methyl isocyanate profile

methyl isocyanate: structure [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

methyl isocyanate : The isocyanate that is methane modified by a single isocyanato substituent. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	12228
CHEMBL ID	1608558
CHEBI ID	59059
MeSH ID	M0052331

Synonym
CHEBI:59059 ,
methylisokyanat
methyl isocyanate [un2480] [poison]
methyl isocyanat [german]
4-04-00-00247 (beilstein handbook reference)
unii-c588jj4bv9
c588jj4bv9 ,
mic [isocyanate]
BB 0253944
methylisocyanaat
isocyanate de methyle
methane, isocyanato-
isocyanatomethane
nsc-64323
methyl carbonimide
nsc64323
methyl isocyanat
isocyanic acid, methyl ester
wln: ocn1
metil isocianato
MIC ,
methane, (methylimino)oxo-
(methylimino)(oxo)methane
inchi=1/c2h3no/c1-3-2-4/h1h
624-83-9
methyl isocyanate
NCGC00091082-01
methyl isocyanat [german]
hsdb 1165
un 2480
methylisocyanate
methylcarbylamine
methylisokyanat [czech]
tl 1450
methylisocyanaat [dutch]
metil isocianato [italian]
isocyanate de methyle [french]
isocyanate, methyl-
ccris 1385
rcra waste number p064
einecs 210-866-3
nsc 64323
un2480
brn 0605318
ai3-28280
rcra waste no. p064
iso-cyanatomethane
stratospheres(tm) pl-nco (isocyanate) resin, 150-300 mum, extent of labeling: >=1.5 mmol/g loading, 1 % cross-linked
scavengepore(tm) benzyl isocyanate, macroporous, 40-70 mesh, extent of labeling: 0.5-2.0 mmol/g loading
STK504617
methylimino(oxo)methane
A833804
methylimino(oxidanylidene)methane
NCGC00091082-02
cas-624-83-9
dtxcid503786
tox21_201060
NCGC00258613-01
dtxsid1023786 ,
AKOS005171723
EPITOPE ID:122968
mp-nco
methylimino-oxomethane
gtpl6290
methyl isocyanate [mi]
methyl isocyanate [hsdb]
(methylimino)(oxo)methane #
me-nco
methyl-isocyanate
ch3nco
menco
methyl isocynate
CHEMBL1608558
GS-3554
DB12765
Q410431
isocyanate methyl methane
methyl carbonyl amine
isocianato de metilo
isocyanate methane
mic (isocyanate)

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Methyl isocyanate (MIC) is an important precursor for industrial synthesis, but it is highly toxic. "	( Determination of methyl isopropyl hydantoin from rat erythrocytes by gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry to determine methyl isocyanate dose following inhalation exposure. Croutch, CR; Logue, BA; Manandhar, E; Pay, AL; Peters, E; Rioux, JS; Sosna, W; Veress, LA; White, CW; Zhang, Z, 2018)	2.13
"Methyl isocyanate (MIC) is a highly toxic industrial chemical causing acute lethality after inhalation. "	( Methyl isocyanate inhalation induces tissue factor-dependent activation of coagulation in rats. Croutch, CR; Garlick, RB; Peters, E; Rancourt, RC; Rioux, JS; Sosna, W; Veress, LA; White, CW, 2019)	3.4
"Methyl isocyanate (MIC) is a noxious industrial chemical used extensively in the production of carbamate pesticides."	( In silico docking of methyl isocyanate (MIC) and its hydrolytic product (1, 3-dimethylurea) shows significant interaction with DNA Methyltransferase 1 suggests cancer risk in Bhopal-Gas- Tragedy survivors. Jatawa, SK; Khan, I; Sachdeva, M; Senthilkumar, CS; Singh, H; Tiwari, A; Upadhyay, N, 2015)	1.46
"Methyl isocyanate (MIC) is a toxic industrial chemical that is documented as a potent respiratory toxicant. "	( On the long-term effects of methyl isocyanate on cell-mediated immunity in Bhopal gas-exposed long-term survivors and their offspring. Ganesh, N; Sah, NK; Senthilkumar, CS, 2017)	2.19
"Methyl isocyanate (MIC) is a volatile, toxic chemical [Threshold Limit Value (TLV) = 0.02 ppm] used to manufacture carbamate pesticides. "	( Penetration of methyl isocyanate through organic vapor and acid gas respirator cartridges. Berardinelli, SP; Moyer, ES, 1987)	2.07

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Some toxic manifestations are potentially reversible with time after cessation of exposure."	( Inhalation toxicity of methyl isocyanate: biochemical and cytological profile of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in rats. Dixit, R; Gupta, GS; Kaw, JL; Naqvi, SH; Ray, PK, 1991)	0.59
" Acute toxic effects of MIC are essentially similar by either route except for the intensity of the effects."	( Acute toxicity of methyl isocyanate in mammals. II. Induction of hyperglycemia, lactic acidosis, uraemia, and hypothermia in rats. Jeevaratnam, K; Kaushik, MP; Vaidyanathan, CS; Vijayaraghavan, R, )	0.47
"5 LD50 and 1 LD50 doses in female rabbits resulted in significant changes in physiological, clinico-chemical and histological parameters."	( Acute toxicity of methyl isocyanate, administered subcutaneously in rabbits: changes in physiological, clinico-chemical and histological parameters. Jeevarathinam, K; Mukhopadhyay, S; Ray, US; Selvamurthy, W; Thakur, L, 1988)	0.61
"Acute toxic effects of methyl isocyanate in the rat were determined for two hour exposures to concentrations in the range 11 ppm (very slight effect) to 65 ppm (lethality: pulmonary oedema)."	( Acute toxicity of methyl isocyanate: a preliminary study of the dose response for eye and other effects. Andersson, N; Kerr Muir, M; Salmon, AG, 1985)	0.91
" MIC may be the most toxic of all isocyanates because of its very high vapor pressure relative to other isocyanates and because of its ability to exert toxic effects on numerous organ systems."	( The Bhopal accident and methyl isocyanate toxicity. Guest, I; Varma, DR, 1993)	0.59
"Subcutaneous administration of the LD50 dose of methyl isocyanate (MIC) to rats induced severe hyperglycaemia, lactic acidosis and uraemia in rats."	( Influence of methylamine and N,N'-dimethylurea, the hydrolysis products of methyl isocyanate, on its systemic toxicity. Jeevaratnam, K; Sugendran, K; Vaidyanathan, CS, )	0.62

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"S-(N-Methylcarbamoyl)-N-acetylcysteine (AMCC), a chemically labile mercapturic acid conjugate, was identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in the urine of rats dosed intraperitoneally with methyl isocyanate (MIC; 45."	( Biotransformation of methyl isocyanate in the rat. Evidence for glutathione conjugation as a major pathway of metabolism and implications for isocyanate-mediated toxicities. Baillie, TA; Han, DH; Pearson, PG; Rashed, MS; Slatter, JG, )	0.64
" Dose-response relationships are not likely to emerge from follow-up studies."	( Disaster at Bhopal: the accident, early findings and respiratory health outlook in those injured. Weill, H, )	0.13
"Model averaging for dichotomous dose-response estimation is preferred to estimate the benchmark dose (BMD) from a single model, but challenges remain regarding implementing these methods for general analyses before model averaging is feasible to use in many risk assessment applications, and there is little work on Bayesian methods that include informative prior information for both the models and the parameters of the constituent models."	( Quantitative Risk Assessment: Developing a Bayesian Approach to Dichotomous Dose-Response Uncertainty. Allen, BC; Blessinger, T; Davis, JA; Gift, JS; Olszyk, L; Shao, K; Wheeler, MW, 2020)	0.56

Role	Description
apoptosis inducer	Any substance that induces the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in multi-celled organisms.
allergen	A chemical compound, or part thereof, which causes the onset of an allergic reaction by interacting with any of the molecular pathways involved in an allergy.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
isocyanates	Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
viridicatin biosynthesis	0	20
4'-methoxyviridicatin biosynthesis	0	18

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0251	0.0013	18.0743	39.8107	AID926; AID938
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	25.8731	0.0008	17.5051	59.3239	AID1159531
caspase-1 isoform alpha precursor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	39.8107	0.0003	11.4484	31.6228	AID900
Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	33.4915	0.0266	22.4482	66.8242	AID651802
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic process	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of glucose metabolic process	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of steroid metabolic process	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular receptor signaling pathway	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
circadian regulation of gene expression	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to sterol	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of circadian rhythm	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fat cell differentiation	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
adipose tissue development	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
T-helper 17 cell differentiation	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
oxysterol binding	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-activated transcription factor activity	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor activity	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
nucleus	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear body	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1346556	Human TRPA1 (Transient Receptor Potential channels)	2009	FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Apr, Volume: 23, Issue:4	Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 antagonists block the noxious effects of toxic industrial isocyanates and tear gases.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	140 (49.65)	18.7374
1990's	66 (23.40)	18.2507
2000's	29 (10.28)	29.6817
2010's	37 (13.12)	24.3611
2020's	10 (3.55)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	3 (0.96%)	5.53%
Reviews	20 (6.43%)	6.00%
Case Studies	3 (0.96%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	285 (91.64%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
2,3-diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.	1.97	1	0	bisphosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	human metabolite
adenine [no description available]	6.97	1	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	3.13	1	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
benzene [no description available]	1.97	1	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
carbamates [no description available]	3.25	6	0	amino-acid anion
aminooxyacetic acid Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.	1.98	1	0	amino acid; hydroxylamines; monocarboxylic acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
cytosine [no description available]	6.97	1	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.89	4	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	2.05	1	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom	1.97	1	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; poison
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	2.38	2	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	2.89	4	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	7.38	2	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0	piperazines
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	2	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	2.6	1	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
hydroxyurea [no description available]	1.97	1	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
lomustine [no description available]	2	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	3.13	1	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
o(6)-benzylguanine O(6)-benzylguanine: a suicide inhibitor of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity	2.02	1	0
semustine Semustine: 4-Methyl derivative of LOMUSTINE; (CCNU). An antineoplastic agent which functions as an alkylating agent.. semustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-methylcyclohexyl group.	2	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent
urethane [no description available]	1.96	1	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
corticosterone [no description available]	1.97	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	2.4	2	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	2.88	4	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	2.89	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.17	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
n-nitrosomorpholine N-nitrosomorpholine : A nitrosamine that is morpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a nitroso group. A carcinogen and mutagen, it is found in snuff tobacco.	2.25	1	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	2.41	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	2.6	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	1.98	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	1.96	1	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	2.6	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	2.6	1	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	2.74	3	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	7.42	2	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	4.16	6	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
isocyanic acid isocyanic acid: structure. isocyanic acid : A colourless, volatile, poisonous inorganic compound with the formula HNCO; the simplest stable chemical compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, the four most commonly-found elements in organic chemistry and biology.	2.72	3	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
chloropicrin chloropicrin: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search HYDROCARBONS, CHLORINATED (66-85); Index Medicus search CHLOROPICRIN (66-85). chloropicrin : A C-nitro compound that is nitromethane in which all three hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. It is a severe irritant, and can cause immediate, severe inflammation of the eyes, nose and throat, and significant injuries to the upper and lower respiratory tract. Formerly stockpiled as a chemical warfare agent, it has been widely used in the US as a soil fumigant, particularly for strawberry crops. It is not approved for use within the European Union.	2.05	1	0	C-nitro compound; one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antifungal agrochemical; fumigant insecticide; nematicide
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	1.97	1	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
1,3-dimethylurea N,N'-dimethylurea : A member of the class of ureas that is urea substituted by methyl groups at positions 1 and 3.	2.11	1	0	ureas
benzyl bromide benzyl bromide: structure given in first source. benzyl bromide : A member of the class of benzyl bromides that is toluene substituted on the alpha-carbon with bromine.	2.05	1	0	benzyl bromides	lachrymator
phenyl isocyanate [no description available]	2.4	2	0	benzenes; isocyanates	allergen; hapten
acrolein [no description available]	1.97	1	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
biuret Biuret: Used as feed supplement for sheep and cattle since it is a good non-protein nitrogen source. In strongly alkaline solution biuret gives a violet color with copper sulfate.. biuret : A member of the class of condensed ureas that is the compound formed by the condensation of two molecules of urea; the parent compound of the biuret group of compounds. Used as a non-protein nitrogen source in ruminant feed.	1.98	1	0	condensed ureas
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	1.97	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethyl isocyanate [no description available]	2.43	2	0	isocyanates
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	1.98	1	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	2.42	2	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	4.05	4	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	2.71	3	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
mustard gas Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.	3.13	1	0	ethyl sulfide; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; vesicant
hematoxylin Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.	2.38	2	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; polyphenol; tertiary alcohol	histological dye; plant metabolite
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	1.98	1	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.38	2	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
methyl isothiocyanate methyl isothiocyanate: structure. methyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a methyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is also the active nematicide of the pronematicide metam-sodium.	7.1	1	0	isothiocyanate	fumigant; lachrymator; nematicide
toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate: Skin irritant and allergen used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and other elastomers.. toluene 2,4-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 4 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.	2.4	2	0	toluene meta-diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
bromoacetone bromoacetone : An alpha-bromoketone that is acetone in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a bromine atom. A poweful lachrymator, it was formerly used as a chemical weapon.	2.05	1	0	alpha-bromoketone	lachrymator
methyl carbamate methyl carbamate : A carbamate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of carbamic acid with methanol.	7.41	1	0	carbamate ester
1,1-dimethylurea [no description available]	4.15	6	0
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	2.31	1	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	1.96	1	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate hexamethylene diisocyanate : A diisocyanate compound with the two isocyanates linked by a hexane-1,6-diyl group.	2.44	2	0	diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
deoxycytidine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dexamethasone isonicotinate Dexamethasone Isonicotinate: An anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic glucocorticoid that can be administered orally, by inhalation, locally, and parenterally. It may cause water and salt retention.	1.96	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
sodium thiosulfate sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	7.67	3	0	inorganic sodium salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antifungal drug; nephroprotective agent
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	1.97	1	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
urobilinogen Urobilinogen: A colorless compound formed in the intestines by the reduction of bilirubin. Some is excreted in the feces where it is oxidized to urobilin. Some is reabsorbed and re-excreted in the bile as bilirubin. At times, it is re-excreted in the urine, where it may be later oxidized to urobilin.. urobilinogen : A member of the class of bilanes that is a colourless product formed in the intestine by the reduction of bilirubin.	1.97	1	0	bilanes	human metabolite
methylformamide N-methylformamide : A member of the class of formamides having a N-methyl substituent.	2.02	1	0	formamides
chloroprene Chloroprene: Toxic, possibly carcinogenic, monomer of neoprene, a synthetic rubber; causes damage to skin, lungs, CNS, kidneys, liver, blood cells and fetuses. Synonym: 2-chlorobutadiene.	1.97	1	0	chloroolefin
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.6	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
caracemide [no description available]	6.97	1	0
viridicatin viridicatin: structure. viridicatin : A hydroxyquinolone that is 3-hydroxyuinolin-2(1H)-one which is substituted at position 4 by a phenyl groups. Isolated from the mycelium of several Penicillium species, it exhibits strong antibiotic activity against M. tuberculosis and also against B. subtilis, S. aureus and S. cerevisiae.	2.17	1	0	hydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; Aspergillus metabolite; marine metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	2.6	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	18.63	277	3
s-(n-methylcarbamoyl)glutathione S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)glutathione: metabolite of N-methylformamide	2.89	4	0
4-aminophenylphosphate 4-aminophenylphosphate: RN refers to di-Ag salt; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	7.1	1	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
n,n'-dimethylnitrosourea [no description available]	1.96	1	0
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	6.97	1	0
acivicin [no description available]	1.98	1	0	isoxazoles; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	antileishmanial agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; glutamine antagonist; metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	1.97	1	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	2.31	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
nadp [no description available]	1.98	1	0
laromustine laromustine: has antineoplastic activity	3.84	3	0
bilirubin [no description available]	1.97	1	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	2.01	1	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.38	2	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-chloroethyl)hydrazine 1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-chloroethyl)hydrazine: a chloroethylating agent that alkylates and cross-links DNA; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	1.98	1	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	2.89	1	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-methylcarbamate N-methylcarbamate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	amino-acid anion
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	2.17	1	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	2.21	1	0
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	6.19	18	2
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	3.01	2	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	3.01	2	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	2.6	1	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	2.6	1	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	2.6	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	10.46	15	0
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	2.6	1	0
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	3.23	6	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	2.92	4	0
Diathesis [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	2.25	1	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	2.25	1	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	2.25	1	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	5.49	10	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	5.49	10	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	2.9	4	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	3.9	4	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	3.66	3	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	3.66	3	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	2.49	2	0
Gas Poisoning Poisoning that results from exposure to gases such as CARBON MONOXIDE; NOBLE GASES; OXYGEN; or NATURAL GAS.	5.66	31	0
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	8.42	2	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	4.15	3	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	3.01	1	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	2.11	1	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Lymphocytosis Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.	2.15	1	0
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	2.15	1	0
Genome Instability [description not available]	3.66	3	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	3.84	12	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	3.84	12	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	4.4	8	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	2.45	2	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	2.42	2	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	2.05	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Genital Diseases, Male Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).	2.05	1	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	2.67	3	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	2.41	2	0
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	2.4	2	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	2.89	4	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	4.17	17	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	2.05	1	0
Microsatellite Instability The occurrence of highly polymorphic mono- and dinucleotide MICROSATELLITE REPEATS in somatic cells. It is a form of genome instability associated with defects in DNA MISMATCH REPAIR.	2.05	1	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	2.06	1	0
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	2.06	1	0
Acinar Carcinoma [description not available]	2.99	1	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.99	1	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	2.99	1	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	2.99	1	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	2.99	1	0
Carcinoma, Acinar Cell A malignant tumor arising from secreting cells of a racemose gland, particularly the salivary glands. Racemose (Latin racemosus, full of clusters) refers, as does acinar (Latin acinus, grape), to small saclike dilatations in various glands. Acinar cell carcinomas are usually well differentiated and account for about 13% of the cancers arising in the parotid gland. Lymph node metastasis occurs in about 16% of cases. Local recurrences and distant metastases many years after treatment are common. This tumor appears in all age groups and is most common in women. (Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575)	2.99	1	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	3.31	2	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	3.06	5	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	3.06	5	0
Methemoglobinemia The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.02	1	0
MODS [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	2.02	1	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	2.02	1	0
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	3.59	3	0
Eye Burns Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.	3.31	2	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	2.89	4	0
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	2.38	2	0
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	1.98	1	0
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	2.39	2	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Bleeding [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	2.38	2	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	3.58	3	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	3.8	4	0
Poisoning, Mercury [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	3.58	3	0
Mercury Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.	2.9	1	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	1.98	1	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	4.16	6	0
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	4.16	6	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	1.99	1	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	1.99	1	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	1.99	1	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	2.38	2	0
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	2.38	2	0
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	1.99	1	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	3.38	1	1
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	2	1	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	2	1	0
Cancer of Oropharnyx [description not available]	2	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2	1	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	2	1	0
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.	2	1	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	3.22	6	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Psychophysiologic Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)	1.98	1	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	1.98	1	0
Adipocere [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	1.97	1	0
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	1.97	1	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.37	2	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	2.37	2	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	1.97	1	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	1.97	1	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	1.97	1	0
Leukemia L5178 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.	2.37	2	0
Conjunctival Diseases Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.	1.96	1	0
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	1.96	1	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	6.97	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	2.37	2	0
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	2.37	2	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	2.66	3	0
Placenta Diseases Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.	1.97	1	0
Night Blindness Failure or imperfection of vision at night or in dim light, with good vision only on bright days. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.96	1	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	1.97	1	0
Injuries, Eye [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Eye Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.	1.96	1	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	1.96	1	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Pink Eye [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	1.96	1	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	1.96	1	0

methyl isocyanate

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Research Demand Index: 73.23

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