Disks large homolog 4

A disks large homolog 4 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P78352]

Synonyms

Postsynaptic density protein 95;
PSD-95;
Synapse-associated protein 90;
SAP-90;
SAP90

Research

Bioassay Publications (2)

Timeframe	Studies on this Protein(%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	1 (50.00)	29.6817
2010's	1 (50.00)	24.3611
2020's	0 (0.00)	2.80

Compounds (1)

Drugs with Inhibition Measurements

Drug	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (mM)	Bioassay(s)	Publication(s)
tat-nr2b9c	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	8.1500	4	4

Enables

This protein enables 13 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
protein binding	molecular function	Binding to a protein. [GOC:go_curators]
kinase binding	molecular function	Binding to a kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group. [GOC:jl]
protein phosphatase binding	molecular function	Binding to a protein phosphatase. [GOC:jl]
PDZ domain binding	molecular function	Binding to a PDZ domain of a protein, a domain found in diverse signaling proteins. [GOC:go_curators, Pfam:PF00595]
beta-1 adrenergic receptor binding	molecular function	Binding to a beta-1 adrenergic receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]
D1 dopamine receptor binding	molecular function	Binding to a D1 dopamine receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]
P2Y1 nucleotide receptor binding	molecular function	Binding to a P2Y1 nucleotide receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]
acetylcholine receptor binding	molecular function	Binding to an acetylcholine receptor. [GOC:mah]
ionotropic glutamate receptor binding	molecular function	Binding to an ionotropic glutamate receptor. Ionotropic glutamate receptors bind glutamate and exert an effect through the regulation of ion channels. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0198506732]
protein-containing complex binding	molecular function	Binding to a macromolecular complex. [GOC:jl]
neuroligin family protein binding	molecular function	Binding to a member of the neuroligin protein family, neuronal cell surface proteins that mediate synapse formation. [GOC:BHF, GOC:pr, GOC:sjp, PMID:21424692]
scaffold protein binding	molecular function	Binding to a scaffold protein. Scaffold proteins are crucial regulators of many key signaling pathways. Although not strictly defined in function, they are known to interact and/or bind with multiple members of a signaling pathway, tethering them into complexes. [GOC:BHF, GOC:sjp, PMID:10433269, Wikipedia:Scaffold_protein]
protein kinase binding	molecular function	Binding to a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate. [GOC:jl]

Located In

This protein is located in 22 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
cytoplasm	cellular component	The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
endoplasmic reticulum	cellular component	The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
cytosol	cellular component	The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
plasma membrane	cellular component	The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
adherens junction	cellular component	A cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex. The epithelial cadherins, or E-cadherins, of each interacting cell extend through the plasma membrane into the extracellular space and bind to each other. The E-cadherins bind to catenins on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, where the E-cadherin-catenin complex binds to cytoskeletal components and regulatory and signaling molecules. [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:17854762, PMID:20571587, PMID:21422226, PMID:28096264]
synaptic vesicle	cellular component	A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane. [PMID:10099709, PMID:12563290]
postsynaptic density	cellular component	An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of an asymmetric, neuron-neuron synapse. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dos, GOC:ef, GOC:jid, GOC:pr, GOC:sjp, http://molneuro.kaist.ac.kr/psd, PMID:14532281, Wikipedia:Postsynaptic_density]
cell junction	cellular component	A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells, or between a cell and the extracellular matrix, or between two membrane-bound components of a cell, such as flagella. [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, GOC:mah, http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/cmb/cells/pmemb/junctions_a.html, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:26820516, PMID:28096264]
endocytic vesicle membrane	cellular component	The lipid bilayer surrounding an endocytic vesicle. [GOC:mah]
cortical cytoskeleton	cellular component	The portion of the cytoskeleton that lies just beneath the plasma membrane. [GOC:mah]
extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane	cellular component	The component of a plasma membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to its cytoplasmic surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:mah]
dendrite cytoplasm	cellular component	All of the contents of a dendrite, excluding the surrounding plasma membrane. [GOC:mah]
dendritic spine	cellular component	A small, membranous protrusion from a dendrite that forms a postsynaptic compartment, typically receiving input from a single presynapse. They function as partially isolated biochemical and an electrical compartments. Spine morphology is variable:they can be thin, stubby, mushroom, or branched, with a continuum of intermediate morphologies. They typically terminate in a bulb shape, linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity. [GOC:nln]
juxtaparanode region of axon	cellular component	A region of an axon near a node of Ranvier that is between the paranode and internode regions. [GOC:BHF, GOC:jl, PMID:10624965, PMID:14682359]
cerebellar mossy fiber	cellular component	An axon arising from cerebellar projecting cells in the cochlea, vestibular nuclei, spinal cord, reticular formation, cerebellar nuclei and basilar pontine nuclei. Mossy fibers enter through all three cerebellar peduncles and send collaterals to the deep cerebellar nuclei, then branch in the white matter and terminate in the granule cell layer. Through this branching, a given mossy fiber can innervate several folia. Mossy fibers synapse on granule cells. The synaptic contacts are made at enlargements along the length of the mossy fiber called mossy fiber rosettes. The enlargements of the rosettes give the axons a mossy-looking appearance in Golgi stained preparations. [NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090209]
neuron projection terminus	cellular component	The specialized, terminal region of a neuron projection such as an axon or a dendrite. [GOC:jl]
neuron spine	cellular component	A small membranous protrusion, often ending in a bulbous head and attached to the neuron by a narrow stalk or neck. [ISBN:0198504888, NIF_Subcellular:sao1145756102]
synapse	cellular component	The junction between an axon of one neuron and a dendrite of another neuron, a muscle fiber or a glial cell. As the axon approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic terminal bouton, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the terminal bouton is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic terminal bouton secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane. [GOC:aruk, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:24619342, PMID:29383328, PMID:31998110]
postsynaptic membrane	cellular component	A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane. [ISBN:0198506732]
excitatory synapse	cellular component	A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell increases the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:ef]
synaptic membrane	cellular component	A specialized area of membrane on either the presynaptic or the postsynaptic side of a synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell. [GOC:BHF, PMID:20410104]
glutamatergic synapse	cellular component	A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter. [GOC:dos]

Active In

This protein is active in 4 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
basolateral plasma membrane	cellular component	The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis. [GOC:go_curators]
neuron projection	cellular component	A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite. [GOC:jl, http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/]
postsynaptic density membrane	cellular component	The membrane component of the postsynaptic density. This is the region of the postsynaptic membrane in which the population of neurotransmitter receptors involved in synaptic transmission are concentrated. [GOC:dos]
neuromuscular junction	cellular component	The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential. [GOC:nln]

Part Of

This protein is part of 2 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
voltage-gated potassium channel complex	cellular component	A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which potassium ions may cross a cell membrane in response to changes in membrane potential. [GOC:mah]
AMPA glutamate receptor complex	cellular component	An assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. The AMPA receptors mediate fast synaptic transmission in the CNS and are composed of subunits GluR1-4, products from separate genes. These subunits have an extracellular N-terminus and an intracellular C-terminus. [GOC:ef]

Involved In

This protein is involved in 30 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
negative regulation of receptor internalization	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization. [GOC:hjd]
signal transduction	biological process	The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	biological process	Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol. [GOC:ai]
nervous system development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state. [GOC:dgh]
learning	biological process	Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience. [ISBN:0582227089, ISBN:0721662544]
synaptic vesicle maturation	biological process	Steps required to form an initiated synaptic vesicle into a fully formed and transmissible synaptic vesicle. [GOC:curators, PMID:10099709]
social behavior	biological process	Behavior directed towards society, or taking place between members of the same species. Occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group. [GOC:jh2, PMID:12848939, Wikipedia:Social_behavior]
protein localization to synapse	biological process	Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell. [GOC:bf]
locomotory exploration behavior	biological process	The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to a novel environment. [GOC:sart, PMID:17151232]
cellular response to potassium ion	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a potassium ion stimulus. [GOC:yaf]
establishment of protein localization	biological process	The directed movement of a protein to a specific location. [GOC:bf]
establishment or maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity	biological process	Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah]
regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity	biological process	A process that modulates long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change long-term as circumstances require. Long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increase or decrease in actual synapse numbers. [GOC:jid, PMID:11891290]
positive regulation of synaptic transmission	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. [GOC:ai]
neuromuscular process controlling balance	biological process	Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph]
dendritic spine morphogenesis	biological process	The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission. [GOC:dph]
positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity	biological process	Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
protein-containing complex assembly	biological process	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex. [GOC:jl]
vocalization behavior	biological process	The behavior in which an organism produces sounds by a mechanism involving its respiratory system. [GOC:mah]
AMPA glutamate receptor clustering	biological process	The glutamate receptor clustering process in which alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane. [GOC:BHF, GOC:pr, GOC:sjp, PMID:12796785]
receptor localization to synapse	biological process	Any process in which a receptor is transported to, and/or maintained at the synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:sjp, PMID:21525273]
neurotransmitter receptor localization to postsynaptic specialization membrane	biological process	A process in which a neurotransmitter is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the membrane adjacent to a postsynaptic specialization (e.g. postsynaptic density). [GOC:dos]
positive regulation of neuron projection arborization	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized into branches. [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, PMID:17114044]
regulation of NMDA receptor activity	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of N-methyl-D-aspartate selective glutamate receptor activity. [GOC:BHF]
positive regulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential	biological process	Any process that enhances the establishment or increases the extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential. [GOC:bf, GOC:BHF]
regulation of grooming behavior	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of grooming behavior. [GOC:BHF]
embryo development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:mtg_sensu]
postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor diffusion trapping	biological process	The process by which diffusing neurotransmitter receptor becomes trapped at the postsynaptic specialization membrane. This is typically due to interaction with components of the post-synaptic specialization. [PMID:18832033]
cell-cell adhesion	biological process	The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules. [GOC:dos]
chemical synaptic transmission	biological process	The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse. [GOC:jl, MeSH:D009435]