoxate
Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
flavones;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		4.0840aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin
Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.		2.7530difluorobenzene;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinolines		antibacterial drug;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		4.0840conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		4.0840aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		3.9330N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		4.2650ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		2.04101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorescite
fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.		4.0840benzoic acids;
cyclic ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		9.57213nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		4.0940(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		3.5920fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		4.2650(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		3.2310pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		4.0840carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		5.7140chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		3.8530gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gabexate
Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.		2.610benzoate ester
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		3.8730aromatic etherantilipemic drug
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		3.2310aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		2.0810N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		4.2650sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.2650aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		2.610dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		2.0510piperidines
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		4.2650monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester
[no description available]		3.2310benzenes
gossypol
Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.		2.4520
granisetron
[no description available]		3.8530aromatic amide;
indazoles
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		3.2310methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		3.5920azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		4.2650acetamides
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.610isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		4.4460aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
miltefosine
miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.		2.610phosphocholines;
phospholipid		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunomodulator;
protein kinase inhibitor
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		2.4520barbiturates
hexylresorcinol
[no description available]		2.610resorcinols
beta-thujaplicin
beta-thujaplicin: structure. beta-thujaplicin : A monoterpenoid that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and an isopropyl group at position 4. Isolated from Thuja plicata and Chamaecyparis obtusa, it exhibits antimicrobial activities.		2.610cyclic ketone;
enol;
monoterpenoid		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiplasmodial drug;
plant metabolite
hycanthone
Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.		2.610thioxanthenesmutagen;
schistosomicide drug
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		3.8530azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		4.1340benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		3.8730benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		3.5820aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		4.5670one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		3.5920hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
hypericin
[no description available]		2.0410
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		11.28101monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		3.5920primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		4.4160benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
ifosfamide
[no description available]		14.21125ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		9.6880dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		4.4160bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
incadronate
[no description available]		3.64901,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		4.0940indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		5.280aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.7430benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iopromide
iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.		2.4520dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
nephrotoxic agent;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iothalamic acid
Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.		2.0410organic molecular entity
ioversol
[no description available]		3.2310amidobenzoic acid
iproniazid
[no description available]		3.8730carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		4.1340azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		2.1103-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isocarboxazid
Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)		3.2310benzenes
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		4.0840carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		3.5820catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		3.2310alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		4.0840benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itraconazole
[no description available]		4.4460piperazines
nsc 664704
kenpaullone: inhibits CDK1/cyclin B; structure in first source. kenpaullone : An indolobenzazepine that is paullone in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by a bromo substituent. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta).		2.0510indolobenzazepine;
lactam;
organobromine compound		cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		4.2650cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		3.1550aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		4.2650dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		4.0840benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		3.8530amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen
Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.		2.0510cyclic ketone;
olefinic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
kojic acid
[no description available]		3.92204-pyranones;
enol;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
skin lightening agent
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		4.0840benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		3.61201,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		4.5670benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
lapachol
lapachol : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone substituted by hydroxy and 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl groups at positions 2 and 3, respectively. It is a natural compound that exhibits antibacterial and anticancer properties, first isolated in 1882 from the bark of Tabebuia avellanedae.		2.610
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		3.6120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		15.044822nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lofepramine
Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.		2.4720aromatic ketone;
dibenzoazepine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		3.2310fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lomustine
[no description available]		4.1340N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		3.7320monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		3.9530benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		4.0840benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		4.2850biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		3.2310dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
4-(dimethylamino)-n-(7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl)benzamide
4-(dimethylamino)-N-(7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl)benzamide: structure in first source. 4-(dimethylamino)-N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]benzamide : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-(dimethylamino)benzoic acid with the amino group of 7-amino-N-hydroxyheptanamide. It is a potent inhibitor of histone deacetylases and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in several human cancer cell lines.		2.610benzamides;
hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
mafenide
Mafenide: A sulfonamide that inhibits the enzyme CARBONIC ANHYDRASE and is used as a topical anti-bacterial agent, especially in burn therapy.		2.610aromatic amine
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		4.2650anthracenes
mazindol
Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.		2.0510organic molecular entity
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		4.0840aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		3.2310primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		3.5920nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		3.2310diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.2310aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.6120aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
mefloquine hydrochloride
[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.		2.0510organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinolines;
secondary alcohol
memantine
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
mepenzolate
mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310diarylmethane
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		3.8530ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		3.5920imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		3.5820piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		3.5820organic molecular entity
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		5.540amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mesoridazine
Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.		3.2310phenothiazines;
sulfoxide;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		3.2310aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		4.5870guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		3.8530benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methapyrilene
Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.		2.0410ethylenediamine derivativeanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
methazolamide
Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.		3.7320sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		3.7320aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
methoxyamine
methoxyamine: analytical reagent for aldehydes and ketones; strong irritant, can probably produce methemoglobinemia; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510organooxygen compound
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		3.2310aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methoxyflurane
Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.		2.0510ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		hepatotoxic agent;
inhalation anaesthetic;
nephrotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic
methyclothiazide
Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)		3.2310benzothiadiazine
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		4.0840beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		4.4160benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		3.8530organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		4.4160aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		6.682C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		3.2310aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		4.2650aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		2.0510dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		4.2650imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		3.2310amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone
[no description available]		3.8530bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		4.0940dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		4.0840benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		3.2310diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		6.3470dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
moclobemide
Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.		2.9740benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		3.2310monoterpenoid
entinostat
[no description available]		2.610benzamides;
carbamate ester;
primary amino compound;
pyridines;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
acecainide
Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.		2.9740acetamides;
benzamides		anti-arrhythmia drug
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		2.610maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		3.9330methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nadolol
[no description available]		3.8730tetralins
nafamostat
nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic		2.610benzoic acids;
guanidines
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		3.61201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
activins
Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.		3.4220
naratriptan
naratriptan: structure given in first source		3.8530heteroarylpiperidine;
sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		4.2650aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nefopam
Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.		2.7530benzoxazocine;
tertiary amino compound
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		2.4720quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.4460cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		3.2310organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		4.2650benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		4.2650C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
niflumic acid
Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.		3.4110aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
nilutamide
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		3.9130aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		4.26502-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		4.0840C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		2.97401,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		3.1550C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		3.5920nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nizatidine
[no description available]		3.85301,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		4.0840isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		3.8730fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		4.4160organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		4.08403-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
olomoucine
olomoucine: inhibits protein P34CDC2. olomoucine : A 9H-purine that is substituted by a (2-hydroxyethyl)nitrilo, benzylnitrilo and a methyl group at positions 2,6 and 9, respectively. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.		2.05102,6-diaminopurines;
ethanolamines		EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		4.88100aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		4.0840carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		3.2310ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
osalmide
osalmide: structure		2.610organic molecular entity
oxonic acid
Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.		4.42601,3,5-triazines;
monocarboxylic acid
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.61201,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxatomide
oxatomide: structure; an anti-allergic & an anti-asthmatic. oxatomide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.		2.0510benzimidazoles;
diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		4.08401,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxethazaine
[no description available]		2.610amino acid amide
oxiracetam
oxiracetam: structure in first source		2.0410organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
oxprenolol
Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.		2.0510aromatic ether
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		4.0840acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
oxyphenbutazone
Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.0510phenols;
pyrazolidines		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
drug metabolite;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		3.5920aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
palmidrol
palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.		2.610endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticonvulsant;
antihypertensive agent;
neuroprotective agent
pamidronate
[no description available]		20.4733728phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		4.0840aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		4.5670benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		3.61201,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		4.2650aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		3.5820barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		10.5170oxopurine
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		3.7320piperidinescardiovascular drug
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		4.4160N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		2.9740acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenazopyridine
Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		2.610diaminopyridine;
monoazo compound		anticoronaviral agent;
carcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
phenindione
Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)		2.0510aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone		anticoagulant
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		4.2550barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		3.2310aromatic amine
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		3.5920primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		3.7320monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		2.0510pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.		2.610acyl fluorideserine proteinase inhibitor
moxonidine
moxonidine: structure given in first source		2.4520organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
pimobendan
pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source		2.5220benzimidazoles;
pyridazinone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		4.2650indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		3.8730aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		2.0810organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
piretanide
piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure		2.4520aromatic ether
piribedil
Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.		2.0810N-arylpiperazine
pj-34
PJ34 : A member of the class of phenanthridines that is 5,6-dihydrophenanthridine substituted at positions 2 and 6 by (N,N-dimethylglycyl)amino and oxo groups, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 110 nM and 86 nM, respectively) and exhibits anti-cancer, cardioprotective and neuroprotective properties.		2.610phenanthridines;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antiatherosclerotic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
polythiazide
[no description available]		3.2310benzothiadiazine
potassium iodide
Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.		2.2510potassium saltexpectorant;
radical scavenger
practolol
Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		2.0510acetamides;
ethanolamines;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
duodote
duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents		3.2310pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
ono 1078
pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.0810chromones
pyranoprofen
pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0810pyridochromene
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		3.9530isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		4.2650aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine
Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		2.0410amino acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticonvulsant;
local anaesthetic
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		4.2650aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		3.6120pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		4.4460benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		2.610dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		4.4160benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		2.0510benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		3.5920benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		4.0840N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine
Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.		3.8730pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		2.5220phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		4.5670phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		3.8730aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		3.2310xanthenes
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		2.7830phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		3.5820phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		9.7990naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protriptyline
Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.		3.2310carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
pyridostigmine
[no description available]		3.8530pyridinium ion
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		3.8630aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134
quazepam: structure given in first source		3.2310benzodiazepine
quetiapine
[no description available]		3.2310dibenzothiazepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		4.0840benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		3.23101-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine
[no description available]		2.9740aralkylamine
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		3.6120benzothiazoles
rimantadine
Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.		3.7320alkylamine
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		4.26501,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan
rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate		3.8530tryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rofecoxib
[no description available]		3.8730butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram
[no description available]		2.610pyrrolidin-2-onesantidepressant;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
ropinirole
[no description available]		3.2310indolones;
tertiary amine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
dopamine agonist
salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.		3.5920benzoate ester;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
salicylates		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
scriptaid
scriptide: provokes translocation of GLUT4 to increase glucose uptake; structure in first source		2.610isoquinolines
sebacic acid
sebacic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,8-dicarboxy derivative of octane.		2.610alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		3.2310barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		3.2310organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		4.2650pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		3.9330fluoride saltmutagen
iodoacetic acid
Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.		2.110haloacetic acid;
organoiodine compound		alkylating agent
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		17.391319pyridines
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		4.2650ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
fenofibrate
[no description available]		2.610benzochromenone;
delta-lactone;
naphtho-alpha-pyrone		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
Sir2 inhibitor
imatinib
[no description available]		4.4460aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		4.0840dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		3.2310sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		3.1750isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfanitran
[no description available]		2.0810sulfonamide
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		3.8730
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		2.4520pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.9740isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
sulforaphane
sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.		2.0510isothiocyanate;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		2.0510benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		4.2650sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen
Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.		2.7830aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antirheumatic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		2.4520naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		2.7530N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene
tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.		2.0810acetylenic compound;
ethyl ester;
pyridines;
retinoid;
thiochromane		keratolytic drug;
prodrug;
teratogenic agent
tegafur
[no description available]		10.5880organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		3.2310benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		9.4360imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		4.0840furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		4.4160phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		2.4720diarylmethane
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		12.58349phthalimides;
piperidones
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		3.5920phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		4.2650aziridines
tiapride
[no description available]		2.0810benzamides
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		4.1240monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilorone
Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.		2.4720aromatic ether;
diether;
fluoren-9-ones;
tertiary amino compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
interferon inducer;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		4.0840imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		3.2310N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		4.2650benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
nikethamide
Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)		2.0810pyridinecarboxamide
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.2310N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		4.4160N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolnaftate
[no description available]		2.0810monothiocarbamic esterantifungal drug
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		3.8530aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		3.8730amino acid
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		4.0840monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		4.5670pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		4.0840triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		3.9330N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
triflupromazine
Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.610organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
trigonelline
trigonelline: in hydra among other organisms; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure. N-methylnicotinic acid : A pyridinium ion consisting of nicotinic acid having a methyl substituent on the pyridine nitrogen.. N-methylnicotinate : An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.		2.610alkaloid;
iminium betaine		food component;
human urinary metabolite;
plant metabolite
trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.		3.2310amine
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		3.5920oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethobenzamide
trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.		3.7320benzamides;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		4.780aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		3.8530
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		3.5820dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		3.8730chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
thenoyltrifluoroacetone
Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.		2.0810
tyramine
[no description available]		3.2310monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
tyrphostin a9
[no description available]		2.610alkylbenzenegeroprotector
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.7320aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
undecylenic acid
undecylenic acid: a fatty acid with a terminal double bond. 10-undecenoic acid : An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 10-position. It is derived from castor oil and is used for the treatment of skin problems.. undecenoic acid : A C11, straight-chain fatty acid carrying a C=C double bond at any position.		2.0810undecenoic acidantifungal drug;
plant metabolite
urapidil
[no description available]		2.7530piperazines
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		4.2650cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vesnarinone
[no description available]		2.610organic molecular entity
vigabatrin
[no description available]		3.6120gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
viloxazine
Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE.		2.0410aromatic ether
pirinixic acid
pirinixic acid: structure		2.4720aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidines
2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2h-tetrazolium hydroxide
2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide: structure given in first source		2.110
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		3.6120carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon
zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.		4.0840nitrile;
pyrazolopyrimidine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
central nervous system depressant;
sedative
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		3.8530imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		3.87301,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone
zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.		2.9740monochloropyridine;
pyrrolopyrazine		central nervous system depressant;
sedative
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		3.2310mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		13.6918211beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		4.0940alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		2.0410beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.2310imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		3.2310glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		6.31624-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		4.98212-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		3.23101-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		3.71203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
prednisolone acetate
prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer		3.6120corticosteroid hormone
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		3.6120non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
cysteine
[no description available]		3.2310cysteine zwitterion;
cysteine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		10.4122411-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		3.231017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
paramethasone
Paramethasone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. It has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than HYDROCORTISONE with supplementary FLUDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p737)		2.0510fluorinated steroid
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		3.8530penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
idoxuridine
[no description available]		2.610organoiodine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		3.2310pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		4.98212-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.4720chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		2.0710L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		4.5670C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		3.2310amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		9.2131aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cetrimonium bromide
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide : The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide.		2.0510organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		detergent;
surfactant
vincristine
[no description available]		3.5820acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		3.2310carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		2.8330glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		2.462017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		2.4720bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		4.0840aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		3.2310benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		2.0410azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		4.2650kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		2.0810D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.4320monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		2.9740amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		4.5470ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		2.610benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.1110amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		3.2310amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride
acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.		3.2310quaternary ammonium salt
mepazine
mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.		3.2310phenothiazines
methicillin
Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.		2.4520penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		2.610organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
zoxazolamine
Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.		2.610benzoxazole
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		2.8130amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
calcium acetate
calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.		3.2310calcium saltchelator
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		4.2650aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.		2.2510
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.1510amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		4.0840alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
mebanazine
mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310benzenes
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		3.8530penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		2.610antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin
Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.		2.610psoralensplant metabolite
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		2.0110diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
fluocinolone acetonide
Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
triamcinolone diacetate
triamcinolone diacetate: lysyl oxidase antagonist; Polcortolon may also refers to triamcinolone		2.0810corticosteroid hormone
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		3.23104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		3.2310aromatic ketone
tubercidin
Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.		2.7620antibiotic antifungal agent;
N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine;
ribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.8530beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		5.2331mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		4.2550beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
trifluridine
Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.		2.610nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
n-pentanol
n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.		2.0210pentanol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		2.081020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
sulfobromophthalein sodium
bromosulfophthalein sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of bromosulfophthalein.. bromosulfophthalein : An organosulfonic acid that consists of phthalide bearing four bromo substituents at positions 4, 5, 6 and 7 as well as two 4-hydroxy-3-sulfophenyl groups both located at position 1.		2.0510organic sodium saltdye
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		2.0710L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.1110amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alizarin
[no description available]		2.110dihydroxyanthraquinonechromophore;
dye;
plant metabolite
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		3.3110erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		3.2310arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
perflutren
Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		3.2310fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone
Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
fluorinated steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		2.4520benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
methsuximide
methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.2310organic molecular entity
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		3.2310primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
isoprene
isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.		3.1910alkadiene;
hemiterpene;
volatile organic compound		plant metabolite
dichloroacetic acid
[no description available]		2.0410monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		astringent;
marine metabolite
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		13.011326-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		2.0810organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
9,10-anthraquinone
9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.		2.610anthraquinone
brompheniramine
Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310organobromine compound;
pyridines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		4.0740penicillin allergen;
penicillin
salicylanilide
salicylanilide: RN given refers to parent cpd. salicylanilide : An amide of salicylic acid and of aniline; it is therefore both a salicylamide and an anilide.		2.610benzanilide fungicide;
salicylamides;
salicylanilides
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		3.5820glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
gramine
gramine : An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3.		2.610aminoalkylindole;
indole alkaloid;
tertiary amino compound		antibacterial agent;
antiviral agent;
plant metabolite;
serotonergic antagonist
aminacrine
Aminacrine: A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.. 9-aminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by an amino group. A fluorescent dyd and topical antiseptic agent, it is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) in eye drops for the treatment of superficial eye infections.		2.610aminoacridines;
primary amino compound		acid-base indicator;
antiinfective agent;
antiseptic drug;
fluorescent dye;
MALDI matrix material;
mutagen
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		3.5920phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
diethylpropion
Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
tertiary amine		appetite depressant
tolonium chloride
Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.		2.5820
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		2.0410xanthene
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		2.4110trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methyl gallate
methyl gallate: has both immunosuppressive and phytogenic antineoplastic activities; isolated from Acer saccharinum. methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with methanol. It exhibits anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.		2.610gallate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
monobenzone
monobenzone: structure. monobenzone : The monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone. It is used as a topical drug for medical depigmentation.		2.610benzyl etherallergen;
dermatologic drug;
melanin synthesis inhibitor
benzonatate
benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.		3.2310benzoate ester;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anaesthetic;
antitussive
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		8.52171pyrrole;
secondary amine
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		7.97130mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		2.0410peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
methylergonovine
Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.2310ergoline alkaloid
neostigmine bromide
neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.		2.0410bromide salt
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		2.7630biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.4420aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		3.2310quinolines
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		2.1510naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
sterogenol
hexadecylpyridinium bromide: structure in first source. cetylpyridinium bromide : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and bromide as the anion.		2.0510bromide salt;
pyridinium salt		antiseptic drug;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
surfactant
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		3.8530penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		2.610dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt
Chymopapain: A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6.		2.0110organosulfur compound;
sulfonic acid derivative
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		3.5820acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
cycloguanil
cycloguanil: the active metabolite of proguanil; antifolate drug; structure in first source. cycloguanil : A triazine in which a 1,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine ring is substituted at N-1 by a 4-chlorophenyl group, at C-2 and -4 by amino groups and at C-6 by gem-dimethyl groups. A dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, it is a metabolite of the antimalarial drug proguanil.		2.0510triazinesantifolate;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		2.9130catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		3.3360azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
indazoles
Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.		4.1340indazole
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		3.2110isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		2.13101,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		3.47701,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		6.97200diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		3.2310phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
pirinitramide
Pirinitramide: A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.		2.4520nitrile
edrophonium bromide
[no description available]		2.0410
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		3.6120mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		3.9130N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
diazomethane
Diazomethane: A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2.. diazomethane : The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.		2.4920diazo compoundalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
poison
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		4.2650benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.2310steroid ester
procarbazine hydrochloride
procarbazine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining procarbazine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		2.0810hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		3.155011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		3.4511monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		3.86301-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
ketobemidone
ketobemidone: structure		2.0410piperidines
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		5.8983calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		3.2310bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fusarium
Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.		3.1510
lucanthone
Lucanthone: One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46). lucanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.		2.610thioxanthenesadjuvant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
mutagen;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
schistosomicide drug
plumbagin
plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator. plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.		2.8230hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone;
phenols		anticoagulant;
antineoplastic agent;
immunological adjuvant;
metabolite
cepharanthine
cepharanthine: isoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of STEPHANIA; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation. cepharanthine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of Stephania; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation.		2.610bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
aloe emodin
aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe. Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.		2.610aromatic primary alcohol;
dihydroxyanthraquinone		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
chrysophanic acid
chrysophanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #2260. chrysophanol : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin with a methyl substituent at C-3. It has been isolated from Aloe vera and exhibits antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.		2.610dihydroxyanthraquinoneanti-inflammatory agent;
antiviral agent;
plant metabolite
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		3.0140isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
osthol
osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source		2.610botanical anti-fungal agent;
coumarins		metabolite
flavanone
flavanone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure in first source. flavanone : The simplest member of the class of flavanones that consists of flavan bearing an oxo substituent at position 4.		2.610flavanones
benzohydroxamic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
phloretic acid
phloretic acid: structure. N-hydroxysuccinimide ester : An ester of N-hydroxysuccinimide.. phloretic acid : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of propionic acid having a 4-hydroxyphenyl group at the 3-position.		2.610hydroxy monocarboxylic acidplant metabolite
4-hydroxybutyric acid
4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.23104-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		general anaesthetic;
GHB receptor agonist;
neurotoxin;
sedative
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		2.2510
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		2.610hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		3.2310ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		3.592017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
angelicin
angelicin: used as tranquillizer; sedative; or anticonvulsant; structure		2.610furanocoumarin
dimenhydrinate
gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source		3.6120diarylmethane
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		2.4520thiazoles
diperodon
diperodon: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.610carbamate ester
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		3.5820amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
levocarnitine
(R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.		3.2310carnitineantilipemic drug;
nootropic agent;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.0510dialdehydebiomarker
sulfanilylurea
sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure		3.2310benzenes;
sulfonamide
eosine yellowish-(ys)
Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.		2.4110organic sodium salt;
organobromine compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
1-naphthylisothiocyanate
1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.		2.4720isothiocyanateinsecticide
lithium carbonate
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.		2.0410carbonate salt;
lithium salt		antimanic drug
prenol
[no description available]		2.0210alkenyl alcohol;
prenols
lactulose
[no description available]		3.2310glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
diphenylamine
Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.		2.3110aromatic amine;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
antioxidant;
carotogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.813020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
pamabrom
[no description available]		3.2310
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		4.8350acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
c.i. 42510
Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.		2.4620
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		4.2650cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.		4.351117-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hydroxychloroquine sulfate
[no description available]		2.5820
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		3.873017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
lormetazepam
lormetazepam: RN given refers to cpd with specified locant for methyl group; structure given in first source. lormetazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position.		2.45201,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		sedative
vinblastine
[no description available]		7.7330
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		3.2310ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		5.97132pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethambutol hydrochloride
ethambutol dihydrochloride : The dihydrchloride salt of ethambutol. A bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, it is effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol dihydrochloride is used alone.		2.0810hydrochlorideantitubercular agent
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		4.1140ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
metformin hydrochloride
metformin hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of metformin with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride.		2.610hydrochlorideenvironmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		4.94330
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.4110alkali metal hydroxide
arsenic trioxide
Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.		8.5320
calcium silicate
[no description available]		2.110inorganic calcium saltantacid;
flame retardant;
food anticaking agent
antimycin a
[no description available]		2.8130benzamides;
formamides;
macrodiolide;
phenols		antifungal agent;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
piscicide
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		3.8530glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		3.6620alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
tocopherols
[no description available]		3.0110
pregnenolone carbonitrile
Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.		2.0810aliphatic nitrile
ibufenac
ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidEC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate
Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate: The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.		2.1710diarylmethane
metylperon
metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4620aromatic ketone
metaxalone
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		3.5820cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl
5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl: structure in first source		2.610bipyridines
dichlorobenzyl alcohol
2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol : A member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by chlorines.		2.610benzyl alcohols;
dichlorobenzene		antiseptic drug
pristane
pristane: structure. pristane : A norterpene that is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon derived from phytane by loss of its C-16 terminal methyl group.		7.0210long-chain alkane;
norterpene		biomarker;
immunological adjuvant
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		3.5820benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
methylene diphosphonate
medronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) consisting of methane substituted by two phosphonic acid groups.		2.1101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)bone density conservation agent;
chelator
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		4.9921aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		3.2310benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
benperidol
Benperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It has been used in the treatment of aberrant sexual behavior. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p567)		2.0410aromatic ketone
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		2.1102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
dexbrompheniramine
dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310brompheniramineanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimalarial
acetophenazine
acetophenazine: major descriptor (73-85); minor descriptor (64-72); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-72); ACETOPHENAZINE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. acetophenazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the nitogen atom and an acetyl group at position 2.		2.0510N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlordesmethyldiazepam
[no description available]		2.0410benzodiazepine
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		4.2950dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine
doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.		2.4520organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		4.2650dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		2.0810fluorescein isothiocyanate
megestrol
Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
streptomycin
[no description available]		3.8530antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		2.1110carbon oxoanion
dideoxyadenosine
Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.		2.610adenosines;
purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
cladribine
[no description available]		4.0840organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
beclomethasone
[no description available]		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug
pyrodifenium bromide
pyrodifenium bromide: was heading 1976-94 (see under PYRROLIDINES 1976-90); PRIFINIUM BROMIDE was see PYRODIFENIUM BROMIDE 1976-94: use PYRROLIDINES to search PYRODIFENIUM BROMIDE 1976-94; quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent more specific for the gastrointestinal tract than atropine		2.0510organic molecular entity
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		4.0740penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
metocurine
metocurine: from Chinese herb Cyclea hainanensis Mrr		2.4720isoquinolines
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		2.4520penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
clomacran
clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310acridines
beclomethasone dipropionate
beclomethasone dipropionate : A steroid ester comprising beclomethasone having propionyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
enone;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		2.610beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
iodinated glycerol
iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant		2.0410dioxolane
methenamine hippurate
methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action		3.2310N-acylglycine
limonene
Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.		2.1110cycloalkene;
p-menthadiene		human metabolite
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		3.5820azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
3-deazaadenosine
3-deazaadenosine: RN given refers to parent cpd.		2.610
terodiline
[no description available]		2.4520diarylmethane
1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene
1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
etidronate disodium
etidronate disodium : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of two protons from etidronic acid (one from from each of the phosphonic acid groups) by sodium ions.		2.0810organic sodium saltantineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
lanthanum
[no description available]		2.610f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
lutetium
Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.		3.9430d-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		2.1110elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		2.1110chromium group element atommicronutrient
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		4.1120elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
rhenium
Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.		3.5110manganese group element atom
samarium
Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		3.5620f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
scandium
Scandium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45.		2.0510d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		2.5820copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum
Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.		2.9540vanadium group element atom
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		8.1650manganese group element atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		5.09380titanium group element atom
actinium
Actinium: A trivalent radioactive element and the prototypical member of the actinide family. It has the atomic symbol Ac, and atomic number 89. Its principal isotope is 227 and it decays primarily by beta-emission.		2.1710actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
scandium group element atom
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		9.2131f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
zirconium
Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.		2.5720titanium group element atom
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		2.830pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
acetylglucosamine
Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.		2.0110N-acetyl-D-glucosamineepitope
metocurine iodide
[no description available]		2.4520aromatic ether
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		4.2250delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		10.88280calcium phosphate
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		3.2310inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
calcium sulfate
Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.		8.5670calcium salt;
inorganic calcium salt
calcium pyrophosphate
Calcium Pyrophosphate: An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably HYPOPHOSPHATASIA and pseudogout (CHONDROCALCINOSIS).		7.1510calcium phosphate
ancitabine
Ancitabine: Congener of CYTARABINE that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action.. ancitabine : An organic heterotricyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the oxo group of cytidine to the 2' position with loss of water to give the corresponding cyclic ether. A prodrug, it is metabolised to the antineoplastic agent cytarabine, so is used to maintain a more constant antineoplastic action.		2.610diol;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
amopyroquine
amopyroquine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		4.2150
chloropyramine
chloropyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.610aminopyridine
clodronic acid
Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.		17.97132171,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent
tricalcium silicate
tricalcium silicate: might be used as injectable bioactive cement		2.110
mafenide acetate
[no description available]		2.0810carboxylic acid
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		2.5720titanium oxidesfood colouring
apazone
Apazone: An anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout.. apazone : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine bearing a dimethylamino substitutent at position 3 and a methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the nitrogens at positions 1 and 2 are both acylated by a carboxy group of propylmalonic acid.		2.0410benzotriazinesnon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
uricosuric drug
diacerein
diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;		2.0810anthraquinone
xipamide
Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.		2.0510benzamides
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		3.8530selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
selegiline hydrochloride, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4720hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		2.54206-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
clemastine
Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.0810monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
hydroxymethanediphosphonic acid
hydroxymethanediphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.41101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
pancuronium bromide
pancuronium bromide : A bromide salt consisting of two bromide ions and one pancuronium dication.		2.0810bromide saltcholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		4.0840beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		2.4520glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
n'-nitrosonornicotine
N'-nitrosonornicotine: structure; a potent carcinogen in laboratory animals		2.610pyridines;
pyrrolidines
ornidazole
Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound;
secondary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antitrichomonal drug;
epitope
fluorides
[no description available]		2.830halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		4.134017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
fenclozic acid
fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		3.2310
laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane
[no description available]		3.2310
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		3.8930aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
razoxane
Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.		7.0710N-alkylpiperazine
cephapirin
Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.0410cephalosporinantibacterial drug
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		3.6120nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
alclofenac
alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.		3.2310aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		3.5920indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		3.2310indoles
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.2310bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pregnanolone
Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.		2.04103-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid		human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
benzonidazole
benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.		2.4720C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antiprotozoal drug
halazepam
halazepam: structure		2.0510organic molecular entity
du-21220
Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.		2.0410benzyl alcohols;
polyphenol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		2.8230
calcium oxalate
Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).		2.0410organic calcium salt
dexchlorpheniramine
dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer		3.5920chlorphenamine
ribostamycin
Ribostamycin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial isolated from Streptomyces ribosifidicus.. ribostamycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is 4,6-diaminocyclohexane-1,2,3-triol having a 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 1 and a beta-D-ribosyl residue attached at position 2. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ribosidificus (formerly S. thermoflavus).		2.0410amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
metabolite
clometacin
clometacin: structure		3.2310N-acylindole
azoxymethane
Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.		2.2510
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		3.8530beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		5.6551penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		4.4160timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin
Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.7530tryptamines
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.6120cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
carbidopa
carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		3.6120catechols;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
toloxatone
toloxatone: oxazolidinone derivative; psychotropic drug; structure. toloxatone : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-toloxatone. It is a reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor and antidepressant.. 5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3-methylphenyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one substituted by a 3-methylphenyl group at position 3.		2.4520oxazolidinone;
primary alcohol;
toluenes
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		3.2310carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		3.5920amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		4.4360azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
feprazone
Feprazone: A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15)		2.0810organic molecular entity
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		3.2310pyrroline
sisomicin
Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).		2.4520amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic;
beta-L-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative
amdinocillin
Amdinocillin: An amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action.. mecillinam : A penicillin in which the 6beta substituent is [(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino; an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria.		2.0410penicillinantibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		2.7530amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		8.88271taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide
[no description available]		7.27113beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		3.2310catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ticarcillin
Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.		2.4520penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
trimazosin
trimazosin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410N-arylpiperazine
halofantrine
halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria		2.0510phenanthrenes
penbutolol
Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.		3.2310ethanolamines
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		4.29501-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
adinazolam
adinazolam: structure in first source. adinazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a dimethylaminomethyl group at the 1-position, a phenyl group at the 6-position and a chloro substituent at the 8-position.		2.4520triazolobenzodiazepineanticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
sedative
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		4.0840alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
tolamolol
[no description available]		2.0410
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		3.8530beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
hydroxymaprotilin
hydroxymaprotilin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		3.2310aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		4.0840L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
pyridoxal phosphate
[no description available]		2.610pyridinecarbaldehyde
tocainide
Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		2.7430monocarboxylic acid amideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic;
sodium channel blocker
sulbenicillin
Sulbenicillin: Semisynthetic penicillin-type antibiotic.. sulbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-[phenyl(sulfo)acetamido] side-chain.		2.4520penicillin
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		2.7430
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		4.41605-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
vecuronium bromide
Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		2.4620organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
vecuronium
vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		3.2310acetate ester;
androstane;
quaternary ammonium ion		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.0110alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		3.23101,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
pinazepam
pinazepam: structure		2.0510benzodiazepine
exifone
[no description available]		3.2310benzophenones
mefloquine
(-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		3.2310[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanolantimalarial
meptazinol
Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.		2.4520azepanes
butibufen
butibufen: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510monoterpenoid
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		3.9530benzamides;
carboxylic ester
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		3.8530anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
acarbose
[no description available]		3.6120tetrasaccharide derivativeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		3.8530aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
medroxalol
medroxalol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410salicylamides
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		13.8133aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
cefmetazole
Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.		2.0410cephalosporinantibacterial drug
lorcainide
[no description available]		2.9740acetamides
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		4.0740anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
ceforanide
ceforanide: RN given refers to (6R-(trans))-isomer. ceforanide : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with {[1-(carboxymethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and 2-(aminomethyl)phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is effective against many coliforms, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus, and most strains of Salmonella, Shigella, Hemophilus, Citrobacter and Arizona species.		2.0410cephalosporinantibacterial drug
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.8530penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		4.0840aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		4.4460alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		3.5820cephalosporinantibacterial drug
staurosporine
[no description available]		340indolocarbazole alkaloid;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
geroprotector
foscarnet sodium
trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		2.0810one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antiviral drug
oltipraz
oltipraz : A 1,2-dithiole that is 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione substituted at positions 4 and 5 by methyl and pyrazin-2-yl groups respectively.		2.6101,2-dithiole;
pyrazines		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimutagen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin;
protective agent;
schistosomicide drug
atracurium
Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.		3.5820diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
atracurium besylate
atracurium besylate : The bisbenzenesulfonate salt of atracurium.		2.0810organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
moxalactam
Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.		2.4520cephalosporin;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		2.0810nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
endralazine
BQ 22-708: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410benzamides
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		3.2310diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
pergolide mesylate
pergolide mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained from pergolide by mixing eqimolar amount of pergolide and methanesulfonic acid. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltantiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
geroprotector
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.0840cephalosporinantibacterial drug
encainide
Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.		2.4520benzamides;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
talniflumate
talniflumate: an anti-inflammatory molecule for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma		2.0810benzofurans
fenoldopam mesylate
[no description available]		2.0810benzazepine
fiacitabine
fiacitabine: anti-herpes virus agent which also inhibits growth of certain human tumor cell lines in vitro.		2.610
fialuridine
[no description available]		3.2310
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.6120cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
pefloxacin
Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		2.9740fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		4.2650monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
haloperidol decanoate
[no description available]		3.2310organic molecular entity
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		4.0840
recainam
recainam: structure given in first source		2.4520
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		5.1130delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
flupirtine
flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.9740aminopyridine
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		3.2310naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		2.7530aromatic ketone
stepronin
[no description available]		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
piritrexim
piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		4.98110delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		2.7530benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride
Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.		2.9740dimethoxybenzene
balsalazide
balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.		3.2310
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		10.152033-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		3.9230N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
bambuterol
bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.		2.4520carbamate ester;
phenylethanolamines		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
atomoxetine hydrochloride
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.		2.0810hydrochlorideadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
atomoxetine
atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.		3.8530aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound;
toluenes		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.6120dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
alpidem
[no description available]		3.2310imidazoles
raloxifene hydrochloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.		7.01140hydrochloridebone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		3.61203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		7.0410aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
trospectomycin
trospectomycin: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; RN refers to 2R-(2alpha,4abeta,5abeta,6beta,7beta,8beta,9beta,9alpha,9aalpha,10abeta)-(9CI)-isomer		2.0410dioxanes
fosphenytoin
fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dione
salmeterol xinafoate
Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		2.4720naphthoic acid
ranolazine
Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.		3.7320aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol
brequinar
brequinar : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline substituted by 2'-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl, methyl, carboxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6, respectively. It is an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that is required for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. The compound exhibits antineoplastic and antiviral properties.		2.610biphenyls;
monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
EC 1.3.5.2 [dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		4.26503-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		2.5820imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
2-(2-pyridyl)ethylidine-1,1-bisphosphonate
2-(2-pyridyl)ethylidine-1,1-bisphosphonate: inhibits hypercalciuria		2.4320
sematilide
sematilide: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source		2.4520
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		3.5820aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
clinafloxacin
clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl		2.4520quinolines
sertindole
sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.		2.0810heteroarylpiperidine;
imidazolidinone;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
phenylindole		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
adapalene
Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.		2.0810adamantanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid		dermatologic drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
adefovir
adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		4.11406-aminopurines;
ether;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
loxiglumide
loxiglumide: cholecystokinin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
aromasil
[no description available]		4.785017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		2.7530fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		3.61201-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		3.5920methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		4.2950phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		3.8530beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
mibefradil
Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.		2.4520tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		4.0740pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		4.0840aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celgosivir
celgosivir: inhibits glycoprotein processing & the growth of HIVs		2.610
gemcitabine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride;
organofluorine compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		7.27162organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ibutilide
ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt		3.8530benzenes;
organic amino compound
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		3.8730aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
remifentanil
Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.		3.8530alpha-amino acid ester;
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidinecarboxylate ester		intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
sedative
atorvastatin calcium anhydrous
[no description available]		2.0810organic calcium salt
atorvastatin
[no description available]		7.6491aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		4.2950monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride
Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.		2.0810duloxetine hydrochlorideantidepressant
duloxetine
[no description available]		3.2310duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		3.8530carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		4.2950biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		16.9214110
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		3.85301,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
zanamivir
Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.		2.7830guanidinesantiviral agent;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
zolmitriptan
zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.		4.0840oxazolidinone;
tryptamines		anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.58206-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		3.9530monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tasosartan
tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310biphenyls
tiludronic acid
tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source		5.2460organochlorine compound
tirofiban
Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.		3.8530L-tyrosine derivative;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		3.5820carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		3.2310adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
octyl gallate
[no description available]		2.610gallate esterfood antioxidant;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
gallium nitrate
gallium nitrate: RN given refers to parent cpd		4.0420
acridine orange
Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.		2.4110aminoacridines;
aromatic amine;
tertiary amino compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
paroxetine hydrochloride
paroxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of paroxetine. It is an antidepressant drug.		2.0810hydrochlorideantidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
bupropion hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic ketone
cisatracurium
cisatracurium: RN refers to (1R-(1alpha,2alpha(1'R*,2'R*)))-isomer. cisatracurium : A diester that is the (1R,1'R,2R,2'R)-diastereoisomer of atracurium, a quaternary ammonium ion consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxy functions bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups. The active species in the skeletal muscle relaxant cisatracurium besylate.		2.0410diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		2.0810hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fosinoprilat
fosinoprilat: active phosphinic acid metabolite of prodrug fosenopril, which is activated by esterases in vivo; structure given in first source; binds zinc with phosphinic acid group. fosinoprilat : A phosphinic acid-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. An inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), it is used as the phosphinate ester pro-drug fosinopril for treatment of hypertension and chronic heart failure.		2.4620L-proline derivative;
phosphinic acids		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		4.0840
cefprozil
[no description available]		3.5820cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
doxazosin mesylate
Cardura: Trade name in United States.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltgeroprotector
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.9530acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		4.1340aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
mevastatin
mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.		3.13502-pyranones;
carboxylic ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		antifungal agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
Penicillium metabolite
bupivacaine hydrochloride
bupivacaine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine hydrochloride and levobupivacaine hydrochloride. The monohydrate form is commonly used as a local anaesthetic.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0810hydrochloride;
racemate		adrenergic antagonist;
amphiphile;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
local anaesthetic
fenofibric acid
fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
chlorobenzophenone;
monocarboxylic acid		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
ursolic acid
[no description available]		7.4920hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		geroprotector;
plant metabolite
propamidine
propamidine: structure given in first source. propamidine : A polyether that is the bis(4-guanidinophenyl) ether of propane-1,3-diol. Used (as its isethionate salt) for the treatment of minor eye or eyelid infections, such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis.		2.0510aromatic ether;
guanidines;
polyether		antimicrobial agent;
antiseptic drug
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		3.1750organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
betulinic acid
[no description available]		2.610hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
arctigenin
arctigenin: precursor to catechols; in many plants		2.610lignan
baicalin
[no description available]		2.610dihydroxyflavone;
glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antiatherosclerotic agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		3.9530azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
amprenavir
[no description available]		4.1340carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		3.7320acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
epigallocatechin gallate
epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.		2.9130flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
fluorexon
fluorexon: structure		3.2960xanthene dyefluorochrome
salvin
salvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae)		2.2110abietane diterpenoid;
carbotricyclic compound;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
food preservative;
HIV protease inhibitor;
plant metabolite
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol
dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol : A phosphatidylglycerol in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both palmitoyl.		2.2510phosphatidylglycerol
lissamine rhodamine b
lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt		2.0410
1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose
pentagalloylglucose: pentahydroxy gallic acid ester of glucose; a phytogenic antineoplastic agent and antibacterial agent. 1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose : A galloyl-beta-D-glucose compound having five galloyl groups in the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.610gallate ester;
galloyl beta-D-glucose		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radiation protective agent;
radical scavenger
fluorophosphate
fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd		7.110fluorine molecular entity;
phosphoric acid derivative
cephalotaxine
[no description available]		2.610benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
cyclic acetal;
enol ether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
desipramine hydrochloride
desipramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of desipramine.		2.610hydrochloridedrug allergen
mefloquine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.610hydrochloride
ticlopidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride
epirubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810
sinefungin
[no description available]		2.0510adenosines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
iopamidol
Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.		2.0410benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound;
pentol		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
histamine phosphate
histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.		3.2310phosphate salthistamine agonist
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		2.0110cephalosporinfungal metabolite
imipramine n-oxide
imipramine N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410dibenzooxazepine
tilbroquinol
[no description available]		3.2310organohalogen compound;
quinolines
bendamustine
[no description available]		3.2310benzimidazoles
aloxistatin
aloxistatin: a membrane-permeable cysteine protease inhibitor. aloxistatin : An L-leucine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3S)-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)oxirane-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of N-(3-methylbutyl)-L-leucinamide.		2.610epoxide;
ethyl ester;
L-leucine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticoronaviral agent;
cathepsin B inhibitor
droxicam
droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.		3.5920organic heterotricyclic compound;
pyridines		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prodrug
propazole
propazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.610benzimidazoles
etofibrate
etofibrate: analog of clofibrate with nicotinic acid substituted on the 2-carbon of the ethyl ester group; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510monocarboxylic acid
ebrotidine
ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector		3.2310sulfonamide
dexloxiglumide
dexloxiglumide: a CCK receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.4520glutamic acid derivative
prulifloxacin
prulifloxacin: structure given in first source		2.610fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic
intoplicine
intoplicine: structure in first source		2.0410pyridoindole
pazufloxacin
[no description available]		2.0810quinolines
repaglinide
[no description available]		4.0840piperidines
iobitridol
[no description available]		2.0310benzenedicarboxamide;
hexol;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		4.5970benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
bergenin
bergenin: RN refers to (2R-(2alpha,3beta,4alpha,4aalpha,10bbeta))-isomer; structure		2.610trihydroxybenzoic acidmetabolite
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		2.4520fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
synthalin a
synthalin A: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. synthalin : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of decamethylenediguanidine with 2 mol eq. of hydrogen chloride.. synthalin A : A member of the class of guanidines that is decane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 10-positions.		2.0510guanidineshepatotoxic agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
nephrotoxin
ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate
ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate: RN given refers to the (17alpha)-isomer		2.0410
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		15.658321,2,3-triazole
miconazole nitrate
miconazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole nitrate. An antifungal used for the treatment of athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.0810
ibopamine
ibopamine: structure given in UD 31;67a & in 2nd source		2.0510benzoate ester;
phenols
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate: binds to albumin at 2 sites		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
steroid sulfate		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		4.57702-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		3.2310dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
cefcanel
cefcanel: RN given refers to (6R-(6 alpha,7 beta(R*)))-isomer; structure		2.0410
epristeride
epristeride: structure given in first source		2.4520steroid acid
talinolol
[no description available]		2.4520ureas
pirlindole
pirlindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym pyrazidol refers to mono-HCl; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2812		2.0510carbazoles
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.5820organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
brinzolamide
brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent		2.5820sulfonamide;
thienothiazine		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
drospirenone
drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source		2.08103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
steroid lactone		aldosterone antagonist;
contraceptive drug;
progestin
artemether
Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.4720artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
organic peroxide;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial
dipropylacetamide
dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.		2.610fatty amidegeroprotector;
metabolite;
teratogenic agent
denaverine
denaverine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410diarylmethane
acamprosate
Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.		3.2310acetamides;
organosulfonic acid		environmental contaminant;
neurotransmitter agent;
xenobiotic
isaxonine
isaxonine: promotes nerve growth		3.2310aminopyrimidine
oxprenolol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.610
6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate
6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate: used for therapy of Paget's disease of bone & malignant hypercalcaemia		6.731011,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
diprafenone
diprafenone: structure given in first source		2.4520aromatic compound
nebivolol
2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.		3.5820chromanes;
diol;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
uk 68798
[no description available]		4.0840aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
ljc 10627
biapenem: structure given in first source. biapenem : A carbapenem antibiotic in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazolium-6-ylthio substituents respectively.		2.4520carbapenems;
organic sulfide;
pyrazolotriazole		antibacterial drug
hp 873
iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.		3.61201,2-benzoxazoles;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
monoamine;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		3.8530razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
loxapine succinate
[no description available]		2.0810succinate saltgeroprotector
fenoxypropazine
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
opipramol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.610
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		3.8730conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
betamipron
[no description available]		2.7530organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
moroxydine
[no description available]		2.610biguanides
rexigen
clobenzorex: RN given refers to (+)-isomer; structure		2.0510
bufuralol
bufuralol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.4520benzofurans
uroxatral
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride
aceclofenac
[no description available]		3.8730amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clociguanil
clociguanil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510
nitrefazole
[no description available]		3.2310imidazoles
alafosfalin
alafosfalin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0610
tebuquine
[no description available]		2.0510
panipenem
panipenem: synthetic cpd; structure given in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
perindoprilat
perindoprilat : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of N-[(1S)-1-carboxyethyl]-L-norvaline with the amino group of (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid. The major active metabolite of perindopril.		2.0410dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide;
L-alanine derivative;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
thiocolchicoside
[no description available]		2.0810glycoside
thioxolone
tioxolone : A 1,3-benzoxathiole having a hydroxy substituent at the 6-position.		2.610benzoxathioleantiseborrheic
7-hydroxystaurosporine
[no description available]		2.0410
methotrimeprazine
Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.		2.0410phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
honokiol
[no description available]		2.610biphenyls
nobiletin
nobiletin : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 3' and 4' respectively.		2.610methoxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
lycorine
lycorine: from bulbs of LYCORIS & other plants; RN given refers to (1 alpha,2 beta)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5444. lycorine : An indolizidine alkaloid that is 3,12-didehydrogalanthan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions and 2 and a methylenedioxy group across positions 9 and 10. Isolated from Crinum asiaticum, it has been shown to exhibit antimalarial activity.		2.610indolizidine alkaloidanticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
9-aminocamptothecin
[no description available]		2.0410pyranoindolizinoquinoline
leupeptin
[no description available]		2.610aldehyde;
tripeptide		bacterial metabolite;
calpain inhibitor;
cathepsin B inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
sch 34343
Sch 34343: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (5R-(5alpha,6alpha))-isomer		2.4520
squalamine
squalamine: from dogfish shark Squalus acanthias; structure given in first source		2.0410bile acid
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		2.610bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		3.6120carbapenems
calpeptin
[no description available]		2.610amino acid amide
fangchinoline
[no description available]		2.610aromatic ether;
bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
macrocycle		anti-HIV-1 agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
maslinic acid
(2Alpha,3beta)-2,3-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid: from Luehea divaricata and Agrimonia eupatoria		2.610dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		4.4260hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
rivastigmine
[no description available]		3.8530carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan
[no description available]		3.8530carbazoles
eletriptan
eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.		3.5820indoles;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		4.2650aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
tamiflu
[no description available]		2.0810phosphate salt
cryptolepine
cryptolepine: fused indole-quinoline; structure in first source; from CRYPTOLEPIS sanguinolenta. cryptolepine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-indolo[3,2-b]quinoline in which the hydrogen at position N-5 is replaced by a methyl group.		2.0510indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
cysteine protease inhibitor;
plant metabolite
bexarotene
[no description available]		3.6120benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent
s20098
[no description available]		2.0810acetamides
flunisolide
flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
ketorolac tromethamine
Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.		2.0810organoammonium saltanalgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		4.0840macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
loganin
[no description available]		2.610beta-D-glucoside;
cyclopentapyran;
enoate ester;
iridoid monoterpenoid;
methyl ester;
monosaccharide derivative;
secondary alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		2.97403-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
cinchonine
[no description available]		2.0510(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol;
cinchona alkaloid		metabolite
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		2.4820iditolfungal metabolite
moexipril
[no description available]		3.7320peptide
aucubin
[no description available]		2.610organic molecular entitymetabolite
catalpol
[no description available]		2.610organic molecular entitymetabolite
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		8.4411amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
gliquidone
gliquidone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810isoquinolines
n-hexadecyl-n,n-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.0510
lekoptin
(S)-verapamil : A 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile that has S configuration.		2.6102-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile
mci 9038
[no description available]		3.5820peptide
lopinavir
[no description available]		2.7930amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
desethylchloroquine
desethylchloroquine: metabolite of chloroquine		2.0510aminoquinoline
cellulose sulfate
cellulose sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; vaginal gel being developed as both a contraceptive and blockage to STD somewhat like nonoxynol-9		2.0810ether;
flavonoids
diosgenin
[no description available]		7.15103beta-sterol;
hexacyclic triterpenoid;
sapogenin;
spiroketal		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
metabolite
wr 159412
[no description available]		2.0510
moxifloxacin hydrochloride
moxifloxacin hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of moxifloxacin and hydrogen chloride.		2.0810hydrochlorideantibacterial drug
cinchonidine
cinchonidine: has antimalarial activity; diastereoisomer of cinchonine with distinct physiochemical properties; RN given refers to parent cpd(8alpha,9R)-isomer. cinchonidine : 8-epi-Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (R configuration). A diasteroisomer of cinchonine, it occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.		2.0510(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol;
cinchona alkaloid		metabolite
n-methyladenosine
N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.		2.610methyladenosine
benzyloxyamine
benzyloxyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		9.134017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
mafosfamide
mafosfamide: RN given refers to cis-(+-)-isomer		2.0510
uftoral
UFT(R) drug: a drug containing tegafur and uracil; a biochemical modulator of 5-fluorouracil; used for postoperative chemotherapy of colon cancer; reported to cause severe liver injury; do not confuse with 1-UFT protocol		2.9310
mizoribine
[no description available]		2.0810imidazolesanticoronaviral agent
fotemustine
fotemustine: structure given in first source. fotemustine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fotemustine. It is an alkylating agent used in the treatment of malignant melanoma.. diethyl (1-{[(2-chloroethyl)(nitroso)carbamoyl]amino}ethyl)phosphonate : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is ethyl diethylphosphonate in the hydrogen at position 1 of the ethyl group attached to the phosphorus has been replaced by a [(2-chloroethyl)(nitroso)carbamoyl]amino group.		2.110N-nitrosoureas;
organic phosphonate;
organochlorine compound
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate: Molecular formula CaHPO(4)-2(H2O)		2.0610calcium salt;
hydrate
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		2.0410beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
sr141716
[no description available]		2.0810amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		4.2550primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
fluo-3
Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds		2.0410xanthene dyefluorochrome
pyridinoline
pyridinoline: 3-hydroxypyridinium derivative collagen crosslink; structure		5.1152organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
deoxypyridinoline
deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source		6.6773
sivelestat
sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source		2.610N-acylglycine;
pivalate ester
racecadotril
racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
pyronaridine
[no description available]		2.5420aminoquinoline
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		3.2310alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
geniposide
[no description available]		2.610terpene glycoside
procyanidin
Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.		2.610proanthocyanidin
asulacrine
asulacrine: derivative of amsacrine; structure given in first source		2.0410acridines
hydroxycotinine
hydroxycotinine: metabolite of nicotine; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. trans-3-hydroxycotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is cotinine substituted at position C-3 by a hydroxy group (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		2.0410N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid
daidzin
daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).		2.6107-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside;
hydroxyisoflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		plant metabolite
quinaprilat
quinaprilat: metabolite of quinapril. quinaprilat : A dicarboxylic acid resulting from the hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group of quinapril to give the corresponding dicarboxylic acid. The active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) of the prodrug quinapril.		2.4520dicarboxylic acid;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
2-hydroxyimipramine
2-hydroxyimipramine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4520dibenzoazepine
ecteinascidin 743
[no description available]		3.5920acetate ester;
azaspiro compound;
bridged compound;
hemiaminal;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
lactone;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
organic sulfide;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
marine metabolite
tadalafil
[no description available]		3.6120benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
listerine
Listerine: hydroalcohol solution containing thymol, menthol, eucalyptol, methyl salicylate & alcohol		3.4511
paliperidone
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary alcohol
sophocarpine
[no description available]		2.610
nitisinone
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
tafenoquine
tafenoquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tafenoquine.. N(4)-{2,6-dimethoxy-4-methyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]quinolin-8-yl}pentane-1,4-diamine : An aminoquinoline that is 8-aminoquinoline which is substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 6, a methyl group at position 4, and a m-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5, and in which the amino substituent at position 8 is itself substituted by a 5-aminopentan-2-yl group.		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
secondary amino compound
plavix
[no description available]		2.0810azaheterocycle sulfate salt;
organoammonium sulfate salt		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
marimastat
marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.		2.610hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
clofarabine
[no description available]		3.6120adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
6-fluoromevalonolactone
[no description available]		2.0610delta-lactone
elacridar
Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source		2.610
pramipexole
Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.		3.6120benzothiazoles;
diamine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
radical scavenger
valdecoxib
[no description available]		3.6120isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
parecoxib
parecoxib: structure in first source. parecoxib : An N-acylsulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of valdecoxib with propionic acid. It is a prodrug for valdecoxib.		3.2110isoxazoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid: structure given in first source. DOTA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 of a twelve-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.		2.2510azamacrocyclechelator;
copper chelator
rhenium-186 hedp
rhenium-186 HEDP: used as a complement to analgesic therapy in patients with painful disseminated bone metastases		2.0510
desethylamodiaquine
desethylamodiaquine: metabolite of amodiaquine		2.0510
gadolinium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-n,n',n'',n'''-tetraacetate
gadolinium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetate: RN refers to Na salt		2.1710
5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate
[no description available]		2.0710acetate esterfluorochrome
n,n-dideethylchloroquine
[no description available]		2.0510
celastrol
[no description available]		2.610monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
metabolite
imidodiphosphonic acid
imidodiphosphonic acid: in combination with technetrium, a superior radiopharmaceutical for myocardial infarct imaging; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3110
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		6.2123methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
almotriptan
almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.		4.0640indoles;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amine		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
mk 0663
[no description available]		2.9740bipyridines;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gefitinib
[no description available]		4.98110aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
n-(n-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine
N-(N-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine: inhibits calcium-activated neutral protease; see also record for E-64; RN given refers to (2-S-(2alpha,3beta)(R*)-isomer)		2.610leucine derivative
technetium tc 99m hydroxymethylene diphosphonate
technetium Tc 99m hydroxymethylene diphosphonate: bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical		2.0710
octacalcium phosphate
octacalcium phosphate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ca4-(H3PO4)3; see also record for synthos (beta-tricalcium phosphate) & calcium phosphate		7.6620
gamma-glutamylcysteine
L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine : A molecular entity formed when L-cysteine amino group binds to the gamma-carbonyl of L-glutamic acid.		2.0510gamma-glutamylcysteineEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vadimezan
vadimezan : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 5,6-dimethyl-9-oxoxanthen-4-yl group.		2.610monocarboxylic acid;
xanthones		antineoplastic agent
e 64
E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)		2.610dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
guanidines;
L-leucine derivative;
zwitterion		antimalarial;
antiparasitic agent;
protease inhibitor
desloratadine
desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.		3.6120benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
desvenlafaxine
O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine.		3.2310cyclohexanols;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
methotrexate
[no description available]		8.23183dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
3,6-diamino-9-(4-(methylsulfonyl)aminophenyl)aminoacridine
[no description available]		2.0510
ne 58051
NE 58051: inhibits tumor cell adhesion to extracellular matrices; structure in first source		5.6690
tamsulosin
[no description available]		3.85305-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
rufinamide
rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source		3.2310aromatic amide;
heteroarene
sulbactam
[no description available]		2.7530penicillanic acids
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		3.6120biphenyls
ym 529
YM 529: inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption; structure given in first source		3.75100
dexpanthenol
dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid		3.2310amino alcohol;
monocarboxylic acid amide		cholinergic drug;
provitamin
umifenovir
umifenovir: an antiviral agent		2.610indolyl carboxylic acid
fosamprenavir
fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.		3.2310sulfonamideprodrug
safinamide
safinamide: short-acting inhibitor of MOA-B; FCE 26743 is (S)-isomer, FCE 28073 is (R)-isomer; structure in first source		2.610amino acid amide
ilomastat
CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor		2.610hydroxamic acid;
L-tryptophan derivative;
N-acyl-amino acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
abiraterone
[no description available]		7.581303beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
wr 242511
WR 242511: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		3.61201,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
dilevalol
(R,R)-labetalol : A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1R,2R-configuration.		2.04102-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide
pomalidomide
3-aminophthalimidoglutarimide: structure in first source		3.9330aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
escitalopram
Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.		3.23101-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrileantidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
lexapro
Lexapro: Trade name of escitalopram, the active S-enantiomer of the racemic citalopram.		2.0810
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pteridines;
terminal acetylenic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel
[no description available]		2.4520hydrate;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		16.628427secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
irofulven
irofulven: structure in first source		2.0410cyclohexenones
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		3.7320carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
lonafarnib
lonafarnib: inhibitor of farnesyl protein transferase. lonafarnib : A 4-{2-[4-(3,10-dibromo-8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-yl)piperidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}piperidine-1-carboxamide that has R configuration. It is used as oral farnesyltransferase inhibitor.		7.91024-{2-[4-(3,10-dibromo-8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-yl)piperidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}piperidine-1-carboxamideantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
ym 872
YM 872: structure in first source		2.0410
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		4.08409-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		3.6120azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
ertapenem
Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.		3.5820carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial drug
dx 8951
[no description available]		2.0410pyranoindolizinoquinoline
cox 189
lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.		3.6120amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cilomilast
[no description available]		2.4520methoxybenzenes
conivaptan
conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).		3.5820benzazepineaquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
tezosentan
tezosentan: structure in first source		2.0410
vatalanib
[no description available]		2.0210monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
sabarubicin
sabarubicin: structure given in first source		2.0410
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		3.8530aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
vx 497
N-3-(3-(3-methoxy-4-oxazol-5-ylphenyl)ureido)benzylcarbamic acid tetrahydrofuran-3-yl ester: structure in first source		2.610
pralnacasan
pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source		3.2310
clevidipine
clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source		3.5820dihydropyridine
solifenacin
[no description available]		3.8530isoquinolines
dexmethylphenidate
dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.		3.2310methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetateadrenergic agent
bcx 1812
[no description available]		2.6103-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
acetamides;
cyclopentanols;
guanidines		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
bazedoxifene
[no description available]		9.0620phenylindole
xamoterol
Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.		2.7530morpholines
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		4.4760methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		4.9760(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
lubiprostone
[no description available]		3.2310
atazanavir sulfate
Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.		2.110organic sulfate salt
olmesartan
olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866		2.610biphenylyltetrazoleangiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
telbivudine
[no description available]		3.9530pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
tipifarnib
[no description available]		2.4320imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound;
quinolone		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
calcium aluminate
[no description available]		2.110
celastrol methyl ester
celastrol methyl ester: isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii; potent inhibitory activity on both Kir2.1 and ERG1 potassium channels, leading to LONG QT SYNDROME		2.610carboxylic ester
atrasentan
Atrasentan: A pyrrolidine and benzodioxole derivative that acts a RECEPTOR, ENDOTHELIN A antagonist. It has therapeutic potential as an antineoplastic agent and for the treatment of DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES.		9.9121pyrrolidines
resiquimod
S 28463: structure given in first source		2.7620imidazoquinoline
cyc 202
seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.		2.05102,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
abanoquil
[no description available]		2.0410
felinine
felinine: a sulfur-containing amino acid; a major component in the urine of domestic cat. felinine : A cysteine thioether that is the S-(4-hydroxy-2-methylbutan-2-yl) derivative of L-cysteine. It is a major component of the urine of the domestic cat.		2.0310L-cysteine thioether;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
S-alkyl-L-cysteine zwitterion		mammalian metabolite;
pheromone
tanshinone ii a
tashinone IIA: a cardiovascular agent with antineoplastic activity; isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza; structure in first source		2.610abietane diterpenoid
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		3.2310amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
anidulafungin
Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.		3.5820antibiotic antifungal drug;
azamacrocycle;
echinocandin;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
semisynthetic derivative
anacardic acid
anacardic acid: isolated from Anacardium occidentale; monophenol monooxygenase inhibitor. anacardic acid : A hydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by a pentadecyl group at position 6. It is a major component of cashew nut shell liquid and exhibits an extensive range of bioactivities.		2.610hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybenzoic acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
trimethylsilyldiazomethane
trimethylsilyldiazomethane: reagent for organic synthesis		2.4920
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
varenicline
Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.		3.2310
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		2.4820amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
fiduxosin
fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source		3.2310
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		4.4160
adenosine-5'-o-(beta,gamma-dichloromethane)triphosphate
adenosine-5'-O-(beta,gamma-dichloromethane)triphosphate: competitive blocker of ATP receptor in the sensory neurons of rats		2.0510
ropivacaine
Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.		2.0410piperidinecarboxamide;
ropivacaine		local anaesthetic
migalastat
migalastat: a potent inhibitor of glycolipid biosynthesis		2.610piperidines
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.0810imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
erlotinib
[no description available]		3.7320aromatic ether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
protein kinase inhibitor
erlotinib hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.930hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
protein kinase inhibitor
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		2.7230divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
ly 353381
LY 353381: structure in first source		3.1110
limonin
[no description available]		2.610epoxide;
furans;
hexacyclic triterpenoid;
lactone;
limonoid;
organic heterohexacyclic compound		inhibitor;
metabolite;
volatile oil component
melagatran
[no description available]		2.4520azetidines;
carboxamidine;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
secondary amino compound		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
scutellarin
scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.		2.610glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
deflazacort
deflazacort: structure		2.0510corticosteroid hormone
etravirine
[no description available]		3.7320aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
dinitrile;
organobromine compound		antiviral agent;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
chelidonine
chelidonine: benzophenanthridine derived from scoulerine from Chelidonium majus; RN given refers to parent cpd (chelidonine, (5bR-(5balpha,6beta,12alpha))-isomer)		2.610alkaloid antibiotic;
alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzophenanthridine alkaloid
olpadronic acid
[no description available]		4.2250
4-n-butylresorcinol
4-n-butylresorcinol: structure in first source		2.610resorcinols
dronedarone
Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.23101-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tesaglitazar
tesaglitazar: structure in first source		2.4520
ramelteon
ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist		3.6120indanes
lapatinib
[no description available]		3.8630furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		3.7320carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
dapivirine
Dapivirine: effectively prevented human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in cocultures of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and T cells, representing primary targets in sexual transmission		2.610
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		3.6120benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
bms204352
BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source		2.7530
fosfluconazole
fosfluconazole: prodrug of fluconazole		2.0410conazole antifungal drug;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		prodrug
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		3.6120benzodioxoles
tolvaptan
[no description available]		3.6120benzazepine;
benzenedicarboxamide		aquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib
[no description available]		10.2990(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide
[no description available]		5.6870aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
regadenoson
[no description available]		3.2310purine nucleoside
lacosamide
Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.		3.6120N-acyl-amino acid
cp 101,606
traxoprodil mesylate: a selective NMDA antagonist; structure given in first source		2.4520
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		7.1310bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
cortisone
[no description available]		2.031011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
vincaleukoblastine
[no description available]		3.8730acetate ester;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite
vincristine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0810organic sulfate saltantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector
nsc 74859
NSC 74859: inhibits Stat3 binding activity; structure in first source. S3I-201 : An amidobenzoic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of [(4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonyl)oxy]acetic acid with the amino group of 4-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid.		2.610amidobenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
tosylate ester		STAT3 inhibitor
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		3.23101-benzofurans
nsc-89199
estramustine phosphate : A steroid phosphate which is the 17-O-phospho derivative of estramustine.		2.0410carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
steroid phosphate
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		7.411217beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
lupeol
[no description available]		2.0510pentacyclic triterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite
phenethicillin
phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.		2.0410penicillin allergen;
penicillin
berbamine
[no description available]		2.610bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
acivicin
[no description available]		2.0410isoxazoles;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		antileishmanial agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist;
metabolite
u-104
SLC-0111: a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
wortmannin
[no description available]		2.4720acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
2'-fluorothymidine
[no description available]		3.5311
7-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(2-oxopropyl)-8-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-oxanyl]-1-benzopyran-4-one
[no description available]		2.610glycoside
bortezomib
[no description available]		7.54270amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
neocryptolepine
neocryptolepine: isolated from the roots of the African plant Cryptolepis sanguinolenta; structure in first source		2.0510
calcein am
calcein AM: a non-fluorescent compound cleaved to a fluorescent compound by non-specific intracellular esterases. calcein am : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is calcein in which all four carboxy group hydrogens have been substituted by (acetyloxy)methoxy groups and the hyrodgens of the two hydroxy groups have been substituted by acetyl groups. It is a a non-fluorescent probe cleaved to a fluorescent probe by non-specific intracellular esterases.		2.1102-benzofurans;
acetate ester;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		4.33501,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
tizoxanide
tizoxanide: major metabolite of nitazoxanide; structure in first source		2.610salicylamides
1-hydroxypentane-1,1-bisphosphonate
[no description available]		3.1350
cimadronate
cimadronate: increases serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in rats via stimulating renal 1-hydroxylase activity; structure given in first source		3.1350
1,1-hydroxyoctanodiphosphonate
[no description available]		2.7230
carboplatin
[no description available]		6.7772
n-acetylneuraminic acid
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.		2.6920N-acetylneuraminic acidsantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		7.8430peptide
elastin
[no description available]		2.0810oligopeptide
mevalonic acid
Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.		13.194203,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
naringenin
(S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.		7.610(2S)-flavan-4-one;
naringenin		expectorant;
plant metabolite
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		3.5920heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
tartaric acid
tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.		2.2110tartaric acidEscherichia coli metabolite
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		3.6120coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
arbutin
hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.610beta-D-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		4.5670cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
conessine
conessine : A steroid alkaloid that is con-5-enine substituted by a N,N-dimethylamino group at position 3. It has been isolated from the plant species of the family Apocynaceae.		2.610steroid alkaloid;
tertiary amino compound		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
H3-receptor antagonist;
plant metabolite
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		4.0840alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		3.23101-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		3.5820beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		2.7530cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		4.2950L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
pancuronium
Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.		3.5820acetate ester;
steroid ester		cholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
rocuronium
Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.04103alpha-hydroxy steroid;
acetate ester;
androstane;
morpholines;
quaternary ammonium ion;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		4.11402,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		2.4520
perindopril erbumine
[no description available]		2.0810addition compoundantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
miglitol
[no description available]		4.0840piperidines
metyrosine
alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.		3.2310L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
rocuronium bromide
rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.0810organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
erythromycin estolate
Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.		2.0510aminoglycoside sulfate salt;
erythromycin derivative		enzyme inhibitor
linezolid
[no description available]		4.2950acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
canaline
canaline: structure		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite
carnosol
carnosol: isolated from Lepechinia hastata		2.2110diterpenoid
cephaelin
cephaelin: do not confuse with cephalin of brain; after emetine this is the most important alkaloid of ipecac; protein synthesis inhibitor. cephaeline : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having a hydroxy group at the 6'-position and methoxy substituents at the 7'-, 10- and 11-positions.		2.610pyridoisoquinoline
(-)-usnic acid
(-)-usnic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of usnic acid.		2.610usnic acidEC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal: a proteasome inhibitor. acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal : A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and norleucinal residues joined in sequence.		2.610aldehyde;
tripeptide		cysteine protease inhibitor
clindamycin phosphate
[no description available]		3.2310
pemirolast potassium salt
[no description available]		2.0810
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		3.61203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
tolterodine
[no description available]		3.8530tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
tibolone
tibolone: used in prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. tibolone : Estran-3-one with a double bond between positions 5 and 10, and bearing both an ethynyl group and a hydroxy group at position 17 (R-configuration). A synthetic steroid hormone drug which acts as an agonist at all five type I steroid hormone receptors, it is used in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for treatment of endometriosis.		3.111017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		bone density conservation agent;
hormone agonist
ao 128
AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.0810organic molecular entity
loteprednol etabonate
Loteprednol Etabonate: An androstadiene derivative corticosteroid that is used as an ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic eye conditions.		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
etabonate ester;
organochlorine compound;
steroid acid ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
darifenacin
darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.		3.58201-benzofurans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidines		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
fluticasone propionate
fluticasone propionate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity.		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester;
thioester		adrenergic agent;
anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
dermatologic drug
acarbose
[no description available]		2.0410amino cyclitol;
glycoside
tapi-2
TAPI-2: analog of TAPI inhibitor with the naphthyl-alanine side chain replaced by a tert-butyl group		2.0210
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		4.2750retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		2.4110icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
farnesol
Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.		3.5880farnesolplant metabolite
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		4.2840resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		4.2220retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		4.2950macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
farnesyl pyrophosphate
farnesyl pyrophosphate: a sesquiterpene that dimerizes to SQUALENE; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate : The trans,trans-stereoisomer of farnesyl diphosphate.		3.680farnesyl diphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cerivastatin
cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.4520dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines;
statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		3.8530dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		2.4520benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
cgs 27023a
CGS 27023A: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor		2.0810
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.23102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		2.0810alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		4.0840
lycopene
[no description available]		2.610acyclic caroteneantioxidant;
plant metabolite
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		3.8530epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		4.2950macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E,E,E)-isomer. geranylgeranyl diphosphate : A polyprenol diphosphate having geranylgeranyl as the polyprenyl component.. 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate : The all-trans-isomer of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.		3.87110geranylgeranyl diphosphatemouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		7.0310olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
bms 214662
7-cyano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-3-(phenylmethyl)-4-(2-thienylsulfonyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine: a farnesyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source. BMS-214662 : A member of the class of benzodiazepines that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine substituted by (1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl, benzyl, (thiophen-2-yl)sulfonyl, and cyano groups at positions 1, 3R, 4 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of farnesyltransferase (IC50 = 1.35nM) which was under clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors.		2.0410benzenes;
benzodiazepine;
imidazoles;
nitrile;
sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
octreotide
[no description available]		3.2310
eptifibatide
[no description available]		3.5820homodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
organic disulfide		anticoagulant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
roflumilast
[no description available]		2.610aromatic ether;
benzamides;
chloropyridine;
cyclopropanes;
organofluorine compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
L-cycloserine
L-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has S configuration. An antibiotic isolated from Erwinia uredovora.		2.6104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-oneanti-HIV agent;
anticonvulsant;
EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor
h 89
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.610N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
gs 4071
GS 4071: The acid form.. oseltamivir acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 5 by pentan-3-yloxy, acetamido, and amino groups, respectively (the 3R,4R,5S enantiomer). An antiviral drug, it is used as the corresponding ethyl ester prodrug, oseltamivir, to slow the spread of influenza.		2.4520acetate ester;
amino acid;
cyclohexenecarboxylic acid;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
decitabine
[no description available]		4.08402'-deoxyribonucleoside
colfosceril palmitate
colfosceril palmitate: used in the treatment of unilateral pulmonary interstitial emphysema; component of Exosurf. 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A phosphatidylcholine 32:0 in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl). A synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of pulmonary surfactants.		2.25101-acyl-2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
phosphatidylcholine 32:0		mouse metabolite;
surfactant
sm 8668
Sch 39304: Sch 42427 is the active entantiomer of the antifungal agent Sch 39304 which consists of Sch 42426 & Sch 42427; Sch 42426, the (S,S)-isomer, is inactive		2.0410
teniposide
[no description available]		4.0840aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
troxacitabine
troxacitabine: shows good anti-HIV activity without cytotoxicity		2.0410carbohydrate derivative;
nucleobase-containing molecular entity
valrubicin
[no description available]		2.0810anthracycline;
trifluoroacetamide
purvalanol a
6-((3-chloro)anilino)-2-(isopropyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-9-isopropylpurine: purvalanol A is the (1R)-isomer;		2.0510purvalanol
cefamandole
Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.		2.4520cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		5.0621actinomycinmutagen
bevirimat
bevirimat: an HIV inhibitor; disrupts late step in processing HIV Major Core Protein p24, preventing the capsid precursor p25 from being converted to mature capsid p24. bevirimat : A pentacyclic triterpenoid obtained by the formal condensation of 2,2-dimethylsuccinic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of betulinic acid. It is isolated from the Chinese herb Syzygium claviflorum. The first in the class of HIV-1 maturation inhibitors to be studied in humans, bevirimat was identified as a potent HIV drug candidate and several clinical trials were conducted, but development into a new drug was plagued by numerous resistance-related problems.		2.610dicarboxylic acid monoester;
monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		HIV-1 maturation inhibitor;
metabolite
tiazofurin
tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).		2.04101,3-thiazoles;
C-glycosyl compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		5.96130L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
sitafloxacin
[no description available]		2.4520fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.		2.610amino aldehyde;
carbamate ester;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		7.0183nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole
[no description available]		3.9530aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
dibekacin
Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.		2.0410kanamycinsantibacterial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
gw 257406x
maribavir: has antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus		2.610
rubitecan
rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.		2.4420C-nitro compound;
delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		3.5820antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
shikonin
shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities		2.610hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
4,4-difluoro-N-[(1S)-3-[3-(3-methyl-5-propan-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]-1-phenylpropyl]-1-cyclohexanecarboxamide
[no description available]		2.610tropane alkaloid
cmx 001
[no description available]		2.610
amd 8664
[no description available]		2.610
bay 41-4109
BAY 41-4109: structure in first source		2.610
bay 57-1293
pritelivir: herpes simplex virus 1 helicase-primase inhibitor		2.610
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		3.2310flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
2'-c-methylcytidine
2'-C-methylcytidine: structure in first source		2.610
isoxanthohumol
isoxanthohumol: structure in first source		2.610flavanones
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		3.6120one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
arsenic trioxide
Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.		3.2310arsenic oxideantineoplastic agent;
insecticide
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		2.01102-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-n-hydroxybutanamide
4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-N-hydroxybutanamide: a c-FLIP inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610aromatic ether
Tetrahydropiperine
[no description available]		2.0510benzodioxoles
mecarbinate
[no description available]		2.610
sr 90107
fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux.		3.2310
carbenoxolone
[no description available]		2.0510
meglumine iodipamide
[no description available]		3.2310organoammonium saltradioopaque medium
geraniol
[no description available]		2.9203,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol;
monoterpenoid;
primary alcohol		allergen;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		2.1110isomethyleugenol
piperine
piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.		2.0510benzodioxoles;
N-acylpiperidine;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary carboxamide		food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
plant metabolite
squalene
Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate		2.1110triterpenehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		3.2110stilbene
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.		3.2310peptide hormone;
tripeptide		human metabolite
picibanil
Picibanil: A lyophilized preparation of a low-virulence strain (SU) of Streptococcus pyogenes (S. hemolyticus), inactivated by heating with penicillin G. It has been proposed as a noncytotoxic antineoplastic agent because of its immune system-stimulating activity.		2.1110penicillinate anion
ilepcimide
ilepcimide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation		2.0510benzodioxoles
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		3.6120vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		4.02130diphosphate ion
s 1033
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
imidazoles;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal: a capase inhibitor. Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-H : A tetrapeptide consisting of two L-aspartic acid residues, an L-glutamyl residue and an L-valine residue with an acetyl group at the N-terminal and with the C-terminal carboxy group reduced to an aldehyde. It is an inhibitor of caspase-3/7.		2.610tetrapeptideprotease inhibitor
mezlocillin
Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.4520penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
trilostane
trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.		2.081017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
epoxy steroid;
nitrile		abortifacient;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
tropisetron
Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.		2.0410indolyl carboxylic acid
leuprolide acetate
leuprolide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining the nonapeptide leuprolide with acetic acid. A long lasting GnRH analog, LH-Rh agonist. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		2.0810acetate saltantineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		8.81104oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
octotropine methylbromide
octotropine methylbromide: minor descriptor (65-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search TROPANES (69-86); RN given refers to endo-isomer. anisotropine methylbromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of anisotropine with methyl bromide.		2.5420
fludarabine
[no description available]		2.0410purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		4.0840pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
ipratropium bromide anhydrous
[no description available]		2.0510
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		3.4770
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		3.5820ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		4.2950aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
1-methyltryptophan
1-methyltryptophan: an immunomodulator. 1-methyltryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan carrying a single methyl substituent at position 1 on the indole.		3.3110indolyl carboxylic acid
jrf 12
N2,N4-dibenzylquinazoline-2,4-diamine: a selective, potent, reversible, and ATP-competitive p97 inhibitor		2.610
levosulpiride
(S)-(-)-sulpiride : An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).		2.0810sulpirideantidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
3,4'-dihydroxyflavone
3,4'-dihydroxyflavone: an antioxidant; structure in first source		2.610
pyrantel
Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.		3.23101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
thiophenes		antinematodal drug
3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propenoic acid
3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propenoic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid : A methoxycinnamic acid that is trans-cinnamic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3' and 4' respectively.		2.610methoxycinnamic acid
isoferulic acid
isoferulic acid: isomer of ferulic acid; structure. isoferulic acid : A ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 4 and 3 respectively on the phenyl ring.		2.610ferulic acidsantioxidant;
biomarker;
metabolite
cyclouridine
cyclouridine: structure given in third source		2.610
cotinine
Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.		2.0410N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid		antidepressant;
biomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
flunarizine
Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.		2.0510diarylmethane
thiothixene
[no description available]		3.2310N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone
Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.		3.6120zopiclonecentral nervous system depressant;
sedative
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		3.9220aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		3.2310diarylmethane
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		4.11401,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
cinnarizine
Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.		2.4720diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine;
olefinic compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		4.0940monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
zucapsaicin
[no description available]		2.610methoxybenzenes;
phenols
terbinafine
[no description available]		3.2310acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
epalrestat
epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid;
thiazolidines		EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
nbd 556
[no description available]		2.610
drotaverin
drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.9740isoquinolines
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		3.73202-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		3.2310dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		4.2850cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
4,5,6,7-tetrachloroindan-1,3-dione
4,5,6,7-tetrachloroindan-1,3-dione: inhibits ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1		2.610
streptozocin
[no description available]		3.2310
tamoxifen
[no description available]		14.373819stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		3.5920pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
srpin340
SRPIN340: Serine-Arginine-Rich Protein Kinase Inhibitor		2.610
pr-619
[no description available]		2.610
p5091
P5091: inhibits ubiquitin-specific protease 7; structure in first source		2.610
cancidas
[no description available]		3.5820
sirtinol
[no description available]		2.1510aldimine;
benzamides;
naphthols		anti-inflammatory agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Sir2 inhibitor
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		2.472011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
artemotil
artemotil: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510artemisinin derivative
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		3.5820carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
valinomycin
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.		2.4720cyclodepsipeptide;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
antiviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.4520barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
trovirdine
trovirdine: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor		2.610
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		3.5920C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
aplaviroc
aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source		3.2310
hmr 3647
[no description available]		4.2650
latoconazole
latoconazole: RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation; latoconazole is (E)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug
maraviroc
[no description available]		4.4330tropane alkaloid
fti 277
[no description available]		2.610
toremifene citrate
[no description available]		2.0810stilbenoidanticoronaviral agent
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		4.3730aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
vicriviroc
vicriviroc: structure in first source		2.610(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
telaprevir
[no description available]		2.610cyclopentapyrrole;
cyclopropanes;
oligopeptide;
pyrazines		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
nelarabine
nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).		3.8730beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
2-[(2-ethoxyphenoxy)-phenylmethyl]morpholine
[no description available]		2.4520aromatic ether
fosfestrol
fosfestrol: Rx of prostatic carcinoma; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure		2.0310aryl phosphate
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		3.2310amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
dolasetron
[no description available]		3.5820indolyl carboxylic acid
or 1259
[no description available]		2.0410hydrazone;
nitrile;
pyridazinone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		2.7530steroidestrogen
glucametacin
glucametacin: indomethacin analog; structure		2.0510
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		3.9530beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine
[no description available]		4.4160cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
isepamicin
[no description available]		2.0410
ifetroban
ifetroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; a 7-oxabicyclo(2.2.1)heptane derivative		2.0410benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
lamifiban
lamifiban: a nonpeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist; prevents platelet loss during experimental cardiopulmonary bypass		2.0410N-acylglycine
fospropofol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
azilect
[no description available]		2.0810
rasagiline
[no description available]		3.2310indanes;
secondary amine;
terminal acetylenic compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		11.52711,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
telavancin
telavancin: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. telavancin : A glycopeptide that is vancomycin substituted at position N-3'' by a 2-(decylamino)ethyl group and at position C-29 by a (phosphonomethyl)aminomethyl group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of adults with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by bacteria.		2.0410glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
fusafungin
fusafungin: antibiotic from Fusarium lateririum; for treatment of respiratory infections. enniatin : A class of six-membered cyclodepsipeptides found in several species of Fusarium fungi as mixtures.		3.1510
yya-021
YYA-021: an HIV entry inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
bromohydrin pyrophosphate
bromohydrin pyrophosphate: stimulates human gammadelta T cells; structure in first osurce. bromohydrin pyrophosphate : An alkyl diphosphate having bromohydrin as the alkyl group.		3.2250alkyl diphosphate;
organobromine compound		phosphoantigen
mtt formazan
MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes		2.0610
sb 415286
3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylamino)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: a glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610C-nitro compound;
maleimides;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		2.8230
sitagliptin
sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		4.4460triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
osteoprotegerin
Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.		11.91606long-chain fatty acid
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide: a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity inhibitor		2.1710benzamides;
benzodioxoles;
imidazoles;
pyridines		EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		4.26502-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
alsterpaullone
alsterpaullone: structure in first source. alsterpaullone : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1-benzazepin-2-one which shares its 4-5 bond with the 3-2 bond of 5-nitro-1H-indole.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
caprolactams;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		anti-HIV-1 agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor
geranylgeranic acid
geranylgeranic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (2E,6E,10E)-geranylgeranic acid : A diterpenoid obtained by formal oxidation of the CH2OH group of (E,E,E)-geranylgeraniol to the corresponding carboxylic acid.		2.5220alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
diterpenoid;
methyl-branched fatty acid;
trienoic fatty acid
tak-220
TAK-220: structure in first source		2.610
jtk-303
[no description available]		2.610aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
nbd 557
[no description available]		2.610
quercetin
[no description available]		2.75307-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		3.1850prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		2.0810trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		10.48244D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		2.610
hymecromone
Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.		2.2110hydroxycoumarinantineoplastic agent;
hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
5'-o-caffeoylquinic acid
trans-5-O-caffeoyl-D-quinic acid : A cinnamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with the 5-hydroxy group of quinic acid.		2.610cinnamate ester;
cyclitol carboxylic acid		plant metabolite
luteolin-7-glucoside
luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum. luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.610beta-D-glucoside;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
alprostadil
[no description available]		2.4720prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cyclosporine
[no description available]		2.610
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		3.6120hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		5.663D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
harmine
Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.		2.610harmala alkaloidanti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		7.04107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		3.9230antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		2.4520oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		4.084011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		3.6120
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		4.4460dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		3.8530aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium
Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.		3.5820isoquinolines
brompheniramine maleate
brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.0810maleate saltanti-allergic agent
dexchlorpheniramine maleate
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
hemabate
carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		3.2310
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.9530carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		4.29502-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol
[no description available]		3.8530hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane		antiparathyroid drug
geranylgeraniol
(E,E,E)-geranylgeraniol : A geranylgeraniol in which all four double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		5.3190geranylgeraniol
usambarensine
usambarensine: structure given in first source		2.0510harmala alkaloid
amentoflavone
[no description available]		2.610biflavonoid;
hydroxyflavone;
ring assembly		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiviral agent;
cathepsin B inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
plant metabolite
baicalein
[no description available]		2.610trihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
genkwanin
genkwanin: structure. genkwanin : A monomethoxyflavone that is apigenin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is methylated.		2.610dihydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone		metabolite
hyperoside
quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.		2.610beta-D-galactoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glycoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
mangostin
mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.		2.610aromatic ether;
phenols;
xanthones		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin
isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.		2.6107-hydroxyflavonol;
monomethoxyflavone;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
kaempferide
kaempferide: structure in first source. kaempferide : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-O-methyl derivative of kaempferol.		2.6107-hydroxyflavonol;
monomethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone		antihypertensive agent;
metabolite
orientin
orientin: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (D-glucopyranosyl)-isomer. orientin : A C-glycosyl compound that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 8.		2.6103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
C-glycosyl compound;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
scutellarein
scutellarein: aglycone of scutellarin from Scutellaria baicalensis; carthamidin is 2S isomer of scutellarein; do not confuse with isoscutellarein and/or isocarthamidin which are respective regioisomers, or with the scutelarin protein. scutellarein : Flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at C-4', -5, -6 and -7.		2.610tetrahydroxyflavonemetabolite
trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene
trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: hydroxystilbene oxyresveratrol		2.610stilbenoid
polydatin
trans-piceid : A stilbenoid that is trans-resveratrol substituted at position 3 by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.		2.610beta-D-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyphenol;
stilbenoid		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antioxidant;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
nephroprotective agent;
potassium channel modulator
chicoric acid
chicoric acid: inhibits HIV-1 integrase		2.610organooxygen compoundgeroprotector;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
cynarine
cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent		2.0510alkyl caffeate ester;
quinic acid		plant metabolite
acteoside
acteoside: a protein kinase C inhibitor with hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and analgesic activities; a phenylethanoid glycoside related to isoacteoside; from leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae). acteoside : A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.		2.610catechols;
cinnamate ester;
disaccharide derivative;
glycoside;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antileishmanial agent;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
sdz psc 833
valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215		2.0410homodetic cyclic peptide
l 660,711
[no description available]		2.4720quinolines
(e)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate
(E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate: structure in first source. (2E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate : A prenol phosphate comprising (2E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-ol having an O-diphosphate substituent.		2.1710prenol phosphateepitope;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
phosphoantigen
travoprost
Travoprost: A cloprostenol derivative that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.. travoprost : The isopropyl ester of prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of travoprost are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a pro-drug; the isopropyl ester group is hydrolysed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active free acid, fluprostenol.		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
prostaglandin receptor agonist
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		2.0810amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		3.2310cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 12/88. 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 are palmitoyl and oleoyl respectively.		2.1510(18R,21S)-24-amino-21-hydroxy-21-oxido-15-oxo-16,20,22-trioxa-21lambdalambda(5)-phosphatetracosan-18-yl icosanoate;
phosphatidylethanolamine
menatetrenone
menaquinone-4 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 4 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.		2.610menaquinoneanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
bone density conservation agent;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
imipenem
[no description available]		2.0810carbapenems
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		2.0810enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		3.6120retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
ketotifen fumarate
ketotifen fumarate : An organoammonium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of ketotifen(1+) and fumarate(1-) ions. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is a non-bronchodilator anti-asthmatic drug.		2.0810organoammonium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
epoprostenol
[no description available]		3.2310prostaglandins Imouse metabolite
indocyanine green
[no description available]		3.58201,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
dinoprost tromethamine
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		3.5920N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		3.6420cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
rosuvastatin calcium
S 4522: structure in first source		2.0810N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphoethanolamine;
organic calcium salt		anti-inflammatory agent;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor
terbinafine hydrochloride
terbinafine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of terbinafine with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride.		2.0810allylamine antifungal drug;
hydrochloride		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
ethamolin
monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma		3.2310long-chain fatty acid
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		3.2310
menaquinone 6
menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer		2.6120
codeine
[no description available]		4.0840morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		4.2650homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
natamycin
[no description available]		2.0810antibiotic antifungal drug;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
ophthalmology drug
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		3.6120acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
cyproterone
Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.		2.031017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		androgen antagonist
dihydrocodeine
dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.0510morphinane alkaloid
dorzolamide
dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.610sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
estropipate
estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients		3.2310piperazinium salt;
steroid sulfate
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		3.5820morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		3.6120pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		3.5920carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
nabilone
nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		2.7530morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		4.4160morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		3.8530organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		3.2310phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		8.65152antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		3.9530cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride
trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.2310
alvocidib
alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.		2.0410dihydroxyflavone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin
17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin: structure in first source. alvespimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle that is geldanamycin in which the methoxy group attached to the benzoquinone moiety has been replaced by a 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylamino group.		2.13101,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		Hsp90 inhibitor
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		4.4260morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
demycarosylturimycin h
[no description available]		2.0810
acipimox
acipimox: lipolysis inhibitor		2.0810pyrazinecarboxylic acid
atosiban
[no description available]		2.0810oligopeptide
benzphetamine
Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.		3.2310amphetamines;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
appetite depressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
sympathomimetic agent
bimatoprost
Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid amideantiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent
cicaprost
cicaprost: RN given refers to (3aS-(2E,3aalpha,4alpha(3R*,4R*),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer		2.0410monoterpenoid
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		3.5820medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
goserelin
Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.		12.322413organic molecular entity
benzyloxycarbonyl-phe-ala-fluormethylketone
cathepsin B inhibitor : A cysteine protease inhibitor which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1).		2.610
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.0410carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
lacidipine
[no description available]		2.0510cinnamate ester;
tert-butyl ester
latanoprost
Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.0810isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha;
triol		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
prodrug
n-(n-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)alanyl)phenylglycine tert-butyl ester
DAPT : A dipeptide consisting of alanylphenylglycine derivatised as a 3,5-difluorophenylacetamide at the amino terminal and a tert-butyl ester at the carboxy terminal. A gamma-secretase inhibitor.		2.610carboxylic ester;
difluorobenzene;
dipeptide;
tert-butyl ester		EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor
nalbuphine
Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.		3.8530organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
nateglinide
Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.0840phenylalanine derivative
calyculin a
calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R*(1S*,3S*,4S*,5R*,6R*,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R*),7beta(E(S*)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer		2.1310
vinorelbine
[no description available]		4.0840acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
silodosin
silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310indolecarboxamide
casticin
casticin: from fruit of Vitex rotundifolia; structure in second source. casticin : A tetramethoxyflavone that consists of quercetagetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 6, 7 and 4' have been replaced by methoxy groups. It has been isolated from Eremophila mitchellii.		2.610dihydroxyflavone;
tetramethoxyflavone		apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
icariin
[no description available]		2.1710flavonols;
glycosyloxyflavone		antioxidant;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen
licochalcone a
licochalcone A: has both anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities; structure given in first source; isolated from root of Glycyrrhiza inflata; RN given refers to (E)-isomer		2.0510chalcones
5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one
5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one: isolated from the Chinese herb Scutellariae radix. oroxylin A : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-6.		2.610dihydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
(E)-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside
2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside: Tyrosinase inhibitor from Polygonum multiflorum; structure in first source. (E)-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside : A stilbenoid that is trans-stilbene which has been substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3, 5, and 4', and in which the hydroxy group at positon 2 has then been converted to the corresponding the beta-D-glucoside.		2.610beta-D-glucoside;
resorcinols;
stilbenoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
tyrphostin ag 555
[no description available]		2.610
su 11248
[no description available]		6.6190monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
palbociclib
[no description available]		2.6620aminopyridine;
aromatic ketone;
cyclopentanes;
piperidines;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
stilbamidine
stilbamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
romidepsin
depsipeptide : A natural or synthetic compound having a sequence of amino and hydroxy carboxylic acid residues (usually alpha-amino and alpha-hydroxy acids), commonly but not necessarily regularly alternating.		2.0410cyclodepsipeptide;
heterocyclic antibiotic;
organic disulfide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		4.0840dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
molsidomine
[no description available]		2.0810ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
pd 151746
[no description available]		2.610
levorphanol
Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		9.15123alkaline earth metal atom
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		8.5320metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		3.5820cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
morphine-6-glucuronide
morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.0410morphinane alkaloid
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		3.23106-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
gallium
Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.		4.0420boron group element atom
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		4.2650morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
cefodizime
cefodizime: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefodizime : A cephalosporin compound having 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.04101,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
methylnaltrexone
methylnaltrexone: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha)-isomer		2.0410phenanthrenes
cefixime
[no description available]		4.2650cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		4.2950dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		3.2310benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		3.9430azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
verteporfin
(2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.		3.7320
batimastat
batimastat: structure given in first source; a synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. batimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3R)-5-methyl-3-{[(2S)-1-(methylamino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamoyl}-2-[(thiophen-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl]hexanoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. It a broad-spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor.		2.610hydroxamic acid;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
organic sulfide;
secondary carboxamide;
thiophenes;
triamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		4.4460dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		3.2310styrenes
piperic acid
piperinic acid: from Piper longum; structure in first source. (E,E)-piperic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is (E)-penta-2,4-dienoic acid substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from black pepper (Piper nigrum).		2.0510alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
benzodioxoles		plant metabolite
enalapril maleate
enalapril maleate : The maleic acid salt of enalapril. It contains one molecule of maleic acid for each molecule of enalapril. Following oral administration, the ethyl ester group of enalapril is hydrolysed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid, enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalapril is thus a prodrug for enalaprilat (which, unlike enalapril, is not absorbed by mouth), and its maleate is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients.		2.0810maleate saltantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		3.2310dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
trientine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.2310
n-methylscopolamine bromide
scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.		3.2310
deoxyribose
[no description available]		2.2110deoxypentosehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bleomycin
[no description available]		3.2310bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		2.0310cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		2.7530monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		4.0840dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
solanesol
solanesol : A nonaprenol that is hexatriaconta-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30,34-nonaen-1-ol substituted by 9 methyl groups at positions 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31 and 35 (the all-trans0stereoisomer).		2.610nonaprenol;
primary alcohol		plant metabolite
pepstatin
pepstatin: inhibits the aspartic protease endothiapepsin		2.610pentapeptide;
secondary carboxamide		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.4.23.* (aspartic endopeptidase) inhibitor
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		3.2310amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime
[no description available]		3.85303-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether		drug allergen
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		3.85301,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.8530cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
hr 810
cefpirome: structure in first source. cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.0410cephalosporin;
cyclopentapyridine
l 685458
L 685458: a gamma-secretase inhibitor; structure in first source. L-685,458 : A peptide and carboxamide that is L-leucyl-L-phenylalaninamide, L-Leu-L-Phe-NH2, which has been acylated on the N-terminus by a Phe-Phe hydroxyethylene dipeptide isotere, 2R-benzyl-5S-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-4R-hydroxy-6-phenylhexanoic acid. Compounds based on the structure of L-685,458 are potent inhibitors of gamma-secretase, which mediates the final catalytic step that generates the amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta), which assembles into the neurotoxic aggregates in the brains of sufferers of Alzheimer's disease.		2.610carbamate ester;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
peptide;
secondary alcohol		EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
pafuramidine
pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine		3.2310
ceftazidime
[no description available]		3.8530cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.6120dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
strontium radioisotopes
Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.		6.5953
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		3.8930gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
cefetamet
cefetamet: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; structure given in first source. cefetamet : A cephalosporin compound having methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a cephalosporin antibiotic active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.		2.4520cephalosporin
alvimopan anhydrous
alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain		3.6120peptide
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
bms 806
BMS 806: prevents entry of HIV into cells by binding HIV envelope protein gp120; no further info available 4/2002		2.610
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone
[no description available]		2.610
famotidine
[no description available]		4.26501,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
tulobuterol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.610organic molecular entity
25-hydroxyvitamin d 2
25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2: 9,10-Secoergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraene-3,25-diol. Biologically active metabolite of vitamin D2 which is more active in curing rickets than its parent. The compound is believed to attach to the same receptor as vitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.		3.8521hydroxycalciol;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
nutraceutical
salubrinal
salubrinal: prevents dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha; structure in first source. salubrinal : A member of the class of quinolines that is a mixed aminal resulting from the formal condensation oftrichloroacetaldehyde with the amide nitrogen of trans-cinnamamide and the primary amino group of 1-quinolin-8-ylthiourea. It is a selective inhibitor of cellular complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2alpha).		2.610aminal;
organochlorine compound;
quinolines;
secondary carboxamide;
thioureas
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		3.85301,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		3.8530beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
proguanil
Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.		2.0510biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
cci 15641
[no description available]		2.0810cephalosporin
ginkgolide b
[no description available]		2.0410
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		7.1710chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
radium
Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium is the product of the disintegration of URANIUM and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.		14.01170alkaline earth metal atom
cefpodoxime
[no description available]		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
palonosetron
Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.		3.5820azabicycloalkane;
delta-lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antiemetic;
serotonergic antagonist
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.		7.09113(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
maxacalcitol
maxacalcitol: structure given in first source		2.1510organic molecular entity
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate : A fumarate salt prepared from equimolar amounts of tenofovir disoproxil and fumaric acid. It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.0810fumarate saltantiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
cefatrizine
Cefatrizine: Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.. cefatrizine : A cephalosporin compound having (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]acetamido side-groups. An antibacterial drug first prepared in the 1970s, it has more recently been found to be an inhibitor of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K), which is known to regulate apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in many types of human cancers.		2.4520amino acid amide;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
phenols;
semisynthetic derivative;
triazoles		antibacterial drug;
EC 2.7.11.20 (elongation factor 2 kinase) inhibitor
eniporide
eniporide: inhibits NHE-1 isoform; structure in first source		2.0410
dexbrompheniramine maleate
dexbrompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of the (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.0810brompheniramine maleateanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
cilastatin
[no description available]		2.4520carboxamide;
L-cysteine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organic sulfide		EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer		2.1510
rifaximin
[no description available]		3.6120acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative		antimicrobial agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
orphan drug
bafilomycin a1
bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.		3.4711cyclic hemiketal;
macrolide antibiotic;
oxanes		apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
fungicide;
potassium ionophore;
toxin
germacrone
germacrone: isolated from Curcuma wenyujin		2.610germacrane sesquiterpenoid;
olefinic compound		androgen antagonist;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antifeedant;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antitussive;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
hepatoprotective agent;
insecticide;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane: fluorescent probe for phospholipids; RN & structure given in first source		2.1710
(2e,4e,6e,10e)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2,4,6,10,14-hexadecapentaenoic acid
(2E,4E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2,4,6,10,14-hexadecapentaenoic acid: an acyclic retinoid that suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence; structure in first source		2.610
squalestatin 1
squalestatin 1: structure given in first source; inhibits both mammalian and fungal squalene synthetase; from fungus Phoma sp (Coelomycetes). zaragozic acid A : A polyketide isolated from fungi that is a potent inhibitor of fungal and mammalian squalene synthase.		2.0610acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
oxabicycloalkane;
polyketide;
tertiary alcohol;
tricarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.21 (squalene synthase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite
1,2-dioleoylphosphatidylserine
1,2-dioleoylphosphatidylserine: RN given in first source; RN given refers to (R-(Z,Z))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 6/90. 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine : A 3-sn-phosphatidyl L-serine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.. phosphatidylserine(18:1/18:1) : A 3-sn-phosphatidyl-L-serine in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are octadecenoyl groups.		2.1510phosphatidylserine(18:1/18:1)mouse metabolite
lithospermic acid
[no description available]		2.610
everolimus
[no description available]		7.99132cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
laq824
LAQ824: Histone deacetylase inhibitor		2.610
ixabepilone
[no description available]		3.58201,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
ekb 569
EKB 569: an EGF receptor kinase inhibitor		2.610aminoquinoline;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile		protein kinase inhibitor
axitinib
[no description available]		2.110aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
indazoles;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
i(3)so3-galactosylceramide
Sulfoglycosphingolipids: GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS with a sulfate group esterified to one of the sugar groups.. 1-(3-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactosyl)-N-tetracosanoylsphingosine : A D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine having a sulfo group at the 3-position on the galactose ring and tetracosanoyl as the N-acyl group.		2.1710galactosylceramide sulfate;
N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylsphingosine
rilpivirine
[no description available]		2.610aminopyrimidine;
nitrile		EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
(1Ar,7aS,10aS,10bS)-1a,5-dimethyl-8-methylidene-2,3,6,7,7a,8,10a,10b-octahydrooxireno[9,10]cyclodeca[1,2-b]furan-9(1aH)-one
[no description available]		2.610germacranolide
4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid
[no description available]		2.610quinic acid
indigo carmine
3,5-di-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid: from roots of Lychnophora ericoides; structure in first source. 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid : A carboxylic ester that is the diester obtained by the condensation of the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 of (-)-quinic acid with the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid. Isolated from Brazilian propolis and Suaeda glauca, it exhibits hepatoprotective and cytotoxic activities.		2.610
nifuroxime
5-nitro-2-furaldehyde oxime: structure in first source		2.0510
azlocillin
Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.		2.4520penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
verlukast
verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist		2.0410
cefpodoxime proxetil
cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.		2.0810carboxylic acid;
carboxylic ester;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug;
prodrug
ceftizoxime
[no description available]		3.8530cephalosporinantibacterial drug
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide
[no description available]		3.5920ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide		serotonergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
carumonam
carumonam: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,3alpha(Z))-isomer. carumonam : An N-sulfonated monobactam antibiotic.		2.0410monobactamantibacterial drug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		2.0810
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		4.0840imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
nifurtimox
Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.		2.0510nitrofuran antibiotic
butylscopolammonium bromide
Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.		2.0510
eritoran
eritoran : A lipid A derivative used for the treatment of severe sepsis.		2.0410lipid As
dantrolene
[no description available]		3.5820
roxithromycin
(E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.		2.4720roxithromycinenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cefdinir
[no description available]		3.6120cephalosporin;
ketoxime		antibacterial drug
etonogestrel
[no description available]		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin
bisoprolol, fumarate (1:1) salt
[no description available]		2.0810
artesunate
artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether		3.0140artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
ferroptosis inducer
etoposide phosphate
[no description available]		2.0810furonaphthodioxole
dexniguldipine
niguldipine: structure given in first source; clinical modulator of multidrug resistance		2.0410diarylmethane
ciclesonide
ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis		2.0810organic molecular entity
napsagatran
napsagatran: structure given in first source		2.0410
temsirolimus
[no description available]		3.8730macrolide lactam
dutasteride
Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.		3.6120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
(3S,6S,9S,12R)-3-[(2S)-Butan-2-yl]-6-[(1-methoxyindol-3-yl)methyl]-9-(6-oxooctyl)-1,4,7,10-tetrazabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadecane-2,5,8,11-tetrone
[no description available]		2.610oligopeptide
tekturna
[no description available]		2.0810fumarate saltantihypertensive agent
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		3.2310diarylmethane
bms188797
[no description available]		2.0410
bibx 1382bs
BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001		3.2310substituted aniline
vildagliptin
[no description available]		2.5820amino acid amide
fesoterodine
fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder		3.2310diarylmethane
relacatib
relacatib: a cathepsin K inhibitor; structure in first source		3.1410
belinostat
[no description available]		2.610hydroxamic acid;
olefinic compound;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
panobinostat
Panobinostat: An indole and hydroxamic acid derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used as an antineoplastic agent in combination with BORTEZOMIB and DEXAMETHASONE for the treatment of MULTIPLE MYELOMA.. panobinostat : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-3-[4-({[2-(2-methylindol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor used (as its lactate salt) in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma.		7.0810cinnamamides;
hydroxamic acid;
methylindole;
secondary amino compound		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
hdac-42
HDAC-42: structure in first source		2.610amidobenzoic acid
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		2.0110ammonium ion derivative
helicide
[no description available]		2.2510
drimane
drimane: structure in first source		2.0210sesquiterpene;
terpenoid fundamental parent
taxane
taxane: produced by Taxomyces andreanae		3.8330diterpene;
terpenoid fundamental parent
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		4.8471biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
sgd 301-76
[no description available]		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
organic nitrate salt		antiinfective agent
fluvoxamine maleate
[no description available]		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
formazans
Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.		2.4620
thioacetazone
Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.		2.0810
azimilide
azimilide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrochloride		2.0410imidazolidine-2,4-dione
chlorproguanil
chlorproguanil: dichloro-derivative of chloroguanide; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510dichlorobenzene
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		3.23101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
gs-7340
tenofovir alafenamide: component of Biktarvy. tenofovir alafenamide : An L-alanine derivative that is isopropyl L-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an (S)-({[(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)(phenoxy)phosphoryl group. A prodrug for tenofovir, it is used (as the fumarate salt) in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		2.6106-aminopurines;
ether;
isopropyl ester;
L-alanine derivative;
phosphoramidate ester		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
st 1481
ST 1481: structure in first source		2.0210
dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.		3.6120benzimidazoles;
sulfoxide
gemifloxacin mesylate
gemifloxacin mesylate : The mesylate salt of gemifloxacin.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltantimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fosinopril
[no description available]		3.5920
armodafinil
armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.		3.23102-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamidecentral nervous system stimulant;
eugeroic
iniparib
[no description available]		2.610carbonyl compound;
organohalogen compound
n-(2-amino-5-fluorobenzyl)-4-(n-(pyridine-3-acrylyl)aminomethyl)benzamide
[no description available]		2.610
pri-2205
[no description available]		2.610
mk 0752
[no description available]		2.610
givinostat
[no description available]		2.610carbamate ester
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination
Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.		5.6163
tomopenem
[no description available]		2.4520
ggti 298
GGTI 298: inhibits geranylgeranyltransferase-I; structure in first source		2.7630leucine derivative
pd 144418
[no description available]		2.610
bicyclol
bicyclol: an antihepatitis drug, on the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in rats.		2.610
abiraterone acetate
Abiraterone Acetate: An androstene derivative that inhibits STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE and is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant PROSTATE CANCER.. abiraterone acetate : A sterol ester obtained by formal condensation of the 3-hydroxy group of abiraterone with the carboxy group of acetic acid. A prodrug that is converted in vivo into abiraterone. Used for treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer.		5.6260pyridines;
sterol ester		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
pd 0325901
mirdametinib: has antineoplastic activity; appears to be a MEK inhibitor. PD 0325901 : A hydroxamic acid ester that is benzhydroxamic acid (N-hydroxybenzamide) in which the hydroxamic acid group has been converted to the corresponding 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester and in which the benzene ring has been substituted at position 2 by a (2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino group and at positions 3 and 4 by fluorines (the R enantiomer).		2.3110difluorobenzene;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monofluorobenzenes;
organoiodine compound;
propane-1,2-diols;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.12.2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor
rxp 407
RXP 407: inhibits angiotensin I converting enzyme		2.0610
midostaurin
midostaurin : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.		2.610benzamides;
gamma-lactam;
indolocarbazole;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		3.7320oligopeptide
tapentadol
Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.		3.2310alkylbenzene
technetium tc 99m diphosphonate
technetium Tc 99m diphosphonate: bone seeking radiopharmaceutical whose concentration in bone depends upon regional blood flow & bone metabolism		2.4720
ly 450139
[no description available]		2.610peptide
bb-83698
BB-83698: peptide deformylase inhibitor		2.0410
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		3.2310organic molecular entity
cabazitaxel
cabazitaxel: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source. cabazitaxel : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is 10-deacetylbaccatin III having O-methyl groups attached at positions 7 and 10 as well as an O-(2R,3S)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoyl group attached at position 13. Acts as a microtubule inhibitor, binds tubulin and promotes microtubule assembly and simultaneously inhibits disassembly.		6.4660tetracyclic diterpenoidantineoplastic agent;
microtubule-stabilising agent
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.610aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
sc 236
4-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide: SC58236 = SC236 re email from Harris, Ray 		3.3420
cefditoren
cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
ticagrelor
Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.. ticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.		2.610aryl sulfide;
hydroxyether;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
triazolopyrimidines		P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
rivaroxaban
Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.		2.5820aromatic amide;
lactam;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
thiophenes		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
zotarolimus
zotarolimus: synthetic analog of rapamycin; structure in first source		2.0410lactam;
macrolide
sb 3ct compound
SB 3CT compound: a matrix metalloproteinase-2 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610aromatic ether
ggti 2147
[no description available]		2.110
ginsenoside rb1
[no description available]		2.610ginsenoside;
glycoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
anti-obesity agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
gentamicin sulfate
[no description available]		2.4520
bn 52020
[no description available]		2.0410
n1-phenyl-3,5-dinitro-n4,n4-di-n-propylsulfanilamide
N1-phenyl-3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-di-n-propylsulfanilamide: a potent, selective antimitotic agent against kinetoplastid parasites; structure in first source		2.0510
hki 272
[no description available]		2.0810nitrile;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tofacitinib
tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0810N-acylpiperidine;
nitrile;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		antirheumatic drug;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
rucaparib
AG14447: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610azepinoindole;
caprolactams;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
6h-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine-6-acetamide, 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-n-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3,9-trimethyl-, (6s)-
[no description available]		2.610organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound
pasireotide
pasireotide : A six-membered homodetic cyclic peptide composed from L-phenylglycyl, D-tryptophyl, L-lysyl, O-benzyl-L-tyrosyl, L-phenylalanyl and modified L-hydroxyproline residues joined in sequence. A somatostatin analogue with pharmacologic properties mimicking those of the natural hormone somatostatin; used (as its diaspartate salt) for treatment of Cushing's disease.		2.0810homodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		antineoplastic agent
zeolites
[no description available]		2.920
cetilistat
cetilistat: lipase inhibitor in randomized, placebo-controlled study of weight reduction in obese patients (3/2007)		2.610benzoxazine
ym 201636
6-amino-N-(3-(4-(4-morpholinyl)pyrido(3',2'-4,5)furo(3,2-d)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide: an antiviral agent; structure in first source		2.610aromatic amide
ne 21650
NE 21650: inhibits isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase; structure in first source		2.4420
ne 10790
[no description available]		2.0410
linagliptin
Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.		2.610aminopiperidine;
quinazolines		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
pazopanib
pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.		4.8250aminopyrimidine;
indazoles;
sulfonamide		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
azd 6244
AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor		2.610benzimidazoles;
bromobenzenes;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
odanacatib
odanacatib: a selective inhibitor of cathepsin K for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis; structure in first source		10.1531
prasugrel hydrochloride
Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.		3.2310
apilimod
[no description available]		2.610
apixaban
[no description available]		2.5420aromatic ether;
lactam;
piperidones;
pyrazolopyridine		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
artenimol
artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)		2.0510
4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate
4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate: has antiparasitic activity; structure in first source		2.0510
betrixaban
betrixaban: a highly potent, selective, and orally efficacious factor Xa inhibitor; structure in first source. betrixaban : A secondary carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-(N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)benzoic acid with the amino group of 2-amino-N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-5-methoxybenzamide. A synthetic anticoagulant compound that targets activated factor Xa in the coagulation cascade.		2.610benzamides;
guanidines;
monochloropyridine;
monomethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
edoxaban
edoxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.		2.610chloropyridine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound;
thiazolopyridine		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
saracatinib
[no description available]		2.610aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
diether;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
oxanes;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
radiosensitizing agent
n-(3-amino-1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-2,3-dioxopropyl)-3-(2-((((1,1-dimethylethyl)amino)carbonyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl)-6,6-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexan-2-carboxamide
boceprevir : A synthetic tripeptide consisting of N-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)-3-methyl-L-valyl, a cyclopropyl-fused prolyl and 3-amino-4-cyclobutyl-2-oxobutanamide residues joined in sequence. Used for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection.		2.610tripeptide;
ureas		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
ly 411575
[no description available]		2.610dibenzoazepine;
difluorobenzene;
lactam;
secondary alcohol		EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor
galidesivir
[no description available]		2.610
PB28
PB28 : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin that is substituted by 3-(4-cyclohexylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl and methoxy groups at positions 1 and 5, respectively. It is a sigma 2 (sigma2) receptor agonist (Ki = 0.68 nM) and exhibits antineoplastic and anti SARS-CoV-2 activities.		2.610aromatic ether;
piperazines;
tetralins		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
sigma-2 receptor agonist
amg 009
AMG 009: an anti-inflammatory agent; structure in first source		2.0810
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		3.4110
cefotaxime sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
baci-im
[no description available]		3.2310homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
acebutolol
alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.		2.0810alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
degrasyn
degrasyn: a JAK2 kinase inhibitor that induces rapid degradation of c-Myc protein in MM-1 multiple myeloma and other tumor cell lines; structure in first source		2.610
epoxomicin
[no description available]		2.610morpholines;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
abt-737
[no description available]		7.0610aromatic amine;
aryl sulfide;
biphenyls;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
brimonidine tartrate
Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		2.2510
bms 477118
[no description available]		3.7320adamantanes;
azabicycloalkane;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
pha 680632
PHA 680632: Aurora kinase inhibitor with potent antitumoral activity; structure in first source		2.610
tmc 353121
[no description available]		2.610
amd 070
mavorixafor: a derivative of AMD3100; a CXCR4 blocker		2.610aminoquinoline
danoprevir
[no description available]		2.610
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		3.2310nystatins
bms-626529
[no description available]		2.610
bms-663068
fostemsavir: an HIV-1 attachment inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
amenamevir
ASP2151: a herpesvirus helicase-primase inhibitor, in a guinea pig model of genital herpes; structure in first source		2.610
vx 765
belnacasan: a NSAID		2.610dipeptide
Dihydrotanshinone I
dihydrotanshinone I: extracted from Radix Salviae		2.610abietane diterpenoidanticoronaviral agent
alogliptin
alogliptin: structure in first source. alogliptin : A piperidine that is 3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine carrying additional 2-cyanobenzyl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used in the form of its benzoate salt for treatment of type 2 diabetes.		2.610nitrile;
piperidines;
primary amino compound;
pyrimidines		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
fr 180204
FR 180204: structure in first source		2.610pyrazoles;
ring assembly
arq 197
[no description available]		2.0810indoles
quisinostat
[no description available]		2.610indoles
carfilzomib
[no description available]		2.6120epoxide;
morpholines;
tetrapeptide		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
hcv 796
HCV 796: inhibits HCV RdRp; structure in first source		2.610
digeranyl bisphosphonate
digeranyl bisphosphonate: structure in first source		3.3260
resminostat
resminostat: a histone deacetylase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
milnacipran
[no description available]		3.2310acetamides
vindesine
[no description available]		2.0410
zk 756326
2-(2-(4-(3-phenoxybenzyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethoxy)ethanol: a CC chemokine receptor CCR8 agonist; structure in first source		2.610aromatic ether
balapiravir
balapiravir: a prodrug of R1479; structure in first source		2.610
trametinib
[no description available]		7.9630acetamides;
aromatic amine;
cyclopropanes;
organofluorine compound;
organoiodine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
ring assembly		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
deoxyarbutin
4-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)phenol: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		2.610
abexinostat
abexinostat: structure in first source		2.610benzofurans
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		3.8430
silvestrol
silvestrol: isolated from the fruit and twig of Aglaia silvestris. silvestrol : An organic heterotricyclic compound that consists of a 2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan framework substituted by hydroxy groups at positions C-1 and C-8b, a methoxycarbonyl group at C-2, a phenyl group at C-3, a 4-methoxyphenyl group at C-3a, a methoxy group at C-8 and a 1,4-dioxan-2-yloxy group at position C-6 which in turn is substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and a 1,2-dihydroxyethyl group at position 6. Isolated from Aglaia silvestris, it exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.610dioxanes;
ether;
methyl ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
narlaprevir
narlaprevir: an antiviral agent that inhibits hepatitis C virus NS3 protease. narlaprevir : An azabicyclohexane that is (1R,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane substituted by [(3S)-1-(cyclopropylamino)-1,2-dioxoheptan-3-yl]aminoacyl and N-({1-[(tert-butylsulfonyl)methyl]cyclohexyl}carbamoyl)-3-methyl-L-valyl groups at positions 2S and 3, respectively. It is a hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A serine protease inhibitor (Ki = 6 nM) that is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C.		2.610azabicyclohexane;
cyclopropanes;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone;
tertiary carboxamide;
ureas		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor
teneligliptin
[no description available]		2.610amino acid amide
diflucortolone
Diflucortolone: A topical glucocorticoid used in various DERMATOSES. It is absorbed through the skin, bound to plasma albumin, and may cause adrenal suppression. It is also administered as the valerate.		2.051021-hydroxy steroid
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		2.610
veliparib
[no description available]		2.610benzimidazolesEC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
sepharose
agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.		2.5220
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		3.5820
cinobufagin
cinobufagin: isolated from Chinese medicinal preparation ch'an su; derived from toad venom		8.5611steroid lactone
dactolisib
dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.		2.0810imidazoquinoline;
nitrile;
quinolines;
ring assembly;
ureas		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
mTOR inhibitor
pf 03491390
[no description available]		2.610
arabinofuranosyluracil
Arabinofuranosyluracil: A pyrimidine nucleoside formed in the body by the deamination of CYTARABINE.		3.5311
alloin
[no description available]		2.610anthracenes;
C-glycosyl compound;
cyclic ketone;
phenols		laxative;
metabolite
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		7.45261
deoxoartemisinin
deoxoartemisinin: structure given in first source		2.0510
rabeprazole sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
jaw
[no description available]		8.88530indolecarboxamide
mdv 3100
[no description available]		7.2100(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
benzamides;
imidazolidinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
thiocarbonyl compound		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
amodiaquine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.4720
bms-650032
asunaprevir: an NS3 protease inhibitor against hepatitis C virus		2.610oligopeptide
bisaramil
[no description available]		2.0410
rg 7128
2'-fluoro-2'-methyl-3',5'-diisobutyryldeoxycytidine: inhibits HCV polymerase; structure in first source		2.610
bivalirudin
bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.		3.6120polypeptideanticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
somatostatin
[no description available]		2.0810heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		210polypeptide
teicoplanin
teicoplanin A2-1 : A teicoplanin A2 that has (4Z)-dec-4-enoyl as the variable N-acyl group.		2.4520
enfuvirtide
Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.		3.2310
thymalfasin
Thymalfasin: A thymus hormone polypeptide found in thymosin fraction 5 (a crude thymus gland extract) but now produced by synthesis. It is used alone or with interferon as an immunomodulator for the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C. Thymalfasin is also used for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression, and to enhance the efficacy of influenza and hepatitis B vaccines in immunocompromised patients.		2.610polypeptide
ganirelix
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
teriparatide
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
salmon calcitonin
[no description available]		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone;
polypeptide		bone density conservation agent;
metabolite
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		2.1110
ly-146032
[no description available]		4.0840heterodetic cyclic peptide;
lipopeptide antibiotic;
lipopeptide;
macrocycle;
macrolide		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
calcium-dependent antibiotics
dalbavancin
[no description available]		2.0410carbohydrate acid derivative;
glycopeptide;
monosaccharide derivative;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt		3.6120polypeptide
oritavancin
oritavancin : A semisynthetic glycopeptide used (as its bisphosphate salt) for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused or suspected to be caused by susceptible isolates of designated Gram-positive microorganisms including MRSA.		2.610disaccharide derivative;
glycopeptide;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
exenatide
[no description available]		3.2310
warfarin sodium
warfarin sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin sodium. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.		2.0810
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.0810glycoside
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		2.0510
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		2.15101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
vendex
Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.		3.3660organotin acaricide
pevonedistat
pevonedistat: a potent and selective inhibitor of NAE (NEDD8-activating enzyme). pevonedistat : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine which is substituted by a (1S)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylnitrilo group at position 4 and by a (1S,3S,4S)-3-hydroxy-4-[(sulfamoyloxy)methyl]cyclopentyl group at position 7. It is a potent and selective NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor with an IC50 of 4.7 nM, and currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes.		2.610cyclopentanols;
indanes;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
secondary amino compound;
sulfamidate		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
uk 453,061
UK 453,061: a reverse transcriptase inhibitor/anti-HIV agent; structure in first source		2.610aromatic ether
pravastatin sodium
pravastatin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of pravastatin. A reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), it is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		2.0810organic sodium salt;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug
alendronate sodium
[no description available]		2.0810
valproate sodium
Epilim: oral sodium valproate used as antidepressive agent. sodium valproate : The sodium salt of valproic acid.. valproate : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valproic acid.		2.0510organic sodium saltgeroprotector
N-(2-aminophenyl)-2-pyrazinecarboxamide
[no description available]		2.610aromatic amide
sl 80.0750
[no description available]		2.0810
chitosan
[no description available]		3.5670
icotinib
[no description available]		2.1310
tegobuvir
tegobuvir: a non-structural protein 5B polymerase inhibitor		2.610
pf-429242
PF-429242: a subtilisin kexin isozyme-1/site-1 protease inhibitor		2.610
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		8.8530organosulfonic acid
clavulanate potassium
potassium clavulanate : A potassium salt having clavulanate as the counterion. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and has only weak anitbiotic activity when administered alone. However it can be used in combination with amoxicillin trihydrate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, where it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamases.		2.0810potassium saltantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		3.2310lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
piperacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
sodium iothalamate
[no description available]		3.2310
oxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
cefazolin sodium
cefazolin sodium : A cephalosporin organic sodium salt having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups.		2.0810organic sodium salt
azlocillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
olaparib
[no description available]		2.610cyclopropanes;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-acylpiperazine;
phthalazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
cx 4945
[no description available]		2.610
pci 34051
PCI 34051: an HDAC8 inhibitor		2.610indolecarboxamide
lomibuvir
lomibuvir: an antiviral agent with polymerase NS5 inhibitory activity		2.610thiophenecarboxylic acid
delanzomib
[no description available]		2.610C-terminal boronic acid peptide;
phenylpyridine;
secondary alcohol;
threonine derivative		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
proteasome inhibitor
pci 32765
ibrutinib: a Btk protein inhibitor. ibrutinib : A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.		2.2110acrylamides;
aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
tertiary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
pitavastatin(1-)
pitavastatin(1-) : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of pitavastatin, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.		2.610hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion
GRL-0617
GRL-0617 : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-amino-2-methylbenzoic acid with the amino group of (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethan-1-amine. It is a potent noncovalent inhibitor (IC50 = 600 nM) of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus papain-like protease (SARS-CoV PLpro).		2.610benzamides;
naphthalenes;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		anticoronaviral agent;
protease inhibitor
N-[4-[3-[[[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]amino]-oxomethyl]-5-isoxazolyl]phenyl]carbamic acid tert-butyl ester
CAY10603: a HDAC6 inhibitor		2.610carbamate ester
niraparib
niraparib: structure in first source. niraparib : A 2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide that has S-configuration. It is a potent inhibitor of PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 3.8 and 2.1 nM, respectively) and approved as a first-line maintenance treatment for women with advanced ovarian cancer after responding to platinum-based chemotherapy.		2.6102-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamideantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
radiosensitizing agent
jzl 184
JZL 184: inhibits monoacylglycerol lipase; structure in first source		2.610benzodioxoles
gsk 650394
[no description available]		2.610phenylpyridine
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		2.0610
oprozomib
ONX 0912: antineoplastic; an orally active proteasome inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
trelstar
Triptorelin Pamoate: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.		4.7921
cetrorelix
cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.		3.5820oligopeptideantineoplastic agent;
GnRH antagonist
az 960
[no description available]		2.610
cabozantinib
cabozantinib: a multikinase inhibitor. cabozantinib : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that is N-phenyl-N'-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the phenyl ring is substituted by a (6,7-dimethoxyquinolin-4-yl)oxy group. A multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, used (as its malate salt) for the treatment of progressive, metastatic, medullary thyroid cancer.		4.1320aromatic ether;
dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organofluorine compound;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
golgicide a
golgicide A: inhibits the cis-golgi ArfGEF GBF1; structure in first source. golgicide A : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising racemic cis- and racemic trans-goglioside A in a 10:1 ratio. It is a potent and rapidly reversible GBF1 (Golgi-specific brefeldin A-resistance guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1) inhibitor. The (3aS,4R,9bR) isomer is the most active (see Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2012, 22, 5177-5181).		2.610diastereoisomeric mixturecis-Golgi ArfGEF GBF inhibitor
cobicistat
[no description available]		2.6101,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
ureas		P450 inhibitor
bms-790052
daclatasvir: an HCV NS5A inhibitor. daclatasvir : A member of the class of biphenyls that is a potent inhibitor of nonstructural protein 5A and is used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of hepatitis C.		2.610biphenyls;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
imidazoles;
valine derivative		antiviral drug;
nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
ixazomib
ixazomib: a proteasome inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; MLN2238 is the biologically active form of MLN9708; structure in first source. ixazomib : A glycine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-(2,5-dichlorobenzoyl)glycine with the amino group of [(1R)-1-amino-3-methylbutyl]boronic acid. The active metabolite of ixazomib citrate, it is used in combination therapy for treatment of multiple myeloma.		2.610benzamides;
boronic acids;
dichlorobenzene;
glycine derivative		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite;
orphan drug;
proteasome inhibitor
ucph 101
2-amino-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-(naphthalen-1-yl)-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile: structure in first source		2.610
plx4032
[no description available]		2.2510aromatic ketone;
difluorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrrolopyridine;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
B-Raf inhibitor
triiodothyronine, reverse
Triiodothyronine, Reverse: A metabolite of THYROXINE, formed by the peripheral enzymatic monodeiodination of T4 at the 5 position of the inner ring of the iodothyronine nucleus.. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine zwitterion : Zwitterionic form of 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine.		3.45113,3',5'-triiodothyronine;
amino acid zwitterion
5-(3-methylsulfonylphenyl)-4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine
[no description available]		2.610aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine
baricitinib
[no description available]		2.610azetidines;
nitrile;
pyrazoles;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antirheumatic drug;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
KOM70144
KOM70144 : A benzamide that is GRL-0617 in which one of the hydrogen's of the primary amino group is replaced by an acetyl group. It an inhibitor of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) with an IC50 of 2.6 muM and 5.0 muM, respectively. It also inhibits SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection of Vero E6 cells in vitro (EC50 values are 13.1 and 21 muM, respectively).		2.610acetamides;
benzamides;
naphthalenes;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
protease inhibitor
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		9.15122
e-52862
[no description available]		2.610
ly2811376
[no description available]		2.610
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		4.2131
dabrafenib
[no description available]		2.25101,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
organofluorine compound;
sulfonamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
B-Raf inhibitor
anagliptin
anagliptin: anagliptin hydrochloride salt is the active compound		2.610amino acid amide
gardiquimod
[no description available]		2.610
grazoprevir
grazoprevir: has antiviral activity; component of Zepatier. grazoprevir : An azamacrocyclic compound that is a hepatitis C protease inhibitor used in combination with elbasvir (under the brand name Zepatier) for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults.		2.610aromatic ether;
azamacrocycle;
carbamate ester;
cyclopropanes;
lactam;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
quinoxaline derivative		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent
ribociclib
ribociclib: inhibits both CDK4 and CDK6		2.2510
abt-450
paritaprevir: inhibits HCV NS3 protease. paritaprevir : An azamacrocycle which is used which is in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		2.610
letermovir
letermovir: has antiviral activity; structure in first source		2.610
apatinib
apatinib: reverses multidrug resistance by inhibiting the efflux function of multiple ATP-binding cassette transporters; structure in first source		3.3510
sofosbuvir
Sofosbuvir: A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.. sofosbuvir : A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.		2.610isopropyl ester;
L-alanyl ester;
nucleotide conjugate;
organofluorine compound;
phosphoramidate ester		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
prodrug
5-(4-amino-1-propan-2-yl-3-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2-amine
sapanisertib: an mTOR inhibitor		2.610benzoxazole
blz 945
[no description available]		2.610
azd3839
AZD3839: a BACE1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
pf 3084014
nirogacestat: an antineoplastic agent. nirogacestat : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole substituted by a 1-[(2,2-dimethylpropyl)amino]-2-methylpropan-2-yl group at position 1 and a {N-[(2S)-6,8-difluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl]-L-norvalyl}amino group at position 4. It is a gamma-secretase inhibitor whose hydrobromide salt is indicated for adult patients with progressing desmoid tumours who require systemic treatment.		2.610
unc 0638
UNC 0638: inhibits lysine methyltransferases G9a and GLP; structure in first source		2.610quinazolines
gs-9620
[no description available]		2.610
n-((5-(methanesulfonyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-6-methyl-5-(1-methyl-1h-pyrazol-5-yl)-2-oxo-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide
N-((5-(methanesulfonyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-6-methyl-5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-2-oxo-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide: structure in first source		2.610
bms 708163
BMS 708163: structure in first source		2.610oxadiazole;
ring assembly
jq1 compound
[no description available]		2.610carboxylic ester;
organochlorine compound;
tert-butyl ester;
thienotriazolodiazepine		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bromodomain-containing protein 4 inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
ferroptosis inducer
1-(5-((2,4-difluorophenyl)thio)-4-nitrothiophen-2-yl)ethanone
1-(5-((2,4-difluorophenyl)thio)-4-nitrothiophen-2-yl)ethanone: a USP7 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
gsk525762a
molibresib: mimicks acetylated histones; structure in first source		2.610benzodiazepine
ML240
ML240 : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline which is substituted at positions 2, 5 and 8 by 2-amino-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl, benzylnitrilo and methoxy groups, respectively. It is a ATP-competetive inhibitor of AAA ATPase p97, also known as valosin-containing protein (VCP).		2.610aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent
birinapant
birinapant: a Smac mimetic with antineoplastic activity		2.610dipeptide
ly2886721
[no description available]		2.610
nms-p118
NMS-P118: a PARP-1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
tubastatin a
[no description available]		2.610hydroxamic acid;
pyridoindole;
tertiary amino compound		EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
pracinostat
pracinostat : A hydroxamic acid that is N-hydroxyacrylamide which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-butyl-1-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl group (the E isomer). An orally available pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor with demonstrated activity in the treatment of advanced solid tumours.		2.610benzimidazole;
hydroxamic acid;
olefinic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
spautin-1
[no description available]		2.610
butyrolactone i
butyrolactone I: selective inhibitor of cdk2 & cdc2 kinase; structure given in first source		2.0510butenolide
ldn 57444
LDN 57444: inhibitor of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1; structure in first source		2.610
gsk1210151a
GSK1210151A: inhibitor of the BET family of proteins; structure in first source		2.610imidazoquinoline
i-bet726
[no description available]		2.610
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		2.4120polypeptide
acy-1215
ricolinostat: an HDAC6 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610pyrimidinecarboxylic acid
cudc-907
[no description available]		2.610
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		3.9130ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
raltegravir
[no description available]		3.23101,2,4-oxadiazole;
dicarboxylic acid amide;
hydroxypyrimidine;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidone;
secondary carboxamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		2.0310carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		6.25101
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.0410
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		4.0840
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		3.8630
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		3.8521monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
piroxicam
[no description available]		3.8730benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
roquinimex
roquinimex: structure in first source		2.4620aromatic amide
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		4.6701,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		3.1550heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam
isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.7530benzothiazine;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antirheumatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		3.8530benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
metastat
tetracycline CMT-3: a non-antimicrobial tetracycline; structure in second source		2.0310
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		3.8230
tipranavir
tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.		3.7320sulfonamideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
tasquinimod
tasquinimod: a lead second generation quinoline-3-carboxamide anti-angiogenic agent for the treatment of prostate cancer; structure in first source		2.610
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		2.4520
minocycline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810
tigecycline
[no description available]		4.0840
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		2.0810heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gsk1265744
[no description available]		2.610difluorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary carboxamide		HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
s 1 (combination)
S 1 (combination): consists of tegafur, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxyuridine & potassium oxonate; an inhibitor of fluorouracil(5-FU) degradation; prolongs the blood 5-FU level as well as increases selective toxicity to tumor; used for the treatment of colon cancer		4.4260
abt-267
ombitasvir: inhibits HCV NS5A protein, component of Viekirax. ombitasvir : A dipeptide derivative which is used which is in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, paritaprevir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		2.610aromatic amide;
carbamate ester;
dipeptide;
pyrrolidines		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
abt-333
dasabuvir: an antiviral agent. dasabuvir : A member of the class of pyrimidone, which is (as the monohydrate of its sodium salt) in combination with ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		2.610aromatic ether;
naphthalenes;
pyrimidone;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
nonnucleoside hepatitis C virus polymerase inhibitor
rgfp966
[no description available]		2.610
rg2833
RG2833: a histone deacetylase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		7.7830
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		12.36311
pi-1840
PI-1840: has both antineoplastic and proteasome inhibitory activities; structure in first source		2.610
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		2.1310ketal
acy-738
[no description available]		2.610
pelabresib
CPI-0610: a bromodomain and extra-terminal protein inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		2.610monochlorobenzenes;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
primary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
bromodomain-containing protein 4 inhibitor
gs-5806
presatovir: a respiratory syncytial virus entry inhibitor		2.610
doravirine
[no description available]		2.610
gn6958
GN6958: inhibits SUMO-sentrin specific protease 1 (SENP1); structure in first source		2.610
vx-787
pimodivir: non‐nucleotide inhibitor of the polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) subunit of the influenza A that is active against H1N1, H7N9 and H5N1, as well as influenza A strains with reduced susceptibility to NAIs		2.610
ledipasvir
ledipasvir : A benzimidazole derivative that is used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.		2.610azaspiro compound;
benzimidazole;
bridged compound;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
fluorenes;
imidazoles;
L-valine derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor
gs-5816
velpatasvir: an NS5A inhibitor used for treating hepatitis C infections. velpatasvir : A complex organic heteropentacyclic compound that is a hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the brand name Epclusa) for treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C of all six major genotypes.		2.610carbamate ester;
ether;
imidazoles;
L-valine derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
ring assembly		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
g007-lk
G007-LK: potent and specific small-molecule tankyrase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
fti 277
FTI 277: a ras CAAX (C - Cys; A - aliphatic amino acid; X - Ser or Met) peptidomimetic; inhibits farnesyltransferase; blocks Ras oncogenic signaling by accumulating Ras/Raf complexes in the cytoplasm; structure given in first source		2.9740
4-((1-butyl-3-phenylureido)methyl)-n-hydroxybenzamide
4-((1-butyl-3-phenylureido)methyl)-N-hydroxybenzamide: inhibits HDAC6; structure in first source		2.610
selinexor
selinexor: inhibits karyopherin XPO1		2.610
verdinexor
verdinexor: a selective inhibitor of nuclear export		2.610
cb-839
[no description available]		2.610
mk-8742
elbasvir: inhibits NS5A protein of hepatitis C virus. elbasvir : A complex organic heterotetracyclic compound that is a hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor used in combination with grazoprevir (under the brand name Zepatier) for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults.		2.610carbamate ester;
imidazoles;
L-valine derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent
atglistatin
atglistatin: inhibits adipose triglyceride lipase; structure in first source. atglistatin : A biphenyl that is 1,1'-biphenyl substituted by (dimethylcarbamoyl)amino and dimethylamino groups at positions 3 and 4', respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of adipose triglyceride lipase activity (IC50 = 700nM).		2.610
cobra cardiotoxin proteins
Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins: Most abundant proteins in COBRA venom; basic polypeptides of 57 to 62 amino acids with four disulfide bonds and a molecular weight of less than 7000; causes skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction, interferes with neuromuscular and ganglionic transmission, depolarizes nerve, muscle and blood cell membranes, thus causing hemolysis.		2.1510
xen445
[no description available]		2.610
santacruzamate a
santacruzamate A: HDAC2 inhibitor from the Panamanian marine cyanobacterium cf. Symploca sp.; structure in first source		2.610organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		2.0310
fertinex
[no description available]		3.2310
ldc4297
LDC4297: a CDK7 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. LDC4297 : A pyrazolotriazine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazine substituted by a piperidin-3-yloxy group, [2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzyl]nitrilo group and an isopropyl group at positions 2, 4 and 8 respectively. It is a potent and selective CDK7 inhibitor and exhibits antiviral activity.		2.610aromatic ether;
piperidines;
pyrazoles;
pyrazolotriazine;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor		210
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		2.0610
enasidenib
[no description available]		2.6101,3,5-triazines;
aminopyridine;
aromatic amine;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.42 (isocitrate dehydrogenase) inhibitor
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		2.0610
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		3.4411
ggti-2133
GGTI-2133: an inhibitor of geranylgeranyltransferase, inhibits infiltration of inflammatory cells into airways in mouse experimental asthma. GGTI-2133 : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixing of equimolar amounts of GGTI-2133 free base and trifluoroacetic acid. An inhibitor of geranylgeranyltransferase type I.		2.5320organoammonium saltEC 2.5.1.59 (protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I) inhibitor
s 8932
[no description available]		2.610aromatic amine;
C-nucleoside;
carboxylic ester;
nitrile;
phosphoramidate ester;
pyrrolotriazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
prodrug
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		2.4920
cytochalasin d
Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.		2.2510
triphosphoric acid 1-adenosin-5'-yl ester 3-(3-methylbut-3-enyl) ester
triphosphoric acid 1-adenosin-5'-yl ester 3-(3-methylbut-3-enyl) ester: structure in first source; do not confuse with ApppI cpd		2.4620
technetium tc 99m medronate
Technetium Tc 99m Medronate: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.		4.8371
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		3.95302-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		4.57702-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
nu 1025
NU 1064: structure in first source		2.610phenols;
quinazolines		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
levoleucovorin
Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.		2.06105-formyltetrahydrofolic acidantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
guanine
[no description available]		2.08102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		5.9571folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		4.4160cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		4.4160benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		4.5670dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		4.2950purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		4.44602-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valtrex
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		4.240L-valyl esterantiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		3.8530piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		3.6120benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir
penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.		2.78302-aminopurines;
propane-1,3-diols		antiviral drug
raltitrexed
[no description available]		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
vardenafil
vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.		3.8530imidazotriazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		4.4360nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
citrovorum factor
[no description available]		3.6120tetrahydrofolic acid
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		3.8530formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
rifapentine
rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin		3.6120N-alkylpiperazine;
N-iminopiperazine;
rifamycins		antitubercular agent;
leprostatic drug
thiolactomycin
thiolactomycin: from actinomycetes; structure given in first source		2.0510
4-hydroxyquinazoline
4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazoline: structure in first source		2.610quinazolines
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime: structure given in first source		2.0510benzenetriol
bl 4162a
anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.		3.2310imidazoquinazolineanticoagulant;
antifibrinolytic drug;
cardiovascular drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		4.1140carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
norclozapine
norclozapine: structure given in first source. N-desmethylclozapine : A dibenzodoazepine substituted with chloro and piperazino groups which is a major metabolite of clozapine; a potent and selective 5-HT2C serotonin receptor antagonist.		2.610dibenzodiazepine;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		delta-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
serotonergic antagonist
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		5.5641N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
tirapazamine
Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.		2.0410aromatic amine;
benzotriazines;
N-oxide		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		2.5220citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
valganciclovir
Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.		3.2310L-valyl ester;
purines		antiviral drug;
prodrug
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		4.1340(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant
fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
phosphoramide;
triazoles		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
prodrug
tegaserod maleate
[no description available]		2.0810maleate saltserotonergic agonist
ceftobiprole
ceftobiprole: BAL5788 is Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium. ceftobiprole : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (E)-[(3'R)-2-oxo[1,3'-bipyrrolidin]-3-ylidene]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).		2.0410cephalosporin;
thiadiazoles		antimicrobial agent
rifabutin
[no description available]		4.2650
azilsartan
azilsartan: an angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker; receptor blocker. azilsartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group and at position 1 by a 2'-[(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl group. Used (as the prodrug, azilsartan medoxomil) for treatment of hypertension.		2.6101,2,4-oxadiazole;
aromatic ether;
benzimidazolecarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
hesperadin
[no description available]		2.610
6-bromoindirubin-3'-acetoxime
6-bromoindirubin-3'-acetoxime: a synthetic derivative of a compound from the Mediterranean mollusk Hexaplex trunculus, protects cells from varicella infection		2.610
n'-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-3-hydroxy-2-naphthahydrazide
[no description available]		2.610catechols;
hydrazide;
hydrazone;
naphthols		EC 3.6.5.5 (dynamin GTPase) inhibitor
levomefolate calcium
levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.		3.2310organic calcium saltantidepressant
XL413
XL413 : A benzofuropyrimidine that is 3,4-dihydro[1]benzofuro[3,2-d]pyrimidine substituted by (2S)-pyrrolidin-2-yl, oxo and chloro groups at positions 2, 4, and 8, respectively. It is a potent ATP competitive inhibitor of Cdc7 kinase (IC50 = 3.4 nM) and exhibits anticancer properties.		2.610benzofuropyrimidine;
organochlorine compound;
pyrrolidines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
me0328
ME0328: inhibits ARTD3; structure in first source		2.610
nvp-tnks656
[no description available]		2.610
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		2.0310
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		2.4820
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		2.6120
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		021.229279
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		016.2411912
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		016.2411912
Entamoeba histolytica Infection
[description not available]		02.0210
Abscess, Hepatic
[description not available]		02.0210
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		02.4620
Liver Abscess
Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.		02.0210
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		02.4620
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		02.0210
Toxoplasmosis
The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.		02.0210
African Sleeping Sickness
[description not available]		02.0210
Trypanosomiasis, African
A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.		02.0210
Cryptosporidium Infection
[description not available]		02.0410
Cryptosporidiosis
Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.		02.0410
Parasite Infections
[description not available]		02.0510
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		04.5280
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		04.5280
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		010.26205
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		010.26205
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		020.6328961
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		122.6328961
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		0271,092238
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		1291,092238
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.110
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.110
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.110
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		02.110
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		07.04121
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		07.04121
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		05.35190
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		05.35190
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		012.852031
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		119.359126
Neointima
The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.		07.5320
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		022.7551199
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		124.7551199
Bisphosphonate Osteonecrosis
[description not available]		021.173819
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		022.04296127
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		124.04296127
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		03.9640
Exanthem
[description not available]		07.7220
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		07.7220
Low Bone Density
[description not available]		018.4812555
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		09.33137
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.		120.4812555
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		111.33137
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		019.258317
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		116.258317
Acute-Phase Reaction
An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.		013.324319
Intertrochanteric Fractures
[description not available]		016.968139
Hip Fractures
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).		021.968139
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		03.7390
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		03.7390
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		012.86151
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		07.86151
Compression Fractures
[description not available]		010.77246
Hangman Fracture
[description not available]		017.618836
Spinal Fractures
Broken bones in the vertebral column.		017.618836
Osteoporotic Fractures
Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.		016.819521
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head
[description not available]		05.7971
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis
[description not available]		02.520
Hives
[description not available]		02.3110
Angiitis
[description not available]		02.3110
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		02.3110
Vasculitis
Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.3110
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		010.931410
Chondromalacia
Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.		05.3141
Ache
[description not available]		017.7110644
Cartilage Diseases
Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).		05.3141
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		119.7110644
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		010.931410
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		03.3310
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		03.3310
Charcot's Joint
[description not available]		07.6243
Diabetic Feet
[description not available]		04.8321
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		05.7871
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		06.1432
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		010.52393
Arthropathy, Neurogenic
Chronic progressive degeneration of the stress-bearing portion of a joint, with bizarre hypertrophic changes at the periphery. It is probably a complication of a variety of neurologic disorders, particularly TABES DORSALIS, involving loss of sensation, which leads to relaxation of supporting structures and chronic instability of the joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.6243
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		05.7871
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		06.1432
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		010.52393
Diabetic Foot
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.		04.8321
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		024.53636189
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		025.15568151
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		129.291,272378
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		132.692,272604
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		019.1517233
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		019.1517233
DDPAC
[description not available]		02.4110
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		02.4110
Osseous Paget's Disease
[description not available]		012.648214
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		02.4110
Osteitis Deformans
A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.		116.6816428
Frontotemporal Dementia
The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.		02.4110
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		015.796528
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		018.316840
Metastase
[description not available]		018.6312753
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		117.796528
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		120.316840
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		123.37254106
Alveolar Bone Atrophy
[description not available]		04.3170
Hypocalcemia
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)		014.9764
Jaw Diseases
Diseases involving the JAW.		017.6617034
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone
[description not available]		019.3931541
Osteonecrosis
Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.		121.3931541
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		03.1130
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		03.1130
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer
[description not available]		020.6713917
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.		020.6713917
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		025.3120661
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		122.3120661
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		09.2873
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		111.2873
Adult Fanconi Syndrome
[description not available]		03.7180
Altitude Hypoxia
Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.		02.4110
Altitude Sickness
Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.		02.4110
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.4110
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.4110
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		02.4110
Brittle Bone Disease
[description not available]		010.983210
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.		112.983210
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		09.16279
Fracture, Pathologic
[description not available]		014.19618
Periapical Diseases
Diseases of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE surrounding the root of the tooth, which is distinguished from DENTAL PULP DISEASES inside the TOOTH ROOT.		03.4260
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		02.4110
Paraganglioma, Gangliocytic
[description not available]		02.4110
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		02.4110
Paraganglioma
A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.4110
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		02.4110
Fibrocartilaginous Dysplasia of Bone
[description not available]		02.8530
Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone
A disease of bone marked by thinning of the cortex by fibrous tissue containing bony spicules, producing pain, disability, and gradually increasing deformity. Only one bone may be involved (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, MONOSTOTIC) or several (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, POLYOSTOTIC).		02.8530
Rhabdomyosarcoma
A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)		07.4110
Osteolysis
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.		014.4869
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck
[description not available]		03.1640
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		09214
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		04.651
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		03.92110
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		02.5920
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.		03.1640
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		09214
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		04.651
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		03.92110
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		03.3860
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		03.3860
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		019.7915269
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		04.3941
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		04.3941
Spinal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.		08.24163
Pericementitis
[description not available]		04.33170
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		04.33170
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		07.14191
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		07.14191
Segond Fracture
[description not available]		05.981
Fractures, Avulsion
Tearing away of the CORTICAL BONE fragment at the location of a strong ligament or tendon attachment. The bone fragment detachment site often occurs near a soft site (e.g., GROWTH PLATE) at the base where LIGAMENTS; TENDONS; or JOINT CAPSULES attach. In younger patients it is most often caused by a sudden forceful pull on a tendon in the opposite direction of the bone movement. In the elderly it is associated with osteoporotic INSUFFICIENCY FRACTURES.		03.811
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		04.331
Tibial Fractures
Fractures of the TIBIA.		05.981
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		04.9840
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant
[description not available]		02.4110
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		02.4110
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		02.4110
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant
Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.		02.4110
Giant Cell Tumor of Bone
A bone tumor composed of cellular spindle-cell stroma containing scattered multinucleated giant cells resembling osteoclasts. The tumors range from benign to frankly malignant lesions. The tumor occurs most frequently in an end of a long tubular bone in young adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		07.87181
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		05.96160
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		05.96160
Congestive Ophthalmopathy
[description not available]		02.4110
Episcleritis
[description not available]		05.8271
Scleritis
Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.		05.8271
Graves Ophthalmopathy
An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.		02.4110
Hyperparathyroidism
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.		04.4980
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
[description not available]		06.9481
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.		06.9481
Cystic Angiomatosis Of Bone, Diffuse
[description not available]		06.39160
Calciphylaxes
[description not available]		02.7220
Erythema Nodosum
An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy.		07.4110
Cold Panniculitis
[description not available]		02.4110
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		010.9951
Sleepiness
Compelling urge to sleep.		03.3310
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		05.1350
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		03.520
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		03.4720
Emesis
[description not available]		05.7841
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		07.9163
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		05.7841
Hyperparathyroidism, Primary
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.		05.9951
Femoral Fractures
Fractures of the femur.		013.48340
Femur Neck Fractures
[description not available]		05.362
Femoral Neck Fractures
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.		05.362
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		06.56110
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		06.56110
Sarcopenia
Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.		04.1521
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		010.03323
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		012.56469
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		013.314810
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		010.03323
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		114.56469
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		115.314810
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		04.01100
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		012.41241
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		09.01100
Blood Clot
[description not available]		04.1110
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		04.1110
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		03.5240
Adult Rickets
[description not available]		03.4960
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		03.5240
Osteomalacia
Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.		03.4960
Hypophosphatemia
A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.		07.29121
ACL Injuries
[description not available]		03.5240
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		02.5220
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		02.5220
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		06.96142
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		06.96142
Chylothorax
The presence of chyle in the thoracic cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.8330
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		05.51141
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		06.93241
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		17.51141
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		06.93241
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		013.163713
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		015.787429
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		07.64112
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		117.787429
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		07.64112
Polyploid
[description not available]		07.610
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		05.1231
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		010.1231
Musculoskeletal Pain
Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.		07.17102
Epulides
[description not available]		02.830
Gingival Diseases
Diseases involving the GINGIVA.		02.830
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		03.790
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.4440
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		07.82152
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		19.82152
Albers-Schoenberg Disease
[description not available]		03.4670
Osteopetrosis
Excessive formation of dense trabecular bone leading to pathological fractures; OSTEITIS; SPLENOMEGALY with infarct; ANEMIA; and extramedullary hemopoiesis (HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY).		03.4670
Osteoid Osteoma
[description not available]		02.610
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid
[description not available]		04.331
Cerebral Palsy
A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)		04.331
Bone Marrow Diseases
Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.		09.07126
Lymphocytopenia
[description not available]		02.610
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		04.4641
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		06.5692
Lymphopenia
Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.		07.610
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		04.4641
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
[description not available]		02.610
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		05.01140
DiGeorge Syndrome
Congenital syndrome characterized by a wide spectrum of characteristics including the absence of the THYMUS and PARATHYROID GLANDS resulting in T-cell immunodeficiency, HYPOCALCEMIA, defects in the outflow tract of the heart, and craniofacial anomalies.		02.610
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		010.01140
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		02.610
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		02.610
Histiocytic Sarcoma
Malignant neoplasms composed of MACROPHAGES or DENDRITIC CELLS. Most histiocytic sarcomas present as localized tumor masses without a leukemic phase. Though the biological behavior of these neoplasms resemble lymphomas, their cell lineage is histiocytic not lymphoid.		02.610
Bilirubinemia
[description not available]		02.610
Hypoalbuminemia
A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).		02.610
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.		03.4870
Cancer of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		05.81112
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.		17.81112
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		114.4961
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		03.5911
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		03.9821
Joint Pain
[description not available]		09.2157
Basedow Disease
[description not available]		02.2510
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		04.7721
Graves Disease
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).		02.2510
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		09.2157
Cardiac Cancer
[description not available]		04.1931
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		02.5720
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		02.5720
Orbital Diseases
Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.		04.6390
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		011.111912
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		011.111912
Parodontosis
[description not available]		07.0961
Tooth Loss
The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury.		09.5111
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		07.0961
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.82110
Hemangioendothelioma, Epithelioid
A tumor of medium-to-large veins, composed of plump-to-spindled endothelial cells that bulge into vascular spaces in a tombstone-like fashion. These tumors are thought to have borderline aggression, where one-third develop local recurrences, but only rarely metastasize. It is unclear whether the epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is truly neoplastic or an exuberant tissue reaction, nor is it clear if this is equivalent to Kimura's disease (see ANGIOLYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA WITH EOSINOPHILIA). (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.2110
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.		04.4641
Kaposi Disease
[description not available]		02.2110
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA.		02.2110
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		010.61188
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		010.61188
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		03.6411
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		03.6411
Cancer of Eye
[description not available]		02.2110
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism
A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome.		02.5520
Familial Turner Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2110
Hypoparathyroidism
A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.		02.5520
Noonan Syndrome
A genetically heterogeneous, multifaceted disorder characterized by short stature, webbed neck, ptosis, skeletal malformations, hypertelorism, hormonal imbalance, CRYPTORCHIDISM, multiple cardiac abnormalities (most commonly including PULMONARY VALVE STENOSIS), and some degree of INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. The phenotype bears similarities to that of TURNER SYNDROME that occurs only in females and has its basis in a 45, X karyotype abnormality. Noonan syndrome occurs in both males and females with a normal karyotype (46,XX and 46,XY). Mutations in a several genes (PTPN11, KRAS, SOS1, NF1 and RAF1) have been associated the NS phenotype. Mutations in PTPN11 are the most common. LEOPARD SYNDROME, a disorder that has clinical features overlapping those of Noonan Syndrome, is also due to mutations in PTPN11. In addition, there is overlap with the syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome due to mutations in NF1.		02.2110
Ewing Sarcoma
[description not available]		05.0791
Sarcoma, Ewing
A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.		17.0791
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		04.27170
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		07.2510
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		19.2510
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		09.45195
Fractures, Compound
[description not available]		02.5920
Apoplexy
[description not available]		07.5662
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		07.5662
Breathlessness
[description not available]		04.9442
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		04.9442
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		03.6930
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.2510
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		02.2510
Pelvic Pain
Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.		02.2510
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		02.2510
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		02.2510
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		03.9140
Leg Ulcer
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.		02.2510
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		03.9140
Carcinoma, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.520
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic
Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.		02.520
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		02.2510
Spider Veins
[description not available]		02.2510
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		02.2510
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		03.4820
Telangiectasis
Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.		02.2510
Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome
[description not available]		010.13224
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		011.43140
Progeria
An abnormal congenital condition, associated with defects in the LAMIN TYPE A gene, which is characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature graying; hair loss; hearing loss (DEAFNESS); cataracts (CATARACT); ARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; elevated urinary HYALURONIC ACID; and accelerated ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially SARCOMA.		114.12448
Rhabdomyosarcoma 2
[description not available]		02.2510
Neoplasms, Bone Marrow
[description not available]		04.8670
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar
A form of RHABDOMYOSARCOMA occurring mainly in adolescents and young adults, affecting muscles of the extremities, trunk, orbital region, etc. It is extremely malignant, metastasizing widely at an early stage. Few cures have been achieved and the prognosis is poor. Alveolar refers to its microscopic appearance simulating the cells of the respiratory alveolus. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2188)		02.2510
Bone Marrow Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the bone marrow. They are differentiated from neoplasms composed of bone marrow cells, such as MULTIPLE MYELOMA. Most bone marrow neoplasms are metastatic.		04.8670
Infection
[description not available]		02.5720
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		02.5720
Acute Symptom Flare
[description not available]		02.2510
Anasarca
[description not available]		07.93103
Psoriasis Arthropathica
[description not available]		03.9121
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		07.93103
Arthritis, Psoriatic
A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.		03.9121
Recrudescence
[description not available]		09.23354
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		04.2431
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		04.2431
Conus Medullaris Syndrome
[description not available]		013.683713
Back Ache
[description not available]		06.4582
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		011.4582
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		02.930
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		03.5980
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		03.5980
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		07152
Glenoid Labral Tears
[description not available]		02.2510
Rotator Cuff Injuries
Injuries to the ROTATOR CUFF of the shoulder joint.		02.2510
Arthropathies
[description not available]		02.2510
SAPHO Syndrome
[description not available]		02.830
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		02.2510
Acquired Hyperostosis Syndrome
Syndrome consisting of SYNOVITIS; ACNE CONGLOBATA; PALMOPLANTAR PUSTULOSIS; HYPEROSTOSIS; and OSTEITIS. The most common site of the disease is the upper anterior chest wall, characterized by predominantly osteosclerotic lesions, hyperostosis, and arthritis of the adjacent joints. The association of sterile inflammatory bone lesions and neutrophilic skin eruptions is indicative of this syndrome.		02.830
Neoplasms, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.520
Bronchial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.		02.520
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast
An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.		09.03123
Deficiency, Vitamin D
[description not available]		06.85150
Vitamin D Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)		011.85150
Leukemia, Plasmacytic
[description not available]		02.7630
Leukemia, Plasma Cell
A rare, aggressive variant of MULTIPLE MYELOMA characterized by the circulation of excessive PLASMA CELLS in the peripheral blood. It can be a primary manifestation of multiple myeloma or develop as a terminal complication during the disease.		02.7630
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis
[description not available]		03.3560
Neurofibromatosis 1
An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).		03.3560
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		05.33121
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		05.33121
Abnormalities, Musculoskeletal
[description not available]		02.3110
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		03.5720
Cancer-Associated Pain
[description not available]		03.520
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		02.2510
Cancer Pain
Pain that may be caused by or related to cellular, tissue, and systemic changes that occur during NEOPLASM growth, tissue invasion, and METASTASIS.		03.520
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		03.5720
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.2510
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		03.5720
B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.5420
Lymphoma, B-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.		02.5420
Uveitis, Anterior
Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.		08.23232
Cancer of the Retina
[description not available]		02.3110
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma
[description not available]		02.3110
Retinoblastoma
A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)		02.3110
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		03.1710
Cancer of Pelvis
[description not available]		0420
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		014.093617
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		014.093617
Aortic Arteritis, Giant Cell
[description not available]		02.5720
Giant Cell Arteritis
A systemic autoimmune disorder that typically affects medium and large ARTERIES, usually leading to occlusive granulomatous vasculitis with transmural infiltrate containing multinucleated GIANT CELLS. The TEMPORAL ARTERY is commonly involved. This disorder appears primarily in people over the age of 50. Symptoms include FEVER; FATIGUE; HEADACHE; visual impairment; pain in the jaw and tongue; and aggravation of pain by cold temperatures. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed)		07.5720
Cytokine Release Syndrome
A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.		02.3110
Anemia, Cooley's
[description not available]		07.8114
beta-Thalassemia
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.		19.8114
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		06.03140
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		04.1550
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		04.1550
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		03.711
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		03.711
Ulna Fractures
Fractures of the larger bone of the forearm.		02.5420
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		05.5951
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne
An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)		05.5951
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine
A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.8130
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		02.5120
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.5120
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		03.2650
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		08.2650
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		03.76100
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		03.76100
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		05.6661
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		05.6661
Plasma Cell Tumor
[description not available]		04.3740
Plasmacytoma
Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.		111.3740
Prosthesis Durability
[description not available]		05.16101
Lung Adenocarcinoma
[description not available]		08.3960
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		03.5880
Adenocarcinoma of Lung
A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.		03.3960
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		03.5880
Anterior Optic Neuritis
[description not available]		02.5520
Optic Neuritis
Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).		02.5520
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		0921
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		0421
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		02.4920
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		03.0140
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		03.0140
Autism-Dementia-Ataxia-Loss of Purposeful Hand Use Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8630
Rett Syndrome
An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199)		02.8630
Conjunctival Diseases
Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.		02.1510
Eye Hemorrhage
Intraocular hemorrhage from the vessels of various tissues of the eye.		02.1510
Active Hyperemia
[description not available]		02.1510
Hyperemia
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).		02.1510
Eye Pain
A dull or sharp painful sensation associated with the outer or inner structures of the eyeball, having different causes.		03.7330
Animal Mammary Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.7530
Cavernous Angioma, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.1510
Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System
A vascular anomaly composed of a collection of large, thin walled tortuous VEINS that can occur in any part of the central nervous system but lack intervening nervous tissue. Familial occurrence is common and has been associated with a number of genes mapped to 7q, 7p and 3q. Clinical features include SEIZURES; HEADACHE; STROKE; and progressive neurological deficit.		02.1510
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		02.9840
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		02.9840
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		06.3142
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary
Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.		06.3142
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		02.5220
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		05.8742
Forestier-Certonciny Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1510
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		04.1250
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		02.5220
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		05.8742
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
A syndrome in the elderly characterized by proximal joint and muscle pain, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a self-limiting course. Pain is usually accompanied by evidence of an inflammatory reaction. Women are affected twice as commonly as men and Caucasians more frequently than other groups. The condition is frequently associated with GIANT CELL ARTERITIS and some theories pose the possibility that the two diseases arise from a single etiology or even that they are the same entity.		02.1510
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		04.1250
Pyrexia
[description not available]		07.7116
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		07.7116
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		04.9442
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked
[description not available]		02.1510
Cranial Nerve II Diseases
[description not available]		02.1510
Optic Nerve Diseases
Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.		02.1510
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		03.4220
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		03.4220
Panuveitis
Inflammation in which both the anterior and posterior segments of the uvea are involved and a specific focus is not apparent. It is often severe and extensive and a serious threat to vision. Causes include systemic diseases such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and syphilis, as well as malignancies. The intermediate segment of the eye is not involved.		02.1710
Pseudarthrosis
A pathologic entity characterized by deossification of a weight-bearing long bone, followed by bending and pathologic fracture, with inability to form normal BONY CALLUS leading to existence of the false joint that gives the condition its name. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.7930
Pink Eye
[description not available]		02.7430
Conjunctivitis
INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.		02.7430
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		02.8130
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		02.8130
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		03.3460
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		03.3460
Acroosteolysis with Osteoporosis and Changes in Skull and Mandible
[description not available]		02.520
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms
[description not available]		011.532711
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		08.7630
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		08.7630
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		02.5720
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		02.5720
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		013.124017
Mandibular Fractures
Fractures of the lower jaw.		08.79100
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		03.730
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		03.730
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy
[description not available]		02.5820
Polyradiculoneuropathy, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating
A slowly progressive autoimmune demyelinating disease of peripheral nerves and nerve roots. Clinical manifestations include weakness and sensory loss in the extremities and enlargement of peripheral nerves. The course may be relapsing-remitting or demonstrate a step-wise progression. Protein is usually elevated in the spinal fluid and cranial nerves are typically spared. GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME features a relatively rapid progression of disease which distinguishes it from this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1337)		02.5820
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		08.7370
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.21160
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		05.1131
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		05.1131
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		02.1710
Injuries, Tendon
[description not available]		02.1710
Aortic Stenosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.0240
Aortic Valve Stenosis
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.		02.1710
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		03.0240
Addison's Disease
[description not available]		02.1710
Addison Disease
An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.		02.1710
Mandibular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.		03.4770
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		02.2110
Hallux Abductovalgus
[description not available]		03.5611
Hallux Valgus
Lateral displacement of the great toe (HALLUX), producing deformity of the first METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT with callous, bursa, or BUNION formation over the bony prominence.		08.5611
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		04.8521
Bone Stress Reaction
[description not available]		03.9240
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		02.1710
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		02.1710
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		02.1710
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1710
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		02.1710
Orthopedic Disorders
[description not available]		04.8121
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.		04.8121
Cancer of Parotid
[description not available]		03.0910
Parotid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.		03.0910
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		07190
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		03.2450
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		03.2450
Ascites, Chylous
[description not available]		03.0910
Carcinoma, Lobular
A type of BREAST CANCER where the abnormal malignant cells form in the lobules, or milk-producing glands, of the breast.		06.5632
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		17.5182
Neoplasms, Pleural
[description not available]		05.4651
Mesothelioma
A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)		17.0791
Myoglobinuria
The presence of MYOGLOBIN in URINE usually as a result of rhabdomyolysis.		02.5920
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		02.6120
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		02.6120
Cushing's Syndrome
[description not available]		03.9420
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva
[description not available]		03.1210
Cushing Syndrome
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.		03.9420
Myositis Ossificans
A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.		03.1210
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		03.8521
Iritis
Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris.		03.5611
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic
[description not available]		02.2110
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.		02.2110
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		03.940
Sicca Syndrome
[description not available]		03.0240
Granuloma, Plasma Cell, Orbital
[description not available]		04.5750
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		03.940
Sjogren's Syndrome
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.		03.0240
Orbital Pseudotumor
A nonspecific tumor-like inflammatory lesion in the ORBIT of the eye. It is usually composed of mature LYMPHOCYTES; PLASMA CELLS; MACROPHAGES; LEUKOCYTES with varying degrees of FIBROSIS. Orbital pseudotumors are often associated with inflammation of the extraocular muscles (ORBITAL MYOSITIS) or inflammation of the lacrimal glands (DACRYOADENITIS).		04.5750
Lassitude
[description not available]		06.5463
AL Amyloidosis
[description not available]		07.2110
Immunoglobulin Light-chain Amyloidosis
A nonproliferative disorder of the PLASMA CELL characterized by excessive production and misfolding of IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS that form insoluble amyloid fibrils (see AMYLOID DEPOSITS) in various tissues. Clinical features include LIVER FAILURE; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NEPHROTIC SYNDROME; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY, and neuropathies.		02.2110
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		06.5463
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		03.9340
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		16.9980
Hand-Schu00FCller-Christian Disease
[description not available]		03.3260
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell
A group of disorders resulting from the abnormal proliferation of and tissue infiltration by LANGERHANS CELLS which can be detected by their characteristic Birbeck granules (X bodies), or by monoclonal antibody staining for their surface CD1 ANTIGENS. Langerhans-cell granulomatosis can involve a single organ, or can be a systemic disorder.		03.3260
CKD-MBD
[description not available]		04.6832
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder
Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.		04.6832
Sarcoma 180
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		02.2110
Thalassemias
[description not available]		06.7964
Thalassemia
A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.		06.7964
Pocket, Periodontal
[description not available]		02.2510
Periodontal Pocket
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.		02.2510
Neoplasm Metastasis, Unknown Primary
[description not available]		02.4820
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		02.2110
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		02.2110
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		02.4820
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		02.4820
Endothelioma, Vascular
[description not available]		02.2110
Hemangioendothelioma
A neoplasm derived from blood vessels, characterized by numerous prominent endothelial cells that occur singly, in aggregates, and as the lining of congeries of vascular tubes or channels. Hemangioendotheliomas are relatively rare and are of intermediate malignancy (between benign hemangiomas and conventional angiosarcomas). They affect men and women about equally and rarely develop in childhood. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)		07.2110
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		03.1210
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		03.1210
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		02.2110
Fat Necrosis
A condition in which the death of adipose tissue results in neutral fats being split into fatty acids and glycerol.		07.2110
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		02.8330
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.7730
Albright Syndrome
[description not available]		03.0240
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		02.2110
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.7730
Fibrous Dysplasia, Polyostotic
FIBROUS DYSPLASIA OF BONE affecting several bones. When melanotic pigmentation (CAFE-AU-LAIT SPOTS) and multiple endocrine hyperfunction are additionally associated it is referred to as Albright syndrome.		03.0240
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		02.2110
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		03.85110
Allodynia
[description not available]		03.1650
Fracture Malunion
[description not available]		02.0810
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		02.7430
Ptosis, Eyelid
[description not available]		02.5120
Exophthalmos
Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.		02.0810
Cellulitis, Orbital
[description not available]		04.5650
Eyelid Diseases
Diseases involving the EYELIDS.		03.420
Blepharoptosis
Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.		02.5120
Genito-urinary Cancer
[description not available]		05.9100
Urogenital Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.		17.9100
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		05.2941
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		010.2941
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		02.9940
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell
Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.		02.1110
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.7721
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.3911
Mucositis
An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).		04.3911
Cachexia
General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.		02.0810
Mandibular Diseases
Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.		010.26592
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating
[description not available]		08.0773
Bleb
[description not available]		02.0810
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		02.0810
Colitis, Ischemic
Inflammation of the COLON due to colonic ISCHEMIA resulting from alterations in systemic circulation or local vasculature.		02.0810
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		02.4820
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		02.0810
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
[description not available]		02.0810
Epithelial Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0810
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.0810
Bone Spur
[description not available]		02.110
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic
[description not available]		05.9591
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive
Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.		05.9591
Cancer of Mediastinum
[description not available]		02.0810
Mediastinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.		02.0810
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		05.6721
Melorheostosis
A form of osteosclerosis extending in a linear track mainly through one of the long bones of the upper and lower limbs.		02.0810
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		02.7730
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia
[description not available]		02.0810
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.		02.0810
Infections, Pasteurellaceae
[description not available]		02.0810
Jaw, Edentulous, Partially
Absence of teeth from a portion of the mandible and/or maxilla.		02.4820
Abscess, Retropharyngeal
[description not available]		02.0810
Bone Inflammation
[description not available]		06.3172
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		02.1110
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
[description not available]		02.0810
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		02.0810
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.0810
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		03.420
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.110
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.110
Hyperammonemia
Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.		02.110
Central Diabetes Insipidus
[description not available]		03.0110
Cretinism
[description not available]		03.0110
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion
[description not available]		03.0110
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		03.0110
Granulomatosis, Lipid
[description not available]		03.6930
Congenital Hypothyroidism
A condition in infancy or early childhood due to an in-utero deficiency of THYROID HORMONES that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, such as thyroid dysgenesis or HYPOTHYROIDISM in infants of mothers treated with THIOURACIL during pregnancy. Endemic cretinism is the result of iodine deficiency. Clinical symptoms include severe MENTAL RETARDATION, impaired skeletal development, short stature, and MYXEDEMA.		03.0110
Hypopituitarism
Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.		03.0110
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		03.0110
Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic
A genetic or acquired polyuric disorder caused by a deficiency of VASOPRESSINS secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. Clinical signs include the excretion of large volumes of dilute URINE; HYPERNATREMIA; THIRST; and polydipsia. Etiologies include HEAD TRAUMA; surgeries and diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This disorder may also be caused by mutations of genes such as ARVP encoding vasopressin and its corresponding neurophysin (NEUROPHYSINS).		03.0110
Erdheim-Chester Disease
A rare form of non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis (HISTIOCYTOSIS, NON-LANGERHANS-CELL) with onset in middle age. The systemic disease is characterized by infiltration of lipid-laden macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, an inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes and histiocytes in the bone marrow, and a generalized sclerosis of the long bones.		03.6930
Spinal Stenosis
Narrowing of the spinal canal.		02.7530
Osteosclerosis
An abnormal hardening or increased density of bone tissue.		03.5880
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		02.7630
Asymptomatic Conditions
[description not available]		0310
Ameloblastoma
An immature epithelial tumor of the JAW originating from the epithelial rests of Malassez or from other epithelial remnants of the ENAMEL from the developmental period. It is a slowly growing tumor, usually benign, but displays a marked propensity for invasive growth.		02.110
Polyuria
Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).		02.110
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst manifested by excessive fluid intake. It is characteristic of many diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS; and NEPHROGENIC DIABETES INSIPIDUS. The condition may be psychogenic in origin.		02.110
Radius Fractures
Fractures of the RADIUS.		03.4811
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		02.5220
Dysautonomia
[description not available]		02.110
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		03.3720
Adenohypophyseal Diseases
[description not available]		02.110
Hypernatremia
Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4720
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		03.3720
Pituitary Diseases
Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.		02.110
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		02.5220
Coxa Plana
[description not available]		03.8940
Facial Palsy
[description not available]		02.0810
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		02.110
Gout
Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.		04.4622
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism
[description not available]		08.8874
48,XXYY Syndrome
[description not available]		0310
Hypogonadism
Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).		08.8874
Klinefelter Syndrome
A form of male HYPOGONADISM, characterized by the presence of an extra X CHROMOSOME, small TESTES, seminiferous tubule dysgenesis, elevated levels of GONADOTROPINS, low serum TESTOSTERONE, underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, and male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE). Patients tend to have long legs and a slim, tall stature. GYNECOMASTIA is present in many of the patients. The classic form has the karyotype 47,XXY. Several karyotype variants include 48,XXYY; 48,XXXY; 49,XXXXY, and mosaic patterns ( 46,XY/47,XXY; 47,XXY/48,XXXY, etc.).		0310
Day Blindness
[description not available]		03.730
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		04.7921
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		03.4711
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		08.4711
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis
[description not available]		02.7830
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.		02.7830
Carditis
[description not available]		07.110
Pleuropericarditis
Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.		02.110
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		02.110
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.		07.110
Maxillary Neoplasms
Cancer or tumors of the MAXILLA or upper jaw.		02.110
Rachitis
[description not available]		03.0110
Pleural Effusion, Malignant
Presence of fluid in the PLEURAL CAVITY as a complication of malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain actual malignant cells.		05.2841
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		010.19136
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		02.4920
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		07.4920
Plica Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4620
Synovitis
Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		07.4620
Pancoast Syndrome
A condition caused by an apical lung tumor (Pancoast tumor) with involvement of the nearby vertebral column and the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Symptoms include pain in the shoulder and the arm, and atrophy of the hand.		03.0110
Livedo Reticularis
A condition characterized by a reticular or fishnet pattern on the skin of lower extremities and other parts of the body. This red and blue pattern is due to deoxygenated blood in unstable dermal blood vessels. The condition is intensified by cold exposure and relieved by rewarming.		02.110
Chromosomal Translocation
[description not available]		03.420
Spondylisthesis
[description not available]		03.921
Oroantral Fistula
A fistula between the maxillary sinus and the oral cavity.		03.3260
Jaw, Edentulous
The total absence of teeth from either the mandible or the maxilla, but not both. Total absence of teeth from both is MOUTH, EDENTULOUS. Partial absence of teeth in either is JAW, EDENTULOUS, PARTIALLY.		02.110
Aggressive Systemic Mastocytosis
A form of systemic mastocytosis in which patients have impaired organ functions due to multifocal infiltrates of pathological MAST CELLS in bone marrow, liver, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, or skeletal system. The cytomorphology shows a low to high grade.		03.940
Mastocytosis, Systemic
A group of disorders caused by the abnormal proliferation of MAST CELLS in a variety of extracutaneous tissues including bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and gastrointestinal tract. Systemic mastocytosis is commonly seen in adults. These diseases are categorized on the basis of clinical features, pathologic findings, and prognosis.		03.940
Adenocystic Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.110
Cancer of Salivary Gland
[description not available]		02.4820
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic
Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.110
Salivary Gland Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.		02.4820
Atrophic Muscular Disorders
[description not available]		02.110
Minimal Disease, Residual
[description not available]		010.141211
Chlamydia pneumoniae Infections
[description not available]		02.110
Nociceptive Pain
Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.		02.5120
Demineralization, Tooth
[description not available]		02.110
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		02.5220
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		02.5220
Cancer, Embryonal
[description not available]		03.0110
Cancer of the Urinary Tract
[description not available]		03.0110
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal
Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.		03.0110
Chondrosarcoma
A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)		15.1650
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		03.8521
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		03.8521
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		0340
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		03.4520
Injuries, Wrist
[description not available]		02.110
Coxarthrosis
[description not available]		02.110
Fractures, Periprosthetic
[description not available]		02.110
Osteoarthritis, Hip
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.		14.110
Cytomegalovirus
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.		02.110
Craniofacial Abnormalities
Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.		02.110
Cancer of Penis
[description not available]		02.110
Penile Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the PENIS or of its component tissues.		02.110
Prodromal Characteristics
[description not available]		03.0110
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.4720
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.		02.4720
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		05.0431
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		05.0431
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		02.110
Maxillary Diseases
Diseases involving the MAXILLA.		09.22362
Dehiscence, Surgical Wound
[description not available]		03.1850
Brill-Symmers Disease
[description not available]		02.4820
Lymphoma, Follicular
Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.		02.4820
Malignant Mesothelioma
[description not available]		07.1110
Basilar Impression
[description not available]		02.1110
Periostitis
Inflammation of the periosteum. The condition is generally chronic, and is marked by tenderness and swelling of the bone and an aching pain. Acute periostitis is due to infection, is characterized by diffuse suppuration, severe pain, and constitutional symptoms, and usually results in necrosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1110
Dental Fistula
An abnormal passage in the oral cavity on the gingiva.		02.1110
Blood Loss, Surgical
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.		03.511
Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors
An internationally recognized set of published rules used for evaluation of cancer treatment that define when tumors found in cancer patients improve, worsen, or remain stable during treatment. These criteria are based specifically on the response of the tumor(s) to treatment, and not on the overall health status of the patient resulting from treatment.		02.1110
Angle's Classification
[description not available]		02.1110
Mandibular Retroposition
[description not available]		02.1110
Malocclusion
Such malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth as to interfere with the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)		02.1110
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		03.6730
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		03.6730
Breast Cancer, Male
[description not available]		03.8521
Breast Neoplasms, Male
Any neoplasms of the male breast. These occur infrequently in males in developed countries, the incidence being about 1% of that in females.		03.8521
Polyradiculitis
[description not available]		02.4920
Polyradiculopathy
Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.		02.4920
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung
A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.		02.7630
Otospongiosis
[description not available]		04.4140
Otosclerosis
Formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule which can progress toward the STAPES (stapedial fixation) or anteriorly toward the COCHLEA leading to conductive, sensorineural, or mixed HEARING LOSS. Several genes are associated with familial otosclerosis with varied clinical signs.		04.4140
Epulides, Giant Cell
[description not available]		02.1110
Granuloma, Giant Cell
A non-neoplastic inflammatory lesion, usually of the jaw or gingiva, containing large, multinucleated cells. It includes reparative giant cell granuloma. Peripheral giant cell granuloma refers to the gingiva (giant cell epulis); central refers to the jaw.		02.1110
Scoliosis
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.0310
Anterior Urethral Stricture
[description not available]		04.4111
Urethral Stricture
Narrowing of any part of the URETHRA. It is characterized by decreased urinary stream and often other obstructive voiding symptoms.		04.4111
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.5520
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.1110
Hyperphosphatemia
A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.		03.0310
Root Resorption
Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.9940
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.4520
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		14.4520
Clubbed Fingers
[description not available]		04.0750
Actinomyces Infections
[description not available]		04.3940
HbS Disease
[description not available]		02.1110
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		14.1110
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		08.0984
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).		08.0984
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		03.0410
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		03.8740
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		03.4420
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		03.0410
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		03.8740
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		03.4420
Blepharitis
Inflammation of the eyelids.		08.0610
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.4620
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.1110
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular
An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1110
Salmonella Infections, Animal
Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.		02.1110
Mixed Tumor, Malignant
A malignant tumor composed of more than one type of neoplastic tissue. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.0310
Intertrigo
A superficial dermatitis occurring on skin surfaces in contact with each other, such as the axillae, neck creases, intergluteal fold, between the toes, etc. Obesity is a predisposing factor. The condition is caused by moisture and friction and is characterized by erythema, maceration, burning, and exudation.		03.0310
Foot Diseases
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.		04.821
Cardiac Conduction Defect
[description not available]		02.1110
Brugada ECG Pattern
[description not available]		02.1110
Brugada Syndrome
An autosomal dominant defect of cardiac conduction that is characterized by an abnormal ST-segment in leads V1-V3 on the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM resembling a right BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK; high risk of VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; or VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION; SYNCOPAL EPISODE; and possible sudden death. This syndrome is linked to mutations of gene encoding the cardiac SODIUM CHANNEL alpha subunit.		02.1110
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		02.1110
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		02.1110
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		02.1110
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		02.1110
Periodontitis, Acute Nonsuppurative
[description not available]		02.1110
Periapical Periodontitis
Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.		02.1110
Myositis, Orbital
[description not available]		03.0310
Tooth Mobility
Horizontal and, to a lesser degree, axial movement of a tooth in response to normal forces, as in occlusion. It refers also to the movability of a tooth resulting from loss of all or a portion of its attachment and supportive apparatus, as seen in periodontitis, occlusal trauma, and periodontosis. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p507 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p313)		03.0310
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		02.1310
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating
A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.		14.1310
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		02.1310
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid
[description not available]		03.0410
Macular Edema
Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)		08.0410
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic
[description not available]		02.1310
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever		07.1310
Mast Cell Activation Disease
[description not available]		03.0410
Mastocytosis
A rare neoplastic disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation of MAST CELLS, associated with KIT-D816 mutations, and accompanied by aberrant mast cell activation. The abnormal increase of MAST CELLS may occur in only the skin (MASTOCYTOSIS, CUTANEOUS), in extracutaneous tissues involving multiple organs (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC), or in solid tumors (MASTOCYTOMA).		03.0410
Cranial Nerve Diseases
Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.		02.1310
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		02.7730
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		02.7730
Viremia
The presence of viruses in the blood.		02.1310
Greater Tuberosity Fractures
[description not available]		02.1310
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		06.5392
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		06.5392
Encephalitis, West Nile Fever
[description not available]		02.1310
West Nile Fever
A mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the WEST NILE VIRUS, a FLAVIVIRUS and endemic to regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Common clinical features include HEADACHE; FEVER; maculopapular rash; gastrointestinal symptoms; and lymphadenopathy. MENINGITIS; ENCEPHALITIS; and MYELITIS may also occur. The disease may occasionally be fatal or leave survivors with residual neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13; Lancet 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767-71)		02.1310
Margins of Excision
The edges of tissue removed in a surgery for assessment of the effectiveness of a surgical procedure in achieving the local control of a neoplasm and the adequacy of tumor removal. When the margin is negative or not involved by tumor (e.g., CANCER) it suggests all of the tumor has been removed by the surgery.		02.1310
Inflammatory Breast Cancer
[description not available]		07.1310
Histiocytosis, Non-Langerhans-Cell
Group of disorders which feature accumulations of active HISTIOCYTES and LYMPHOCYTES, but where the histiocytes are not LANGERHANS CELLS. The group includes HEMOPHAGOCYTIC LYMPHOHISTIOCYTOSIS; SINUS HISTIOCYTOSIS; xanthogranuloma; reticulohistiocytoma; JUVENILE XANTHOGRANULOMA; xanthoma disseminatum; as well as the lipid storage diseases (SEA-BLUE HISTIOCYTE SYNDROME; and NIEMANN-PICK DISEASES).		02.7430
Inflammatory Breast Neoplasms
Metastatic breast cancer characterized by EDEMA and ERYTHEMA of the affected breast due to LYMPHATIC METASTASIS and eventual obstruction of LYMPHATIC VESSELS by the cancer cells.		02.1310
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
[description not available]		02.7430
Primary Myelofibrosis
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.		15.360
Injuries, Mandibular
[description not available]		02.1510
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		03.8940
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		05.7741
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		05.7741
Parasitemia
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.5120
Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease
[description not available]		07.1510
Chondrocalcinosis
Presence of CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE in the connective tissues such as the cartilaginous structures of joints. When accompanied by GOUT-like symptoms, it is referred to as pseudogout.		02.1510
Multiple Primary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4920
Blast Phase
[description not available]		03.0610
Blast Crisis
An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.		03.0610
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		05.0140
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		05.0140
Anguilluliasis
[description not available]		02.0410
Microbial Superinvasion
[description not available]		02.0410
Lung Diseases, Parasitic
Infections of the lungs with parasites, most commonly by parasitic worms (HELMINTHS).		02.0410
Strongyloidiasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus STRONGYLOIDES. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea.		02.0410
Aging, Premature
Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate.		02.0410
Mediastinal Diseases
Disorders of the mediastinum, general or unspecified.		02.0410
Peritoneal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.		02.0410
Angiomatosis
A condition with multiple tumor-like lesions caused either by congenital or developmental malformations of BLOOD VESSELS, or reactive vascular proliferations, such as in bacillary angiomatosis. Angiomatosis is considered non-neoplastic.		02.0410
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		03.3620
Glomerular Necrosis
[description not available]		02.9610
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental
A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.		03.3620
Cancer of Jaw
[description not available]		02.4620
Hypercalciuria
Excretion of abnormally high level of CALCIUM in the URINE, greater than 4 mg/kg/day.		02.0410
Mouth Ulcer
[description not available]		02.4620
Oral Ulcer
A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)		02.4620
Pain, Intractable
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.		04.3822
Gait Disorders, Animal
[description not available]		02.0510
Stomatitis, Denture
Inflammation of the mouth due to denture irritation.		02.0410
Benign Monoclonal Gammopathies
[description not available]		03.8221
Bladder Calculi
[description not available]		02.0410
Hemiplegia, Crossed
[description not available]		05.3122
Hemiplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.		05.3122
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0510
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		02.0510
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		03.8421
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		03.8421
Chondroma
A benign neoplasm derived from mesodermal cells that form cartilage. It may remain within the substance of a cartilage or bone (true chondroma or enchondroma) or may develop on the surface of a cartilage (ecchondroma or ecchondrosis). (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0510
Cockayne-Touraine Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica
Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by atrophy of blistered areas, severe scarring, and nail changes. It is most often present at birth or in early infancy and occurs in both autosomal dominant and recessive forms. All forms of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa result from mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE VII, a major component fibrils of BASEMENT MEMBRANE and EPIDERMIS.		02.0510
Impairment, Light Touch Sensation
[description not available]		02.0510
Acute Membranous Gingivitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		02.0510
E coli Infections
[description not available]		02.0510
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		02.0510
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		02.0510
EBV Infections
[description not available]		02.0510
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).		02.0510
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		02.4720
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.4720
ATLL
[description not available]		02.0510
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell
Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.		02.0510
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.4620
Cholangiocarcinoma
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.		02.4620
Alveolalgia
[description not available]		02.4620
Hypercementosis
A regressive change of teeth characterized by excessive development of secondary cementum on the tooth surface. It may occur on any part of the root, but the apical two-thirds are most commonly affected. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0510
Osteoradionecrosis
Necrosis of bone following radiation injury.		02.0510
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.0510
Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic
Ischemic injury to the OPTIC NERVE which usually affects the OPTIC DISK (optic neuropathy, anterior ischemic) and less frequently the retrobulbar portion of the nerve (optic neuropathy, posterior ischemic). The injury results from occlusion of arterial blood supply which may result from TEMPORAL ARTERITIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; COLLAGEN DISEASES; EMBOLISM; DIABETES MELLITUS; and other conditions. The disease primarily occurs in the sixth decade or later and presents with the sudden onset of painless and usually severe monocular visual loss. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy also features optic disk edema with microhemorrhages. The optic disk appears normal in posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. (Glaser, Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, p135)		02.0510
Cancer of the Ureter
[description not available]		02.0510
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		02.0510
Ureteral Neoplasms
Cancer or tumors of the URETER which may cause obstruction leading to hydroureter, HYDRONEPHROSIS, and PYELONEPHRITIS. HEMATURIA is a common symptom.		02.0510
Cancer of Parathyroid
[description not available]		02.9740
Parathyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.		02.9740
Adrenal Cortex Cancer
[description not available]		02.4520
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.		02.4520
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		02.0510
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		02.0510
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		03.8521
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		15.8521
Extra-Mammary Paget Disease
[description not available]		03.8521
Paget Disease, Extramammary
A rare cutaneous neoplasm that occurs in the elderly. It develops more frequently in women and predominantly involves apocrine gland-bearing areas, especially the vulva, scrotum, and perianal areas. The lesions develop as erythematous scaly patches that progress to crusted, pruritic, erythematous plaques. The clinical differential diagnosis includes squamous cell carcinoma in situ and superficial fungal infection. It is generally thought to be an adenocarcinoma of the epidermis, from which it extends into the contiguous epithelium of hair follicles and eccrine sweat ducts. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1478)		03.8521
Postpartum Amenorrhea
[description not available]		03.8521
FMR1-Related Primary Ovarian Insufficiency
[description not available]		04.6832
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation.		03.8521
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency
Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections. The most commonly known genetic cause is the expansion of a CGG repeat to 55 to 199 copies in the 5' untranslated region in the X-linked FMR1 gene.		04.6832
Dental Plaque
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.		02.0510
Cancer, Second Primary
[description not available]		06.241
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		02.0610
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		02.0610
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		02.0610
Hepatoblastoma
A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4720
Oral Fistula
An abnormal passage within the mouth communicating between two or more anatomical structures.		02.9640
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		02.0510
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.0610
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		02.0610
Bile Duct Cancer
[description not available]		02.0610
Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.		02.0610
Chloasma
[description not available]		02.0510
Melanosis
Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.		02.0510
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		02.0510
Thromboembolism, Venous
[description not available]		02.0510
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		02.0510
Venous Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		02.0510
Fibrosarcoma
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4720
Femoral Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the FEMUR.		02.4520
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		02.4620
Angioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.		02.0510
Male Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0510
Genital Neoplasms, Male
Tumor or cancer of the MALE GENITALIA.		02.0510
Hemangioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)		02.0510
Orbital Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.		02.0510
Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic
A highly contagious disease characterized by subconjunctival hemorrhage, sudden swelling of the eyelids and congestion, redness, and pain in the eye. Epidemic conjunctivitis caused by Enterovirus 70 (EV-70) was first described in Africa in 1969. It is caused also by Coxsackievirus A24 variant (CA24v). Epidemics by this organism have appeared most frequently in Asia.		02.0510
Neurofibroma
A moderately firm, benign, encapsulated tumor resulting from proliferation of SCHWANN CELLS and FIBROBLASTS that includes portions of nerve fibers. The tumors usually develop along peripheral or cranial nerves and are a central feature of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1, where they may occur intracranially or involve spinal roots. Pathologic features include fusiform enlargement of the involved nerve. Microscopic examination reveals a disorganized and loose cellular pattern with elongated nuclei intermixed with fibrous strands. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016)		02.0510
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.0610
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		07.4720
Deaf Mutism
[description not available]		02.0710
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		02.4520
Deafness
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.		02.0710
Fractures, Ununited
A fracture in which union fails to occur, the ends of the bone becoming rounded and eburnated, and a false joint occurs. (Stedman, 25th ed)		05.0631
Sinusitis, Maxillary
[description not available]		02.4720
Maxillary Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		02.4720
Avulsed Tooth
[description not available]		02.0510
Ankylosis of Teeth
[description not available]		02.0510
Bone Demineralization, Pathologic
Decrease, loss, or removal of the mineral constituents of bones. Temporary loss of bone mineral content is especially associated with space flight, weightlessness, and extended immobilization. OSTEOPOROSIS is permanent, includes reduction of total bone mass, and is associated with increased rate of fractures. CALCIFICATION, PHYSIOLOGIC is the process of bone remineralizing. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; Nicogossian, Space Physiology and Medicine, 2d ed, pp327-33)		03.3720
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		02.7230
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		02.7230
Phlegmon
[description not available]		02.0610
Cellulitis
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.		02.0610
Pyogenic Sacroiliitis
[description not available]		02.0610
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		03.4611
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		03.4611
Ambulation Difficulty
[description not available]		02.0610
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		02.0610
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		02.0610
Altered Level of Consciousness
[description not available]		02.0610
Cyst
[description not available]		02.0610
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		02.0610
Intestinal Perforation
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.		02.0610
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		02.0610
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		02.4520
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.4520
Malnourishment
[description not available]		02.0610
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		02.0610
Acro-Osteolysis
A condition with congenital and acquired forms causing recurrent ulcers in the fingers and toes. The congenital form exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance; the acquired form is found in workers who handle VINYL CHLORIDE. When acro-osteolysis is accompanied by generalized OSTEOPOROSIS and skull deformations, it is called HAJDU-CHENEY SYNDROME.		07.0610
Carcinoma, Oat Cell
[description not available]		04.1131
Carcinoma, Small Cell
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)		04.1131
Neoplasm Regression, Spontaneous
Disappearance of a neoplasm or neoplastic state without the intervention of therapy.		02.0610
Cancer of Endometrium
[description not available]		03.3620
Endometrial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.		03.3620
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		04.4122
Neoplasm Seeding
The local implantation of tumor cells by contamination of instruments and surgical equipment during and after surgical resection, resulting in local growth of the cells and tumor formation.		02.0610
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.0710
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		02.0710
Arthritides, Bacterial
[description not available]		02.4620
Temporomandibular Disorders
[description not available]		02.0710
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)		02.0710
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.9640
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		02.9640
Opportunistic Infections
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.		02.0610
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type
[description not available]		02.4820
Dermatomyositis
A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)		02.4820
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		02.0710
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		02.0710
Lip Diseases
Diseases involving the LIP.		02.0710
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		07.4620
Atypical Lipomatous Tumor
[description not available]		02.0610
Liposarcoma
A malignant tumor derived from primitive or embryonal lipoblastic cells. It may be composed of well-differentiated fat cells or may be dedifferentiated: myxoid (LIPOSARCOMA, MYXOID), round-celled, or pleomorphic, usually in association with a rich network of capillaries. Recurrences are common and dedifferentiated liposarcomas metastasize to the lungs or serosal surfaces. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		07.0610
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		02.0610
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed
[description not available]		02.0710
Medulloblastoma
A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)		02.0710
Degenerative Disc Disease
[description not available]		03.4611
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.		03.4611
Hypophosphatasia
A genetic metabolic disorder resulting from serum and bone alkaline phosphatase deficiency leading to hypercalcemia, ethanolamine phosphatemia, and ethanolamine phosphaturia. Clinical manifestations include severe skeletal defects resembling vitamin D-resistant rickets, failure of the calvarium to calcify, dyspnea, cyanosis, vomiting, constipation, renal calcinosis, failure to thrive, disorders of movement, beading of the costochondral junction, and rachitic bone changes. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.9910
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		02.0710
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		02.0710
Demyelinative Myelitis
[description not available]		02.0710
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		02.9910
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		02.9910
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic
[description not available]		03.8721
Arthritis, Juvenile
Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.		03.8721
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		02.4520
Acropachy, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.0610
Cervical Dystonia
A common form of DYSTONIA due to involuntary sustained or spasmodic, repetitive muscle contractions in the neck region. According to the position of the twisted neck and head, cervical dystonia can be categorized as torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and a combination of these abnormal postures.		02.0710
Aneurysmal Bone Cysts
[description not available]		02.0710
Giant Cell Tumors
Tumors of bone tissue or synovial or other soft tissue characterized by the presence of giant cells. The most common are giant cell tumor of tendon sheath and GIANT CELL TUMOR OF BONE.		14.0710
Torticollis
A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors.		02.0710
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		03.6530
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0710
Spinal Cord Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.		02.0710
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		02.0710
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		02.0710
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		02.0710
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.4620
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		02.4620
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		02.9910
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		02.9910
Synovioma
[description not available]		02.0710
Sarcoma, Synovial
A malignant neoplasm arising from tenosynovial tissue of the joints and in synovial cells of tendons and bursae. The legs are the most common site, but the tumor can occur in the abdominal wall and other trunk muscles. There are two recognized types: the monophasic (characterized by sheaths of monotonous spindle cells) and the biphasic (characterized by slit-like spaces or clefts within the tumor, lined by cuboidal or tall columnar epithelial cells). These sarcomas occur most commonly in the second and fourth decades of life. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1363)		02.0710
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure)
[description not available]		02.0810
Intracranial Hypertension
Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.		07.0810
Diathesis
[description not available]		02.9910
Lymphocytosis
Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.		02.0810
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		03.3720
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic
[description not available]		02.0810
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.		02.0810
Lymphoma, Primary Effusion
A rare neoplasm of large B-cells usually presenting as serious effusions without detectable tumor masses. The most common sites of involvement are the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. It is associated with HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8, most often occurring in the setting of immunodeficiency.		02.0810
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.7530
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.7530
Entrapment Neuropathies
[description not available]		03.6530
Diaphragmatic Paralysis
[description not available]		02.0810
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		02.0110
Bleeding
[description not available]		02.0110
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		02.0110
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		02.0110
Hyperesthesia
Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.		02.0110
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis
[description not available]		02.0110
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute
Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.		02.0110
Argentaffinoma
[description not available]		02.0210
Carcinoid Tumor
A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)		02.0210
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		02.0210
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		03.8121
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		03.8121
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		04.0250
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		09.0250
Cervix Dysplasia
[description not available]		02.9310
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia
Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.		02.9310
Ductal, Lobular, and Medullary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0210
Carcinoma, Colloid
[description not available]		02.0210
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous
An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0210
Gasser Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0210
Purpura, Thrombopenic
[description not available]		02.0210
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.		02.0210
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic
Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.		02.0210
Foreign-Body Reaction
Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.		02.7130
Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.0210
Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell
A poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in which the nucleus is pressed to one side by a cytoplasmic droplet of mucus. It usually arises in the gastrointestinal system.		02.0210
Infections, Prosthesis-Related
[description not available]		02.0210
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute, M4
[description not available]		02.4320
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute
A pediatric acute myeloid leukemia involving both myeloid and monocytoid precursors. At least 20% of non-erythroid cells are of monocytic origin.		02.4320
Bone Cysts
Benign unilocular lytic areas in the proximal end of a long bone with well defined and narrow endosteal margins. The cysts contain fluid and the cyst walls may contain some giant cells. Bone cysts usually occur in males between the ages 3-15 years.		02.0210
Tumour Lysis Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0210
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
A syndrome resulting from cytotoxic therapy, occurring generally in aggressive, rapidly proliferating lymphoproliferative disorders. It is characterized by combinations of hyperuricemia, lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia.		07.0210
Calcium Metabolism Disorders
Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.		02.0210
Myelomonocytic Leukemia, Chronic
[description not available]		02.0210
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic
A myelodysplastic-myeloproliferative disease characterized by monocytosis, increased monocytes in the bone marrow, variable degrees of dysplasia, but an absence of immature granulocytes in the blood.		02.0210
Hand Deformities, Acquired
Deformities of the hand, or a part of the hand, acquired after birth as the result of injury or disease.		02.0210
Bone Hypertrophy
[description not available]		02.0210
Deficiency, Magnesium
[description not available]		02.7230
Magnesium Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)		02.7230
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		02.0310
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		02.0310
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		04.7421
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		04.7421
Gammapathy, Monoclonal
[description not available]		03.8221
Paraproteinemias
A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.		03.8221
Neuroretinitis
[description not available]		02.0310
Retinitis
Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).		02.0310
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		02.0310
African Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.0310
Burkitt Lymphoma
A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.		02.0310
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		02.0310
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		02.0310
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae
[description not available]		02.0310
Orthomyxoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.		02.0310
Exostoses
Benign hypertrophy that projects outward from the surface of bone, often containing a cartilaginous component.		02.0310
Craniofacial Pain
[description not available]		02.0310
Facial Pain
Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.		02.0310
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		02.0410
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		02.0410
Cutaneous Fistula
An abnormal passage or communication leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body.		02.0410
6th Nerve Palsy
[description not available]		02.0310
Diplopia
A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.		02.0310
Convulsions, Grand Mal
[description not available]		02.0310
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)		02.0310
Abscess, Periapical
[description not available]		03.4311
Paraparesis
Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; MUSCULAR DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions.		02.0310
Lipomatosis
A disorder characterized by the accumulation of encapsulated or unencapsulated tumor-like fatty tissue resembling LIPOMA.		02.0310
Fistula
Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.		02.0410
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction
[description not available]		02.0410
Alkalosis
A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.		02.0410
Aldosteronism
[description not available]		02.0410
Adrenal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.		02.0410
Hyperaldosteronism
A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.		02.0410
Rheumatoid Nodule
Subcutaneous nodules seen in 20-30% of rheumatoid arthritis patients. They may arise anywhere on the body, but are most frequently found over the bony prominences. The nodules are characterized histologically by dense areas of fibrinoid necrosis with basophilic streaks and granules, surrounded by a palisade of cells, mainly fibroblasts and histiocytes.		02.0410
Ankylosis
Fixation and immobility of a joint.		02.0410
Arthritis, Spinal
[description not available]		02.0410
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		02.0410
Meniscitis
[description not available]		0210
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		04.3111
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		04.3111
Nephrocalcinosis
A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		0210