isosteviol profile

Isosteviol is a naturally occurring diterpenoid compound found in the leaves of the stevia plant (Stevia rebaudiana). It is a derivative of steviol, the primary sweetening compound in stevia, and possesses similar sweetness properties. Isosteviol is of particular interest in the field of natural sweeteners due to its high sweetness intensity, low calorie content, and potential health benefits. Studies have suggested that isosteviol may exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic effects. Researchers investigate isosteviol to understand its potential as a safe and effective sweetener alternative to sugar, as well as to explore its potential therapeutic applications. Synthesis of isosteviol can be achieved through chemical modification of steviol, involving a series of reactions to introduce specific functional groups.'

isosteviol: an antihyperglycemic agent; obtained by acid hydrolysis of stevioside; was indexed to steviol 1985-2007 [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	99514
CHEMBL ID	462653
CHEBI ID	189936
SCHEMBL ID	3489810
MeSH ID	M0505053

Synonym
nsc-231875
ccris 6121
17-norkauran-18-oic acid, 13-methyl-16-oxo-, (4-alpha,8-beta,13-beta)-
17-nor-8-beta,13-beta-kauran-18-oic acid, 13-methyl-16-oxo-
(4-alpha,8-beta,13-beta)-13-methyl-16-oxo-17-norkauran-18-oic acid
nsc 231875
isosteviol
nsc731915
nsc-731915
CHEMBL462653
(-)-isosteviol
ketoisostevic acid
iso-steviol
CHEBI:189936
(1r,4s,5r,9s,10r,13s)-5,9,13-trimethyl-14-oxotetracyclo[11.2.1.01,10.04,9]hexadecane-5-carboxylic acid
091qb7qo95 ,
unii-091qb7qo95
S3905
ent-16-ketobeyeran-19-oic acid
17-norkauran-18-oic acid, 13-methyl-16-oxo-, (4.alpha.,8.beta.,13.beta.)-
SCHEMBL3489810
CS-3919
HY-N0872
AKOS030496339
bdbm50504374
mfcd28411514
NCGC00485884-01
(4r,4as,6ar,9s,11ar,11bs)-4,9,11b-trimethyl-8-oxotetradecahydro-6a,9-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene-4-carboxylic acid
I1069
(4alpha,8beta,13beta)-13-methyl-16-oxo-17-norkauran-18-oic acid
16-oxobeyeran-18-oic acid
STL566083
CCG-267685
17-norkauran-18-oic acid, 13-methyl-16-oxo-, (4a,8b,13b)-
Q27236439
(4-alpha,8-beta,13-beta)-13-methyl-16-oxo-17-norkauran-18-oicacid
A876816
DTXSID70950664
17-norkauran-18-oic acid, 13-methyl-16-oxo-, (4alpha,8beta,13beta)-

Research Excerpts

Overview

Isosteviol is a widely known sweetener isolated from the herb Stevia rebaudiana. It is a nontoxic hydrolysis product of naturally occurring stevioside and possesses a range of therapeutic properties, including anticoagulant activity.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Isosteviol is a widely known sweetener isolated from the herb Stevia rebaudiana. "	( Isosteviol reduces the acute inflammatory response after burns by upregulating MMP9 in macrophages leading to M2 polarization. Duan, L; Ji, W; Jia, H; Li, P; Qi, F; Qiao, G; Sun, Z; Wang, X, 2022)	3.61
"Isosteviol is a nontoxic hydrolysis product of naturally occurring stevioside and possesses a wide range of therapeutic properties, including anticoagulant activity."	( Novel Isosteviol-Based FXa Inhibitors: Molecular Modeling, In Silico Design and Docking Simulation. Gackowski, M; Koba, M; Madriwala, B; Studzińska, R, 2023)	2.11
"Isosteviol is a lead compound whose cardioprotective property has been partly explained by its regulation of ion channels and interference with signalling pathways in the metabolism of some fatty acids. "	( In vitro metabolic stability and biotransformation of isosteviol in human and rat liver fractions. Adehin, A; Cheng, Q; Lu, Z; Tan, KS; Tan, W, 2019)	2.21
"Isosteviol is a tetracyclic diterpenoid obtained by acid hydrolysis of steviol glycoside extracts isolated from abundant Stevia rebaudiana plants."	( Design and synthesis of isosteviol triazole conjugates for cancer therapy. Fu, J; Katritzky, AR; Khaybullin, RN; Li, T; Liang, X; Okunieff, P; Qi, X; Zhang, M, 2014)	1.43

Effects

Isosteviol has been shown to protect the heart against ischaemia-reperfusion injury and isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy. The current study was undertaken to determine whether it is also effective in preventing IR injury in the brain.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"3. Isosteviol has a high clearance (21.4 +/- 4.8 mL/min) from the perfusate, with a short half-life (13 +/- 4 min)."	( Disposition of isosteviol in the rat isolated perfused liver. Davey, AK; Gerber, JP; Jin, H; Wang, J, 2010)	1.23
"Isosteviol (1) has been reported to exhibit moderate vasorelaxant activity. "	( Potent vasorelaxant analogs from chemical modification and biotransformation of isosteviol. Homvisasevongsa, S; Puedsing, C; Sukcharoen, O; Suksamrarn, A; Tocharus, C; Wonganan, O, 2013)	2.06
"Isosteviol has been indicated as a cardiomyocyte protector. "	( Isosteviol improves cardiac function and promotes angiogenesis after myocardial infarction in rats. Liu, F; Lu, Z; Lun, J; Song, L; Sun, T; Sun, X; Tan, W; Zhao, H; Zhou, C, 2022)	3.61
"Isosteviol (IS) has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties."	( Isosteviol attenuates DSS-induced colitis by maintaining intestinal barrier function through PDK1/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. Cao, Q; Chen, X; Shen, M; Yao, L; Zhao, Y, 2023)	3.07
"Isosteviol has been reported to reverse hypertrophy and related inflammatory responses in in vitro models representative of cardiac muscle cells. "	( A compartmental approach to isosteviol's disposition in Sprague-Dawley rats. Adehin, A; Cheng, Q; Lin, Y; Lu, Z; Tan, KS; Tan, W; Wang, D; Zou, C, 2020)	2.29
"Isosteviol has been shown to protect the heart against ischaemia-reperfusion injury and isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy, but its effect on pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy is still unknown."	( The protective effect of isosteviol sodium on cardiac function and myocardial remodelling in transverse aortic constriction rat. Chen, J; Hu, H; Ke, Q; Liu, F; Sun, X; Tan, W; Tang, Y, 2021)	1.65
"Isosteviol has been demonstrated to have protective effects against ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in the rat heart and the current study was undertaken to determine whether it is also effective in preventing IR injury in the brain."	( The neuroprotective effects of isosteviol against focal cerebral ischemia injury induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Davey, AK; Du, W; Wang, J; Xu, D; Zhao, L, 2008)	1.35
"3. Isosteviol has a high clearance (21.4 +/- 4.8 mL/min) from the perfusate, with a short half-life (13 +/- 4 min)."	( Disposition of isosteviol in the rat isolated perfused liver. Davey, AK; Gerber, JP; Jin, H; Wang, J, 2010)	1.23
"Isosteviol has no significant effect on plasma insulin concentrations."	( Isosteviol reduces plasma glucose levels in the intravenous glucose tolerance test in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Davey, AK; Evans, AM; Ma, J; Ma, Z; Milne, RW; Wang, J; Xu, D, 2007)	2.5

Actions

Isosteviol promotes angiogenesis in zebrafish in vivo and increases vascular endothelial cell proliferation in HUVECs and Zebrafish. The protective effect on the myocardium was not mediated by dilation of the coronary blood vessels.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Isosteviol promotes angiogenesis in zebrafish in vivo and increases vascular endothelial cell proliferation in HUVECs and zebrafish."	( Isosteviol improves cardiac function and promotes angiogenesis after myocardial infarction in rats. Liu, F; Lu, Z; Lun, J; Song, L; Sun, T; Sun, X; Tan, W; Zhao, H; Zhou, C, 2022)	2.89
"Isosteviol did not increase coronary flow, suggesting that the protective effect of isosteviol on the myocardium was not mediated by dilation of the coronary blood vessels."	( The effects of isosteviol against myocardium injury induced by ischaemia-reperfusion in the isolated guinea pig heart. Foster, DJ; Wang, J; Xu, D; Zhang, S, )	1.21

Treatment

Isosteviol treatment caused G1 arrest on SGC-7901, HCT-8 and H CT-116 cells, S arrest on HepG2, Huh-7 and HepG3B cells, and G2 arrest on MGC-803 cells. Pre-treatment reduced infarct volume, ameliorated cell death and infiltration of neutrocytes.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Isosteviol treatment caused G1 arrest on SGC-7901, HCT-8 and HCT-116 cells, S arrest on HepG2, Huh-7 and HepG3B cells, and G2 arrest on MGC-803 cells, respectively."	( Reaction coupling separation for isosteviol production from stevioside catalyzed by acidic ion-exchange resin. Chen, J; Hu, X; Lin, J; Sui, X; Wang, X; Xia, Y; Zhang, J; Zhang, Z; Zhou, Z, 2021)	1.62
"Pre-treatment with isosteviol reduced infarct volume, ameliorated cell death and infiltration of neutrocytes, improved neuro-locomotor activity, increased SOD activity, induced Bcl-2, suppressed lipid superoxidation and the expression of NF-kappaB, and therefore retarded necrosis and apoptosis of neurons and inflammation."	( The neuroprotective effects of isosteviol against focal cerebral ischemia injury induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Davey, AK; Du, W; Wang, J; Xu, D; Zhao, L, 2008)	0.95

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Intravenous isosteviol has a distribution half-life of 35."	( Oral and i.v. pharmacokinetics of isosteviol in rats as assessed by a new sensitive LC-MS/MS method. Davey, AK; Gerber, JP; Ji, M; Jin, H; Wang, J, 2008)	0.99

Bioavailability

Isosteviol Sodium (STV-Na) has been proved to possess much greater solubility and bioavailability. It exhibit protective effects against cerebral ischemia injury in vivo by inhibiting neuron apoptosis.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The oral bioavailability of isosteviol was found to be 60."	( Oral and i.v. pharmacokinetics of isosteviol in rats as assessed by a new sensitive LC-MS/MS method. Davey, AK; Gerber, JP; Ji, M; Jin, H; Wang, J, 2008)	0.92
" Isosteviol Sodium (STV-Na), an injectable formulation of isosteviol sodium salt, has been proved to possess much greater solubility and bioavailability and exhibit protective effects against cerebral ischemia injury in vivo by inhibiting neuron apoptosis."	( Isosteviol Sodium Protects Neural Cells Against Hypoxia-Induced Apoptosis Through Inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB Pathways. Liu, F; Lu, MY; Mei, Y; Sun, XO; Tan, W; Zan, J; Zhang, H; Zhang, XJ; Zhong, KL, 2019)	2.87
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51

Dosage Studied

Isosteviol (4 mg/kg) was dosed intravenously and orally to Sprague-Dawley rats (n=6) The half-life of isostevio following oral dosing was about 103% greater in female rats than in the male.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Isosteviol (4 mg/kg) was dosed intravenously and orally to Sprague-Dawley rats (n=6)."	( Oral and i.v. pharmacokinetics of isosteviol in rats as assessed by a new sensitive LC-MS/MS method. Davey, AK; Gerber, JP; Ji, M; Jin, H; Wang, J, 2008)	1.54
" The half-life of isosteviol following oral dosing was about 103% greater in female rats than in the male, and the model-derived area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) in 72 h was about 756% greater in female animals than in males."	( A compartmental approach to isosteviol's disposition in Sprague-Dawley rats. Adehin, A; Cheng, Q; Lin, Y; Lu, Z; Tan, KS; Tan, W; Wang, D; Zou, C, 2020)	1.19

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Class	Description
diterpenoid	Any terpenoid derived from a diterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C20 skeleton of the parent diterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups).
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.6417	0.0003	0.5937	10.0000	AID1647452
Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	13.3850	0.0000	0.4708	9.0000	AID1517792
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
proteolysis	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
blood coagulation	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell migration	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of TOR signaling	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
serine-type endopeptidase activity	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion binding	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipid binding	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
extracellular region	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum lumen	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi lumen	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membrane	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (87)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID348198	Inhibition of DMBA-induced/TPA-promoted carcinogenesis in mouse assessed as reduction in skin papillomas bearing mouse at 85 nmol administered 1 hr before TPA treatment measured after 20 weeks	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID348211	Reduction in peroxynitrite-induced/TPA-promoted number of skin papillomas in Sencar mouse after 20 weeks	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID348207	Inhibition of peroxynitrite-induced/TPA-promoted carcinogenesis in Sencar mouse assessed as number of skin papillomas per mouse at 85 nmol administered 1 hr before TPA treatment measured after 15 weeks	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID757498	Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 65	Design and stereoselective synthesis of novel isosteviol-fused pyrazolines and pyrazoles as potential anticancer agents.
AID1406777	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 156	Diterpenoid lead stevioside and its hydrolysis products steviol and isosteviol: Biological activity and structural modification.
AID400254	Inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells assessed as EA activation at 500 molar ratio after 48 hrs relative to TPA	2004	Journal of natural products, Mar, Volume: 67, Issue:3	Microbial transformation of isosteviol and inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus activation of the transformation products.
AID400253	Inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells assessed as EA activation at 1000 molar ratio after 48 hrs relative to TPA	2004	Journal of natural products, Mar, Volume: 67, Issue:3	Microbial transformation of isosteviol and inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus activation of the transformation products.
AID1325500	Cytotoxicity against human HCT116 cells assessed as decrease in cell proliferation after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 26, Issue:22	Syntheses, cytotoxic activity evaluation and HQSAR study of 1,2,3-triazole-linked isosteviol derivatives as potential anticancer agents.
AID757499	Antiproliferative activity against human SGC7901 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 65	Design and stereoselective synthesis of novel isosteviol-fused pyrazolines and pyrazoles as potential anticancer agents.
AID348204	Inhibition of peroxynitrite-induced/TPA-promoted carcinogenesis in Sencar mouse assessed as reduction in skin papillomas bearing mouse at 85 nmol administered 1 hr before TPA treatment measured after 15 weeks	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID1762933	Prevention of doxorubicin-induced Zebrafish mortality assessed as survival rate at 40 uM incubated for 48 hrs by inverted fluorescence microscopy (Rvb = 52%)	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 219	Synthesis and in vivo screening of isosteviol derivatives as new cardioprotective agents.
AID348190	Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells at 10 mol ratio after 48hrs by indirect immunofluorescence technique relative to control	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID450811	Inhibition of LPS-induced AP1 transcriptional activation expressed in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as AP1 activity at 10 uM treated after LPS challenge measured after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay relative to control	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 17, Issue:17	Microbial transformation of isosteviol oxime and the inhibitory effects on NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation in LPS-stimulated macrophages.
AID348187	Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells at 1000 mol ratio after 48hrs by indirect immunofluorescence technique relative to control	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID1139103	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 24, Issue:9	Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of nitric oxide-releasing isosteviol derivatives.
AID348193	Cytotoxicity against human Raji cells assessed as cell viability at 500 mol ratio by trypan blue staining	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID730810	Vasorelaxant activity in Sprague-Dawley rat aorta assessed as reduction of phenylephrine-induced contraction	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 62	Potent vasorelaxant analogs from chemical modification and biotransformation of isosteviol.
AID1230346	Cytotoxicity against human BALL-1 cells by MTT assay	2015	Journal of natural products, Jun-26, Volume: 78, Issue:6	Triphenylphosphonium Cations of the Diterpenoid Isosteviol: Synthesis and Antimitotic Activity in a Sea Urchin Embryo Model.
AID551371	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 21, Issue:1	Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel exo-methylene cyclopentanone tetracyclic diterpenoids as antitumor agents.
AID678499	Antiproliferative activity against human PC3 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 22, Issue:18	D-ring modified novel isosteviol derivatives: design, synthesis and cytotoxic activity evaluation.
AID348191	Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells after 48hrs by indirect immunofluorescence technique	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID1762938	Cardioprotective activity against doxorubicin-induced (cmlc2:GFP) transgenic Zebrafish assessed as protection of heart measured after 48 hrs	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 219	Synthesis and in vivo screening of isosteviol derivatives as new cardioprotective agents.
AID348200	Inhibition of DMBA-induced/TPA-promoted carcinogenesis in mouse assessed as number of skin papillomas per mouse at 85 nmol administered 1 hr before TPA treatment measured after 15 weeks	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID731064	Cytotoxicity against human SGC7901 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 23, Issue:5	Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxic activity evaluation of novel heterocycle bridged carbothioamide type isosteviol derivatives as antitumor agents.
AID1230343	Toxicity in sea urichin L embryo assessed as development up to 4 uM	2015	Journal of natural products, Jun-26, Volume: 78, Issue:6	Triphenylphosphonium Cations of the Diterpenoid Isosteviol: Synthesis and Antimitotic Activity in a Sea Urchin Embryo Model.
AID1515074	Cytotoxicity against human U937 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay
AID1325501	Cytotoxicity against human JeKo1 cells assessed as decrease in cell proliferation after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 26, Issue:22	Syntheses, cytotoxic activity evaluation and HQSAR study of 1,2,3-triazole-linked isosteviol derivatives as potential anticancer agents.
AID1292006	Cytotoxicity against human JeKo1 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-10, Volume: 115	Synthesis, cytotoxic activity evaluation and HQSAR study of novel isosteviol derivatives as potential anticancer agents.
AID1647452	Inhibition of factor 10a (unknown origin)	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 30, Issue:2	Synthesis and biological evaluation of Isosteviol derivatives as FXa inhibitors.
AID610928	Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide mRNA expression at 10 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR relative to control	2011	Journal of natural products, Jun-24, Volume: 74, Issue:6	Transformation of isosteviol lactam by fungi and the suppressive effects of its transformed products on LPS-induced iNOS expression in macrophages.
AID348202	Inhibition of DMBA-induced/TPA-promoted carcinogenesis in mouse assessed as reduction in skin papillomas bearing mouse at 85 nmol administered 1 hr before TPA treatment measured after 10 weeks	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID414285	Cytotoxicity against mouse B16F10 cells at 100 uM after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 19, Issue:6	Stereoselective synthesis of 15- and 16-substituted isosteviol derivatives and their cytotoxic activities.
AID697342	Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 22, Issue:22	Synthesis and antituberculosis activity of novel unfolded and macrocyclic derivatives of ent-kaurane steviol.
AID348189	Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells at 100 mol ratio after 48hrs by indirect immunofluorescence technique relative to control	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID1517827	Antithrombotic activity in Wistar rat plasma assessed as thrombus formation time at 22 umol/kg, po measured after 1 hr (Rvb = 9.4 +/- 8.9 mins)	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 183	Discovery of novel, potent, isosteviol-based antithrombotic agents.
AID1406744	Inhibition of calf thymus DNA polymerase alpha using poly(dA)template/oligo(dT) (12 to 18 residues) primer and dTTP as substrate after 10 mins	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 156	Diterpenoid lead stevioside and its hydrolysis products steviol and isosteviol: Biological activity and structural modification.
AID348203	Inhibition of peroxynitrite-induced/TPA-promoted carcinogenesis in Sencar mouse assessed as reduction in skin papillomas bearing mouse at 85 nmol administered 1 hr before TPA treatment measured after 11 weeks	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID1230335	Antimitotic activity against sea urichin L embryo model assessed as full mitotic arrest by sea urichin embryo assay	2015	Journal of natural products, Jun-26, Volume: 78, Issue:6	Triphenylphosphonium Cations of the Diterpenoid Isosteviol: Synthesis and Antimitotic Activity in a Sea Urchin Embryo Model.
AID1230344	Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells by MTT assay	2015	Journal of natural products, Jun-26, Volume: 78, Issue:6	Triphenylphosphonium Cations of the Diterpenoid Isosteviol: Synthesis and Antimitotic Activity in a Sea Urchin Embryo Model.
AID348209	Inhibition of peroxynitrite-induced/TPA-promoted carcinogenesis in Sencar mouse assessed as number of skin papillomas per mouse at 85 nmol administered 1 hr before TPA treatment measured after 10 weeks	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID332296	Antihypertensive activity in deoxy-corticosterone acetate-induced Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as reduction of blood pressure at 4.8 mg/kg, iv	2002	Journal of natural products, Mar, Volume: 65, Issue:3	Microbial transformations of isosteviol.
AID1230337	Antimitotic activity against sea urichin L embryo model assessed as death of embryo at hatched blastula stage by sea urichin embryo assay	2015	Journal of natural products, Jun-26, Volume: 78, Issue:6	Triphenylphosphonium Cations of the Diterpenoid Isosteviol: Synthesis and Antimitotic Activity in a Sea Urchin Embryo Model.
AID400255	Inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells assessed as EA activation at 100 molar ratio after 48 hrs relative to TPA	2004	Journal of natural products, Mar, Volume: 67, Issue:3	Microbial transformation of isosteviol and inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus activation of the transformation products.
AID1762936	Cardioprotective activity in (cmlc2:GFP) transgenic Zebrafish assessed as prevention of doxorubicin-induced heart shape change measured after 48 hrs	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 219	Synthesis and in vivo screening of isosteviol derivatives as new cardioprotective agents.
AID1517792	Inhibition of human activated Factor X using S-2765 as substrate incubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 1 hr by chromogenic assay	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 183	Discovery of novel, potent, isosteviol-based antithrombotic agents.
AID392928	Inhibition of yeast alpha glucosidase after 30 mins	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 17, Issue:4	Stereoselective synthesis of bioactive isosteviol derivatives as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.
AID400257	Cytotoxicity against human Raji cells assessed as cell viability at 1000 molar ratio by trypan blue assay	2004	Journal of natural products, Mar, Volume: 67, Issue:3	Microbial transformation of isosteviol and inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus activation of the transformation products.
AID1762937	Cardioprotective activity in (cmlc2:GFP) transgenic Zebrafish assessed as reduction in doxorubicin-induced cardiac impairment measured after 48 hrs	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 219	Synthesis and in vivo screening of isosteviol derivatives as new cardioprotective agents.
AID757497	Antiproliferative activity against human Raji cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 65	Design and stereoselective synthesis of novel isosteviol-fused pyrazolines and pyrazoles as potential anticancer agents.
AID1230347	Cytotoxicity against human NUGC3 cells by MTT assay	2015	Journal of natural products, Jun-26, Volume: 78, Issue:6	Triphenylphosphonium Cations of the Diterpenoid Isosteviol: Synthesis and Antimitotic Activity in a Sea Urchin Embryo Model.
AID731061	Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 23, Issue:5	Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxic activity evaluation of novel heterocycle bridged carbothioamide type isosteviol derivatives as antitumor agents.
AID1292005	Cytotoxicity against human HGC27 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-10, Volume: 115	Synthesis, cytotoxic activity evaluation and HQSAR study of novel isosteviol derivatives as potential anticancer agents.
AID348208	Inhibition of peroxynitrite-induced/TPA-promoted carcinogenesis in Sencar mouse assessed as number of skin papillomas per mouse at 85 nmol administered 1 hr before TPA treatment measured after 20 weeks	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID1292004	Cytotoxicity against human HCT116 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-10, Volume: 115	Synthesis, cytotoxic activity evaluation and HQSAR study of novel isosteviol derivatives as potential anticancer agents.
AID348205	Inhibition of peroxynitrite-induced/TPA-promoted carcinogenesis in Sencar mouse assessed as reduction in skin papillomas bearing mouse at 85 nmol administered 1 hr before TPA treatment measured after 20 weeks	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID1230345	Cytotoxicity against human MOLT4 cells by MTT assay	2015	Journal of natural products, Jun-26, Volume: 78, Issue:6	Triphenylphosphonium Cations of the Diterpenoid Isosteviol: Synthesis and Antimitotic Activity in a Sea Urchin Embryo Model.
AID678500	Antiproliferative activity against human HCT116 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 22, Issue:18	D-ring modified novel isosteviol derivatives: design, synthesis and cytotoxic activity evaluation.
AID1230334	Antimitotic activity against sea urichin L embryo model assessed as cleavage alteration after 2.5 to 5.5 hrs of fertilization by sea urichin embryo assay	2015	Journal of natural products, Jun-26, Volume: 78, Issue:6	Triphenylphosphonium Cations of the Diterpenoid Isosteviol: Synthesis and Antimitotic Activity in a Sea Urchin Embryo Model.
AID1762932	Prevention of doxorubicin-induced Zebrafish mortality assessed as survival rate at 15 uM incubated for 48 hrs by inverted fluorescence microscopy (Rvb = 52%)	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 219	Synthesis and in vivo screening of isosteviol derivatives as new cardioprotective agents.
AID348188	Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells at 500 mol ratio after 48hrs by indirect immunofluorescence technique relative to control	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID348197	Inhibition of DMBA-induced/TPA-promoted carcinogenesis in mouse assessed as reduction in skin papillomas bearing mouse at 85 nmol administered 1 hr before TPA treatment measured after 15 weeks	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID348194	Cytotoxicity against human Raji cells assessed as cell viability at 100 mol ratio by trypan blue staining	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID1515075	Antileishmanial activity against Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis HMOM/COL/88/UA301-EGFP intracellular amastigotes infected in human U937 cells after 72 hrs by flow cytometric analysis
AID1762935	Cardioprotective activity in (cmlc2:GFP) transgenic Zebrafish assessed as reduction in doxorubicin-induced cardiac edema measured after 48 hrs	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 219	Synthesis and in vivo screening of isosteviol derivatives as new cardioprotective agents.
AID348199	Inhibition of DMBA-induced/TPA-promoted carcinogenesis in mouse assessed as number of skin papillomas per mouse at 85 nmol administered 1 hr before TPA treatment measured after 10 weeks	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID348195	Cytotoxicity against human Raji cells assessed as cell viability at 10 mol ratio by trypan blue staining	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID757500	Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 65	Design and stereoselective synthesis of novel isosteviol-fused pyrazolines and pyrazoles as potential anticancer agents.
AID731062	Cytotoxicity against human Raji cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 23, Issue:5	Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxic activity evaluation of novel heterocycle bridged carbothioamide type isosteviol derivatives as antitumor agents.
AID678498	Antiproliferative activity against human ECA109 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 22, Issue:18	D-ring modified novel isosteviol derivatives: design, synthesis and cytotoxic activity evaluation.
AID1139104	Cytotoxicity against mouse B16F10 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 24, Issue:9	Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of nitric oxide-releasing isosteviol derivatives.
AID678497	Antiproliferative activity against human EC9706 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 22, Issue:18	D-ring modified novel isosteviol derivatives: design, synthesis and cytotoxic activity evaluation.
AID1762931	Prevention of doxorubicin-induced Zebrafish mortality assessed as survival rate at 5 uM incubated for 48 hrs by inverted fluorescence microscopy (Rvb = 52%)	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 219	Synthesis and in vivo screening of isosteviol derivatives as new cardioprotective agents.
AID1762939	Cardioprotective activity against doxorubicin-induced (cmlc2:GFP) transgenic Zebrafish assessed as protection of heart function loss measured after 48 hrs	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 219	Synthesis and in vivo screening of isosteviol derivatives as new cardioprotective agents.
AID348192	Cytotoxicity against human Raji cells assessed as cell viability at 1000 mol ratio by trypan blue staining	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID1515076	Selectivity index, ratio of LC50 for human U937 cells to EC50 for Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis HMOM/COL/88/UA301-EGFP intracellular amastigotes infected in human U937 cells
AID348201	Inhibition of DMBA-induced/TPA-promoted carcinogenesis in mouse assessed as number of skin papillomas per mouse at 85 nmol administered 1 hr before TPA treatment measured after 20 weeks	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2	Cancer preventive agents. Part 8: Chemopreventive effects of stevioside and related compounds.
AID551372	Cytotoxicity against human MGC803 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 21, Issue:1	Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel exo-methylene cyclopentanone tetracyclic diterpenoids as antitumor agents.
AID450810	Inhibition of LPS-induced NF-kappaB transcriptional activation expressed in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as NF-kappaB activity at 10 uM treated after LPS challenge measured after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay relative to control	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 17, Issue:17	Microbial transformation of isosteviol oxime and the inhibitory effects on NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation in LPS-stimulated macrophages.
AID551370	Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-231 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 21, Issue:1	Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel exo-methylene cyclopentanone tetracyclic diterpenoids as antitumor agents.
AID731063	Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 23, Issue:5	Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxic activity evaluation of novel heterocycle bridged carbothioamide type isosteviol derivatives as antitumor agents.
AID400256	Inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells assessed as EA activation at 10 molar ratio after 48 hrs relative to TPA	2004	Journal of natural products, Mar, Volume: 67, Issue:3	Microbial transformation of isosteviol and inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus activation of the transformation products.
AID1230336	Antimitotic activity against sea urichin L embryo model assessed as embryo spinning by sea urichin embryo assay	2015	Journal of natural products, Jun-26, Volume: 78, Issue:6	Triphenylphosphonium Cations of the Diterpenoid Isosteviol: Synthesis and Antimitotic Activity in a Sea Urchin Embryo Model.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347159	Primary screen GU Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347160	Primary screen NINDS Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	15 (13.64)	29.6817
2010's	58 (52.73)	24.3611
2020's	37 (33.64)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	2 (1.79%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	110 (98.21%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.6	1	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
octane Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.	2.08	1	alkane	xenobiotic
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	2.15	1	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
5-hydroxydecanoate 5-hydroxydecanoic acid: Potassium Channel Blocker; RN refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	medium-chain fatty acid
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	7.13	1	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	2.13	1	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	3.61	2	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	2.93	3	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.25	1	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
nocodazole [no description available]	2.11	1	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)	7.13	1	pyridines
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	2.15	1	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	2.41	1	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	7.07	1	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	2.08	1
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.04	1	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	2.31	1	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
cyclopentanone [no description available]	2.06	1	cyclopentanones	Maillard reaction product
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	2.06	1	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	2.08	1	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.03	1	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	2.07	1	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	2.13	1	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	2.03	1	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	2.05	1	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
acadesine [no description available]	2.07	1	1-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	2.31	1	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.1	1	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	2.04	1	benzenes; phenyl acetates
acetylacetone acetylacetone : A beta-diketone that is pentane in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by oxo groups.	7.41	1	beta-diketone
alkenes [no description available]	2.41	1
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	2.11	1	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	2.11	1	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	2.21	1	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	4.93	10	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	3.05	4	1,2,3-triazole
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	2.59	2	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
bardoxolone methyl methyl 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate: structure in first source	2.1	1	cyclohexenones
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	7.13	1	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
stevioside stevioside: Kaurene glucoside from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana; 300 times as sweet as sugar. stevioside : A diterpene glycoside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the allylic beta-D-glucoside has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. It is a natural herbal sweetener that is 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose (though with a bitter aftertaste), extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana plant native to South America.. diterpene glycoside : A terpene glycoside in which the terpene moiety is a diterpenoid.	5	11	beta-D-glucoside; bridged compound; diterpene glycoside; ent-kaurane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sweetening agent
doxorubicin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.06	1	anthracycline
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	2.25	1	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
steviol steviol: aglucon of stevioside; RN given refers to (4alpha)-isomer. steviol : An ent-kaurane diterpenoid that is 5beta,8alpha,9beta,10alpha-kaur-16-en-18-oic acid in which the hydrogen at position 13 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	5.17	13	bridged compound; ent-kaurane diterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid; tertiary allylic alcohol; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent
ammonium acetate ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.	2.04	1	acetate salt; ammonium salt	buffer; food acidity regulator
glycosides [no description available]	3.25	5
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	2.05	1	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
thiosemicarbazide thiosemicarbazide: glutamate decarboxylase antagonist; structure given in first source. hydrazinecarbothioamide : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which a hydrogen of one of the amino groups is replaced by an amino group.	2.15	1	hydrazines; thiocarboxamide; thioureas
nadp [no description available]	2.21	1
3,4-diaminocyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione 3,4-diaminocyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione: structure in first source	2.82	2
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.25	1	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	2.59	2	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
or 1259 [no description available]	2.31	1	hydrazone; nitrile; pyridazinone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
quinine [no description available]	2.82	2	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
ex 527 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide: structure in first source. 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole which is substituted at position 1 by an aminocarbohyl group and at position 6 by a chlorine.	2.25	1	carbazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.17	1	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	2.02	1	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
su 11248 [no description available]	3.27	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.	2.21	1	aromatic amide; lactam; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; organochlorine compound; oxazolidinone; thiophenes	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	2.15	1
glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide: potent stimulator of insulin released in perfused mammalian pancreas	2.07	1
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	7.48	2	peptide hormone
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	2.07	1
dihydroisosteviol dihydroisosteviol: isolated from Stevia rebaudiana; structure in first source	2.99	4
rubusoside rubusoside: from RUBUS. rubusoside : A steviol glycoside that is steviol in which both the carboxy group and the tertiary allylic hydroxy group have been converted to their corresponding beta-D-glucosides. A precious bioactive natural sweetener which mainly exists the in Chinese sweet tea plant, Rubus suavissimus.	2.05	1	beta-D-glucoside; bridged compound; steviol glycoside; tetracyclic diterpenoid	plant metabolite; sweetening agent
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	2.21	1	polypeptide
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	2.41	1	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	2.05	1
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	2.05	1
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	2.05	1
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	3.75	9
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	3.75	9
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	3.96	11
Blood Clot [description not available]	2.21	1
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	2.21	1
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.25	1
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	2.98	3
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	2.98	3
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	2.51	2
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	7.51	2
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	3.13	4
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	7.41	1
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	8.13	4
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	3.36	6
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	2.41	1
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	7.41	1
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	3.52	4
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	3.52	4
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	3.52	4
Aura [description not available]	2.6	1
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	2.6	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	3	4
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	3	4
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	2.69	2
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	2.6	1
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	2.6	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	2.6	1
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	2.6	1
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	2.61	2
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	2.61	2
Apoplexy [description not available]	2.59	2
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	3.27	5
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	3.27	5
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	2.59	2
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	3.13	4
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	3.13	4
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	2.61	2
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.61	2
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	2.25	1
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	2.25	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.31	1
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	2.31	1
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.31	1
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	2.31	1
Anoxemia [description not available]	2.31	1
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	7.31	1
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	2.31	1
MODS [description not available]	2.31	1
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	2.31	1
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	2.31	1
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	2.15	1
Arrhythmia [description not available]	2.15	1
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	2.15	1
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	2.15	1
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	2.15	1
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	2.48	2
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	2.17	1
Aortic Stenosis [description not available]	2.17	1
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	2.17	1
Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	2.17	1
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	2.17	1
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	2.49	2
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	7.49	2
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	2.17	1
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	2.17	1
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	2.17	1
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	2.17	1
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	2.17	1
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	7.17	1
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	2.11	1
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	7.11	1
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.04	1
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	2.04	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	2.04	1
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	7.07	1
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	2.07	1
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	7.07	1
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	2.07	1
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	2.03	1
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	2.03	1
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	2.03	1
Prediabetes [description not available]	2.03	1
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	2.44	2
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	2.03	1
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	7.04	1
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	2.04	1

isosteviol

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (39)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (1)

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (4)

Molecular Functions (4)

Ceullar Components (6)

Bioassays (87)

Research

Studies (110)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 27.64

Study Types

isosteviol

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (39)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (1)

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (4)

Molecular Functions (4)

Ceullar Components (6)

Bioassays (87)

Research

Studies (110)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 27.64

Study Types

Related Drugs (66)

Related Conditions (90)