Compounds > rs 14203
Page last updated: 2024-11-11

rs 14203

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

RS 14203: a type IV cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID9808563
CHEMBL ID315815
SCHEMBL ID6637552
MeSH IDM0305955

Synonyms (18)

Synonym
pyridopyridazinone
CHEMBL315815
rs-14203
6-(4-pyridylmethyl)-8-(3-nitrophenyl)pyrido(2,3-d)pyridazin-5(6h)-one
8-(3-nitrophenyl)-6-(4-pyridylmethyl)pyrido(2,3-d)pyridazin-5-one
pyrido(2,3-d)pyridazin-5(6h)-one, 8-(3-nitrophenyl)-6-(4-pyridinylmethyl)-
150347-75-4
rs 14203
bdbm50393509
6-(4-pyridylmethyl)-8-(3-nitro-phenyl)-pyrido[2,3-d]pyridazin-5-one
DYHGFTMEUMYPOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
6-(4-pyridylmethyl)-8-(3-nitrophenyl)pyrido[2,3-d]pyridazin-5-one
SCHEMBL6637552
8-(3-nitrophenyl)-6-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)pyrido[2,3-d]pyridazin-5(6h)-one
8-(3-nitrophenyl)-6-[(pyridin-4-yl)methyl]pyrido[2,3-d]pyridazin-5(6h)-one
DTXSID10933911
8-(3-nitrophenyl)-6-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)pyrido[2,3-d]pyridazin-5-one
AKOS040747430

Research Excerpts

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Emesis induced by RS14203 exhibited a dose-response relationship but no such relationship was seen for R-rolipram or CT-2450."( Emesis induced by inhibitors of type IV cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE IV) in the ferret.
Choudhury, I; Robichaud, A; Rodger, IW; Tattersall, FD, 1999)		0.3
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein Targets (4)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4AHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.11670.00001.068010.0000AID157303; AID363147; AID695680
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.00500.00001.104010.0000AID157303; AID363147
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4CHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.00500.00001.465110.0000AID157303; AID363147
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.00500.00001.146310.0000AID157303; AID363147
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4AHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.22000.01701.21593.4000AID695683
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (30)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
cAMP catabolic processcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4AHomo sapiens (human)
signal transductioncAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4AHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwaycAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4AHomo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of smellcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4AHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein kinase A signalingcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4AHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimuluscAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4AHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwaycAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4AHomo sapiens (human)
cAMP-mediated signalingcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4AHomo sapiens (human)
neutrophil homeostasiscAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
cAMP catabolic processcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
neutrophil chemotaxiscAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of type II interferon productioncAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-2 productioncAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
T cell receptor signaling pathwaycAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
leukocyte migrationcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to lipopolysaccharidecAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimuluscAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to epinephrine stimuluscAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwaycAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of cardiac muscle cell contractioncAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of relaxation of cardiac musclecAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channelcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
cAMP-mediated signalingcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
cAMP catabolic processcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4CHomo sapiens (human)
cAMP-mediated signalingcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4CHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart ratecAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
cAMP catabolic processcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of heart ratecAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulumcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of type II interferon productioncAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-2 productioncAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-5 productioncAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylationcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of heart contractioncAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
T cell receptor signaling pathwaycAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
establishment of endothelial barriercAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
adrenergic receptor signaling pathwaycAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of cardiac muscle cell contractioncAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwaycAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conductioncAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of relaxation of cardiac musclecAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channelcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
cAMP-mediated signalingcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (15)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase activitycAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4AHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4AHomo sapiens (human)
cAMP bindingcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4AHomo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4AHomo sapiens (human)
3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase activitycAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4AHomo sapiens (human)
3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase activitycAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
calcium channel regulator activitycAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
cAMP bindingcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
gamma-tubulin bindingcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter bindingcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase activitycAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase activitycAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4CHomo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4CHomo sapiens (human)
3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase activitycAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4CHomo sapiens (human)
3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activitycAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase activitycAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
calcium channel regulator activitycAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor regulator activitycAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
cAMP bindingcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
beta-2 adrenergic receptor bindingcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter bindingcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
ATPase bindingcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
scaffold protein bindingcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
heterocyclic compound bindingcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase activitycAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (19)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
nucleoplasmcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4AHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4AHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membranecAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4AHomo sapiens (human)
membranecAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4AHomo sapiens (human)
ruffle membranecAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4AHomo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4AHomo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4AHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4AHomo sapiens (human)
nucleuscAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4AHomo sapiens (human)
centrosomecAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesiclecAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic densitycAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
Z disccAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
dendritic spinecAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
excitatory synapsecAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
gamma-tubulin complexcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated calcium channel complexcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
nucleuscAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4BHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spacecAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4CHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4CHomo sapiens (human)
ciliumcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4CHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4CHomo sapiens (human)
nucleuscAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4CHomo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4CHomo sapiens (human)
centrosomecAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membranecAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membranecAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated calcium channel complexcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
calcium channel complexcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
nucleuscAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4DHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (4)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID695683Induction of SQSTM1-dependent intracellular redistribution of GFP-tagged PDE4A4 assessed as maximal accretion of enzyme into foci2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-12, Volume: 54, Issue:9
Elucidation of a structural basis for the inhibitor-driven, p62 (SQSTM1)-dependent intracellular redistribution of cAMP phosphodiesterase-4A4 (PDE4A4).
AID695680Inhibition of full-length PDE4A4 using cAMP as substrate by two-step radiochemical assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-12, Volume: 54, Issue:9
Elucidation of a structural basis for the inhibitor-driven, p62 (SQSTM1)-dependent intracellular redistribution of cAMP phosphodiesterase-4A4 (PDE4A4).
AID157303Inhibition of PDE4 in the cytosol of human neutrophils2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-02, Volume: 44, Issue:16
Novel selective PDE4 inhibitors. 1. Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and molecular modeling of 4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2H-phthalazin-1-ones and analogues.
AID363147Inhibition of PDE4 in human lymphocyte2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-25, Volume: 51, Issue:18
Recent advances on phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (5)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's1 (20.00)18.2507
2000's3 (60.00)29.6817
2010's1 (20.00)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 12.58

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index12.58 (24.57)
Research Supply Index1.79 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.37 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index0.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index0.00 (0.95)

This Compound (12.58)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews1 (20.00%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other4 (80.00%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
2-methyl-5-ht
2-methyl-5-HT: M-receptor agonist		210tryptaminesserotonergic agonist
theophylline
[no description available]		3.1410dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
ibudilast
[no description available]		3.5520pyrazolopyridine
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		210carbazoles
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone
4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.		2.0610methoxybenzenes
rolipram
[no description available]		4.0340pyrrolidin-2-onesantidepressant;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		3.1410phthalimides;
piperidones
zardaverine
zardaverine: structure given in first source. zardaverine : A pyridazinone derivative in which pyridazin-3(2H)-one is substituted at C-6 with a 4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl group. It is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, selective for PDE3 and 4.		3.5220organofluorine compound;
pyridazinone		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
peripheral nervous system drug
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.420monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
cipamfylline
cipamfylline: a PDE type-4 inhibitor		2.0610oxopurine
cdp 840
[no description available]		3.1410
cilomilast
[no description available]		3.5220methoxybenzenes
(+)-rolipram
(+)-rolipram : The (S)-enantiomer of rolipram.		2.0610rolipram
rolipram
(-)-rolipram : The (R)-enantiomer of rolipram.		2.0610rolipram
cp 99994
3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine: selective NK(1) receptor antagonist; CP-100263 is the inactive enantiomer		210
sch 351591
SCH 351591: a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor; structure in first source. SCH-351591 : An aromatic amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 8-methoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)quinoline-5-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 3,5-dichloropyridin-4-amine 1-oxide. It is a potent inhibitor of phosphodiesterase IV (PDE4).		3.1410
l-791943
L-791943: an phosphodiesterase iv inhibitor; structure in first source		3.1410
rs 25344
RS 25344: inhibits phosphodiesterase PDE-4D3; structure given in first source		2.0610
ci 1044
CI 1044: inhibits PDE4; structure in first source		3.1410
l-454,560
L-454,560: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor; structure in first source		3.1410
l-826,141
L-826,141: structure in first source		3.1410
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		210
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		02.9610
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.9610
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		02.9610
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		02.9610
Emesis
[description not available]		0210
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		0210
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		0210
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		0210