Compounds > polidocanol
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polidocanol

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Description

Polidocanol: An alkyl polyglycol ether of LAURYL ALCOHOL, chemically defined as an alcohol ethoxylate having an average alkyl chain of 12–14 carbon atoms, and an ethylene oxide chain of 9 ethylene oxide units. It is used as a detergent, and medically as a local anesthetic, and as a sclerosing agent for the treatment of ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES and VARICOSE VEINS. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

polidocanol : A hydroxypolyether that is nonaethylene glycol in which one of the terminal hydroxy functions is substituted by a lauryl (dodecyl) group. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID656641
CHEMBL ID1231723
CHEBI ID46859
SCHEMBL ID25580
MeSH IDM0053330

Synonyms (62)

Synonym
CHEMBL1231723
3055-99-0
polidocanol
nonaethylene glycol monododecyl ether, nonionic surfactant
NCGC00166290-01
nonaethylene glycol monolauryl ether
dodecyl nona ethylene glycol ether
CHEBI:46859 ,
3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27-nonaoxanonatriacontan-1-ol
nonaethylene glycol monododecyl ether
NCGC00166290-02
poele
2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-(2-dodecoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethanol
9043-30-5
genapol x-080
0awh8bfg9a ,
dtxsid5039721 ,
dtxcid3019721
tox21_112394
cas-3055-99-0
laureth-9
varithena
polidocanol [inn:dcf:jan]
c12-e9
dodecyl nonaoxyethylene ether
einecs 221-284-4
dodecylnonaoxyethylene glycol monoether
asclera
dodecylnonaglycol
peg-9 lauryl ether
macrogol 9 lauryl ether
DB06811
aethoxy-sklerol
SCHEMBL25580
tox21_112394_1
NCGC00166290-03
ONJQDTZCDSESIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
mfcd00043375
AKOS028108701
SR-01000944476-1
sr-01000944476
F20806
J-018016
genapol(r) x-080
marlipal 24/90
10xbio
10xb-101
lauromacrogol 450
polyethylene glycol monolauryl ether (n=9)
nikkol bl-9ex
AMY22525
HY-108294
CS-0028163
nonaoxyethylene monododecyl ether
polidocanols
BS-51745
EN300-7457094
N1204
nonaethylene glycol monododecyl ether [for biochemical research]
lauromacrogol 400 (ep monograph)
lauromacrogol 400 (mart.)
polyoxyl 9 lauryl ether (usp-rs)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Polidocanol is an FDA-approved sclerosant indicated for treating uncomplicated spider veins and reticular veins in the lower extremities. It is a local anaesthetic and antipruritic compound used in the treatment of itching skin conditions such as eczema.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Polidocanol is a safe sclerosing agent with anesthetic properties and minimal skin toxicity."( Polidocanol Sclerotherapy in Pyogenic Granulomas.
Khurana, A; Mathachan, SR, 2022)		3.61
"Polidocanol is an FDA-approved treatment of incompetent great saphenous veins, accessory saphenous veins, and visible varicosities of the great saphenous vein system, but numerous other off-label dermatological applications have been reported."( Polidocanol: A Review of Off-Label Dermatologic Uses.
Bur, D; Nguyen, QD; Silapunt, S; Stender, C, 2022)		3.61
"Polidocanol sclerotherapy is a relatively new approach for these patients."( HEmoRhoidal disease management with Band ligation versus polidocanol Sclerotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis (the HerBS Review).
Doumouras, A; Eskicioglu, C; Hong, D; Lee, Y; McKechnie, T; Patel, J; Sharma, S; Wu, K, 2023)		1.88
"Polidocanol is an FDA-approved sclerosant indicated for treating uncomplicated spider veins and reticular veins in the lower extremities. "( Improper Potency and Impurities in Compounded Polidocanol
Amatangelo, L; Mann, M; Morrison, N; Munavalli, GS, 2019)		2.21
"Polidocanol is a local anaesthetic and antipruritic compound that is used in the treatment of itching skin conditions such as eczema. "( Polidocanol inhibits cowhage - but not histamine-induced itch in humans.
Church, MK; Fluhr, JW; Hawro, T; Maurer, M; Mengeaud, V; Metz, M; Redoulès, D, 2014)		3.29
"Polidocanol is a liquid surfactant having endothelial cell lytic properties. "( Polidocanol for endovenous microfoam sclerosant therapy.
Eckmann, DM, 2009)		3.24
"Polidocanol is a useful sclerosing agent for treating testicular hydrocele. "( [Sclerotherapy of idiopatic hydrocele with polidocanol: a study about 190 cases].
Ben Rais, N; Ben Rhouma, S; Binous, MY; Chelif, M; Hmidi, M; Horchani, A; Nouira, Y; Sallami, S, 2011)		2.07
"Polidocanol was found to be a more effective sclerosing agent than tetracycline for pleurodesis. "( The efficacy of polidocanol in pleurodesis in rats.
Akay, MT; Atalay, C; Cetin, A; Cetin, B; Koçkaya, EA, 2003)		2.11
"Polidocanol is a synthetic, long-chain fatty acid that is widely used as a sclerosing agent in Europe."( Transcervical polidocanol as a nonsurgical method of female sterilization: a pilot study.
Jensen, JT; Liechtenstein-Zábrák, J; Rodriguez, MI; Zalanyi, S, 2004)		1.41
"Polidocanol is an effective sclerosing agent that consists of 95% hydroxypolyethoxydodecane and 5% ethyl alcohol and is known to have a low risk of complications. "( Hepatotoxic effects of polidocanol in a model of autologously perfused porcine livers.
Dinh, QT; Groneberg, DA; Grosse-Siestrup, C; Nagel, S; Pfeffer, J; Springer, J; Unger, V; Witt, C; Wussow, A, 2004)		2.08
"Polidocanol is an effective sclerosant that has few complications."( The Australian polidocanol (aethoxysklerol) study. Results at 2 years.
Conrad, P; Malouf, GM; Stacey, MC, 1995)		2.09
"Polidocanol is a sclerosing solution that is highly valued by clinicians and patients for its painlessness, high efficacy, excellent safety profile, low incidence of side effects, and for the rarity of its allergic reactions. "( Allergic reactions to polidocanol for vein sclerosis. Two case reports.
Bond, OB; Bren, TS; Feied, CF; Fernando, CE; Hashemiyoon, RB; Jackson, JJ; Young, VC, 1994)		2.05
"Polidocanol is a widely used sclerosing agent that was first developed as a local anesthetic. "( Indications for the sclerosing agent polidocanol (aetoxisclerol dexo, aethoxisklerol kreussler)
Guex, JJ, 1993)		2
"Polidocanol sclerotherapy is a well-established therapeutic modality for the treatment of venous malformations. "( Reversible cardiac arrest after polidocanol sclerotherapy of peripheral venous malformation.
Abeni, D; Guerrini, P; Marrocco-Trischitta, MM; Stillo, F, 2002)		2.04

Effects

Polidocanol has shown efficacy in the treatment of mucocele of minor salivary gland, hemangioma, upper extremity veins, reticular veins of the chest, facial veins, pyogenic granuloma, lymphangiomas circumscriptum, digital mucous cyst. Local complications have been reported after treatment.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Polidocanol has shown efficacy in the treatment of mucocele of minor salivary gland, hemangioma, upper extremity veins, reticular veins of the chest, facial veins, pyogenic granuloma, lymphangioma circumscriptum, digital mucous cyst, mixed skin ulcers, cutaneous focal mucinosis, seromas, glomuvenous malformations, acne cysts, lymphocele, and dissecting cellulitis. "( Polidocanol: A Review of Off-Label Dermatologic Uses.
Bur, D; Nguyen, QD; Silapunt, S; Stender, C, 2022)		3.61
"Polidocanol injections have been used to treat chronic Achilles tendinopathy in clinical settings, but the few studies published show inconsistent results. "( No beneficial effect of Polidocanol treatment in Achilles tendinopathy: a randomised controlled trial.
Ebbesen, BH; Gregersen, HE; Mølgaard, CM; Olesen, JL; Simonsen, O, 2018)		2.23
"Polidocanol sclerotherapy has recently been reported to have excellent results and promises to replace operative treatments, but its efficacy in the case of aggressive aneurysmal bone cysts has not been documented."( Treatment of an aggressive aneurysmal bone cyst with percutaneous injection of polidocanol: a case report.
Brosjö, O; Tsagozis, P, 2014)		1.35
"Polidocanol sclerotherapy has been reported as a potential treatment."( Treatment of 63 Subjects With Digital Mucous Cysts With Percutaneous Sclerotherapy Using Polidocanol.
Esson, GA; Holme, SA, 2016)		1.38
"Polidocanol, which has been used for decades as an antipruritic and analgesic in various topical preparations at concentrations between 3% and 5%, might therefore be suitable for prophylaxis of recurrent pityriasis versicolor or in veterinary medicine."( Growth inhibition of Malassezia species by pharmacological concentrations of polidocanol.
Gründer, K; Mayser, P, )		1.08
"Polidocanol has been widely used but local complications have been reported after treatment."( Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy in non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. A comparative study of polidocanol and thrombin.
Benedetti, G; Lacchin, T; Sablich, R, 1991)		1.22

Treatment

Treatment with polidocanol endovenous microfoam 1% led to durable, clinically meaningful, and ongoing improvements at 1 year in varicose vein symptoms and appearance.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Polidocanol as the sole treatment for a superficial orbital venous malformation in a horse was well tolerated and led to clinical resolution. "( Polidocanol monotherapy for a superficial orbital venous malformation in a horse.
Andres, M; Gilger, BC; Oh, A; Stonex, TM; Zibura, AE, 2022)		3.61
"Treatment with polidocanol endovenous microfoam was associated with mild or moderate manageable side effects."( The VANISH-2 study: a randomized, blinded, multicenter study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of polidocanol endovenous microfoam 0.5% and 1.0% compared with placebo for the treatment of saphenofemoral junction incompetence.
Todd, KL; Wright, DI, 2014)		0.96
"Treatment with polidocanol endovenous microfoam 1% led to durable, clinically meaningful, and ongoing improvements at 1 year in varicose vein symptoms and appearance. "( Durability of treatment effect with polidocanol endovenous microfoam on varicose vein symptoms and appearance (VANISH-2).
Todd, KL; Wright, DI, 2015)		1.04

Toxicity

Eighty subjects were treated with either 1 or 3% polidocanol foam to compare the efficacy and adverse sequelae of each concentration. Ethanol treatment showed significantly more adverse reactions than polidOCanol and combination therapy.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" According to our actual experience and knowledge, the safe amount of foam should not exceed the 3-ml limit, but further advancements could come from standardization of the foam preparation technique."( Sclerosing foam in the treatment of varicose veins and telangiectases: history and analysis of safety and complications.
Cavezzi, A; Frullini, A, 2002)		0.31
"Outpatient management is safe for patients with non-variceal upper-GI bleeding who are at low risk of recurrent bleeding and death."( A randomized study of the safety of outpatient care for patients with bleeding peptic ulcer treated by endoscopic injection.
Brullet, E; Cabrol, J; Calvet, X; Campo, R; Garcia-Monforte, N; Guell, M, 2004)		0.32
"Eighty subjects were treated with either 1 or 3% polidocanol foam to compare the efficacy and adverse sequelae of each concentration of polidocanol foam."( Outcomes and side effects of duplex-guided sclerotherapy in the treatment of great saphenous veins with 1% versus 3% polidocanol foam: results of a randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up.
Bullens-Goessens, YI; Ceulen, RP; Nelemans, PJ; Pi-VAN DE Venne, SJ; Sommer, A; Veraart, JC, 2007)		0.8
" No difference in adverse drug reactions was observed between treatment groups."( Efficacy and safety of great saphenous vein sclerotherapy using standardised polidocanol foam (ESAF): a randomised controlled multicentre clinical trial.
Otto, J; Pannier, F; Rabe, E; Schliephake, D, 2008)		0.57
"Standardised 3% polidocanol foam is more efficient and equally safe compared to 3% liquid polidocanol for treatment of GSV."( Efficacy and safety of great saphenous vein sclerotherapy using standardised polidocanol foam (ESAF): a randomised controlled multicentre clinical trial.
Otto, J; Pannier, F; Rabe, E; Schliephake, D, 2008)		0.92
"This clinical study evaluated prospectively adverse events immediately following ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy (UGFS) for the treatment of lower extremity venous valvular insufficiency."( Comparisons of side effects using air and carbon dioxide foam for endovenous chemical ablation.
Johnson, E; McEown, J; Morrison, N; Morrison, T; Neuhardt, DL; Rogers, CR; Salles-Cunha, SX, 2008)		0.35
"Vital signs were monitored during and immediately after UGFS, and adverse events were recorded for 24 hours following the procedure."( Comparisons of side effects using air and carbon dioxide foam for endovenous chemical ablation.
Johnson, E; McEown, J; Morrison, N; Morrison, T; Neuhardt, DL; Rogers, CR; Salles-Cunha, SX, 2008)		0.35
" Systemic adverse effects are rare."( [Polidocanol induced cardiotoxicity: a case report and review of the literature].
Blaise, S; Mallaret, M; Seinturier, C; Sylvoz, N; Villier, C, 2008)		1.26
"Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of little-known but potentially serious cardiac adverse reaction with polidacanol injection and be prepared to initiate cardiopulmonary resuscitation if needed."( [Polidocanol induced cardiotoxicity: a case report and review of the literature].
Blaise, S; Mallaret, M; Seinturier, C; Sylvoz, N; Villier, C, 2008)		1.26
" Adverse events included hypotension and bradycardia during the procedure."( Polidocanol sclerotherapy for painful venous malformations: evaluation of safety and efficacy in pain relief.
Fujiwara, H; Gobara, H; Hiraki, T; Hyodo, T; Iguchi, T; Kanazawa, S; Kimata, Y; Mimura, H; Mukai, T; Yasui, K, 2009)		1.8
" Although foam-induced microembolism is a common phenomenon during sclerotherapy, in this report we demonstrate that polidocanol microfoam prepared with a low-nitrogen gas mixture is safe in a patient with a patent foramen ovale."( Efficacy and safety of microfoam sclerotherapy in a patient with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome and a patent foramen ovale.
Bastarrika, G; Cabrera, J; Martínez-Cuesta, A; Redondo, P; Sierra, A, 2009)		0.56
" The objective of this follow-up registry was to evaluate the long-term incidence of adverse events with polidocanol."( The French polidocanol study on long-term side effects: a survey covering 3,357 patient years.
Allaert, FA; Guex, JJ; Mako, S; Otto, J; Schliephake, DE, 2010)		0.96
"4%) adverse events were observed in patients treated with liquid polidocanol and 46 (1."( The French polidocanol study on long-term side effects: a survey covering 3,357 patient years.
Allaert, FA; Guex, JJ; Mako, S; Otto, J; Schliephake, DE, 2010)		0.99
" This study demonstrates that polidocanol is a safe sclerosing agent in the short and long term."( The French polidocanol study on long-term side effects: a survey covering 3,357 patient years.
Allaert, FA; Guex, JJ; Mako, S; Otto, J; Schliephake, DE, 2010)		1.04
" There were no major adverse events."( Endovenous mechanochemical ablation of great saphenous vein incompetence using the ClariVein device: a safety study.
Boersma, D; de Vries, JP; Elias, S; Holewijn, S; Reijnen, MM; van Eekeren, RR; Werson, DA, 2011)		0.37
"This study showed that endovenous MOCA, using polidocanol, is feasible and safe in the treatment of GSV incompetence."( Endovenous mechanochemical ablation of great saphenous vein incompetence using the ClariVein device: a safety study.
Boersma, D; de Vries, JP; Elias, S; Holewijn, S; Reijnen, MM; van Eekeren, RR; Werson, DA, 2011)		0.63
"5%, 1% and 3% was efficacious and safe in Chinese patients."( Efficacy and safety of Aethoxysklerol® (polidocanol) 0.5%, 1% and 3% in comparison with placebo solution for the treatment of varicose veins of the lower extremities in Chinese patients (ESA-China Study).
Gu, YQ; Jing, Z; Malouf, GM; Otto, J; Schliephake, DE; Zhang, J, 2012)		0.65
" Sodium lauryl ether sulfate and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether significantly damaged the membrane, disturbed cellular metabolic activity, and decreased mitochondrial activity and the protein synthesis rate; however, their toxicity was far below those of the severely toxic chemicals at comparable concentrations."( Cellular toxicity of surfactants used as herbicide additives.
Gil, HW; Hong, SY; Kim, YH; Lee, EY; Seok, SJ; Song, HY; Yang, JO, 2012)		0.38
" In addition, major adverse effects were rare."( Efficacy and safety of endovenous foam sclerotherapy: meta-analysis for treatment of venous disorders.
Norris, A; Rathbun, S; Stoner, J, 2012)		0.38
"EFS is a safe and effective therapy for the treatment of venous disorders."( Efficacy and safety of endovenous foam sclerotherapy: meta-analysis for treatment of venous disorders.
Norris, A; Rathbun, S; Stoner, J, 2012)		0.38
" Efficacy of combining POL and laser proved safe and satisfactory in 96 % of patients using low-fluence laser pulses with a total cumulative energy in the 3 cm venous segment, lower than that of conventional treatment."( Optimal and safe treatment of spider leg veins measuring less than 1.5 mm on skin type IV patients, using repeated low-fluence Nd:YAG laser pulses after polidocanol injection.
Alcolea, J; Hernández, E; Isarría, MJ; Moreno-Moraga, J; Pascu, ML; Royo, J; Smarandache, A; Trelles, M, 2013)		0.59
"In the therapy of first-grade haemorrhoidal disease, polidocanol 3 % foam is more effective and equally safe compared to liquid polidocanol."( Efficacy and safety of sclerotherapy with polidocanol foam in comparison with fluid sclerosant in the treatment of first-grade haemorrhoidal disease: a randomised, controlled, single-blind, multicentre trial.
Bussen, DG; Gliem, P; Joos, AK; Kirsch, J; Mosch, C; Moser, KH; Sauerland, S; Walgenbach, M, 2013)		0.9
" Of the 230 polidocanol endovenous microfoam-treated patients (including open-label patients), 60% had an adverse event compared with 39% of placebo; 95% were mild or moderate."( The VANISH-2 study: a randomized, blinded, multicenter study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of polidocanol endovenous microfoam 0.5% and 1.0% compared with placebo for the treatment of saphenofemoral junction incompetence.
Todd, KL; Wright, DI, 2014)		1
" Adverse events included contusion, incision-site hematoma, and limb discomfort."( A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Varithena® (polidocanol endovenous microfoam 1%) for symptomatic, visible varicose veins with saphenofemoral junction incompetence.
Gibson, K; Kabnick, L, 2017)		0.67
"Polidocanol foam sclerotherapy is effective, and safe for treatment of VMs, with high success rate and low risk of major complications."( Efficacy and safety of Duplex-guided polidocanol foam sclerotherapy for venous malformations.
Ali, H; Mohammed, W; Saleh, M, 2017)		2.17
"EUS-guided PCN ablation with lauromacrogol is safe and efficient."( A prospective study on the safety and effectiveness of using lauromacrogol for ablation of pancreatic cystic neoplasms with the aid of EUS.
Chai, N; Du, C; Feng, J; Guo, X; Li, H; Linghu, E; Ning, B; Sun, L; Sun, Y; Tang, P; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Xu, W; Zhang, W, 2017)		0.46
" A meta-analysis on the risk of adverse events (AEs) showed a lower risk for polidocanol versus other treatments, for example, all the conventional treatments used independently (p < ."( Effectiveness and safety of polidocanol for the treatment of hemangiomas and vascular malformations: A meta-analysis.
Gao, Z; Li, W; Shi, C; Zhang, Y, 2018)		1
"BRTO utilizing lauromacrogol foam appears to be a safe and useful treatment option in patients with GVs in the short term."( Efficacy and safety of balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration of gastric varices with lauromacrogol foam sclerotherapy: initial experience.
Luo, X; Ma, H; Wang, X; Yang, L; Yu, J; Zhao, Y, 2018)		0.48
"The authors performed a disproportionality analysis using the proportional reporting ratio (PRR) method to compare pharmacovigilance signals between each sclerosing agent among 6 adverse event syndromes of interest: hypersensitivity reactions, arterial thromboembolic disorders, venous thromboembolic disorders, cardiac arrhythmias, visual/neurological disturbances, and skin ulcerations."( Safety Profile of Sclerosing Agents: An Analysis From the World Health Organization Pharmacovigilance Database VigiBase.
Blaise, S; Cracowski, JL; Khouri, C; Roselli, A; Roustit, M, 2019)		0.51
"The efficacy of lauromacrogol injection therapy and intralesional triamcinolone for infantile hemangiomas (IH) has been well documented recently, but with an increase in serious or rare adverse reactions."( Safety of intralesional injection of lauromacrogol combined with triamcinolone for infantile hemangiomas.
Bi, J; Chai, Y; Huo, R; Li, X; Li, Z; Lv, R; Song, J; Xu, G; Zhou, Z, 2019)		0.51
"The sequential treatment regimen, including percutaneous polidocanol sclerotherapy and RFA, is an appropriate and safe treatment strategy for large benign partially cystic thyroid nodules with solid components."( Sequential treatment by polidocanol and radiofrequency ablation of large benign partially cystic thyroid nodules with solid components: Efficacy and safety.
Ding, M; He, Y; Li, P; Lin, Y; Shi, YP; Tang, XY; Zhai, B, 2020)		1.11
"Percutaneous sclerotherapy is a safe and effective treatment option of VM and secondary varicosis of the labia majora."( Safety and effectiveness of percutaneous sclerotherapy for venous disorders of the labia majora in patients with vascular malformations.
Brill, R; Deistung, A; Goldann, C; Gussew, A; Rosendahl, J; Stangl, F; Uller, W; Wildgruber, M; Wohlgemuth, WA, 2020)		0.56
" No patients experienced adverse hemodynamic consequences or venous thromboembolism."( Safety and efficacy of foam sclerotherapy for treatment of low-flow vascular malformations in children.
Markovic, JN; Nag, U; Shortell, CK, 2020)		0.56
"DSA-guided percutaneous sclerotherapy for venous malformations of penile region in children is safe and effective, does not affect the appearance and function of penis, and is worthy of clinical promotion."( Efficacy and safety of DSA-guided percutaneous sclerotherapy for venous malformations of penile region in children.
Guo, L; Li, J; Song, D; Wang, L; Wu, C; Zhang, X, 2021)		0.62
" Adverse events (AEs) and efficacy were evaluated by both subject and blinded investigator."( Comparison of the Safety and Efficacy of Foam Sclerotherapy With 1: 2 Polidocanol to Air Ratio Versus 1: 4 Ratio for the Treatment of Reticular Veins of the Lower Extremities.
Alhaddad, M; Boen, M; Goldman, MP; Hoss, E; Kollipara, R, 2020)		0.79
"Two different POL to air ratios, 1:2 versus 1:4, were similarly safe and efficacious for the treatment reticular veins of the lower extremities."( Comparison of the Safety and Efficacy of Foam Sclerotherapy With 1: 2 Polidocanol to Air Ratio Versus 1: 4 Ratio for the Treatment of Reticular Veins of the Lower Extremities.
Alhaddad, M; Boen, M; Goldman, MP; Hoss, E; Kollipara, R, 2020)		0.79
"Sclerosis with foam and liquid polidocanol were superior to the other groups, but specially polidocanol foam at the expense of greater frequency of adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of glucose, glucose and polidocanol combination, liquid polidocanol and polidocanol foam in the treatment of reticular veins: A randomized study in rabbits.
Bertanha, M; Carvalho, LR; Jaldin, RG; Janzen, J; Lucio Filho, CEP; Prata, MP; Sobreira, ML; Yoshida, WB, 2021)		1.17
" Ethanol treatment showed significantly more adverse reactions than polidocanol and combination therapy."( Effectiveness and Safety of Ethanol for the Treatment of Venous Malformations: A Meta-Analysis.
Chen, X; Guo, Y; Lei, S; Sun, Y, 2020)		0.79
"Absolute ethanol combined with polidocanol is more effective in treating VM and has fewer adverse reactions."( Effectiveness and Safety of Ethanol for the Treatment of Venous Malformations: A Meta-Analysis.
Chen, X; Guo, Y; Lei, S; Sun, Y, 2020)		0.84
"TLFS combined with EVLA is a safe and feasible procedure that improves the VCSS and reduces the need for additional second-stage interventions compared with UGFS combined with EVLA."( A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of transluminal injection of foam sclerotherapy compared with ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy during endovenous catheter ablation in patients with varicose veins.
Fujii, K; Iwakura, K; Iwamoto, M; Nagai, H; Okamura, A; Sumiyoshi, A; Suzuki, S; Tanaka, H; Tanaka, K; Watanabe, S, 2022)		0.72
" The demographic data, CEAP (clinical, etiologic, anatomic, pathophysiologic) classification, venous clinical severity score (VCSS), procedure details, adverse thrombotic events, and follow-up data were abstracted."( Endovenous microfoam ablation of below knee superficial truncal veins is safe and effective in patients with prior saphenous treatment across a wide range of CEAP classes.
DeRubertis, BG; Farley, SM; Jimenez, JC; Lawrence, PF; Pavlyha, M; Rigberg, DA; Woo, K, 2022)		0.72
" No pulmonary emboli or neurologic adverse events were reported."( Endovenous microfoam ablation of below knee superficial truncal veins is safe and effective in patients with prior saphenous treatment across a wide range of CEAP classes.
DeRubertis, BG; Farley, SM; Jimenez, JC; Lawrence, PF; Pavlyha, M; Rigberg, DA; Woo, K, 2022)		0.72
"Endovenous chemical ablation with commercially manufactured polidocanol microfoam of BK truncal veins is a safe and effective treatment for patients with severe, refractory chronic venous insufficiency and prior saphenous interventions."( Endovenous microfoam ablation of below knee superficial truncal veins is safe and effective in patients with prior saphenous treatment across a wide range of CEAP classes.
DeRubertis, BG; Farley, SM; Jimenez, JC; Lawrence, PF; Pavlyha, M; Rigberg, DA; Woo, K, 2022)		0.96
" No serious adverse events occurred."( A multicentre, open-label, single-arm phase II trial of the efficacy and safety of sclerotherapy using 3% polidocanol foam to treat second-degree haemorrhoids (SCLEROFOAM).
Bianco, V; Diaco, E; Gallo, G; Giuliani, A; Laforgia, R; Lobascio, P; Luc, AR; Moggia, E; Naldini, G; Novelli, E; Perinotti, R; Pietroletti, R; Pozzo, M; Roveroni, M; Sammarco, G; Sturiale, A; Trompetto, M; Tutino, R, 2022)		0.93
"To analyze adverse events (AEs) related to sclerosants reported through the Federal Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS)."( Analysis of adverse events with sclerosants reported to the United States Food and Drug Administration.
Nguyen, CN; Nguyen, QD; Silapunt, S, 2022)		0.72
"Percutaneous sclerotherapy can be effective and safe for maxillofacial intramuscular venous malformations, especially for localized lesions of the masseter muscle."( Effectiveness and safety of percutaneous sclerotherapy using absolute ethanol and/or polidocanol for maxillofacial venous malformations involving the masticatory muscles: A case series.
Funayama, E; Furukawa, H; Ishikawa, K; Maeda, T; Miura, T; Sasaki, S; Sasaki, Y; Yamamoto, Y, 2023)		1.13
"To assess the effectiveness, safety, and predictors of outcomes and adverse events for percutaneous sclerotherapy using polidocanol for the treatment of venous malformations (VMs)."( Sclerotherapy of Venous Malformations Using Polidocanol: Effectiveness, Safety, and Predictors of Outcomes and Adverse Events.
Bendszus, M; Günther, P; Hoffmann, J; Hohenstatt, S; Lorenz, J; Möhlenbruch, MA; Ruping, F; Schmitt, N; Semmelmayer, K; Vollherbst, DF, 2023)		1.38
" Demographic characteristics, clinical data, and radiologic features were analyzed, and the influence of patient- and VM-related factors on the subjective clinical outcome and adverse events were investigated using a multivariate logistic regression analysis."( Sclerotherapy of Venous Malformations Using Polidocanol: Effectiveness, Safety, and Predictors of Outcomes and Adverse Events.
Bendszus, M; Günther, P; Hoffmann, J; Hohenstatt, S; Lorenz, J; Möhlenbruch, MA; Ruping, F; Schmitt, N; Semmelmayer, K; Vollherbst, DF, 2023)		1.17
" The total adverse event rate was 10."( Sclerotherapy of Venous Malformations Using Polidocanol: Effectiveness, Safety, and Predictors of Outcomes and Adverse Events.
Bendszus, M; Günther, P; Hoffmann, J; Hohenstatt, S; Lorenz, J; Möhlenbruch, MA; Ruping, F; Schmitt, N; Semmelmayer, K; Vollherbst, DF, 2023)		1.17
" However, it can be less effective in children, and adverse events can be more frequently expected for VMs of the extremities."( Sclerotherapy of Venous Malformations Using Polidocanol: Effectiveness, Safety, and Predictors of Outcomes and Adverse Events.
Bendszus, M; Günther, P; Hoffmann, J; Hohenstatt, S; Lorenz, J; Möhlenbruch, MA; Ruping, F; Schmitt, N; Semmelmayer, K; Vollherbst, DF, 2023)		1.17

Compound-Compound Interactions

Polidocanol sclerotherapy combined with transarterial embolization using NBCA is safe and effective for treating extracranial AVMs with an acceptable risk of minor complications.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"A randomized comparative study was conducted of injection therapy with epinephrine-polidocanol (1%) versus hemoclip application, versus injection combined with hemoclip for bleeding peptic ulcers."( A randomized trial comparing injection therapy with hemoclip and with injection combined with hemoclip for bleeding ulcers.
De Goede, E; Gevers, AM; Hiele, M; Rutgeerts, P; Simoens, M, 2002)		0.54
" We describe in detail a patient who received treatment with ultrasound-guided laser interruption of feeding vessels combined with polidocanol sclerotherapy after the recurrence of forearm high-flow vascular malformation."( High-flow vascular malformation treatment using ultrasound-guided laser combined with polidocanol sclerotherapy.
Li, JL; Li, L; Zhang, Y; Zhou, P, 2015)		0.84
" This result indicates that soil washing combined with Fenton-like oxidation may be a practical approach for the remediation of PCB-contaminated soil."( Soil washing in combination with homogeneous Fenton-like oxidation for the removal of 2,4,4'-trichlorodiphenyl from soil contaminated with capacitor oil.
Dong, YH; Lin, ZR; Ma, XH; Zhao, L, 2016)		0.43
"To evaluate the effect of ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy (UGFS) in a single session combined with great saphenous vein (GSV) high ligation for severe lower extremity varicosis classified as C4-C6, compared with GSV stripping plus multistab avulsion or transilluminated powered phlebectomy (TIPP)."( Prospective Randomized Study of Ultrasound-Guided Foam Sclerotherapy Combined with Great Saphenous Vein High Ligation in the Treatment of Severe Lower Extremity Varicosis.
Chang, G; He, H; Hu, Z; Li, Z; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wang, S; Yao, C; Yin, H, 2017)		0.46
" The UGFS group was managed by GSV high ligation and foam sclerotherapy in one session under the surveillance of ultrasonography, whereas the control group received GSV high ligation and stripping combined with multistab avulsion or TIPP."( Prospective Randomized Study of Ultrasound-Guided Foam Sclerotherapy Combined with Great Saphenous Vein High Ligation in the Treatment of Severe Lower Extremity Varicosis.
Chang, G; He, H; Hu, Z; Li, Z; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wang, S; Yao, C; Yin, H, 2017)		0.46
"Our outcomes indicated that UGFS combined with GSV high ligation was safe and effective for severe lower extremity varicosis."( Prospective Randomized Study of Ultrasound-Guided Foam Sclerotherapy Combined with Great Saphenous Vein High Ligation in the Treatment of Severe Lower Extremity Varicosis.
Chang, G; He, H; Hu, Z; Li, Z; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wang, S; Yao, C; Yin, H, 2017)		0.46
"To compare the clinical efficacy of pingyangmycin and lauromacrogol combined with pingyangmycin in the treatment of venous malformations (VMs)."( [Clinical efficacy of lauromacrogol combined with pingyangmycin in the treatment of venous malformation: clinical analysis of 120 consecutive cases].
Cai, Y; Liu, DX; Liu, L; Zhao, JH; Zhong, HY, 2016)		0.43
"One hundred and twenty patients with VM were randomly divided into lauromacrogol combined with pingyangmycin injection group (experimental group) and pingyangmycin injection group (control group)."( [Clinical efficacy of lauromacrogol combined with pingyangmycin in the treatment of venous malformation: clinical analysis of 120 consecutive cases].
Cai, Y; Liu, DX; Liu, L; Zhao, JH; Zhong, HY, 2016)		0.43
"Compared to the single use of pingyangmycin, lauromacrogol combined with pingyangmycin is more effective for the treatment of VM, with fewer sessions required and no adverse effects."( [Clinical efficacy of lauromacrogol combined with pingyangmycin in the treatment of venous malformation: clinical analysis of 120 consecutive cases].
Cai, Y; Liu, DX; Liu, L; Zhao, JH; Zhong, HY, 2016)		0.43
"The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the occlusion rate, clinical severity, disease specific health related quality of life (HRQoL), and safety in patients with great saphenous vein (GSV) reflux 3 years after a single treatment session of catheter directed foam sclerotherapy (CDFS) combined with peri-saphenous infiltration of tumescent local anaesthesia (TLA)."( Mid-term Results of Catheter Directed Foam Sclerotherapy Combined with Tumescent Local Anaesthesia for Treatment of Great Saphenous Vein Incompetence.
Ali, H; Elbadawy, A; Mahmoud, O; Saleh, M, 2017)		0.46
"A total of 249 patients with symptomatic unilateral GSV incompetence underwent CDFS combined with TLA and were followed up for 3 years."( Mid-term Results of Catheter Directed Foam Sclerotherapy Combined with Tumescent Local Anaesthesia for Treatment of Great Saphenous Vein Incompetence.
Ali, H; Elbadawy, A; Mahmoud, O; Saleh, M, 2017)		0.46
"CDFS combined with TLA for treatment of GSV incompetence yields good mid-term results in terms of occlusion rate, clinical severity, patients' QoL, and safety."( Mid-term Results of Catheter Directed Foam Sclerotherapy Combined with Tumescent Local Anaesthesia for Treatment of Great Saphenous Vein Incompetence.
Ali, H; Elbadawy, A; Mahmoud, O; Saleh, M, 2017)		0.46
" In this case report, EUS-guided radiofrequency ablation combined with lauromacrogol ablation was applied for the first time in the treatment of PCN, and it showed complete resolution at a 3-month follow-up."( New treatment of the pancreatic cystic neoplasm: Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided radiofrequency ablation combined with lauromacrogol ablation.
Chai, N; Feng, X; Li, H; Linghu, E, 2018)		0.48
"To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound-guided local lauromacrogol injection combined with aspiration for treating cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP)."( Evaluation of the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Local Lauromacrogol Injection Combined with Aspiration for Cesarean Scar Pregnancy: A Novel Treatment.
Chai, ZY; Liu, MM; Qi, F; Yu, L; Zhu, TW, 2018)		0.48
"From July 2016 to December 2016, 18 patients diagnosed with CSP were treated with ultrasound-guided local lauromacrogol injection combined with aspiration."( Evaluation of the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Local Lauromacrogol Injection Combined with Aspiration for Cesarean Scar Pregnancy: A Novel Treatment.
Chai, ZY; Liu, MM; Qi, F; Yu, L; Zhu, TW, 2018)		0.48
"Ultrasound-guided local lauromacrogol injection combined with aspiration is an effective CSP therapy, as it was associated with a high success rate, short hospitalization and fast recovery."( Evaluation of the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Local Lauromacrogol Injection Combined with Aspiration for Cesarean Scar Pregnancy: A Novel Treatment.
Chai, ZY; Liu, MM; Qi, F; Yu, L; Zhu, TW, 2018)		0.48
"To assess the safety and effectiveness of polidocanol sclerotherapy combined with transarterial embolization using a liquid adhesive agent (n-butyl cyanoacrylate, NBCA) for treatment of extracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs)."( Polidocanol Sclerotherapy Combined with Transarterial Embolization Using n-Butyl Cyanoacrylate for Extracranial Arteriovenous Malformations.
Hagihara, M; Ikeda, S; Ishiguchi, T; Izumi, Y; Kitagawa, A; Matsunaga, N; Ota, T; Yamaji, M; Yamamoto, T, 2018)		2.19
"Polidocanol sclerotherapy combined with transarterial embolization using NBCA is safe and effective for treating extracranial AVMs with an acceptable risk of minor complications."( Polidocanol Sclerotherapy Combined with Transarterial Embolization Using n-Butyl Cyanoacrylate for Extracranial Arteriovenous Malformations.
Hagihara, M; Ikeda, S; Ishiguchi, T; Izumi, Y; Kitagawa, A; Matsunaga, N; Ota, T; Yamaji, M; Yamamoto, T, 2018)		3.37
"To investigate the clinical effect of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) combined with lauromacrogol for the treatment of parotid gland hemangioma in infants."( [Clinical study of radiofrequency ablation combined with lauromacrogol for the treatment of parotid gland hemangioma in infants].
Chen, H; Chen, J; Cui, J; Han, T; Ji, Y; Shen, W; Zou, J, 2016)		0.43
"The observation group was treated by RFA combined with lauromacrogol, while the control group 1 was treated by RFA only, the control group 2 was treated by pingyangmycin only, and the control group 3 received additional pingyangmycin based on RFA."( [Clinical study of radiofrequency ablation combined with lauromacrogol for the treatment of parotid gland hemangioma in infants].
Chen, H; Chen, J; Cui, J; Han, T; Ji, Y; Shen, W; Zou, J, 2016)		0.43
" The aim of this study is to investigate the safety concerns regarding intralesional injection of lauromacrogol combined with triamcinolone for IH and to study its effect on infant growth and development."( Safety of intralesional injection of lauromacrogol combined with triamcinolone for infantile hemangiomas.
Bi, J; Chai, Y; Huo, R; Li, X; Li, Z; Lv, R; Song, J; Xu, G; Zhou, Z, 2019)		0.51
"Ultrasound-guided local lauromacrogol injection combined with suction curettage may be a safer and novel therapeutic method."( Type II caesarean scar pregnancy management by ultrasound-guided local lauromacrogol injection in combination with suction curettage: A case report.
Jia, CL; Li, DH; Sun, WC; Wei, SS; Zhang, ZF, 2020)		0.56
"To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of bipolar coagulation forceps combined with 1% lauromacrogol foam sclerotherapy in the treatment of microcystic lymphatic malformation of tongue."( [Evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment of 16 patients with tongue microcystic lymphatic malformation using bipolar coagulation forceps combined with 1% lauromacrogol foam sclerotherapy].
Chen, JF; He, XM; Li, J; Li, JP; Liu, SW; Xian, D; Zhang, GR, 2021)		0.62
"Bipolar coagulation forceps combined with 1% lauromacrogol foam sclerotherapy is a minimally invasive, safe and effective treatment for tongue microcystic lymphatic malformation."( [Evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment of 16 patients with tongue microcystic lymphatic malformation using bipolar coagulation forceps combined with 1% lauromacrogol foam sclerotherapy].
Chen, JF; He, XM; Li, J; Li, JP; Liu, SW; Xian, D; Zhang, GR, 2021)		0.62
", cryoablation and microwave ablation) in combination with sclerotherapy using lauromacrogol."( Sequential thermal ablation in combination with sclerotherapy using lauromacrogol as a successful translative therapy for an unresectable huge biliary cystadenocarcinoma: The first experience assisted by contrast-enhanced ultrasound.
Li, JX; Li, XL; Sun, LP; Xu, HX; Yu, SY; Zhang, HL; Zhu, JE, 2022)		0.72
"To explore factors related to local injection of Lauromacrogol combined with curettage in the treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy."( Predictive factors analysis of cesarean scar pregnancy treated by local injection of Lauromacrogol combined with curettage.
He, P; Huang, J; Li, D; Zhou, J, 2023)		0.91

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The presence of sodium salicylate and a nonionic surface-active agent, Brij 35, gave increased bioavailability as high as 20% compared with 3% for a system without adjuvants."( Use of adjuvants for enhancement of rectal absorption of cefoxitin in humans.
Burnham, WR; Davis, SS; O'Brien, J; Wilson, P, 1985)		0.27
" The degree of inhibition of oedema development was quite similar after oral and intravenous administration, respectively, thus the bioavailability of clobenoside should be good."( [Edema-protective effect of clobenoside].
Felix, W; Hennings, G; Ruppert, R, 1985)		0.27
"The principal objective of this study was to quantify the bioavailability of micelle-solubilized naphthalene to naphthalene-degrading microorganisms comprising a mixed population isolated from contaminated waste and soils."( Biodegradation of naphthalene in aqueous nonionic surfactant systems.
Jacobson, AM; Liu, Z; Luthy, RG, 1995)		0.29
"The need to develop chloroquine suppository formulations that yield optimal bioavailability of the drug has been emphasized."( Effects of absorption enhancers in chloroquine suppository formulations: I. In vitro release characteristics.
Adebayo, AS; Babalola, CP; Onyeji, CO, 1999)		0.3
"Pulmonary drug administration of most peptide/protein drugs is characterized by low bioavailability due to low permeability."( Histopathological study of the effects of a single intratracheal instillation of surface active agents on lung in rats.
Adachi, K; Awazu, S; Hayashi, M; Machida, M; Otabe, K; Sugimoto, T; Suzuki, M, 2000)		0.31
"The effect of the nonionic surfactant Brij 35 on the bioavailability of solid and Teflon-sorbed dibenzofuran for Sphingomonas sp."( Influence of the nonionic surfactant Brij 35 on the bioavailability of solid and sorbed dibenzofuran.
Garcia, JM; Harms, H; Wick, LY, 2001)		0.31
" Overall, this study demonstrates that the properties of the surfactant and its dose relative to the corresponding aqueous-phase concentration are important factors in designing systems for surfactant-enhanced bioremediation of PAH-contaminated soils in which PAH bioavailability is limited."( Surfactant-enhanced desorption and biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in contaminated soil.
Aitken, MD; Zhu, H, 2010)		0.36
"In the present study surfactant addition with the help of either a mechanical dispersion or a thermal treatment was applied in order to increase the solubility and the bioavailability of phenanthrene in aqueous media, and therefore to promote its biodegradation."( Effect of surfactants, dispersion and temperature on solubility and biodegradation of phenanthrene in aqueous media.
Blanchard, F; Boudrant, J; Delaunay, S; Goergen, JL; Guédon, E; Guseva, E; Pantsyrnaya, T, 2011)		0.37
"High recalcitrant characteristics and low bioavailability rates due to aging processes can hinder high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAHs) bioremediation in real industrial polluted soils."( Comparative assessment of bioremediation approaches to highly recalcitrant PAH degradation in a real industrial polluted soil.
Covino, S; D'annibale, A; Lladó, S; Petruccioli, M; Solanas, AM; Viñas, M, 2013)		0.39
"Recent studies have suggested that the ability of a surfactant to enhance the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOC) requires the formation of surfactant hemi-micelles on the bacterial cell surface and subsequent partitioning of HOC into the hemi-micelles."( Partitioning of phenanthrene into surfactant hemi-micelles on the bacterial cell surface and implications for surfactant-enhanced biodegradation.
Brown, DG; Lanzon, JB, 2013)		0.39
" Furthermore, the TMNM had greater bioavailability (215%) than the Tol solution."( Toltrazuril mixed nanomicelle delivery system based on sodium deoxycholate-Brij C20 polyethylene ether-triton x100: Characterization, solubility, and bioavailability study.
Fan, G; Fu, H; Liu, C; Peng, G; Ren, D; Shi, F; Shu, G; Yin, L; Yuan, Z; Zhang, L; Zhao, L; Zhou, J, 2018)		0.48
" The SD formulation was effective in improving the bioavailability of topotecan, a BCRP substrate in rats."( Improved In vivo Effect of Chrysin as an Absorption Enhancer Via the Preparation of Ternary Solid Dispersion with Brij®L4 and Aminoclay.
Han, HK; Lee, SH; Lee, YS; Song, JG, 2019)		0.51
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51

Dosage Studied

This study was conducted to identify the ideal Polidocanol dosage and form for mechano-chemical ablation in order to occlude the great saphenous vein.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" In addition, in vivo repeated dosing of RM beta-CD did not show any toxicity up to 20% w/v."( The effects of water-soluble cyclodextrins on the histological integrity of the rat nasal mucosa.
Asai, K; Hosoda, S; Katsuta, H; Morishita, M; Nagai, T; Noro, M; Shinomiya, K; Takayama, K, 2002)		0.31
"Practice is variable, even in areas with established evidence based on randomized controlled studies, such as dosage and way of administration and duration of PPI treatment, injection treatment used as monotherapy and the volume used, including ulcers with clots for treatment, and the use of scheduled second-look endoscopy."( Clinical practice and evidence in endoscopic treatment of bleeding peptic gastroduodenal ulcer.
Adamsen, S; Bendix, J; Kallehave, F; Moesgaard, F; Nilsson, T; Wille-Jørgensen, P, 2007)		0.34
" More research is needed to determine the optimal agent(s) and the ideal dosing to achieve the best results and maximize patient satisfaction."( Sclerotherapy for lower limb telangiectasias.
Maxwell, H; Schwartz, L, 2011)		0.37
" All patients were able to perform sexual intercourse without the previously used dosage of PDE5 inhibitor."( Venous leakage treatment revisited: pelvic venoablation using aethoxysclerol under air block technique and Valsalva maneuver.
Herwig, R; Sansalone, S, 2015)		0.42
" However, determining the precise dosage for satisfactory efficacy and few side effects are still challenging."( A new method for using radiopaque sclerosing foam to treat venous malformations.
Chen, AW; Li, K; Liu, SH; Liu, YR, 2015)		0.42
" Increasing the TiO2 dosage exhibited a positive effect on treatment efficiencies."( A comparative study of HO•- and SO4•--based AOPs for the degradation of non-ionic surfactant Brij30.
Ecer, Ç; Kabdaşlı, I; Olmez-Hanci, T; Tünay, O, 2015)		0.42
" This study was conducted to identify the ideal Polidocanol dosage and form for mechano-chemical ablation in order to occlude the great saphenous vein."( Clarivein® mechano-chemical ablation an interim analysis of a randomized controlled trial dose-finding study.
Lam, YL; Toonder, IM; Wittens, CH, 2016)		0.69
" Further investigation to determine the ideal Polidocanol liquid dosage with mechano-chemical ablation is advocated and is being conducted accordingly."( Clarivein® mechano-chemical ablation an interim analysis of a randomized controlled trial dose-finding study.
Lam, YL; Toonder, IM; Wittens, CH, 2016)		0.69
"000), whereas no difference was observed in the dosage of lauromacrogol (16."( Transparent cap-assisted endoscopic sclerotherapy in esophageal varices: a randomized-controlled trial.
Chen, S; Huang, X; Lian, J; Ma, L; Wang, J, 2018)		0.48
" The mean difference for average tissue adhesive dosage per case was calculated."( Sandwich method with or without lauromacrogol in the treatment of gastric variceal bleeding with liver cirrhosis: A meta-analysis.
Gou, Y; He, S; Song, Q; Wu, K, 2019)		0.51
"The OD values of HUVECs treated with HA first increased and then decreased with the growing dosage of HA while cells treated with HA-POL died."( The role of hyaluronic acid in polidocanol foam: An in vitro study.
Azmoun, S; Dongjian, L; Shaohua, L; Xuanxuan, S; Ziyi, L, 2022)		1.01
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (3)

RoleDescription
nonionic surfactantA surfactant with an uncharged hydrophilic headgroup.
hepatotoxic agentA role played by a chemical compound exihibiting itself through the ability to induce damage to the liver in animals.
sclerotherapy agentA sclerotherapy agent is used to treat blood vessels or blood vessel malformations (vascular malformations) and also those of the lymphatic system by injection into the vessels, which makes them shrink.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
hydroxypolyetherA hydroxyether compound containing more than one ether group.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (49)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
phosphopantetheinyl transferaseBacillus subtilisPotency70.79460.141337.9142100.0000AID1490
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunitHomo sapiens (human)Potency26.83253.189029.884159.4836AID1224846
RAR-related orphan receptor gammaMus musculus (house mouse)Potency7.18420.006038.004119,952.5996AID1159521; AID1159523
SMAD family member 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency9.52050.173734.304761.8120AID1346924
USP1 protein, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency56.23410.031637.5844354.8130AID504865
SMAD family member 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency9.52050.173734.304761.8120AID1346924
TDP1 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency6.68380.000811.382244.6684AID686978; AID686979
GLI family zinc finger 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency6.30300.000714.592883.7951AID1259369; AID1259392
AR proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency5.90070.000221.22318,912.5098AID1259243; AID1259247; AID743035; AID743042; AID743053; AID743054; AID743063
caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine proteaseHomo sapiens (human)Potency33.49150.013326.981070.7614AID1346978
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)Homo sapiens (human)Potency20.95210.000657.913322,387.1992AID1259377; AID1259378
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency17.78010.001022.650876.6163AID1224893
progesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency28.60080.000417.946075.1148AID1346784; AID1346795
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4Homo sapiens (human)Potency8.70900.01237.983543.2770AID1645841
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]Homo sapiens (human)Potency25.65350.000214.376460.0339AID720691; AID720692; AID720719
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency20.89830.003041.611522,387.1992AID1159552; AID1159553; AID1159555
retinoid X nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency4.77160.000817.505159.3239AID1159527; AID1159531
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency3.84750.001530.607315,848.9004AID1224841; AID1224842; AID1224848; AID1224849; AID1259401; AID1259403
farnesoid X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency33.48890.375827.485161.6524AID743217
pregnane X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency7.49780.005428.02631,258.9301AID1346982
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency7.77140.000229.305416,493.5996AID1259244; AID1259248; AID1259383; AID743069; AID743078; AID743079; AID743080; AID743091
GVesicular stomatitis virusPotency21.87610.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
cytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)Potency12.30180.00108.379861.1304AID1645840
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gammaHomo sapiens (human)Potency20.52570.001019.414170.9645AID743140; AID743191
caspase-3Homo sapiens (human)Potency33.49150.013326.981070.7614AID1346978
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_aHomo sapiens (human)Potency10.59090.001723.839378.1014AID743083
thyroid stimulating hormone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency26.60320.001628.015177.1139AID1224895
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_aHomo sapiens (human)Potency26.832519.739145.978464.9432AID1159509
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)Homo sapiens (human)Potency26.83250.057821.109761.2679AID1159526; AID1159528
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency28.18380.10009.191631.6228AID1346983
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform aHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.08910.010039.53711,122.0200AID1479
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform dHomo sapiens (human)Potency25.11890.01789.637444.6684AID588834
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency8.41270.000323.4451159.6830AID743065; AID743067
heat shock protein beta-1Homo sapiens (human)Potency33.48890.042027.378961.6448AID743210; AID743228
huntingtin isoform 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency35.48130.000618.41981,122.0200AID1688
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency11.69230.000627.21521,122.0200AID743202; AID743219
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1Mus musculus (house mouse)Potency35.48130.00798.23321,122.0200AID2546
gemininHomo sapiens (human)Potency30.05340.004611.374133.4983AID624296; AID624297
peripheral myelin protein 22Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency18.10560.005612.367736.1254AID624032
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunitMus musculus (house mouse)Potency6.68240.001557.789015,848.9004AID1259244
Interferon betaHomo sapiens (human)Potency21.87610.00339.158239.8107AID1645842
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)Potency21.87610.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
Cellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)Potency31.67040.002319.595674.0614AID651631; AID720552
Glutamate receptor 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency6.68240.001551.739315,848.9004AID1259244
Spike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirusPotency10.04420.009610.525035.4813AID1479145; AID1479148
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency21.87610.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)Potency2.11320.011917.942071.5630AID651632
Ataxin-2Homo sapiens (human)Potency2.11320.011912.222168.7989AID651632
cytochrome P450 2C9, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency21.87610.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (185)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of autophagyInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT proteinInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interferon-betaInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell proliferationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of viral genome replicationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic processInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
defense response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of Lewy body formationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine productionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
T cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
humoral immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicityHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-independentHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of T cell anergyHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
defense responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
detection of bacteriumHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of interleukin-12 productionHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of interleukin-6 productionHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protection from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicityHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dendritic cell differentiationHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class IbHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transitionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ER overload responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
in utero embryonic developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
somitogenesisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
release of cytochrome c from mitochondriaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell proliferation involved in immune responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
B cell lineage commitmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell lineage commitmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to ischemiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleotide-excision repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
double-strand break repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein import into nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
autophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrestCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transductionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
gastrulationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
neuroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein localizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA replicationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
determination of adult lifespanCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
rRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to salt stressCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to inorganic substanceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to X-rayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to gamma radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
glial cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
viral processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvateCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cerebellum developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell growthCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signalingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomeraseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell differentiation in thymusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of tissue remodelingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UVCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism growthCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeabilityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiodCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial DNA repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodelingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of proteolysisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assemblyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to antibioticCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of fibroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
circadian behaviorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
bone marrow developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic organ developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein stabilizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of helicase activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein tetramerizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome organizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic stem cell differentiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glial cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
type II interferon-mediated signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac septum morphogenesisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell deathCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex assemblyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stressCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
thymocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
necroptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ionizing radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to gamma radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV-CCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
stem cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to actinomycin DCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondriaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
replicative senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative stress-induced premature senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
oligodendrocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mitophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of G1 to G0 transitionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA processingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvateCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of pentose-phosphate shuntCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fibroblast apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of stem cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
inositol phosphate metabolic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesisInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol phosphate biosynthetic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell population proliferationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of B cell proliferationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear DNA replicationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction in response to DNA damageATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
isotype switchingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA replicationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypesATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
DNA clamp unloadingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transitionATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transitionATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of receptor internalizationAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of translationAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
RNA metabolic processAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
P-body assemblyAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
stress granule assemblyAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
RNA transportAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (55)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
cytokine activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
TAP bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
peptide antigen bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
TAP bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
core promoter sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
TFIID-class transcription factor complex bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protease bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
p53 bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
copper ion bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
receptor tyrosine kinase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase regulator activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ATP-dependent DNA/DNA annealing activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
14-3-3 protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
MDM2/MDM4 family protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
disordered domain specific bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
general transcription initiation factor bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
promoter-specific chromatin bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
inositol-1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol heptakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 5-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 1-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 3-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol 5-diphosphate pentakisphosphate 5-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol diphosphate tetrakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
DNA clamp unloader activityATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
RNA bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
epidermal growth factor receptor bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (42)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
extracellular spaceInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
ER to Golgi transport vesicle membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
secretory granule membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
phagocytic vesicle membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
lumenal side of endoplasmic reticulum membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
MHC class I protein complexHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear bodyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
replication forkCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrixCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
centrosomeCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear matrixCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
PML bodyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription repressor complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
site of double-strand breakCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
germ cell nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromatinCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
virion membraneSpike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
fibrillar centerInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
Elg1 RFC-like complexATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi networkAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granuleAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
membraneAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
ribonucleoprotein complexAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granuleAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (54)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1347124qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347110qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for A673 cells)2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347129qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347113qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347109qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347425Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347121qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347118qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347127qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347122qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347111qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347116qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347114qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347119qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347128qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347424RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347126qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347112qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347115qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347117qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347123qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347407qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347125qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (1,166)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990189 (16.21)18.7374
1990's260 (22.30)18.2507
2000's265 (22.73)29.6817
2010's307 (26.33)24.3611
2020's145 (12.44)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 66.11

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index66.11 (24.57)
Research Supply Index7.25 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.71 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index116.11 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (66.11)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials167 (13.45%)5.53%
Reviews66 (5.31%)6.00%
Case Studies179 (14.41%)4.05%
Observational10 (0.81%)0.25%
Other820 (66.02%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (41)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
TENDOSHOCK-2010 - Combined Sclerosing Therapy, Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy, Eccentric Training and Topical Glyceryl Trinitrate for Athletic Tendinopathies [NCT01185951]Phase 2114 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-01-31Active, not recruiting
A Multicentre, Open-label, Single-arm Phase II Trial on the Efficacy and Safety of Sclerotherapy Using 3% Polidocanol Foam to Treat Second-degree Hemorrhoidal Disease [NCT03791775]Phase 2183 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-02Completed
Outcomes of Sclerotherapy of the Ulcer Bed Compared to a Combination of Ablation and Injections [NCT05633277]30 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-09-30Recruiting
An Assessment of Intra-lesional 3% Polidocanol Solution in the Treatment of Digital Myxoid Cysts [NCT02154789]Phase 4120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-06-30Not yet recruiting
Observational Study of the Effect of VarIthena® on Wound Healing in the Treatment of Venous Leg Ulcers Resulting From Chronic Venous Insufficiency [NCT03257254]76 participants (Actual)Observational [Patient Registry]2017-09-29Completed
Endoscopic Cyanoacrylate Injection vs. Balloon-occluded Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration in the Prevention of Gastric Variceal Rebleeding [NCT02468206]64 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-06-30Completed
Sclerotherapy With Polidocanol Foam In The Management Of First, Second And Third-Grade Hemorrhoidal Disease In Patients With Bleeding Disorders: A Prospective Cohort Study [NCT04188171]Phase 2/Phase 3150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-08-01Active, not recruiting
Primary Prophylaxis of Gastric Variceal Bleed: Endoscopic Cyanoacrylate Injection Versus Balloon-occluded Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration [NCT02468180]70 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-06-30Recruiting
Lord´s Procedure Versus Sclerotherapy for Testicular Hydrocele; a Randomized Controlled Study. [NCT02082613]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-02-28Recruiting
Long-term Follow-up of Sclerotherapy of Reticular Veins and Telangiectasias [NCT05860439]191 participants (Actual)Observational2017-01-01Completed
Sclerotherapy With Polidocanol Foam Versus Rubber Band Ligation in the Treatment of First, Second and Third-Grade Hemorrhoidal Disease: a Randomized, Controlled Trial [NCT04091763]Phase 2120 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-08-01Completed
Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial Evaluating the Potential Benefit of a One Stop Vein Clinic (OSVeC) [NCT02557542]5 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-10-31Terminated(stopped due to Very poor recruitment)
Comparison of Surgery Versus Foam Sclerotherapy for Isolated Accessory Great Saphenous Vein Varicosis [NCT02010723]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-06-30Completed
"A Randomized, Blinded, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Varisolve Polidocanol Endovenous Microfoam (PEM) 0.5% and 1% Compared to Vehicle for the Treatment on Saphenofemoral Junction (SFJ) Incompetence VANISH-2" [NCT01231373]Phase 3235 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-11-30Completed
A Randomized, Blinded, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Polidocanol Injectable Foam 0.5%, 1.0%, or 2.0% Compared to Vehicle for the Treatment of Saphenofemoral Junction (SFJ) Incompetence [NCT01072877]Phase 3279 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-12-31Completed
Sclerotherapy With Polidocanol Foam in the Treatment of First, Second and Third-Grade Hemorrhoidal Disease in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis: A Prospective, Cohort Trial [NCT05807425]Phase 2/Phase 340 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-31Recruiting
A Phase 4 Randomized Trial Comparing Varithena to Endothermal Ablation for the Treatment of the Great Saphenous Vein [NCT05312970]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-02-10Recruiting
Sclerotherapy With Polidocanol Foam Versus Hemorrhoidal Artery Ligation With Recto Anal Repair in the Treatment of Second and Third-grade Hemorrhoidal Disease: a Prospective Study [NCT04675177]Phase 2/Phase 345 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-09-01Completed
Treatment of Greater Saphenous Vein (GSV) Insufficiency Using Echo-Guided Sclerotherapy With Lauromacrogol 400 Foam -Comparative Study of 3% Versus 1% Concentration. [NCT00348764]Phase 3150 participants Interventional2004-03-31Completed
Three-year Outcomes of a RCT Comparing EVLA Versus Polidocanol Foam in the Treatment of SSV Insufficiency (FOVELASS Study, by the French Society of Phlebology) [NCT05468450]161 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-01Completed
A Multicenter Prospective Clinical Study of Endoscopic Foam Sclerotherapy for Internal Hemorrhoids [NCT04398823]Phase 4700 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-05-15Recruiting
Placebo Controlled Trial, Testing the Efficacy of Polidocanol Injections as a Treatment of Chronic Achilles Tendinopathy. [NCT00377910]Phase 448 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-31Completed
Preliminary Study on Submucous Sclerosis of Pharynges With 1% Polidocanol to Treat Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) & Snoring Subjects (SS) [NCT00399451]Phase 1/Phase 230 participants Interventional2006-12-31Not yet recruiting
Effect of Polidocanol Endovenous Microfoam (PEM) Treatment of Superficial Axial and Tributary Vein Reflux on Improvement of Wound Healing in Venous Leg Ulcers (VLUs) [NCT02988063]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-04-10Withdrawn(stopped due to Poor enrollment)
Intralesional Sclerosant for in Transit and Cutaneous Melanoma Metastases [NCT03754140]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-05-20Withdrawn(stopped due to Unable to identify eligible patients within planned timeframe)
A Multicenter, Randomized, Blinded Study of Endovenous Thermal Ablation With or Without Varisolve™ Polidocanol Endovenous Microfoam (PEM) Treatment for Patients With Great Saphenous Vein Incompetence and Visible Varicosities [NCT01197833]Phase 3117 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-09-30Completed
A Randomized Comparison of Flexible Endoscopic Polidocanol Liquid and Foam Sclerotherapy in Cirrhotic Patients With Bleeding From Internal Hemorrhoids [NCT06031740]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-09-07Not yet recruiting
Endovascular Versus Medical Treatment for the Pelvic Congestion Syndrome [NCT04358497]Phase 4120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-10-01Not yet recruiting
An Open-label, Single-dose Pilot Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Varisolve® (Polidocanol Endovenous Microfoam) 0.125% [0.2%] for the Treatment of Symptomatic, Visible Varicose Veins With Saphenofemoral Junction (SFJ) Incompetence [NCT00928421]Phase 216 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-30Completed
Treatment of Venous Malformation by Direct Puncture Repair: Ethanol Versus Polidocanol [NCT05586919]20 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-10-01Completed
Polidocanol Versus Glucose For Sclerotherapy Treatment Of Telangiectasia Of The Lower Limbs: Protocol For A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT02657252]Phase 4115 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Completed
Comparative Study of Polidocanol and Absolute Alcohol for Percutaneous Ultrasound Guided Treatment of Benign Thyroid Cyst [NCT05798936]Phase 430 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-04-01Not yet recruiting
An Open Label Multicenter Safety Study of the Varisolve® Procedure for the Treatment of Varicose Veins in Patients With Right-to-left Cardiac Shunt [NCT00442364]Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-03-31Completed
A Randomized Study to Compare Effect of Endoscopic Injection of a Mixture of Cyanoacrylate and Lipiodol Versus Cyanoacrylate and Lauromacrogol in Gastric Varices [NCT01923064]96 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
Efficacy of Skin Cooling in Reducing Pain Associated With Non-invasive Treatments of Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Cutaneous Neurofibromas [NCT06132165]Phase 130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-01Not yet recruiting
Endoscopic Ultrasound-guided Fine-needle Injection for Nonfunctional Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: a Prospective Multicenter Study [NCT05566093]20 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-09-28Recruiting
A Randomized, Single Blind, Placebo Controlled, Multicenter Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Polidocanol Injectable Foam for the Treatment of Symptomatic, Visible Varicose Veins With Saphenofemoral Junction (SFJ) Incompetence. [NCT00758420]Phase 2/Phase 377 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-31Completed
An Open-Label Single-Center Study in Patients With Great Saphenous Vein Incompetence to Investigate the Pharmacokinetic Properties of Polidocanol Endovenous Microfoam (PEM) [NCT01428076]Phase 121 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-08-31Completed
Multicenter Study to Evaluate Pain Following Treatment of Varicose Vein With Varithena® Compared to Radiofrequency Ablation [NCT02462720]Phase 435 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-31Completed
Comparison of Endoscopic Cyanoacrylate Injection Versus Balloon-occluded Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration in the Management of Acute Gastric Variceal Bleeding [NCT02468167]70 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-06-30Recruiting
A Randomized Triple-blind Study Protocol Comparing Polidocanol Versus Hypertonic Glucose for Sclerotherapy in Treatment of Reticular Veins at the Lower Limbs. [NCT02054325]Phase 4106 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00442364 (1) [back to overview]Patients With Circulating MCA Bubbles Present on MRI Who Had Signficant Clinical or Neurological Effects
NCT00758420 (1) [back to overview]The Absolute Change From Baseline Score for the VVSymQ (Total Score) at 8 Weeks
NCT00928421 (1) [back to overview]Responders to Treatment, Assessed by Duplex Ultrasound
NCT01072877 (3) [back to overview]Change From Baseline at 8 Weeks Post Treatment in IPR-V3 Score- Physician Photographic Review of Appearance
NCT01072877 (3) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to 8 Weeks in Appearance as Rated by Patient (PA-V3)
NCT01072877 (3) [back to overview]Change in Patient-reported Symptoms of Varicose Veins (VVSymQ Score)
NCT01197833 (2) [back to overview]Absolute Change From Baseline in Independent Photography Review (IPR-V3 Score)
NCT01197833 (2) [back to overview]Absolute Change From Baseline in PA-V3 Score
NCT01231373 (3) [back to overview]Change From Baseline at 8 Weeks Post-Treatment in IPR-V3 Score--Physician Photographic Review of Appearance
NCT01231373 (3) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to 8 Weeks in Appearance as Rated by Patient (PA-V3)
NCT01231373 (3) [back to overview]Change in Patient-Reported Symptoms of Varicose Veins (VVSymQ Score)
NCT01428076 (1) [back to overview]Weight-adjusted Polidocanol Cmax (Serum)
NCT02054325 (2) [back to overview]Efficacy in Treating Reticular Veins by Photographs: Mean Percent Reticular Vein Disappearance Two Months After Treatment.
NCT02054325 (2) [back to overview]The Safety of the Treatment: Mean Percent of Skin Hyperpigmentation Two Months After Treatment
NCT02462720 (3) [back to overview]Pain
NCT02462720 (3) [back to overview]Patient Preference
NCT02462720 (3) [back to overview]Procedural Pain
NCT02657252 (3) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Extent of Telangiectasias
NCT02657252 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT)
NCT02657252 (3) [back to overview]Skin Hyperpigmentation
NCT03257254 (9) [back to overview]Number of Ulcer Free Days
NCT03257254 (9) [back to overview]Number of Wound Closure at 12 Weeks
NCT03257254 (9) [back to overview]Number of Wound Recurrences
NCT03257254 (9) [back to overview]Number of Wounds Remaining Closed at 3 Months Post-wound Closure Date
NCT03257254 (9) [back to overview]Time to Wound Closure
NCT03257254 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Wound Perimeter
NCT03257254 (9) [back to overview]Change in Pain
NCT03257254 (9) [back to overview]Change in VCSS
NCT03257254 (9) [back to overview]Change on EQ-5D-5L Quality of Life Assessment

Patients With Circulating MCA Bubbles Present on MRI Who Had Signficant Clinical or Neurological Effects

(NCT00442364)
Timeframe: 28 day followup

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Safety Evaluable Population0

[back to top]

The Absolute Change From Baseline Score for the VVSymQ (Total Score) at 8 Weeks

The VVSymQ is a subset of the VEINES-Sym and consists of the 5 symptoms most relevant to patients. The raw score, which can range from 5 to 30, was transformed to a summary VVSymQ score that ranges from 0 (worst possible symptom health) to 100 (best symptom health) using the following formula: VVSymQ: (Transformed Score) = [(Raw Score) - 5] * 4. (NCT00758420)
Timeframe: Baseline to 8 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo16.7
Polidocanol Injectable Foam, 1.0%30.7

[back to top]

Responders to Treatment, Assessed by Duplex Ultrasound

Responders; elimination of reflux through the saphenofemoral junction and/or coplete occlusion of the great saphenous vein at 8 weeks, as measured by duplex ultrasound. (NCT00928421)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Polidocanol Injectable Foam 0.125%9

[back to top]

Change From Baseline at 8 Weeks Post Treatment in IPR-V3 Score- Physician Photographic Review of Appearance

The Independent Photography Review - Visible Varicose Veins (IPR-V3) instrument is a 5-point scale used to assess the appearance of a patient's visible varicose veins. At baseline and Week 8, standardized digital photographs were taken of the medial view of the patient's target leg, from groin to ankle. An independent photography review panel, consisting of 3 trained, blinded clinicians evaluated the appearance of the patient's visible varicose veins using the IPR-V3 instrument's 5-point scale (where 0=none to 4=very severe visible varicose veins). (NCT01072877)
Timeframe: 8 weeks post treatment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Vehicle-0.01
Polidocanol Injectable Foam 0.125%-0.46
Polidocanol Injectable Foam 0.5%-0.77
Polidocanol Injectable Foam 1.0%-0.76
Polidocanol Injectable Foam 2.0%-0.91

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to 8 Weeks in Appearance as Rated by Patient (PA-V3)

"The Patient Self-assessment of Visible Varicose Veins (PA-V3) instrument is a 5-point scale used by patients to evaluate the appearance of their visible varicose veins. On this single-item paper questionnaire, the instructions included a diagram of the medial view of a leg with the area between the ankle and the groin circled. The patient was instructed to choose 1 of 5 response options that best described the appearance of the visible varicose veins of the leg that was treated in the study. The patient was instructed not to consider the appearance of the leg outside the circled area or of any spider veins. Possible responses ranged from Not at all noticeable (a score of 0) to Extremely noticeable (a score of 4)." (NCT01072877)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Vehicle-0.15
Polidocanol Injectable Foam 0.125%-0.93
Polidocanol Injectable Foam 0.5%-1.40
Polidocanol Injectable Foam 1.0%-1.60
Polidocanol Injectable Foam 2.0%-1.75

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Change in Patient-reported Symptoms of Varicose Veins (VVSymQ Score)

"The 9 varicose vein symptoms were to be assessed and graded on a 6-point (i.e., 0-5) duration scale and an 11-point (i.e., 0-10) intensity scale, and the patient's level of activity for that day was to be assessed and graded on the 6-point (i.e., 0-5) duration scale. The 9 varicose vein symptoms assessed using the e-diary were derived from the first question of the modified Venous Insufficiency Epidemiologic and Economic Study-Quality of Life/Symptoms (VEINES-QOL/Sym) instrument. The VVSymQ is a subset of 5 VEINESQOL/ Sym items that have been determined in earlier studies to be most important to patients (heaviness, achiness, swelling, throbbing, and itching).~The daily VVSymQ score is the sum of the duration scores for these 5 symptoms (scores range from 0 to 25, with the lower end of the range being an indicator of less symptom intensity, and the higher end being an indicator of higher intensity).~At Visit 2/baseline, Week 8, scores were calculated" (NCT01072877)
Timeframe: Week 8

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Vehicle2.13
Polidocanol Injectable Foam 0.125%4.63
Polidocanol Injectable Foam 0.5%5.68
Polidocanol Injectable Foam 1.0%4.87
Polidocanol Injectable Foam 2.0%5.78

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Absolute Change From Baseline in Independent Photography Review (IPR-V3 Score)

The Independent Photography Review - Visible Varicose Veins (IPR-V3) instrument is a 5-point scale used to assess the appearance of a patient's visible varicose veins. At screening, the site clinician was instructed to review the appearance of the patient's varicose veins in the medial section of each leg (a 'live' assessment), then select an IPR-V3 score (i.e., none=0, mild, moderate, severe or very severe=4) that best represented the appearance of the patient's varicose veins. This assessment took into account the attributes caliber, dilatation, tortuosity, and extent and number of varicosities, and was used to determine patient eligibility. The site clinician used a set of reference photographs (2 example photographs for each score on the scale) to assist with assigning a score to the appearance of the patient's visible varicose veins. (NCT01197833)
Timeframe: IPR-V3 measured at baseline and then at 8 weeks

Interventionscore (Least Squares Mean)
Endovenous Ablation, Vehicle Placebo-0.80
Endovenous Ablation, Polidocanol Injectable Foam, 0.5%-1.30
Endovenous Ablation, Polidocanol Injectable Foam 1.0%-1.11

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Absolute Change From Baseline in PA-V3 Score

"The Patient Self-assessment of Visible Varicose Veins (PA-V3) instrument is a 5-point scale used by patients to evaluate the appearance of their visible varicose veins. On this paper questionnaire, the instructions included a diagram of the medial view of a leg with the area between the ankle and the groin circled. The patient was instructed to choose 1 of 5 response options that best described the appearance of the visible varicose veins of the leg that was treated in the study. The patient was instructed not to consider the appearance of the leg outside the circled area or of any spider veins. Possible responses ranged from Not at all noticeable (a score of 0) to Extremely noticeable (a score of 4)" (NCT01197833)
Timeframe: PA-V3 measured at baseline and then at 8 weeks

Interventionscore (Least Squares Mean)
Endovenous Ablation, Vehicle Placebo-1.59
Endovenous Ablation, Polidocanol Injectable Foam, 0.5%-1.81
Endovenous Ablation, Polidocanol Injectable Foam 1.0%-1.85

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Change From Baseline at 8 Weeks Post-Treatment in IPR-V3 Score--Physician Photographic Review of Appearance

The Independent Photography Review--Visible Varicose Veins (IPR-V3) instrument is a 5-point scale used to assess the appearance of a patient's visible varicose veins. At baseline and Week 8, standardized digital photographs were taken of the medial view of the patient's target leg, from groin to ankle. An independent photography review panel, consisting of 3 trained, blinded clinicians, evaluated the appearance of the patient's visible varicose veins using the IPR-V3 instrument's 5-point scale (0-4, where 0=none and 4=very severe visible varicose veins). (NCT01231373)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Vehicle-0.32
Polidocanol Injectable Foam, 0.125%-1.55
Polidocanol Injectable Foam, 0.5%-1.86
Polidocanol Injectable Foam, 1.0%-1.79

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Change From Baseline to 8 Weeks in Appearance as Rated by Patient (PA-V3)

"The Patient Self-assessment of Visible Varicose Veins (PA-V3) instrument is a 5-point scale used by patients to evaluate the appearance of their visible varicose veins. On this single-item paper questionnaire, the instructions included a diagram fo the medial view of a leg with the area between the ankle and the groin circled. The patient was instructed to choose 1 of 5 response options that best described the appearance of the visible varicose veins of the leg that was treated in the study. The patient was instructed not to consider the appearance of the leg outside the circled area or of any spider veins. Possible responses ranged from Not at all noticeable (a score of 0) to Extremely noticeable (a score of 4)." (NCT01231373)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Vehicle-0.07
Polidocanol Injectable Foam, 0.125%-0.74
Polidocanol Injectable Foam, 0.5%-0.89
Polidocanol Injectable Foam, 1.0%-0.83

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Change in Patient-Reported Symptoms of Varicose Veins (VVSymQ Score)

The 9 varicose vein symptoms were to be assessed and graded on a 6-point (i.e., 0-5) duration scale and an 11-point (i.e., 0-10) intensity scale, and the patient's level activity for that day was to be assessed and graded on the 6-point (i.e., 0-5) duration scale. The 9 varicose vein symptoms assessed using the e-diary were derived from the first question of the modified Venous Insufficiency Epidemiologic and Economic Study-Quality of Life/Symptoms (VEINES-QOL/Sym) instrument. The VVSymQ is a subset of 5 VEINES QOL/Sym items that have been determined in earlier studies to be most important to patients. The daily VVSymQ score is the sum of the duration scores for these 5 symptoms (scores range from 0 to 25). At Visit 2/baseline, Week 8, scores were calculated. (NCT01231373)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Vehicle-2.00
Polidocanol Injectable Foam, 0.125%-5.34
Polidocanol Injectable Foam, 0.5%-6.01
Polidocanol Injectable Foam, 1.0%-5.06

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Weight-adjusted Polidocanol Cmax (Serum)

Cmax measured and adjusted for weight (NCT01428076)
Timeframe: pharmacokinetics measured- predose, 1, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 15, 17, 20, 25, 30 minutes post dose, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 hours post dose

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Males-polidocanol 1%584.1
Males-polidocanol 2%1188.7
Females-polidocanol 1%840.7
Females- Polidocanol 2%1189.6

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Efficacy in Treating Reticular Veins by Photographs: Mean Percent Reticular Vein Disappearance Two Months After Treatment.

Photographs were performed pretreatment and two months after the treatment, these were analyzed for efficacy in treat reticular veins by two blind analyzers objectively with measurement through the use of free software ImageJ. (NCT02054325)
Timeframe: Mean Percent of reticular vein disappearance two months after treatment

Intervention% of Reticular Veins that Disappeared (Mean)
Polidocanol With Glucose95.17
Glucose85.40

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The Safety of the Treatment: Mean Percent of Skin Hyperpigmentation Two Months After Treatment

"Skin hyperpigmentation was defined as a brownish hue stain superimposing the previous treated vein site (by visual photographic analyses). Skin hyperpigmentation was firstly evaluated according to its occurence and labeled as Yes or No. Afterwards, when there was stain in the previous treated area, a line was drawn on the stain with Image J software , and the Mean Percent of Skin Hyperpigmentation was proportionaly compared with length of vein treated, previuos mesuread (mean and SD)." (NCT02054325)
Timeframe: Two months after treatment.

InterventionPercent of Skin Hyperpigmentation (Mean)
Polidocanol With Glucose5.75
Glucose9.66

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Pain

14-day average post-treatment pain using a VAS pain score. VAS pain score is an integer-valued, interval scale variable with range from 0 to 100 representing the spectrum from no pain to pain as bad as one can imagine. (NCT02462720)
Timeframe: 14 day average (0-100)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Varithena®11.3
Radiofrequency Ablation9.5

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Patient Preference

Patient preference for RFA or Varithena® using e-diary (NCT02462720)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Varithena®19
Radiofrequency Ablation14

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Procedural Pain

degree of procedural pain perceived by the patient obtained immediately following the procedure using a VAS pain score. VAS pain score is an integer-valued, interval scale variable with range from 0 to 100 representing the spectrum from no pain to pain as bad as one can imagine (NCT02462720)
Timeframe: immediately following procedure

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Varithena®16.4
Radiofrequency Ablation17.8

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Change From Baseline in Extent of Telangiectasias

Efficiency in promoting the disappearance of the treated telangiectasias, making the comparison between the initial measurements in centimeters and after two months, then comparing the treatment between the two treatments (NCT02657252)
Timeframe: 2 months

Interventionpercent of change negative values (Mean)
Glucose57.24
Polidocanol With Glucose76.08

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Number of Participants With Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT)

Observe after one week of treatment occurred if clinical signs and symptoms of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and perform duplex ultrasound for confirmation. Compare the results between the two groups to establish a security policy. (NCT02657252)
Timeframe: 1 week

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Glucose0
Polidocanol With Glucose0

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Skin Hyperpigmentation

Observed after two months of treatment the occurrence of hyperpigmentation stains in the treated areas. Measuring in centimeters those stains and compare the two treatments together. (NCT02657252)
Timeframe: 2 months

Interventionpercentage of hyperpigmentation (Median)
Glucose0.49
Polidocanol With Glucose0

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Number of Ulcer Free Days

Mean number of ulcer free days defined as days from baseline to date of recurrence (NCT03257254)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 months

Interventiondays (Mean)
Prospective Registry Cohort240.5

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Number of Wound Closure at 12 Weeks

Total number of healed wounds at 12 weeks post treatment. Wound healing is measured measured by photograph inputted into wound measuring technology platform. (NCT03257254)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 weeks

Interventionwounds (Number)
Prospective Registry Cohort43

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Number of Wound Recurrences

Count of wound recurrences of healed wounds. For healed wounds, VLU recurrence was collected via phone calls and subjects at follow up timelines. (NCT03257254)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 months

Interventionwounds (Number)
Prospective Registry Cohort7

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Number of Wounds Remaining Closed at 3 Months Post-wound Closure Date

Count of wounds remaining closed at 3 months post-wound closure determined via photograph and assessed by wound measurement technology platform. (NCT03257254)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 months

Interventionwounds (Count of Units)
Prospective Registry Cohort47

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Time to Wound Closure

Median number of days to wound closure measured weekly. Wound closure as measured by photograph inputted into wound measuring technology platform. (NCT03257254)
Timeframe: Baseline to wound closure or to 12 months, whichever occurs first

Interventiondays (Median)
Prospective Registry Cohort89

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Change From Baseline in Wound Perimeter

Mean change in wound perimeter as measured by photograph inputted into wound measuring technology platform. Larger number indicates a lower wound perimeter compared to baseline. Epithelial migration measured by change in perimeter of wound. (NCT03257254)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 weeks and to 12 months

Interventionmm (Mean)
at 12 weeksat 12 months
Prospective Registry Cohort29.3643.64

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Change in Pain

"Mean change in pain on numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) compared to baseline at 12 months post-treatment. Minimum value is 0 and maximum value is 10. Higher scores mean a worse outcome." (NCT03257254)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 weeks and to 12 months

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
at 12 weeksat 12 months
Prospective Registry Cohort-1.4-2.5

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Change in VCSS

"Mean change in Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS) from baseline to 12 month follow up. VCSS assesses nine common signs/symptoms of venous disease and each item is scored individually with a minimum score of 0 and maximum score of 3. The individual items are added together to assess change from baseline. Higher scores mean worst outcome." (NCT03257254)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 weeks and to 12 months

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
at 12 weeksat 12 months
Prospective Registry Cohort-5.8-10.0

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Change on EQ-5D-5L Quality of Life Assessment

"Mean change on 5-level EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L) quality of life assessment compared to baseline at 12 months post-treatment. Minimum value is 0 and maximum value is 1. Higher score mean better outcome." (NCT03257254)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 weeks and to 12 months

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
at 12 weeksat 12 months
Prospective Registry Cohort0.0660.072

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		2.3720aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
allantoin
[no description available]		3.3611imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		2.0510azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		2.0210acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
benzene
[no description available]		2.0210aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.0210benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol
Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.		1.9610benzyl alcoholsantioxidant;
fragrance;
metabolite;
solvent
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		2.3720amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
carnitine
[no description available]		2.4120amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		1.9510halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		2.3920chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		4.2131monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
dibenzofuran
Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.		210dibenzofurans;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		xenobiotic
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		6.06422-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
ethanolamine
[no description available]		4.3641ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
primary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		8.26141alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
glycolaldehyde
[no description available]		1.9610glycolaldehydesfundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
dalteparin
Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.4720
histamine
[no description available]		8.4811aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
indole-3-acetaldehyde
indoleacetaldehyde : An aldehyde that is acetaldehyde substituted by an indolyl group.. indol-3-ylacetaldehyde : An indoleacetaldehyde that is acetaldehyde in which one of the methyl hydrogens are replaced by a indol-3-yl group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the metabolism of tryptophan.		1.9710indoleacetaldehydebacterial metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
indoleacetic acid
indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.		1.9710indole-3-acetic acids;
monocarboxylic acid		auxin;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		2.0210hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		210alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid
Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.		1.9810inositol phosphate
naphthalene
[no description available]		2.4120naphthalenes;
ortho-fused bicyclic arene		apoptosis inhibitor;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		2.0310metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
parathion
[no description available]		2.0210C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
phenanthrene
phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'		3.75100ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon;
phenanthrenes		environmental contaminant;
mouse metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		8.8421phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diphosphoric acid
diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.		2.0810acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
phosphorus oxoacid		Escherichia coli metabolite
propylene glycol
Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.		1.9810glycol;
propane-1,2-diols		allergen;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		2.0210methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
tryptamine
[no description available]		1.9710aminoalkylindole;
aralkylamino compound;
indole alkaloid;
tryptamines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		5.441isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.		210non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		2.6830aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
mercaptoethanol
Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.		1.9510alkanethiol;
primary alcohol		geroprotector
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		2.3720ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
(4-amidinophenyl)methanesulfonyl fluoride
[no description available]		1.9810
albendazole
[no description available]		2.0210aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		2.4220acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
theophylline
[no description available]		1.9710dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
atrazine
[no description available]		2.0210chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
barbital
5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).		2.0210barbituratesdrug allergen
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		2.0210ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
caffeine
[no description available]		2.1110purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		2.0810aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		2.4620dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
cetyltrimethylammonium ion
Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.		3.2760quaternary ammonium ion
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		210aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		3.3511aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
eucalyptol
[no description available]		210
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		2.08102-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
4-cresol
4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.		2.0610cresolEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
uremic toxin
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		2.1510amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		2.0310pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.0310
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		1.9610aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ether
Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.		1.9610ether;
volatile organic compound		inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
fluphenazine
[no description available]		1.9610N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		1.9710chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		2.4120methoxybenzenes
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.3820benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		7.5675benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		2.7130aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.1110benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iopromide
iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.		2.1110dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
nephrotoxic agent;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.0810secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		2.1110benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
methyl parathion
Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		2.0310C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
genotoxin
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		1.9810maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		3.5620nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		5.9542aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		1.9710aromatic amine
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.0210barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		1.9610barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.		2.3920acyl fluorideserine proteinase inhibitor
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.6930inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
prilocaine
Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		3.3711amino acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticonvulsant;
local anaesthetic
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		2.0410benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		3.5311phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		2.940naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
saccharin
Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.		2.02101,2-benzisothiazole;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		2.1310pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sodium iodide
Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.		1.9610inorganic sodium salt;
iodide salt
stearic acid
octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.		2.3720long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.1310pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		210N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		2.0310amino acid
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		2.422011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
alloxan
Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.		1.9710pyrimidonehyperglycemic agent;
metabolite
thymidine
[no description available]		1.9710pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone acetate
prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer		210corticosteroid hormone
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		1.951017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		2.3820penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
isoflurophate
Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		1.9910dialkyl phosphate
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		2.4120C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		1.9810aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		2.0610glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		2.0110aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		2.0210adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.		2.3110tetrachlorophenolxenobiotic metabolite
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		2.0310D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		2.8940ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tributyrin
tributyrin: structure. tributyrin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by butyric acid.		2.0410butyrate ester;
triglyceride		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug;
protective agent
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		1.9710amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
phlorhizin
[no description available]		1.9610aryl beta-D-glucoside;
dihydrochalcones;
monosaccharide derivative		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
methicillin
Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.		2.3820penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		1.9810amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine diphosphate
Cytidine Diphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonyms: CRPP; cytidine pyrophosphate.		210cytidine 5'-phosphate;
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		2.0210aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.		2.0810
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.0210amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-hexanal
[no description available]		2.0110medium-chain fatty aldehyde;
n-alkanal;
saturated fatty aldehyde		human urinary metabolite
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		1.9610penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		1.9810antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		2.3920diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		2.1110chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		1.9610beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		1.9910amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		2.522020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		2.420erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		210arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
ethylene
Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges		1.9310alkene;
gas molecular entity		plant hormone;
refrigerant
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.1110aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		2.420primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
tetraethoxysilane
[no description available]		2.0510
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		210chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
acrylamide
[no description available]		2.0310acrylamides;
N-acylammonia;
primary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
Maillard reaction product;
mutagen;
neurotoxin
acrylic acid
acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.		2.0110alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acidmetabolite
cumene hydroperoxide
cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.		1.9710peroxolenvironmental contaminant;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
oxidising agent
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		1.9810amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		1.96106-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid
1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid : A naphthoic acid with the carboxy group at position 2 and carrying a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It is a xenobiotic metabolite produced by the biodegradation of phenanthrene by microorganisms.		2.0810hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid;
naphthols		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
fungal xenobiotic metabolite
penicillanic acid
Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.		1.9910penicillanic acids
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		1.9910benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
butylparaben
[no description available]		1.9910organic molecular entity
ethylbenzene
[no description available]		2.0210alkylbenzene
nonoxynol
Nonoxynol: Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams.		2.3620
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		2.1310alkane
maleic anhydride
Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.		1.9510cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
furans		allergen
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		210cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
pentane
Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.		1.9610alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
n-hexane
hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.		2.1310alkane;
volatile organic compound		neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
dodecanol
Dodecanol: A saturated 12-carbon fatty alcohol obtained from coconut oil fatty acids. It has a floral odor and is used in detergents, lubricating oils, and pharmaceuticals. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). dodecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twelve carbon atoms.. dodecan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is dodecane in which a hydrogen from one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is registered for use in apple and pear orchards as a Lepidopteran pheromone/sex attractant, used to disrupt the mating behaviour of certain moths whose larvae destroy crops.		2.0610dodecanol;
primary alcohol		bacterial metabolite;
cosmetic;
insect attractant;
insecticide;
pheromone;
plant metabolite
2,4-dichlorophenol
2,4-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent+ cpd; structure. 2,4-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol that is phenol carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.		2.3110dichlorophenol
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		2.0810naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
n-heptane
Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).		2.0510alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
plant metabolite
tetraphenylborate
Tetraphenylborate: An anionic compound that is used as a reagent for determination of potassium, ammonium, rubidium, and cesium ions. It also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and forms complexes with biological materials, and is used in biological assays.		1.9910
nitroblue tetrazolium
Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.		1.9810organic cation
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		4.113111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
cyproterone acetate
[no description available]		2.031020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester		androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
glycocholic acid
Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		2.940bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
n-hexadecane
n-hexadecane: structure. hexadecane : A straight-chain alkane with 16 carbon atoms. It is a component of essential oil isolated from long pepper.		1.9810long-chain alkanenon-polar solvent;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
aminopenicillanic acid
aminopenicillanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 6-aminopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid compound having a (6R)-amino substituent. The active nucleus common to all penicillins, it may be substituted at the 6-amino position to form the semisynthetic penicillins, resulting in a variety of antibacterial and pharmacologic characteristics.		1.9910amino acid zwitterion;
penicillanic acids		allergen
docusate
Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.		2.0210diester;
organosulfonic acid
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		2.0310acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride
[no description available]		1.9510butenolide
4-nitrophenyl acetate
[no description available]		1.9610C-nitro compound;
phenyl acetates
dodecylamine
dodecylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810primary aliphatic amine
cytidine diphosphate choline
Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.		210nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s;
phosphocholines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bucrylate
Bucrylate: Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive also used to occlude blood vessels supplying neoplastic or other diseased tissue.		2.110
tetradecyltrimethylammonium
tetradecyltrimethylammonium: cationic surfactant; used to determine thermal stability of DNA; Catrimox-14 is the tradename of the oxalate; Catrimox-14 lyses cells and simultaneously precipitates RNA and was demonstrated useful in isolating RNA from whole blood		1.9910
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		3.1710
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		2.0510zinc molecular entity
monolaurin
monolaurin: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified monolaurin locant. 1-monolauroylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride with dodecanoyl (lauroyl) as the acyl group.. rac-1-monolauroylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol comprising equal amounts of 1-lauroyl-sn-glycerol and 3-lauroyl-sn-glycerol		2.05101-monoglyceride;
dodecanoate ester;
rac-1-monoacylglycerol
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		2.4220alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
dodecyldimethylamine oxide
dodecyldimethylamine oxide: zwitterionic detergent. dodecyldimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the formal oxidation of the amino group of dodecyldimethylamine.		1.9610tertiary amine oxidedetergent;
plant metabolite
ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide
Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide: Carbodiimide cross-linking reagent.		1.9710
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		2.9240fluorescein isothiocyanate
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		1.95101,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
fructosamine
Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.		1.9810
iodinated glycerol
iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant		3.4711dioxolane
dimethindene
Dimethindene: A histamine H1 antagonist. It is used in hypersensitivity reactions, in rhinitis, for pruritus, and in some common cold remedies.		3.3711indene
enbucrilate
Enbucrilate: A tissue adhesive that is applied as a monomer to moist tissue and polymerizes to form a bond. It is slowly biodegradable and used in all kinds of surgery, including dental.		10.19111alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
nitrile
2,4,4'-trichlorobiphenyl
[no description available]		2.1310
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		2.9240elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		2.0310metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
argon
Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.		7.0210monoatomic argon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom		food packaging gas;
neuroprotective agent
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		2.0510f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		3.411chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
acetylglucosamine
Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.		1.9910N-acetyl-D-glucosamineepitope
barium sulfate
Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.		1.9810barium salt;
inorganic barium salt;
metal sulfate		radioopaque medium
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		2.0810calcium phosphate
chromates
Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.		2.1110chromium oxoanion;
divalent inorganic anion		oxidising agent
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		2.0310diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
poloxalene
Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide).		2.730epoxide
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		2.0310elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan
4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.		2.4120benzoxadiazole;
C-nitro compound;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor;
fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome
ammonium chloride
Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.		210ammonium salt;
inorganic chloride		ferroptosis inhibitor
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		1.9910acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
ornidazole
Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.		2.1110C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound;
secondary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antitrichomonal drug;
epitope
fluorides
[no description available]		2.3720halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
iodine
[no description available]		2.3820halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		1.9610benzenes;
phenyl acetates
dodecylbenzene
[no description available]		2.0210
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		2.211011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
pyrene
pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.		2.4320ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenefluorescent probe;
persistent organic pollutant
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		1.9710pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose
Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.		2.6730ADP-sugarEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		2.0810taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide
[no description available]		2.3920beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
fluorescamine
Fluorescamine: A nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. The reaction products are highly fluorescent.		1.9810
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		3.5311anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
enkephalin, methionine
Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.		1.9810
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		1.9710acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		2.03103-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		2.2110pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		2.3720adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
acridine orange
Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.		2.4420aminoacridines;
aromatic amine;
tertiary amino compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
octyl glucoside
octyl-beta-D-glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside : An beta-D-glucoside in which the anomeric hydrogen of beta-D-glucopyranose is substituted by an octyl group.		2.940beta-D-glucosideplant metabolite
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		3.2460D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
surfactin peptide
surfactin peptide: antineoplastic product isolated from Bacillus sp.		2.0510
delphinidin
Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.		2.7330anthocyanidin chloride
toltrazuril
toltrazuril: structure in first source		2.1710aromatic ether
n-methylscopolamine
N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.		2.0110
ubenimex
ubenimex: growth inhibitor		1.9810
ceric oxide
ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.		2.0510cerium molecular entity;
metal oxide
dicetylphosphate
dicetylphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dicetyl hydrogen phosphate : The dihexadecyl ester of phosphoric acid.		2.0310dialkyl phosphate
6-carboxyfluorescein
6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein		2.0310monocarboxylic acid
dodecyltetraethylene glycol monoether
[no description available]		2.6930poly(ethylene glycol)
tes
2-((1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl)amino)ethanesulfonic acid: structure in first source. N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 7.5 at 20 degreeC.		1.9710amino sulfonic acid;
ethanolamines;
TES
zwittergent 3-12
zwittergent 3-12: zwitterionic detergent. lauryl sulfobetaine : An ammonium betaine in which the ammonium nitrogen is substituted by dodecyl, 3-sulfatopropyl and two methyl groups.		1.9610ammonium betainedetergent
hexylphosphonic acid diethyl ester
[no description available]		1.9610
coenzyme a
[no description available]		1.9810adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphatecoenzyme;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		2.4120iditolfungal metabolite
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		1.9810cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate
tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate: binds to GABA & ion recognition sites; structure given in first source		1.9610organic thiophosphate
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source		3.1501,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
carboxypolymethylene
carbomer: high molecular polyanionic substance		2.0810
7-fluoro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole
[no description available]		210
chapso
chapso: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,7alpha,12alpha)-isomer		2.0210
hydroxysuccinimidyl-4-azidobenzoate
N-(4-azidobenzoyloxy)succinimide: structure in first source		1.9710
cdp ethanolamine
[no description available]		210nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s;
phosphoethanolamine		mouse metabolite
bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate
bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate: structure given in first source		1.9710
dodecyloctaethyleneglycol monoether
octaethyleneglycol monododecyl ether : The hydroxypolyether that is octaethylene glycol in which one of the hydroxy groups is substituted by dodecyloxy.		2.420hydroxypolyether
dimethyl dithiobispropionimidate
dimethyl dithiobispropionimidate: bifunctional reagent with disulfide group; cross-links membrane proteins & hemoglobin in erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9510
gr 65630
GR 65630: serotonin receptor ligand. GR 65630 : A member of the class of methylindoles that is 1-methylindole substituted at position 3 by a 3-(4-methylimidazol-5-yl)propanoyl group.		1.9810
methotrexate
[no description available]		2.5920dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate: may also contain chlorocresol (UD 25:22R)		3.821
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		2.7730methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		2.420oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
iron perchlorate
[no description available]		1.9510
fenton's reagent
Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols		2.7230
1,2-heptanoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-heptanoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (S)-isomer		1.9910
benzobamil
[no description available]		2.0210
lauroylcarnitine
lauroylcarnitine: RN refers to hydroxide inner salt, (R)-isomer. O-lauroyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine in which the acyl group is specified as lauroyl (dodecanoyl).		2.1510dodecanoate ester;
O-dodecanoylcarnitine;
saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		2.0210
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		2.0810
cholic acid
Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.		3.085012alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		3.4880bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		210
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		1.9810peptide
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		1.9810D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		2.051011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone
Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.		2.0210alpha-chloroketone;
sulfonamide		alkylating agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor
inositol 3-phosphate
inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer		2.8230
adenosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for thio group; see also records for 1-thio & 2-thio-isomers. adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur.		1.9810nucleoside triphosphate analogue
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		3.7521beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		3.4270cyclodextrin
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		2.0310retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		210retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		1.9910macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
farnesyl pyrophosphate
farnesyl pyrophosphate: a sesquiterpene that dimerizes to SQUALENE; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate : The trans,trans-stereoisomer of farnesyl diphosphate.		1.9710farnesyl diphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		2.0110D-galactopyranuronic acid
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		1.9710epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.		2.3920pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		2.0210flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		2.4620isomethyleugenol
squalene
Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate		1.9710triterpenehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
picibanil
Picibanil: A lyophilized preparation of a low-virulence strain (SU) of Streptococcus pyogenes (S. hemolyticus), inactivated by heating with penicillin G. It has been proposed as a noncytotoxic antineoplastic agent because of its immune system-stimulating activity.		2.0310penicillinate anion
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		2.0810diphosphate ion
palmitoyl coenzyme a
Palmitoyl Coenzyme A: A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.. palmitoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the thiol group of coenzyme A.		1.981011,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA;
3-substituted propionyl-CoA;
long-chain fatty acyl-CoA;
palmitoyl bioconjugate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		1.9710
brij-58
Cetomacrogol: Non-ionic surfactant of the polyethylene glycol family. It is used as a solubilizer and emulsifying agent in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, often as an ointment base, and also as a research tool.		3.0750
sodium taurodeoxycholate
Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.		2.0210bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		1.981011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		3.7821C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
quinine
[no description available]		8.0710cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
tauro-24,25-dihydrofusidate
tauro-24,25-dihydrofusidate: affects nasal absorption of insulin in sheep		1.9810
sulfosuccinimidyl 6-((4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)amino)hexanoate
sulfosuccinimidyl 6-((4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)amino)hexanoate: cross-links beta-bungarotoxinto chick brain membranes		1.9710
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		2.1310
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		4.57250organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
alizarin red s
Alizarin Red S: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. alizarin red S : An organic sodium salt having 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-sulfonate as the counterion. It is commonly used to stain embryo skeletons in cleared whole mounts, usually of small mammals.		2.0310organic sodium salt;
organosulfonate salt		histological dye
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		2.420
empigen bb
dodecylbetaine: RN given for chloride salt; RN for parent cpd not available 7/93		1.9810
hydroxyethylcellulose
hydroxyethylcellulose: component of contact lens wetting solutions; aldiamed is an artificial saliva; RN given refers to parent cpd. hydroxyethylcellulose : A polysaccharide derivative that is cellulose in which hydroxyethyl groups are bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers.		2.0810
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		2.0110organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
bilirubin
[no description available]		1.9510biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		2.3720prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		1.9910octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		2.0110antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
chrysin
chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.		2.21107-hydroxyflavonol;
dihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.		1.9610stilbenoid
ethamolin
monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma		9.57247long-chain fatty acid
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2
16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.		1.9810cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid;
prostanoid;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-ulcer drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
radiation protective agent
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		2.4220hydrochloride
lysophosphatidylcholines
lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.		2.38201-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.		1.9910phosphatidylcholine(1+)
licochalcone a
licochalcone A: has both anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities; structure given in first source; isolated from root of Glycyrrhiza inflata; RN given refers to (E)-isomer		3.4711chalcones
linoleyl alcohol
linoleyl alcohol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadien-1-ol : A long chain fatty alcohol that is octadecanol containing two double bonds located at positions 9 and 12 (the 9Z,12Z-geoisomer).		1.9910fatty alcohol 18:2;
long-chain primary fatty alcohol
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).		3.731001,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
phosphatidylcholine 28:0;
tetradecanoate ester		antigen;
mouse metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		2.0210cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		1.9710monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
triolein
Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.		1.9710triglycerideCaenorhabditis elegans metabolite;
plant metabolite
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.		1.9610
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		1.9710azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
papulacandin b
papulacandin B: from Papularia sphaerosperma; inhibits growth of Candida albicans. papulacandin B : A papulacandin that is papulacandin A in which the (2E,4E)-deca-2,4-dienoyl chain at the O-(6') position is replaced by a (2E,4Z,6E)-8-hydroxydeca-2,4,6-trienoyl chain. It is the major carbohydrate-containing antibiotic from the deuteromycetous fungus Papularia sphaerosperma which shows potent antifungal activity against Candida albicans.		1.9810
presqualene pyrophosphate
[no description available]		1.9710
glucuronyl glucosamine glycan sulfate
[no description available]		3.711
beta-escin
[no description available]		2.3820
gadolinium dtpa
Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)		2.0610gadolinium coordination entityMRI contrast agent
cilofungin
cilofungin: a cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin; a modified form of Echinocandin B; antimycotic agent against Candida albicans. cilofungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic isolated from Aspergillus spp. By inhibiting the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, it invades a fungus' ability to synthesize cell walls. A modified form of echinocandin B, it is an antimycotic agent against Candida albicans.		1.9810antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.730aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
sucrose monolaurate
sucrose monolaurate: RN given refers to monolaurate		2.0610
g(m1) ganglioside
G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.		2.0110alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine;
sialotetraosylceramide
palmitoylcarnitine
Palmitoylcarnitine: A long-chain fatty acid ester of carnitine which facilitates the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from cytoplasm into mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.. O-palmitoyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine in which the acyl group is specified as palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl).		1.9610O-palmitoylcarnitine;
saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine		EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		1.9910benzoxazole
sepharose
agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.		1.9710
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		1.9610
bleomycetin
bleomycetin: RN given refers to parent cpd		5.5841
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		1.9810organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.0210
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		1.9810polypeptide
alamethicin
Alamethicin: A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		2.3720
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		2.6730peptide hormone
beta-endorphin
beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).		1.9710
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.0810glycoside
sodium borate
borax: see also sodium borate. borax : A hydrate that is the decahydrate form of disodium tetraborate.		1.9910
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		2.0710
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		3.36701,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
n-(7-(4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole))-6-aminocaproyl sphingosine
N-(7-(4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole))-6-aminocaproyl sphingosine: fluorescent ceramide analog; structure given in first source. N-{6-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]hexanoyl}sphingosine : An N-acylsphingosine that is sphingosine with the amino nitrogen converted into a 6-{[N-(7-nitrobenzo-2,1,3-oxadiazol-4-yl)amino]}hexananamido group.		2.0210N-acylsphingosinefluorescent probe
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		1.9610chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
phenylmercuric acetate
Phenylmercuric Acetate: A phenyl mercury compound used mainly as a fungicide. Has also been used as a herbicide, slimicide, and bacteriocide.		1.9910arylmercury compound;
benzenes
4-aminophenylmercuriacetate
4-aminophenylmercuriacetate: covalently linked to agarose for purification of FAD & COA with chromatography		1.9910
thimerosal
Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.		2.0210alkylmercury compoundantifungal drug;
antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
drug allergen
sodium salicylate
[no description available]		4.7571organic molecular entity
sodium tetradecyl sulfate
[no description available]		13.91739
docusate sodium
[no description available]		2.0310organic sodium salt
sodium tetraethylborate
[no description available]		2.1310
arthrofactin
arthrofactin: structure given in first source; a lipopeptide biosurfactant		2.0510polypeptide
glycolipids
[no description available]		2.4620
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		2.4220
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		2.3920ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		9.0931
acenocoumarol
Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		2.110benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
6-o-palmitoylascorbic acid
[no description available]		210fatty acid ester
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		1.9810
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		2.0310aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		2.2110
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		2.4820
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		1.9910
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		1.9610
glucagon-like peptide 2
Glucagon-Like Peptide 2: A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis.		2.1310
cobamamide
cobamamide : A member of the class of cobalamins that is vitamin B12 in which the cyano group is replaced by a 5'-deoxyadenos-5'-yl moiety. It is one of the two metabolically active form of vitamin B12.		1.9910
flavin mononucleotide
Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.		1.9810
digitonin
Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.		2.940
sodium morrhuate
Sodium Morrhuate: The sodium salts of the fatty acids in cod liver oil; an irritant and sclerosing agent used to treat varicose veins and arthritic joints.		4.0240
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		2.7230
echinocandin b
echinocandin B: a cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic isolated from Aspergillus nidulans var. echinulatus with specific anti-yeast activity; inhibits beta-1,3-glucan synthesis. echinocandin B : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic isolated from Aspergillus nidulans var. echinulatus with specific anti-yeast activity.		1.9810
tautomycin
tautomycin: an inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A; isolated from Streptomyces spiroverticillatus; MF: C42-H70-O12; exists as a tautomeric mixture in solution		1.9910
guanosine diphosphate
Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.4220guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		3.0850guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		1.9810folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.		210nucleoside triphosphate analogue
pheophytin a
pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer		1.9610
guanylyl imidodiphosphate
Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).		1.9610nucleoside triphosphate analogue
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		2.1110citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
manganese gtp
manganese GTP: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF		1.9710
eye
[no description available]		2.6730
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		1.9610
filipin
Filipin: A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.		2.0110
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		3.82110
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		03.83110
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Varices
[description not available]		018.3817349
Varicose Veins
Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.		120.3817349
Venous Insufficiency
Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.		016.458444
Arteriovenous Malformations
Abnormal formation of blood vessels that shunt arterial blood directly into veins without passing through the CAPILLARIES. They usually are crooked, dilated, and with thick vessel walls. A common type is the congenital arteriovenous fistula. The lack of blood flow and oxygen in the capillaries can lead to tissue damage in the affected areas.		05.46141
Bleeding
[description not available]		06.65121
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		06.65121
Hemorrhoids
Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.		117.155027
Angioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.		05.04150
Hypopharyngeal Cancer
[description not available]		02.3110
Hemangioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)		05.04150
Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the HYPOPHARYNX.		02.3110
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		05.01100
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		05.01100
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		010.62160
Recrudescence
[description not available]		014.6512042
Angiogranuloma
[description not available]		04.2431
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		05.86112
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		05.86112
Cystic Hygroma Colli
[description not available]		02.4110
Lymphatic Abnormalities
Congenital or acquired structural abnormalities of the lymphatic system (LYMPHOID TISSUE) including the lymph vessels.		04.7551
Endothelioma, Lymphatic
[description not available]		03.3260
Lymphangioma
A benign tumor resulting from a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system. Lymphangioendothelioma is a type of lymphangioma in which endothelial cells are the dominant component.		03.3260
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		015.1913732
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		015.1913732
Thyroid Nodule
A small circumscribed mass in the THYROID GLAND that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. It lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. Thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. The growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (GOITER, NODULAR).		05.83151
Aneurysmal Bone Cysts
[description not available]		08.58191
Esophageal Varices
[description not available]		015.0315035
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		03.1450
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		07.11130
Esophageal and Gastric Varices
Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).		015.0315035
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		03.1450
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		02.5120
Orbital Diseases
Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.		02.4110
Cystadenoma
A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. In some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4110
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		02.4110
Cystadenocarcinoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. The neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur. Cystadenocarcinomas develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4110
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		02.4110
Ectopic Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.6760
Pregnancy, Ectopic
A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (		03.6760
Varicocele
A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.		07.22221
Vascular Malformations
A spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in BLOOD VESSELS that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in ARTERIES or VEINS. Most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the CAPILLARIES (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). In rare cases, vascular malformations can result from trauma or diseases.		010.91563
Blood Clot
[description not available]		04.3170
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		04.3170
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		02.7620
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		02.9140
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		02.9140
Hypermelanosis
[description not available]		06.2241
Spider Veins
[description not available]		013.995020
Telangiectasis
Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.		115.995020
Hyperpigmentation
Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.		011.2241
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.5320
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		07.5320
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		04.2190
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		04.2190
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		06.8990
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		06.8990
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		03.4750
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		03.4750
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive
[description not available]		02.610
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).		02.610
Ache
[description not available]		014.033620
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		014.033620
Hemorrhage, Uterine
[description not available]		02.5920
Uterine Hemorrhage
Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.		02.5920
Bronchial Cyst
[description not available]		02.7620
Stasis Ulcer
[description not available]		06.84131
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		04.7671
Varicose Ulcer
Skin breakdown or ulceration in the drainage area of a VARICOSE VEIN, usually in the leg.		06.84131
Reproductive Sterility
[description not available]		02.610
Infertility
A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.		02.610
Hemangioma, Capillary
A dull red, firm, dome-shaped hemangioma, sharply demarcated from surrounding skin, usually located on the head and neck, which grows rapidly and generally undergoes regression and involution without scarring. It is caused by proliferation of immature capillary vessels in active stroma, and is usually present at birth or occurs within the first two or three months of life. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.7930
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		07.22202
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		07.22202
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		09.53286
Leg Ulcer
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.		010.3772
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		09.53286
Esophageal Diseases
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.		03.4980
Acute Cholecystitis
[description not available]		02.2510
Biliary Calculi
[description not available]		02.6830
Cholecystitis, Acute
Acute inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall. It is characterized by the presence of ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and LEUKOCYTOSIS. Gallstone obstruction of the CYSTIC DUCT is present in approximately 90% of the cases.		02.2510
Gallstones
Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.		02.6830
Cancer of ILEUM
[description not available]		02.5820
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.4420
Nodular Goiter
[description not available]		02.2510
Goiter, Nodular
An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS.		02.2510
Tendinitis
Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.		016.62668
Tendinopathy
Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.		016.62668
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		05.0590
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		05.0590
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		04.1250
Pancreatic Cyst
A true cyst of the PANCREAS, distinguished from the much more common PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST by possessing a lining of mucous EPITHELIUM. Pancreatic cysts are categorized as congenital, retention, neoplastic, parasitic, enterogenous, or dermoid. Congenital cysts occur more frequently as solitary cysts but may be multiple. Retention cysts are gross enlargements of PANCREATIC DUCTS secondary to ductal obstruction. (From Bockus Gastroenterology, 4th ed, p4145)		03.7930
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		04.1250
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		06.8642
Cyst
[description not available]		06.47161
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		09.13248
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		09.13248
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.5720
Kidney, Polycystic
[description not available]		02.6930
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.		02.6930
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		04.9442
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		05.1931
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		03.711
Rupture
Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.		0921
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		04.9442
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		05.1931
Anasarca
[description not available]		02.9440
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		02.9440
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		02.4720
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		02.4720
Cancer of the Vulva
[description not available]		02.3110
Vulvar Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the VULVA.		02.3110
Cystic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		03.580
Kidney Diseases, Cystic
A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).		03.580
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		03.5480
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		03.5480
Phlegmon
[description not available]		02.3110
Genetic Skin Diseases
[description not available]		02.3110
Scalp Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the SCALP.		05.6461
Cellulitis
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.		02.3110
Ganglion Cysts
Nodular tumor-like lesions or mucoid flesh, arising from tendon sheaths, LIGAMENTS, or JOINT CAPSULE, especially of the hands, wrists, or feet. They are not true cysts as they lack epithelial wall. They are distinguished from SYNOVIAL CYSTS by the lack of communication with a joint cavity or the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		02.5520
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.730
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		02.730
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		07.69104
Cystadenoma, Serous
A cystic tumor of the ovary, containing thin, clear, yellow serous fluid and varying amounts of solid tissue, with a malignant potential several times greater than that of mucinous cystadenoma (CYSTADENOMA, MUCINOUS). It can be unilocular, parvilocular, or multilocular. It is often bilateral and papillary. The cysts may vary greatly in size. (Dorland, 27th ed; from Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972)		02.1710
Adenoma, beta-Cell
[description not available]		02.1710
Insulinoma
A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.		02.1710
Injuries, Tendon
[description not available]		07.6454
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		03.5311
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous
[description not available]		02.520
Apoplexy
[description not available]		02.7630
Patent Foramen Ovale
[description not available]		04.0850
Crossed Embolism
[description not available]		02.5120
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		02.7630
Foramen Ovale, Patent
A condition in which the FORAMEN OVALE in the ATRIAL SEPTUM fails to close shortly after birth. This results in abnormal communications between the two upper chambers of the heart. An isolated patent ovale foramen without other structural heart defects is usually of no hemodynamic significance.		04.0850
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.1710
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		04.0850
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).		02.1710
Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.7930
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		05.35220
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		02.7930
Mucocele
A retention cyst of the salivary gland, lacrimal sac, paranasal sinuses, appendix, or gallbladder. (Stedman, 26th ed)		02.5220
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		07.67202
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		07.67202
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.2110
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		02.2110
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		03.8321
Itching
[description not available]		011.7383
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		03.8321
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		011.7383
Scrotal Hydrocele
[description not available]		08.49147
Epididymitis
Inflammation of the EPIDIDYMIS. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.		02.2110
Epididymal Cyst
[description not available]		04.3241
Bronchial Fistula
An abnormal passage or communication between a bronchus and another part of the body.		02.7230
Blue Nevi
[description not available]		04.1250
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		03.4320
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		02.4420
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		02.4420
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		02.5220
Lacrimal Duct Obstruction
Interference with the secretion of tears by the lacrimal glands. Obstruction of the LACRIMAL SAC or NASOLACRIMAL DUCT causing acute or chronic inflammation of the lacrimal sac (DACRYOCYSTITIS). It is caused also in infants by failure of the nasolacrimal duct to open into the inferior meatus and occurs about the third week of life. In adults occlusion may occur spontaneously or after injury or nasal disease. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p250)		02.2110
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		02.2110
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		02.2110
Angiodysplasia
Acquired degenerative dilation or expansion (ectasia) of normal BLOOD VESSELS, often associated with aging. They are isolated, tortuous, thin-walled vessels and sources of bleeding. They occur most often in mucosal capillaries of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT leading to GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE and ANEMIA.		04.5150
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency
[description not available]		02.2110
Melena
The black, tarry, foul-smelling FECES that contain degraded blood.		02.2110
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.		02.2110
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.2110
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		03.7921
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		07.93111
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		07.93111
Nail Diseases
Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.		0310
Glomangioma
[description not available]		0310
Finger Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the fingers.		0310
Embolus
[description not available]		03.6430
Day Blindness
[description not available]		05.1470
Embolism
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.		03.6430
Lip Diseases
Diseases involving the LIP.		02.0810
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		02.420
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		02.0810
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.9540
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.0810
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		02.0810
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.9540
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0810
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		02.4320
Hypercoagulability
[description not available]		03.4811
Thrombophilia
A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.		03.4811
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.9440
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		02.9440
Musculoskeletal Pain
Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.		02.5120
Athletic Injuries
Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.		03.6630
Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia
Solitary or multiple benign cutaneous nodules comprised of immature and mature vascular structures intermingled with endothelial cells and a varied infiltrate of eosinophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and mast cells.		02.7130
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		02.1110
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		02.1110
Arthropathies
[description not available]		02.110
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		02.110
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		03.4120
Impotence, Arteriogenic
[description not available]		02.1110
Blood Loss, Postoperative
[description not available]		02.1110
Intestinal Perforation
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.		02.1110
Blood Loss, Surgical
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.		02.1110
Colonic Polyps
Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		02.1110
Asystole
[description not available]		03.1250
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		03.1250
Salpingitis
Inflammation of the uterine salpinx, the trumpet-shaped FALLOPIAN TUBES, usually caused by ascending infections of organisms from the lower reproductive tract. Salpingitis can lead to tubal scarring, hydrosalpinx, tubal occlusion, INFERTILITY, and ectopic pregnancy (PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC)		02.1110
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		03.2560
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		02.1110
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		02.1110
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.1110
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		02.1110
Antral Vascular Ectasia
[description not available]		02.4420
Hemangioma Thrombocytopenia Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1110
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		02.1510
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		02.1510
Cancer of Jejunum
[description not available]		02.1310
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens
Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.		06.1262
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).		06.1262
Endometrial Diseases
[description not available]		02.1310
Uterine Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.		02.1310
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		03.4120
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		03.4120
Pyrexia
[description not available]		03.5311
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		03.5311
Hyperkinetic Dysphonia
[description not available]		02.1310
Dysphagia
[description not available]		04.0831
Breathlessness
[description not available]		02.4320
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		02.7430
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		04.0831
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		02.4320
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		02.7430
Dysphonia
Difficulty and/or pain in PHONATION or speaking.		02.1310
Licheniform Eruptions
[description not available]		03.0410
Candida Infection
[description not available]		03.0410
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial
[description not available]		03.0410
Genital Diseases, Male
Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).		03.0410
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		03.6430
Mange, Sarcoptic
[description not available]		03.0410
Dermatitis Seborrheica
[description not available]		03.0410
Pruritus Vulvae
Intense itching of the external female genitals.		03.0410
Pruritus Ani
Intense chronic itching in the anal area.		03.0410
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.0410
Carcinoma in Situ
A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.		03.0410
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		03.6430
Scabies
A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite SARCOPTES SCABIEI. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body.		03.0410
Dermatitis, Seborrheic
A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.		03.0410
Placenta Increta
Invasion of CHORIONIC VILLI occurs deep into the MYOMETRIUM.		02.1310
Placenta Accreta
Abnormal placentation in which all or parts of the PLACENTA are attached directly to the MYOMETRIUM due to a complete or partial absence of DECIDUA. It is associated with POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE because of the failure of placental separation.		07.1310
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		02.4720
Adenoma, Oxyphilic
A usually benign glandular tumor composed of oxyphil cells, large cells with small irregular nuclei and dense acidophilic granules due to the presence of abundant MITOCHONDRIA. Oxyphil cells, also known as oncocytes, are found in oncocytomas of the kidney, salivary glands, and endocrine glands. In the thyroid gland, oxyphil cells are known as Hurthle cells and Askanazy cells.		02.1310
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		02.1310
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		02.1310
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		02.6830
Epicondylitis, Lateral Humeral
[description not available]		09.8102
Tennis Elbow
A condition characterized by pain in or near the lateral humeral epicondyle or in the forearm extensor muscle mass as a result of unusual strain. It occurs due repetitive stresses on the elbow from activities such as tennis playing.		116.8102
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.4120
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		02.4120
De Quervain Disease
Stenosing tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons in the first dorsal wrist compartment. The presenting symptoms are usually pain and tenderness at the radial styloid. The cause is almost always related to OVERUSE INJURY or is associated with RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.		02.9610
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion
[description not available]		02.0510
Cancer of Nose
[description not available]		02.0510
Retinal Artery Occlusion
Sudden ISCHEMIA in the RETINA due to blocked blood flow through the CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY or its branches leading to sudden complete or partial loss of vision, respectively, in the eye.		02.0510
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		02.6730
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		02.6730
Brain Emboli
[description not available]		03.8840
Air Embolism
[description not available]		05.1470
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		02.4520
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		02.4520
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		02.420
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		02.420
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.4120
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		02.0510
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.0510
Anorectal Diseases
[description not available]		02.0510
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.4120
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		02.0510
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.0510
Rectal Diseases
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		02.0510
Aprosodia
[description not available]		02.0510
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		02.9340
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		02.9340
Cancer of Duodenum
[description not available]		02.0510
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Neurofibromatosis 1
An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).		02.0510
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		02.9610
Angio-Osteohypertrophy Syndrome
[description not available]		03.8540
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		02.3620
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		03.8440
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		03.8440
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		02.9610
Cyst, Lymphatic
[description not available]		02.0510
Dizzyness
[description not available]		03.4411
Angiitis
[description not available]		03.4411
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		03.4411
Ecchymosis
Extravasation of blood into the skin, resulting in a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch, larger than a petechia.		03.4411
Vasculitis
Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		03.4411
Lymphoma, Primary Effusion
A rare neoplasm of large B-cells usually presenting as serious effusions without detectable tumor masses. The most common sites of involvement are the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. It is associated with HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8, most often occurring in the setting of immunodeficiency.		02.0510
Hypertrichosis
Excessive hair growth at inappropriate locations, such as on the extremities, the head, and the back. It is caused by genetic or acquired factors, and is an androgen-independent process. This concept does not include HIRSUTISM which is an androgen-dependent excess hair growth in WOMEN and CHILDREN.		02.0510
Blunt Injuries
[description not available]		02.0510
Thyrotoxicosis
A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.		02.0510
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		02.4720
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		02.4720
Periphlebitis
Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.		03.4411
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		05.3272
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).		03.4411
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		011.99270
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		02.0610
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		02.0610
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		02.4120
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		02.4120
Extravasation of Contrast Media
[description not available]		02.4720
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis
[description not available]		02.0610
Chronic Liver Failure
[description not available]		02.0610
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		02.6830
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		02.6830
Hepatitis, Autoimmune
A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.		02.0610
End Stage Liver Disease
Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.		02.0610
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		02.0710
Enlarged Liver
[description not available]		02.0710
Skin Aging
The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.		02.9910
Nasal Bleeding
[description not available]		02.4620
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
[description not available]		02.9540
Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose.		02.4620
Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic
An autosomal dominant vascular anomaly characterized by telangiectases of the skin and mucous membranes and by recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. This disorder is caused by mutations of a gene (on chromosome 9q3) which encodes endoglin, a membrane glycoprotein that binds TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA.		02.9540
Hemoglobinuria
The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.		02.7230
Seroma
Tumor-like sterile accumulation of serum in a tissue, organ, or cavity. It results from a tissue insult and is the product of tissue inflammation. It most commonly occurs following MASTECTOMY.		07.0810
Achalasia
[description not available]		04.3922
Esophageal Achalasia
A motility disorder of the ESOPHAGUS in which the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (near the CARDIA) fails to relax resulting in functional obstruction of the esophagus, and DYSPHAGIA. Achalasia is characterized by a grossly contorted and dilated esophagus (megaesophagus).		04.3922
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		03.1150
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		04.341
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		03.1150
Splenic Diseases
Diseases involving the SPLEEN.		02.7230
Postthrombotic Syndrome
A condition caused by one or more episodes of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS, usually the blood clots are lodged in the legs. Clinical features include EDEMA; PAIN; aching; heaviness; and MUSCLE CRAMP in the leg. When severe leg swelling leads to skin breakdown, it is called venous STASIS ULCER.		02.0810
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		02.0810
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		07.57276
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer
[description not available]		011.296019
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		08.73307
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		012.57276
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		08.73307
Cystic Echinococcosis
[description not available]		02.9440
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.6930
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		02.6930
Atresia, Esophageal
[description not available]		02.420
Esophagotracheal Fistula
[description not available]		02.940
Esophageal Atresia
Congenital abnormality characterized by the lack of full development of the ESOPHAGUS that commonly occurs with TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA. Symptoms include excessive SALIVATION; GAGGING; CYANOSIS; and DYSPNEA.		02.420
Granulomas
[description not available]		02.0110
Angioma, Cavernous
A tumor-like mass with large vascular space that is filled with blood or lymph.		02.4220
Palatal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PALATE, including those of the hard palate, soft palate and UVULA.		02.0110
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		02.0110
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		02.420
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.0110
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		02.0110
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		02.0110
Acute Onset Aura Migraine
[description not available]		02.0110
Migraine with Aura
A subtype of migraine disorder, characterized by recurrent attacks of reversible neurological symptoms (aura) that precede or accompany the headache. Aura may include a combination of sensory disturbances, such as blurred VISION; HALLUCINATIONS; VERTIGO; NUMBNESS; and difficulty in concentrating and speaking. Aura is usually followed by features of the COMMON MIGRAINE, such as PHOTOPHOBIA; PHONOPHOBIA; and NAUSEA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.0110
Maculopapular Cutaneous Mastocytosis
[description not available]		02.0110
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		02.0110
Parodontosis
[description not available]		02.0110
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		02.0110
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		03.630
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		02.0210
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		02.0210
Injuries, Knee
[description not available]		03.4111
Knee Injuries
Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.		03.4111
Angiomatosis
A condition with multiple tumor-like lesions caused either by congenital or developmental malformations of BLOOD VESSELS, or reactive vascular proliferations, such as in bacillary angiomatosis. Angiomatosis is considered non-neoplastic.		02.0210
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		04.3211
Snoring
Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate.		04.7321
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		04.3211
Petechiae
Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.		02.0210
Purpura
Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is		07.0210
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		02.9140
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		02.9140
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		02.0210
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.0310
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		02.0310
Injuries, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		02.0310
Adhesive Capsulitis
[description not available]		02.0310
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		02.0310
Bursitis
Inflammation or irritation of a SYNOVIAL BURSA, the fibrous sac that acts as a cushion between moving structures of bones, muscles, tendons or skin.		02.0310
Tenosynovitis
Inflammation of the synovial lining of a tendon sheath. Causes include trauma, tendon stress, bacterial disease (gonorrhea, tuberculosis), rheumatic disease, and gout. Common sites are the hand, wrist, shoulder capsule, hip capsule, hamstring muscles, and Achilles tendon. The tendon sheaths become inflamed and painful, and accumulate fluid. Joint mobility is usually reduced.		02.0310
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		02.0310
Pyoderma Gangrenosum
An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown.		07.0310
Rheumatism
[description not available]		02.0310
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		02.0310
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		02.0310
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		02.0310
Exanthem
[description not available]		02.0310
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		02.0310
Joint Pain
[description not available]		02.0310
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		02.0310
Coracohumeral Impingement
[description not available]		02.0310
Shoulder Impingement Syndrome
Compression of the ROTATOR CUFF tendons and subacromial bursa between the HUMERAL HEAD and the ACROMION of the SCAPULA. This condition is associated with subacromial BURSITIS, as well as rotator cuff (largely supraspinatus) and bicipital tendon INFLAMMATION.		07.0310
Altidudinal Hemianopia
[description not available]		02.0310
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		02.0310
Scotoma
A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA); OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions.		07.0310
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.0310
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.0310
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		02.0310
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		02.4220
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		02.4220
Injuries, Wrist
[description not available]		06.3290
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		02.0310
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		02.0310
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		02.0410
Hives
[description not available]		02.6930
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		07.6930
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		02.0410
Atresia, Biliary
[description not available]		02.0410
Biliary Atresia
Progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic BILE DUCTS, resulting in the complete obstruction of BILE flow. Usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic JAUNDICE.		02.0410
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		02.3720
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		07.3720
Pink Eye
[description not available]		01.9610
Conjunctivitis
INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.		01.9610
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		03.67100
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		01.9610
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		01.9610
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		01.9610
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		01.9610
Amaurosis
[description not available]		03.2820
Nasal Diseases
[description not available]		03.2820
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		03.2820
Aneurysm, Aortic
[description not available]		01.9610
Aortic Aneurysm, Ruptured
[description not available]		01.9610
Aortitis
Inflammation of the wall of the AORTA.		01.9610
Aortic Aneurysm
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.		01.9610
Aortic Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.		01.9610
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		03.9950
Esophageal Stricture
[description not available]		04.8681
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		03.9950
Esophageal Stenosis
A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.		04.8681
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		01.9610
Cholangitis
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.		01.9610
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		01.9610
Esophageal Perforation
An opening or hole in the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by TRAUMA, injury, or pathological process.		02.6630
Anus Prolapse
[description not available]		02.6630
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		05.0252
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		010.0252
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		02.3720
Facial Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.		02.3720
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		02.3720
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.6630
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		02.6630
Gastroesophageal Laceration-Hemorrhage
[description not available]		04.4751
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		02.8940
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		02.8940
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		02.420
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		01.9810
Carditis
[description not available]		01.9810
Pleuropericarditis
Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.		01.9810
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		01.9810
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		01.9810
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.		01.9810
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		01.9810
Duodenal Diseases
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).		01.9810
Parotid Diseases
Diseases involving the PAROTID GLAND.		01.9810
Testicular Diseases
Pathological processes of the TESTIS.		04.9731
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous
[description not available]		01.9810
Pneumothorax
An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.		01.9810
Common Bile Duct Diseases
Diseases of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.		02.3820
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		01.9810
Abscess, Hepatic
[description not available]		01.9810
Liver Abscess
Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.		01.9810
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		01.9810
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		01.9810
Peptic Ulcer Perforation
Penetration of a PEPTIC ULCER through the wall of DUODENUM or STOMACH allowing the leakage of luminal contents into the PERITONEAL CAVITY.		02.6730
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		02.3820
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		01.9810
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		01.9810
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
[description not available]		01.9910
Primary Myelofibrosis
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.		01.9910
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		01.9910
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		01.9910
Granular Cell Myoblastoma
[description not available]		01.9910
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		01.9910
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		01.9910
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular
[description not available]		04.3422
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.		04.3422
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		01.9910
Hematemesis
Vomiting of blood that is either fresh bright red, or older coffee-ground in character. It generally indicates bleeding of the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.		01.9910
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		01.9910
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		01.9910
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		03.7721
Fistula
Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.		07.4120
Pleural Diseases
Diseases involving the PLEURA.		02.4120
Dehiscence, Surgical Wound
[description not available]		01.9910
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		01.9910
Cancer of Penis
[description not available]		01.9910
Penile Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the PENIS or of its component tissues.		01.9910
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		01.9910
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		01.9910
Foot Dermatoses
Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.		0210
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		0210
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		0210
Hypomelanosis
[description not available]		0210
Dermatosclerosis
[description not available]		0210
Cold Panniculitis
[description not available]		0210
Lichen Sclerosis
[description not available]		0210
Scleroderma, Localized
A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.		0210
Hypopigmentation
A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.		0210
Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus
A chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease usually affecting the female genitalia (VULVAR LICHEN SCLEROSUS) and BALANITIS XEROTICA OBLITERANS in males. It is also called white spot disease and Csillag's disease.		0210
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		0210
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		0210
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		0210
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		0210
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		03.5930
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		03.5930
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		02.4120
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		02.4120
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		0210
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease
[description not available]		0210
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		0210
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		0210
Colitis, Ischemic
Inflammation of the COLON due to colonic ISCHEMIA resulting from alterations in systemic circulation or local vasculature.		0210
Gastrointestinal Tuberculosis
[description not available]		0210
Behcet Syndrome
Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.		0210
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		0210
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
A syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe PEPTIC ULCER, hypersecretion of GASTRIC ACID, and GASTRIN-producing tumors of the PANCREAS or other tissue (GASTRINOMA). This syndrome may be sporadic or be associated with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1.		0210
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		0210
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.6930
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		02.3920
Dermatitis, Occupational
A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.		0210
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0110
Antiphospholipid Syndrome
The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).		02.0110
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin
[description not available]		01.9810
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)		01.9810
Hemoperitoneum
Accumulations of blood in the PERITONEAL CAVITY due to internal HEMORRHAGE.		01.9810
Prostatic Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.		01.9810
Brain Abscess
A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)		01.9710
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		01.9710
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Cyst-like space not lined by EPITHELIUM and contained within the PANCREAS. Pancreatic pseudocysts account for most of the cystic collections in the pancreas and are often associated with chronic PANCREATITIS.		01.9710
Bile Duct Cancer
[description not available]		01.9710
Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.		01.9710
Fusiform Aneurysm
Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.		01.9710
Aneurysm
Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.		01.9710
Gastric Fistula
Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.		01.9710
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula
[description not available]		01.9710
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		01.9710
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		01.9710
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		02.3820
Alcoholic Liver Diseases
[description not available]		01.9710
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.		01.9710
Esophagitis
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.		02.3720
Intestinal Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		01.9610
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		01.9710
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		01.9710
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		01.9710
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		01.9710
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		01.9710
Bezoars
Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal.		01.9710
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		01.9710
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		01.9710
Foot Diseases
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.		01.9710
Rupture, Spontaneous
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.		01.9610
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic
[description not available]		01.9710
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		01.9610
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		01.9610
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		03.3511
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		03.3511
Cancer of Pelvis
[description not available]		01.9610
Vesico-Vaginal Fistula
[description not available]		01.9610
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		01.9610