rifampin

Research Excerpts

Overview

Rifampin is a semisynthetic antibiotic which is known to alter hepatic cytochrome P-450 mediated drug metabolizing enzymes. It is an antibiotic with the ability to penetrate bacterial biofilms, and has been considered as a potentially important adjunct in the prevention and treatment of PJI.

Excerpt	Reference
"Rifampin is a semisynthetic antibiotic which is known to alter hepatic cytochrome P-450 mediated drug metabolizing enzymes. "	( Non-competitive inhibition of hepatic and intestinal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activities from rats by rifampin. Stohs, SJ; Wu, CL, 1983)
"Rifampin is a key drug for tuberculosis (TB) treatment. "	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a higher rifampin dose versus the standard dose in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Aarnoutse, RE; Alisjahbana, B; Nijland, HM; Parwati, I; Ruslami, R; van Crevel, R, 2007)
"Rifampin is a cornerstone of modern antituberculosis therapy. "	( Concentration-dependent Mycobacterium tuberculosis killing and prevention of resistance by rifampin. Deziel, MR; Drusano, GL; Gumbo, T; Liu, W; Louie, A; Parsons, LM; Salfinger, M, 2007)
"Rifampin is an antibiotic with the ability to penetrate bacterial biofilms, and thus has been considered as a potentially important adjunct in the prevention and treatment of PJI."	( The Use of Rifampin in Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Comparative Studies. Chaudhry, H; Ekhtiari, S; Kandel, CE; Kruse, CC; Mundi, R; Oral, I; Pincus, D; Selznick, A; Wolfstadt, J, 2022)
"Rifampin is an antituberculosis drug that is a potent inducer of cytochrome P450 3 subfamily A member 4, which is involved in an alternative catabolic pathway of vitamin D."	( Long-term Efficacy and Safety of Rifampin in the Treatment of a Patient Carrying a CYP24A1 Loss-of-Function Variant. Baldinotti, F; Borsari, S; Brancatella, A; Caligo, MA; Cappellani, D; Cetani, F; Jones, G; Kaufmann, M; Marcocci, C; Sardella, C; Semeraro, A, 2022)
"Rifampin (RIF) is a first-line antimicrobial agent with potent bactericidal action."	( Angiopep-2 Modified Exosomes Load Rifampicin with Potential for Treating Central Nervous System Tuberculosis. An, Y; Chen, R; Chen, W; Ding, Y; Hu, C; Huang, J; Li, H; Tang, Q; Zhao, Y, 2023)
"Rifampin is a known strong CYP3A4 inducer and is recommended by the FDA as a positive control in the CYP3A4 induction assay."	( Alflutinib (AST2818), primarily metabolized by CYP3A4, is a potent CYP3A4 inducer. Chen, ZD; Diao, XX; Guo, ZT; Jiang, Y; Liu, XY; Zhang, YF; Zhao, QY; Zhong, DF; Zhou, JL, 2020)
"Rifampin (RIF) is an important first-line anti-TB drug, and rifampin resistance (RIF-R) is a key factor in formulating treatment regimen and evaluating the prognosis of TB."	( Mechanisms and detection methods of Mycobacterium tuberculosis rifampicin resistance: The phenomenon of drug resistance is complex. Jia, X; Liu, H; Wang, X; Xu, G; Xu, P, 2021)
"Rifampin is a strong inducer of several drug-metabolizing enzymes, including CYP3A."	( Oxycodone Resistance Due to Rifampin Use in an Osteosarcoma Patient with Tuberculosis. Hori, Y; Matsuda, S; Okamoto, T; Sakamoto, A; Shimizu, A; Yamashita, M, 2017)
"Rifampin (RIF) is a bactericidal antibiotic drug and potent inducer of hepatic and intestinal cytochrome P-450 (CYP-450) enzyme systems. "	( Encapsulation of rifampin in a polymeric layer-by-layer structure for drug delivery. Esmaeili, A; Khodaei, M, 2018)
"Rifampin is a pleiotropic inducer of multiple drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. "	( Rifampin modulation of xeno- and endobiotic conjugating enzyme mRNA expression and associated microRNAs in human hepatocytes. Desta, Z; Eadon, MT; Gao, H; Gufford, BT; Lin, H; Liu, Y; Robarge, JD; Skaar, TC, 2018)
"Rifampin is an effective eradicator of Staphylococcal biofilms."	( Topical rifampin powder for orthopedic trauma part I: Rifampin powder reduces recalcitrant infection in a delayed treatment musculoskeletal trauma model. Shiels, SM; Tennent, DJ; Wenke, JC, 2018)
"Rifampin is a powerful antibiotic used in the treatment of biofilm-forming bacteria with studies supporting its use in PMMA cement. "	( Rifampin and tobramycin combination with PMMA antibiotic cement. Likine, EF; Seligson, D, 2019)
"Rifampin resistance is a critical concern for tuberculosis treatment."	( Evolution of Rifampin Resistance in Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium smegmatis Due to Substandard Drugs. Weinstein, ZB; Zaman, MH, 2019)
"Rifampin is a bactericidal antibiotic drug of the rifamycin group. "	( Stability of rifampin in SyrSpend SF. Sorenson, B; Whaley, P, )
"Rifampin is a potent inducer of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and transporters. "	( Induction of influx and efflux transporters and cytochrome P450 3A4 in primary human hepatocytes by rifampin, rifabutin, and rifapentine. Back, DJ; Dooley, KE; Owen, A; Williamson, B; Zhang, Y, 2013)
"Rifampin is an important drug used in the treatment of tuberculosis, and it increases the drug metabolism in human hepatocytes. "	( Integrative network analysis of rifampin-regulated miRNAs and their functions in human hepatocytes. Cong, W; Feng, W; Li, J; Liang, H; Liu, Y; Meng, X; Wang, L; Wang, Y, 2015)
"Rifampin is a key sterilizing drug in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). "	( Model-Based Evaluation of Higher Doses of Rifampin Using a Semimechanistic Model Incorporating Autoinduction and Saturation of Hepatic Extraction. Chirehwa, MT; Denti, P; McIlleron, H; Mthiyane, T; Onyebujoh, P; Rustomjee, R; Smith, P, 2016)
"Rifampin (RIF) is a first-line drug used for the treatment of tuberculosis and other bacterial infections. "	( Structural basis of rifampin inactivation by rifampin phosphotransferase. Gao, J; He, N; He, Y; Lin, W; Ma, M; Qi, X; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Xiao, Y; Zhang, P; Zhou, H, 2016)
"Rifampin resistance is a key prognostic marker for treatment success in tuberculosis patients. "	( Rifampin resistance, Beijing-W clade-single nucleotide polymorphism cluster group 2 phylogeny, and the Rv2629 191-C allele in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Aladegbami, B; Alland, D; Brimacombe, M; Chakravorty, S; Dai, Y; Helb, D; Motiwala, AS; Safi, H, 2008)
"Rifampin is a first line antituberculosis drug active against bacilli in logarithmic and stationary phase, which interferes with RNA synthesis by binding to bacterial RNA polymerase. "	( Genetic evaluation of relationship between mutations in rpoB and resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to rifampin. Augustynowicz-Kopec, E; Brzostek, A; Dziadek, J; Zaczek, A; Zwolska, Z, 2009)
"Rifampin is a key drug in antituberculosis chemotherapy because it rapidly kills the majority of bacilli in tuberculosis lesions, prevents relapse and thus enables 6-month short-course chemotherapy. "	( Rifampin pharmacokinetics in children, with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection, hospitalized for the management of severe forms of tuberculosis. Cilliers, K; Donald, PR; Hussey, GD; Labadarios, D; Maritz, JS; McIlleron, H; Schaaf, HS; Smith, P; Willemse, M, 2009)
"Rifampin is a strong inducer of several drug-metabolizing enzymes."	( Rifampin greatly reduces the plasma concentrations of intravenous and oral oxycodone. Hagelberg, NM; Laine, K; Neuvonen, M; Neuvonen, PJ; Nieminen, TH; Olkkola, KT; Pertovaara, A; Saari, TI, 2009)
"Rifampin is a key component of standard short-course first-line therapy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). "	( A mutation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis rpoB gene confers rifampin resistance in three HIV-TB cases. Cook, VJ; Elwood, K; Malhotra, S; Sharma, MK; Tang, P; Wolfe, JN, 2010)
"Rifampin is a potent inhibitor of RNA polymerase (RNAP) in vivo but has been shown to be less effective against stationary-phase bacteria."	( Sigma factor F does not prevent rifampin inhibition of RNA polymerase or cause rifampin tolerance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chen, JM; Cole, ST; Hartkoorn, RC; Magnet, SJ; Pojer, F; Sala, C, 2010)
"Rifampin is a mainstay of therapy."	( The combination of rifampin plus moxifloxacin is synergistic for suppression of resistance but antagonistic for cell kill of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as determined in a hollow-fiber infection model. Brown, DL; Drusano, GL; Eichas, A; Kulawy, R; Louie, A; Sgambati, N, 2010)
"Rifampin is a more potent inducer of buprenorphine metabolism than rifabutin with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic adverse consequences. "	( Rifampin, but not rifabutin, may produce opiate withdrawal in buprenorphine-maintained patients. Friedland, G; McCance-Katz, EF; Moody, DE; Prathikanti, S; Rainey, PM, 2011)
"Rifampin is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (coded for by the ABCB1 gene) and organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 (coded for by SLCO1B1)."	( The SLCO1B1 rs4149032 polymorphism is highly prevalent in South Africans and is associated with reduced rifampin concentrations: dosing implications. Chigutsa, E; Denti, P; Egan, D; Holford, NH; Maartens, G; McIlleron, H; Owen, A; Pushpakom, S; Smith, PJ; Swart, EC; Visser, ME, 2011)
"Rifampin is a potent inducer of CYP3A4 in vitro and precipitates numerous drug-drug interactions (DDIs) when coadministered with CYP3A4 substrates. "	( Predictive utility of in vitro rifampin induction data generated in fresh and cryopreserved human hepatocytes, Fa2N-4, and HepaRG cells. Galetin, A; Houston, JB; Templeton, IE, 2011)
"Rifampin is a major drug used to treat leprosy and tuberculosis. "	( Mutation analysis of mycobacterial rpoB genes and rifampin resistance using recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis. Kai, M; Makino, M; Nakata, N, 2012)
"Rifampin (RIF) is a standard part of TB treatment but is a potent inducer of drug metabolizing enzymes."	( Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of the HIV integrase inhibitor dolutegravir given twice daily with rifampin or once daily with rifabutin: results of a phase 1 study among healthy subjects. Borland, J; Chen, S; Dooley, KE; Everts, S; Flexner, C; Peppercorn, A; Piscitelli, S; Purdy, E; Sayre, P; Song, I, 2013)
"Rifampin is a potent inducer of both cytochrome P-450 oxidative enzymes and the P-glycoprotein transport system. "	( Update on rifampin, rifabutin, and rifapentine drug interactions. Baciewicz, AM; Chrisman, CR; Finch, CK; Self, TH, 2013)
"Rifampin is a key component of standard short-course first-line therapy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and rifampin resistance of this pathogen has been reported to be related to rpoB gene mutations. "	( Characterization of rifampin-resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Sichuan in China. Feng, Q; Guo, J; He, Y; Li, Y; Luo, M; Sun, H; Sun, Q; Tang, K; Zhang, C; Zhao, Y, 2013)
"Rifampin is a cornerstone of the treatment of staphylococcal osteoarticular infections, particularly those of implanted material."	( Optimizing combination rifampin therapy for staphylococcal osteoarticular infections. Albert, JD; Arvieux, C; Coiffier, G; Guggenbuhl, P, 2013)
"Rifampin is a front-line antibiotic for the treatment of tuberculosis. "	( A rifampin-hypersensitive mutant reveals differences between strains of Mycobacterium smegmatis and presence of a novel transposon, IS1623. Alexander, DC; Jones, JR; Liu, J, 2003)
"Rifampin is an important drug in the treatment of tuberculosis, but administration of rifampin in combination with protease inhibitors is complicated because of drug-drug interactions. "	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between rifampin and the combination of indinavir and low-dose ritonavir in HIV-infected patients. Andersen, AB; Brøsen, K; Gerstoft, J; Justesen, US; Klitgaard, NA; Pedersen, C, 2004)
"Rifampin is a more effective therapy in combination with other antibiotics for treatment of this kind of infections."	( [Effectiveness of the antibiotics chloramphenicol and rifampin in the treatment of Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced meningitis and systemic infections]. Hernández, M; Mejía, GI; Robledo, J; Trujillo, H, 2003)
"Rifampin is a major drug used in the treatment of tuberculosis infections, and increasing rifampin resistance represents a worldwide clinical problem. "	( Effect of rpoB mutations conferring rifampin resistance on fitness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Andersson, DI; Hoffner, SE; Mariam, DH; Mengistu, Y, 2004)
"Rifampin is a bactericidal antibiotic that acts both on extra- and intracellular bacilli. "	( Activity of rifampin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a reference center. Casal, M; Gutierrez, J; Rodríguez-Cano, F; Ruiz, P; Zerolo, FJ, 2004)
"Rifampin appears to be an agent for preventing peri-implant capsule formation."	( Influence of rifampin on capsule formation around silicone implants in a rat model. Can, B; Orbay, H; Sensoz, O; Tekdemir, I; Unlu, RE; Yilmaz, AD, )
"Rifampin is a potent inducer of cytochrome P-450 oxidative enzymes as well as the P-glycoprotein transport system. "	( Update on rifampin and rifabutin drug interactions. Baciewicz, AM; Chrisman, CR; Finch, CK; Self, TH, 2008)
"Rifampin has proved to be a valuable antibiotic with relatively few major adverse effects. "	( Adverse effects of rifampin. Grosset, J; Leventis, S, )
"Rifampin appears to be a uniquely effective antibiotic for the treatment of certain infections. "	( The antimicrobial activity of rifampin: emphasis on the relation to phagocytes. Mandell, GL, )
"Rifampin is a potentially useful anti-staphylococcal agent, but resistance develops frequently when the drug is used alone. "	( Treatment of experimental staphylococcal infections: effect of rifampin alone and in combination on development of rifampin resistance. Mandell, GL; Moorman, DR, 1980)
"Rifampin is an enzymatic inducer known to increase steroid metabolism. "	( Rifampin-induced nonresponsiveness of giant cell arteritis to prednisone treatment. Becq-Giraudon, B; Bouquet, S; Carrie, F; Delon, A; Roblot, F; Roblot, P, 1994)
"Rifampin is a potent enzyme inducer that may seriously interact with some substrates of CYP3A4."	( Rifampin drastically reduces plasma concentrations and effects of oral midazolam. Backman, JT; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT, 1996)
"Rifampin (rifampicin) is a potent inducer of CYP3A4 and it is known to markedly reduce plasma concentrations and effects of drugs such as midazolam."	( Triazolam is ineffective in patients taking rifampin. Backman, JT; Kivistö, KT; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT; Villikka, K, 1997)
"Rifampin is a drug able to induce adverse reactions involving both the kidney and the hematological system. "	( Adverse drug reaction to rifampin: a case with long lasting antiplatelet antibodies. Addario, C; Bartoloni, C; Gentiloni Silveri, N; Guidi, L; Magalini, S; Tricerri, A; Vangeli, M, 1997)
"Rifampin therapy is an infrequently reported cause of pseudomembranous colitis. "	( Delayed onset of pseudomembranous colitis after rifampin therapy. Byrd, RP; Fields, CL; Ossorio, MA; Roy, TM, 1997)
"Rifampin is a potent inducer of cytochrome P-450 oxidative enzymes. "	( Update on rifampin drug interactions, III. Baciewicz, AM; Self, TH; Strayhorn, VA, 1997)
"Rifampin is a potent inducer of losartan and E3174 elimination. "	( Effects of erythromycin or rifampin on losartan pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Adams, KF; McQueen, RH; Patterson, JH; Pieper, JA; Williamson, KM, 1998)
"Rifampin is a useful drug for several types of bacterial infections because of its broad spectrum of activity, excellent tissue penetration, and low side effect profile."	( Rifampin, a useful drug for nonmycobacterial infections. Pien, BC; Pien, FD; Vesely, JJ, )
"Rifampin is a key component of therapeutic regimens for tuberculosis control, and a marker for multidrug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. "	( Dideoxy fingerprinting for rapid screening of rpoB gene mutations in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chen, CS; Huang, TS; Huang, WK; Liu, YC; Tu, HZ, 1998)
"Rifampin is a first-line drug useful in the treatment of tuberculosis. "	( Efficacy of microencapsulated rifampin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice. Barrow, EL; Barrow, WW; Quenelle, DC; Staas, JK; Winchester, GA, 1999)
"Rifampin is a potent inducer of hepatic enzymes and is well documented to cause many clinically significant drug interactions. "	( Interaction between rifampin and levothyroxine. Nolan, SR; Norwood, JM; Self, TH, 1999)
"Rifampin (rifampicin) is a potent inducer of several cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, including CYP3A4. "	( Rifampin greatly reduces plasma simvastatin and simvastatin acid concentrations. Backman, JT; Kivistö, KT; Kyrklund, C; Laitila, J; Neuvonen, M; Neuvonen, PJ, 2000)
"Rifampin is a potent inducer of cytochrome P-450 oxidative enzymes. "	( Rifampin and rifabutin drug interactions: an update. Baciewicz, AM; Chrisman, CR; Finch, CK; Self, TH, 2002)
"Rifampin is a drug used in the treatment of tuberculosis. "	( Rifampin, oral contraceptives, and pregnancy. Anderson, WH; Katz, DB; Skolnick, JL; Stoler, BS, 1976)
"Rifampin is a new drug that is well tolerated and efficacious, although expensive."	( An evaluation of the current therapeutic regimen for renal tuberculosis. Lattimer, JK; Wechsler, M, 1975)
"Rifampin is a potent inducer of hepatic P450 oxidative enzymes. "	( Update on rifampin drug interactions. II. Baciewicz, AM; Borcherding, SM; Self, TH, 1992)
"Rifampin appears to be a safe drug in the management of the pruritus of primary biliary cirrhosis."	( Treatment of pruritus of primary biliary cirrhosis with rifampin. Companc, JP; Flores, D; Lopez, P; Mastai, R; Podesta, A; Terg, R; Udaondo, CB; Villamil, F, 1991)
"Rifampin is an antimicrobial agent recently found to exhibit immunosuppressive activity in both animal and human studies."	( Rifampin therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Conn, DL; Gabriel, SE; Luthra, H, 1990)
"Rifampin is known to be an important stimulus to drug-metabolizing enzymes and can also induce the production of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP). "	( The kinetics of induction by rifampin of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and antipyrine clearance in the dog. Abramson, FP; Lutz, MP, )
"Rifampin is a widely used antimicrobial agent, most commonly administered in the treatment of tuberculosis. "	( Acute interstitial nephritis associated with intermittent rifampin use. Katz, MD; Lor, E, 1986)
"Rifampin is a potent antituberculous drug. "	( Rifampin. Dorken, E; Grzybowski, S; Schonell, M, 1972)
"Rifampin is a newer semi-synthetic derivative of rifamycin. "	( Rifampin in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Hyde, L, 1972)

Effects

Rifampin has a higher affinity for TL (Kd=128 microM) than albumin. It reduces the serum concentrations of immunosuppressive agents.

Rifampin (RIF) has been widely used for the treatment of bacterial infections, including tuberculosis (TB) It has been shown to eradicate mature Staphylococcal biofilms and its use proven for treating musculoskeletal infections.

Excerpt	Reference
"Rifampin has a higher affinity for TL (Kd=128 microM) than albumin."	( Tear lipocalin: potential for selective delivery of rifampin. Abduragimov, AR; Dooley, AN; Gasimov, EO; Gasymov, OK; Glasgow, BJ; Yusifov, TN, 2004)
"Rifampin has a potent sterilizing activity, but it reduces the serum concentrations of the immunosuppressive agents."	( Clinical outcomes of tuberculosis in renal transplant recipients. Chang, KH; Cho, CH; Choi, JY; Kim, JM; Kim, YS; Park, YS; Song, YG, 2004)
"Rifampin has a broad antibacterial spectrum. "	( Rifampin therapy for brucellosis, flavobacterium meningitis, and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Conti, R; Parenti, F, )
"Rifampin, which has an incomplete action in a neutral control environment, was used as a sensitive indicator of possible synergistic or antagonistic interaction of the biofilm bacteria with the dialysis environments."	( Impact of dialysis fluid on the susceptibility of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms to rifampin. Gagnon, RF; Kostiner, GB; Morcos, R; Richards, GK, 1993)
"Rifampin (RIF) has been reported to cause haemolysis due to the production of drug-dependent antibodies, and haemolysis results in an increased level of free haem, which affects the function of hepatocytes."	( Association of ABO blood group and antituberculosis drug-induced liver injury: A case-control study from a Chinese Han population. Chen, H; Liu, W; Pan, H; Tang, S; Tao, B; Yang, M; Yi, H, 2020)
"Rifampin has been shown to eradicate mature Staphylococcal biofilms and its use proven for treating musculoskeletal infections."	( Topical rifampin powder for orthopaedic trauma part II: Topical rifampin allows for spontaneous bone healing in sterile and contaminated wounds. Lofgren, AL; Shiels, SM; Tennent, DJ; Wenke, JC, 2018)
"Rifampin has been used as an agent in combination therapy in orthopedic device-related infections (ODRI) for almost three decades. "	( Role of Rifampin against Staphylococcal Biofilm Infections Sendi, P; Zimmerli, W, 2019)
"Rifampin (RIF) has been widely used for the treatment of bacterial infections, including tuberculosis (TB). "	( Rifampin Induces Expression of P-glycoprotein on the THP1 Cell-Derived Macrophages, Causing Decrease Intramacrophage Concentration of Prothionamide. Cho, M; Hasanuzzaman, M; Lee, SJ; Parvez, MM; Shin, JG; Yi, M, 2019)
"Rifampin has been used for the treatment of bacterial infections for many years. "	( Rifampin inhibits Toll-like receptor 4 signaling by targeting myeloid differentiation protein 2 and attenuates neuropathic pain. Cheng, K; Grace, PM; Li, J; Pham, MN; Smith, C; Strand, KA; Wang, X; Watkins, LR; Yin, H, 2013)
"Rifampin has been shown to be one of the most active antimicrobial agents in the eradication of the staphylococcal biofilm."	( Antimicrobial activity of tigecycline alone or in combination with rifampin against Staphylococcus epidermidis in biofilm. Kaznowski, A; Szczuka, E, 2014)
"Rifampin has been a cornerstone of tuberculosis (TB) treatment since its introduction. "	( Novel Chemical Scaffolds for Inhibition of Rifamycin-Resistant RNA Polymerase Discovered from High-Throughput Screening. Garcia, GA; Kontos, A; Molodtsov, V; Murakami, KS; Scharf, NT, 2017)
"Rifampin has been shown to impair both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in animal models. "	( Immunological responsiveness of tuberculosis patients receiving rifampin. Fotiadis, IG; Ruben, FL; Winkelstein, A, 1974)
"Rifampin has been studied as prophylaxis against Staphylococcus aureus-related infections in patients on dialysis."	( Oral rifampin for prevention of S. aureus carriage-related infections in patients with renal failure--a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Bliziotis, IA; Falagas, ME; Fragoulis, KN, 2006)
"Rifampin has been used for the eradication of Staphylococcus aureus (S. "	( Oral rifampin for eradication of Staphylococcus aureus carriage from healthy and sick populations: a systematic review of the evidence from comparative trials. Bliziotis, IA; Falagas, ME; Fragoulis, KN, 2007)
"Rifampin has been used against bacterial and occasionally protozoal infections."	( Rifampin therapy for brucellosis, flavobacterium meningitis, and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Conti, R; Parenti, F, )
"Rifampin has been effective in combination therapy for serious staphylococcal and enterococcal infections."	( Activity of rifampin against viridans streptococci. Phillips, EK; Stamm, AM, 1983)
"Rifampin has been reported to cause acute pancreatitis in up to 2.7% of patients."	( Pancreatic insufficiency due to antituberculous therapy. Cohen, LB; Knowles, SR; Liu, BA; Shear, NH; Werb, MR, 1997)
"Rifampin has been proposed to reduce pruritus in children and adults with chronic cholestasis; however, there is a paucity of published data regarding the use of rifampin in children."	( Use of rifampin for severe pruritus in children with chronic cholestasis. Karrer, FM; Narkewicz, MR; Smith, D; Sokol, RJ; Yerushalmi, B, 1999)
"Rifampin has been reported to increase the warfarin requirements in human subjects ingesting these agents simultaneously."	( Rifampin and warfarin: a drug interaction. Ehrman, M; Romankiewicz, JA, 1975)
"Rifampin has been noted to exhibit exceptional antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms as compared to commonly used antibiotics. "	( The activity of rifampin and analogs against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms in a CAPD environment model. Gagnon, RF; Harris, A; Obst, G; Prentis, J; Richards, GK, 1989)
"New rifampin interactions have been described for cyclosporine, ketoconazole, chloramphenicol, beta-blockers, verapamil, and phenytoin."	( Update on rifampin drug interactions. Baciewicz, AM; Bekemeyer, WB; Self, TH, 1987)
"Rifampin has been shown to induce the immunosuppressive effect in animal models due to the inhibition of protein synthesis by cells involved in the immune process."	( Rifampin therapy in Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis accompanied by nephrotic syndrome. Choi, IJ; Jeong, HJ; Kim, KS; Kim, PK; Lee, JK; Lee, JS, )
"Rifampin has been advocated as a concurrent second antibiotic because of its extraordinary potent bactericidal activity for Staphylococcus aureus."	( Rifampin resistance. Development during the therapy of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Cherubin, C; Eng, RH; Smith, SM; Tillem, M, 1985)
"Rifampin has been studied in 68 patients and results can be summarized as follows:* There has been no evidence of significant toxicity.* In a randomized study of active tuberculosis patients who had not received prior chemotherapy, isoniazid-rifampin and isoniazid-aminosalicylic acid regiments were equally effective.* In retreatment patients with active, positive tuberculosis, the regimen of isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol proved to be very effective, especially when the two latter drugs had not been used previously.* In patients with pulmonary infections caused by atypical acid-fast bacilli, results varied with the organism isolated and the extent of disease."	( Rifampin in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Hyde, L, 1972)

Actions

Rifampin can cause rapid metabolization and reduction in plasma levels of both prednisone and doxycycline and should be avoided with combined therapy. Rifampsin showed an increase in the biofilm density and number of viable bacteria at 24 h.

Excerpt	Reference
"Rifampin can cause rapid metabolization and reduction in plasma levels of both prednisone and doxycycline and should be avoided with combined therapy."	( Case Report: Treatment of Severe Neuroretinitis and other Sequelae Associated with Cat Scratch Disease. Whorff, J, 2022)
"Rifampin showed an increase in the biofilm density and the number of viable bacteria at 24 h."	( Antibacterial effect of antibiotic-loaded SBA-15 on biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Aguilar-Colomer, A; Doadrio, JC; Esteban, J; Manzano, M; Pérez-Jorge, C; Vallet-Regí, M, 2017)
"Rifampin did not increase the formation of DNA adducts induced by isoniazid."	( Effects of rifampin on CYP2E1-dependent hepatotoxicity of isoniazid in rats. Chen, J; Dong, G; Liu, Y; Peng, R; Yue, J, 2009)
"Rifampin was found to increase the values of clearance/bioavailability (CL/F) and volume of distribution/ bioavailability (V/F) by approximately 70%."	( Population pharmacokinetics of dapsone administered biweekly to human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Bassetti, D; Casazza, R; Cruciani, M; Gatti, G; Hossein, J; Karlsson, M; Merighi, M; Travaini, S, 1996)
"Oral rifampin may cause esophagitis. "	( Pill-induced esophagitis caused by oral rifampin. Chow, AW; Lee, AJ; Maddix, DS; Smith, SJ, 1999)
"Rifampin is known to lower plasma warfarin concentrations by increasing the rate of warfarin clearance. "	( Complex interaction of rifampin and warfarin. Almog, S; Bank, HZ; Farfel, Z; Halkin, H; Martinowitz, U, 1988)
"Rifampin produced lower concentrations in both prostatic interstitial fluid and prostatic secretion than in plasma, while trimethoprim concentrations were much higher in prostatic secretion and prostatic interstitial fluid than in plasma."	( Rifampin and trimethoprim distribution in normal and hydronephrotic kidney and in prostate: an experimental study in dogs. Frimodt-Møller, N; Maigaard, S, 1987)
"Rifampin appears to produce some inhibition of acetylation of the metabolite acetylhydrazine to diacetylhydrazine."	( Effect of rifampin, phenobarbital pretreatment, and acetylator phenotype on acetylisoniazid metabolism in the rabbit. Thomas, BH; Whitehouse, LW; Zeitz, W, 1987)
"Rifampin does not inhibit phage release from mutant cells possessing a rifampin-resistant deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent RNA polymerase."	( Ribonucleic acid bacteriophage release: requirement for host-controlled protein synthesis. Engelberg, H; Soudry, E, 1971)
"Rifampin inhibits the increase in content of this coat antigen."	( Development of a quantitative immunological assay for the study of spore coat synthesis and morphogenesis. Aronson, AI; Golub, ES; Horn, D, 1973)
"Rifampin failed to inhibit adenovirus replication in tissue culture. "	( Failure of rifampin to inhibit adenovirus replication. Beam, WE; McCormick, DP; Smith, EP; Wenzel, RP, 1972)

Treatment

Treatment with rifampin resulted in a 70% increase (p = 0.008) of the serum concentration of the bile acid precursor 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one. Treatment with streptomycin for 4 weeks or more inhibited growth of M. ulcerans.

Excerpt	Reference
"Rifampin treatment increased intestinal P-gp content 3.5 +/- 2.1-fold, which correlated with the AUC after oral digoxin but not after intravenous digoxin."	( The role of intestinal P-glycoprotein in the interaction of digoxin and rifampin. Eichelbaum, M; Fritz, P; Greiner, B; Kreichgauer, HP; Kroemer, HK; von Richter, O; Zundler, J, 1999)
"Rifampin treatment also affected the transcription factors that regulate iNOS mRNA: there was an increased and prolonged degradation of the inhibitory subunit of NF-kappaB, a corresponding increase in the level of cytokine-induced DNA binding of NF-kappaB (2.1 +/- 0.2-fold), and a decrease in the level of expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma)."	( Roles of NF-kappaB activation and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma inhibition in the effect of rifampin on inducible nitric oxide synthase transcription in human lung epithelial cells. Ashkenazi, S; Berent, E; Cohen, R; Yuhas, Y, 2009)
"Rifampin pretreatment was employed to increase persister formation, and the resulting cells were exposed to a high concentration of ampicillin (10× MIC) to remove nonpersisters."	( Specific Enrichment and Proteomics Analysis of Escherichia coli Persisters from Rifampin Pretreatment. Hao, C; Lam, H; Sulaiman, JE, 2018)
"Rifampin-based treatment was less likely to be used in patients with prior rejection (P= .04)."	( Tuberculosis in solid-organ transplant recipients: disease characteristics and outcomes in the current era. Aguado, JM; Bouza, E; Bruno, D; Garcia-Reyne, A; John, GT; Lara, R; Lattes, R; Montejo, M; Munoz, P; Singh, N; Sun, HY; Torre-Cisneros, J; Valerio, M; Wagener, MM, 2014)
"Rifampin treatment induced systemic CYP3A metabolism of (11)C-verapamil; however, it reduced the ER by 6%."	( Modulation of P-glycoprotein at the Human Blood-Brain Barrier by Quinidine or Rifampin Treatment: A Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Study. Collier, AC; Deo, AK; Domino, KB; Eary, JF; Hsiao, P; Link, JM; Liu, L; Mankoff, DA; Spiekerman, CF; Unadkat, JD, 2015)
"Rifampin treatment was defined as 3 or more days of rifampin postoperatively."	( Rifampin for Surgically Treated Staphylococcal Infective Endocarditis: A Propensity Score-Adjusted Cohort Study. Gordon, SM; Hussain, ST; Nowacki, AS; Pettersson, GB; Shah, SY; Shrestha, NK; Wang, H, 2016)
"Rifampin treatment substantially increased the Cmax and AUC0-12h of 8-hydroxyefavirenz and 8,14-dihydroxyefavirenz, metabolic ratio (AUC0-72h of metabolites to AUC0-72h efavirenz) and the amount of metabolites excreted in urine (Ae0-12hr) (all, p < 0.01)."	( Rifampin enhances cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B6-mediated efavirenz 8-hydroxylation in healthy volunteers. Blievernicht, J; Cho, DY; Desta, Z; Flockhart, DA; Kim, KB; Lemler, SM; Li, L; Shen, JH; Shin, JG; Skaar, TC; Zanger, UM, 2016)
"The rifampin-treated group also had reduced morbidity and neurologic sequelae; however, these were not statistically significant."	( Role of Rifampin in Reducing Inflammation and Neuronal Damage in Childhood Bacterial Meningitis: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Aggarwal, R; Singhi, P; Singhi, S; Uppal, L, 2017)
"Oral rifampin-cotrimoxazole treatment showed outcomes comparable to those for intravenous cloxacillin treatment."	( Long-term follow-up trial of oral rifampin-cotrimoxazole combination versus intravenous cloxacillin in treatment of chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis. Ariza, J; Cabo, J; Euba, G; Fernández-Sabé, N; Gudiol, F; Mascaró, J; Murillo, O; Pérez, A; Tubau, F; Verdaguer, R, 2009)
"Rifampin-treated BALB/c mice remained culture positive at 3 months."	( Treatment of tuberculosis with rifamycin-containing regimens in immune-deficient mice. Ahmad, Z; Almeida, DV; Converse, PJ; Grosset, JH; Li, SY; Nuermberger, EL; Peloquin, CA; Rosenthal, IM; Zhang, M, 2011)
"Rifampin-pretreated A549 cells demonstrated decreases in apoptosis and cell death induced by A. "	( Rifampin protects human lung epithelial cells against cytotoxicity induced by clinical multi and pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Domínguez-Herrera, J; Pachón, J; Smani, Y, 2011)
"rifampin. She was treated with a total of 36 days of intraventricular colistin, 40 days of intraventricular tobramycin, 51 days of i.v."	( Prolonged triple therapy for persistent multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventriculitis. Pacheco, SM; Patel, JA; Postelnick, M; Sutton, S, 2011)
"With rifampin treatment, the median ERMBT(IV) result and CL/F increased 2-fold (P < or =.01), but the median ERMBT(oral) result was unchanged (P =.30)."	( Cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein mediate the interaction between an oral erythromycin breath test and rifampin. Hoffmaster, KA; Paine, MF; Wagner, DA; Watkins, PB, 2002)
"Rifampin pretreatment markedly increased the systemic (two-fold) and oral clearance (16-fold) of midazolam, and the ERBT (two-fold) but the variabilities were unchanged."	( Genotype-phenotype associations for common CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 variants in the basal and induced metabolism of midazolam in European- and African-American men and women. Bhat, K; Floyd, MD; George, AL; Gervasini, G; Kim, RB; Masica, AL; Mayo, G; Wilkinson, GR, 2003)
"Rifampin treatment increased the apparent clearance of bupropion in Chinese subjects and white subjects combined (n = 16) from 2.6 L x h(-1) x kg(-1) (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3-3.0 L x h(-1) x kg(-1)) after bupropion alone to 7.9 L x h(-1) x kg(-1) (95% CI, 6.8-10.1 L x h(-1) x kg(-1)) during rifampin treatment. "	( Cytochrome P450 2B6 activity as measured by bupropion hydroxylation: effect of induction by rifampin and ethnicity. Blievernicht, JK; Day, RO; Gross, AS; Liauw, WS; Loboz, KK; McLachlan, AJ; Williams, KM; Zanger, UM, 2006)
"Rifampin treatment markedly increased pregnane X receptor protein in the wild-type pregnane X receptor-transfected cells as shown by coimmunoprecipitation but not in Q158K pregnane X receptor-transfected cells."	( Pregnane X receptor polymorphism affects CYP3A4 induction via a ligand-dependent interaction with steroid receptor coactivator-1. Huang, JD; Lim, YP, 2007)
"Rifampin pretreatment produced only one significant change in the parameters studied and that was a reduction in AcINH excreted in urine."	( Isoniazid metabolism in the rabbit, and the effect of rifampin pretreatment. Solomonraj, G; Thomas, BH; Wong, LT; Zeitz, W, 1981)
"When rifampin-prednisone treatment must be used in giant cell arteritis, we propose increasing the prednisone dosage to 2 mg/kg per day."	( Rifampin-induced nonresponsiveness of giant cell arteritis to prednisone treatment. Becq-Giraudon, B; Bouquet, S; Carrie, F; Delon, A; Roblot, F; Roblot, P, 1994)
"Rifampin treatment significantly increased the oral clearance of each drug from 1.4-fold (valproic acid) to 3.4-fold (quinidine)."	( Use of single sample clearance estimates of cytochrome P450 substrates to characterize human hepatic CYP status in vivo. Bachmann, KA; Jauregui, L, 1993)
"Rifampin pretreatment decreased the area under the plasma midazolam concentration-time curve by 96% (i.e., from 10.2 +/- 0.8 to 0.42 +/- 0.05 micrograms.min/ml [mean +/- SEM; p < 0.001]) and the maximum concentration by 94% (i.e., from 55 +/- 4 to 3.5 +/- 0.7 ng/ml [p < 0.001]). "	( Rifampin drastically reduces plasma concentrations and effects of oral midazolam. Backman, JT; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT, 1996)
"Rifampin pretreatment decreased the maximum plasma concentration of triazolam to 12.4% of the control value (i.e., from 2.9 +/- 0.2 to 0.36 +/- 0.06 ng/ml [p < 0.001]) and the elimination half-life from 2.8 +/- 0.1 to 1.3 +/- 0.1 hours (p < 0.001)."	( Triazolam is ineffective in patients taking rifampin. Backman, JT; Kivistö, KT; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT; Villikka, K, 1997)
"Rifampin treatment for four days utilized as a single agent after completion of parenteral therapy failed to reliably eradicate GBS colonization in infants."	( Failure of rifampin to eradicate group B streptococcal colonization in infants. Albanyan, EA; Baker, CJ; Edwards, MS; Fernandez, M; Rench, MA, 2001)
"In rifampin-treated immunosuppressed animals the survival half-life of solid bacilli, in the absence of host immunity, was 12-13 days."	( Effect of rifampin, clofazimine, and B1912 on the viability of Mycobacterium leprae in established mouse footpad infection. Banerjee, DK; Hilson, GR; Holmes, IB, 1976)
"Rifampin treatment resulted in a five- or eightfold mean increase (P < 0.05) in the biopsy concentration of P450IIIA4 mRNA when normalized for content of sucrase isomaltase or intestinal fatty acid binding protein mRNAs, respectively."	( Identification of rifampin-inducible P450IIIA4 (CYP3A4) in human small bowel enterocytes. Fang, C; Kolars, JC; Schmiedlin-Ren, P; Schuetz, JD; Watkins, PB, 1992)
"The rifampin-treated patients had a significant delay in time to first catheter-related infection (P less than 0.015) and significantly fewer catheter-related infections overall (P less than 0.001)."	( Randomized controlled trial of prophylactic rifampin for peritoneal dialysis-related infections. Ahrens, E; Craig, W; Engeseth, S; Johnson, CA; Leggett, J; O'Brien, M; Oxton, L; Roecker, EB; Zimmerman, SW, 1991)
"Rifampin pretreatment led to a significant decrease in average serum free fraction of lidocaine, from 0.24 +/- 0.08 to 0.080 +/- 0.030 (P less than 0.001)."	( Effect of serum protein binding on the entry of lidocaine into brain and cerebrospinal fluid in dogs. Artru, AA; Bowdle, TA; Marathe, PH; Shen, DD, 1991)
"The rifampin treatment, on the other hand, did significantly lower the relapse rate and only a single case of dapsone resistance was detected."	( Relapse rate and incidence of dapsone resistance in lepromatous leprosy patients in Addis Ababa: risk factors and effect of short-term supplementary treatment. Mengistu, G; Warndorff van Diepen, T, 1985)
"Rifampin pretreatment in healthy humans induced the ABT by 27%, but did not induce the PBT."	( Comparison of the phenacetin and aminopyrine breath tests: effect of liver disease, inducers and cobaltous chloride. Baker, AL; Kotake, AN; Krager, PS; Lambert, GH; Schoeller, DA, )
"Rifampin pretreatment in the rabbit caused a selective induction of hepatic parameters resembling in some respects phenobarbital induction. "	( Effects of rifampin pretreatment on hepatic parameters in the rabbit. Iverson, F; Whitehouse, LW; Wong, LT, )
"Rifampin treatment also resulted in the uncondensing of isolated nucleoids and in an axial appearance of the nucleoids in ultrathin sections."	( Effect of rifampin on the structure and membrane attachment of the nucleoid of Escherichia coli. Dworsky, P; Schaechter, M, 1973)
"Treatment of rifampin-monoresistant/multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis (RR/MDR-TB) requires long treatment courses, complicated by frequent adverse events and low success rates. "	( Rifampin-resistant/multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis in Alberta, Canada: Epidemiology and treatment outcomes in a low-incidence setting. Cooper, R; Edwards, BD; Edwards, J; Fisher, D; Kunimoto, D; Somayaji, R, 2021)
"Treatment with rifampin and pyrazinamide was more effective than treatment with rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide at reducing the lung CFU count, consistent with past evidence of isoniazid's antagonism in this model."	( Enhanced bactericidal activity of rifampin and/or pyrazinamide when combined with PA-824 in a murine model of tuberculosis. Grosset, J; Nuermberger, E; Tasneen, R; Tyagi, S; Williams, K, 2008)
"Treatment was rifampin, isoniazide, and pyrazinamide or ethambutol."	( Tuberculous orchiepididymitis during 1978-2003 period: review of 34 cases and role of 16S rRNA amplification. Baquero, F; Buitrago, LA; Burgos Revilla, J; Gómez García, I; Gómez Mampaso, E; Gómez Rodríguez, A; Molina, MR; Sampietro Crespo, A, 2010)
"Pretreatment with rifampin, a potent CYP3A4 inducer, decreased ruxolitinib AUC(0-∞) by 71% while resulting in only a 10% decrease in the overall PD activity."	( The effect of CYP3A4 inhibition or induction on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of orally administered ruxolitinib (INCB018424 phosphate) in healthy volunteers. Chen, X; Emm, T; Landman, RR; Lo, Y; McGee, RF; McKeever, EG; Punwani, NG; Scherle, PA; Shi, JG; Williams, WV; Yeleswaram, S, 2012)
"Pretreatment with rifampin significantly decreased serum alanine transaminase (ALT) activities, aspartate transaminase (AST) activities and prevented severe liver necrosis following acetaminophen overdose."	( Effects and mechanisms of rifampin on hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen in mice. Chen, C; Chen, Z; He, M; Huang, J; Huang, R; Jiao, Y; Lin, X; Zhang, S, 2012)
"Treatment with rifampin, tobramycin, and ciprofloxacin was started 7 days after subcutaneous implantation of catheters precolonized with 10(4) CFU of S."	( Rapid direct method for monitoring antibiotics in a mouse model of bacterial biofilm infection. Contag, PR; Francis, KP; Kadurugamuwa, JL; Kimura, R; Purchio, T; Sin, LV; Yu, J, 2003)
"Treatment with rifampin resulted in a 70% increase (p = 0.008) of the serum concentration of the bile acid precursor 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, which is a marker for bile acid production. "	( Influence of rifampin on serum markers of cholesterol and bile acid synthesis in men. Axelson, M; Hahn, C; Lütjohann, D; Prange, W; Reichel, C; Sauerbruch, T; Sudhop, T; von Bergmann, K, 2004)
"Treatment with rifampin and streptomycin for 4 weeks or more inhibited growth of M."	( Efficacy of the combination rifampin-streptomycin in preventing growth of Mycobacterium ulcerans in early lesions of Buruli ulcer in humans. Amedofu, GK; Amofah, G; Ampadu, E; Asiedu, K; Awuah, P; Carbonnelle, B; Etuaful, S; Evans, M; Grosset, J; Horsfield, C; Klustse, E; Lucas, S; Ofori-Adjei, D; Owusu-Boateng, J; Phillips, R; Wansbrough-Jones, M, 2005)
"Treatment with rifampin led to complete or partial resolution of pruritus in 47 (77%) patients as compared with 12(20%) treated with placebo or alternative (OR 15.2, 95% confidence interval 5.2-45.6, P=0.001)."	( Rifampin is safe for treatment of pruritus due to chronic cholestasis: a meta-analysis of prospective randomized-controlled trials. Khurana, S; Singh, P, 2006)
"Treatment with rifampin-clarithromycin or moxifloxacin-clarithromycin for 8 weeks displayed promising bactericidal activity against Mycobacterium ulcerans in mice; none of the mice treated with rifampin-clarithromycin relapsed, whereas 59% of those treated with moxifloxacin-clarithromycin relapsed after treatment was stopped. "	( Bactericidal and sterilizing activities of several orally administered combined regimens against Mycobacterium ulcerans in mice. Chauffour, A; Jarlier, V; Ji, B; Robert, J, 2008)
"Treatment with rifampin alone or with rifampin plus cloxacillin eradicated the original strain from 80% of the men for 12 weeks after treatment; 15%-20% of the 80 subjects acquired a strain of a different phage type."	( Long-term studies of the effect of rifampin on nasal carriage of coagulase-positive staphylococci. Kohler, RB; Luft, FC; Wheat, LJ; White, A, )
"Pretreatment with rifampin (50 microM) resulted in a 5.5- to 9-fold higher rate of midazolam metabolism when compared with control cultures."	( Induction of the metabolism of midazolam by rifampin in cultured porcine hepatocytes: preliminary evidence for CYP3A isoforms in pigs. Hansen, LK; Hosagrahara, VP; Remmel, RP, 1999)
"Treatment with rifampin resulted in a significantly increased expression of duodenal P-glycoprotein content 4.2-fold (2.9, 6.51) (Western blot) and messenger RNA was increased in six of the eight volunteers."	( Induction of P-glycoprotein by rifampin increases intestinal secretion of talinolol in human beings: a new type of drug/drug interaction. Franke, G; Fritz, P; Hachenberg, T; Kauffmann, HM; Knoke, M; Kroemer, HK; Oertel, R; Schrenk, D; Siegmund, W; Terhaag, B; von Richter, O; Warzok, R; Weinbrenner, A; Westphal, K; Zschiesche, M, 2000)
"Treatment with rifampin-loaded microspheres alone resulted in significant reductions in the numbers of CFU in the lungs and spleens by day 26."	( Treatment of tuberculosis using a combination of sustained-release rifampin-loaded microspheres and oral dosing with isoniazid. Barrow, EL; Barrow, WW; Quenelle, DC; Staas, JK; Winchester, GA, 2001)
"Treatment with rifampin, even for one or two weeks, drastically reduced the number of infections by all of these criteris, and treatment for three weeks cured nearly all mice; the incidences of primary and residual infections in rifampin-treated mice after three weeks were 0 and 8.5%, respectively, as compared with 70.3% and 73.5%, respectively, in tetracycline-treated mice."	( Rifampin in the treatment of experimental brucellosis in mice and guinea pigs. Kazmierczak, A; Marly, JL; Nevot, PA; Philippon, AM; Plommet, MG, 1977)
"Treatment with rifampin and ethambutol resulted in progressive clinical and roentgenographic resolution with an apparent cure after 18 months of therapy."	( Pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium terrae complex. Hammond, MD; Tonner, JA, 1989)
"Treatment with rifampin significantly (p less than 0.01) decreased the number of MRSA per gram of bone compared with the number in control animals."	( Treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus experimental osteomyelitis with ciprofloxacin or vancomycin alone or in combination with rifampin. Henry, NK; McConnell, ME; Rouse, MS; Whitesell, AL; Wilson, WR, 1987)
"Treatment with rifampin also increased co-transformation by linked heterospecific markers."	( Relation of macromolecular synthesis in streptococci to efficiency of transformation by markers of homospecific and heterospecific origin. Deddish, PA; Ravin, AW, 1974)

Toxicity

Diosmin may be used along with anti-tubercular drugs (isoniazid and rifampin) in tuberculosis patients to overcome their hepatotoxic adverse effect.

Excerpt	Reference
"Observations with the light and electron microscopes showed that a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, AF/ABDP cis which is a rifampicin derivative, had a toxic effect on ovaries of young Xenopus laevis."	( Cytotoxic effect of a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, AF/ABDP cis, on ovaries of young Xenopus laevis--ultrastructural and autoradiographic study. Steens, M, 1977)
" Thus, the adverse effects of rifampin on renal transplant function might be overcome by increasing the dose of glucocorticoid drug."	( Interaction of rifampin and glucocorticoids. Adverse effect on renal allograft function. Buffington, GA; Dominguez, JH; Hebert, LA; Kauffman, HM; Lemann, J; Piering, WF, 1976)
" An additive toxic effect was obvious in patients receiving streptomycin; when the treatment was withdrawn the urinary NAG activity stabilized within 15-21 days."	( Detection of rifampicin-induced nephrotoxicity by N-acetyl-3-D-glucosaminidase activity. Krishnaswamy, K; Kumar, BD; Prasad, CE, 1992)
"It was established on isolated rat hearts that adaptation of the organism to stress exposure effectively limits toxic effect of chronic rifampicin administration (7 mg/kg/day for 8 days) and does not affect the depression of contractile function induced by chronic polymyxin B administration (0."	( [Adaptation of the body to stressors prevents the cardiotoxic effect of rifampicin but not polymyxin B]. Malyshev, IIu; Meerson, FZ, 1991)
" The hypothesis that this toxic effect might have resulted from abnormal metabolism of cyclosporin by liver cytochrome P-450 IIIA was investigated with the [14C]erythromycin breath test, which is a measure of this enzyme's activity."	( Cyclosporin toxicity at therapeutic blood levels and cytochrome P-450 IIIA. Aldrich, M; Campbell, DA; Kolars, JC; Lucey, MR; Merion, RM; Watkins, PB, 1990)
"7%]); had similar rates of adverse drug reactions (7."	( USPHS Tuberculosis Short-Course Chemotherapy Trial 21: effectiveness, toxicity, and acceptability. The report of final results. Combs, DL; Geiter, LJ; O'Brien, RJ, 1990)
" Because of the high frequency of adverse effects and more than adequate rifampin concentrations achieved in the cerebrospinal fluid, rifampin doses lower than that used in this study may be evaluated in future studies."	( Pharmacokinetics, cerebrospinal fluid concentration, and safety of intravenous rifampin in pediatric patients undergoing shunt placements. Barson, WJ; Bartkowski, HM; Fan-Havard, P; Kosnik, EJ; Nahata, MC, 1990)
"An analysis of the adverse effects appearing in 101 patients during at least 4 months of chemotherapy for newly detected pulmonary tuberculosis between September, 1985 and July, 1987 was performed."	( Adverse effects of antitubercular drugs and significance of measurement of the drug-stimulating lymphocyte transformation rate. Umeki, S, )
" This association of toxic reactions with antibodies is highly significant (P<0."	( Potentially serious side effects of high-dose twice-weekly rifampicin. Poole, G; Stradling, P; Worlledge, S, 1971)
"Possible toxic side-effects of antituberculous chemotherapy are studied in 718 children affected with pulmonary tuberculosis."	( [Toxicity in the current treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in children]. Alcáide Megías, J; Altet Gómez, MN; Boque Genovard, MA, 1984)
"Rifampin has proved to be a valuable antibiotic with relatively few major adverse effects."	( Adverse effects of rifampin. Grosset, J; Leventis, S, )
" It is concluded that the combination RMP + ETH is the toxic component."	( Hepatotoxicity of the combination of rifampin-ethionamide in the treatment of multibacillary leprosy. Bourland, J; Davies, EM; Feracci, C; Grillone, S; Janssens, L; Pattyn, SR; Saylan, T, 1984)
"Pyrazinamide, an antituberculous drug discovered in 1952, was first considered as a toxic drug."	( [Toxicity of pyrazinamide in antituberculous treatments (author's transl)]. Perdrizet, S; Pretet, S, 1980)
" Major toxic effects occurred in 22 patients; in 14 during the daily phase and in 8 during the twice-weekly phase."	( Undesirable side effects of isoniazid and rifampin in largely twice-weekly short-course chemotherapy for tuberculosis. Dutt, AK; Moers, D; Stead, WW, 1983)
"The adverse effects of drugs which caused changes in therapeutic regimens have been studied in 511 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, at the Pavilion Koch of Buenos Aires University."	( Adverse effects of antituberculosis drugs causing changes in treatment. Dambrosi, A; Dambrosi, VM; Gonzalez Montaner, LJ; Manassero, M, 1982)
" These cases plus similar reports in the literature suggest that isoniazid or rifampin, or both, may potentiate the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen, perhaps by induction of cytochrome P450 isozymes that oxidize acetaminophen to its toxic metabolites."	( Hepatotoxicity associated with acetaminophen usage in patients receiving multiple drug therapy for tuberculosis. Nelson, SD; Nolan, CM; Sandblom, RE; Slattery, JT; Thummel, KE, 1994)
" Although these could have been engendered by dapsone toxicity, it was thought that a concommitant adverse reaction to rifampicin, which is known to be hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic and possibly capable of predisposing to the dapsone syndrome, could not be excluded."	( A fatal case of drug-induced multi-organ damage in a patient with Hansen's disease: dapsone syndrome or rifampicin toxicity? Lau, G, 1995)
" Adverse events were reported by four patients (five events) in the RMP group and six patients (six events) in the RBT group."	( Efficacy and safety of rifabutin in the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis. Bredell, M; Felten, MK; Fourie, PB; Mabuza, B; McGregor, MM; Olliaro, P; Wolmarans, L, 1996)
" Isoniazid and rifampicin encapsulated in liposomes were less toxic to peritoneal macrophages as compared to free drugs."	( Lung specific stealth liposomes: stability, biodistribution and toxicity of liposomal antitubercular drugs in mice. Deol, P; Khuller, GK, 1997)
" We examined retrospectively adverse events occurring during a 6-month period of antituberculosis treatment."	( [Adverse effects related to the use of antitubercular drugs in psychiatric centers: retrospective study at the Philippe Pinel CH in Amiens 1994]. Andréjak, M; Compagnon, M; Decocq, G; Doutrellot, C; Guedj, B, )
" Rifampicin analogues also inhibited the toxicity of pre-aggregated amyloid beta1-42 peptides, suggesting a common toxic mechanism of different amyloid peptides and their therapeutic potential for several amyloidoses."	( Rifampicin inhibits the toxicity of pre-aggregated amyloid peptides by binding to peptide fibrils and preventing amyloid-cell interaction. Asano, S; Endo, N; Kaneko, H; Kataoka, Ki; Tomiyama, T, 1997)
"We realized a comparative study of the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics, and the incidence of adverse reactions to rifampin (between 1986-1993), comparing the seropositive patients treated with rifampin, during more than 3 months, with one control group, of equal number of patients, without evidence of HIV infection, taken at random, with epidemiologic characteristics (age and sex) similar to the first group and also treated with rifampin during a similar period."	( [Rifampicin toxicity in HIV-infected patients: A study of its incidence and the risk factors]. Falguera, M; Gort, A; Schoenenberger, JA, 1997)
" Safety was carefully monitored by regular biochemical and haematological testing and recording of adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of teicoplanin plus rifampicin in the treatment of bacteraemic infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Boelens, HA; Verbrugh, HA; Vogel, M; Yzerman, EP, 1998)
" Although toxic effects of most individual therapies are known, the toxic potential of most combination therapies has not been established."	( Subchronic toxicity of human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis combination therapies in B6C3F1 mice. Farnell, DR; Giles, HD; Heath, JE; Lindamood, C; Rao, GN, 1998)
"The usefulness of the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) for the analysis of adverse reactions to antituberculous drugs was evaluated."	( Lymphocyte transformation test for the evaluation of adverse effects of antituberculous drugs. Greinert, U; Müller-Quernheim, J; Schlaak, M; Schreiber, J; Zissel, G, 1999)
" RMF and PN plus RMF did not show any adverse effects at this in vivo experimental condition."	( Effect of pyridoxine on rifampicin toxicity. Chung, JH; Kim, HS; Kim, KH; Yun, YP, 1991)
"2% developed adverse hepatic reaction within the first month of INH + RMP treatment."	( Slow N-acetyltransferase 2 genotype affects the incidence of isoniazid and rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity. Azuma, J; Fukuda, T; Igarashi, T; Ito, M; Komuta, K; Maeda, K; Maekura, R; Ogura, T; Ohno, M; Yamaguchi, I; Yamamoto, I; Yamamoto, Y; Yokota, S, 2000)
"To determine whether foals with pneumonia that were treated with erythromycin, alone or in combination with rifampin or gentamicin, had a higher risk of developing adverse effects, compared with foals treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMS), penicillin G procaine (PGP), or a combination of TMS and PGP (control foals)."	( Risk of adverse effects in pneumonic foals treated with erythromycin versus other antibiotics: 143 cases (1986-1996). Gardner, IA; Stratton-Phelps, M; Wilson, WD, 2000)
" Relative risk (RR) and attributable risk (AR) were calculated to compare risk of adverse reactions between foals treated with erythromycin and control foals."	( Risk of adverse effects in pneumonic foals treated with erythromycin versus other antibiotics: 143 cases (1986-1996). Gardner, IA; Stratton-Phelps, M; Wilson, WD, 2000)
" Adverse effects were more likely to occur in MB cases and were more frequent during the first 6 doses of intermittent regimens."	( Serious side effects of rifampin on the course of WHO/MDT: a case report. Namisato, M; Ogawa, H, 2000)
" We conclude that CFZ is a generally well tolerated and safe drug when given as a daily dose of 50mg, which is currently used in leprosy patients."	( Biochemical and hematological side effects of clofazimine in leprosy patients. Costa Queiroz, RH; de Souza, AM; Melchior, E; Sampaio, SV, 2002)
"Major adverse reactions to antituberculosis drugs can cause significant morbidity, and compromise treatment regimens for tuberculosis (TB)."	( Incidence of serious side effects from first-line antituberculosis drugs among patients treated for active tuberculosis. Menzies, D; Parisien, I; Pelletier, M; Rocher, I; Valiquette, C; Yee, D, 2003)
"The introduction of multidrug therapy (WHO/MDT)-composed by the drugs dapsone, clofazimine and rifampicin has enabled the cure of Hansen's disease, however, the adverse effects of these drugs were not given priority by the health team."	( [Adverse effects of multidrug therapy in leprosy patients: a five-year survey at a Health Center of the Federal University of Uberlândia]. Arbex, GL; Carneiro, MH; Gadia, R; Goulart, IM; Rodrigues, MS, )
" Group II also registered; the maximum cost and highest incidence of adverse effects."	( Comparative evaluation of efficacy and safety profile of three anti-tuberculous regimens in Mangalore. Beena, S; Pai, MR; Rao, KN, 2002)
" In all five studies, most adverse events were related to hypoglycemia, as expected in a normal population given a blood glucose regulator."	( Influence of drugs interacting with CYP3A4 on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of the prandial glucose regulator repaglinide. Hansen, KT; Hatorp, V; Thomsen, MS, 2003)
" Patients in both groups tolerated the therapy well; the adverse effects profile was comparable except that group A patients had a higher incidence of hepatitis than group B patients (13."	( Safety and antiretroviral effectiveness of concomitant use of rifampicin and efavirenz for antiretroviral-naive patients in India who are coinfected with tuberculosis and HIV-1. Patel, A; Patel, B; Patel, J; Patel, K; Rani, S; Shah, N, 2004)
" Severe adverse reactions included rash (two), toxic hepatitis (six), Immune Reconstitution Syndrome (seven), and four deaths."	( Efficacy and safety of Efavirenz in HIV patients on Rifampin for tuberculosis. Alves, CR; Badaro, R; Brites, C; Netto, EM; Oliveira, AS; Pedral-Sampaio, DB, 2004)
"Types and frequency of drug-related adverse events and outcomes of treatment."	( Adverse events and treatment completion for latent tuberculosis in jail inmates and homeless persons. Bock, NN; Grabau, JC; Jasmer, RM; Lobato, MN; Reves, RR; Shang, N, 2005)
"4%) who had a drug-related adverse event."	( Adverse events and treatment completion for latent tuberculosis in jail inmates and homeless persons. Bock, NN; Grabau, JC; Jasmer, RM; Lobato, MN; Reves, RR; Shang, N, 2005)
" On some occasions, it cannot be used due to severe adverse effects."	( [Use of rifabutin in cases of toxicity to rifampicin]. Moreno González, B; Noguerado Asensio, A; Rodríguez Barrientos, R; Rodríguez Blanco, A; Vidal Pérez, JL, 2005)
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."	( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling. Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)
"This meta-analysis suggests that rifampin is safe and effective for treatment of pruritus due to chronic cholestasis."	( Rifampin is safe for treatment of pruritus due to chronic cholestasis: a meta-analysis of prospective randomized-controlled trials. Khurana, S; Singh, P, 2006)
" In this study, we compared treatment completion and clinically recognized adverse drug reactions in patients prescribed 9 months of isoniazid therapy or 4 months of rifampin therapy for LTBI."	( Improved adherence and less toxicity with rifampin vs isoniazid for treatment of latent tuberculosis: a retrospective study. Adelakun, A; Baruch, N; Bur, S; Cronin, WA; Doherty, MC; Dorman, SE; Federline, L; Karney, W; Milman, J; Montes de Oca, R; Page, KR; Sifakis, F; Walsh, T, 2006)
"Compared with a 9-month isoniazid regimen, a 4-month rifampin regimen was associated with a higher percentage of patients completing treatment and a lower percentage of patients with clinically recognized adverse reactions."	( Improved adherence and less toxicity with rifampin vs isoniazid for treatment of latent tuberculosis: a retrospective study. Adelakun, A; Baruch, N; Bur, S; Cronin, WA; Doherty, MC; Dorman, SE; Federline, L; Karney, W; Milman, J; Montes de Oca, R; Page, KR; Sifakis, F; Walsh, T, 2006)
" Secondary endpoints were presence of grade 3 and serious adverse events, clinical improvement, CD4 count and genotypic resistance to ritonavir/saquinavir."	( Safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics of ritonavir 400mg/saquinavir 400mg twice daily plus rifampicin combined therapy in HIV patients with tuberculosis. da Silva Vieira, MA; de Jesus, Cda S; Ferreira Filho, M; Gonçalves Morgado, M; Lourenço, MC; Pereira Pinto, D; Rolla, VC; Werneck-Barroso, E, 2006)
" During the antiretroviral therapy, 15 patients dropped out, 14 because of adverse events."	( Safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics of ritonavir 400mg/saquinavir 400mg twice daily plus rifampicin combined therapy in HIV patients with tuberculosis. da Silva Vieira, MA; de Jesus, Cda S; Ferreira Filho, M; Gonçalves Morgado, M; Lourenço, MC; Pereira Pinto, D; Rolla, VC; Werneck-Barroso, E, 2006)
"Therapeutic concentrations of the studied drugs and reduction of viral load were achieved; adverse events are the main limitation of use of a ritonavir/saquinavir regimen in treatment-naive patients, but its clinical benefits were evident."	( Safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics of ritonavir 400mg/saquinavir 400mg twice daily plus rifampicin combined therapy in HIV patients with tuberculosis. da Silva Vieira, MA; de Jesus, Cda S; Ferreira Filho, M; Gonçalves Morgado, M; Lourenço, MC; Pereira Pinto, D; Rolla, VC; Werneck-Barroso, E, 2006)
"Rifampicin in a dose of 10-20 mg/Kg/day is safe and effective in ameliorating uncontrollable pruritus in children with persistent cholestasis."	( Safety and efficacy of rifampicin in children with cholestatic pruritus. El-Karaksy, H; El-Koofy, N; El-Raziky, M; El-Sayed, R; Mansour, S; Taha, G, 2007)
" A longer well-designed randomized controlled trial is needed to confirm the efficacy of bile acid binding agents and accurately assess adverse events."	( The efficacy and safety of bile Acid binding agents, opioid antagonists, or rifampin in the treatment of cholestasis-associated pruritus. Bain, VG; Rowe, BH; Tandon, P; Vandermeer, B, 2007)
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the influences of pyridoxine, rifampin, and renal function on hematological adverse events."	( Comparative study of the effects of pyridoxine, rifampin, and renal function on hematological adverse events induced by linezolid. Bové, A; García, S; Marcos, M; Martínez, JA; Martínez, JC; Mensa, J; Ortega, M; Peñarroja, G; Soriano, A, 2007)
" Although safe and generally well tolerated, 300 mg or 400 mg atazanavir administered every 12 h did not maintain adequate plasma exposure when coadministered with rifampin."	( Effect of concomitantly administered rifampin on the pharmacokinetics and safety of atazanavir administered twice daily. Acosta, EP; Agarwala, S; Alston-Smith, B; Bertz, R; Child, M; Gerber, JG; Haas, DW; Hosey, L; Kendall, MA; Koletar, SL; Zolopa, AR, 2007)
"Liver transplant candidates with latent tuberculosis infection by positive tuberculin skin test (>5 mm) were prospectively enrolled and treated with 9 months of INH or 4 months of RIF, and were monitored monthly for their liver enzyme profiles, adverse effects, compliance, and completion rate."	( Safety of treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in compensated cirrhotic patients during transplant candidacy period. Bui, L; Jahng, AW; Joyner, JL; Tran, T, 2007)
"Treatment of latent tuberculosis in liver transplant patients during their candidacy with INH or RIF appears to be a safe, viable option, if carefully monitored for adverse effects and liver enzymes."	( Safety of treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in compensated cirrhotic patients during transplant candidacy period. Bui, L; Jahng, AW; Joyner, JL; Tran, T, 2007)
" Adverse effects often negatively affect the compliance, because they frequently require a change of treatment, which may have negative consequences for treatment outcome."	( Antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity: concise up-to-date review. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; de Lange, WC; Dekhuijzen, R; Tostmann, A; van der Ven, AJ, 2008)
" Metabolism and the formation of toxic metabolites of the TB drugs may play an important role in the development of ATDH."	( Isoniazid and its toxic metabolite hydrazine induce in vitro pyrazinamide toxicity. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Dekhuijzen, PN; Peters, WH; Roelofs, HM; Tostmann, A; van der Ven, AJ, 2008)
" The occurrence of adverse effects was also monitored."	( Clinical evaluation and monitoring of adverse effects for fixed multidose combination against single drug therapy in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Chaudhry, A; Jamshaid, M; Zaka-Ur-Rehman, Z, 2008)
"The study showed a high incidence of adverse events when a higher than standard dose of the new lopinavir/ritonavir tablets was combined with rifampicin."	( High incidence of adverse events in healthy volunteers receiving rifampicin and adjusted doses of lopinavir/ritonavir tablets. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Koopmans, PP; L'homme, RF; Nijland, HM; Rongen, GA; van Crevel, R; van Uden, P, 2008)
" However, it is undetectable in cultured hepatocyte monolayers in vitro at the equivalent toxic concentration in vivo."	( Investigation of rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity in rat hepatocytes maintained in gel entrapment culture. Cheng, X; Li, D; Meng, Q; Shen, C, 2009)
"To compare the frequency of adverse events and treatment completion in 2 treatment regimens for latent tuberculosis infection."	( Adverse events with 4 months of rifampin therapy or 9 months of isoniazid therapy for latent tuberculosis infection: a randomized trial. Al Jahdali, H; Benedetti, A; Dion, MJ; Gardam, M; Hoeppner, V; Khan, K; Long, R; Memish, Z; Menzies, D; Schwartzman, K; Trajman, A; Yang, J, 2008)
"Grade 3 to 4 drug-related adverse events resulting in drug discontinuation (primary outcome), and on-time treatment completion, grade 1 to 2 drug-related adverse events, and changes in liver enzymes and hematologic variables (secondary outcomes)."	( Adverse events with 4 months of rifampin therapy or 9 months of isoniazid therapy for latent tuberculosis infection: a randomized trial. Al Jahdali, H; Benedetti, A; Dion, MJ; Gardam, M; Hoeppner, V; Khan, K; Long, R; Memish, Z; Menzies, D; Schwartzman, K; Trajman, A; Yang, J, 2008)
"Seventeen of 422 participants who started isoniazid therapy developed grade 3 to 4 adverse events compared with 7 of 418 who started rifampin therapy (risk difference [rifampin minus isoniazid], -2."	( Adverse events with 4 months of rifampin therapy or 9 months of isoniazid therapy for latent tuberculosis infection: a randomized trial. Al Jahdali, H; Benedetti, A; Dion, MJ; Gardam, M; Hoeppner, V; Khan, K; Long, R; Memish, Z; Menzies, D; Schwartzman, K; Trajman, A; Yang, J, 2008)
"The study did not measure efficacy, and the open-label design may increase the chance of bias in ascertainment of adverse events."	( Adverse events with 4 months of rifampin therapy or 9 months of isoniazid therapy for latent tuberculosis infection: a randomized trial. Al Jahdali, H; Benedetti, A; Dion, MJ; Gardam, M; Hoeppner, V; Khan, K; Long, R; Memish, Z; Menzies, D; Schwartzman, K; Trajman, A; Yang, J, 2008)
"Treatment of latent tuberculosis with 4 months of rifampin leads to fewer serious adverse events and better adherence than 9 months of isoniazid."	( Adverse events with 4 months of rifampin therapy or 9 months of isoniazid therapy for latent tuberculosis infection: a randomized trial. Al Jahdali, H; Benedetti, A; Dion, MJ; Gardam, M; Hoeppner, V; Khan, K; Long, R; Memish, Z; Menzies, D; Schwartzman, K; Trajman, A; Yang, J, 2008)
" Two moderate-grade adverse events were observed."	( Continuous cefazolin infusion to treat bone and joint infections: clinical efficacy, feasibility, safety, and serum and bone concentrations. Desplaces, N; Durand, F; Kitzis, MD; Lhotellier, L; Mamoudy, P; Zeller, V; Ziza, JM, 2009)
" DHS and other adverse effects of dapsone lead to withdrawal of the drug."	( A retrospective study of the effect of modified multi-drug therapy in Nepali leprosy patients following the development of adverse effects due to dapsone. Pandey, B; Sapkota, BR; Shrestha, K; Walker, SL, 2008)
"We reviewed the notes of patients who had dapsone withdrawn from their multi-drug therapy (MDT) following an adverse reaction to the drug between 1990 and 2007."	( A retrospective study of the effect of modified multi-drug therapy in Nepali leprosy patients following the development of adverse effects due to dapsone. Pandey, B; Sapkota, BR; Shrestha, K; Walker, SL, 2008)
"Rifampicin and clofazimine appear to be satisfactory treatment for both paucibacillary and multibacillary patients who have to have dapsone stopped because of severe adverse effects."	( A retrospective study of the effect of modified multi-drug therapy in Nepali leprosy patients following the development of adverse effects due to dapsone. Pandey, B; Sapkota, BR; Shrestha, K; Walker, SL, 2008)
"Acetaminophen (APAP) is safe at therapeutic levels but causes hepatotoxicity via N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine-induced oxidative stress upon overdose."	( Rifampicin-activated human pregnane X receptor and CYP3A4 induction enhance acetaminophen-induced toxicity. Cheng, J; Gonzalez, FJ; Idle, JR; Krausz, KW; Ma, X, 2009)
"Completion rates, total cost, and adverse effects were compared for patients in central Massachusetts treated for latent tuberculosis infection with 9 months of isoniazid or 4 months of rifampin."	( A retrospective evaluation of completion rates, total cost, and adverse effects for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in a public health clinic in central massachusetts. Daly, JS; Ellis, J; Kaminski, M; Wessolossky, M; Young, H, 2009)
" Efficacy of short-term treatment was analyzed by per-protocol analysis (PP analysis) and intention-to-treat analysis (ITT analysis) while drug adverse reactions was also observed."	( [Study on the efficacy and safety of short-term treatment including fluoroquinolones anti-tuberculosis drugs for rifampicin resistant pulmonary tuberculosis]. Chu, NH; Duanmu, HJ; Kang, WL; Li, L; Miao, ZP; Tan, WG; Wang, XM; Xie, YG; Yan, XL; Yang, YZ; You, YH, 2009)
" (3) Three patients withdrew in each of the two groups because of adverse effects to the drugs."	( [Study on the efficacy and safety of short-term treatment including fluoroquinolones anti-tuberculosis drugs for rifampicin resistant pulmonary tuberculosis]. Chu, NH; Duanmu, HJ; Kang, WL; Li, L; Miao, ZP; Tan, WG; Wang, XM; Xie, YG; Yan, XL; Yang, YZ; You, YH, 2009)
"Drug-induced hepatotoxicity (DIH) is the most common adverse drug reaction leading to interruption of antituberculosis treatment."	( Safety of 3 different reintroduction regimens of antituberculosis drugs after development of antituberculosis treatment-induced hepatotoxicity. Jayaswal, A; Makharia, G; Mohan, A; Sarda, P; Sharma, SK; Singh, S; Singla, R; Sreenivas, V, 2010)
" Even though rifampicin is an effective drug in the management of tuberculosis, it has been documented to have some toxic effects in humans."	( Modulatory activity of antioxidants against the toxicity of Rifampicin in vivo. Akintonwa, A; Awodele, O; Coker, HA; Osunkalu, VO, )
"Among the adverse events related to tuberculosis treatment, hepatotoxicity is the most serious, and recognition of risk factors for it is essential to achieve successful therapy."	( Hepatotoxicity due to rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide in patients with tuberculosis: is anti-HCV a risk factor? Bassanesi, SL; de Mattos, AA; De Mattos, AZ; Nader, LA; Picon, PD; Pineiro Rodriguez, M, )
" An understanding of structure-activity relationships (SARs) of chemicals can make a significant contribution to the identification of potential toxic effects early in the drug development process and aid in avoiding such problems."	( Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity. Fisk, L; Greene, N; Naven, RT; Note, RR; Patel, ML; Pelletier, DJ, 2010)
"Treatment for latent tuberculosis infection with isoniazid for 9 months (9INH) has poor completion and serious adverse events, while treatment for 4 months with daily rifampin (4RIF) has significantly higher completion and fewer adverse events."	( Impact of treatment completion, intolerance and adverse events on health system costs in a randomised trial of 4 months rifampin or 9 months isoniazid for latent TB. Aspler, A; Dion, MJ; Khan, K; Long, R; Menzies, D; Schwartzman, K; Trajman, A, 2010)
" Costs were modestly increased in patients with minor intolerance and substantially increased if the treating physician stopped treatment because of possible adverse events."	( Impact of treatment completion, intolerance and adverse events on health system costs in a randomised trial of 4 months rifampin or 9 months isoniazid for latent TB. Aspler, A; Dion, MJ; Khan, K; Long, R; Menzies, D; Schwartzman, K; Trajman, A, 2010)
"The 4RIF regimen was significantly cheaper per patient completing treatment because of better completion and fewer adverse events."	( Impact of treatment completion, intolerance and adverse events on health system costs in a randomised trial of 4 months rifampin or 9 months isoniazid for latent TB. Aspler, A; Dion, MJ; Khan, K; Long, R; Menzies, D; Schwartzman, K; Trajman, A, 2010)
" Adverse events (AEs), ECG recordings, vital signs and clinical laboratory parameters were monitored throughout the study and at follow-up."	( Effects of rifampicin (rifampin) on the pharmacokinetics and safety of ambrisentan in healthy subjects: a single-sequence, open-label study. Boinpally, R; Dufton, C; Harrison, B; Henderson, LS; Magee, MH; Mandagere, A; Walker, G, 2010)
" The use of INH for the treatment of LTBI is safe in older patients with clinical or biochemical monitoring."	( Age-related risk of hepatotoxicity in the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection: a systematic review. Khan, KS; Kunst, H, 2010)
" Studies investigating the association of therapy with serious adverse events have not included the entire treated population nor accounted for comorbidities or occurrence of similar events in the untreated general population."	( Adverse events associated with treatment of latent tuberculosis in the general population. Bartlett, G; Menzies, D; Schwartzman, K; Smith, BM, 2011)
" The primary outcome was hospital admission for therapy-associated adverse events."	( Adverse events associated with treatment of latent tuberculosis in the general population. Bartlett, G; Menzies, D; Schwartzman, K; Smith, BM, 2011)
"The risk of adverse events requiring hospital admission increased significantly among patients over 65 years receiving treatment for latent tuberculosis infection."	( Adverse events associated with treatment of latent tuberculosis in the general population. Bartlett, G; Menzies, D; Schwartzman, K; Smith, BM, 2011)
" Noninferiority was dependent on consistent results from a per-protocol and modified intention-to-treat analysis, using 2 different models for the latter, classifying all changes of treatment or refusal to continue treatment (eg, bacteriological failure/relapse, adverse event, default, drug resistance) as unfavorable (model 1) and classifying changes of treatment for reasons other than therapeutic outcomes according to their 18-month bacteriological outcome if available (post hoc model 2)."	( Efficacy and safety of a 4-drug fixed-dose combination regimen compared with separate drugs for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: the Study C randomized controlled trial. Anyo, G; Burgos, M; Cook, SV; Enarson, DA; Jindani, A; Kim, SJ; Lienhardt, C; Nunn, AJ; Rigouts, L; Yorke-Edwards, V, 2011)
" Adverse events related to trial drugs were similarly distributed among treatment groups."	( Efficacy and safety of a 4-drug fixed-dose combination regimen compared with separate drugs for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: the Study C randomized controlled trial. Anyo, G; Burgos, M; Cook, SV; Enarson, DA; Jindani, A; Kim, SJ; Lienhardt, C; Nunn, AJ; Rigouts, L; Yorke-Edwards, V, 2011)
"To assess the adverse effects of multi drug therapy (MDT) in leprosy patients."	( Adverse effects of multi-drug therapy in leprosy, a two years' experience (2006-2008) in tertiary health care centre in the tribal region of Chhattisgarh State (Bastar, Jagdalpur). Dey, V; Dulhani, N; Nel, B; Singh, H; Tiwari, P, 2011)
" The adverse effects were recorded on the personal record of every individual patient, filled during the course of treatment."	( Adverse effects of multi-drug therapy in leprosy, a two years' experience (2006-2008) in tertiary health care centre in the tribal region of Chhattisgarh State (Bastar, Jagdalpur). Dey, V; Dulhani, N; Nel, B; Singh, H; Tiwari, P, 2011)
"176 patient's records were analysed, looking for adverse effects."	( Adverse effects of multi-drug therapy in leprosy, a two years' experience (2006-2008) in tertiary health care centre in the tribal region of Chhattisgarh State (Bastar, Jagdalpur). Dey, V; Dulhani, N; Nel, B; Singh, H; Tiwari, P, 2011)
" We evaluated adverse events and TB incidence in all persons screened after rifampicin (RFP) prophylaxis, and specifically assessed the new TB cases in relation to initial TST and IGRA results."	( Adverse events and development of tuberculosis after 4 months of rifampicin prophylaxis in a tuberculosis outbreak. Cho, YS; Kim, HJ; Lee, EJ; Lee, HK; Lee, SH; Lee, YM; Lew, WJ; Seo, HS; Shim, TS; Yim, JJ, 2012)
" The cytotoxic effects against mouse fibroblasts (NIH 3T3) in vitro were evaluated for 5c and 5d, which displayed no toxic effects (IC(50) > 1000 μM) against the mouse fibroblast cell line NIH 3T3."	( Synthesis of 3-heteroarylthioquinoline derivatives and their in vitro antituberculosis and cytotoxicity studies. Chitra, S; Manisankar, P; Muthusubramanian, S; Paul, N; Sriram, D; Yogeeswari, P, 2011)
" Four patients did not complete the 1-year treatment because of adverse events."	( The clinical efficacy and safety of a fluoroquinolone-containing regimen for pulmonary MAC disease. Fujita, M; Harada, E; Ikegame, S; Kajiki, A; Matsumoto, T; Miyazaki, M; Nakanishi, Y; Ouchi, H; Tao, Y; Uchino, J; Watanabe, K, 2012)
" This case illustrates a unique side effect of INH that caused exudative EPEs and drug-induced lupus with positive anti-dsDNA."	( Isoniazid (INH)-induced eosinophilic exudative pleural effusion and lupus erythematosus. A clinical reminder of drug side effects. Dahal, K; Khattri, S; Kushawaha, A; Lee, M; Mobarakai, N, 2011)
"PVP-CD was proved safe and demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, healing and degradation properties."	( Safety, healing, and efficacy of vascular prostheses coated with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin polymer: experimental in vitro and animal studies. Blanchemain, N; Haulon, S; Hildebrand, HF; Jean-Baptiste, E; Martel, B; Neut, C, 2012)
"Tuberculosis (TB) treatment can cause serious sequelae including adverse effects such as anti-TB drug-induced hepatotoxicity (ATDH)."	( Genetic variants in antioxidant pathway: risk factors for hepatotoxicity in tuberculosis patients. Fukushima, K; Higuchi, N; Inamine, T; Kohno, S; Kondo, S; Mawatari, T; Nakaura, A; Nanashima, K; Suyama, N; Tahara, N; Tsukamoto, K; Yanagihara, K, 2012)
" With careful monitoring rifampin is a safe and less toxic regimen and appears to be a reasonable alternative because of its shorter duration, allowing more people to complete treatment behind bars."	( Isoniazid vs. rifampin for latent tuberculosis infection in jail inmates: toxicity and adherence. Chen, L; Goldenson, J; Kawamura, LM; Lee, JR; Spetz, J; Tulsky, JP; White, MC, 2012)
"Rifampicin together with rifampicin and metabolites of isoniazid produce cellular toxic effects and hydrazine may be the most toxiferous metabolite."	( Cellular toxicity of isoniazid together with rifampicin and the metabolites of isoniazid on QSG-7701 hepatocytes. Hou, YN; Tang, JH; Wu, HH; Zhan, ZL; Zhang, XL; Zhang, ZH, 2012)
" In addition, it was found that the microsomal Ca(2+)-ATPase activity was not directly related to acetaminophen toxic species generated in the P450 enzyme system in vitro."	( Effects and mechanisms of rifampin on hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen in mice. Chen, C; Chen, Z; He, M; Huang, J; Huang, R; Jiao, Y; Lin, X; Zhang, S, 2012)
"Hepatotoxicity is one of the most frequent adverse events occurring during tuberculosis treatment that may negatively affect treatment compliance, clinical outcome."	( Management of and risk factors related to hepatotoxicity during tuberculosis treatment. Ağca, S; Arda, H; Babalık, A; Bakırcı, N; Calışır, HC; Cetintaş, G; Kızıltaş, S; Oruç, K, 2012)
" Adverse events were mostly mild and no serious adverse events or drug discontinuations were reported."	( Efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with first-line tuberculosis treatment in tuberculosis-HIV-coinfected Tanzanian patients: a pharmacokinetic and safety study. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Fillekes, Q; Kibiki, GS; Kisanga, ER; Kisonga, RM; Mleoh, L; Mtabho, CM; Ndaro, A; Semvua, HH; van den Boogaard, J; van der Ven, A, 2013)
"This study sought to verify the correlation between leprosy types and the adverse effects of treatment drugs."	( Brazilian clinical trial of uniform multidrug therapy for leprosy patients: the correlation between clinical disease types and adverse effects. Almeida, PC; Bührer-Sékula, S; Cruz, R; Gonçalves, Hde S; Moraes, ME; Penna, GO; Pontes, MA, 2012)
" Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) metabolizes many toxic substrates, including ethanol, carbon tetrachloride, and INH, which ultimately results in liver injury."	( Protective effects of kaempferol on isoniazid- and rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity. Hsieh, CB; Hu, OY; Lee, HS; Shih, TY; Young, TH, 2013)
"55), and non-serious adverse event incidence (p = 0."	( Efficacy and safety of thrice weekly DOTS in tuberculosis patients with and without HIV co-infection: an observational study. Devarapu, SK; Gupta, D; Mohan, K; Ranjan, S; Sharma, SK; Singh, B; Sinha, S; Sreenivas, V; Vashishtha, R, 2013)
" There is limited documented information regarding adverse effects and recommendations for serum biochemistry monitoring."	( Adverse effects of rifampicin in dogs and serum alanine aminotransferase monitoring recommendations based on a retrospective study of 344 dogs. Bajwa, J; Charach, M; Duclos, D, 2013)
"The aims of this retrospective study were as follows: (i) to document the occurrence of adverse events in dogs receiving oral rifampicin; (ii) to determine the relationship between adverse events and the dosage/duration of therapy and concurrent medications; and (iii) to report findings associated with changes on serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT)."	( Adverse effects of rifampicin in dogs and serum alanine aminotransferase monitoring recommendations based on a retrospective study of 344 dogs. Bajwa, J; Charach, M; Duclos, D, 2013)
" Serum ALT concentrations and adverse effects were recorded and analysed."	( Adverse effects of rifampicin in dogs and serum alanine aminotransferase monitoring recommendations based on a retrospective study of 344 dogs. Bajwa, J; Charach, M; Duclos, D, 2013)
" Adverse events occurred in 16."	( Adverse effects of rifampicin in dogs and serum alanine aminotransferase monitoring recommendations based on a retrospective study of 344 dogs. Bajwa, J; Charach, M; Duclos, D, 2013)
"Significant adverse events were noted in association with concurrent drug administration and with serum ALT elevations."	( Adverse effects of rifampicin in dogs and serum alanine aminotransferase monitoring recommendations based on a retrospective study of 344 dogs. Bajwa, J; Charach, M; Duclos, D, 2013)
" NO production was also significantly higher but less than toxic level."	( Microparticles of rifampicin: comparison of pulmonary route with oral route for drug uptake by alveolar macrophages, phagocytosis activity and toxicity study in albino rats. Dalwadi, S; Parikh, R; Patel, L, 2014)
"The safety of rifabutin replacing rifampicin among adults having rifampicin-related adverse reactions (ARs) during the treatment of tuberculosis remains unknown."	( Safety of rifabutin replacing rifampicin in the treatment of tuberculosis: a single-centre retrospective cohort study. Chien, JY; Chien, ST; Huang, SY; Yu, CJ, 2014)
"Prolonged antimicrobial therapy is recommended for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bone and joint infections (BJI), but its safety profile and risk factors for severe adverse events (SAE) in clinical practice are unknown."	( Antimicrobial-related severe adverse events during treatment of bone and joint infection due to methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Ader, F; Bouaziz, A; Chidiac, C; Ecochard, R; Ferry, T; Karsenty, J; Laurent, F; Lustig, S; Tod, M; Valour, F, 2014)
" Three (6%) of 50 participants in the rifampicin group and 12 (24%) of 50 in the placebo group had one or more serious adverse events; none was thought to be related to treatment."	( Efficacy and safety of rifampicin for multiple system atrophy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Biaggioni, I; Chelimsky, T; Cheshire, W; Dupont, WD; Freeman, R; Galpern, WR; Gilman, S; Hauser, RA; Kaufmann, H; Lessig, S; Low, PA; Mandrekar, J; Perlman, S; Robertson, D; Singer, W; Vernino, S, 2014)
" The primary outcome was death and secondary outcome measures were 6 month disability, repeat MRI changes and serious adverse events (SAEs)."	( Safety and efficacy of levofloxacin versus rifampicin in tuberculous meningitis: an open-label randomized controlled trial. Bhoi, SK; Kalita, J; Misra, UK; Prasad, S, 2014)
"There is an urgent need for new antituberculosis (anti-TB) drugs, including agents that are safe and effective with concomitant antiretrovirals (ARV) and first-line TB drugs."	( Phase I safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacogenetics study of the antituberculosis drug PA-824 with concomitant lopinavir-ritonavir, efavirenz, or rifampin. Allen, R; Aweeka, F; Bao, J; Cramer, Y; Dooley, KE; Haas, DW; Koletar, SL; Luetkemeyer, AF; Marzan, F; Murray, S; Park, JG; Savic, R; Sutherland, D, 2014)
" Adverse events were rare: 20 (6%) in the 9INH group and 2 (3%) in the 4RMP group, and none was serious."	( Safety and completion of a 4-month course of rifampicin for latent tuberculous infection in children. Cruz, AT; Starke, JR, 2014)
"Observational study of clinical and laboratory adverse events among infants exposed to rifampin from 348 neonatal intensive care units managed by the Pediatrix Medical Group between 1997 and 2012."	( Rifampin use and safety in hospitalized infants. Arnold, CJ; Benjamin, DK; Chu, VH; Clark, RH; Corey, KL; Ericson, J; Hornik, CP; Kohman, J; Oh, M; Onabanjo, J; Smith, PB, 2015)
" Thrombocytopenia (121/1,000 infant days) and conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (25/1,000 infant days) were the most common laboratory adverse events."	( Rifampin use and safety in hospitalized infants. Arnold, CJ; Benjamin, DK; Chu, VH; Clark, RH; Corey, KL; Ericson, J; Hornik, CP; Kohman, J; Oh, M; Onabanjo, J; Smith, PB, 2015)
"The overall incidence of adverse events among infants receiving rifampin appears low; however, additional studies to further evaluate safety and dosing of rifampin in this population are needed."	( Rifampin use and safety in hospitalized infants. Arnold, CJ; Benjamin, DK; Chu, VH; Clark, RH; Corey, KL; Ericson, J; Hornik, CP; Kohman, J; Oh, M; Onabanjo, J; Smith, PB, 2015)
" Similar LD50 (1570 mg/kg) and absence (or reversal in satellite group) of adverse events in repeat dose (three doses; highest dose was up to 50 times the human therapeutic dose) toxicity studies confirmed safety of RIF-SLNs."	( Nano-formulation of rifampicin with enhanced bioavailability: development, characterization and in-vivo safety. Jindal, S; Kaur, IP; Sharma, G; Singh, H; Singh, M, 2015)
" We also assessed safety and tolerability by monitoring adverse events."	( Efficiency and safety of the combination of moxifloxacin, pretomanid (PA-824), and pyrazinamide during the first 8 weeks of antituberculosis treatment: a phase 2b, open-label, partly randomised trial in patients with drug-susceptible or drug-resistant pul Burger, DA; Conradie, A; Dawson, R; Diacon, AH; Donald, PR; Eisenach, K; Everitt, D; Ive, P; Mendel, CM; Ntinginya, NE; Page-Shipp, L; Pym, A; Reither, K; Schall, R; Spigelman, M; van Niekerk, C; Variava, E; Venter, A; von Groote-Bidlingmaier, F, 2015)
" Frequencies of adverse events were similar to standard treatment in all groups."	( Efficiency and safety of the combination of moxifloxacin, pretomanid (PA-824), and pyrazinamide during the first 8 weeks of antituberculosis treatment: a phase 2b, open-label, partly randomised trial in patients with drug-susceptible or drug-resistant pul Burger, DA; Conradie, A; Dawson, R; Diacon, AH; Donald, PR; Eisenach, K; Everitt, D; Ive, P; Mendel, CM; Ntinginya, NE; Page-Shipp, L; Pym, A; Reither, K; Schall, R; Spigelman, M; van Niekerk, C; Variava, E; Venter, A; von Groote-Bidlingmaier, F, 2015)
"3%] in the RPT 450 mg, RPT 600 mg and RMP groups), as were ⩾grade 3 adverse events (0/54 [0%], 1/51 [2."	( Two-stage activity-safety study of daily rifapentine during intensive phase treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Barnes, GL; Carman, D; Chaisson, RE; Dawson, R; Dorman, SE; Efron, A; Gupte, N; Hoffman, J; McIlleron, H; Narunsky, K; Whitelaw, A, 2015)
" Daily RPT was safe and well-tolerated."	( Two-stage activity-safety study of daily rifapentine during intensive phase treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Barnes, GL; Carman, D; Chaisson, RE; Dawson, R; Dorman, SE; Efron, A; Gupte, N; Hoffman, J; McIlleron, H; Narunsky, K; Whitelaw, A, 2015)
" Whereas free thioridazine was highly toxic in both cells and zebrafish embryos, after encapsulation in nanoparticles no toxicity was detected."	( Thioridazine in PLGA nanoparticles reduces toxicity and improves rifampicin therapy against mycobacterial infection in zebrafish. Anes, E; Bogoeva, V; Fenaroli, F; Griffiths, G; Hildahl, J; Kalluru, R; Pires, D; Speth, M; Vibe, CB; Wilson, SR, 2016)
" The combination of anti-TB drugs (4-Tabs)- isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), pyrazinamide (PZA) and ethambutol (ETB) are effective in the management of the disease, however, their toxic effect is a major concern."	( Ameliorative Effects of Kolaviron, a Biflavonoid Fraction from Garcinia Kola Seed, on Hepato-renal Toxicity of Anti-tuberculosis Drugs in Wistar Rats. Adaramoye, OA; Adefisan, A; Adeyemi, O; Akanni, OO; Kehinde, AO; Oyinlola, I, 2016)
"These findings suggest that anti-TB drugs elicit oxidative damage in liver and kidney of rats while KV protects against the adverse effects via antioxidative mechanism."	( Ameliorative Effects of Kolaviron, a Biflavonoid Fraction from Garcinia Kola Seed, on Hepato-renal Toxicity of Anti-tuberculosis Drugs in Wistar Rats. Adaramoye, OA; Adefisan, A; Adeyemi, O; Akanni, OO; Kehinde, AO; Oyinlola, I, 2016)
" Eighty children with TBI received a 12-dose once-weekly isoniazid/rifapentine regimen; 79 (99%) completed therapy, 94% reported no adverse events, 1 child had mildly elevated transaminases but 1 adolescent later developed pulmonary TB."	( Safety and Adherence for 12 Weekly Doses of Isoniazid and Rifapentine for Pediatric Tuberculosis Infection. Cruz, AT; Starke, JR, 2016)
"To assess whether increasing the dose of rifampicin (RMP) from 10 mg/kg to 15 or 20 mg/kg results in an increase in grade 3 or 4 hepatic adverse events and/or serious adverse events (SAE)."	( A randomised Phase II trial to evaluate the toxicity of high-dose rifampicin to treat pulmonary tuberculosis. Atwine, D; Bonnet, M; Borgulya, G; Burgos, M; Checkley, AM; de Fernandes, RA; de Patiño, IW; Dubash, F; Gonzales, T; Harrison, TS; Jindani, A; Mitchison, D; Patel, N; Shrestha, B, 2016)
"No significant increase in adverse events occurred when the RMP dose was increased from 10 mg/kg to 15 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg."	( A randomised Phase II trial to evaluate the toxicity of high-dose rifampicin to treat pulmonary tuberculosis. Atwine, D; Bonnet, M; Borgulya, G; Burgos, M; Checkley, AM; de Fernandes, RA; de Patiño, IW; Dubash, F; Gonzales, T; Harrison, TS; Jindani, A; Mitchison, D; Patel, N; Shrestha, B, 2016)
" Primary outcome was death and secondary outcomes were disability as assess by Barthel Index score and adverse events."	( Safety and efficacy of additional levofloxacin in tuberculous meningitis: A randomized controlled pilot study. Betai, S; Bhoi, SK; Kalita, J; Misra, UK, 2016)
"The bacteriophage lambda replication initiation protein P exhibits a toxic effect on its Escherichia coli (E."	( Lambda gpP-DnaB Helicase Sequestration and gpP-RpoB Associated Effects: On Screens for Auxotrophs, Selection for Rif(R), Toxicity, Mutagenicity, Plasmid Curing. Banerjee, A; Chu, A; Hayes, C; Hayes, S; Rajamanickam, K; Wang, W, 2016)
"Many adverse drug reactions are caused by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent activation of drugs into reactive metabolites."	( Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships. Jones, LH; Nadanaciva, S; Rana, P; Will, Y, 2016)
"Anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity (ATDH) is a serious adverse reaction to anti-tuberculosis (TB) treatment."	( Association between TXNRD1 polymorphisms and anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity in a prospective study. He, JQ; Ji, GY; Liu, QQ; Sandford, AJ; Wang, Y; Wu, JC; Wu, SQ; Zhang, MM, 2016)
" DR-TB treatment is complicated to administer and relies on the use of multiple toxic drugs, with potential for severe adverse drug reactions."	( Severe adverse events during second-line tuberculosis treatment in the context of high HIV Co-infection in South Africa: a retrospective cohort study. Berhanu, RH; Black, A; Evans, D; Firnhaber, C; Maitisa, N; Schnippel, K; Sinanovic, E, 2016)
"Although modes of action (MOAs) play a key role in the understanding of the toxic mechanism of chemicals, the MOAs have not been investigated for antibiotics to green algae."	( Toxicity of 13 different antibiotics towards freshwater green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and their modes of action. Fu, L; Huang, T; Li, C; Su, L; Wang, S; Wang, X; Zhao, Y, 2017)
" Safety was monitored by measuring the pro-inflammatory cytokines in their sputum, lung function test, blood chemistry and adverse events."	( Evaluation of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Adverse Events in Healthy Volunteers upon Inhalation of Antituberculosis Drugs. Juthong, S; Laohapojanart, N; Padmavathi, AR; Pungrassami, P; Ratanajamit, C; Srichana, T; Suwandecha, T, 2016)
" Three patients could not conclude the 3HR treatment (13%), but only two had adverse effects (8."	( Efficacy and safety of short-term treatment with isoniazid and rifampicin for latent tuberculosis infection in lung transplant candidates. Guirao-Arrabal, E; Redel, J; Santos, F; Torre-Cisneros, J; Vaquero, JM, 2017)
"Treatment of LTBI in lung transplant candidates using a short course of 3HR appears to be effective and safe in preventing posttransplant TB in lung transplant recipients."	( Efficacy and safety of short-term treatment with isoniazid and rifampicin for latent tuberculosis infection in lung transplant candidates. Guirao-Arrabal, E; Redel, J; Santos, F; Torre-Cisneros, J; Vaquero, JM, 2017)
" These results were attributed to the combined toxic action of the released iron, silver ions and antibiotics."	( Release and cytotoxicity studies of magnetite/Ag/antibiotic nanoparticles: An interdependent relationship. Coy, E; Gapinski, J; Ivashchenko, O; Jurga, S; Peplinska, B; Woźniak, A, 2017)
"First line antiTB drugs have several physical and toxic manifestations which limit their applications."	( Conjugated and Entrapped HPMA-PLA Nano-Polymeric Micelles Based Dual Delivery of First Line Anti TB Drugs: Improved and Safe Drug Delivery against Sensitive and Resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Bhaskar, N; Chauhan, DS; Gothwal, A; Gupta, U; Gupta, UD; Khan, I; Pachouri, PK; Upadhyay, S, 2017)
" These data demonstrate that OA inhibited the transactivation of PXR and CAR, reduced the expression and function of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6, and may therefore serve as an effective agent for reducing probability adverse interactions between transcriptional inducers of CYP450 and therapeutic drugs."	( Oleanolic Acid-Mediated Inhibition of Pregnane X Receptor and Constitutive Androstane Receptor Attenuates Rifampin-Isoniazid Cytotoxicity. Chang, HY; Chen, CJ; Chen, JJ; Cheng, WK; Lee, YR; Lim, YP; Lin, YN, 2017)
" The characteristics of RMR-TB were compared with those with adverse events to rifampin (RAE-TB)."	( Treatment outcomes of rifampin-sparing treatment in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis with rifampin-mono-resistance or rifampin adverse events: A retrospective cohort analysis. Jo, KW; Kim, WS; Lee, SD; Park, S; Shim, TS, 2017)
" Nanotechnology and microbiology researchers are looking for new and safe nano drugs for eliminating Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis."	( Toxicity effects of AgZnO nanoparticles and rifampicin on Mycobacterium tuberculosis into the macrophage. Dehghanpour, M; Fathizadeh, S; Jafari Nodooshan, S; Jafari, A; Kamalzadeh, M; Majidpour, A; Mosavari, N; Movahedzadeh, F; Novin Kashani, A; Rasouli Koohi, S; Safarkar, R, 2018)
"The traditional treatment of tuberculosis (TB) infection (9 months of daily isoniazid [9H]) is safe but completion rates of <50% are reported."	( Completion Rate and Safety of Tuberculosis Infection Treatment With Shorter Regimens. Cruz, AT; Starke, JR, 2018)
" We compared the frequency of completion and adverse events (AEs) in children receiving 3HP, 4R, and 9H; the latter 2 regimens could be administered by families (termed self-administered therapy [SAT]) or as directly observed preventive therapy (DOPT); 3HP was always administered under DOPT."	( Completion Rate and Safety of Tuberculosis Infection Treatment With Shorter Regimens. Cruz, AT; Starke, JR, 2018)
" The anti-TB drugs of first choice were developed more than 4 decades ago and present several adverse effects, making the treatment of TB even more complicated and the development of new chemotherapeutics for this disease imperative."	( New hydrazides derivatives of isoniazid against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Higher potency and lower hepatocytotoxicity. Aiub, CAF; Araujo-Lima, CF; Boechat, N; Castelo-Branco, FS; Costa, TEMM; Costa-Lima, MM; de Lima, EC; Domingos, JLO; Felzenszwalb, I; Gomes, KM; Henriques, MG; Lourenço, MCS; Penido, C; Pinto, AC, 2018)
" We aimed to determine whether the INH/RPT-3 regimen had similar or lesser rates of adverse events compared to other LTBI regimens, namely INH for 9 months, INH for 6 months, rifampin for 3 to 4 months, and rifampin plus INH for 3 to 4 months."	( A systematic review of adverse events of rifapentine and isoniazid compared to other treatments for latent tuberculosis infection. Alvarez, GG; Barbeau, P; Hamel, C; Hutton, B; Pease, C; Skidmore, B; Wolfe, D; Yazdi, F, 2018)
"gov, and Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health's Gray Matters Light for randomized, postmarketing, and comparative nonrandomized studies of patients with confirmed LTBI that reported the frequency of at least 1 adverse event of relevance for a regimen of interest."	( A systematic review of adverse events of rifapentine and isoniazid compared to other treatments for latent tuberculosis infection. Alvarez, GG; Barbeau, P; Hamel, C; Hutton, B; Pease, C; Skidmore, B; Wolfe, D; Yazdi, F, 2018)
" Although inconsistent event reporting and high heterogeneity limited comparisons, the adverse event profile of INH/RPT-3 appeared generally favorable."	( A systematic review of adverse events of rifapentine and isoniazid compared to other treatments for latent tuberculosis infection. Alvarez, GG; Barbeau, P; Hamel, C; Hutton, B; Pease, C; Skidmore, B; Wolfe, D; Yazdi, F, 2018)
"While INH/RPT-3 had an overall low frequency of adverse events compared to INH monotherapy, reporting of adverse events for many regimens was limited meaning results should be interpreted cautiously."	( A systematic review of adverse events of rifapentine and isoniazid compared to other treatments for latent tuberculosis infection. Alvarez, GG; Barbeau, P; Hamel, C; Hutton, B; Pease, C; Skidmore, B; Wolfe, D; Yazdi, F, 2018)
"The Clinical Trial for Uniform Multidrug Therapy for Leprosy Patients in Brazil (U-MDT/CT-BR), designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a six-months regimen, assessed the adverse effects caused by the drugs."	( Clinical trial for uniform multidrug therapy for leprosy patients in Brazil (U-MDT/CT-BR): adverse effects approach. Bührer-Sékula, S; Cruz, RCDS; Gonçalves, HS; Moraes, MEA; Penna, GO; Penna, MLF; Pontes, MAA; Stefani, MMA; Talhari, S, 2018)
"Describe adverse effects due to MDT in U-MDT/CT-BR, comparing the uniform regimen (U-MDT) to the current WHO regimen (R-MDT)."	( Clinical trial for uniform multidrug therapy for leprosy patients in Brazil (U-MDT/CT-BR): adverse effects approach. Bührer-Sékula, S; Cruz, RCDS; Gonçalves, HS; Moraes, MEA; Penna, GO; Penna, MLF; Pontes, MAA; Stefani, MMA; Talhari, S, 2018)
"2%) stopped dapsone intake due to adverse effects, of whom 16."	( Clinical trial for uniform multidrug therapy for leprosy patients in Brazil (U-MDT/CT-BR): adverse effects approach. Bührer-Sékula, S; Cruz, RCDS; Gonçalves, HS; Moraes, MEA; Penna, GO; Penna, MLF; Pontes, MAA; Stefani, MMA; Talhari, S, 2018)
"There was no statistical difference regarding adverse effects in the R-MDT and U-MDT groups but anemia was greater in patients from R-MDT/MB group, therefore adverse effects do not represent a constraint to recommend the six-month uniform regimen of treatment for all leprosy patients."	( Clinical trial for uniform multidrug therapy for leprosy patients in Brazil (U-MDT/CT-BR): adverse effects approach. Bührer-Sékula, S; Cruz, RCDS; Gonçalves, HS; Moraes, MEA; Penna, GO; Penna, MLF; Pontes, MAA; Stefani, MMA; Talhari, S, 2018)
" The current standard treatment - 9 months of isoniazid - has been associated with poor adherence and toxic effects, which have hampered the effectiveness of the drug."	( Safety and Side Effects of Rifampin versus Isoniazid in Children. Adjobimey, M; Apriani, L; Benedetti, A; Diallo, T; Elwood, K; Fregonese, F; Gninafon, M; Hill, PC; Hornby, K; Li, PZ; Long, R; Marks, GB; Menzies, D; Obeng Baah, J; Ruslami, R; Schwartzman, K; Sow, O; Trajman, A; Valiquette, C; Wulandari, DA; Zielinski, D, 2018)
" The primary outcome was adverse events of grade 1 to 5 that resulted in the permanent discontinuation of a trial drug."	( Safety and Side Effects of Rifampin versus Isoniazid in Children. Adjobimey, M; Apriani, L; Benedetti, A; Diallo, T; Elwood, K; Fregonese, F; Gninafon, M; Hill, PC; Hornby, K; Li, PZ; Long, R; Marks, GB; Menzies, D; Obeng Baah, J; Ruslami, R; Schwartzman, K; Sow, O; Trajman, A; Valiquette, C; Wulandari, DA; Zielinski, D, 2018)
" There were no significant between-group differences in the rates of adverse events, with fewer than 5% of the children in the combined groups with grade 1 or 2 adverse events that were deemed to be possibly related to a trial drug."	( Safety and Side Effects of Rifampin versus Isoniazid in Children. Adjobimey, M; Apriani, L; Benedetti, A; Diallo, T; Elwood, K; Fregonese, F; Gninafon, M; Hill, PC; Hornby, K; Li, PZ; Long, R; Marks, GB; Menzies, D; Obeng Baah, J; Ruslami, R; Schwartzman, K; Sow, O; Trajman, A; Valiquette, C; Wulandari, DA; Zielinski, D, 2018)
" 501 (98·0%) of 511 patients had at least one treatment-emergent adverse event."	( Efficacy and safety of delamanid in combination with an optimised background regimen for treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group phase 3 trial. Balanag, V; Bielskiene, V; Cadena, E; Caoili, J; Cirule, A; Danilovits, M; Davidaviciene, E; Domente, L; Geiter, LJ; Gupta, R; Hafkin, J; Hittel, N; Lizarbe, V; Patientia, R; Petersen, C; Sanchez, E; Segura, P; Staples, S; Ticona, E; Variava, E; von Groote-Bidlingmaier, F; Wells, C; Yu, C, 2019)
" Therefore, this side effect is thought to be unrecognized by most physicians."	( Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis caused by rifampicin: An increasing and often overlooked side effect in elderly patients . Iwata, K; Nagata, M; Ohji, G, 2019)
" Incidence rate of adverse effects was 19."	( Efficacy and safety of cholecalciferol-augmented anti-tuberculosis therapy for treatment of naïve patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: A randomized, controlled, clinical study. Abd-Ellatief, RB; Hasanain, AFA; Nafee, AMA; Zayed, AAH, 2019)
" In addition, adding vitamin D3 to ATT provides extra protection against the hepatic and muscular adverse effects of ATT."	( Efficacy and safety of cholecalciferol-augmented anti-tuberculosis therapy for treatment of naïve patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: A randomized, controlled, clinical study. Abd-Ellatief, RB; Hasanain, AFA; Nafee, AMA; Zayed, AAH, 2019)
" There were no adverse events related to rifampin."	( Rifampin Pharmacokinetics and Safety in Preterm and Term Infants. Anand, R; Benjamin, DK; Boakye-Agyeman, F; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Cotten, CM; Hudak, ML; Laughon, MM; Lewandowski, A; Poindexter, BB; Smith, PB; Sullivan, JE, 2019)
" In conclusion, regimen including PZA seems to be safe for late elderly patients with pulmonary TB."	( Safety of pyrazinamide-including regimen in late elderly patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: A prospective randomized open-label study. Asaoka, M; Baba, T; Hagiwara, E; Katano, T; Kitamura, H; Komatsu, S; Ogura, T; Okuda, R; Sekine, A; Suido, Y, 2019)
" We investigated the incidence of adverse events and cure rates according to HIV status for patients receiving standard TB therapy in the trial."	( Toxicity related to standard TB therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis and treatment outcomes in the REMoxTB study according to HIV status. Crook, AM; Dawson, R; Diacon, AH; Gillespie, SH; McHugh, TD; Mendel, CM; Meredith, SK; Mohapi, L; Murphy, ME; Nunn, AJ; Phillips, PPJ; Singh, KP; Spigelman, M; Tweed, CD, 2019)
" Grade 3 and 4 adverse events (AEs) were summarised by MedDRA System Organ Class."	( Toxicity related to standard TB therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis and treatment outcomes in the REMoxTB study according to HIV status. Crook, AM; Dawson, R; Diacon, AH; Gillespie, SH; McHugh, TD; Mendel, CM; Meredith, SK; Mohapi, L; Murphy, ME; Nunn, AJ; Phillips, PPJ; Singh, KP; Spigelman, M; Tweed, CD, 2019)
"HIV-positive patients receiving standard TB therapy in the REMoxTB study were at greater risk of adverse events during treatment but cure rates were similar when compared to a matched sample of HIV-negative patients."	( Toxicity related to standard TB therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis and treatment outcomes in the REMoxTB study according to HIV status. Crook, AM; Dawson, R; Diacon, AH; Gillespie, SH; McHugh, TD; Mendel, CM; Meredith, SK; Mohapi, L; Murphy, ME; Nunn, AJ; Phillips, PPJ; Singh, KP; Spigelman, M; Tweed, CD, 2019)
"An important problem limiting treatment of latent tuberculosis infection is the occurrence of adverse events with isoniazid."	( Adverse events in adults with latent tuberculosis infection receiving daily rifampicin or isoniazid: post-hoc safety analysis of two randomised controlled trials. Adjobimey, M; Benedetti, A; Campbell, JR; Cook, VJ; Eisenbeis, L; Fregonese, F; Johnston, JC; Menzies, D; Ruslami, R; Trajman, A; Valiquette, C, 2020)
" The primary outcome evaluated was adverse events (including grade 1-2 rash and all events of grade 3-5) resulting in permanent discontinuation of study medication and judged possibly or probably related to study drug by a masked, independent, three-member adjudication panel (trial registration: NCT00170209; NCT00931736)."	( Adverse events in adults with latent tuberculosis infection receiving daily rifampicin or isoniazid: post-hoc safety analysis of two randomised controlled trials. Adjobimey, M; Benedetti, A; Campbell, JR; Cook, VJ; Eisenbeis, L; Fregonese, F; Johnston, JC; Menzies, D; Ruslami, R; Trajman, A; Valiquette, C, 2020)
" Among those receiving isoniazid, 86 (2·7%) of 3205 had grade 1-2 rash or any grade 3-5 adverse events, more than the 50 (1·5%) of 3280 who had these events with rifampicin (risk difference -1·2%, 95% CI -1·9 to -0·5)."	( Adverse events in adults with latent tuberculosis infection receiving daily rifampicin or isoniazid: post-hoc safety analysis of two randomised controlled trials. Adjobimey, M; Benedetti, A; Campbell, JR; Cook, VJ; Eisenbeis, L; Fregonese, F; Johnston, JC; Menzies, D; Ruslami, R; Trajman, A; Valiquette, C, 2020)
" With more widespread use of rifampicin, rare, but serious adverse events might be seen."	( Adverse events in adults with latent tuberculosis infection receiving daily rifampicin or isoniazid: post-hoc safety analysis of two randomised controlled trials. Adjobimey, M; Benedetti, A; Campbell, JR; Cook, VJ; Eisenbeis, L; Fregonese, F; Johnston, JC; Menzies, D; Ruslami, R; Trajman, A; Valiquette, C, 2020)
" The ingestion of these first-line TB drugs are, however, not free of side effects, and are toxic to the liver, kidney, and central nervous system."	( Metabolomics describes previously unknown toxicity mechanisms of isoniazid and rifampicin. Combrink, M; du Preez, I; Loots, DT, 2020)
" The main toxic effect of the substances was related to inhibition of mitochondrial dehydrogenases (succinate dehydrogenase and α-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase) usually followed by suppression of activity of hydrolytic enzymes (acid phosphatase and non-specific esterase)."	( Cytochemical Evaluation of the Toxic Effects of Combined Antituberculosis Substances on Metabolic State of Blood Lymphocytes. Dolgushin, MV, 2020)
" Incidents of systemic adverse reactions (SARs) and treatment interruption rates in an elderly group (≥60 years old) and a young group (<60 years old) were analyzed."	( Safety and treatment completion of latent tuberculosis infection treatment in the elderly population-A prospective observational study in Taiwan. Chen, CY; Feng, JY; Huang, WC; Lee, SS; Li, CP; Lin, CB; Lin, SM; Pan, SW; Shu, CC; Su, WJ; Tung, CL; Wang, TY; Wei, YF, 2020)
" Owing to an unexpected high frequency of adverse events (70."	( Efficacy and safety of weekly rifapentine and isoniazid for tuberculosis prevention in Chinese silicosis patients: a randomized controlled trial. Cai, LM; Hong, JJ; Huang, XT; Jiang, T; Lin, MY; Ling, Q; Liu, XF; Ma, CL; Mao, JC; Pan, KC; Peng, GQ; Ruan, QL; Shao, LY; Shen, YJ; Wang, XD; Wang, XZ; Wu, J; Wu, TZ; Yang, QL; Zhang, WH, 2021)
" The regimen must be used with caution because of the high rates of adverse effects."	( Efficacy and safety of weekly rifapentine and isoniazid for tuberculosis prevention in Chinese silicosis patients: a randomized controlled trial. Cai, LM; Hong, JJ; Huang, XT; Jiang, T; Lin, MY; Ling, Q; Liu, XF; Ma, CL; Mao, JC; Pan, KC; Peng, GQ; Ruan, QL; Shao, LY; Shen, YJ; Wang, XD; Wang, XZ; Wu, J; Wu, TZ; Yang, QL; Zhang, WH, 2021)
" We report completion, drug-related adverse events (AE), and active tuberculosis incidence among people living with HIV; with renal failure or receiving immunosuppressants; using drugs or with hepatitis; with diabetes mellitus; consuming >1 alcoholic drink per week or current/former smokers; and with no health condition."	( Safety and Efficacy of Rifampin or Isoniazid Among People With Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus or Other Health Conditions: Post Hoc Analysis of 2 Randomized Trials. Al-Jahdali, H; Bah, B; Belo, M; Campbell, JR; Cook, VJ; Long, R; Menzies, D; Schwartzman, K; Trajman, A, 2021)
"Rifampin appears to be safe and as effective as isoniazid across many populations with health conditions, including HIV."	( Safety and Efficacy of Rifampin or Isoniazid Among People With Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus or Other Health Conditions: Post Hoc Analysis of 2 Randomized Trials. Al-Jahdali, H; Bah, B; Belo, M; Campbell, JR; Cook, VJ; Long, R; Menzies, D; Schwartzman, K; Trajman, A, 2021)
" Anemia was the most frequent severe adverse event (AE)."	( Safety and Effectiveness of an All-Oral, Bedaquiline-Based, Shorter Treatment Regimen for Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis in High Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Burden Rural South Africa: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis. Bulti, AB; Dumicho, A; Furin, J; Isaakidis, P; Mbatha, M; Ohler, L; Shigayeva, A; Tack, I; White, K, 2021)
" Since the introduction of new and repurposed anti-TB medications, the implementation of active TB Drug Safety Monitoring (aDSM) was a critical program component to help establish safety and manage all treatment related Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)."	( Incidence rate and time to serious adverse events among rifampicin resistant tuberculosis patients in Georgia treated with new and repurposed anti-tuberculosis drugs, 2016-2018. Buziashvili, M; Davtyan, H; Denisiuk, O; Gozalov, O; Hovhannesyan, A; Lomtadze, N; Sereda, Y, 2021)
" Inhaled delivery of high-dose rifampicin was safe to rat lungs and liver suggesting its potential for localized as well as systemic drug delivery without toxicity concerns."	( Studies on the safety and the tissue distribution of inhaled high-dose amorphous and crystalline rifampicin in a rat model. Das, SC; Dummer, J; Hill, PC; Katare, R; Khadka, P; Sinha, S; Tucker, IG, 2021)
" The aim was to describe the adverse effects of polychemotherapy, as well the most prevalent and most vulnerable populations."	( Adverse effects of polychemotherapy for leprosy in 13 years of follow-up at a university hospital. Brotas, AM; Carneiro, S; Daxbacher, EL; Tortelly, VD, )
" No other adverse events were observed."	( Safety and feasibility of 1 month of daily rifapentine plus isoniazid to prevent tuberculosis in children and adolescents: a prospective cohort study. Amanullah, F; Becerra, MC; Fareed, U; Farooq, S; Hussain, H; Jaswal, M; Keshavjee, S; Khan, AJ; Khan, H; Malik, AA; Nasir, K; Safdar, N; Shahbaz, S, 2021)
" We assessed effectiveness and predictors of drug adverse events (DAE) among patients treated with STR."	( Effectiveness and Safety of a Shorter Treatment Regimen in a Setting with a High Burden of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Akopyan, K; Ciobanu, A; Gadoev, J; Hovhannesyan, A; Kalandarova, L; Parpieva, N; Sadirova, D; Trubnikov, A, 2021)
"Effective yet safe treatment of latent tuberculosis is important for preventing the spread of tuberculosis and the progression to active disease in pediatric patients."	( Adverse events associated with weekly short course isoniazid and rifapentine therapy in pediatric patients with latent tuberculosis: A chart and literature review. Boyce, C; Huang, FS; Khalil, N; Kohlrieser, CM; Peck, GM; Schlaudecker, EP; Staat, MA, 2021)
"In this retrospective chart review, pediatric patients ages 2-20 years receiving 3HP with DOT for latent tuberculosis experienced frequent adverse events, more severe adverse events such as anaphylaxis, and higher treatment discontinuation than that which has been previously reported in the literature."	( Adverse events associated with weekly short course isoniazid and rifapentine therapy in pediatric patients with latent tuberculosis: A chart and literature review. Boyce, C; Huang, FS; Khalil, N; Kohlrieser, CM; Peck, GM; Schlaudecker, EP; Staat, MA, 2021)
"Our data suggests that the short course combination regimen for pediatric latent tuberculosis patients may have a higher adverse event rate than previously established."	( Adverse events associated with weekly short course isoniazid and rifapentine therapy in pediatric patients with latent tuberculosis: A chart and literature review. Boyce, C; Huang, FS; Khalil, N; Kohlrieser, CM; Peck, GM; Schlaudecker, EP; Staat, MA, 2021)
" Secondary outcomes were clinical signs and symptoms of pulmonary TB and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) related to anti-TB agents."	( Efficacy and safety of combined isoniazid-rifampicin-pyrazinamide-levofloxacin dry powder inhaler in treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: A randomized controlled trial. Kawkitinarong, K; Laohapojanart, N; Ratanajamit, C; Srichana, T, 2021)
" Adverse events (AEs) related to oral anti-TB agents, (e."	( Efficacy and safety of combined isoniazid-rifampicin-pyrazinamide-levofloxacin dry powder inhaler in treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: A randomized controlled trial. Kawkitinarong, K; Laohapojanart, N; Ratanajamit, C; Srichana, T, 2021)
" Except for one patient with transient drug-induced hepatitis, no other serious adverse events were observed."	( Efficacy and safety of rifampicin in patients with persistent hepatocellular secretory failure. Lian, M; Ma, X; Miao, Q; Sheng, L; Shi, M; Wang, Q; Xiao, X, 2021)
" A 3-month regimen of weekly isoniazid and rifapentine (3HP) is safe and effective for tuberculosis prevention in adults and children, including those with HIV, but 3HP has not been evaluated in pregnancy."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of 3 Months of Weekly Rifapentine and Isoniazid for Tuberculosis Prevention in Pregnant Women. Bradford, S; Britto, P; Chakhtoura, N; Chalermchockcharoentkit, A; Chipato, T; Dooley, KE; Gupta, A; Jayachandran, P; Kamthunzi, P; Langat, D; Mathad, JS; Montepiedra, G; Norman, J; Patil, S; Popson, S; Rouzier, V; Savic, R; Townley, E; Wiesner, L; Zhang, N, 2022)
" There were no drug-related serious adverse events, treatment discontinuations, or tuberculosis cases in women or infants."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of 3 Months of Weekly Rifapentine and Isoniazid for Tuberculosis Prevention in Pregnant Women. Bradford, S; Britto, P; Chakhtoura, N; Chalermchockcharoentkit, A; Chipato, T; Dooley, KE; Gupta, A; Jayachandran, P; Kamthunzi, P; Langat, D; Mathad, JS; Montepiedra, G; Norman, J; Patil, S; Popson, S; Rouzier, V; Savic, R; Townley, E; Wiesner, L; Zhang, N, 2022)
"It can be concluded from this meta-analysis that there is no significant relation of high-dose rifampicin with adverse events and the reduction of mortality in TBM patients."	( Safety and efficacy of high-dose rifampicin in the management of tuberculosis meningitis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Abay, SM; Charlie, L; Goretti, M; Mlera, RN; Mwango, S; Tesfaye, A, )
"Rifampicin doses of 40 mg/kg in adults are safe and well tolerated, may shorten anti-TB treatment and improve outcomes, but have not been evaluated in children."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of high-dose rifampicin in children with TB: the Opti-Rif trial. Aarnoutse, RE; Denti, P; Draper, HR; Fairlie, L; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; Karlsson, MO; Masenya, M; Norman, J; Schaaf, HS; Svensson, EM; van der Laan, LE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J, 2021)
" Approximately half of participants had an adverse event related to study rifampicin; none was grade 3 or higher."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of high-dose rifampicin in children with TB: the Opti-Rif trial. Aarnoutse, RE; Denti, P; Draper, HR; Fairlie, L; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; Karlsson, MO; Masenya, M; Norman, J; Schaaf, HS; Svensson, EM; van der Laan, LE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J, 2021)
"High rifampicin doses in children achieved target exposures and the doses evaluated were safe over 2 weeks."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of high-dose rifampicin in children with TB: the Opti-Rif trial. Aarnoutse, RE; Denti, P; Draper, HR; Fairlie, L; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; Karlsson, MO; Masenya, M; Norman, J; Schaaf, HS; Svensson, EM; van der Laan, LE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J, 2021)
" Adverse drug events were more frequent in the older age group (22."	( Safety of latent tuberculosis infection treatment in older patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Chung, C; Jo, KW; Kim, YJ; Shim, TS, 2022)
"LTBI treatment is generally safe in older patients with IMIDs, especially with respect to hepatotoxicity."	( Safety of latent tuberculosis infection treatment in older patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Chung, C; Jo, KW; Kim, YJ; Shim, TS, 2022)
" All serious adverse events and adverse events of special interest (AESI), leading to a treatment change, or judged significant by a clinician, were systematically monitored and documented."	( Safety and Effectiveness Outcomes From a 14-Country Cohort of Patients With Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Treated Concomitantly With Bedaquiline, Delamanid, and Other Second-Line Drugs. Ahmed, S; Bastard, M; Franke, MF; Grium Tefera, D; Hewison, C; Holtzman, D; Huerga, H; Islam, S; Jacques Leblanc, G; Khan, PY; Khan, U; Kumsa, A; Lachenal, N; Leonovich, O; Mamsa, S; Manzur-Ul-Alam, M; Melikyan, N; Mitnick, CD; Myint, Z; Osso, E; Padayachee, S; Rafi Siddiqui, M; Rashitov, M; Rich, ML; Salahuddin, N; Salia, G; Sánchez, E; Serobyan, A; Seung, KJ; Varaine, F; Vetushko, D; Yeghiazaryan, L, 2022)
"Concomitant use of Bdq and Dlm, along with linezolid and clofazimine, is safe and effective for MDR/RR-TB patients with extensive disease."	( Safety and Effectiveness Outcomes From a 14-Country Cohort of Patients With Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Treated Concomitantly With Bedaquiline, Delamanid, and Other Second-Line Drugs. Ahmed, S; Bastard, M; Franke, MF; Grium Tefera, D; Hewison, C; Holtzman, D; Huerga, H; Islam, S; Jacques Leblanc, G; Khan, PY; Khan, U; Kumsa, A; Lachenal, N; Leonovich, O; Mamsa, S; Manzur-Ul-Alam, M; Melikyan, N; Mitnick, CD; Myint, Z; Osso, E; Padayachee, S; Rafi Siddiqui, M; Rashitov, M; Rich, ML; Salahuddin, N; Salia, G; Sánchez, E; Serobyan, A; Seung, KJ; Varaine, F; Vetushko, D; Yeghiazaryan, L, 2022)
" RFB and RFM are both effective and safe to use in LDLT recipients with active TB."	( Comparative analysis of the drug-drug interaction between immunosuppressants, safety and efficacy of rifabutin from rifampicin-based Anti-TB treatment in living donor liver transplant recipients with active tuberculosis. Chan, YC; Chen, CL; Co, JS; Encarnacion, DD; Lee, WF; Lin, CC; Lin, TL; Salvador, NG; Wang, YC; Wu, CC, 2021)
"Hepatotoxicity is a well-known adverse effect of many substances, with toxicity often resulting from interactions of drugs with other drug-like substances."	( Implications for herbal polypharmacy: coumarin-induced hepatotoxicity increased through common herbal phytochemicals astragaloside IV and atractylenolide I. Britza, SM; Byard, RW; Musgrave, IF, 2022)
" The outcomes of interest were culture conversion and incidence of adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of daily treatments for drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Beraldi-Magalhães, F; Fernandez-Llimos, F; Imazu, P; Pontarolo, R; Santos, JM; Tonin, FS, 2022)
" The use of rifapentine 450 mg instead of rifampicin in the standard regimen demonstrated to be statistically safer than all other options for serious adverse events (e."	( Efficacy and safety of daily treatments for drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Beraldi-Magalhães, F; Fernandez-Llimos, F; Imazu, P; Pontarolo, R; Santos, JM; Tonin, FS, 2022)
"The WHO standard regimen remains an overall effective and safe alternative for DS-TB."	( Efficacy and safety of daily treatments for drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Beraldi-Magalhães, F; Fernandez-Llimos, F; Imazu, P; Pontarolo, R; Santos, JM; Tonin, FS, 2022)
" Ten children experienced 27 adverse events at least possibly related to bedaquiline; no adverse events led to bedaquiline withdrawal."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Bedaquiline in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Positive and Negative Older Children and Adolescents With Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis. Draper, HR; Fourie, B; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; Hughes, JA; Radtke, KK; Savic, RM; Schaaf, HS; Solans, BP; van der Laan, L; Wiesner, L; Winckler, JL, 2022)
"The evaluated doses of bedaquiline in children ≥ 6 years of age were safe but achieved slightly lower plasma concentrations compared to adults receiving the recommended dose, possibly due to delayed food intake relative to bedaquiline administration."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Bedaquiline in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Positive and Negative Older Children and Adolescents With Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis. Draper, HR; Fourie, B; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; Hughes, JA; Radtke, KK; Savic, RM; Schaaf, HS; Solans, BP; van der Laan, L; Wiesner, L; Winckler, JL, 2022)
"We used the Korea Adverse Event Reporting System (KAERS) database (2009-2018)."	( Analysis of Adverse Drug Reactions to First-Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs Using the Korea Adverse Event Reporting System. Byeon, SJ; Choi, JH; Chung, SJ, 2022)
" A shorter, less toxic and more efficacious regimen would improve outcomes for people with rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis."	( TB-PRACTECAL: study protocol for a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase II-III trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of regimens containing bedaquiline and pretomanid for the treatment of adult patients with pulmonary multidrug-resistant tubercul Berry, C; du Cros, P; Fielding, K; Gajewski, S; Kazounis, E; McHugh, TD; Merle, C; Moore, DAJ; Motta, I; Nyang'wa, BT, 2022)
"TB-PRACTECAL is an ambitious trial using adaptive design to accelerate regimen assessment and bring novel treatments that are effective and safe to patients quicker."	( TB-PRACTECAL: study protocol for a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase II-III trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of regimens containing bedaquiline and pretomanid for the treatment of adult patients with pulmonary multidrug-resistant tubercul Berry, C; du Cros, P; Fielding, K; Gajewski, S; Kazounis, E; McHugh, TD; Merle, C; Moore, DAJ; Motta, I; Nyang'wa, BT, 2022)
"We investigated adverse events in patients with prosthetic joint infections receiving combination therapy with linezolid, rifampicin, and clindamycin for ≥ 7 days."	( Safety of linezolid, rifampicin, and clindamycin combination therapy in patients with prosthetic joint infection. Kitaoka, A; Kobayashi, S; Ogura, T; Tagawa, S; Yasu, T, 2022)
"Refractory rifampicin-resistant/multidrug resistant/extensively-drug resistant tuberculosis (RR/MDR/XDR-TB) were defined as patients infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) resistant to rifampicin(RR-TB), or at least resistant to rifampicin and isoniazid (MDR-TB) or added resistant to fluoroquinolones (FQs) and one of second line injectable agents (XDR-TB), a patient for whom an effective regimen (fewer than 4 effective agents due to adverse events (AEs) or multiple drug resistances) cannot be developed."	( Effectiveness and safety of bedaquiline-containing regimens for treatment on patients with refractory RR/MDR/XDR-tuberculosis: a retrospective cohort study in East China. Fan, L; Li, YP; Sun, WW; Xiao, HP; Yang, Y; Zhang, SJ; Zhang, ZM; Zhang, ZS, 2022)
" Meanwhile, the types and incidence of adverse effects associated with LZD were evaluated."	( Linezolid-related adverse effects in the treatment of rifampicin resistant tuberculosis: a retrospective study. Chen, G; Cui, D; Hu, X; Shi, L; Wang, D, 2023)
" Of 106 evaluated, 95 (90%) were successfully treated, six (6%) were lost-to-follow-up, one (1%) died, and four (4%) had treatment failure, including three with permanent regimen change owing to adverse events (AE) and one with culture reversion."	( Effectiveness and safety of bedaquiline-based, modified all-oral 9-11-month treatment regimen for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in Vietnam. Decroo, T; Hoang, TTT; Le, THM; Merle, CSC; Nguyen, BH; Nguyen, NL; Nguyen, TMP; Nguyen, VN; Pedrazzoli, D, 2023)
"4:1:1) to 3 treatment arms (1, standard of care [SOC]; 2, SOC + additional rifampicin [up to 35 mg/kg/d] + linezolid 1200 mg/d reducing after 28 days to 600 mg/d; 3, as per arm 2 + aspirin 1000 mg/d) for 56 days, when the primary outcome of adverse events of special interest (AESI) or death was assessed."	( A Phase 2A Trial of the Safety and Tolerability of Increased Dose Rifampicin and Adjunctive Linezolid, With or Without Aspirin, for Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Tuberculous Meningitis: The LASER-TBM Trial. Aziz, S; Banderker, IA; Black, J; Bremer, M; Candy, S; Crede, T; Daroowala, R; Davis, AG; Denti, P; Goliath, R; Jackson, A; Jason Liang, C; Kadernani, Y; Koekemoer, S; Lai Sai, L; Lai, RPJ; Maartens, G; Maxebengula, M; Meintjes, G; Moosa, MS; Naude, J; Offiah, C; Raubenheimer, P; Sihoyiya, T; Stegmann, S; Stek, C; Szymanski, P; Vallie, Y; Vorster, I; Wahl, G; Wasserman, S; Wilkinson, RJ, 2023)
"Rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) treatment requires combination treatment, which frequently causes serious adverse events and globally results in not much more than 60% treatment success."	( Safety, effectiveness, and adherence of a short and all-oral treatment regimen for the treatment of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in Niger: a study protocol of a pragmatic randomised clinical trial with stratified block randomisation. Adehossi, E; Decroo, T; Gagara-Issoufou, A; Halidou-Moussa, S; Mamadou, S; Maman Lawan, I; Ortuño-Gutiérrez, N; Piubello, A; Souleymane, MB; Soumana, A; Van Deun, A, 2022)
" Thus, we conclude that diosmin may be used along with anti-tubercular drugs (isoniazid and rifampin) in tuberculosis patients to overcome their hepatotoxic adverse effect."	( Hepatoprotective potential of diosmin against hepatotoxic effect of isoniazid and rifampin in wistar rats. Ahmed, RA; Alam, MF; Alqahtani, SS; Alruwaili, MN; Alshahrani, S; Anwer, T; Jali, A; Moni, SS, )
"Within a randomized clinical trial, clinical response and adverse events of high-dose rifampicin (900-1200 mg/day) plus doxycycline 100 mg twice daily were compared with standard-dose rifampicin (600 mg/day) plus doxycycline 100 mg twice daily in 120 patients with brucellosis."	( Comparing efficacy and safety of high-dose and standard-dose rifampicin in the treatment of brucellosis: a randomized clinical trial. Abbasi, A; Farbod, F; Jafari, S; Khalili, H; Rahmani, H; Salehi, M, 2023)
" The most common adverse events of the treatment were nausea (37."	( Comparing efficacy and safety of high-dose and standard-dose rifampicin in the treatment of brucellosis: a randomized clinical trial. Abbasi, A; Farbod, F; Jafari, S; Khalili, H; Rahmani, H; Salehi, M, 2023)
"The rate of clinical response in patients with brucellosis who were treated with high-dose rifampicin plus standard-dose doxycycline was significantly higher than in the patients who received the standard doses of rifampicin and doxycycline, without further adverse events."	( Comparing efficacy and safety of high-dose and standard-dose rifampicin in the treatment of brucellosis: a randomized clinical trial. Abbasi, A; Farbod, F; Jafari, S; Khalili, H; Rahmani, H; Salehi, M, 2023)
" Eligible studies compared 3HP or 4R to 6 months or 9 months of isoniazid and reported treatment completion, adverse events, or incidence of tuberculosis disease."	( Completion, safety, and efficacy of tuberculosis preventive treatment regimens containing rifampicin or rifapentine: an individual patient data network meta-analysis. Belknap, R; Benedetti, A; Borisov, A; Campbell, JR; Chaisson, RE; Chan, PC; Martinson, N; Menzies, D; Nahid, P; Scott, NA; Sizemore, E; Sterling, TR; Villarino, ME; Wang, JY; Winters, N, 2023)
" For treatment-related adverse events leading to drug discontinuation, risks were higher for 3HP than for 4R for adverse events of any severity (aRR 2·86 [2·12-4·21]; aRD 0·03 [0·02-0·05]) and for grade 3-4 adverse events (aRR 3·46 [2·09-6·17]; aRD 0·02 [0·01-0·03])."	( Completion, safety, and efficacy of tuberculosis preventive treatment regimens containing rifampicin or rifapentine: an individual patient data network meta-analysis. Belknap, R; Benedetti, A; Borisov, A; Campbell, JR; Chaisson, RE; Chan, PC; Martinson, N; Menzies, D; Nahid, P; Scott, NA; Sizemore, E; Sterling, TR; Villarino, ME; Wang, JY; Winters, N, 2023)
"In the absence of RCTs, our individual patient data network meta-analysis indicates that 3HP provided an increase in treatment completion over 4R, but was associated with a higher risk of adverse events."	( Completion, safety, and efficacy of tuberculosis preventive treatment regimens containing rifampicin or rifapentine: an individual patient data network meta-analysis. Belknap, R; Benedetti, A; Borisov, A; Campbell, JR; Chaisson, RE; Chan, PC; Martinson, N; Menzies, D; Nahid, P; Scott, NA; Sizemore, E; Sterling, TR; Villarino, ME; Wang, JY; Winters, N, 2023)

Pharmacokinetics

Study was to determine if there is a pharmacokinetic interaction when amprenavir is given with rifabutin or rifampin and to determine the effects of these drugs on the ERMBT.

Excerpt	Reference
"Two-stage pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in patients suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis treated with rifampicin (RMP)."	( Studies on pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in the body of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Pawlowska, I; Pniewski, T, 1979)
" The average elimination half-life of hexobarbital had decreased from 624 to 262 min and that of tolbutamide from 292 to 160 min following rifampicin treatment."	( Stimulation of drug metabolism by rifampicin in patients with cirrhosis or cholestasis measured by increased hexobarbital and tolbutamide clearance. Breimer, DD; Richter, E; Zilly, W, 1977)
" The average elimination half-life of hexobarbital had decreased from 325 to 122 min and of tolbutamide from 418 to 183 min following rifampicin treatment."	( Induction of drug metabolism in man after rifampicin treatment measured by increased hexobarbital and tolbutamide clearance. Breimer, DD; Richter, E; Zilly, W, 1975)
" On average, the Cmax then is approximately 300 ng/ml, which is achieved rapidly within 30 min after drug intake."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of nicorandil in humans: an overview. Frydman, A, 1992)
" The absorption rate constant was found to be lower and the time to reach peak concentration was longer after drug administration at 24."	( Chronopharmacokinetics of rifampicin. Avachat, MK; Rambhau, D; Rao, BR; Rao, JV; Rao, VV, 1992)
" The results suggested that the pharmacokinetic behavior of Iso in rats belonged to a 2-compartment model."	( Effects of rifampicin on pharmacokinetics of isoniazid and its metabolite acetylhydrazine in rats. Cheng, WB; Li, D; Wang, ZY; Zhang, RL, 1992)
" Mean peak ciprofloxacin concentrations and other pharmacokinetic parameters were not altered significantly by coadministration of either rifampin or clindamycin."	( Crossover assessment of serum bactericidal activity and pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin alone and in combination in healthy elderly volunteers. Deeter, RG; Gross, JS; Swanson, KA; Weinstein, MP, 1991)
"The here described investigations show correspondingly that the administration of isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide in a fixed combination of the administration of the individual substances is bioequivalent under pharmacokinetic aspects."	( [Pharmacokinetic aspects of tuberculosis therapy with a fixed combination of rifampicin, isoniazide and pyrazinamide]. Lode, H; Schaberg, T, 1991)
"The purpose of this clinical study was to investigate the influence of concomitant drug therapy with ciprofloxacin and rifampin on the individual pharmacokinetic profile of each agent in elderly patients."	( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of concurrent oral ciprofloxacin and rifampin therapy in elderly patients. Chandler, MH; Korvick, JA; Muder, RR; Rapp, RP; Toler, SM, 1990)
" In order to determine the endoplasmatic reticulum enzyme function, 6-beta-hydroxycortisol excretion and antipyrine pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated."	( Comparative effects of rifampin and/or probenecid on the pharmacokinetics of temazepam and nitrazepam. Brockmeyer, NH; Goos, M; Klimek, K; Mertins, L; Ohnhaus, EE, 1990)
"We investigated the pharmacokinetic interaction of RMP (administered from the first day of treatment onwards), PZA (given from the second day onwards), and INH (day 17 onwards) in ten, previously untreated patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (five slow acetylators and five fast acetylators)."	( [Clinico-pharmacokinetic interactions of rifampicin, pyrazinamide and isoniazide]. Loos, U; Musch, E; Schwabe, HK, 1990)
"0748 hr-1), elimination half-life (average reduction, 13."	( Influence of rifampin on tocainide pharmacokinetics in humans. Celestin, C; Foster, JR; Patterson, JH; Powell, JR; Rice, TL, 1989)
" Numerous pharmacokinetic drug interactions of potential clinical significance exist because other drugs may induce or inhibit the metabolism of CyA."	( Cyclosporine pharmacokinetic drug interactions. Baciewicz, AM; Baciewicz, FA, 1989)
" To show distribution profiles of antituberculous drugs in patients in organs and tissues of experimental animals after their administration alone or in combination, pharmacokinetic parameters of isoniazid and rifampicin were studied."	( [Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid and rifampicin in an experiment and in clinical practice]. Anisimova, NB; Karkishchenko, NN; Khoron'ko, VV; Lavrushko, AN; Vorob'ev, VS, 1988)
" So, the main pharmacokinetic parameters of doxycycline (200 mg/day orally) in seven patients before and after rifampicin association (10 mg/kg/day)."	( [Effects of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of doxycycline]. Bernard, E; Beziau, H; Chichmanian, RM; Dellamonica, P; Fournier, JP; Garraffo, R; Lapalus, P, 1987)
" Three days after rifampicin the elimination half-life of dapsone was reduced from 40."	( Influence of once-monthly rifampicin and daily clofazimine on the pharmacokinetics of dapsone in leprosy patients in Nigeria. Pieters, FA; Woonink, F; Zuidema, J, 1988)
"This study assessed the potential pharmacokinetic interaction between rifampicin and ketoconazole, two drugs used to treat the increasingly common combination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Candida albicans infection in AIDS patients."	( Pharmacokinetic study of the interaction between rifampicin and ketoconazole. Doble, N; Keal, EE; Lush, M; Rowland-Hill, C; Shaw, R; Warnock, DW, 1988)
" The pharmacokinetic analysis of oral rifampicin was performed using a one-compartment open model with absorption."	( The effects of peptidoglycan, a pyrogenic constituent of gram-positive microorganisms, on the pharmacokinetics of rifampicin. Lavický, J; Rasková, H; Rotta, J; Urbanová, Z; Vanĕcek, J, 1988)
" The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) and plasma half-life of this material were measured before and after 6 days of rifampicin treatment (600 mg/day) in seven patients with Addison's disease due to tuberculosis."	( Pharmacokinetics of aldosterone in patients with Addison's disease: effect of rifampicin treatment on glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid metabolism. Benker, G; Mönig, H; Ohnhaus, EE; Pagel, H; Reinwein, D; Schulte, HM, 1987)
" The plasma elimination half-life of lidocaine was markedly shortened after rifampicin treatment, due to a diminished volume of distribution."	( Influence of enhanced alpha-1-acid glycoprotein concentration on protein binding, pharmacokinetics and antiarrhythmic effect of lidocaine in the dog. Belpaire, FM; Bogaert, MG; De Rick, AF; Dello, C, 1987)
"02 micrograms kg-1 given intravenously 1 h prior to the oral administration of RFP (20 mg kg-1) induced considerable pharmacokinetic changes."	( Bacterial pyrogens of different origin and pharmacokinetics of rifampicin. Celeda, L; Krecek, J; Kvĕtina, J; Lavický, J; Rasková, H; Urbanová, Z; Vanĕcek, J, 1987)
" However, the pharmacokinetic data relevant to the antibiotic administration in the above doses were satisfactorily described by the biexponential equation."	( [Modelling of rifampicin pharmacokinetics in experimental animals administered the drug intravenously and internally]. Firsov, AA; Fomina, IP; Stepanov, VM; Umnova, LV, 1986)
" The elimination half-life was 17."	( Pharmacokinetics of rifampin given as a single oral dose in foals. Brown, MP; Castro, LA; Gronwall, R; Houston, AE; Miles, N, 1986)
" In spite of this minimal portion the course of pharmacokinetic processes can distinctly be learned from its alterations."	( [The pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in the intermittent treatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. 1. Excretion of rifampicin in the urine]. Eule, H; Iwainsky, H; Werner, E; Winsel, K, 1985)
"A comparative pharmacokinetic study of Lositril (rifampicin) was carried out in six multibacillary and twelve paucibacillary leprosy cases."	( Effect of clofazimine and dapsone on rifampicin (Lositril) pharmacokinetics in multibacillary and paucibacillary leprosy cases. Gandhi, IS; Mehta, J; Sane, SB; Wamburkar, MN, )
"The unique pharmacokinetic properties of rifampin in humans are discussed in this review."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of rifampin in humans. Acocella, G, )
" By an iteration process, based on non-linear regression analysis, the following pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated: Vd, Ka, Ke, T0."	( Pharmacokinetics of antituberculosis drugs after oral isolated and simultaneous administration in triple combination. Janků, I; Papezová, E; Stastná, J; Tousek, J; Zítková, L, 1983)
"The good results gotten employing short-term (6 months) medication regimes with rifampin, isoniazid and an initial supplement (2 months) of streptomycin and pyrazinamide, gave an impulse to pharmacodynamic research."	( [Pharmacokinetics of antitubercular agents in man]. Acocella, G, 1984)
"A pharmacokinetic study was carried out in 18 male patients in order to assess the blood concentrations of rifampicin after intravenous administration of 3 different doses (600, 900 and 1200 mg) over 3 different periods of infusion (1, 2 and 3 hours)."	( Pharmacokinetic study on intravenous rifampicin in man. Acocella, G; Conti, R; Pagani, V; Pallanza, R; Perna, G; Segre, G; Simone, P, 1984)
" Terminal plasma half-life ranged between 14 and 18 hours; the compound is eliminated mainly via the bile with the feces (92% of dose)."	( Pharmacokinetics of rifapentine, a new long lasting rifamycin, in the rat, the mouse and the rabbit. Assandri, A; Cristina, T; Ratti, B, 1984)
" After rifampicin treatment the elimination half-life of antipyrine had decreased in all patients from 12."	( Influence of rifampicin treatment on antipyrine clearance and metabolite formation in patients with tuberculosis. Bakker, W; Breimer, DD; Meerburg-Van der Torren, JE; Teunissen, MW, 1984)
" The comparative pharmacokinetic properties of rifampicin and clindamycin demonstrated that the peak serum and abscess levels reached with rifampicin were significantly higher than those of clindamycin."	( Therapeutic efficacy and pharmacokinetic properties of rifampicin in a Bacteroides fragilis intra-abdominal abscess. Fu, KP; Kimble, EF; Konopka, EA; Lasinski, ER; Zoganas, HC, 1984)
" The same applies to the Cmax value (1."	( Pharmacokinetic studies of rifampicin in the elderly. Advenier, C; Bidet, D; Gobert, C; Houin, G; Richelet, S; Tillement, JP, 1983)
" The reduction in area under the time concentration curve of free, non-protein bound prednisolone was 56."	( Changes in prednisolone pharmacokinetics and protein binding during treatment with rifampicin. Bergrem, H; Refvem, OK, 1983)
"The pharmacodynamic properties of levofloxacin (an optically active isomer of ofloxacin), ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, alone and in combination with rifampin, were evaluated over 24 to 48 h against clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA 1199 and MRSA 494, respectively) in an in vitro infection model."	( Pharmacodynamics of levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, alone and in combination with rifampin, against methicillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro infection model. Kaatz, GW; Kang, SL; McGrath, BJ; Rybak, MJ; Seo, SM, 1994)
" There were significant changes in caffeine plasma half-life (6."	( The influence of rifampin treatment on caffeine clearance in healthy man. Generet, K; Marschall, HU; Matern, S; Wietholtz, H; Zysset, T, 1995)
" Pharmacokinetic parameters (mean +/- SEM) were: Cmax 13."	( Determination of oral rifampin pharmacokinetic parameters in Mexicans and comparison with other populations: absence of evidence for interethnic variability. Castañeda-Hernández, G; Flores-Murrieta, FJ; Herrera, JE; Hong, E, 1994)
" The calculated CLH values were then compared to literature values of clearance (CL) to the same metabolite obtained during pharmacokinetic studies in humans."	( Predicting the hepatic clearance of xenobiotics in humans from in vitro data. Hoener, BA, 1994)
"h/liter) and the terminal half-life of fleroxacin (11."	( Influence of rifampin on fleroxacin pharmacokinetics. Dayer, P; Leemann, T; Lew, DP; Portmann, R; Schrenzel, J; Weidekamm, E, 1993)
" Serial IV pharmacokinetic studies of prednisolone (1 mg/kg) in groups of 3 patients over a 1 month period of rifampin co-treatment or after its withdrawal, revealed significant changes in the area under the curve, the total clearance, the non-renal clearance and the half-life."	( Time course of the changes in prednisolone pharmacokinetics after co-administration or discontinuation of rifampin. Chong, WS; Jang, IJ; Kim, S; Lee, JS; Lee, KH; Shin, JG; Shin, SG, 1993)
" Pharmacokinetic variables for rifampin determined using the HPLC method were comparable to variables reported from earlier studies utilizing a microbiological assay."	( Pharmacokinetics of single intravenous and single and multiple dose oral administration of rifampin in mares. Kohn, CW; Kowalski, JJ; Powers, J; Sams, R; Wallace, S, 1993)
"A potential pharmacokinetic interaction between rifampin (Rimactan, Rifadin) and zidovudine (AZT, Retrovir) was investigated in the population of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients at our hospital."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between rifampin and zidovudine. Beijnen, JH; Burger, DM; Koks, CH; Meenhorst, PL, 1993)
" For the above penicillins pharmacokinetic data are scarce, and clinical experience is limited."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antistaphylococcal antibiotics in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Keller, E, 1993)
" Plasma levodopa and levodopa metabolite pharmacokinetic profiles were determined using standard techniques."	( A clinical and pharmacokinetic case study of an interaction of levodopa and antituberculous therapy in Parkinson's disease. O'Connell, MT; Patsalos, PN; Quinn, NP; Wenning, GK, 1995)
" The coadministration of rifampin resulted in a 18 fold decrease of the Cmax of itraconazole [from 113."	( [Pharmacokinetic interaction between itraconazole and rifampin in Yucatan miniature pigs]. Cavalier, A; Elkhaili, H; Jehl, F; Kaltenbach, G; Levêque, D; Monteil, H; Peter, JD; Salmon, J; Salmon, Y, 1996)
"To compare the pharmacokinetic parameters and the clinical efficacy of isoniazid, administered in 10 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg to children suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis."	( Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid in pulmonary tuberculosis--a comparative study at two dose levels. Chopra, K; Roy, V; Tekur, U, 1996)
"Rifabutin is structurally similar to rifampin, but there are important pharmacokinetic differences between the two drugs."	( The clinical pharmacokinetics of rifabutin. Blaschke, TF; Skinner, MH, 1996)
" Theophylline concentrations were determined for 46 h after each dose, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined."	( Induction of theophylline clearance by rifampin and rifabutin in healthy male volunteers. Bruzzese, VL; Gillum, JG; Israel, DS; Polk, RE; Sesler, JM, 1996)
"We compared the pharmacodynamic activities of levofloxacin versus vancomycin, with or without rifampin, in an in vitro model with infected platelet-fibrin clots simulating vegetations."	( Pharmacodynamics of once- or twice-daily levofloxacin versus vancomycin, with or without rifampin, against Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro model with infected platelet-fibrin clots. Palmer, SM; Rybak, MJ, 1996)
"The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetics and subsequent pharmacodynamic interaction of MPC-1304, a dihydropyridine Ca2+ antagonist, with other drugs in animal experiments."	( Interaction of some drugs on the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of MPC-1304, a dihydropyridine Ca2+ antagonist. Miyake, H; Miyoshi, K; Nakano, M; Nishizaki, J; Umeno, Y; Yoshida, K, )
"In the bioavailability studies with drugs biotransformed to biologically active metabolities only the concentrations of the parent drug (PD) are usually taken into account even when the pharmacokinetic data on the metabolite(s) (M) are available."	( [Correlation between pharmacokinetic parameters of rifampicin and its biologically active metabolite as related to estimation of the relative bioavailability of the antibiotic]. Dombrovskiĭ, VS; Firsov, AA; Gagaeva, EV; Kadenatsi, IB; Strachunskiĭ, LS, 1996)
"The pharmacodynamic effects of amikacin, imipenem, ofloxacin, rifampin, and vancomycin were studied on the slime-producing, oxacillin-resistant strain Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984 growing in Mueller Hinton broth or, in order to inhibit growth, incubated in phosphate-buffered saline."	( Pharmacodynamic effects of antibiotics and antibiotic combinations on growing and nongrowing Staphylococcus epidermidis cells. Hanberger, H; Nilsson, LE; Svensson, E, 1997)
" A one-compartment open model with first-order absorption and elimination was used as the structural pharmacokinetic model."	( Population pharmacokinetics of dapsone administered biweekly to human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Bassetti, D; Casazza, R; Cruciani, M; Gatti, G; Hossein, J; Karlsson, M; Merighi, M; Travaini, S, 1996)
"The pharmacokinetic interaction of oral rifampicin (1200 mg) and oral nifedipine (10 mg capsules), given as single doses, was investigated in six healthy volunteers (mean age 28."	( The effect of single does of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of oral nifedipine. Abdu-Aguye, I; Mustapha, A; Ndanusa, BU, 1997)
" time curve (AUC), the maximum concentration, or the terminal half-life (t1/2) of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide."	( Pharmacokinetics of antimycobacterial drugs in patients with tuberculosis, AIDS, and diarrhea. Aoki, FY; Choudhri, SH; Gathua, S; Hawken, M; Long, R; Minyiri, GO; Sahai, J; Sitar, DS; Watkins, W, 1997)
" The pharmacokinetic behaviors of INH, RIF, and PZA were well described by the three methods used."	( Population pharmacokinetic modeling of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide. Bulpitt, AE; Jaresko, GS; Jelliffe, RW; Keung, AC; Peloquin, CA; Yong, CL, 1997)
" Maximum plasma concentration of rifapentine was lower, time to maximum plasma concentration (tmax) was greater, and elimination half-life (t 1/2) was longer in the patients with moderate-to-severe hepatic dysfunction than in those with mild-to-moderate dysfunction."	( Pharmacokinetics of rifapentine in patients with varying degrees of hepatic dysfunction. Eller, MG; Keung, AC; Weir, SJ, 1998)
"This study was undertaken to characterize the pharmacokinetic profiles of rifapentine and its active metabolite, 25-desacetlyl rifapentine, in elderly men."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of rifapentine in elderly men. Eller, MG; Keung, AC; Weir, SJ, 1998)
" The control group consisted of 20 healthy, young (18-45 years) males volunteers from a previous, single-dose (600 mg) rifapentine pharmacokinetic study."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of rifapentine in elderly men. Eller, MG; Keung, AC; Weir, SJ, 1998)
" Disposition of rifapentine was monophasic with a mean terminal half-life of 19."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of rifapentine in elderly men. Eller, MG; Keung, AC; Weir, SJ, 1998)
"Because the aged-related changes in the pharmacokinetic profile of rifapentine observed in this study were modest and unlikely to be associated with toxicity, no dosage adjustments for this antibiotic are recommended in elderly patients."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of rifapentine in elderly men. Eller, MG; Keung, AC; Weir, SJ, 1998)
" Plasma samples were obtained at frequent intervals for up to 72 hr after the dose to determine the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of rifapentine and its active metabolite, 25-desacetyl-rifapentine."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of rifapentine in women. Eller, MG; Keung, AC; Weir, SJ, 1998)
" Small differences were found in mean tmax (0."	( Pharmacokinetics of dolasetron with coadministration of cimetidine or rifampin in healthy subjects. Arumugham, T; Cramer, MB; Dimmitt, DC; Keung, A; Weir, SJ, 1999)
"Based on the small changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of dolasetron and its active metabolites, as well as the favorable safety results, no dosage adjustments for dolasetron mesylate are recommended with concomitant administration of cimetidine or rifampin."	( Pharmacokinetics of dolasetron with coadministration of cimetidine or rifampin in healthy subjects. Arumugham, T; Cramer, MB; Dimmitt, DC; Keung, A; Weir, SJ, 1999)
" A pharmacokinetic interaction with rifampin, an antituberculosis agent and potent inducer of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein, and tacrolimus was evaluated in six healthy male volunteers."	( Effects of rifampin on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Bekersky, I; Dressler, D; Fisher, RM; Hebert, MF; Marsh, CL, 1999)
"05) and the Cmax by 57% (P<0."	( Interactions of buspirone with itraconazole and rifampicin: effects on the pharmacokinetics of the active 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)-piperazine metabolite of buspirone. Kivistö, KT; Lamberg, TS; Neuvonen, PJ, 1999)
"001]) and the elimination half-life (t1/2) by 38% (P < ."	( The effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous ondansetron. Kivistö, KT; Neuvonen, PJ; Villikka, K, 1999)
" Pharmacokinetic data from a previously published healthy volunteer study were used for comparison."	( Pharmacokinetics of rifapentine in subjects seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus: a phase I study. Eller, MG; Keung, AC; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Owens, RC; Weir, SJ, 1999)
"An open randomized cross-over study was conducted in 8 healthy male volunteers to study the pharmacokinetic pattern and the safety of a 300-mg single oral dose of a new 3-azinomethyl-rifamycin (USAN rifametane, SPA-S-565) compared with 300 mg of conventional rifampicin."	( Phase I pharmacokinetic study of a new 3-azinomethyl-rifamycin (rifametane) as compared to rifampicin. Ajay, S; Bruzzese, T; Cooverji, ND; Gogtay, N; Gokhale, P; Kshirsagar, NA; Potkar, C, )
" Multiple doses of trikatu also reduced the Cmax and delayed the Tmax of rifampicin although not to a statistically significant level."	( Effect of trikatu, an Ayurvedic prescription, on the pharmacokinetic profile of rifampicin in rabbits. Bhargava, VK; Garg, SK; Karan, RS, 1999)
"In the present study, Diabecon (D-400), a herbomineral anti-diabetic preparation, was studied for its pharmacokinetic interaction with the commonly used drugs rifampicin and nifedipine."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of Diabecon (D-400) with rifampicin and nifedipine. Gopumadhavan, S; Mitra, SK; Sundaram, R; Venkataranganna, MV, )
" Subsequently model-independent methods were used to determine the pharmacokinetic profiles for each subject."	( Rifapentine pharmacokinetics in adolescents. Abdel-Rahman, S; Johnson, K; Kauffman, RE; Kearns, GL; Marshall, JD, 1999)
" The Cmax and the elimination half life were reduced 3 times."	( Rifampicin treatment greatly increases the apparent oral clearance of quinidine. Brøsen, K; Damkier, P; Hansen, LL, 1999)
" These data provide a pharmacokinetic rationale for extended-interval dosing."	( Single-dose intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of rifapentine in normal subjects. Conte, JE; Golden, JA; Kipps, J; Lin, ET; McQuitty, M; Zurlinden, E, 2000)
"The objective of this study was to determine if there is a pharmacokinetic interaction when amprenavir is given with rifabutin or rifampin and to determine the effects of these drugs on the erythromycin breath test (ERMBT)."	( Pharmacokinetic Interaction between amprenavir and rifabutin or rifampin in healthy males. Brophy, DF; Chittick, GE; Israel, DS; Kristoff, D; Lou, Y; Patron, R; Polk, RE; Sadler, BM; Stein, DS; Symonds, WT, 2001)
" Rifampicin pharmacokinetic studies were carried out on day 1 and day 15."	( Effect of indinavir on the pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in HIV-infected patients. Jaruratanasirikul, S; Sriwiriyajan, S, 2001)
" Treatment with ciprofloxacin significantly increased the half-life and also significantly decreased the maximum peak concentration of rifampicin."	( Rifampicin pharmacokinetics with and without ciprofloxacin. Afonne, OJ; Agbasi, PU; Obi, E; Ofoefule, SI; Orisakwe, OE; Orish, CN, )
" However, cytochrome P-450 content and the pharmacokinetic parameters of diazepam were not changed in the RFP + INH group."	( [Effects of rifampin and isoniazid on the pharmacokinetics of diazepam in rabbits]. Long, CF; Lou, YC; Zhang, Y, 1997)
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with noncompartmental methods, and t tests were used for comparisons between the phases and between the smokers and nonsmokers."	( Effect of rifampin and tobacco smoking on the pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine. Ahonen, J; Jokinen, MJ; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT, 2001)
"There were no statistically significant differences in the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), plasma clearance (CL), or half-life (t(1/2)) of ropivacaine between the smokers and nonsmokers."	( Effect of rifampin and tobacco smoking on the pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine. Ahonen, J; Jokinen, MJ; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT, 2001)
" Everolimus half-life was reduced significantly, from an average of 32 hours to 24 hours."	( Effect of rifampin on apparent clearance of everolimus. Figueiredo, J; Hartmann, S; Kovarik, JM; Port, A; Rordorf, C; Rouilly, M, 2002)
" The pharmacokinetic profile of repaglinide and the improvements in post-prandial hyperglycaemia and overall glycaemic control make repaglinide suitable for administration preprandially, with the opportunity for flexible meal arrangements, including skipped meals, without the risk of hypoglycaemia."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide. Hatorp, V, 2002)
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetic interactions between efavirenz and rifampicin (rifampin) in patients with HIV infection and tuberculosis."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between efavirenz and rifampicin in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis. Alarcón-González, A; Gómez-Mateos, J; León-Jimenez, E; López-Cortés, LF; López-Pua, Y; Pachón, J; Ruiz-Valderas, R; Sarasanacenta, M; Viciana, P, 2002)
"Nonblind, randomised, pharmacokinetic study."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between efavirenz and rifampicin in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis. Alarcón-González, A; Gómez-Mateos, J; León-Jimenez, E; López-Cortés, LF; López-Pua, Y; Pachón, J; Ruiz-Valderas, R; Sarasanacenta, M; Viciana, P, 2002)
"Plasma concentrations of efavirenz and rifampicin were quantified by using validated high performance liquid chromatography assays, and pharmacokinetic parameter values were determined by noncompartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between efavirenz and rifampicin in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis. Alarcón-González, A; Gómez-Mateos, J; León-Jimenez, E; López-Cortés, LF; López-Pua, Y; Pachón, J; Ruiz-Valderas, R; Sarasanacenta, M; Viciana, P, 2002)
"There was a correlation between the pharmacokinetic parameters of efavirenz and the dose/kg administered."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between efavirenz and rifampicin in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis. Alarcón-González, A; Gómez-Mateos, J; León-Jimenez, E; López-Cortés, LF; López-Pua, Y; Pachón, J; Ruiz-Valderas, R; Sarasanacenta, M; Viciana, P, 2002)
" We present detailed pharmacokinetic (PK) data for amikacin (AMK), ethambutol (EMB), INH, pyrazinamide (PZA), RIF, and levofloxacin in four female bongos."	( Population pharmacokinetics of antituberculous drugs and treatment of Mycobacterium bovis infection in bongo antelope (Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci). Aguilar, R; Auclair, B; Maslow, JN; Mikota, SK; Peloquin, CA, 2002)
" Data from controlled release experiments in vitro were used, and the concentration time courses of the antimicrobials in serum were calculated by pharmacokinetic simulations."	( Pharmacokinetics of the antimicrobial agents rifampicin and miconazole released from a loaded central venous catheter. Güttler, K; König, DP; Korenkov, M; Rump, AF; Schierholz, JM; Yücel, N, 2003)
" Peak plasma concentration (Cmax), Tmax, elimination half-life (t1/2e) and AUC0- infinity of alginate drugs were significantly higher than those of free drugs."	( Alginate-based oral drug delivery system for tuberculosis: pharmacokinetics and therapeutic effects. Garg, SK; Khuller, GK; Sharma, S, 2003)
" Intensive steady-state pharmacokinetic sampling from baseline to 8 hours revealed very low plasma concentrations of nelfinavir: area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-24)) <10% of adult population values for 750 mg every 8 hours and nonquantifiable concentrations of nelfinavir's principal metabolite (M8)."	( Ritonavir-enhanced pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir/M8 during rifampin use. Bergshoeff, AS; Burger, DM; Geelen, SP; Wolfs, TF, 2003)
" Ritonavir resolved the pharmacokinetic interaction between rifampin and nelfinavir by boosting nelfinavir and, especially, M8 concentrations."	( Ritonavir-enhanced pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir/M8 during rifampin use. Bergshoeff, AS; Burger, DM; Geelen, SP; Wolfs, TF, 2003)
" The results have shown that the pattern of absorption, plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters were found to be very similar after administration of the drugs in free and fixed combinations."	( The pharmacokinetic factors and bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamid fixed in one dose capsule. Augustynowicz-Kopeć, E; Niemirowska-Mikulska, H; Zwolska, Z, )
"5 mg/kg) administration of MDZ, and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by fitting to a noncompartmental model."	( Expression of the human CYP3A4 gene in the small intestine of transgenic mice: in vitro metabolism and pharmacokinetics of midazolam. Akiyama, TE; Cheung, C; Elizondo, G; Feigenbaum, L; Gonzalez, FJ; Granvil, CP; Krausz, KW; Yu, AM, 2003)
"Potential alternatives, including linezolid, adjunctive rifampin, and moxifloxacin, were evaluated against vancomycin-tolerant (P9802-020) and vancomycin-susceptible clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model."	( Linezolid and vancomycin, alone and in combination with rifampin, compared with moxifloxacin against a multidrug-resistant and a vancomycin-tolerant Streptococcus pneumoniae strain in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Cha, R; Rybak, MJ, 2003)
"The concentration and half-life of theophylline was decreased and its clearance was increased significantly at days 5-7 after administration of antituberculosis agents compared to before the therapy was started."	( The clearance of theophylline is increased during the initial period of tuberculosis treatment. Ahn, HC; Lee, YC, 2003)
" Compared to administration of repaglinide alone, concomitant ketoconazole increased mean AUC0-infinity for repaglinide by 15% and mean Cmax by 7%."	( Influence of drugs interacting with CYP3A4 on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of the prandial glucose regulator repaglinide. Hansen, KT; Hatorp, V; Thomsen, MS, 2003)
"Limited information exists on the pharmacokinetic (PK)-pharmacodynamic (PD) relationships of drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis."	( Pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of rifampin in an aerosol infection model of tuberculosis. Balasubramanian, V; Bharat, S; Gaonkar, S; Jayaram, R; Jayashree, R; Kantharaj, E; Kaur, P; Mahesh, BN; Nandi, V; Shandil, RK; Suresh, BL, 2003)
"The relationships between the pharmacokinetic properties of quinine during a 7-day treatment course and the therapeutic response were studied in 30 adult patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria monitored for > or = 28 days."	( Quinine pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships in uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Huyakorn, S; Jantra, A; Looareesuwan, S; Pukrittayakamee, S; Stepniewska, K; Wanwimolruk, S; White, NJ, 2003)
" The ratios of least squares means (LSM) and 90% confidence intervals for enfuvirtide and enfuvirtide metabolite pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC12h, Cmax, Ctrough) were estimated in the presence and absence of rifampicin."	( Lack of enzyme-inducing effect of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of enfuvirtide. Boyd, MA; Buss, N; Dorr, A; Kinchelow, T; Kolis, S; Nieforth, K; Patel, IH; Ruxrungtham, K; Zhang, X, 2003)
" Pharmacokinetic evaluations of steady-state concentrations of indinavir and ritonavir were performed before and after administration of rifampin (300 mg every day for 4 days)."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between rifampin and the combination of indinavir and low-dose ritonavir in HIV-infected patients. Andersen, AB; Brøsen, K; Gerstoft, J; Justesen, US; Klitgaard, NA; Pedersen, C, 2004)
" Rifampicin had no significant effect on the peak concentration, elimination half-life or renal clearance of pravastatin."	( Effect of rifampicin on pravastatin pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects. Backman, JT; Kyrklund, C; Neuvonen, M; Neuvonen, PJ, 2004)
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined based on non-compartmental model analysis using the computer program KINETICA."	( Influence of rifampicin pretreatment on the pharmacokinetics of celecoxib in healthy male volunteers. Chandrasekhar, K; Jayasagar, G; Krishna Kumar, M; Madhusudan Rao, Y, 2003)
" The present pharmacokinetic study supports further trials to determine the optimal rifapentine dose for treatment of tuberculosis."	( Pharmacokinetics of rifapentine at 600, 900, and 1,200 mg during once-weekly tuberculosis therapy. Bock, N; Burman, WJ; Goldberg, S; Hayden, K; Khan, A; Peloquin, CA; Sterling, TR; Vernon, A; Weiner, M; Weis, S; Zhao, Z, 2004)
"Prospective nonblinded pharmacokinetic study."	( Effect of sex and AIDS status on the plasma and intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of rifampicin. Conte, JE; Golden, JA; Kipps, JE; Lin, ET; Zurlinden, E, 2004)
"Coadministration of lopinavir-ritonavir, an antiretroviral protease inhibitor, at the standard dose (400/100 mg twice a day [BID]) with the antituberculous agent rifampin is contraindicated because of a significant pharmacokinetic interaction due to induction of cytochrome P450 3A by rifampin."	( Pharmacokinetics of adjusted-dose lopinavir-ritonavir combined with rifampin in healthy volunteers. Bertz, R; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Colbers, EP; Hekster, YA; Koopmans, PP; la Porte, CJ; Voncken, DS; Wikstrom, K, 2004)
" The pharmacokinetic profile of intravenous midazolam was characterized before and after itraconazole administration (200 mg once daily for 4 days) and also after rifampin (INN, rifampicin) pretreatment (600 mg once daily for 10 days), with a washout period of 2 weeks in between."	( Effect of the CYP3A5 genotype on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous midazolam during inhibited and induced metabolic states. Cho, JY; Chung, JY; Hong, KS; Jang, IJ; Kim, JR; Lim, HS; Liu, KH; Oh, DS; Shin, JG; Shin, SG; Yi, SY; Yu, KS, 2004)
"The pharmacokinetic profiles of midazolam and of its hydroxy metabolites did not show differences between the genotype groups under basal and induced metabolic conditions."	( Effect of the CYP3A5 genotype on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous midazolam during inhibited and induced metabolic states. Cho, JY; Chung, JY; Hong, KS; Jang, IJ; Kim, JR; Lim, HS; Liu, KH; Oh, DS; Shin, JG; Shin, SG; Yi, SY; Yu, KS, 2004)
" Blood samples were collected from the first 12 patients in each group and pharmacokinetic parameters for fluconazole were calculated."	( Effect of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in patients with AIDS. Panomvana Na Ayudhya, D; Tansuphaswadikul, S; Thanompuangseree, N, 2004)
"Coadministration of rifampicin with fluconazole caused significant changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of fluconazole."	( Effect of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in patients with AIDS. Panomvana Na Ayudhya, D; Tansuphaswadikul, S; Thanompuangseree, N, 2004)
" Pharmacokinetic data for 23 subjects were thus evaluable."	( Pharmacokinetic study of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate combined with rifampin in healthy volunteers. Buffels, R; Burger, DM; Droste, JA; Hekster, YA; Kearney, BP; Vanhorssen, PJ; Verweij-van Wissen, CP, 2005)
" The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of intravenous lorazepam were characterized before and after inhibition with 600 mg valproate once daily for 4 days and after induction with rifampin (INN, rifampicin) pretreatment (600 mg once daily for 10 days), with a washout period of 10 days between."	( Effect of the UGT2B15 genotype on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and drug interactions of intravenous lorazepam in healthy volunteers. Cho, JY; Chung, JY; Jang, IJ; Jung, HR; Kim, JR; Lim, KS; Shin, SG; Yu, KS, 2005)
" In this investigation, physico-chemical characterization, single dose pharmacokinetic studies and the permeability of rifampicin under physiological conditions in the rat were studied to trace the possible reasons for its variable absorption."	( Implication of biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in variable bioavailability from solid oral dosage forms. Agrawal, S; Panchagnula, R, 2005)
" Based on these findings, three clinical studies were carried out to investigate pharmacokinetic drug interactions in vivo with gefitinib."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of gefitinib with rifampicin, itraconazole and metoprolol. Laight, A; Leadbetter, J; McKillop, D; Ranson, M; Smith, RP; Swaisland, HC; Wild, MJ, 2005)
" Comparisons of area under the serum concentration time curves from 0 to 3 h (AUC(0-3)), AUC(0-24), Cmax, apparent oral clearance of digoxin (CL/F), and elimination half-life were used to assess the effects of milk thistle, black cohosh, rifampin, and clarithromycin on digoxin pharmacokinetics."	( Effect of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) and black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) supplementation on digoxin pharmacokinetics in humans. Barone, GW; Breen, P; Carrier, J; Cheboyina, S; Gurley, BJ; Hubbard, MA; Song, PF; Tong, Y; Williams, DK; Yates, CR, 2006)
" Special reference was made to studying the influence of previous exposure to rifampin (RIF) and the variability in pharmacokinetic parameters between patients and between occasions and the influence of different covariates."	( Population pharmacokinetics of rifapentine and its primary desacetyl metabolite in South African tuberculosis patients. Langdon, G; McFadyen, L; McIlleron, H; Simonsson, US; Smith, P; Wilkins, J, 2005)
"Evaluation of sources of pharmacokinetic variation can facilitate optimization of tuberculosis treatment regimens by identification of avoidable sources of variation and of risk factors for low or high drug concentrations in patients."	( Determinants of rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol pharmacokinetics in a cohort of tuberculosis patients. Burger, A; Folb, PI; McIlleron, H; Norman, J; Smith, P; Wash, P, 2006)
" ATV was administered orally (10 mg/kg) and intravenously (2 mg/kg) to rats in the absence and presence of a single intravenous dose of RIF (20 mg/kg), and pharmacokinetic parameters were compared between control and RIF-treatment groups."	( Pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin and its hydroxy metabolites in rats and the effects of concomitant rifampicin single doses: relevance of first-pass effect from hepatic uptake transporters, and intestinal and hepatic metabolism. Benet, LZ; Huang, Y; Lau, YY; Okochi, H, 2006)
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using a model-independent approach."	( Pharmacokinetics of rifapentine in children. Abdel-Rahman, SM; Blake, MJ; Jacobs, RF; Kearns, GL; Lowery, NK; Sterling, TR, 2006)
"To study the effect of oral administration of crude aqueous extract of garlic for 14 days on pharmacokinetic parameters of isoniazid and rifampicin."	( Effect of oral administration of crude aqueous extract of garlic on pharmacokinetic parameters of isoniazid and rifampicin in rabbits. Dhamija, P; Malhotra, S; Pandhi, P, 2006)
" Baseline pharmacokinetic parameters for single-dose isoniazid and rifampicin were calculated from plasma drug concentrations obtained at various time intervals after dosing."	( Effect of oral administration of crude aqueous extract of garlic on pharmacokinetic parameters of isoniazid and rifampicin in rabbits. Dhamija, P; Malhotra, S; Pandhi, P, 2006)
"Administration of crude aqueous extract of garlic significantly altered the pharmacokinetic parameters for isoniazid."	( Effect of oral administration of crude aqueous extract of garlic on pharmacokinetic parameters of isoniazid and rifampicin in rabbits. Dhamija, P; Malhotra, S; Pandhi, P, 2006)
" Comparisons of area under the curve (AUC)((0-3)), AUC((0-24)), C(max,) CL/F, and elimination half-life were used to assess the effects of goldenseal, kava kava, rifampin, and clarithromycin on digoxin pharmacokinetics."	( Effect of goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) and kava kava (Piper methysticum) supplementation on digoxin pharmacokinetics in humans. Barone, GW; Breen, P; Cheboyina, S; Gurley, BJ; Hubbard, MA; Stuart, LB; Swain, A; Tong, Y; Williams, DK; Yates, CR, 2007)
" A randomized, placebo controlled crossover oral pharmacokinetic study was conducted in 12 healthy male human volunteers and in vitro (everted sac) and in situ (intestinal loop) studies were conducted in rats to study the role of P-gp."	( Effect of ketoconazole and rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of ranitidine in healthy human volunteers: a possible role of P-glycoprotein. Gundu, J; Machavaram, KK; Yamsani, MR, 2006)
" This study demonstrates the intracellular and extracellular killing activity of antimycobacterial drugs in a pharmacokinetic intracellular in vitro model."	( Evaluation of an intracellular pharmacokinetic in vitro infection model as a tool to assess tuberculosis therapy. Cappelletty, DM, 2007)
" A complete pharmacokinetic evaluation of the steady-state concentrations of atazanavir and ritonavir was performed."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between rifampicin and ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in HIV-infected patients. Blanco, JL; Gatell, JM; López-Púa, Y; Mallolas, J; Martínez, E; Nomdedeu, M; Sarasa, M; Soriano, A, 2007)
"In all three cases, more than 50% of the time the atazanavir level was below the minimum recommended trough plasma level (150 ng/mL according to current pharmacokinetic guidelines) to inhibit HIV wild-type replication."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between rifampicin and ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in HIV-infected patients. Blanco, JL; Gatell, JM; López-Púa, Y; Mallolas, J; Martínez, E; Nomdedeu, M; Sarasa, M; Soriano, A, 2007)
" On average, rifampin increased atrasentan peak plasma concentrations by 150% and reduced its terminal half-life by 77% (P<."	( Dual effects of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of atrasentan. Achari, R; Carr, RA; Doan, TT; Jankowski, JR; Katz, DA; Locke, CS; Sleep, DJ; Wang, P; Xiong, H, 2007)
" A full pharmacokinetic curve for rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol was recorded after 6 weeks of daily TB treatment."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a higher rifampin dose versus the standard dose in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Aarnoutse, RE; Alisjahbana, B; Nijland, HM; Parwati, I; Ruslami, R; van Crevel, R, 2007)
" EFV levels in plasma were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HLPC) predose (C(trough)) and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 22 and 24 hours post-dose, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by non-compartmental methods."	( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of efavirenz with and without the use of rifampicin in HIV-positive patients. Caligaris, S; Capone, S; Carosi, G; Carvalho, AC; Cusato, M; De Iaco, G; Manfrin, M; Matteelli, A; Regazzi, M; Tomasoni, L; Villani, P, 2007)
" We performed an open-label, single-arm study to assess the safety and pharmacokinetic interactions of the HIV protease inhibitor atazanavir coadministered with rifampin."	( Effect of concomitantly administered rifampin on the pharmacokinetics and safety of atazanavir administered twice daily. Acosta, EP; Agarwala, S; Alston-Smith, B; Bertz, R; Child, M; Gerber, JG; Haas, DW; Hosey, L; Kendall, MA; Koletar, SL; Zolopa, AR, 2007)
" The present work investigated the influence of RMP and PYR on the pharmacokinetic parameters of INH when groups of rats were pre-treated for 21 days with INH alone or in combination with RMP and/or PYR, in the following amounts per kg body weight: INH 100 mg; INH 100 mg+RMP 100 mg; INH 100 mg+PYR 350 mg; INH 100 mg+PYR 350 mg+RMP 100 mg."	( The effect of rifampicin and pyrazinamide on isoniazid pharmacokinetics in rats. Baldan, HM; Brunetti, IL; De Rosa, HJ; Machado, RG; Ximenes, VF, 2007)
" Lopinavir pharmacokinetic measures (median [interquartile range]) for children with and without rifampicin, respectively, were maximum concentration (Cmax) of 10."	( Effect of rifampicin on lopinavir pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected children with tuberculosis. Egbers, C; Eley, BS; Maartens, G; McIlleron, HM; Meyers, TM; Nuttall, JJ; Ren, Y; Smith, PJ, 2008)
" Although the median Cmax and AUC0-12 were lowered by 26% and 31%."	( Effect of rifampicin on lopinavir pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected children with tuberculosis. Egbers, C; Eley, BS; Maartens, G; McIlleron, HM; Meyers, TM; Nuttall, JJ; Ren, Y; Smith, PJ, 2008)
" A compartmental pharmacokinetic model was developed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling."	( Population pharmacokinetics of rifampin in pulmonary tuberculosis patients, including a semimechanistic model to describe variable absorption. Karlsson, MO; Langdon, G; McIlleron, H; Pillai, G; Savic, RM; Simonsson, US; Smith, PJ; Wilkins, JJ, 2008)
" pharmacokinetic data on 670 drugs representing, to our knowledge, the largest publicly available set of human clinical pharmacokinetic data."	( Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds. Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ, 2008)
" Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed on day 7 of TMC207 administration up to 24 h postdose."	( Early bactericidal activity and pharmacokinetics of the diarylquinoline TMC207 in treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Allen, J; De Beule, K; De Marez, T; Diacon, AH; Donald, PR; Kerstens, R; Koul, A; McNeeley, DF; Mthiyane, TC; Patientia, RF; Reddy, C; Rustomjee, R; van Heeswijk, R; Venter, A, 2008)
"Free drug serum concentrations of minocycline associated with the doses given to humans (100 mg every 12 hours for 24 hours) were simulated in an in vitro hollow-fiber pharmacokinetic model."	( Pharmacodynamics of minocycline against Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model. Bowker, KE; Macgowan, AP; Noel, AR, 2008)
" Compound (S)-33a was advanced into a pharmacodynamic model in cynomolgus monkeys, where it inhibited adipose 11beta-HSD1 activity after being orally administered."	( Further studies with the 2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4(5H)-one class of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors: reducing pregnane X receptor activity and exploring activity in a monkey pharmacodynamic model. Bartberger, MD; Bercot, EA; Chen, M; Cupples, R; Emery, M; Fotsch, C; Fretland, J; Guram, A; Hale, C; Han, N; Hayashi, M; Hickman, D; Hungate, RW; Komorowski, R; Liu, Q; Matsumoto, G; St Jean, DJ; Tu, H; Ursu, S; Véniant, M; Wang, M; Xu, G; Ye, Q; Yuan, C; Zhang, J; Zhang, X, 2008)
" A complete pharmacokinetic study was conducted with 19 HIV-TB patients on two occasions (with and without RMP)."	( CYP2B6 G516T polymorphism but not rifampin coadministration influences steady-state pharmacokinetics of efavirenz in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in South India. Anitha, S; Gomathi, C; Hemanth Kumar, AK; Kumar, P; Menon, P; Narendran, G; Rajasekaran, S; Ramachandran, G; Ramesh, K; Swaminathan, S, 2009)
" Efavirenz Cmin was not significantly different during vs."	( Effect of rifampicin on efavirenz pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected children with tuberculosis. Eley, BS; Maartens, G; McIlleron, HM; Meyers, TM; Nuttall, JJ; Ren, Y; Smith, PJ, 2009)
" The substantial proportion of participants with estimated Cmin <1 mg/L could result in the rapid emergence of efavirenz-resistant mutations and treatment failure."	( Effect of rifampicin on efavirenz pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected children with tuberculosis. Eley, BS; Maartens, G; McIlleron, HM; Meyers, TM; Nuttall, JJ; Ren, Y; Smith, PJ, 2009)
" We used population pharmacokinetic modeling and Monte Carlo simulation to describe and explore the pulmonary pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rifampin (RIF; rifampicin)."	( Population modeling and Monte Carlo simulation study of the pharmacokinetics and antituberculosis pharmacodynamics of rifampin in lungs. Bourguignon, L; Conte, JE; Goutelle, S; Jelliffe, RW; Maire, PH; Van Guilder, M, 2009)
" Pharmacokinetic studies of higher dosages of rifampin are urgently needed in children to assist in placing the dosage of rifampin used in childhood on a more scientific foundation."	( Rifampin pharmacokinetics in children, with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection, hospitalized for the management of severe forms of tuberculosis. Cilliers, K; Donald, PR; Hussey, GD; Labadarios, D; Maritz, JS; McIlleron, H; Schaaf, HS; Smith, P; Willemse, M, 2009)
" Pharmacokinetic studies were performed with formulations delivered to guinea pigs by intratracheal insufflation and compared to oral and intravenous delivery of rifampicin."	( Formulation and pharmacokinetics of self-assembled rifampicin nanoparticle systems for pulmonary delivery. Durbin, D; Edwards, DA; Elbert, KJ; Garcia-Contreras, L; Hickey, AJ; Padilla, DJ; Peloquin, CA; Sung, JC; Verberkmoes, JL, 2009)
" Two pharmacokinetic studies were performed in healthy subjects: study 1 examined the effect of administration of 600-mg rifampin once daily on the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of 400-mg raltegravir, and study 2 examined the effect of 600-mg rifampin once daily on the pharmacokinetics of 800-mg raltegravir twice daily compared to 400-mg raltegravir twice daily without rifampin."	( Effect of rifampin, a potent inducer of drug-metabolizing enzymes, on the pharmacokinetics of raltegravir. Berg, JK; Brainard, DM; Chodakewitz, JA; Ghosh, K; Gottesdiener, KM; Hanley, WD; Iwamoto, M; Jin, B; Mangin, E; Marbury, TC; Petry, AS; Stone, JA; Wagner, JA; Wenning, LA, 2009)
" A population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model was developed using trough blood CsA concentration data from 106 patients with NS."	( Population pharmacokinetic study of cyclosporine in patients with nephrotic syndrome. Qiang, F; Xiaoli, D, 2009)
" Therefore, pharmacokinetic and drug metabolism studies were conducted in animals to support its clinical development."	( Studies on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a gamma-secretase inhibitor BMS-299897, and exploratory investigation of CYP enzyme induction. Anderson, JJ; Barten, DM; Boulton, DW; Felsenstein, KM; Flint, OP; Hansel, SB; Krishna, R; Lubinski, J; Pursley, JM; Santone, KS; Thakur, A; Wang, J; Yao, M; Zheng, M, 2009)
" Since cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 play a major role in prasugrel's active metabolite formation, the effect of potent CYP induction by rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of prasugrel and on the pharmacodynamic response to prasugrel was evaluated in healthy male subjects."	( Effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prasugrel in healthy male subjects. Brandt, JT; Ernest II, CS; Farid, NA; Jakubowski, JA; Jin, Y; Li, YG; Payne, CD; Salazar, DE; Small, DS; Winters, KJ, 2009)
" Blood collection for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses occurred after the LD and fifth MD of prasugrel in both periods."	( Effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prasugrel in healthy male subjects. Brandt, JT; Ernest II, CS; Farid, NA; Jakubowski, JA; Jin, Y; Li, YG; Payne, CD; Salazar, DE; Small, DS; Winters, KJ, 2009)
" A limitation of this study is that while results of the in vitro post hoc study indicate a pharmacodynamic interaction with rifampin, the mechanism underlying this interaction has not been elucidated."	( Effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prasugrel in healthy male subjects. Brandt, JT; Ernest II, CS; Farid, NA; Jakubowski, JA; Jin, Y; Li, YG; Payne, CD; Salazar, DE; Small, DS; Winters, KJ, 2009)
"Rifampin expectedly decreased AUCinf and Cmax of axitinib (geometric mean reduced by 79 and 71%, respectively)."	( Effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of Axitinib (AG-013736) in Japanese and Caucasian healthy volunteers. Garrett, M; Hee, B; Klamerus, KJ; Kuruganti, U; Ni, G; Pithavala, YK; Toh, M; Tortorici, M, 2010)
" The mean pharmacokinetic parameters for pravastatin that changed significantly were as follows (rifampicin and placebo groups, respectively): C(max) (315."	( Effects of a concomitant single oral dose of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of pravastatin in a two-phase, randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in healthy Chinese male subjects. Cao, D; Chen, XP; Dai, ZY; Deng, S; Li, YJ; Luo, J; Tang, L; Yin, T, 2009)
" These results show that the cynomolgus monkey can be a predictive in vivo animal model of PXR-mediated induction of human CYP3A4 and can provide a useful assessment of the resulting pharmacokinetic changes of affected drugs."	( Evaluation of cynomolgus monkey pregnane X receptor, primary hepatocyte, and in vivo pharmacokinetic changes in predicting human CYP3A4 induction. Anthony, MN; Dinchuk, JE; Dulac, HA; Grace, JE; Kim, S; Mosure, KW; Orcutt, T; Pizzano, J; Sauer, MB; Simmermacher, J; Sinz, M; Vuppugalla, R; Zoeckler, ME, 2010)
" This validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study involving intravenous administration of 14mgkg(-1) DPT and 30mgkg(-1) RFM to rabbits."	( Simultaneous quantification of daptomycin and rifampicin in plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography: Application to a pharmacokinetic study. Bazoti, FN; Fanourgiakis, P; Gikas, E; Perivolioti, E; Roussidis, A; Skoutelis, A; Tsarbopoulos, A, 2010)
"Modulation of P-glycoprotein (Pgp)-mediated transport has significant pharmacokinetic implications for Pgp substrates."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic implications of P-glycoprotein modulation. Padowski, JM; Pollack, GM, 2010)
" Intensive pharmacokinetic sampling was performed for rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol at steady state."	( Pharmacokinetics of antituberculosis drugs in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with type 2 diabetes. Aarnoutse, RE; Adhiarta, IG; Alisjahbana, B; Kariadi, SH; Nijland, HM; Ruslami, R; van Crevel, R, 2010)
" Population pharmacokinetic parameters and their variability encountered in tuberculosis patients were utilized in Monte Carlo simulations to determine the probability that particular daily doses of the drugs would achieve or exceed the EC(90) in the epithelial lining fluid of 10,000 tuberculosis patients."	( New susceptibility breakpoints for first-line antituberculosis drugs based on antimicrobial pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic science and population pharmacokinetic variability. Gumbo, T, 2010)
" Serial blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis after the administration of mirodenafil in each study period."	( The effects of ketoconazole and rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of mirodenafil in healthy Korean male volunteers: an open-label, one-sequence, three-period, three-treatment crossover study. Cho, JY; Jang, IJ; Kim, BH; Kim, JW; Kim, TE; Shin, KH; Shin, SG; Yi, S; Yoon, SH; Yu, KS, 2009)
" The mean half-life and apparent oral clearance were decreased for the combination treatment compared with linezolid alone."	( Unexpected effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of linezolid: in silico and in vitro approaches to explain its mechanism. Damle, B; Fahmi, OA; Gandelman, K; Glue, P; Lian, K; Obach, RS; Zhu, T, 2011)
" Pharmacokinetic data were analyzed by nonlinear mixed-effect modeling using NONMEM."	( Effects of four different meal types on the population pharmacokinetics of single-dose rifapentine in healthy male volunteers. Fourie, PB; McIlleron, HM; Mitchison, D; Roscigno, G; Simonsson, US; Smith, PJ; Van Der Walt, JS; Zvada, SP, 2010)
" Subjects underwent 12 h intensive pharmacokinetic sampling on Days 7, 14 and 21 of nevirapine treatment."	( Nevirapine pharmacokinetics when initiated at 200 mg or 400 mg daily in HIV-1 and tuberculosis co-infected Ugandan adults on rifampicin. Back, D; Boffito, M; Byakika-Kibwika, P; Coakley, P; Colebunders, R; Kalemeera, F; Khoo, S; Lamorde, M; Merry, C; Namakula, R; Okaba-Kayom, V; Ryan, M, 2011)
" Finally, the pharmacodynamic interaction index (PDI) was computed as the ratio of the volumes under the observed and simulated surfaces."	( Pharmacodynamic assessment of vancomycin-rifampicin combination against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm: a parametric response surface analysis. Elkhatib, WF; Noreddin, AM; Salem, AH, 2011)
" There were no significant differences between group CON and the other pretreatment groups in pharmacokinetic parameters taking both sexes into account."	( The influence of modulation of P-glycoprotein and /or cytochrome P450 3A on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of orally administered morphine in dogs. Croubels, S; Gadeyne, C; Gasthuys, F; Polis, I; Schauvliege, S; Van der Heyden, S, 2011)
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were: plasma drug concentration-time profile from 0 to 72 h (AUC0-72), plasma drug concentration-time profile from 0 h to infinity (AUC0-inf), maximal drug concentration (Cmax), time to reach maximal drug concentration (tmax), and time to reach half the initial drug concentration in elimination phase (t1/2)."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between efavirenz and rifampicin in healthy volunteers. Djoerban, Z; Setiabudy, R, 2011)
" An in vitro pharmacodynamic model was used to simulate adult steady-state epithelial lining fluid concentrations of tigecycline (50 mg every 12 h) given alone and in combination with either meropenem (2 g by 3-hour infusion every 8 h) or rifampin (600 mg every 12 h)."	( In vitro pharmacodynamics of simulated pulmonary exposures of tigecycline alone and in combination against Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates producing a KPC carbapenemase. Koomanachai, P; Kuti, JL; Nicasio, AM; Nicolau, DP; Wiskirchen, DE, 2011)
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using non-compartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with vandetanib during coadministration with rifampicin or itraconazole. Duvauchelle, T; Kennedy, SJ; Martin, P; Oliver, S; Read, J; Robertson, J, 2011)
" However, current pharmacokinetic data are insufficient to guide optimized concurrent dosing."	( Modest but variable effect of rifampin on steady-state plasma pharmacokinetics of efavirenz in healthy African-American and Caucasian volunteers. Court, MH; Dumond, JB; Greenblatt, DJ; Kashuba, AD; Kurpewski, J; Kwara, A; Poethke, P; Tashima, KT, 2011)
" There were no significant differences in the LPV area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 h (AUC(0-12)), C(0), C(12), maximum concentration of drug in serum (C(max)), or half-life (t(1/2)) between the baseline and double-dose LPV/r time points."	( Pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in HIV-infected adults receiving rifampin with adjusted doses of lopinavir-ritonavir tablets. Decloedt, EH; Maartens, G; McIlleron, H; Merry, C; Orrell, C; Smith, P, 2011)
" These results suggested that pretreatment with rifampicin prior to SAB administration could decrease significantly the total and bile elimination of SAB and alter its pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Influence of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of salvianolic acid B may involve inhibition of organic anion transporting polypeptide (Oatp) mediated influx. Chen, XJ; Gao, ZD; Han, DE; Li, N; Li, TT; Lu, Y; Zhang, YJ; Zhao, D, 2012)
" Since moxifloxacin has a longer half-life than rifampin, rifampin concentrations are <1% of the maximum concentration in serum (C(max)) on day 6 and nondetectable on day 7, while concentrations of moxifloxacin remain and are able to induce error-prone replication."	( Effect of administration of moxifloxacin plus rifampin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis for 7 of 7 days versus 5 of 7 days in an in vitro pharmacodynamic system. Brown, D; Drusano, GL; Eichas, A; Kulawy, R; Louie, A; Sgambati, N, 2011)
" The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters for ETH in children on antituberculosis treatment including ETH."	( Pharmacokinetics of ethionamide in children. Donald, PR; Hesseling, AC; Magdorf, K; Rosenkranz, B; Schaaf, HS; Seifart, HI; Thee, S, 2011)
" One of the major mechanisms proposed to lead to the emergence of drug resistance is pharmacokinetic mismatch."	( Pharmacokinetic mismatch does not lead to emergence of isoniazid- or rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis but to better antimicrobial effect: a new paradigm for antituberculosis drug scheduling. Gumbo, T; Leff, R; Meek, C; Sherman, C; Srivastava, S, 2011)
" No pharmacokinetic studies for these revised dosages are available for children <2 years."	( Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide in children younger than two years of age with tuberculosis: evidence for implementation of revised World Health Organization recommendations. Donald, PR; Hesseling, AC; Magdorf, K; Roll, S; Rosenkranz, B; Schaaf, HS; Seddon, JA; Seifart, HI; Thee, S; Werely, CJ, 2011)
" This is despite the availability of antibiotics that have good activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro and favorable pharmacokinetic profiles in plasma."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of the penetration of antituberculosis agents in rabbit pulmonary lesions. Barry, CE; Dartois, V; Goh, A; Kern, S; Kjellsson, MC; Low, KM; Pillai, G; Via, LE; Weiner, D, 2012)
" Due to the saturable nature of tolvaptan's effect on urine excretion rate, changes in the pharmacokinetic profile of tolvaptan do not produce proportional changes in urine output."	( Effects of CYP3A4 inhibition and induction on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tolvaptan, a non-peptide AVP antagonist in healthy subjects. Bricmont, P; Mallikaarjun, S; Shoaf, SE, 2012)
" We also explored the effect of pharmacokinetic variability on MDR-tuberculosis emergence using computer-aided clinical trial simulations of 10 000 Cape Town, South Africa, tuberculosis patients."	( Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis not due to noncompliance but to between-patient pharmacokinetic variability. Gumbo, T; Leff, R; Meek, C; Pasipanodya, JG; Srivastava, S, 2011)
" However, clinical trial simulations demonstrated that approximately 1% of tuberculosis patients with perfect adherence would still develop MDR-tuberculosis due to pharmacokinetic variability alone."	( Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis not due to noncompliance but to between-patient pharmacokinetic variability. Gumbo, T; Leff, R; Meek, C; Pasipanodya, JG; Srivastava, S, 2011)
" This study evaluated the effects of co-administration of a potent CYP3A4 inducer (rifampicin [rifampin]) and a weak CYP3A4 inducer (dexamethasone) on the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety profiles of bortezomib."	( Effect of cytochrome P450 3A4 inducers on the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety profiles of bortezomib in patients with multiple myeloma or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Feng, H; Girgis, S; Hellmann, A; Louw, VJ; Patel, H; Rule, S; Shpilberg, O; Skee, DM; van de Velde, H; Walewski, J, 2011)
" Blood samples were collected on days 11 through 14 of cycles 2 and 3 before and after bortezomib administration, at prespecified time points, for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (proteasome inhibition) assessments."	( Effect of cytochrome P450 3A4 inducers on the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety profiles of bortezomib in patients with multiple myeloma or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Feng, H; Girgis, S; Hellmann, A; Louw, VJ; Patel, H; Rule, S; Shpilberg, O; Skee, DM; van de Velde, H; Walewski, J, 2011)
" These results showed that Labrasol and Pluronic F68 might inhibit the function of P-gp in the intestine, thereby increasing intestinal absorption and changing the pharmacokinetic parameters of rifampicin."	( Effects of Pluronic F68 and Labrasol on the intestinal absorption and pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in rats. Ma, L; Ma, X; Wei, Y; Wu, X; Zhou, Y, 2011)
" We performed a prospective case-control association study to identify the incidence, pharmacogenetic, pharmacokinetic and biochemical predictors for anti-tubercular and antiretroviral drugs induced liver injury (DILI) in HIV and tuberculosis (TB) co-infected patients."	( Pharmacogenetic & pharmacokinetic biomarker for efavirenz based ARV and rifampicin based anti-TB drug induced liver injury in TB-HIV infected patients. Aderaye, G; Aklillu, E; Amogne, W; Burhenne, J; Habtewold, A; Lindquist, L; Makonnen, E; Riedel, KD; Suda, A; Ueda, N; Yimer, G, 2011)
" Blood sampling for pharmacokinetic assessment of RMP was done after at least 14 days of regular daily treatment to ensure steady state."	( Pharmacokinetics of standard dose regimens of rifampicin in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Pakistan. Farooqi, ZU; Najmi, MH; Saeed, W; Shaheen, A, 2012)
" The turnover of the inducible process was estimated to have a half-life of approximately 8 days in a typical patient."	( A semimechanistic pharmacokinetic-enzyme turnover model for rifampin autoinduction in adult tuberculosis patients. Bocar Lo, M; Gninafon, M; Horton, J; Khandelwal, A; Lienhardt, C; McIlleron, H; Merle, C; Olliaro, PL; Rustomjee, R; Simonsson, US; Smith, P; Smythe, W; Sow, OB, 2012)
" Both time to Cmax (Tmax) and apparent halflife (t₁/₂) were similar."	( The effect of multiple doses of rifampin and ketoconazole on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of ridaforolimus. Agrawal, N; Breidinger, S; Iwamoto, M; Johnson-Levonas, A; Kraft, WK; Marsilio, S; McCrea, J; Murphy, G; Orford, K; Palcza, J; Panebianco, D; Stroh, M; Trucksis, M; Wagner, JA, 2012)
"2 mg/liter, respectively, and the time to the peak concentration was 6 h (slow absorber) instead of 2 h (fast absorber) for 61 patients (62."	( Pharmacokinetics of rifampin in Peruvian tuberculosis patients with and without comorbid diabetes or HIV. Ardrey, A; Davies, G; Jave, O; López-Romero, SL; Moore, DA; Requena-Méndez, A; Ward, SA, 2012)
" A population pharmacokinetic model was developed with MONOLIX 4 software."	( Population pharmacokinetics of clindamycin orally and intravenously administered in patients with osteomyelitis. Bouazza, N; Curis, E; Jullien, V; Pestre, V; Salmon, D; Tréluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2012)
"The effects of multiple oral doses of ketoconazole (a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor) and multiple oral doses of rifampicin (a potent CYP3A4 inducer) on the pharmacokinetic properties of a single oral dose of gemigliptin were evaluated in fasting healthy male Korean volunteers."	( Effects of ketoconazole and rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of gemigliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor: a crossover drug-drug interaction study in healthy male Korean volunteers. Bae, KS; Choi, HY; Jin, SJ; Kim, MJ; Kim, YH; Lim, HS; Noh, YH; Sung, HR, 2012)
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated via noncompartmental methods."	( Effects of ketoconazole and rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of gemigliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor: a crossover drug-drug interaction study in healthy male Korean volunteers. Bae, KS; Choi, HY; Jin, SJ; Kim, MJ; Kim, YH; Lim, HS; Noh, YH; Sung, HR, 2012)
"Twenty-two children received antituberculosis and antiretroviral therapy (ART) concurrently for 4 weeks before pharmacokinetic sampling."	( Pharmacokinetics of nevirapine in HIV-infected children under 3 years on rifampicin-based antituberculosis treatment. Burger, DM; Chintu, C; Cook, A; Gibb, DM; McIlleron, H; Merry, C; Mulenga, V; Oudijk, JM; Walker, AS, 2012)
" aureus (MRSA) strain and the antibiotic pharmacodynamic profile against extracellular (broth) and intracellular (human THP-1 monocytes) bacteria."	( Pharmacodynamic evaluation of the activity of antibiotics against hemin- and menadione-dependent small-colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus in models of extracellular (broth) and intracellular (THP-1 monocytes) infections. Becker, K; Denis, O; Garcia, LG; Kahl, BC; Lemaire, S; Proctor, RA; Tulkens, PM; Van Bambeke, F, 2012)
"001), but shortened only moderately the elimination half-life of intravenous and oral S-ketamine."	( Rifampicin has a profound effect on the pharmacokinetics of oral S-ketamine and less on intravenous S-ketamine. Hagelberg, NM; Kurkinen, KJ; Laine, K; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT; Peltoniemi, MA; Saari, TI, 2012)
" The PK-PD parameter calculated was Cmax free/MIC."	( Rifampin breakpoint for Acinetobacter baumannii based on pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models with Monte Carlo simulation. Aznar, J; García-Cabrera, E; Gil-Navarro, MV; Lepe, JA, 2012)
"We retrospectively collected pharmacokinetic data of all patients treated for MAC lung disease in the Adult Care Unit at National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, in the January 2006 to January 2010 period; we retrospectively calculated areas under the time-concentration curve (AUC)."	( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease treatment. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Daley, CL; Egelund, EF; Heifets, LB; Levin, A; Mouton, JW; Peloquin, CA; Totten, SE; van Ingen, J, 2012)
"We included 531 pharmacokinetic analyses, performed for 481 patients (84% females; mean age, 63 yr; mean body mass index, 21."	( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease treatment. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Daley, CL; Egelund, EF; Heifets, LB; Levin, A; Mouton, JW; Peloquin, CA; Totten, SE; van Ingen, J, 2012)
" Pharmacodynamic indices for rifampicin, clarithromycin, amikacin, and moxifloxacin are seldom met."	( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease treatment. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Daley, CL; Egelund, EF; Heifets, LB; Levin, A; Mouton, JW; Peloquin, CA; Totten, SE; van Ingen, J, 2012)
"We describe a rapid screening methodology for performing pharmacokinetic (PK) studies in mice called Fast PK."	( Fast mouse PK (Fast PK): a rapid screening method to increase pharmacokinetic throughput in pre-clinical drug discovery. Madishetti, S; Reddy, J; Vachaspati, PR, 2012)
" Pharmacokinetic sampling for determination of eribulin plasma concentrations was performed up to 144 h following administration."	( Pharmacokinetics of eribulin mesylate in patients with solid tumours receiving repeated oral rifampicin. Beijnen, JH; Copalu, W; Devriese, LA; Edwards, G; Huitema, AD; Law, K; Marchetti, S; Peng, F; Reyderman, L; Schellens, JH; Voest, EE; Wanders, J; Witteveen, PE, 2013)
"Fourteen patients were included and 11 patients were evaluable for pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of eribulin mesylate in patients with solid tumours receiving repeated oral rifampicin. Beijnen, JH; Copalu, W; Devriese, LA; Edwards, G; Huitema, AD; Law, K; Marchetti, S; Peng, F; Reyderman, L; Schellens, JH; Voest, EE; Wanders, J; Witteveen, PE, 2013)
"We studied the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of levofloxacin and rifampicin in bone and joint infections."	( Pharmacokinetic and dynamic study of levofloxacin and rifampicin in bone and joint infections. Bensalem, M; Bland, S; Bru, JP; Gaillat, J; Garraffo, R; Guillaume, M; Janssen, C, 2012)
" We then computed the 6 hours post dose area under the concentration-time curve (AUC(0-6h)), the peak plasma concentration (Cmax), the area under the inhibitory concentration curve (AUIC), and the peak-to-minimum-inhibitory-concentration ratio (Cmax/MIC)."	( Pharmacokinetic and dynamic study of levofloxacin and rifampicin in bone and joint infections. Bensalem, M; Bland, S; Bru, JP; Gaillat, J; Garraffo, R; Guillaume, M; Janssen, C, 2012)
"h/l, the average Cmax 10."	( Pharmacokinetic and dynamic study of levofloxacin and rifampicin in bone and joint infections. Bensalem, M; Bland, S; Bru, JP; Gaillat, J; Garraffo, R; Guillaume, M; Janssen, C, 2012)
"The optimal thresholds of pharmacodynamic effectiveness were obtained for most patients with levofloxacin at 500 mg bid."	( Pharmacokinetic and dynamic study of levofloxacin and rifampicin in bone and joint infections. Bensalem, M; Bland, S; Bru, JP; Gaillat, J; Garraffo, R; Guillaume, M; Janssen, C, 2012)
" For pharmacokinetic analysis, serial blood samples were collected over 24 h on day 7 of treatment."	( Pharmacokinetic and safety evaluation of the use of ciprofloxacin on an isoniazid-rifampicin regimen in rabbits. Baldan, HM; Brunetti, IL; Campos, ML; Davanço, MG; de Pontes Machado, DV; Filho, MA; Padilha, EC; Peccinini, RG; Pires, RV, 2012)
"This was a Phase II open-label multiple dose pharmacokinetic and safety study."	( Efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with first-line tuberculosis treatment in tuberculosis-HIV-coinfected Tanzanian patients: a pharmacokinetic and safety study. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Fillekes, Q; Kibiki, GS; Kisanga, ER; Kisonga, RM; Mleoh, L; Mtabho, CM; Ndaro, A; Semvua, HH; van den Boogaard, J; van der Ven, A, 2013)
"A total of 25 patients (56% male) completed the study; 21 had evaluable pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with first-line tuberculosis treatment in tuberculosis-HIV-coinfected Tanzanian patients: a pharmacokinetic and safety study. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Fillekes, Q; Kibiki, GS; Kisanga, ER; Kisonga, RM; Mleoh, L; Mtabho, CM; Ndaro, A; Semvua, HH; van den Boogaard, J; van der Ven, A, 2013)
"Coadministration of efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine with a standard first-line TB treatment regimen did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetic parameters of these drugs and was tolerated well by Tanzanian TB patients who are coinfected with HIV."	( Efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with first-line tuberculosis treatment in tuberculosis-HIV-coinfected Tanzanian patients: a pharmacokinetic and safety study. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Fillekes, Q; Kibiki, GS; Kisanga, ER; Kisonga, RM; Mleoh, L; Mtabho, CM; Ndaro, A; Semvua, HH; van den Boogaard, J; van der Ven, A, 2013)
"Phase I pharmacokinetic drug interaction study."	( Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of the HIV integrase inhibitor dolutegravir given twice daily with rifampin or once daily with rifabutin: results of a phase 1 study among healthy subjects. Borland, J; Chen, S; Dooley, KE; Everts, S; Flexner, C; Peppercorn, A; Piscitelli, S; Purdy, E; Sayre, P; Song, I, 2013)
" Ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX plasma concentrations were quantified for pharmacokinetic analysis (n = 14); inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA) was also assessed (n = 14)."	( Effect of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ticagrelor in healthy subjects. Butler, K; Mitchell, P; Teng, R, 2013)
" No pharmacokinetic data are available from South American children."	( Pharmacokinetics of anti-tuberculosis drugs in Venezuelan children younger than 16 years of age: supportive evidence for the implementation of revised WHO dosing recommendations. Aarnoutse, RE; de Groot, R; de Waard, JH; García, JF; Hermans, PW; López, D; Verhagen, LM; Warris, A, 2012)
"25 patients (83%) had an isoniazid Cmax below 3 mg/l and 23 patients (77%) had a rifampicin Cmax below 8 mg/l."	( Pharmacokinetics of anti-tuberculosis drugs in Venezuelan children younger than 16 years of age: supportive evidence for the implementation of revised WHO dosing recommendations. Aarnoutse, RE; de Groot, R; de Waard, JH; García, JF; Hermans, PW; López, D; Verhagen, LM; Warris, A, 2012)
" A pharmacokinetic model was applied to model systemic RIF concentrations and to predict the RIF concentrations in the lung epithelial lining fluid (ELF)."	( A preclinical pharmacokinetic modeling approach to the biopharmaceutical characterization of immediate and microsphere-based sustained release pulmonary formulations of rifampicin. Couet, W; Doan, TV; Gobin, P; Grégoire, N; Lamarche, I; Marchand, S; Olivier, JC, 2013)
" The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a population pharmacokinetic model to characterize the inter- and intra-individual variability in pharmacokinetic parameters of RIF in Mexican patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in Mexican patients with tuberculosis. Brundage, RC; Domínguez Ramírez, AM; Jung Cook, H; Magaña Aquino, M; Milán Segovia, RC; Romano Moreno, S; Vigna Pérez, M, 2013)
" In vitro hollow-fiber infection model (HFIM) is employed to simulate human in vivo drug clearance and investigate pharmacodynamic synergism of antibiotics."	( Optimizing hollow-fiber-based pharmacokinetic assay via chemical stability study to account for inaccurate simulated drug clearance of rifampicin. Chan, EC; Cheah, GJ; Kwa, AL; Lim, TP; New, LS; Oh, JW, 2013)
" In order to gain insight into these discrepant findings, we conducted a steady-state pharmacokinetic (PK) study in healthy guinea pigs to study the metabolism and autoinduction of RIF and RFP."	( Preliminary pharmacokinetic study of repeated doses of rifampin and rifapentine in guinea pigs. Alsultan, A; Dutta, NK; Karakousis, PC; Peloquin, CA, 2013)
" In vitro/in vivo assays were performed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) performance of these nanoparticles following nanoencapsulation of the anti-tuberculosis drugs rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH)."	( In vivo/in vitro pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of spray-dried poly-(dl-lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles encapsulating rifampicin and isoniazid. Booysen, LL; Brooks, E; du Plessis, LH; Gilliland, J; Gruppo, V; Hansen, R; Kalombo, L; Kotze, AF; Lenaerts, A; Lungenhofer, P; Semete-Makokotlela, B; Swai, HS, 2013)
" In order to increase the available mathematical tools needed to support such a model for preclinical anti-TB drug development, we constructed a preliminary whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of rifampin in mice, using data from the literature."	( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of rifampin in mice. Lenaerts, AJ; Lyons, MA; Reisfeld, B; Yang, RS, 2013)
"A baseline pharmacokinetic study of MFX (400 mg once daily) was conducted in 36 healthy adults and repeated after one week of daily MFX with either RMP (450/600 mg) (n = 18) or INH (300 mg) (n = 18)."	( Effect of rifampicin & isoniazid on the steady state pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin. Geetharani, A; Hemanth Kumar, AK; Nandhakumar, B; Nandini, R; Ramachandran, G; Srinivasan, R; Sugirda, P; Tharani, CB, 2012)
"Plasma peak concentration and exposure of MFX was significantly lower and plasma clearance significantly higher when combined with RMP (P<0."	( Effect of rifampicin & isoniazid on the steady state pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin. Geetharani, A; Hemanth Kumar, AK; Nandhakumar, B; Nandini, R; Ramachandran, G; Srinivasan, R; Sugirda, P; Tharani, CB, 2012)
" The objective of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model describing the pharmacokinetic differences of lopinavir and ritonavir, with and without rifampicin, between children and adults."	( Model-based evaluation of the pharmacokinetic differences between adults and children for lopinavir and ritonavir in combination with rifampicin. Decloedt, EH; Denti, P; Karlsson, MO; McIlleron, H; Ren, Y; Zhang, C, 2013)
"An integrated population pharmacokinetic model developed in nonmem 7 was used to describe the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir and ritonavir in 21 HIV infected adults, 39 HIV infected children and 35 HIV infected children with tuberculosis, who were established on lopinavir/ritonavir-based antiretroviral therapy with and without rifampicin-containing antituberculosis therapy."	( Model-based evaluation of the pharmacokinetic differences between adults and children for lopinavir and ritonavir in combination with rifampicin. Decloedt, EH; Denti, P; Karlsson, MO; McIlleron, H; Ren, Y; Zhang, C, 2013)
" In children, the absorption half-life of lopinavir and the mean transit time of ritonavir were lengthened, compared with those in adults."	( Model-based evaluation of the pharmacokinetic differences between adults and children for lopinavir and ritonavir in combination with rifampicin. Decloedt, EH; Denti, P; Karlsson, MO; McIlleron, H; Ren, Y; Zhang, C, 2013)
" We therefore determined the pharmacokinetic characteristics of first-line TB drugs in Tanzanian patients using intensive pharmacokinetic sampling."	( Pharmacokinetics of first-line tuberculosis drugs in Tanzanian patients. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Kibiki, GS; Mtabho, CM; Semvua, HH; Tostmann, A; van den Boogaard, J, 2013)
" Log-transformed anacetrapib AUC0-∞ and Cmax were analyzed by a linear mixed effects model."	( Effects of Rifampin, a potent inducer of drug-metabolizing enzymes and an inhibitor of OATP1B1/3 transport, on the single dose pharmacokinetics of anacetrapib. Anderson, MS; Auger, P; Cote, J; Gutstein, DE; Hohnstein, A; Johnson-Levonas, AO; Liu, Y; Rasmussen, S; Stypinski, D, 2013)
"The currently recommended dosages of rifampicin (RMP), isoniazid (INH), pyrazinamide (PZA) and ethambutol in children are extrapolated from adult pharmacokinetic studies, and have not been adequately evaluated in children."	( Age, nutritional status and INH acetylator status affect pharmacokinetics of anti-tuberculosis drugs in children. Banu Rekha, VV; Bhavani, PK; Hemanth Kumar, AK; Mathevan, G; Poorana Gangadevi, N; Ramachandran, G; Ramesh Kumar, S; Ravichandran, N; Sekar, L; Swaminathan, S; Vijayasekaran, D, 2013)
" During the intensive phase of anti-tuberculosis treatment, a complete pharmacokinetic study was performed after directly observed administration of drugs."	( Age, nutritional status and INH acetylator status affect pharmacokinetics of anti-tuberculosis drugs in children. Banu Rekha, VV; Bhavani, PK; Hemanth Kumar, AK; Mathevan, G; Poorana Gangadevi, N; Ramachandran, G; Ramesh Kumar, S; Ravichandran, N; Sekar, L; Swaminathan, S; Vijayasekaran, D, 2013)
"Children aged <3 years had significantly lower RMP, INH and PZA concentrations than older children, and 90% of all children had sub-therapeutic RMP Cmax (<8 μg/ml)."	( Age, nutritional status and INH acetylator status affect pharmacokinetics of anti-tuberculosis drugs in children. Banu Rekha, VV; Bhavani, PK; Hemanth Kumar, AK; Mathevan, G; Poorana Gangadevi, N; Ramachandran, G; Ramesh Kumar, S; Ravichandran, N; Sekar, L; Swaminathan, S; Vijayasekaran, D, 2013)
" Systolic and diastolic blood pressures and pulse rate were periodically recorded after nadolol administration as pharmacodynamic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of nadolol with itraconazole, rifampicin and grapefruit juice in healthy volunteers. Fukushima, T; Kimura, J; Misaka, S; Miyazaki, N; Ono, T; Shikama, Y; Yatabe, MS, 2013)
" Therefore, a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for verapamil and its primary metabolite was developed and validated through the recovery of observed clinical plasma concentration data for both moieties and the reported interaction with midazolam, albeit a cytochrome P450 3A4-mediated DDI."	( Application of permeability-limited physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models: part II - prediction of P-glycoprotein mediated drug-drug interactions with digoxin. Barter, Z; Jamei, M; Neuhoff, S; Rostami-Hodjegan, A; Turner, DB; Yeo, KR, 2013)
"There were no significant pharmacokinetic interactions between netupitant and palonosetron."	( Effect of netupitant, a highly selective NK₁ receptor antagonist, on the pharmacokinetics of palonosetron and impact of the fixed dose combination of netupitant and palonosetron when coadministered with ketoconazole, rifampicin, and oral contraceptives. Calcagnile, S; Henriksson, A; Kammerer, KP; Lanzarotti, C; Rossi, G; Timmer, W, 2013)
"We studied if the clinical pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) of the sulfonylurea-derivative glibenclamide can be simulated via a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling approach."	( Semi-mechanistic physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling of clinical glibenclamide pharmacokinetics and drug-drug-interactions. Benne, MS; Greupink, R; Huisman, MT; Russel, FG; Schreurs, M, 2013)
" Various pharmacokinetic parameters of RIF significantly differ when administered alone or in combination with OXC and NXC."	( Effect of ofloxacin and norfloxacin on rifampicin pharmacokinetics in man. Barikpoar, E; Brown, S; Ezejiofor, NA; Orisakwe, OE, )
"A single dose of rifampin significantly increased the mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve(AUC)(0-48 h) and Cmax of pitavastatin by 573."	( Effect of a single-dose rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of pitavastatin in healthy volunteers. Chen, Y; Huang, WH; Huang, X; Tan, ZR; Wang, YC; Zhang, W; Zhou, HH, 2013)
"The clinical pharmacokinetic findings and in vitro data suggest that CYP3A4 is important for ospemifene metabolism, but other CYP isoforms and metabolic pathways also contribute."	( Effects of cytochrome P450 inhibitors and inducers on the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of ospemifene. Lammintausta, R; Lehtinen, T; Pelkonen, O; Scheinin, M; Tolonen, A; Turpeinen, M; Uusitalo, J; Vuorinen, J, 2013)
" Clinical studies in healthy subjects were performed to evaluate potential pharmacokinetic interactions between vortioxetine (Lu AA21004) and co-administered agents, including fluconazole (cytochrome P450 [CYP] 2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A inhibitor), ketoconazole (CYP3A and P-glycoprotein inhibitor), rifampicin (CYP inducer), bupropion (CYP2D6 inhibitor and CYP2B6 substrate), ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel (CYP3A substrates) and omeprazole (CYP2C19 substrate and inhibitor)."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions involving vortioxetine (Lu AA21004), a multimodal antidepressant. Buchbjerg, JK; Chen, G; Højer, AM; Lee, R; Serenko, M; Zhao, Z, 2013)
", area under the plasma concentration-time curve [AUC] and maximum plasma concentration [C max]) was used to assess pharmacokinetic interactions."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions involving vortioxetine (Lu AA21004), a multimodal antidepressant. Buchbjerg, JK; Chen, G; Højer, AM; Lee, R; Serenko, M; Zhao, Z, 2013)
" Serum concentration-time profiles, maximum serum concentrations, time to achieve maximum serum concentrations, the half-life and the areas under the serum concentration-time curve for each of the four drugs were determined."	( Pharmacokinetics and serum concentrations of antimycobacterial drugs in adult Turkish patients. Arpag, H; Babalık, A; Bakirci, N; Çarpaner, E; Dagyildiz, L; Kuyucu, T; Ulus, IH, 2013)
"Wide variations in pharmacokinetic parameters were observed among patients."	( Pharmacokinetics and serum concentrations of antimycobacterial drugs in adult Turkish patients. Arpag, H; Babalık, A; Bakirci, N; Çarpaner, E; Dagyildiz, L; Kuyucu, T; Ulus, IH, 2013)
" We evaluated the effect of rifapentine on the pharmacokinetic properties of raltegravir."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of rifapentine and raltegravir in healthy volunteers. Egelund, EF; Engle, M; Gelfond, JA; Kiser, M; Mac Kenzie, W; Peloquin, CA; Prihoda, TJ; Weiner, M, 2014)
"In 16 subjects who completed the study, coadministration of raltegravir with rifapentine (900 mg once weekly; Period 2) compared with raltegravir alone resulted in the geometric mean of the raltegravir AUC from 0 to 12 h (AUC0-12) being increased by 71%; the peak concentration increased by 89% and the trough concentration decreased by 12%."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of rifapentine and raltegravir in healthy volunteers. Egelund, EF; Engle, M; Gelfond, JA; Kiser, M; Mac Kenzie, W; Peloquin, CA; Prihoda, TJ; Weiner, M, 2014)
" Samples were obtained for pharmacokinetic assessment on day 8 of each study cycle."	( Factors associated with variability in rifampin plasma pharmacokinetics and the relationship between rifampin concentrations and induction of efavirenz clearance. Cao, L; Court, MH; Kurpewski, J; Kwara, A; Mahjoub, BD; Peloquin, CA; Poethke, P; Tashima, KT; Yang, H, 2014)
" A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to project the dynamics and magnitude of CYP3A4 induction in vivo from in vitro data generated with primary human hepatocytes."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of CYP3A4 induction by rifampicin in human: influence of time between substrate and inducer administration. Baneyx, G; Iliadis, A; Lavé, T; Meille, C; Parrott, N, 2014)
" Ten pharmacokinetic studies and three efficacy/safety studies in overactive bladder (OAB) patients were pooled for the population pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Population pharmacokinetics of the 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite of tolterodine after administration of fesoterodine sustained release tablet in Western and East Asian populations. Malhotra, B; Oishi, M; Tomono, Y; Yamagami, H, 2014)
" Rectal isoniazid produced an earlier Tmax compared with oral administration."	( The pharmacokinetics of a single oral or rectal dose of concurrently administered isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Egelund, EF; Hunter, RP; Isaza, R; P Brock, A; Peloquin, CA, 2014)
"The present study reports the comparative pharmacokinetic evaluation and biodistribution of rifampicin (RIF) following oral administration of nanoparticles of a bioadhesive polymer, Gantrez and a hydrophobic polymer poly(ethylene sebacate) (PES)."	( Comparative evaluation of polymeric nanoparticles of rifampicin comprising Gantrez and poly(ethylene sebacate) on pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and lung uptake following oral administration. Date, PV; Devarajan, PV; Gaikwad, RV; Malshe, VC; Patel, MD; Samad, A, 2014)
" The lag time (tlag) and the time before reach Cmax (Tmax) were longer for female TB patients (P < 0."	( Pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in Mexican patients with tuberculosis and healthy volunteers. Magaña-Aquino, M; Medellín-Garibay, SE; Milán-Segovia, Rdel C; Portales-Pérez, DP; Romano-Moreno, S, 2014)
" Pharmacokinetic sampling occurred at the end of each dosing period."	( Phase I safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacogenetics study of the antituberculosis drug PA-824 with concomitant lopinavir-ritonavir, efavirenz, or rifampin. Allen, R; Aweeka, F; Bao, J; Cramer, Y; Dooley, KE; Haas, DW; Koletar, SL; Luetkemeyer, AF; Marzan, F; Murray, S; Park, JG; Savic, R; Sutherland, D, 2014)
"4) and Cmax (from 290 vs."	( The impact of co-administration of ketoconazole and rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of apremilast in healthy volunteers. Liu, Y; Palmisano, M; Wan, Y; Wu, A; Zhou, S, 2014)
" The aim of the current work was to develop a novel physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to quantitatively assess the magnitude of CYP3A4 mediated drug-drug interactions with alisporivir as the substrate or victim drug."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling for assessing the clinical drug-drug interaction of alisporivir. Alexander, N; Barve, A; Einolf, H; Gu, H; Hanna, I; He, H; Heimbach, T; Ke, J; Mangold, JB; Sunkara, G; Wang, L; Xia, B; Zhang, T, 2014)
" This study evaluated the effects of co-administration of a potent CYP3A4 inducer rifampin on the pharmacokinetic and safety profiles of navitoclax."	( Effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of navitoclax (ABT-263), a dual inhibitor of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL , in patients with cancer. Graham, AM; Holen, KD; Pradhan, RS; Rosen, LS; Xiong, H; Yang, J, 2014)
" Rifampin did not affect the half-life of navitoclax."	( Effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of navitoclax (ABT-263), a dual inhibitor of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL , in patients with cancer. Graham, AM; Holen, KD; Pradhan, RS; Rosen, LS; Xiong, H; Yang, J, 2014)
" After 7 days of exposure to 200 mg of ketoconazole once daily, the AUC0-t and Cmax of the parent drug were not affected significantly."	( Effects of rifampin and ketoconazole on pharmacokinetics of morinidazole in healthy chinese subjects. Chen, X; Gao, R; Pang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhong, D; Zhong, K, 2014)
" This on-line RAM-HPLC method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of RIP in rat plasma."	( Determination of rifampicin in rat plasma by modified large-volume direct injection RAM-HPLC and its application to a pharmcokinetic study. Jia, Z; Li, W; Wang, R; Wang, Y; Xie, H; Zhang, J; Zhang, X, 2015)
" This study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetics of posaconazole in adults and investigate factors that influence posaconazole pharmacokinetics byusing a population pharmacokinetic approach."	( Understanding variability in posaconazole exposure using an integrated population pharmacokinetic analysis. Brüggemann, RJ; Burger, DM; Dolton, MJ; McLachlan, AJ, 2014)
" The objective of this work was to build a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to assess MMAE-drug interactions for vc-MMAE ADCs."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling as a tool to predict drug interactions for antibody-drug conjugates. Chen, Y; Girish, S; Hop, C; Jin, JY; Li, C; Lu, D; Mukadam, S; Samineni, D; Shen, BQ; Wong, H, 2015)
" The model was developed using in silico and in vitro data and in vivo pharmacokinetic data from anti-CD22-vc-MMAE ADC."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling as a tool to predict drug interactions for antibody-drug conjugates. Chen, Y; Girish, S; Hop, C; Jin, JY; Li, C; Lu, D; Mukadam, S; Samineni, D; Shen, BQ; Wong, H, 2015)
"The pharmacokinetic profile of acMMAE and unconjugated MMAE following administration of anti-CD22-vc-MMAE was well described by simulations using the developed PBPK model."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling as a tool to predict drug interactions for antibody-drug conjugates. Chen, Y; Girish, S; Hop, C; Jin, JY; Li, C; Lu, D; Mukadam, S; Samineni, D; Shen, BQ; Wong, H, 2015)
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters can be affected by several factors, such as comorbidities or the interaction of TB drugs with food."	( Effects of dosage, comorbidities, and food on isoniazid pharmacokinetics in Peruvian tuberculosis patients. Ardrey, A; Davies, G; Jave, O; López-Romero, SL; Moore, DA; Requena-Méndez, A; Ward, SA; Waterhouse, D, 2014)
"The objective of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for rifampin in elephants."	( Population pharmacokinetics of rifampin in the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Asian elephants. Alsultan, A; An, G; Brock, AP; Egelund, EF; Isaza, R; Peloquin, CA, 2015)
" Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed on days 5, 33 and 38."	( Effect of intermittent rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics and safety of raltegravir. Back, DJ; Chaponda, M; Chiong, J; Chrdle, A; Egan, D; Else, L; Khoo, SH; Reynolds, HE, 2015)
" Raltegravir Cmax and AUC0-12 were both significantly higher in the presence of rifampicin when dosed at 800 mg twice daily (76% and 84%, respectively), but this dose was well tolerated."	( Effect of intermittent rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics and safety of raltegravir. Back, DJ; Chaponda, M; Chiong, J; Chrdle, A; Egan, D; Else, L; Khoo, SH; Reynolds, HE, 2015)
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of rifampin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide were determined for each patient."	( Impact of nonlinear interactions of pharmacokinetics and MICs on sputum bacillary kill rates as a marker of sterilizing effect in tuberculosis. Chigutsa, E; Gumbo, T; McIlleron, H; Pasipanodya, JG; Sirgel, FA; Smith, PJ; van Helden, PD; Visser, ME, 2015)
" Probenecid increased the Cmax by 13% and the AUC by 21%."	( Effects of rifampin, cyclosporine A, and probenecid on the pharmacokinetic profile of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in healthy participants. Ariyawansa, J; Curtin, C; Devineni, D; Di Prospero, NA; Mamidi, RN; Murphy, J; Rothenberg, P; Stieltjes, H; Vaccaro, N; Wajs, E; Wang, SS; Weiner, S, 2015)
"In pharmacokinetic evaluation of mice, using serial sampling methods rather than a terminal blood sampling method could reduce the number of animals needed and lead to more reliable data by excluding individual differences."	( Using improved serial blood sampling method of mice to study pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interaction. Nezasa, K; Ogawa, K; Shimizu, R; Takai, N; Tanaka, Y; Watanabe, A; Watari, R; Yamaguchi, Y, 2015)
" During the intensive phase of TB treatment with directly observed administration of the drugs, a complete pharmacokinetic study was performed."	( Pharmacokinetics of first-line antituberculosis drugs in HIV-infected children with tuberculosis treated with intermittent regimens in India. Banurekha, VV; Bhavani, PK; Dayal, R; Gangadevi, NP; Kannan, T; Kumar, AK; Kumar, SR; Mathevan, G; Ramachandran, G; Ravichandran, N; Sanjeeva, GN; Sekar, L; Swaminathan, S, 2015)
" The pharmacokinetic profiles of bedaquiline and M2 were compared over 336 h after the administration of bedaquiline alone and in combination with steady-state rifapentine or rifampin."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interaction between repeated doses of rifapentine or rifampin and a single dose of bedaquiline in healthy adult subjects. Egizi, E; Erondu, N; Ginsberg, A; Murray, S; Pauli, E; Rouse, DJ; Severynse-Stevens, D; Winter, H, 2015)
"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling was applied to characterize the potential drug-drug interactions for ruxolitinib."	( Predicting drug-drug interactions involving multiple mechanisms using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling: a case study with ruxolitinib. Fraczkiewicz, G; Shi, JG; Williams, WV; Yeleswaram, S, 2015)
" Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed once in every patient during the first three critical days."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis of an intensified regimen containing rifampicin and moxifloxacin for tuberculous meningitis. Aarnoutse, R; Burger, D; Dian, S; Donders, R; Ganiem, AR; Ruesen, C; Ruslami, R; Te Brake, L; van Crevel, R, 2015)
"Thirty children aged 6 months to 15 years underwent intensive pharmacokinetic sampling for first-line anti-TB drugs at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi."	( Pharmacokinetics of anti-TB drugs in Malawian children: reconsidering the role of ethambutol. Ardrey, A; Davies, GR; Dzinjalamala, F; Mlotha, R; Molyneux, E; Ward, S; Waterhouse, D, 2015)
"These data support recently revised WHO recommendations for dosing of anti-TB drugs in children, but dosing of ethambutol in children also appears inadequate by comparison with adult pharmacokinetic data."	( Pharmacokinetics of anti-TB drugs in Malawian children: reconsidering the role of ethambutol. Ardrey, A; Davies, GR; Dzinjalamala, F; Mlotha, R; Molyneux, E; Ward, S; Waterhouse, D, 2015)
" Median time to C(max) and mean half-life were shorter for bosutinib plus rifampin vs."	( Effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of bosutinib, a dual Src/Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor, when administered concomitantly to healthy subjects. Abbas, R; Boni, J; Sonnichsen, D, 2015)
" This study was carried out to identify the contribution percentage of CYP450 to icotinib and use the results to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model, which can help to predict drug-drug interaction (DDI)."	( Relative contributions of the major human CYP450 to the metabolism of icotinib and its implication in prediction of drug-drug interaction between icotinib and CYP3A4 inhibitors/inducers using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Chen, J; Hu, P; Jiang, J; Liu, D; Zhao, Q; Zheng, X, 2015)
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) drug-drug interactions (DDIs) were evaluated clinically between cabozantinib and (1) a CYP3A inducer (rifampin) in healthy volunteers, (2) a CYP3A inhibitor (ketoconazole) in healthy volunteers, and (3) a CYP2C8 substrate (rosiglitazone) in patients with solid tumors."	( Pharmacokinetic (PK) drug interaction studies of cabozantinib: Effect of CYP3A inducer rifampin and inhibitor ketoconazole on cabozantinib plasma PK and effect of cabozantinib on CYP2C8 probe substrate rosiglitazone plasma PK. Benrimoh, N; Engel, C; Holland, J; Lacy, S; Miles, D; Nguyen, L; O'Reilly, T, 2015)
" Peak RMP levels appear to be lower and the single dose elimination half-life shorter in children than in adults."	( Rifampicin pharmacokinetics in children under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme, India, 2009. Arya, A; Kapoor, S; Khanna, A; Lomash, A; Rangari, G; Roy, V, 2015)
"The available pharmacokinetic data on anti-tubercular drugs in children raises the concern of suboptimal plasma concentrations attained when doses extrapolated from adult studies are used."	( Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol in Indian children. Kabra, SK; Kanhiya, K; Lodha, R; Mukherjee, A; Singla, M; Velpandian, T, 2015)
" A pharmacokinetic model was built in a forward and reverse procedure using nonlinear mixed effect modeling in NONMEM VI followed by model-based simulations for optimal doses."	( CYP2B6*6, CYP2B6*18, Body weight and sex are predictors of efavirenz pharmacokinetics and treatment response: population pharmacokinetic modeling in an HIV/AIDS and TB cohort in Zimbabwe. Chonzi, P; Dhoro, M; Kadzirange, G; Masimirembwa, C; Ngara, B; Nhachi, C; Zvada, S, 2015)
" Notably, similar AUC (when corrected by dose), similar CL, λ, and half-life were obtained after oral administration of RIF at 40 mg/kg and pulmonary administration of RIF at 20 mg/kg."	( Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Rifampicin Porous Particles for Tuberculosis Treatment: Insight into Rifampicin Absorption from the Lungs of Guinea Pigs. Edwards, D; Elbert, K; Garcia Contreras, L; Hickey, A; Ibrahim, M; Sung, J, 2015)
" A one-compartmental pharmacokinetic population model with first-order absorption and lag time was developed using observed rifampin plasma concentrations from 55 patients."	( Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Optimal Sampling Strategies for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Rifampin in Patients with Tuberculosis. Aarnoutse, RE; Alffenaar, JW; de Jager, A; de Lange, WC; Kosterink, JG; Mulder, LW; Proost, JH; Sturkenboom, MG; van Altena, R; van der Werf, TS, 2015)
" Plasma concentrations of edoxaban and its metabolites M4 and M6 were measured, and limited assessments of pharmacodynamic markers of coagulation were performed."	( The effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of edoxaban in healthy adults. Chen, S; Desai, M; He, L; Mendell, J; Parasramupria, DA, 2015)
"Participants receiving daily rifapentine and isoniazid with efavirenz had pharmacokinetic evaluations at baseline and weeks 2 and 4 of concomitant therapy."	( Efavirenz Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in HIV-Infected Persons Receiving Rifapentine and Isoniazid for Tuberculosis Prevention. Andersen, JW; Bao, Y; Benson, CA; Chaisson, RE; Fletcher, CV; Gupta, A; Kim, P; Mohapi, L; Mwelase, T; Podany, AT; Supparatpinyo, K; Swindells, S, 2015)
" Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed over 12-hour periods, 4 weeks after initiation of RAL together with RIF (period 1), 4 weeks after RIF discontinuation (period 2), and after the RAL dose reduction in arm 2 (period 3)."	( Pharmacokinetics of Raltegravir in HIV-Infected Patients on Rifampicin-Based Antitubercular Therapy. Assuied, A; De Castro, N; Fagard, C; Grinsztejn, B; Grondin, C; Molina, JM; Pilotto, JH; Sauvageon, H; Taburet, AM; Veloso, V, 2015)
" The purpose of the present study is to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for atorvastatin and its two primary metabolites, 2-hydroxy-atorvastatin acid and atorvastatin lactone, using in vitro and in vivo data."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of disposition and drug-drug interactions for atorvastatin and its metabolites. Zhang, T, 2015)
" The main objectives of the present study were to: 1) develop and refine a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of crizotinib on the basis of clinical single- and multiple-dose results, 2) verify the crizotinib PBPK model from crizotinib single-dose drug-drug interaction (DDI) results with multiple-dose coadministration of ketoconazole or rifampin, and 3) apply the crizotinib PBPK model to predict crizotinib multiple-dose DDI outcomes."	( Prediction of Drug-Drug Interactions with Crizotinib as the CYP3A Substrate Using a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model. Johnson, TR; Smith, BJ; Yamazaki, S, 2015)
" Administration of piragliatin (100-mg single dose) resulted in a 32% Cmax and 44% area under the curve (AUC∞ ) increase in piragliatin exposure without affecting glucose AUC0-6h following ketoconazole (400 mg QD × 5 days); 30% Cmax and 72% AUC∞ decrease in piragliatin exposure with a 13% increase in glucose AUC0-6h following rifampicin (600 mg QD × 5 days); and, unexpectedly, a 32% Cmax and 23% AUC0-6h decrease (no change in AUC∞ ) in piragliatin exposure with a 13% increase in glucose AUC0-6h following alcohol (40-g single dose)."	( Exploratory effects of a strong CYP3A inhibitor (ketoconazole), a strong CYP3A inducer (rifampicin), and concomitant ethanol on piragliatin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in type 2 diabetic patients. Boldrin, M; Georgy, A; Liang, Z; Zhai, S; Zhi, J, 2016)
" Plasma concentration-time data were analysed using NONMEM to estimate population pharmacokinetic parameters and evaluate relationships between parameters and demographic factors, and metabolic enzyme, transporter and transcriptional regulator genotypes."	( Population pharmacokinetics of rifampicin and 25-deacetyl-rifampicin in healthy Asian adults. Chew, N; Hee, KH; Khoo, SH; Lee, LS; Seng, KY; Soon, GH, 2015)
" 25-Deacetyl-rifampicin pharmacokinetic data were best described by a two-compartment model linked to the rifampicin model."	( Population pharmacokinetics of rifampicin and 25-deacetyl-rifampicin in healthy Asian adults. Chew, N; Hee, KH; Khoo, SH; Lee, LS; Seng, KY; Soon, GH, 2015)
"We recently published analyses regarding the predictive performance of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), for the effect of cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitors on the pharmacokinetics of substrate drugs."	( Predicting the Effect of CYP3A Inducers on the Pharmacokinetics of Substrate Drugs Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling: An Analysis of PBPK Submissions to the US FDA. Hsu, V; Pan, Y; Sinha, V; Wagner, C; Zhao, P, 2016)
" Relevant pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters for crizotinib and PF096269182 were estimated by standard non-compartmental analysis (NCA) method."	( The effects of ketoconazole and rifampin on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of crizotinib in healthy subjects. Bello, A; Brega, N; O'Gorman, M; Tan, W; Xu, H, 2015)
"A physiological-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed by combining observations from clinical studies and physicochemical parameters as well as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion parameters determined in vitro."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Macitentan: Prediction of Drug-Drug Interactions. Buchmann, S; de Kanter, R; Delahaye, S; Gnerre, C; Kohl, C; Segrestaa, J; Sidharta, PN; Treiber, A, 2016)
"Rifampicin (RIF) induces cytochrome P450, which in turn catalyzes drug metabolism; however, pharmacokinetic studies on this phenomenon in the Chinese population, especially in the context of disease, are limited."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Rifampicin in Chinese Patients With Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Huang, SP; Jing, Y; Wang, Q; Yang, JW; Zhang, J; Zhu, LQ, 2016)
" The biochemical and immunological parameters were assessed on the same day that the pharmacokinetic evaluation of RIF was performed."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Rifampin in Patients with Tuberculosis and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Association with Biochemical and Immunological Parameters. Cortez-Espinosa, N; González-Amaro, R; Magaña-Aquino, M; Medellín-Garibay, SE; Milán-Segovia, RC; Portales-Pérez, DP; Romano-Moreno, S; Vargas-Morales, JM, 2015)
" A population pharmacokinetic model was developed to investigate the effects of pregnancy on rifampin pharmacokinetics."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Rifampin in Pregnant Women with Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection in Soweto, South Africa. Castel, S; Chaisson, RE; Cohn, S; Denti, P; Dooley, KE; Hoffmann, J; Martinson, N; Mashabela, F; McIlleron, H; Msandiwa, R; Wiesner, L, 2015)
" Population pharmacokinetic modelling was applied to investigate the interaction and generate alternative doses to inform clinical trial design."	( Simulation of the impact of rifampicin on once-daily darunavir/ritonavir pharmacokinetics and dose adjustment strategies: a population pharmacokinetic approach. Back, D; Boffito, M; Dickinson, L; Khoo, S; Siccardi, M; Winston, A, 2016)
"1 M phosphate buffer (10% dissolved) produced approximately 25% lower Cmax and AUC0-24 values, as compared with those achieved by RFP in ultrapure water in fasted rats."	( Influence of Food on Rifampicin Pharmacokinetics in Rats. Aoyama, T; Nogami, R; Shigeno, A; Shimada, S; Shimomura, H, 2016)
" Standard pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated in all studies."	( Effects of CYP3A4 Inhibitors Ketoconazole and Verapamil and the CYP3A4 Inducer Rifampicin on the Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Fostamatinib: Results from In Vitro and Phase I Clinical Studies. Baluom, M; Brealey, C; Craven, K; Gillen, M; Grossbard, EB; Lau, D; Mant, T; Martin, P; Millson, D; Oliver, S; Sweeny, D, 2016)
"Drug interactions often result from multiple pharmacokinetic changes, such as after rifampicin (RIF) and clarithromycin (CLA) in the treatment of abscessing lung diseases."	( Pharmacokinetics and Pulmonary Distribution of Clarithromycin and Rifampicin after Concomitant and Consecutive Administration in Foals. Berlin, S; Grube, M; Hasan, M; Keiser, M; Lumpe, S; Oswald, S; Siegmund, W; Spieckermann, L; Ullrich, A; Venner, M, 2016)
"There are limited pharmacokinetic data for use of the first-line antituberculosis drugs during infancy (<12 months of age), when drug disposition may differ."	( Pharmacokinetics of Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol in Infants Dosed According to Revised WHO-Recommended Treatment Guidelines. Bekker, A; Donald, PR; Draper, HR; Hesseling, AC; McIlleron, HM; Murray, S; Schaaf, HS; van der Laan, L; Wiesner, L, 2016)
" Plasma concentrations of moxifloxacin and rifampicin were determined using LC-MS at the designated time points after drug administration, and the main pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( Drug-drug interactions between moxifloxacin and rifampicin based on pharmacokinetics in vivo in rats. Huang, L; Huang, Y; Liu, J; Shi, L; Xiao, H; Yu, X, 2016)
" A naïve-pooled non-compartmental data analysis was used to describe the pharmacokinetic properties of drugs in the two-age groups of children ≤ 4 years or > 4 years of age."	( Naïve-pooled pharmacokinetic analysis of pyrazinamide, isoniazid and rifampicin in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of Vietnamese children with tuberculous meningitis. Bang, ND; Caws, M; Day, JN; Dung, NH; Duong, TN; Phuong, PN; Pouplin, T; Tarning, J; Thwaites, GE; Toi, PV, 2016)
" In light of this dilemma in the interpretation of the pharmacokinetic data with rifampicin, several questions require further consideration."	( Pharmacokinetic Interaction of Rifampicin with Oral Versus Intravenous Anticancer Drugs: Challenges, Dilemmas and Paradoxical Effects Due to Multiple Mechanisms. Srinivas, NR, 2016)
" Coadministration of rifampicin significantly changed the pharmacokinetic behavior of enrofloxacin orally administered by showing clearly lower AUC0-∞, AUC0-t, and Cmax as well as longer Tmax."	( Potential pharmacokinetic effect of rifampicin on enrofloxacin in broilers: Roles of P-glycoprotein and BCRP induction by rifampicin. Dai, X; Guo, M; Hu, D; Ren, W; Sun, Y; Wang, L; Zhang, Y, 2016)
"We compared the pharmacokinetic (PK) exposure parameters of efavirenz (EFV) and its major inactive metabolite, 8-hydroxy-efavirenz (8-OH-EFV), in an open-label, single-sequence, and parallel design of HIV-infected and tuberculosis (TB)-HIV-coinfected Ethiopian patients in the HIV-TB Pharmagene study with 20 and 33 patients, respectively."	( Long-Term Effect of Rifampicin-Based Anti-TB Regimen Coadministration on the Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Efavirenz and 8-Hydroxy-Efavirenz in Ethiopian Patients. Aderaye, G; Aklillu, E; Amogne, W; Bertilsson, L; Burhenne, J; Habtewold, A; Makonnen, E; Owen, JS; Yimer, G, 2016)
" Co-administration with ketoconazole (a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor) increased the Cmax , AUC and terminal elimination half-life of alisporivir by approximately two-, eight- ,and threefold, respectively."	( The effects of CYP3A4 induction and inhibition on the pharmacokinetics of alisporivir in humans. Barve, A; Crabbe, R; Dabovic, K; Dole, K; Grosgurin, P; Ke, J; Kovacs, SJ; Menetrey, A; Nicolas-Métral, V; Praestgaard, J; Stein, D; Sunkara, G; Zhang, J, 2015)
"We evaluated the impact of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, ketoconazole, and a strong inducer, rifampicin, on the pharmacokinetic (PK) exposure of abiraterone in two studies in healthy men."	( Impact on abiraterone pharmacokinetics and safety: Open-label drug-drug interaction studies with ketoconazole and rifampicin. Acharya, M; Bernard, A; Chien, C; De Vries, R; Jiao, J; Monbaliu, J; Stieltjes, H; Tran, N; Vaccaro, N; Yu, M, 2015)
" Rifampin decreased maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) from time zero to time of last measurable concentration (AUC0-t ) and from time zero to infinity (AUC0-∞ ) of ponatinib by 42%, 59%, and 63%, respectively, with no effect on time to Cmax ."	( Evaluation of the effect of multiple doses of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics and safety of ponatinib in healthy subjects. Davis, J; Dorer, DJ; Narasimhan, NI; Sonnichsen, D; Turner, CD, 2015)
"A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed for cobimetinib using in vitro data."	( Evaluation of Cytochrome P450 3A4-Mediated Drug-Drug Interaction Potential for Cobimetinib Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulation. Budha, NR; Chen, Y; Dresser, M; Eppler, S; Ji, T; Jin, JY; Musib, L, 2016)
"The PBPK model described cobimetinib pharmacokinetic profiles after both intravenous and oral administration of cobimetinib well and accurately simulated the itraconazole-cobimetinib DDI."	( Evaluation of Cytochrome P450 3A4-Mediated Drug-Drug Interaction Potential for Cobimetinib Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulation. Budha, NR; Chen, Y; Dresser, M; Eppler, S; Ji, T; Jin, JY; Musib, L, 2016)
" To help inform such an optimization, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to predict time course, tissue-specific concentrations of RPT and its active metabolite, 25-desacetyl rifapentine (dRPT), in humans after specified administration schedules for RPT."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Rifapentine and 25-Desacetyl Rifapentine Disposition in Humans. Eppers, GJ; Reisfeld, B; Zurlinden, TJ, 2016)
" After the completion of chemical synthesis, all the compounds were evaluated through in vitro antibacterial activity assay, some of which were further subject to in vivo rat pharmacokinetic assessment."	( New peptide deformylase inhibitors design, synthesis and pharmacokinetic assessment. Chen, C; Hu, W; Lv, F; Tang, Y; Wei, J; Zhu, T, 2016)
"Based on ibrutinib pharmacokinetics and potential sensitivity towards CYP3A4-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs), a physiologically based pharmacokinetic approach was developed to mechanistically describe DDI with various CYP3A4 perpetrators in healthy men under fasting conditions."	( Ibrutinib Dosing Strategies Based on Interaction Potential of CYP3A4 Perpetrators Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. De Jong, J; de Zwart, L; Mannaert, E; Monshouwer, M; Snoeys, J; Sukbuntherng, J, 2016)
" The relative bias and relative imprecision of each pharmacokinetic parameter for each drug were derived and assessed to choose the final designs."	( Population pharmacokinetics, optimised design and sample size determination for rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol and pyrazinamide in the mouse. Alameda, L; Chen, C; Ferrer, S; Ortega, F; Simonsson, US, 2016)
" The AZM Cmax was measured in patients receiving daily therapy (250 mg of AZM daily, n = 77) or intermittent therapy (500 mg of AZM three times weekly, n = 89) for MAC-LD and daily therapy for Mycobacterium abscessus complex LD (MABC-LD) (250 mg of AZM daily, n = 55)."	( Peak Plasma Concentration of Azithromycin and Treatment Responses in Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease. Daley, CL; Jeon, K; Jeong, BH; Kim, SY; Koh, WJ; Lee, SY; Moon, SM; Park, HY; Shin, SJ, 2016)
"RMP peak concentration (Cmax) was sub-therapeutic (<8 μg/ml) in 88% of the patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of thrice-weekly rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide in adult tuberculosis patients in India. Chandrasekaran, V; Hemanth Kumar, AK; Kannan, T; Lavanya, J; Ramachandran, G; Ramesh, K; Sudha, V; Swaminathan, S; Vijayakumar, A, 2016)
" A high proportion of TB patients had RMP Cmax below the expected range, which is a matter of concern."	( Pharmacokinetics of thrice-weekly rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide in adult tuberculosis patients in India. Chandrasekaran, V; Hemanth Kumar, AK; Kannan, T; Lavanya, J; Ramachandran, G; Ramesh, K; Sudha, V; Swaminathan, S; Vijayakumar, A, 2016)
"2) mg⋅h/L, respectively; Cmax values were 14."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety/tolerability of higher oral and intravenous doses of rifampicin in adult tuberculous meningitis patients. Aarnoutse, R; Dian, S; Ganiem, AR; Hanggono Achmad, T; Hayati, E; Meijerhof-Jager, P; Purnama Dewi, A; Ruslami, R; Teulen, M; van Crevel, R; Yunivita, V, 2016)
" As important signaling molecules, the alternations of BAs might favour the regulatory effect on enzymes and transporters involved in BAs physiological homeostasis at the transcriptional level, which could lead to pharmacokinetic changes of drugs."	( Effect of cholecystectomy on bile acids as well as relevant enzymes and transporters in mice: Implication for pharmacokinetic changes of rifampicin. Duan, Y; Ma, Y; Qin, H; Rao, Z; Wei, Y; Wu, X; Xi, L; Zhang, F; Zhang, J; Zhao, Y, 2017)
"Parameters of BAs in different specimens, mRNA and protein expression of enzymes, transporters and nuclear receptors that relate to BAs homeostasis in liver and ileum, and the pharmacokinetic character of rifampicin were measured in sham-operated and cholecystectomized mice."	( Effect of cholecystectomy on bile acids as well as relevant enzymes and transporters in mice: Implication for pharmacokinetic changes of rifampicin. Duan, Y; Ma, Y; Qin, H; Rao, Z; Wei, Y; Wu, X; Xi, L; Zhang, F; Zhang, J; Zhao, Y, 2017)
" Especially, the down-regulation of hepatic Cyp3a11 suggests that undesirable pharmacokinetic alternations of drugs especially Cyp3a11 substrates like rifampicin might occur in phase with cholecystectomy."	( Effect of cholecystectomy on bile acids as well as relevant enzymes and transporters in mice: Implication for pharmacokinetic changes of rifampicin. Duan, Y; Ma, Y; Qin, H; Rao, Z; Wei, Y; Wu, X; Xi, L; Zhang, F; Zhang, J; Zhao, Y, 2017)
" Clinical DDIs of montelukast were evaluated using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling; and simulation of the interactions with gemfibrozil-CYP2C8 and OATP1B1/1B3 inhibitor, clarithromycin-CYP3A and OATP1B1/1B3 inhibitor, and itraconazole-CYP3A inhibitor, implicated OATPs-CYP2C8-CYP2C8 interplay as the primary determinant of montelukast pharmacokinetics."	( Transporter-Mediated Hepatic Uptake Plays an Important Role in the Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interactions of Montelukast. Bi, Y; El-Kattan, AF; Eng, H; Kalgutkar, AS; Kimoto, E; Lin, J; Rodrigues, AD; Scialis, R; Tremaine, LM; Varma, MV, 2017)
"This report describes the pharmacokinetic profiles of chronically administered oral isoniazid and rifampin in one adult male and one adult female Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus ) that were asymptomatically infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis ."	( ISONIAZID AND RIFAMPIN PHARMACOKINETICS IN TWO ASIAN ELEPHANTS (ELEPHAS MAXIMUS) INFECTED WITH MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS. Alsultan, A; Egelund, EF; Isaza, R; Peloquin, CA, 2016)
" There are no studies describing the pharmacodynamic interactions between tedizolid and other orally bioavailable antimicrobials."	( Exploring the pharmacodynamic interactions between tedizolid and other orally bioavailable antimicrobials against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Werth, BJ, 2017)
" The main objectives of this study were to 1) develop physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models of bosutinib; 2) verify and refine the PBPK models based on clinical study results of bosutinib single-dose drug-drug interaction (DDI) with ketoconazole and rifampin, as well as single-dose drug-disease interaction (DDZI) in patients with renal and hepatic impairment; 3) apply the PBPK models to predict DDI outcomes in patients with weak and moderate CYP3A inhibitors; and 4) apply the PBPK models to predict DDZI outcomes in renally and hepatically impaired patients after multiple-dose administration."	( Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to the Understanding of Bosutinib Pharmacokinetics: Prediction of Drug-Drug and Drug-Disease Interactions. Abbas, R; Hsyu, PH; Loi, CM; Ono, C; Yamazaki, S, 2017)
"A population pharmacokinetic (PK) model was developed for cediranib to simulate cediranib exposure for different doses, including comedication with strong uridine glucuronosyl transferase/P-glycoprotein inducers such as rifampicin, in cancer patients."	( Population pharmacokinetic and exposure simulation analysis for cediranib (AZD2171) in pooled Phase I/II studies in patients with cancer. Al-Huniti, N; Henningsson, A; Li, J; Masson, E; Tang, W, 2017)
" This report describes the development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of rosuvastatin for prediction of pharmacokinetic (PK) DDIs."	( Investigating Transporter-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions Using a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Rosuvastatin. Leil, T; Wang, Q; Zheng, M, 2017)
"52), and apparent terminal half-life were observed when co-administered with multiple-dose rifampin vs."	( The Effect of Single and Multiple Doses of Rifampin on the Pharmacokinetics of Doravirine in Healthy Subjects. Anderson, MS; Brejda, J; Butterton, JR; Judge, T; Khalilieh, SG; Liu, R; Manthos, H; Sanchez, RI; Yee, KL, 2017)
" Pyrazinamide pharmacokinetic (PK) data from 61 HIV/TB-coinfected patients in South Africa were used in the analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of Pyrazinamide and Optimal Dosing Regimens for Drug-Sensitive and -Resistant Tuberculosis. Chirehwa, MT; Denti, P; McIlleron, H; Mthiyane, T; Onyebujoh, P; Rustomjee, R; Smith, P, 2017)
" The final population pharmacokinetic model included an enzyme turnover model accounting for time-dependent elimination due to autoinduction, concentration-dependent clearance, and dose-dependent bioavailability."	( A Population Pharmacokinetic Model Incorporating Saturable Pharmacokinetics and Autoinduction for High Rifampicin Doses. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Dawson, R; Diacon, AH; Gillespie, SH; Simonsson, USH; Svensson, RJ, 2018)
" The mean hepatic clearances determined by in silico fitting for individual pharmacokinetic models of warfarin and midazolam in the aged group were, respectively, 23% and 56% smaller than those for the young group."	( Effects of aging and rifampicin pretreatment on the pharmacokinetics of human cytochrome P450 probes caffeine, warfarin, omeprazole, metoprolol and midazolam in common marmosets genotyped for cytochrome P450 2C19. Inoue, T; Kusama, T; Mogi, M; Sasaki, E; Shimizu, M; Toda, A; Uehara, S; Uno, Y; Utoh, M; Yamazaki, H, 2018)
" The present study evaluated the possible pharmacokinetic interactions of selexipag with gemfibrozil, a strong CYP2C8 inhibitor, and rifampicin, an inducer of CYP2C8."	( Effect of gemfibrozil and rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of selexipag and its active metabolite in healthy subjects. Boehler, M; Bruderer, S; Dingemanse, J; Halabi, A; Petersen-Sylla, M; Remeňová, T, 2017)
" Subjects received a second dose of 30 mg cabotegravir on day 21 followed by pharmacokinetic sampling on days 21 to 28."	( Effect of Rifampin on the Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Oral Cabotegravir in Healthy Subjects. Ford, SL; Lou, Y; Patel, P; Spreen, W; Sutton, K; Tenorio, A; Trezza, C; Zhang, Z, 2017)
" The clinical drug-drug interaction study results were reconciled well by a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model that incorporated a minor contribution of CYP3A to overall ixazomib clearance and quantitatively considered the strength of induction of CYP3A and intestinal P-glycoprotein by rifampin."	( Effects of Strong CYP3A Inhibition and Induction on the Pharmacokinetics of Ixazomib, an Oral Proteasome Inhibitor: Results of Drug-Drug Interaction Studies in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors or Lymphoma and a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Ana Bessudo, A; Esseltine, DL; Gupta, N; Hanley, MJ; Ke, A; Liu, G; Nemunaitis, J; O'Neil, BH; Patel, C; Rasco, DW; Rowland Yeo, K; Sharma, S; Venkatakrishnan, K; Wang, B; Xia, C; Zhang, X, 2018)
" Intensive pharmacokinetic sampling occurred in 63 patients after 6 weeks of treatment, and safety/tolerability was assessed."	( Pharmacokinetics, Tolerability, and Bacteriological Response of Rifampin Administered at 600, 900, and 1,200 Milligrams Daily in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Colbers, A; Gillespie, SH; Haraka, F; Hoelscher, M; Kibiki, GS; Logger, JGM; Magis-Escurra, C; Mpagama, SG; Mtabho, CM; Phillips, PPJ; Plemper van Balen, G; Reither, K; Semvua, HH; Sumari-de Boer, IM; Te Brake, LHM; van den Boogaard, J; Wattenberg, M, 2017)
"In recent years, physiologically based PharmacoKinetic (PBPK) modeling has received growing interest as a useful tool for the assessment of drug pharmacokinetics."	( Prediction of drug-drug interactions using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models of CYP450 modulators included in Simcyp software. Daali, Y; Desmeules, JA; Marsousi, N; Rudaz, S, 2018)
" This dose of ceftaroline was adequate to achieve the pharmacodynamic endpoint associated with efficacy for methicillin-resistant Staphyloccocus aureus."	( Pharmacokinetics of Ceftaroline in a Preterm Infant With Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Pneumonia. Bernhardt, J; Gonzalez, D; Jhaveri, R; Laughon, M; Massaro, M; Salerno, SN, 2018)
" The purpose of this research was to predict the magnitude of drug-drug interaction (DDI) after coadministration of a strong CYP3A4 inducer or inhibitor using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling."	( A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach to Predict Drug-Drug Interactions of Buprenorphine After Subcutaneous Administration of CAM2038 With Perpetrators of CYP3A4. Gobburu, JVS; Liu, T, 2018)
" A simultaneous pharmacokinetic model of parent and active metabolites was initially developed by incorporating data from in vitro, preclinical, and clinical pharmacokinetic studies in healthy volunteers and in patients with AML or advSM."	( Simultaneous Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling of Parent and Active Metabolites to Investigate Complex CYP3A4 Drug-Drug Interaction Potential: A Case Example of Midostaurin. Chun, DY; Dutreix, C; Einolf, HJ; Gu, H; He, H; Ouatas, T; Rebello, S; Wang, L, 2018)
" A combined population pharmacokinetic model was developed to jointly describe the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir and ritonavir in 32 HIV-infected children (16 with MDR-TB receiving treatment with combinations of high-dose isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, ethionamide, terizidone, a fluoroquinolone, and amikacin and 16 without TB) who were established on a lopinavir-ritonavir-containing antiretroviral regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interactions of Lopinavir-Ritonavir Administered with First- and Second-Line Antituberculosis Drugs in HIV-Infected Children Treated for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. de Kock, M; Denti, P; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; McIlleron, H; Norman, J; Schaaf, HS; Tikiso, T; van der Laan, LE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J, 2018)
" Pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic studies are increasingly performed and might confirm their potential role in optimizing treatment outcome in specific settings and populations."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of anti-tubercular drugs: a tool for treatment optimization? Bonora, S; Calcagno, A; Motta, I, 2018)
" The combination of rifampicin with the new, poorly metabolised gamithromycin, a long-acting analogue of azithromycin and tulathromycin with lower pharmacokinetic interaction potential, might be a suitable alternative."	( Intestinal and hepatic contributions to the pharmacokinetic interaction between gamithromycin and rifampicin after single-dose and multiple-dose administration in healthy foals. Berlin, S; Grube, M; Hasan, M; Oswald, S; Scheuch, E; Siegmund, W; Ullrich, A; Venner, M; Wallstabe, S; Wegner, D, 2018)
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetic interactions and pulmonary distribution of rifampicin and gamithromycin in healthy foals, and to investigate the cellular uptake of gamithromycin in vitro."	( Intestinal and hepatic contributions to the pharmacokinetic interaction between gamithromycin and rifampicin after single-dose and multiple-dose administration in healthy foals. Berlin, S; Grube, M; Hasan, M; Oswald, S; Scheuch, E; Siegmund, W; Ullrich, A; Venner, M; Wallstabe, S; Wegner, D, 2018)
"16-fold increase of AUC of avatrombopag, prolonged terminal elimination phase half-life (from 19."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions of avatrombopag when coadministered with dual or selective CYP2C9 and CYP3A interacting drugs. Aluri, J; Boyd, P; Chang, MK; Ferry, J; Lai, WG; Nomoto, M; Rege, B; Schuck, E; Siu, YA; Yasuda, S; Zamora, CA, 2018)
" A pharmacokinetic model was developed to describe uptake, and modelling was performed using ADAPT 5 software."	( Functionalization of PLGA Nanoparticles with 1,3-β-glucan Enhances the Intracellular Pharmacokinetics of Rifampicin in Macrophages. Dube, A; Gouveia, L; Hayeshi, R; Naicker, B; Paixao, P; Tukulula, M, 2018)
" Data describing the Cmax and AUC were extracted."	( Pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in adult TB patients and healthy volunteers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aarnoutse, R; Alffenaar, JWC; Boeree, MJ; Davies, G; Koegelenberg, CFN; McIlleron, H; Peloquin, C; Pertinez, H; Ramachandran, G; Requena-Méndez, A; Ruslami, R; Stott, KE; Sturkenboom, MGG; Swaminathan, S; Tostmann, A, 2018)
" These findings led us to investigate the factors influencing the underlying pharmacokinetic mechanisms of bosutinib with physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models."	( Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling in Understanding Bosutinib Drug-Drug Interactions: Importance of Intestinal P-Glycoprotein. Costales, C; Kimoto, E; Loi, CM; Varma, MV; Yamazaki, S, 2018)
"Dried blood spot (DBS) sampling for pharmacokinetic (PK) studies and therapeutic drug monitoring have unique advantages over venous sampling."	( Evaluation of dried blood spot sampling for pharmacokinetic research and therapeutic drug monitoring of anti-tuberculosis drugs in children. Aarnoutse, RE; Aguirre, S; Alffenaar, JW; Chaparro, G; Coronel, R; Gomez, R; Gonzalez, F; Huisman, J; Jongedijk, E; Kerkhoff, J; Magis-Escurra, C; Martial, LC; Martinez, N; Molinas, G; Pérez, D; Rodríguez, M; Roman, M; Touw, DJ, 2018)
" Genetic polymorphisms and pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of EFV400 without (PK1) and with INH/RIF following 4 (PK2) and 12 (PK3) weeks of coadministration were evaluated."	( Pharmacokinetics of Efavirenz 400 mg Once Daily Coadministered With Isoniazid and Rifampicin in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals. Boffito, M; Cerrone, M; Day-Weber, I; Fedele, S; Hill, A; McClure, M; Neary, M; Owen, A; Wang, X; Weaver, C, 2019)
" Because concurrent induction of these enzymes could affect ertugliflozin exposure, this study assessed the effect of multiple doses of rifampin on the pharmacokinetic properties of single-dose ertugliflozin."	( Effect of Rifampin on the Pharmacokinetics of Ertugliflozin in Healthy Subjects. Cutler, DL; Dawra, VK; Hickman, A; Liang, Y; Matschke, K; Sahasrabudhe, V; Saur, D; Shi, H; Terra, SG, 2018)
" Plasma samples for ertugliflozin pharmacokinetic analysis were collected during 72hours after dosing on day 1 of period 1 and day 8 of period 2 and analyzed using a validated HPLC-MS/MS method."	( Effect of Rifampin on the Pharmacokinetics of Ertugliflozin in Healthy Subjects. Cutler, DL; Dawra, VK; Hickman, A; Liang, Y; Matschke, K; Sahasrabudhe, V; Saur, D; Shi, H; Terra, SG, 2018)
"To predict the optimal chemoprophylactic dose of mefloquine in infants of 5-10 kg using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) and clinical effectiveness models."	( Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for mefloquine and its application alongside a clinical effectiveness model to select an optimal dose for prevention of malaria in young Caucasian children. Cleary, Y; Johnson, TN; Parrott, N; Reigner, B; Smith, JR; Toovey, S, 2019)
"1 and verified against clinical pharmacokinetic data in adults; the final model, accounting for developmental physiology and enzyme ontogeny was then applied in the paediatric population."	( Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for mefloquine and its application alongside a clinical effectiveness model to select an optimal dose for prevention of malaria in young Caucasian children. Cleary, Y; Johnson, TN; Parrott, N; Reigner, B; Smith, JR; Toovey, S, 2019)
"To describe the pharmacokinetics of isoniazid and acetyl-isoniazid in TB/HIV-coinfected patients, and assess the effects of efavirenz co-administration and a 50% increase in the dose of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetic parameters of isoniazid and acetyl-isoniazid."	( Effect of efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy and high-dose rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of isoniazid and acetyl-isoniazid. Affolabi, D; Bah-Sow, O; Chirehwa, MT; Denti, P; McIlleron, H; Merle, C; Wiesner, L, 2019)
"Dosing recommendations for treating childhood tuberculosis (TB) were revised by the World Health Organization, yet so far, pharmacokinetic studies that have evaluated these changes are relatively limited."	( Pharmacokinetics of First-Line Drugs Among Children With Tuberculosis in Rural Tanzania. Augustino, D; Gratz, J; Heysell, SK; Houpt, ER; Justine, M; Kibiki, GS; Kivuyo, S; Mduma, E; Mfinanga, S; Mmbaga, B; Nicodemu, I; Peloquin, CA; Thomas, TA; Yeconia, A; Zagurski, T, 2020)
" Pharmacokinetic samplings were done 16 weeks after initiation of efavirenz-based anti-retroviral therapy and eight weeks after completion of rifampicin-based anti-tuberculosis treatment."	( Long-term efavirenz pharmacokinetics is comparable between Tanzanian HIV and HIV/Tuberculosis patients with the same CYP2B6*6 genotype. Aklillu, E; Bertilsson, L; Burhenne, J; Janabi, M; Kitabi, EN; Minzi, OMS; Mugusi, F; Mugusi, S; Sasi, P, 2018)
" Pharmacokinetic parameters can be affected by comorbidities or the interaction of drugs with food."	( Intra-individual effects of food upon the pharmacokinetics of rifampicin and isoniazid. Ardrey, A; Davies, G; Jave, O; López-Romero, SL; Moore, DAJ; Requena-Méndez, A; Ward, SA; Waterhouse, D, 2019)
" Three phase 1, open-label, drug-drug interaction studies were conducted to examine the pharmacokinetic interactions of orally administered rolapitant with midazolam, rolapitant with ketoconazole, and rolapitant with rifampin."	( Pharmacokinetic Interactions of Rolapitant With Cytochrome P450 3A Substrates in Healthy Subjects. Arora, S; Christensen, J; Hughes, L; Lu, S; Wang, J; Wang, X; Zhang, ZY, 2019)
" The aim of this study was to simulate and predict drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between these LA antiretroviral agents and rifampicin using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling."	( Predicting Drug-Drug Interactions Between Rifampicin and Long-Acting Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Back, D; Chiong, J; Curley, P; Flexner, C; Owen, A; Rajoli, RKR; Siccardi, M, 2019)
" Qualified PBPK models were utilized for pharmacokinetic prediction of DDIs."	( Predicting Drug-Drug Interactions Between Rifampicin and Long-Acting Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Back, D; Chiong, J; Curley, P; Flexner, C; Owen, A; Rajoli, RKR; Siccardi, M, 2019)
" In the experiment in vivo, the process of rifampicin was studied after intragastric administration of rifampicin and rifampicin+ tannins in Galla Chinensis, and then the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( [Effects of tannins in Galla Chinensis on pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in vivo and in vitro]. Chen, J; Dong, ZY; Huang, JM; Jin, R; Liu, YL; Tang, H; Wang, MS; Wang, Q; Ye, JC, 2018)
" While concomitant food intake and HIV infection explain part of the pharmacokinetic variability associated with rifapentine, few studies have evaluated the contribution of genetic polymorphisms."	( A Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis Shows that Arylacetamide Deacetylase (AADAC) Gene Polymorphism and HIV Infection Affect the Exposure of Rifapentine. Charalambous, S; Dawson, R; Denti, P; Dorman, S; Egan, D; Francis, J; Gupte, N; Harrison, TS; Hatherill, M; Jindani, A; McIlleron, HM; Mungofa, S; Olagunju, A; Owen, A; Wiesner, L; Zvada, SP, 2019)
"An in vitro dynamic pharmacokinetic (PK) cell culture system was developed to more precisely simulate physiologic nanoparticle/drug exposure."	( In vitro Pharmacokinetic Cell Culture System that Simulates Physiologic Drug and Nanoparticle Exposure to Macrophages. Kutscher, HL; Morse, GD; Prasad, PN; Reynolds, JL, 2019)
"The dynamic PK cell culture system mimics a one-compartment elimination pharmacokinetic profile to properly mimic in vivo extracellular exposure."	( In vitro Pharmacokinetic Cell Culture System that Simulates Physiologic Drug and Nanoparticle Exposure to Macrophages. Kutscher, HL; Morse, GD; Prasad, PN; Reynolds, JL, 2019)
"We report the prevalence and effect of genetic variability on pharmacokinetic parameters of isoniazid and rifampicin."	( Effects of genetic variability on rifampicin and isoniazid pharmacokinetics in South African patients with recurrent tuberculosis. Adamson, J; Chirehwa, M; Denti, P; Govender, K; McIlleron, H; Naidoo, A; Naidoo, K; Ncgapu, S; Padayatchi, N; Ramsuran, V; Singh, R; Yende-Zuma, N, 2019)
" Olanzapine and samidorphan pharmacokinetic parameters were determined after OLZ/SAM dosing on days 1 and 22."	( A Phase I Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Effects of Rifampin on the Pharmacokinetics of Olanzapine and Samidorphan Administered in Combination in Healthy Human Subjects. Kumar, V; McDonnell, D; Sun, L; von Moltke, L; Yu, M, 2019)
" Pharmacokinetic analyses of the CYP2C19 probe drug, omeprazole, were performed before and after rifampicin or fluvoxamine administration."	( Effect of co-administered inducer or inhibitor on omeprazole pharmacokinetics based on CYP2C19 genotype. Hakamata, A; Inui, N; Kamiya, C; Miyakawa, S; Namiki, N; Odagiri, K; Tanaka, S; Uchida, S; Watanabe, H, 2019)
" We performed a multicenter, prospective pharmacokinetic (PK) and safety study of intravenous rifampin in infants of <121 days postnatal age (PNA)."	( Rifampin Pharmacokinetics and Safety in Preterm and Term Infants. Anand, R; Benjamin, DK; Boakye-Agyeman, F; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Cotten, CM; Hudak, ML; Laughon, MM; Lewandowski, A; Poindexter, BB; Smith, PB; Sullivan, JE, 2019)
" Inter-individual pharmacokinetic variability and the effect of age, nutritional status, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, acetylator genotype may need to be accounted for in striving for the dosages best suited for an individual."	( Pharmacokinetics of First-Line Anti-Tubercular Drugs. Kabra, SK; Lodha, R; Mukherjee, A, 2019)
"The population pharmacokinetics and lysophosphatidic acid C18:2 response of GLPG1690 were adequately described by a combined population pharmacokinetic and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model."	( Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of GLPG1690, an Autotaxin Inhibitor, in Healthy Volunteers and Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Allamasey, L; Blanqué, R; Desrivot, J; Diderichsen, PM; Fagard, L; Fieuw, A; Namour, F; Taneja, A; Van der Aar, E, 2019)
" Elimination half-life was not affected."	( Influence of Rifampin-Mediated Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide 1B1/1B3 Inhibition on the Pharmacokinetics of Clazosentan. Dingemanse, J; Dogterom, P; Juif, PE; Ufer, M; Voors-Pette, C, 2019)
" To exploit the full potential of PET, quantitative pharmacokinetic models are required."	( Towards Improved Pharmacokinetic Models for the Analysis of Transporter-Mediated Hepatic Disposition of Drug Molecules with Positron Emission Tomography. Bauer, M; Blaickner, M; Hacker, M; Hernández Lozano, I; Karch, R; Langer, O; Matsuda, A; Wulkersdorfer, B; Zeitlinger, M, 2019)
" We aimed to establish a semi-physiologically based pharmacokinetic (semi-PBPK) model involving both enzyme and transporter turnover to simultaneously predict pharmacokinetic interaction of rifampicin with oral versus intravenous substrates of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4/P‑glycoprotein (P-GP) in human."	( Simultaneously predict pharmacokinetic interaction of rifampicin with oral versus intravenous substrates of cytochrome P450 3A/P‑glycoprotein to healthy human using a semi-physiologically based pharmacokinetic model involving both enzyme and transporter t Chen, Y; Liu, L; Liu, XD; Qian, CQ; Zhao, KJ, 2019)
"To evaluate the proportion of children with lopinavir Cmin ≥1 mg/L when receiving a novel 8-hourly lopinavir/ritonavir dosing strategy during rifampicin co-treatment."	( Pharmacokinetics of adjusted-dose 8-hourly lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected children co-treated with rifampicin. McIlleron, H; Rabie, H; Rawizza, H; Van Rie, A; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J; Zar, H; Zuidewind, P, 2019)
"HIV-infected children on lopinavir/ritonavir and rifampicin were enrolled in a prospective pharmacokinetic study."	( Pharmacokinetics of adjusted-dose 8-hourly lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected children co-treated with rifampicin. McIlleron, H; Rabie, H; Rawizza, H; Van Rie, A; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J; Zar, H; Zuidewind, P, 2019)
" Potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) following coadministration of these 2 overactive bladder treatments were estimated using physiologically based pharmacokinetic models, developed and verified by comparing predicted and observed pharmacokinetic profiles from clinical studies."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Suggests Limited Drug-Drug Interaction for Fesoterodine When Coadministered With Mirabegron. Goosen, TC; Lin, J; Malhotra, B; Tse, S; Yamagami, H, 2019)
"This study applied pharmacokinetic modelling using virtual clinical trials, to pharmacokinetically quantify the extent and impact of rifampicin-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDI) on methadone plasma concentrations."	( The optimization of methadone dosing whilst treating with rifampicin: A pharmacokinetic modeling study. Al Zabit, D; Badhan, RKS; Gittins, R, 2019)
" A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was established to evaluate the changes in the ruxolitinib systemic exposures with co-administration of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 perpetrators."	( Drug-drug interaction (DDI) assessments of ruxolitinib, a dual substrate of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9, using a verified physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to support regulatory submissions. Aslanis, V; He, H; Heimbach, T; Huth, F; Jin, Y; Schiller, H; Umehara, K, 2019)
"We predicted the drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential of siponimod in presence of cytochrome P450 (CYP)2C9/CYP3A4 inhibitors/inducers in subjects with different CYP2C9 genotypes by physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PK) modeling."	( Prediction of the Impact of Cytochrome P450 2C9 Genotypes on the Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of Siponimod With Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling: A Comprehensive Approach for Drug Label Recommendations. Gardin, A; He, H; Huth, F; Umehara, K, 2019)
"A population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model for pretomanid was developed using data from 14 studies in the pretomanid development program: six phase 1 studies, six phase 2 studies, and two phase 3 studies."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of the Antituberculosis Agent Pretomanid. Everitt, D; Nedelman, JR; Salinger, DH; Subramoney, V, 2019)
" We previously constructed a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of rifampicin accounting for the components for the induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A/CYP2C9 and the inhibition of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B (OATP1B)."	( Expanded Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Rifampicin for Predicting Interactions With Drugs and an Endogenous Biomarker via Complex Mechanisms Including Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1B Induction. Asaumi, R; Imawaka, H; Kusuhara, H; Lee, W; Menzel, K; Nunoya, KI; Sugiyama, Y, 2019)
"Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is a powerful tool to quantitatively describe drug disposition profiles in vivo, thereby providing an alternative to predict drug-drug interactions (DDIs) that have not been tested clinically."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach to Predict Rifampin-Mediated Intestinal P-Glycoprotein Induction. Costales, C; Eatemadpour, S; Kimoto, E; Lazzaro, S; Varma, MV; Yamazaki, S, 2019)
" Intensive RAL pharmacokinetic sampling was conducted 5 to 8 days after antiretroviral therapy was initiated; a fourth antiretroviral agent was then added."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of a raltegravir-containing regimen in HIV-infected children aged 2-12 years on rifampicin for tuberculosis. Acosta, EP; Bradford, S; Cotton, MF; Denson, K; Hesseling, A; Hovind, L; Krogstad, P; Marillo, L; Masenya, M; Mathiba, SR; Meyers, T; Moye, J; Samson, P; Sise, T; Teppler, H; Townley, E, 2019)
"Giving 12 mg/kg twice daily of the chewable RAL formulation achieved pharmacokinetic targets safely in HIV-infected children receiving RIF for TB."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of a raltegravir-containing regimen in HIV-infected children aged 2-12 years on rifampicin for tuberculosis. Acosta, EP; Bradford, S; Cotton, MF; Denson, K; Hesseling, A; Hovind, L; Krogstad, P; Marillo, L; Masenya, M; Mathiba, SR; Meyers, T; Moye, J; Samson, P; Sise, T; Teppler, H; Townley, E, 2019)
" Median (IQR) Cmax and Tmax were 10."	( Role of pharmacogenetics in rifampicin pharmacokinetics and the potential effect on TB-rifampicin sensitivity among Ugandan patients. Aklillu, E; Kengo, A; Kutesa, B; McHugh, TD; Mukonzo, JK; Nanzigu, S; Pohanka, A; Zumla, A, 2020)
"To evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetic profile of adjusted doses of darunavir/ritonavir with rifampicin."	( Pharmacokinetic profile and safety of adjusted doses of darunavir/ritonavir with rifampicin in people living with HIV. Ebrahim, I; Maartens, G; McIlleron, H; Orrell, C; Smythe, W; Wiesner, L, 2020)
" A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model incorporating the metabolites was developed to predict the effect of other strong and moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors and inducers."	( Predicting Clinical Effects of CYP3A4 Modulators on Abemaciclib and Active Metabolites Exposure Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Dickinson, GL; Hall, SD; Kulanthaivel, P; Morse, BL; Posada, MM; Turner, PK, 2020)
" Thereby, population pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated followed by elucidating relations between the parameters and statistical factors."	( The Population Pharmacokinetics of Rifampicin in Japanese Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients. Atsuda, K; Kobayashi, M; Kohno, H; Koike, Y; Maruoka, D; Nagai, H; Nishimura, T, 2020)
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental analysis, and safety was assessed."	( Effects of itraconazole and rifampicin on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of the nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor blocker esaxerenone in healthy Japanese subjects. Irie, S; Ishizuka, H; Ishizuka, T; Kato, M; Kirigaya, Y; Nakatsu, T; Nishikawa, Y; Shimizu, T; Shiramoto, M; Uchimaru, H, 2020)
" This study illustrates the importance of incorporating target biology, drug-target interactions and in vitro clearance parameters into mechanistic PBPK/PD models and the utility of such models for pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and DDI predictions."	( A Translational Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics Framework of Target-Mediated Disposition, Target Inhibition and Drug-Drug Interactions of Bortezomib. Hanley, M; Iwasaki, S; Venkatakrishnan, K; Xia, C; Zhu, A, 2020)
"This study was aimed at the evaluation of rifampicin's enzyme induction effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters of orally administered metoclopramide."	( Influence of Rifampicin Pre-treatment on the In vivo Pharmacokinetics of Metoclopramide in Pakistani Healthy Volunteers Following Concurrent Oral Administration. Abrar, MA; Anwer, N; Kaukab, I; Murtaza, G; Shah, SNH, 2020)
"This randomized, single-blind, two-phase cross-over pharmacokinetic study separated by a 4-week washout period was conducted at a single center in Pakistan."	( Influence of Rifampicin Pre-treatment on the In vivo Pharmacokinetics of Metoclopramide in Pakistani Healthy Volunteers Following Concurrent Oral Administration. Abrar, MA; Anwer, N; Kaukab, I; Murtaza, G; Shah, SNH, 2020)
" We found that 12 mg/kg twice daily raltegravir chewable tablets (administered after crushing) safely achieved pharmacokinetic targets in children living with HIV aged 4 weeks to <2 years receiving concurrent rifampin to treat TB."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of a Raltegravir-Containing Regimen in Children Aged 4 Weeks to 2 Years Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Receiving Rifampin for Tuberculosis. Acosta, EP; Bradford, S; Brown, E; Denson, K; Fairlie, L; Graham, B; Hovind, L; Krogstad, P; Mathiba, SR; Meyers, T; Moye, J; Samson, P; Sise, T; Slade, G; Teppler, H; Townley, E; Winckler, JL, 2021)
"Despite a recent expansion in the recognition of the potential utility of coproporphyrin (CP) as an endogenous biomarker of organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B activity, there have been few detailed studies of CP's pharmacokinetic behavior and an overall poor understanding of its pharmacokinetic fate from tissues and excretion."	( Absorption and Disposition of Coproporphyrin I (CPI) in Cynomolgus Monkeys and Mice: Pharmacokinetic Evidence to Support the Use of CPI to Inform the Potential for Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide Inhibition. Fancher, RM; Gan, J; Gu, X; Hong, Y; Lai, Y; Shen, H; Sinz, M; Tian, Y; Wang, L, 2020)
" A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed integrating in vitro, preclinical, and clinical data of HVs and patients with cancer."	( Ribociclib Drug-Drug Interactions: Clinical Evaluations and Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Guide Drug Labeling. Chakraborty, A; Dhuria, SV; Elmeliegy, M; He, H; Heimbach, T; Huth, F; Ji, Y; Miller, M; Samant, TS; Schiller, H; Umehara, K, 2020)
" To enable administering safe doses of molibresib to healthy volunteers, this 2-part randomized, open-label, crossover drug-drug interaction trial was conducted as an adaptive design study using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and simulation to predict the lowest doses of molibresib that could be safely administered alone (10 mg) or with itraconazole and rifampicin (strong inhibitors and inducers of CYP3A and P-gp, respectively)."	( An Adaptive Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic-Driven Design to Investigate the Effect of Itraconazole and Rifampicin on the Pharmacokinetics of Molibresib (GSK525762) in Healthy Female Volunteers. Collins, G; Ferron-Brady, G; Kremer, BE; Patel, A; Riddell, K; Schramek, D; Zhou, Y, 2021)
"Develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of ivosidenib using in vitro and clinical PK data from healthy participants (HPs), refine it with clinical data on ivosidenib co-administered with itraconazole, and develop a model for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and apply it to predict ivosidenib drug-drug interactions (DDI)."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation to predict drug-drug interactions of ivosidenib with CYP3A perpetrators in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Fan, B; Ke, A; Le, K; Prakash, C; Yang, H, 2020)
" As M9 concentrations have not been quantified in previous clinical studies, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was developed to investigate the change in M9 exposure when doravirine is coadministered with CYP3A inducers."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Doravirine and Its Major Metabolite to Support Dose Adjustment With Rifabutin. Cabalu, TD; Dreyer, D; Fillgrove, KL; Iwamoto, M; Khalilieh, SG; Kuo, Y; Liu, Y; McClain, S; Sanchez, RI; Stoch, SA; Triantafyllou, I; Wenning, L; Yee, KL, 2021)
"The aim of this review is to summarize the pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction (DDI) of 45 antibiotics commonly used in sepsis care in China."	( Pharmacokinetic Drug-drug Interaction of Antibiotics Used in Sepsis Care in China. Cheng, C; Chu, Z; He, R; Li, J; Wang, Y; Yu, X, 2021)
" Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models for apixaban and rivaroxaban were developed to estimate the net effect of CYP3A induction, P-gp inhibition, and P-gp induction by rifampicin."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for the Prediction of a Drug-Drug Interaction of Combined Effects on P-glycoprotein and Cytochrome P450 3A. Bonate, PL; Choules, MP; Komatsu, K; Otsuka, Y, 2020)
" Measuring the pharmacodynamic (PD) efficacy of FIR on DNL provides a unique opportunity to determine optimal dosing strategies for liver-targeted OATP substrates in settings of altered OATP function."	( Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide Inhibition Dramatically Increases Plasma Exposure but not Pharmacodynamic Effect nor Inferred Hepatic Intracellular Exposure of Firsocostat. Ampaw, L; Beysen, C; Garrison, KL; Kearney, BP; Kirby, BJ; Lutz, JD; Mathias, A; Myers, RP; Qin, AR; Yue, MS, 2021)
" For the first time, we developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model-based approach to assess CYP3A-mediated drug-drug interaction (DDI) risk for polatuzumab vedotin (Polivy), an anti-CD79b-vc-monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) antibody-drug conjugate (ADC)."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model-Informed Drug Development for Polatuzumab Vedotin: Label for Drug-Drug Interactions Without Dedicated Clinical Trials. Chen, Y; Ding, H; Girish, S; Jin, J; Li, C; Lu, D; Ma, F; Mao, J; Miles, D; Samineni, D; Shi, R; Wright, M, 2020)
"To provide whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models of the potent clinical organic anion transporter (OAT) inhibitor probenecid and the clinical OAT victim drug furosemide for their application in transporter-based drug-drug interaction (DDI) modeling."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models of Probenecid and Furosemide to Predict Transporter Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions. Britz, H; Fernandez, É; Hanke, N; Lehr, T; Nock, V; Prasad, B; Stopfer, P; Taub, ME; Wang, T, 2020)
" Participants provided sparse pharmacokinetic (PK) sampling at baseline and weeks 2 and 4 for trough nevirapine determination."	( Nevirapine pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected persons receiving rifapentine and isoniazid for TB prevention. Benson, CA; Chaisson, RE; Fletcher, CV; Gupta, A; Hakim, J; Kanyama, C; Langat, D; Leon-Cruz, J; Mwelase, N; Omoz-Oarhe, A; Podany, AT; Supparatpinyo, K; Swindells, S, 2021)
" Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models built upon two independent bottom-up approaches predicted elevation of E7766 plasma exposure when administered with Rifampicin, a clinical OATP inhibitor."	( Prediction of Transporter-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions and Phenotyping of Hepatobiliary Transporters Involved in the Clearance of E7766, a Novel Macrocycle-Bridged Dinucleotide. Burgess, L; Dixit, V; Hart, A; Jiang, R; Kim, DS; Lai, WG, 2021)
" In addition, rifampicin exists either as amorphous or crystalline particles, which may show different pharmacokinetic behaviour."	( Pharmacokinetics of rifampicin after repeated intra-tracheal administration of amorphous and crystalline powder formulations to Sprague Dawley rats. Das, SC; Dummer, J; Hill, PC; Katare, R; Khadka, P; Sinha, S; Tucker, IG, 2021)
" We investigated whether the single-dose pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of pamiparib is altered by coadministration of a strong CYP3A inducer (rifampin) or a strong CYP3A inhibitor (itraconazole) in patients with solid tumors."	( The pharmacokinetics of pamiparib in the presence of a strong CYP3A inhibitor (itraconazole) and strong CYP3A inducer (rifampin) in patients with solid tumors: an open-label, parallel-group phase 1 study. Andreu-Vieyra, C; Bulat, I; Lin, C; Maglakelidze, M; Mu, S; Sahasranaman, S; Skarbova, V; Skrzypczyk-Ostaszewicz, A, 2021)
"The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the OATP inhibitor rifampin on pharmacokinetic of Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System Class 1 compound fluvastatin."	( Effects of Single Dose Rifampin on the Pharmacokinetics of Fluvastatin in Healthy Volunteers. Benet, LZ; Frassetto, LA; Kozachenko, I; Okochi, H; Sodhi, JK; Xiang, Y, 2021)
"An important clindamycin-rifampicin pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction has been reported, but the potential influence of the clindamycin administration route on that interaction is unknown."	( Influence of the clindamycin administration route on the magnitude of clindamycin-rifampicin interaction: a prospective pharmacokinetic study. Billaud, E; Heym, B; Jannot, AS; Jullien, V; Kitzis, MD; Magreault, S; Marmor, S; Salmon, D; Salomon, L; Zeller, V, 2021)
"Tetracyclines are widely used as oral therapy of MRSA infection, however, the pharmacodynamic underpinning is absent."	( The pharmacodynamics of minocycline alone and in combination with rifampicin against Staphylococcus aureus studied in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model of infection. Attwood, M; Bowker, KE; MacGowan, AP; Noel, AR, 2021)
"We employed an in vitro pharmacokinetic model to study the pharmacodynamics of minocycline alone and in combination with rifampicin."	( The pharmacodynamics of minocycline alone and in combination with rifampicin against Staphylococcus aureus studied in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model of infection. Attwood, M; Bowker, KE; MacGowan, AP; Noel, AR, 2021)
" Population pharmacokinetic models for olanzapine and samidorphan were developed using data from 11 clinical studies in healthy subjects or patients with schizophrenia."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Olanzapine and Samidorphan When Administered in Combination in Healthy Subjects and Patients With Schizophrenia. Mills, R; Rege, B; Sadler, BM; Sun, L, 2021)
" A pooled population pharmacokinetic analysis with 744 plasma medroxyprogesterone acetate concentrations from 138 women treated with depot medroxyprogesterone and antiretroviral/antituberculosis treatment across three clinical trials was performed."	( A Semimechanistic Pharmacokinetic Model for Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate and Drug-Drug Interactions With Antiretroviral and Antituberculosis Treatment. Cohn, SE; Denti, P; Dooley, KE; Firnhaber, C; Francis, J; Godfrey, C; Kendall, MA; McIlleron, H; Mngqibisa, R; Wu, X, 2021)
" A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was constructed to predict plasma concentration-time profiles of selumetinib, and to evaluate the impact of coadministering moderate cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4/2C19 inhibitors/inducers."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Selumetinib to Evaluate Drug-Drug Interactions and Pediatric Dose Regimens. Cohen-Rabbie, S; Freshwater, T; Jain, L; Schalkwijk, S; Tomkinson, H; Vishwanathan, K; Wild, M; Xu, S; Zhou, D; Zhou, L, 2021)
"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are increasingly used in drug development to simulate changes in both systemic and tissue exposures that arise as a result of changes in enzyme and/or transporter activity."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Transporter-Mediated Hepatic Disposition of Imaging Biomarker Gadoxetate in Rats. Darwich, AS; Galetin, A; Melillo, N; Ogungbenro, K; Schütz, G; Scotcher, D; Sourbron, S; Tadimalla, S; Ziemian, S, 2021)
"Moxifloxacin is a recommended drug for rifampin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) treatment, but there is limited pediatric pharmacokinetic and safety data, especially in young children."	( Moxifloxacin Pharmacokinetics, Cardiac Safety, and Dosing for the Treatment of Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis in Children. Draper, HR; Fourie, B; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; Nielsen, J; Radtke, KK; Savic, RM; Schaaf, HS; Solans, BP; Thee, S; van der Laan, LE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, JL, 2022)
" Pharmacokinetic simulations were performed to predict expected exposure and optimal weight-banded dosing."	( Moxifloxacin Pharmacokinetics, Cardiac Safety, and Dosing for the Treatment of Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis in Children. Draper, HR; Fourie, B; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; Nielsen, J; Radtke, KK; Savic, RM; Schaaf, HS; Solans, BP; Thee, S; van der Laan, LE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, JL, 2022)
" Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed with the first (second/third trimester) and twelfth (third trimester/postpartum) doses."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of 3 Months of Weekly Rifapentine and Isoniazid for Tuberculosis Prevention in Pregnant Women. Bradford, S; Britto, P; Chakhtoura, N; Chalermchockcharoentkit, A; Chipato, T; Dooley, KE; Gupta, A; Jayachandran, P; Kamthunzi, P; Langat, D; Mathad, JS; Montepiedra, G; Norman, J; Patil, S; Popson, S; Rouzier, V; Savic, R; Townley, E; Wiesner, L; Zhang, N, 2022)
" Very few pharmacokinetic data are available in this population."	( Ciprofloxacin population pharmacokinetics during long-term treatment of osteoarticular infections. Aubry, A; Bleibtreu, A; Chauvin, C; Comets, E; Fourniols, E; Funck-Brentano, C; Jaureguiberry, S; Llopis, B; Noe, G; Tissot, N; Urien, S; Zahr, N, 2021)
" Pooled LPV AUC12 (157 203 hours × ng/mL) and Ctrough (9876 ng/mL) were similar to historical controls; RBT AUC24 (7374 hours × ng/mL) and Ctrough (208 ng/mL) were higher, although 3 participants in arm C had RBT Cmax <250 ng/mL."	( Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Double-Dose Lopinavir/Ritonavir + Rifampin Versus Lopinavir/Ritonavir + Daily Rifabutin for Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Tuberculosis Coinfection. Benson, CA; Cardoso, SW; Fletcher, CV; Ive, P; Kendall, MA; Lalloo, U; Podany, AT; Wu, X, 2021)
" Faster RBT clearance and low Cmax in 3 participants on RBT+RAL requires further study."	( Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Double-Dose Lopinavir/Ritonavir + Rifampin Versus Lopinavir/Ritonavir + Daily Rifabutin for Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Tuberculosis Coinfection. Benson, CA; Cardoso, SW; Fletcher, CV; Ive, P; Kendall, MA; Lalloo, U; Podany, AT; Wu, X, 2021)
" Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling was performed to predict the drug-drug interaction (DDI) effect of cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A modulators on esaxerenone pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects and subjects with hepatic impairment."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling to predict the clinical effect of CYP3A inhibitors/inducers on esaxerenone pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects and subjects with hepatic impairment. Igawa, Y; Ishizuka, H; Ishizuka, T; Shimizu, T; Watanabe, A; Yamada, M, 2022)
" We report the first pharmacokinetic data for these FDC tablets in Zambian and South African children in the treatment-shortening SHINE trial."	( Pharmacokinetics of First-Line Drugs in Children With Tuberculosis, Using World Health Organization-Recommended Weight Band Doses and Formulations. Aarnoutse, R; Chabala, C; Chirehwa, M; Choo, L; Gibb, D; Hesseling, AC; Hissar, S; Kapasa, M; Kinikar, A; LeBeau, K; Mave, V; McIlleron, H; Mulenga, V; Palmer, M; Turkova, A; van der Zalm, M; Wiesner, L; Wobudeya, E; Zimba, KM, 2022)
" Pharmacokinetic data from days 14 and 15 were analysed using population modelling and safety data reviewed."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of high-dose rifampicin in children with TB: the Opti-Rif trial. Aarnoutse, RE; Denti, P; Draper, HR; Fairlie, L; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; Karlsson, MO; Masenya, M; Norman, J; Schaaf, HS; Svensson, EM; van der Laan, LE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J, 2021)
" We developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model in Simcyp version 19, with available and newly generated in vitro and in vivo data, to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters of moxifloxacin alone and when administered with rifampicin."	( Prediction of Moxifloxacin Concentrations in Tuberculosis Patient Populations by Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Bolwerk, C; Burger, DM; Greupink, R; Hoefsloot, W; Koenderink, JB; Kuipers, S; Litjens, CHC; Magis-Escurra, C; Ruslami, R; Russel, FGM; Svensson, EM; Te Brake, LHM; van Crevel, R; van den Broek, PHH; van den Heuvel, JJMW; van Ingen, J; van Laarhoven, A; Verscheijden, LFM, 2022)
"Children with drug-susceptible tuberculosis in Malawi and South Africa underwent pharmacokinetic sampling while receiving first-line tuberculosis drugs as single formulations according the 2010 WHO recommended doses."	( Optimizing Dosing and Fixed-Dose Combinations of Rifampicin, Isoniazid, and Pyrazinamide in Pediatric Patients With Tuberculosis: A Prospective Population Pharmacokinetic Study. Bekker, A; Davies, G; Denti, P; Gonzalez-Martinez, C; Hesseling, AC; McIlleron, HM; Rabie, H; Svensson, EM; van der Laan, LE; van Rie, A; Wasmann, RE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J; Zar, HJ, 2022)
" Serum CAM, 14-OH CAM, EB, and RFP concentrations were measured before and at 2, 4, 6, and 12 or 24 h after administration on days 14, 28, and 42, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( Impact of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin and 14-hydroxy clarithromycin in patients with multidrug combination therapy for pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex infection. Enoki, Y; Hasegawa, N; Iketani, O; Kizu, J; Komeya, A; Matsumoto, K; Taguchi, K; Uno, S; Uwamino, Y, 2022)
" Although physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling has become a widely accepted approach to assess DDIs and is able to reasonably predict DDIs caused by CYP3A4 induction and P-gp induction individually, the predictability of PBPK models for the effect of simultaneous P-gp and CYP3A4 induction on P-gp-CYP3A4 dual substrates remains to be systematically evaluated."	( Unraveling pleiotropic effects of rifampicin by using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling: Assessing the induction magnitude of P-glycoprotein-cytochrome P450 3A4 dual substrates. Neuhoff, S; Pan, X; Pilla Reddy, V; Yamazaki, S; Zhang, M, 2021)
" The DTG pharmacokinetic profiles in different groups were assessed."	( Pharmacokinetic features of dolutegravir with rifampicin and rifabutin among patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis/mycobacterium avium complex. Chen, J; Guo, X; Le, X; Liu, L; Qi, T; Shen, Y; Song, W; Sun, J; Tang, Y; Wang, J; Wang, Z; Yin, L; Zhang, L; Zhang, R, 2022)
"We explored the Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Scopus databases for articles that reported the pharmacokinetic parameters of rifampicin in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with tuberculosis published until September 2020."	( The impact of diabetes mellitus on the pharmacokinetics of rifampicin among tuberculosis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis study. El-Sheikh, SMA; Galal, AAA; Metwally, AS, 2022)
"Diabetes mellitus increased the Tmax of rifampicin without further impact on other rifampicin pharmacokinetic parameters such as Cmax, AUC0-24, Vd, CL and MRT."	( The impact of diabetes mellitus on the pharmacokinetics of rifampicin among tuberculosis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis study. El-Sheikh, SMA; Galal, AAA; Metwally, AS, 2022)
" Several population pharmacokinetic (PK) studies on rifampicin in adult and child populations have been studied previously, therefore the aims of the systematic review were (i) to summarize the relevant published studies and significant covariates that influence the PK of rifampicin across different populations, and (ii) to identify any knowledge gap that requires additional research in the future."	( Population pharmacokinetics analyses of rifampicin in adult and children populations: A systematic review. Harun, SN; Muda, MR; Sheikh Ghadzi, SM; Syed Sulaiman, SA, 2022)
" Population pharmacokinetic models used plasma and intrapulmonary drug levels at 8 and 16 weeks."	( High Intrapulmonary Rifampicin and Isoniazid Concentrations Are Associated With Rapid Sputum Bacillary Clearance in Patients With Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Chasweka, M; Chirambo, AP; Chitani, A; Corbett, EL; Davies, GR; Ghany, JF; Gordon, SB; Khoo, SH; Malamba, R; Mallewa, JE; McCallum, AD; Meghji, JZ; Mwandumba, HC; Pertinez, HE; Shani, D; Sheha, I; Sloan, DJ, 2022)
"In this observational cohort study, children aged 6-17 years receiving bedaquiline at recommended doses as part of MDR/RR-TB treatment underwent semi-intensive pharmacokinetic sampling."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Bedaquiline in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Positive and Negative Older Children and Adolescents With Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis. Draper, HR; Fourie, B; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; Hughes, JA; Radtke, KK; Savic, RM; Schaaf, HS; Solans, BP; van der Laan, L; Wiesner, L; Winckler, JL, 2022)
" A bedaquiline pharmacokinetic model was adapted to be allometrically scaled in clearance and volume, centered in the median child population weight."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Bedaquiline in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Positive and Negative Older Children and Adolescents With Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis. Draper, HR; Fourie, B; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; Hughes, JA; Radtke, KK; Savic, RM; Schaaf, HS; Solans, BP; van der Laan, L; Wiesner, L; Winckler, JL, 2022)
" A population pharmacokinetic model was developed describing PAS pharmacokinetics in children receiving routine RR-TB treatment."	( Pharmacokinetics and Dose Optimization Strategies of Para-Aminosalicylic Acid in Children with Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis. Chirehwa, M; Denti, P; Donald, PR; Draper, HR; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; Mao, J; McIlleron, H; Norman, J; Schaaf, HS; van der Laan, LE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, JL, 2022)
" This study aimed to establish a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of rifampicin to predict the P-gp-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and assess the DDI impact in the intestine, liver, and kidney."	( Robust physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of rifampicin for predicting drug-drug interactions via P-glycoprotein induction and inhibition in the intestine, liver, and kidney. Asaumi, R; Nunoya, KI; Sugiyama, Y; Taskar, KS; Yamaura, Y, 2022)
"58 children were assessed for eligibilty and enrolled between June 25, 2016, and Feb 6, 2018; 44 had complete stool testing and serum pharmacokinetic data, and they were included in the analyses."	( Enteropathogen spectrum and effect on antimycobacterial pharmacokinetics among children with tuberculosis in rural Tanzania: a prospective cohort study. Alshaer, MH; Gratz, J; Heysell, SK; Houpt, ER; Justine, M; Kosek, M; Liu, J; Maro, A; Mduma, E; Mpagama, SG; Mujaga, B; Peloquin, CA; Rogawski McQuade, ET; Thomas, TA; Van Aartsen, D, 2022)
"Tanzanian children undergoing tuberculosis treatment rarely attained pharmacokinetic targets; enteropathogen carriage was common and enteropathogen burden was associated with significant reductions in the concentrations of some antimycobacterial drugs."	( Enteropathogen spectrum and effect on antimycobacterial pharmacokinetics among children with tuberculosis in rural Tanzania: a prospective cohort study. Alshaer, MH; Gratz, J; Heysell, SK; Houpt, ER; Justine, M; Kosek, M; Liu, J; Maro, A; Mduma, E; Mpagama, SG; Mujaga, B; Peloquin, CA; Rogawski McQuade, ET; Thomas, TA; Van Aartsen, D, 2022)
" This study utilized physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to explore the pharmacokinetics of BRV and drug interactions between BRV and rifampin (RIF), a CYP2C19 inducer, based on CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of brivaracetam and its interactions with rifampin based on CYP2C19 phenotypes. Jiang, X; Wang, L; Yang, H; Yang, L; Zheng, L; Zhong, X, 2022)
" Here, we investigate the pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction potential of trilaciclib."	( Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interaction Studies Between Trilaciclib and Midazolam, Metformin, Rifampin, Itraconazole, and Topotecan in Healthy Volunteers and Patients with Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Beelen, A; Curd, L; Goti, V; Horton, JK; Li, C; Sale, M; Tao, W, 2022)
" Population pharmacokinetic modeling showed no significant effect of trilaciclib on topotecan clearance."	( Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interaction Studies Between Trilaciclib and Midazolam, Metformin, Rifampin, Itraconazole, and Topotecan in Healthy Volunteers and Patients with Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Beelen, A; Curd, L; Goti, V; Horton, JK; Li, C; Sale, M; Tao, W, 2022)
"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models have gained in popularity in the last decade in both drug development and regulatory science."	( A Comparative Analysis of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Tuberculosis Infections. Jacobs, BA; Mtshali, S, 2022)
"This study aimed to investigate the drug-drug interactions of ponatinib with strong, moderate, or weak CYP3A4 inhibitors/inducers by developing physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of ponatinib to describe drug-drug interactions in patients with cancer. Hanada, K; Morita, TO, 2022)
" Nonlinear mixed-effects models were developed to describe the pharmacokinetic data."	( Effects of Enzyme Induction and Polymorphism on the Pharmacokinetics of Isoniazid and Rifampin in Tuberculosis/HIV Patients. Äbelö, A; Ashton, M; Bienvenu, E; Birgersson, S; Sundell, J, 2022)
"Although rifampicin (RIF) is used as a synergistic agent for multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR-AB) infection, the optimal pharmacokinetic (PK) indices of this medication have not been studied in the intensive care unit (ICU) settings."	( Pharmacokinetic study of high-dose oral rifampicin in critically Ill patients with multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Ahmadi, A; Karballaei-Mirzahosseini, H; Kaveh-Ahangaran, R; Mojtahedzadeh, A; Mojtahedzadeh, M; Najafi, A; Najmeddin, F; Rouini, MR; Sadrai, S; Shahrami, B, 2022)
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental analysis and safety was assessed."	( The effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of famitinib in healthy subjects. Cao, Y; Fu, Y; Gao, X; Jiang, X; Li, T; Li, X; Lin, P; Liu, Y; Shi, P; Sun, F; Wang, C; Zhang, Y, 2022)
"We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science (1990-2021) for pharmacokinetic studies of first-line anti-TB drugs in children and adolescents."	( Global estimates and determinants of antituberculosis drug pharmacokinetics in children and adolescents: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Aarnoutse, RE; Agarwal, D; Alffenaar, JC; Antwi, S; Bang, ND; Bekker, A; Bell, DJ; Chabala, C; Choo, L; Davies, GR; Day, JN; Dayal, R; Denti, P; Donald, PR; Engidawork, E; Gafar, F; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Gibb, D; Graham, SM; Hesseling, AC; Heysell, SK; Idris, MI; Kabra, SK; Kinikar, A; Kumar, AKH; Kwara, A; Lodha, R; Magis-Escurra, C; Marais, BJ; Martinez, N; Mathew, BS; Mave, V; McIlleron, HM; Mduma, E; Mlotha-Mitole, R; Mpagama, SG; Mukherjee, A; Nataprawira, HM; Peloquin, CA; Pouplin, T; Ramachandran, G; Ranjalkar, J; Roy, V; Ruslami, R; Schaaf, HS; Shah, I; Singh, Y; Stevens, J; Sturkenboom, MGG; Svensson, EM; Swaminathan, S; Taxis, K; Thatte, U; Thee, S; Thomas, TA; Tikiso, T; Touw, DJ; Turkova, A; Velpandian, T; Verhagen, LM; Wasmann, RE; Winckler, JL; Yang, H; Yunivita, V, 2023)
" This study aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of LPV/r and provide dosage optimization in Thai PLWH."	( Dose optimization with population pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted lopinavir for Thai people living with HIV with and without active tuberculosis. Avihingsanon, A; Chaivichacharn, P; Gatechompol, S; Punyawudho, B; Ubolyam, S, 2022)
"The population pharmacokinetic model was developed by integrating the interaction between LPV and RTV."	( Dose optimization with population pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted lopinavir for Thai people living with HIV with and without active tuberculosis. Avihingsanon, A; Chaivichacharn, P; Gatechompol, S; Punyawudho, B; Ubolyam, S, 2022)
"A phase I open-label study assessed the effect of multiple oral doses of a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor (itraconazole) and inducer (rifampicin) on the pharmacokinetic profile of a single oral dose of senaparib, a novel, highly potent poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1/2 inhibitor and CYP3A4 substrate, in Chinese healthy male volunteers (HMV)."	( Effect of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and inducer on the pharmacokinetics of senaparib (IMP4297) in healthy volunteers: A drug-drug interaction study. Cai, SX; Hsieh, CY; Hu, X; Li, X; Liu, L; Liu, P; Liu, W; Shi, H; Xu, P; Xu, S; Zhang, H; Zhang, M; Zhang, Y, 2023)
" Third, a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model analysis was conducted with 10 substrate drugs following estimation of relative OATP1B functional activity in virtual disease population models using coproporphyrin-I data and verification of substrate models with rifampin drug-drug interaction data."	( Effect of Hepatic Impairment on OATP1B Activity: Quantitative Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Endogenous Biomarker and Substrate Drugs. Bergman, A; Costales, C; Kimoto, E; Li, R; Lin, J; Rodrigues, AD; Varma, MVS; Vourvahis, M; Yamazaki, S, 2023)
" To consider an adult physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for pediatric scaling, we assessed in vitro-derived cytochrome P450 (CYP) and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme contributions to CBD clearance in human."	( Verifying in vitro-determined enzyme contributions to cannabidiol clearance for exposure predictions in human through physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling. Beers, JL; Edginton, AN; Jackson, KD; Yeung, CHT, 2023)
" Reference baseline pharmacokinetic samples were collected on day 1 after the subjects were administered a single dose of 5 mg evogliptin."	( Effect of Rifampicin on the Pharmacokinetics of Evogliptin in Healthy Volunteers. Choi, C; Kim, CO; Oh, ES; Park, K; Park, MS; Shin, Y, 2022)
" The findings showed that the CYP3A4 inhibitor itraconazole had no apparent pharmacokinetic drug interaction with chiglitazar, whereas rifampicin did."	( Pharmacokinetic Interaction of Chiglitazar with CYP3A4 Inducer or Inhibitor: An Open-Label, Sequential Crossover, Self-Control, 3-Period Study in Healthy Chinese Volunteers. Chen, H; Chen, W; Li, H; Li, J; Li, X; Liu, C; Sheng, L; Wu, Y; Xu, H; Yang, M; Yuan, F, 2023)
" This review describes our work on (1) the establishment of a standard framework for determining physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model structures and parameters useful for quantitatively analyzing DDIs via hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs)."	( [Development of Prediction Methods for Drug-Drug Interactions Based on the Construction of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models for Hepatic OATP Substrate Drugs and Endogenous Substrates]. Yoshikado, T, 2023)
" We aimed to determine whether children treated using World Health Organization-recommended or higher doses of first-line drugs achieve successful outcomes and sufficient pharmacokinetic (PK) exposures."	( Effectiveness and Pharmacokinetic Exposures of First-Line Drugs Used to Treat Drug-Susceptible Tuberculosis in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Béranger, A; Gegia, M; Linh, NN; Mirzayev, F; Mohamed, A; Nahid, P; Radtke, K; Savic, RM; Schumacher, SG; Solans, BP, 2023)
" Levonorgestrel pharmacokinetic parameters were compared between groups using geometric mean ratios (GMR) with 90% confidence intervals."	( Pharmacokinetics of dose-adjusted levonorgestrel emergency contraception combined with efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy or rifampicin-containing tuberculosis regimens. Badal-Faesen, S; Barr, E; Belaunzaran-Zamudio, PF; Cohn, SE; Gadama, L; Gatechompol, S; Godfrey, C; Jalil, EM; Mawlana, S; Mngqibisa, R; Olefsky, M; Pham, M; Podany, AT; Scarsi, KK; Smeaton, LM; Supparatpinyo, K; Woolley, E, 2023)
"5 mg to 3 mg improves levonorgestrel pharmacokinetic exposure in participants receiving either efavirenz-based antiretroviral regimens or rifampicin-containing tuberculosis therapy."	( Pharmacokinetics of dose-adjusted levonorgestrel emergency contraception combined with efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy or rifampicin-containing tuberculosis regimens. Badal-Faesen, S; Barr, E; Belaunzaran-Zamudio, PF; Cohn, SE; Gadama, L; Gatechompol, S; Godfrey, C; Jalil, EM; Mawlana, S; Mngqibisa, R; Olefsky, M; Pham, M; Podany, AT; Scarsi, KK; Smeaton, LM; Supparatpinyo, K; Woolley, E, 2023)
" Children with TBM were included in this pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Rifampicin in Plasma, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Extracellular Fluid in South African Children with Tuberculous Meningitis. Abdelgawad, N; Abdelwahab, MT; Castel, S; Denti, P; Enslin, JN; Figaji, A; McIlleron, H; Rohlwink, U; Steele, C; Thango, NS; Tshavhungwe, MP; Wiesner, L, 2023)
"The aim of the present study is to develop physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for saxagliptin and its active metabolite, 5-hydroxy saxagliptin, and to predict the effect of coadministration of rifampicin, a strong inducer of cytochrome P450 3A4 enzymes, on the pharmacokinetics of saxagliptin and 5-hydroxy saxagliptin in patients with renal impairment."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Characterizes the Drug-Drug Interaction Between Saxagliptin and Rifampicin in Patients With Renal Impairment. Ke, M; Lin, C; Lin, R; Wu, W; Ye, L, 2023)
" We aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of a short course (2 weeks) of rifampin on serum etonogestrel (ENG) concentrations and serologic measures of ovarian activity (endogenous estradiol [E2] and progesterone [P4]) among ENG implant users."	( The effect of rifampin on serum etonogestrel concentrations and biomarkers of ovulation among contraceptive implant users: A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study. Lazorwitz, A; Sheeder, J; Teal, S, 2023)
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using non-compartmental analysis."	( Effect of CYP3A4 induction and inhibition on the pharmacokinetics of SHR0302 in healthy subjects. Feng, S; Fu, M; Gao, X; Li, X; Li, Y; Lin, H; Shen, K; Yu, G; Zhang, P; Zhang, Z, 2023)
" Treatment efficacy is extrapolated by assessing respective pharmacodynamic (PD) indices, as well as parameters associated with the emergence of resistance."	( Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to inform dosing regimens and routes of administration of rifampicin and colistin combination against Acinetobacter baumannii. Lv, Z; Oo, C; Schlender, JF; Song, C; Sy, SKB; Wu, M; Yu, M; Yue, J; Zhang, J; Zhu, P; Zhu, S; Zhu, Y, 2023)
"Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models of rifampicin and colistin were utilized to predict tissue exposures."	( Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to inform dosing regimens and routes of administration of rifampicin and colistin combination against Acinetobacter baumannii. Lv, Z; Oo, C; Schlender, JF; Song, C; Sy, SKB; Wu, M; Yu, M; Yue, J; Zhang, J; Zhu, P; Zhu, S; Zhu, Y, 2023)
" We find that the observation on the slow phase's dependence on pharmacokinetic measures, specifically peak concentrations are only compatible with models of heteroresistance and incompatible with models of persistence."	( High rifampicin peak plasma concentrations accelerate the slow phase of bacterial decline in tuberculosis patients: Evidence for heteroresistance. Aarnoutse, RE; Abel Zur Wiesch, P; Boeree, MJ; Dawson, R; Diacon, AH; Hemez, C; Martinecz, A, 2023)
" Clinical pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction (DDI) of ocedurenone with CYP3A inhibitor and inducer were investigated in healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interaction of Ocedurenone (KBP-5074) in vitro and in vivo. Liu, J; McCabe, J; Tan, X; Wang, P; Yang, F; Zhang, J, 2023)
" To address this gap, we formulate a whole-body physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for EPTB that for the first time includes the ability to simulate drug concentrations in the pleura and lymph node, the most commonly affected sites of EPTB."	( A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for tuberculosis drug disposition at extrapulmonary sites. Gadgil, CJ; Ramachandran, A, 2023)
" The present study aims to utilize physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to predict CYP3A4-based drug interactions of pyrotinib."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Simulate CYP3A4-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions for Pyrotinib. Chen, X; Hu, W; Liu, Y; Ni, L; Wang, L; Xu, W; Zhang, Q; Zhao, Y; Zheng, L, 2023)
"We conducted a crossover pharmacokinetic trial in children aged ≤5 years receiving levofloxacin RR-TB preventive therapy."	( Pharmacokinetics and optimized dosing of dispersible and non-dispersible levofloxacin formulations in young children. Denti, P; Draper, HR; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; Palmer, M; Schaaf, HS; van der Laan, LE; Wiesner, L, 2023)
" Based on the detailed stability study of the analyzed compounds at various storage conditions, we proposed recommendations for handling the plasma and serum samples in TDM and other pharmacokinetic studies."	( New approach to rifampicin stability and first-line anti-tubercular drug pharmacokinetics by UPLC-MS/MS. Heysell, SK; Kagan, L; Karaźniewicz-Łada, M; Kosicka-Noworzyń, K; Modi, N; Rao, P; Xie, YL, 2023)

Compound-Compound Interactions

The study demonstrated for the first time that fosfomycin (FOS) combined with rifampin (RIF) showed strong synergistic effects against CRPA and carbapenem-susceptible PA. The knowledge about efficacy of linezolid alone or in combination with r ifampin in device infections is limited.

Excerpt	Reference
"Suboptimal doses of amphotericin B in combination with either rifampin or 5-fluorocytosine were better than single-drug therapy in the treatment of disseminated Aspergillus fumigatus infection in mice."	( Therapy of murine aspergillosis with amphotericin B in combination with rifampin of 5-fluorocytosine. Arroyo, J; Kobayashi, GS; Medoff, G, 1977)
" The binding of digitoxin and cardioactive metabolites to serum proteins was studied using equilibrium dialysis (an in vitro chemical assay) alone and in combination with a modified 86Rb method."	( Studies on digitalis. V. The influence of impaired renal function, hemodialysis, and drug interaction on serum protein binding of digitoxin and digoxin. Storstein, L, 1976)
"The effect of amphotericin B combined with rifampicin or doxycycline on growth, oxygen consumption and ATP levels in cultures of Candida albicans, was studied."	( In-vitro effects of Candida albicans of amphotericin B combined with other antibiotics. Preliminary observations. Akesson, E; Anséhn, S; Granström, S; Höjer, H; Lundin, A; Nilsson, L; Thore, A, 1976)
"14C-Isoniazid (20 mg/kg po or iv) was administered alone or in combination with aspirin (100 mg/kg po), rifampin (30 mg/kg po), ethambutol (100 mg/kg po), or ethanol (3 g/kg po) to rats."	( Drug interactions with isoniazid metabolism in rats. Solomonraj, G; Thomas, BH, 1977)
" Staphylococci isolated from the bones of therapeutic failures that had received rifampin alone or in combination with other antibiotics were highly resistant to rifampin (minimal inhibitory concentration, greater than 250 mug/ml), whereas the organisms recovered from animals not receiving rifampin remained sensitive."	( Experimental osteomyelitis. IV. Therapeutic trials with rifampin alone and in combination with gentamicin, sisomicin, and cephalothin. Norden, CW, 1975)
"The activity of TLC G-65 (a liposomal gentamicin preparation), alone and in combination with rifapentine, clarithromycin, clofazimine and ethambutol, was evaluated in the beige mouse (C57BL/6J--bgj/bgj) model of disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection."	( TLC G-65 in combination with other agents in the therapy of Mycobacterium avium infection in beige mice. Cynamon, MH; Klemens, SP; Swenson, CE, 1992)
" It is concluded that rifampicin treatment of protein-sealed Dacron grafts combined with intravenous cefoxitin provides more protection from contaminating Staphylococcus aureus than intravenous cefoxitin alone in this animal model."	( Prevention of prosthetic vascular graft infection by rifampicin impregnation of a protein-sealed Dacron graft in combination with parenteral cephalosporin. Avramovic, J; Fletcher, JP, )
"The activity of clarithromycin in combination with ethambutol and rifampicin was tested at concentrations achievable in serum against 20 strains of Mycobacterium avium complex."	( In vitro testing of clarithromycin in combination with ethambutol and rifampicin against Mycobacterium avium complex. Dörtbudak, O; Lahonik, E; Stauffer, F, )
" Most women are more likely to use antibiotics, analgesics, and antihistamines, which have also been shown to interact with OCs."	( Oral contraceptive drug interactions: important considerations. Fazio, A, 1991)
"The in-vitro activity of cefpirome and ceftazidime when combined with aminoglycosides (gentamicin, amikacin, and tobramycin) in the presence and in the absence of rifampicin was evaluated against 32 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by two methods."	( The effect of rifampicin on the in-vitro activity of cefpirome or ceftazidime in combination with aminoglycosides against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Baltch, AL; Hammer, MC; Ritz, WJ; Smith, RP; Valdes, JM, 1990)
"Treatment of disseminated Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in leukopenic mice was evaluated using cefpirome alone and in combination with gentamicin and/or rifampin."	( Comparative therapy with cefpirome alone and in combination with rifampin and/or gentamicin against a disseminated Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in leukopenic mice. Baltch, AL; Franke, M; Michelsen, P; Ritz, WJ; Singh, J; Smith, RP; Valdes, JM; Williams, S, 1990)
"The bactericidal activities of teicoplanin and vancomycin, as single agents or combined with fosfomycin, fusidic acid or rifampicin, were investigated in an in vitro study involving 20 strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from infected vein catheters."	( Antibacterial activity of teicoplanin and vancomycin in combination with rifampicin, fusidic acid or fosfomycin against staphylococci on vein catheters. Simon, M; Simon, VC, 1990)
"The efficacies of the quinolones ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin alone and in combination with rifampin were compared with those of vancomycin alone and in combination with rifampin in a rat model of chronic osteomyelitis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus."	( Comparative efficacies of ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, and vancomycin in combination with rifampin in a rat model of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus chronic osteomyelitis. Dworkin, R; Kunz, S; Modin, G; Rich, R; Sande, M; Zak, O, 1990)
"Early investigational trials with new quinolone antibiotics revealed two important drug-drug interactions: decreased fluoroquinolone absorption when co-administered with magnesium-aluminum antacids and inhibition of theophylline metabolism."	( Drug-drug interactions with ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones. Polk, RE, 1989)
"Killing kinetic experiments were performed with ciprofloxacin, fusidic acid and rifampicin alone and with ciprofloxacin combined with either fusidic acid or rifampicin against ten strains of Staphylococcus aureus."	( In-vitro activity of ciprofloxacin combined with either fusidic acid or rifampicin against Staphylococcus aureus. Gutschik, E; Røder, BL, 1989)
"Oral contraceptives (OCs) should be used with additional caution in combination with other drugs in certain disease states."	( Drug interactions with oral contraceptive preparations. Shenfield, GM, 1986)
"Rifampin, a potent inducer of the hepatic microsomal system, has been shown to cause clinically important interactions when combined with other drugs, including oral anticoagulants, oral contraceptives, digitoxin, methadone hydrochloride, sulfonylureas, and barbiturates."	( Update on rifampin drug interactions. Baciewicz, AM; Bekemeyer, WB; Self, TH, 1987)
"The bactericidal interactions in vitro of two antibiotics active at the cell wall (teicoplanin and vancomycin) or two inhibitors of DNA gyrase (coumermycin and ciprofloxacin) combined with two inhibitors of protein synthesis (rifampicin and LM 427) were assessed against five Staphylococcus aureus strains."	( Comparative in-vitro activities of teicoplanin, vancomycin, coumermycin and ciprofloxacin, alone and in combination with rifampicin or LM 427, against Staphylococcus aureus. Joly, P; Van der Auwera, P, 1987)
"The in vitro susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to new quinolones, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, alone and in combination with rifampin or isoniazid, was studied by the agar dilution method."	( In vitro susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in combination with rifampin and isoniazid. Casal, M; González, J; Gutierrez, J; Ruiz, P, 1987)
" Intracavernous instillation and rapid intravenous administration (RIA) of the drug in combination with 10 per cent solution of isoniazid and intramuscular administration of streptomycin were used."	( [Effectiveness of soluble rifampicin in combination with other antibacterial preparations in treating disseminated destructive pulmonary tuberculosis in an experiment]. Bondarev, IM; Ivanov, VL; Kovaleva, LA; Mozhokina, GN; Novoselova, VP, 1987)
"The in vitro activity of fosfomycin alone and in combination with rifampin, pefloxacin and imipenem was studied by the time-kill method against staphylococci."	( In vitro activity of fosfomycin combined with rifampin, pefloxacin and imipenem against staphylococci: a study by the time-kill curve method. Bebear, C; Lafferriere, C; Noury, P; Quentin, C; Saivin, S, 1987)
" Fosfomycin combined with pefloxacin was found to be additive or moderately synergistic."	( [In vitro action of fosfomycin combined with rifampicin, pefloxacin and imipenem on staphylococci (checkerboard method in a liquid medium)]. Bebear, C; Laurent, C; Noury, P; Quentin, C; Saivin, S, 1987)
" We tested rifampin in combination with nafcillin, vancomycin, clindamycin, pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, teicoplanin, or erythromycin."	( Serum bactericidal activity of rifampin in combination with other antimicrobial agents against Staphylococcus aureus. Chambers, HF; Hackbarth, CJ; Sande, MA, 1986)
" tuberculosis were treated in the initial phase as inpatients for 2-3 months at random with either pyrazinamide (Z) or ethambutol (E) in combination with isoniazid (H) and rifampicin (R)."	( [Which is the best drug combination for the short-term therapy of tuberculosis? A prospective randomized study with 190 patients]. Bezel, R; Brändli, O; Häcki, M; Karrer, W; Röthlisberger, K; Rubin, S, 1985)
"189 bacterial strains were investigated for their in vitro sensitivity against ceftazidime (alone and in combination with another antibiotic)."	( In vitro activity of ceftazidime in combination with other antibiotics. Littschwager, G; Simon, C, )
" Diphenyl hydantoin is often combined with barbiturates to treat epilepsy."	( [Drug interactions in the use of steroid hormones, especially oral contraceptives]. Bolt, HM, 1985)
" Synergistic studies also demonstrated that teichomycin A2 combined with rifampin is more active than vancomycin combined with rifampin against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates."	( Comparative in vitro activities of teichomycin and vancomycin alone and in combination with rifampin and aminoglycosides against staphylococci and enterococci. Miller, H; Tuazon, CU, 1984)
"A total of 440 fresh clinical isolates of yeasts from cancer patients were tested by an agar dilution technique against miconazole, miconazole nitrate, and ketoconazole individually and combined with 5 micrograms of rifampin per ml."	( In vitro activities of miconazole, miconazole nitrate, and ketoconazole alone and combined with rifampin against Candida spp. and Torulopsis glabrata recovered from cancer patients. Moody, MR; Morris, MJ; Schimpff, SC; Young, VM, 1980)
" Flucytosine combined with amphotericin B produced little or no reduction of the MICs at which 90% of the strains were inhibited compared with amphotericin B alone."	( In vitro activities of amphotericin B in combination with four antifungal agents and rifampin against Aspergillus spp. Gerding, DN; Harris, C; Hughes, CE; Moody, JA; Peterson, LR, 1984)
"The efficacy of rifampin alone and in combination with sisomicin, cephalothin, sisomicin and cephalothin, or trimethoprim was measured in an experimental model of chronic osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus aureus in rabbits."	( Experimental chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis in rabbits: treatment with rifampin alone and in combination with other antimicrobial agents. Norden, CW, )
" Based on previous studies, antipyrine given with phenobarbitone produced slightly more induction than phenobarbitone given alone."	( Enzyme-inducing drug combinations and their effects on liver microsomal enzyme activity in man. Gerber-Taras, E; Ohnhaus, EE; Park, BK, 1983)
" The therapeutic advantage of using these two drugs in combination should be more readily appreciated."	( A comparative evaluation of drug combinations used in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Miller, SD, 1983)
"The in vitro activity of rifampin alone and in combination with oxacillin was determined for 75 Staphylococcus aureus strains (64 susceptible and 11 resistant to oxacillin)."	( In vitro activity of rifampin in combination with oxacillin against Staphylococcus aureus. Goldmann, DA; Maduri Traczewski, M; Murphy, P, 1983)
"A review of the published literature has allowed the identification of a number of non-tubercular indications where rifampicin (trade mark Ciba-Geigy: Rimactane) has been successfully used in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents."	( Rifampicin in free combination with other antimicrobial drugs in non-Tb infections. Clinical data on 650 patients (a review). Bergamini, N; Kissling, M, 1981)
"The pharmacodynamic properties of levofloxacin (an optically active isomer of ofloxacin), ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, alone and in combination with rifampin, were evaluated over 24 to 48 h against clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA 1199 and MRSA 494, respectively) in an in vitro infection model."	( Pharmacodynamics of levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, alone and in combination with rifampin, against methicillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro infection model. Kaatz, GW; Kang, SL; McGrath, BJ; Rybak, MJ; Seo, SM, 1994)
"The activity of fusidic acid alone and in combination with gentamicin, oxacillin, rifampicin, fosfomycin and ciprofloxacin was investigated against 36 strains of Staphylococcus aureus."	( In-vitro antibacterial activity of fusidic acid alone and in combination with other antibiotics against methicillin-sensitive and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Caillon, J; Drugeon, HB; Juvin, ME, 1994)
" Unfortunately, the emergence of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis in many parts of the world is leading to a diversification of drug regimens and to the use of drugs that are more toxic per se and more likely to interact with others."	( Clinically significant drug interactions with antituberculosis agents. Davies, PD; Grange, JM; Winstanley, PA, 1994)
"The in vitro activity of vancomycin and teicoplanin (fourfold the MBC), alone and in combination with amikacin (16 mg/l) or rifampin (1 mg/l), against Staphylococcus epidermidis (slime-producing and non slime-producing strains) biofilms on different plastic catheters was evaluated."	( Activity of glycopeptides in combination with amikacin or rifampin against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms on plastic catheters. Pascual, A; Perea, EJ; Ramirez de Arellano, E, 1994)
"The antimicrobial effects of ofloxacin against Mycobacterium leprae, either alone or in combination with rifampicin and rifabutin, were studied using mouse foot pad assay technique."	( In vivo susceptibility of Mycobacterium leprae to ofloxacin either singly or in combination with rifampicin and rifabutin. Anti-leprosy activity of ofloxacin and ansamycins in mice. Dhople, AM; Ibanez, MA, 1994)
" melitensis intraperitoneally on day 0 and were randomized to receive, starting on day 7, STR alone at 75, 150, or 300 mg/kg of body weight per day intraperitoneally or DOX at 6 mg/kg/day orally, RIF at 3 mg/kg/day orally, or CIP at 200 mg/kg/day orally, each of the last three drugs alone or in combination with STR at 75, 150, or 300 mg/kg/day, for 14 days."	( Therapy of experimental murine brucellosis with streptomycin alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, and rifampin. Lang, R; Rubinstein, E; Shasha, B, 1993)
" malmoense isolates to a number of antibacterial drugs as well as their possible synergistic interactions when each of them was combined with ethambutol."	( Susceptibility of Mycobacterium malmoense to antibacterial drugs and drug combinations. Hjelm, U; Hoffner, SE; Källenius, G, 1993)
" The pharmacokinetic literature on racemic drugs contains a vast amount of information on drug-drug interactions derived from the measurement of total drug concentrations in plasma and urine."	( Stereoselective and isozyme-selective drug interactions. Gibaldi, M, 1993)
"The activity of KRM-1648, alone and in combination with isoniazid, was compared with those of isoniazid, rifampin, and the combination of rifampin plus isoniazid in a murine model of tuberculosis."	( Activity of KRM-1648 in combination with isoniazid against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a murine model. Cynamon, MH; Klemens, SP, 1996)
"The in vivo activities of KRM-1648 alone or in combination with both ethambutol (EB) and kanamycin (KM) or clarithromycin (CAM) were tested against Mycobacterium intracellulare infections in beige mice."	( Activity of KRM-1648 alone or in combination with both ethambutol and kanamycin or clarithromycin against Mycobacterium intracellulare infections in beige mice. Amitani, R; Kuze, F; Murayama, T; Suzuki, K; Tanaka, E; Yamamoto, T, 1996)
"The in vitro activity of DU-6859a (DU) alone and in combination with various antimicrobials was evaluated against multiresistant enterococci including some isolates with defined gyrA mutations."	( Bactericidal activity of the fluoroquinolone DU-6859a alone and in combination with other antimicrobial agents against multiresistant enterococci. Erdem, I; Korten, V; Murray, BE, 1996)
" Usually, indifference was seen when RPR 106972 was tested in combination with rifampicin or ciprofloxacin."	( In-vitro activity of a new oral streptogramin, RPR 106972, alone and in combination with rifampicin or ciprofloxacin against Legionella spp. Killian, AD; Pendland, SL; Rodvold, KA; Woodward, JG, 1997)
"The utility of primary human hepatocytes in the evaluation of drug-drug interactions is being investigated in our laboratories."	( Applications of primary human hepatocytes in the evaluation of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions: evaluation of model drugs terfenadine and rifampin. Jurima-Romet, M; Li, AP, 1997)
" These findings suggest that metronidazole, given with bactericidal drugs such as rifampicin and isoniazid may be of value in eliminating persisting tubercle bacilli, but further studies are warranted."	( Action of metronidazole in combination with isoniazid & rifampicin on persisting organisms in experimental murine tuberculosis. Herbert, D; Kubendiran, G; Paramasivan, CN, 1998)
" The combination beta-lactam-ciprofloxacin-tobramycin was the combination with the most consistently synergistic effect."	( Comparative in vitro activities of meropenem, imipenem, temocillin, piperacillin, and ceftazidime in combination with tobramycin, rifampin, or ciprofloxacin against Burkholderia cepacia isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis. Bingen, E; Bonacorsi, S; Fitoussi, F; Lhopital, S, 1999)
"This in vitro study evaluated the activities of vancomycin, LY333328, and teicoplanin alone and in combination with gentamicin, rifampin, and RP59500 against Staphylococcus aureus isolates with intermediate susceptibilities to vancomycin."	( Evaluation of bactericidal activities of LY333328, vancomycin, teicoplanin, ampicillin-sulbactam, trovafloxacin, and RP59500 alone or in combination with rifampin or gentamicin against different strains of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus by Aeschlimann, JR; Hershberger, E; Moldovan, T; Rybak, MJ, 1999)
"The effect of rifampicin in combination with dicloxacillin or fusidic acid on the extracellular and intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus in human neutrophil granulocytes in the presence of serum was studied."	( Extracellular and intracellular killing in neutrophil granulocytes of Staphylococcus aureus with rifampicin in combination with dicloxacillin or fusidic acid. Black, FT; Nielsen, SL, 1999)
"The killing activities of trovafloxacin alone and in combination with beta-lactam agents (extended-spectrum cephalosporins, meropenem), rifampin, or vancomycin were evaluated against 20 genotypically characterized Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates for which amoxicillin MICs were >/=4 microg/ml (cefotaxime MICs, >/=4 microg/ml for six strains) at concentrations clinically achievable in cerebrospinal fluid."	( Killing activities of trovafloxacin alone and in combination with beta-lactam agents, rifampin, or vancomycin against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates with various susceptibilities to extended-spectrum cephalosporins at concentrations clinically achievab Bingen, E; Doit, C; Fitoussi, F; Geslin, P, 1999)
"There was a significant difference in the Cmax between free and RIF combined with INH (6."	( Bioavailability of rifampicin in a separate formulation and fixed dose combination with isoniazid NIH: a case for a fixed dose combination (FDC) for the treatment of tuberculosis. Chitemerere, C; Gumbo, J; Ndudzo, P; Nyazema, NZ; Rabvukwa, P, 1999)
"To evaluate the activity of vancomycin and levofloxacin alone and combined with rifampin against planktonic and sessile cells."	( Comparative in vitro activity of vancomycin and levofloxacin in combination with rifampin against planktonic versus sessile cells of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Kang-Birken, SL, 2000)
"Killing kinetic experiments were performed with moxifloxacin, a novel fluoroquinolone, vancomycin, clarithromycin, cotrimoxazole, gentamicin, rifampicin and with moxifloxacin in combination with each of the above drugs against six methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates."	( In-vitro activity of moxifloxacin combined with other antibacterials against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Bottura, P; Capra, R; Maggiolo, F; Migliorino, M; Pravettoni, G; Suter, F, 2000)
"The activities of clarithromycin or roxithromicin used in combination with other antimicrobial drugs were tested in human macrophages experimentally infected with 23 strains of Mycobacterium avium."	( Efficacy of macrolides used in combination with ethambutol, with or without other drugs, against Mycobacterium avium within human macrophages. Brandi, G; Celeste, AG; Salvaggio, L; Schiavano, GF; Sisti, M, 2001)
"The antimicrobial effect of sitafloxacin (DU-6859a), used either singly or in combination with rifampicin, was evaluated in vitro against Mycobacterium ulcerans."	( In vitro activity of sitafloxacin (DU-6859a) alone, or in combination with rifampicin, against Mycobacterium ulcerans. Dhople, AM; Namba, K, 2002)
"The antimicrobial effects of sitafloxacin (DU-6859a) against Mycobacterium leprae, either singly or in combination with either rifampicin, rifabutin or KRM-1648, were studied using a mouse footpad assay technique and the results were compared with those obtained with ofloxacin."	( In vivo susceptibility of Mycobacterium leprae to sitafloxacin (DU-6859a), either singly or in combination with rifampicin analogues. Dhople, AM; Namba, K, 2003)
"The in vitro activity of the oxazolidinone linezolid was studied alone and in combination with three antibiotics acting on different cellular targets."	( In vitro activity of linezolid alone and in combination with gentamicin, vancomycin or rifampicin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by time-kill curve methods. Bugnon, D; Caillon, J; Donnio, PY; Jacqueline, C; Le Mabecque, V; Miegeville, AF; Potel, G, 2003)
" Similar to ofloxacin and levofloxacin, sitafloxacin also exhibited synergistic activity when combined with either rifabutin or KRM-1648, but not with rifampin."	( In-vitro activity of sitafloxacin (DU-6859a), either singly or in combination with rifampin analogs, against Mycobacterium leprae. Dhople, AM; Namba, K, 2003)
" Either used singly or in combination with rifampin, the effects of sitafloxacin were bactericidal."	( Activities of sitafloxacin (DU-6859a), either singly or in combination with rifampin, against Mycobacterium ulcerans infection in mice. Dhople, AM; Namba, K, 2003)
"The efficacy of levofloxacin and dirithromycin, alone and in combination with rifampicin in the treatment of experimental brucellosis was investigated."	( Efficacy of oral levofloxacin and dirithromycin alone and in combination with rifampicin in the treatment of experimental murine Brucella abortus infection. Arda, B; Gökengin, D; Gürel, O; Tunçel, M; Yaimazhan, T, 2004)
" In the present study, two adjusted-dose regimens of lopinavir-ritonavir were tested in combination with rifampin."	( Pharmacokinetics of adjusted-dose lopinavir-ritonavir combined with rifampin in healthy volunteers. Bertz, R; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Colbers, EP; Hekster, YA; Koopmans, PP; la Porte, CJ; Voncken, DS; Wikstrom, K, 2004)
"Disposition of uric acid upon administration of ofloxacin (O) alone and in combination with other anti-tuberculosis drugs, rifampicin (R), isoniazid (H) and pyrazinamide (Z) was studied."	( Disposition of uric acid upon administration of ofloxacin alone and in combination with other anti-tuberculosis drugs. Gurumurthy, P; Kumar, AK, 2004)
"To estimate the rate of potential drug-drug interactions in outpatients of a typical Thai university hospital, and to identify risk factors for such interactions in Thai patients."	( Pharmacoepidemiologic study of potential drug interactions in outpatients of a university hospital in Thailand. Chongsuvivatwong, V; Janchawee, B; Owatranporn, T; Wongpoowarak, W, 2005)
"Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (tenofovir DF) was studied in combination with rifampin in 24 healthy subjects in a multiple-dose, open-label, single-group, two-period study."	( Pharmacokinetic study of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate combined with rifampin in healthy volunteers. Buffels, R; Burger, DM; Droste, JA; Hekster, YA; Kearney, BP; Vanhorssen, PJ; Verweij-van Wissen, CP, 2005)
"The purpose of this study was to carry out drug-drug compatibility studies on pure first line anti-tuberculosis drugs, viz."	( Drug-drug interaction studies on first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. Bhutani, H; Jindal, KC; Singh, S, 2005)
"Rifampicin, an important drug in the treatment of tuberculosis, is used extensively despite its broad effects on drug-drug interactions, creating serious problems."	( Roles of rifampicin in drug-drug interactions: underlying molecular mechanisms involving the nuclear pregnane X receptor. Chen, J; Raymond, K, 2006)
" In-vitro studies have reported that polymyxins combined with carbapenems, rifampicin or azithromycin are synergistic against these strains despite in-vitro resistance to these agents alone."	( In-vitro activity of polymyxin B in combination with imipenem, rifampicin and azithromycin versus multidrug resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii producing OXA-23 carbapenemases. Bean, DC; Wareham, DW, 2006)
" Marked synergy was not seen with polymyxin in combination with imipenem, rifampicin or azithromycin against any of the strains."	( In-vitro activity of polymyxin B in combination with imipenem, rifampicin and azithromycin versus multidrug resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii producing OXA-23 carbapenemases. Bean, DC; Wareham, DW, 2006)
"In-vitro synergy with polymxyin in combination with imipenem, rifampicin or azithromycin is highly strain and method dependent."	( In-vitro activity of polymyxin B in combination with imipenem, rifampicin and azithromycin versus multidrug resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii producing OXA-23 carbapenemases. Bean, DC; Wareham, DW, 2006)
" Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) caused by induction of CYP3A4 can result in decreased exposure to coadministered drugs, with potential loss of efficacy."	( Use of immortalized human hepatocytes to predict the magnitude of clinical drug-drug interactions caused by CYP3A4 induction. de Morais, SM; Fahmi, OA; Liras, JL; Maurer, TS; Mills, JB; Ripp, SL; Trevena, KA, 2006)
" These data suggest that colistin, in combination with rifampin and imipenem, is safe and effective, in promoting healing in DFI due to MDR P aeruginosa and suggest the need for controlled clinical studies."	( Clinical and microbiological efficacy of colistin therapy in combination with rifampin and imipenem in multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa diabetic foot infection with osteomyelitis. Gemignani, G; Leonildi, A; Menichetti, F; Palumbo, F; Piaggesi, A; Tascini, C; Tedeschi, A, 2006)
"The objective of this paper was to investigate the in vitro effects of linezolid combined with five antistaphylococcal antibiotics--doxycycline, fosfomycin, levofloxacin, rifampicin and vancomycin--upon methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)."	( In vitro activity of linezolid in combination with doxycycline, fosfomycin, levofloxacin, rifampicin and vancomycin against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Cantón, E; Colombo Gainza, E; Gil Brusola, A; Gobernado, M; Ortiz Estévez, R; Sahuquillo Arce, JM, 2006)
" This review focuses on the influence of transporters on the pharmacokinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics, new quinolones, and other antimicrobial agents, as well as focusing on the drug-drug interactions associated with transporter-mediated uptake from the small intestine and transporter-mediated elimination from the kidney and liver."	( Impact of transporter-mediated drug absorption, distribution, elimination and drug interactions in antimicrobial chemotherapy. Tsuji, A, 2006)
"In previous studies, the diarylquinoline R207910 (also known as TMC207) was demonstrated to have high bactericidal activity when combined with first- or second-line antituberculous drugs."	( Synergistic activity of R207910 combined with pyrazinamide against murine tuberculosis. Andries, K; Chauffour, A; Ibrahim, M; Jarlier, V; Lounis, N; Truffot-Pernot, C; Veziris, N, 2007)
" Daptomycin sub-MICs combined with gentamicin concentrations lower than the MIC yielded synergy in 34 (68%) of the 50 strains."	( Activity of daptomycin alone and in combination with rifampin and gentamicin against Staphylococcus aureus assessed by time-kill methodology. Appelbaum, PC; Credito, K; Lin, G, 2007)
"Pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are a major concern in drug development."	( New strategies to address drug-drug interactions involving OATPs. Funk, C; Lavé, T; Noé, J; Poirier, A, 2007)
" The objective of this study was also to determine the effects of the interaction of linezolid when it was combined with rifampicin and test this effect against strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis."	( Linezolid alone and in combination with rifampicin prevents experimental vascular graft infection due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Baltalarli, A; Duver, H; Goksin, I; Kaan Inan, B; Kaleli, I; Onem, G; Ozcan, V; Sacar, M; Sacar, S; Turgut, H, 2007)
"The activities of tigecycline alone and in combination with other antimicrobials are not well defined for carbapenem-intermediate or -resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CIRA)."	( In vitro activities of various antimicrobials alone and in combination with tigecycline against carbapenem-intermediate or -resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Noskin, GA; Obias, A; Postelnick, MJ; Qi, C; Scheetz, MH; Warren, JR; Zembower, T, 2007)
" Several regimens of gatifloxacin in combination with rifampicin were compared with isoniazid plus rifampicin in a mouse tuberculosis model."	( Gatifloxacin in combination with rifampicin in a murine tuberculosis model. Cynamon, M; Shoen, C; Sklaney, MR, 2007)
"Gatifloxacin in combination with rifampicin is a promising combination for potential evaluation in human clinical trials."	( Gatifloxacin in combination with rifampicin in a murine tuberculosis model. Cynamon, M; Shoen, C; Sklaney, MR, 2007)
"We compared the efficacy of quinupristin/dalfopristin versus vancomycin, alone or in combination with rifampicin, in a rabbit model of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced arthritis."	( Efficacy of quinupristin/dalfopristin versus vancomycin, alone or in combination with rifampicin, against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a rabbit arthritis model. Batard, E; Caillon, J; Hamel, A; Jacqueline, C; Potel, G, 2008)
" In this study, the effects of Ag85A DNA or ESAT6/Ag85A chimeric DNA vaccines alone or in combination with rifampin (RFP) were studied for the treatment of mice with MDR-TB."	( The treatment of mice infected with multi-drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis using DNA vaccines or in combination with rifampin. Bai, X; Li, N; Li, Z; Liang, Y; Liu, C; Liu, Q; Shi, Y; Wu, X; Yang, Y; Yu, Q; Zhang, J; Zhang, P, 2008)
" This study describes the synergistic activity of oritavancin in combination with gentamicin, linezolid, moxifloxacin, or rifampin in time-kill studies against methicillin-susceptible, vancomycin-intermediate, and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus."	( Assessment by time-kill methodology of the synergistic effects of oritavancin in combination with other antimicrobial agents against Staphylococcus aureus. Arhin, FF; Belley, A; McKay, GA; Moeck, G; Neesham-Grenon, E; Parr, TR, 2008)
"Rifampicin (rifampin) has been reported to have drug-drug interaction with several 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors due to its ability to influence the function of cytochrome P450 enzymes or transporters."	( Pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin when coadministered with rifampicin in healthy males: a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Cao, D; Chen, XP; Deng, S; He, FY; Li, YJ; Xie, HT; Zhang, W; Zhou, G; Zhou, HH, 2008)
" Rifabutin, another rifamycin used less frequently than rifampicin, can also interact with drugs metabolized through the hepatic cytochromes."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drug interactions involving rifampicin, rifabutin and antimalarial drugs. Boffito, M; Pozniak, A; Sousa, M, 2008)
"The knowledge about efficacy of linezolid alone or in combination with rifampin in device infections is limited."	( Efficacy of linezolid alone and in combination with rifampin in staphylococcal experimental foreign-body infection. Ariza, J; Cabellos, C; Cabo, J; Domenech, A; Euba, G; Gudiol, F; Murillo, O; Tubau, F; Verdaguer, R, 2008)
"Linezolid alone showed moderate efficacy, whereas its combination with rifampin prevented the emergence of rifampin resistance."	( Efficacy of linezolid alone and in combination with rifampin in staphylococcal experimental foreign-body infection. Ariza, J; Cabellos, C; Cabo, J; Domenech, A; Euba, G; Gudiol, F; Murillo, O; Tubau, F; Verdaguer, R, 2008)
"Resectional lung surgery combined with isoniazid- and rifampin-based anti-tuberculous chemotherapy can be an effective treatment strategy for patients with well-localized, cavitary pulmonary MDR-TB and XDR-TB."	( Pulmonary resection combined with isoniazid- and rifampin-based drug therapy for patients with multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Cho, JS; Kang, H; Kim, JH; Park, SK; Smego, RA, 2009)
"We investigated the activity of linezolid, alone and in combination with rifampin (rifampicin), against a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain in vitro and in a guinea pig model of foreign-body infection."	( Linezolid alone or combined with rifampin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in experimental foreign-body infection. Baldoni, D; Haschke, M; Rajacic, Z; Trampuz, A; Zimmerli, W, 2009)
"This study evaluated vancomycin susceptibility and activity alone and in combination with rifampicin and tigecycline against low-biofilm- and high-biofilm-producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clinical isolates."	( Impact of biofilm on the in vitro activity of vancomycin alone and in combination with tigecycline and rifampicin against Staphylococcus aureus. Poppens, PT; Rose, WE, 2009)
" Time-kill analysis was performed on six low- and six high-biofilm-producing isolates with 15 mg/L vancomycin alone and in combination with rifampicin or tigecycline at 4x MIC."	( Impact of biofilm on the in vitro activity of vancomycin alone and in combination with tigecycline and rifampicin against Staphylococcus aureus. Poppens, PT; Rose, WE, 2009)
" The aims of this study was to determine the efficacies of meropenem alone and combined with rifampin against two Streptococcus pneumoniae strains with different susceptibility to beta-lactams using the guinea pig meningitis model and compare them with the standard ceftriaxone plus vancomycin therapy."	( Evaluation of meropenem alone and combined with rifampin in the guinea pig model of pneumococcal meningitis. Cabellos, C; Doménech, A; Force, E; Gudiol, F; Ribes, S; Taberner, F; Tubau, F; Viladrich, PF, 2009)
" In this study we aimed to determine the in vitro activity of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; reactive oxygen intermediate) and acidified sodium nitrite (ASN; reactive nitrogen intermediate) alone and in combination with rifampicin (RIF) and tetracycline (TET) against four clinical isolates of Brucella melitensis."	( [In vitro effect of reactive nitrogen and oxygen intermediates alone and in combination with some antibiotics against Brucella melitensis clinical isolates]. Coban, AY; Durupinar, B; Tanyel, E; Taşdelen Fişgin, N; Tülek, N, 2009)
"3 log(10) CFU/ml, whereas in combination with rifampin, a reduction in the counts of >6 log(10) CFU/ml was observed."	( Efficacy of daptomycin in implant-associated infection due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: importance of combination with rifampin. Baldoni, D; Haschke, M; John, AK; Rentsch, K; Schaerli, P; Trampuz, A; Zimmerli, W, 2009)
" The purpose of the present study was to quantify the biofilm formation of methicillin (meticillin)-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates obtained from patients with IE and to evaluate the in vitro activities of daptomycin and vancomycin alone and in combination with rifampin (rifampicin) or gentamicin while monitoring the isolates for the development of resistance."	( Activities of daptomycin and vancomycin alone and in combination with rifampin and gentamicin against biofilm-forming methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in an experimental model of endocarditis. LaPlante, KL; Woodmansee, S, 2009)
"Vancomycin is often combined with a second antibiotic, most often rifampin or gentamicin, for the treatment of serious methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections."	( Vancomycin in combination with other antibiotics for the treatment of serious methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Deresinski, S, 2009)
"To review all currently published drug-drug interaction studies with the HIV-integrase inhibitor raltegravir."	( Drug-drug interactions with raltegravir. Burger, DM, 2009)
"A total of 14 drug-drug interaction studies were found."	( Drug-drug interactions with raltegravir. Burger, DM, 2009)
"Raltegravir is not without drug-drug interactions but due to the lack of an effect on CYP450 or UGT by raltegravir and the broad therapeutic range of raltegravir itself, this agent can safely combined with almost all tested agents."	( Drug-drug interactions with raltegravir. Burger, DM, 2009)
" As a result, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 represent sites for potential drug-drug interactions."	( Fluorescence-based assays for the assessment of drug interaction with the human transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. Bednarczyk, D, 2010)
"Increasing the ritonavir dose to achieve a lopinavir/ritonavir ratio of 1:1 when given in combination with rifampicin-based TB treatment did not completely compensate for the enhancement of lopinavir CL/F caused by rifampicin."	( Population pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in combination with rifampicin-based antitubercular treatment in HIV-infected South African children. Elsherbiny, D; Maartens, G; McIlleron, H; Ren, Y; Simonsson, US, 2010)
" Simulated regimens included vancomycin (VAN) plus rifampin (RIF), moxifloxacin (MOX), and high doses (10 mg/kg of body weight/day) of daptomycin (DAP) alone or combined with RIF or clarithromycin (CLA)."	( Activities of high-dose daptomycin, vancomycin, and moxifloxacin alone or in combination with clarithromycin or rifampin in a novel in vitro model of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. Parra-Ruiz, J; Rose, WE; Rybak, MJ; Vidaillac, C, 2010)
" Daptomycin in combination with rifampicin needs to be assessed in bone infection."	( Efficacy of daptomycin combined with rifampicin for the treatment of experimental meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) acute osteomyelitis. Amador, G; Asseray, N; Caillon, J; Jacqueline, C; Le Mabecque, V; Lefebvre, M; Miegeville, A; Potel, G, 2010)
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacies of daptomycin at usual and high doses (equivalent to 6 and 10 mg/kg of body weight/day, respectively, in humans) and in combination with rifampin and to compare the activities to those of conventional anti-MRSA therapies."	( Efficacy of usual and high doses of daptomycin in combination with rifampin versus alternative therapies in experimental foreign-body infection by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ariza, J; Cabellos, C; Cabo, J; Euba, G; Garrigós, C; Murillo, O; Tubau, F; Verdaguer, R, 2010)
" These results suggest modifications to drug-drug interaction (DDI) trial designs."	( Rifampin's acute inhibitory and chronic inductive drug interactions: experimental and model-based approaches to drug-drug interaction trial design. Cai, X; Chu, X; Ding, Y; Evers, R; Gibson, C; Reitman, ML; Roupe, K; Stoch, A; Stone, JA; Venkatasubramanian, R; Wagner, JA; Witter, R; Yabut, J; Zajic, S, 2011)
" We studied the effects of Ag85A DNA vaccine alone or in combination with rifampin (RFP) or pyrazinamide (PZA) for the treatment of MDR-TB in mice."	( Treatment of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis in mice with DNA vaccines alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs. Bai, X; Li, N; Li, Z; Liang, Y; Wang, L; Wu, X; Yang, Y; Yu, Q; Zhang, J, 2011)
"Conflicting drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies with the HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) suggest net induction or inhibition of intestinal or hepatic CYP3A."	( Complex drug interactions of HIV protease inhibitors 1: inactivation, induction, and inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A by ritonavir or nelfinavir. Collier, AC; Kharasch, ED; Kirby, BJ; Thummel, KE; Unadkat, JD; Whittington, D, 2011)
"Exposure to vandetanib, as assessed by AUC(504) in healthy subjects, was reduced by around 40% when a single dose was given in combination with the potent CYP3A4 inducer rifampicin."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with vandetanib during coadministration with rifampicin or itraconazole. Duvauchelle, T; Kennedy, SJ; Martin, P; Oliver, S; Read, J; Robertson, J, 2011)
" Food and Drug Administration draft drug interaction guidance as CYP3A4 inducers for clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies."	( Simulation of clinical drug-drug interactions from hepatocyte CYP3A4 induction data and its potential utility in trial designs. Hayashi, M; Shou, M; Skiles, GL; Xu, Y; Zhou, Y, 2011)
"Ketoconazole and rifampin are the most widely used compounds examined in recent drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies, and they have multiple roles in modulating drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters."	( Inhibitory effects of ketoconazole and rifampin on OAT1 and OATP1B1 transport activities: considerations on drug-drug interactions. Ahn, SH; Bae, MA; Choi, MK; Choi, YL; Jin, QR; Song, IS, 2011)
"Information regarding the utility of adjunct diagnostic tests in combination with Xpert MTB/RIF (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) is limited."	( Do adjunct tuberculosis tests, when combined with Xpert MTB/RIF, improve accuracy and the cost of diagnosis in a resource-poor setting? Allwood, B; Calligaro, G; Dawson, R; Dheda, K; Kumar Mishra, H; Meldau, R; Peter, J; Pooran, A; Sharma, SK; Theron, G; van Zyl-Smit, R, 2012)
"Effectiveness of amphotericin B alone or in combination with rifampicin or clarithromycin on the killing of Candida species biofilms was investigated in vitro."	( Effect of amphotericin B alone or in combination with rifampicin or clarithromycin against Candida species biofilms. Alonso, M; Del Pozo, JL; Francés, ML; Hernáez, S; Rubio, MF; Serrera, A, 2011)
" When combined with 8 mg/L rifampicin, MBECs for ciprofloxacin and linezolid dropped to 16-32 mg/L for the four isolates tested."	( Effectiveness of ciprofloxacin or linezolid in combination with rifampicin against Enterococcus faecalis in biofilms. Holmberg, A; Mörgelin, M; Rasmussen, M, 2012)
" The aim of this study was to develop an integrated population pharmacokinetic model accounting for the drug-drug interactions between lopinavir, ritonavir and rifampicin, and to evaluate optimal doses of lopinavir/ritonavir when co-administered with rifampicin."	( Model-based approach to dose optimization of lopinavir/ritonavir when co-administered with rifampicin. Decloedt, E; Denti, P; Karlsson, MO; Maartens, G; McIlleron, H; Simonsson, US; Zhang, C, 2012)
"The model describes the drug-drug interactions between lopinavir, ritonavir and rifampicin in adults."	( Model-based approach to dose optimization of lopinavir/ritonavir when co-administered with rifampicin. Decloedt, E; Denti, P; Karlsson, MO; Maartens, G; McIlleron, H; Simonsson, US; Zhang, C, 2012)
"The induction of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes is one of the risk factors for drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Investigation of drug-drug interactions caused by human pregnane X receptor-mediated induction of CYP3A4 and CYP2C subfamilies in chimeric mice with a humanized liver. Hasegawa, M; Inoue, R; Kakuni, M; Tahara, H; Tateno, C; Ushiki, J, 2012)
" In conclusion, our results suggested a strong activity of tigecycline alone and in combination with other antimicrobial agents against multi-resistant Gram-positive organisms isolated from wound infections."	( In vitro activity and in vivo efficacy of tigecycline alone and in combination with daptomycin and rifampin against Gram-positive cocci isolated from surgical wound infection. Arzeni, D; Brescini, L; Cirioni, O; Ganzetti, G; Ghiselli, R; Giacometti, A; Guerrieri, M; Offidani, A; Orlando, F; Provinciali, M; Silvestri, C; Simonetti, O; Staffolani, S, 2012)
"As part of a larger clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) study aimed at in vitro to in vivo prediction of HIV protease inhibitor metabolic and transporter-based DDIs, we measured the inductive (staggered administration) and inductive plus inhibitory (simultaneously administered) effect of multiple dose ritonavir (RTV), nelfinavir (NFV), or rifampin (RIF) on the pharmacokinetics of the P-glycoprotein probe, digoxin (DIG), when administered simultaneously or staggered with the protease inhibitors or RIF."	( Complex drug interactions of the HIV protease inhibitors 3: effect of simultaneous or staggered dosing of digoxin and ritonavir, nelfinavir, rifampin, or bupropion. Collier, AC; Kharasch, ED; Kirby, BJ; Thummel, KE; Unadkat, JD; Whittington, D, 2012)
" Drug therapy either alone or in combination with BCG, was more effective at lessening clinical disease and lesion severity compared to control animals or those receiving BCG alone."	( Drug treatment combined with BCG vaccination reduces disease reactivation in guinea pigs infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Ackart, D; Basaraba, RJ; Caraway, ML; Hascall-Dove, L; Henao-Tamayo, M; Ordway, DJ; Orme, EA; Orme, IM; Shang, S; Shanley, CA, 2012)
"Antibiotics combined with surgery may significantly increase treatment success for Mycobacterium ulcerans infections, and fluoroquinolone combined with rifampicin-containing antibiotic regimens can provide an effective and safe oral treatment option."	( Successful outcomes with oral fluoroquinolones combined with rifampicin in the treatment of Mycobacterium ulcerans: an observational cohort study. Athan, E; Callan, P; Friedman, ND; Holten, I; Hughes, A; McDonald, A; O'Brien, DP; Robson, M; Walton, A, 2012)
"We report a case of postsurgical meningitis caused by multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii successfully treated with high doses of ampicillin/sulbactam combined with rifampicin and fosfomycin."	( Postsurgical meningitis due to multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii successfully treated with high doses of ampicillin/sulbactam combined with rifampicin and fosfomycin. Clec'h, C; Cohen, Y; Jauréguy, F; Mellon, G; Picard, B, 2012)
"In this open-label, 2-part, 3-treatment, 1-sequence, 2-period crossover drug-drug interaction study, 1 group of subjects received a single 50-mg oral dose of gemigliptin on 2 separate occasions-once as monotherapy and again after pretreatment with 400 mg of oral ketoconazole once daily for 7 days."	( Effects of ketoconazole and rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of gemigliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor: a crossover drug-drug interaction study in healthy male Korean volunteers. Bae, KS; Choi, HY; Jin, SJ; Kim, MJ; Kim, YH; Lim, HS; Noh, YH; Sung, HR, 2012)
" These findings suggest that gemigliptin may require a dose adjustment when concurrently administered with drugs that alter CYP3A4 activity."	( Effects of ketoconazole and rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of gemigliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor: a crossover drug-drug interaction study in healthy male Korean volunteers. Bae, KS; Choi, HY; Jin, SJ; Kim, MJ; Kim, YH; Lim, HS; Noh, YH; Sung, HR, 2012)
"The hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) influence the pharmacokinetics of several drug classes and are involved in many clinical drug-drug interactions."	( Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions. Artursson, P; Haglund, U; Karlgren, M; Kimoto, E; Lai, Y; Norinder, U; Vildhede, A; Wisniewski, JR, 2012)
"To develop physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict the pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions (DDI) of pravastatin, using the in vitro transport parameters."	( Physiologically based modeling of pravastatin transporter-mediated hepatobiliary disposition and drug-drug interactions. Bergman, A; Feng, B; Goosen, TC; Lai, Y; Litchfield, J; Varma, MV, 2012)
" For TB drugs, equivalence was suggested for peak plasma concentrations when administered with and without efavirenz/tenofovir/emtricitabine."	( Efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with first-line tuberculosis treatment in tuberculosis-HIV-coinfected Tanzanian patients: a pharmacokinetic and safety study. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Fillekes, Q; Kibiki, GS; Kisanga, ER; Kisonga, RM; Mleoh, L; Mtabho, CM; Ndaro, A; Semvua, HH; van den Boogaard, J; van der Ven, A, 2013)
" We used a panel of stably and transiently transfected cell lines to elucidate the carrier-mediated transport processes that are involved in linagliptin disposition in vivo and to assess the potential for drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods. Ebner, T; Ishiguro, N; Kishimoto, W; Schaefer, O; Shimizu, H, 2013)
"Comprehensive information on the effects of cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) polymorphisms, clinical factors, and drug-drug interactions on efavirenz concentrations in HIV/tuberculosis-coinfected (HIV/TB) patients is unavailable."	( Impact of pharmacogenetic markers of CYP2B6, clinical factors, and drug-drug interaction on efavirenz concentrations in HIV/tuberculosis-coinfected patients. Lueangniyomkul, A; Mankatitham, W; Manosuthi, S; Manosuthi, W; Nilkamhang, S; Sukasem, C; Sungkanuparph, S; Thongyen, S, 2013)
"Organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATP) 1B1, 1B3, and 2B1 can serve as the loci of drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Cynomolgus monkey as a potential model to assess drug interactions involving hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides: in vitro, in vivo, and in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation. Balimane, P; Chen, C; Han, YH; Jemal, M; Kallipatti, S; Krishnamurthy, P; Marathe, P; Mintier, G; Rodrigues, AD; Selvam, S; Shen, H; Sukrutharaj, S; Yang, Z; Zhang, R; Zhao, W, 2013)
"Rodent models are less suitable for predicting drug-drug interactions at the level of the human intestinal mucosa, especially when nuclear receptors such as pregnane X receptor (PXR) are involved."	( PXR/CYP3A4-humanized mice for studying drug-drug interactions involving intestinal P-glycoprotein. Annaert, P; Augustijns, P; Baes, M; Gonzalez, FJ; Holmstock, N, 2013)
" As adult studies cannot reliably predict their magnitude in children, drug-drug interactions should be evaluated in paediatric patient populations."	( Model-based evaluation of the pharmacokinetic differences between adults and children for lopinavir and ritonavir in combination with rifampicin. Decloedt, EH; Denti, P; Karlsson, MO; McIlleron, H; Ren, Y; Zhang, C, 2013)
"Treatment of Gram-positive osteoarticular infections requires an adequate surgical approach combined with intensive antimicrobial therapy."	( The safety and efficacy of high-dose daptomycin combined with rifampicin for the treatment of Gram-positive osteoarticular infections. Garbino, J; Hoffmeyer, P; Jugun, K; Lew, D; Pagani, L; Uçkay, I; Vaudaux, P, 2013)
"Digoxin is the recommended substrate for assessment of P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in vivo."	( Application of permeability-limited physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models: part II - prediction of P-glycoprotein mediated drug-drug interactions with digoxin. Barter, Z; Jamei, M; Neuhoff, S; Rostami-Hodjegan, A; Turner, DB; Yeo, KR, 2013)
" Simultaneous drug-drug interactions through uptake and efflux transport systems in hepatocytes according to the cellular concentrations of competing drugs were never investigated."	( Evidence of drug-drug interactions through uptake and efflux transport systems in rat hepatocytes: implications for cellular concentrations of competing drugs. Daali, Y; Dayer, P; Millet, P; Pastor, CM, 2013)
" Three studies were designed to evaluate the potential drug-drug interaction of netupitant with palonosetron and of the fixed dose combination of netupitant and palonosetron, NEPA, with an inhibitor (ketoconazole), an inducer (rifampicin) and a substrate (oral contraceptives) of CYP3A4."	( Effect of netupitant, a highly selective NK₁ receptor antagonist, on the pharmacokinetics of palonosetron and impact of the fixed dose combination of netupitant and palonosetron when coadministered with ketoconazole, rifampicin, and oral contraceptives. Calcagnile, S; Henriksson, A; Kammerer, KP; Lanzarotti, C; Rossi, G; Timmer, W, 2013)
" In study 2, 36 subjects received NEPA alone (day 1) and in combination with ketoconazole or rifampicin."	( Effect of netupitant, a highly selective NK₁ receptor antagonist, on the pharmacokinetics of palonosetron and impact of the fixed dose combination of netupitant and palonosetron when coadministered with ketoconazole, rifampicin, and oral contraceptives. Calcagnile, S; Henriksson, A; Kammerer, KP; Lanzarotti, C; Rossi, G; Timmer, W, 2013)
" This study evaluated the CYP3A-mediated drug-drug interaction potential of brentuximab vedotin and the excretion of MMAE."	( CYP3A-mediated drug-drug interaction potential and excretion of brentuximab vedotin, an antibody-drug conjugate, in patients with CD30-positive hematologic malignancies. Alley, SC; Chen, R; Cooper, M; Gopal, AK; Goy, A; Grove, LE; Han, TH; Lynch, CM; Matous, JV; O'Connor, OA; Ramchandren, R, 2013)
"We studied if the clinical pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) of the sulfonylurea-derivative glibenclamide can be simulated via a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling approach."	( Semi-mechanistic physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling of clinical glibenclamide pharmacokinetics and drug-drug-interactions. Benne, MS; Greupink, R; Huisman, MT; Russel, FG; Schreurs, M, 2013)
"The activity of dalbavancin, a representative of the lipoglycopeptide antibiotics, alone and in combination with rifampicin, was investigated against meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a foreign-body infection model in guinea pigs."	( Activity of dalbavancin, alone and in combination with rifampicin, against meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a foreign-body infection model. Aeppli, S; Angevaare, E; Baldoni, D; Furustrand Tafin, U; Haschke, M; Oliva, A; Trampuz, A; Zimmerli, W, 2013)
"The identification and quantification of potential drug-drug interactions is important for avoiding or minimizing the interaction-induced adverse events associated with specific drug combinations."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions involving vortioxetine (Lu AA21004), a multimodal antidepressant. Buchbjerg, JK; Chen, G; Højer, AM; Lee, R; Serenko, M; Zhao, Z, 2013)
" The fractional inhibition concentration indices (FICI) for vancomycin combined with rifampicin, levofloxacin or fosfomycin were ≥1."	( Comparative study of the mutant prevention concentrations of vancomycin alone and in combination with levofloxacin, rifampicin and fosfomycin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Cheng, J; Hu, LF; Li, JB; Liu, LG; Ye, Y; Zhu, YL, 2013)
"5% of the strains for meropenem combination with tigecycline."	( Activity of Tigecycline in combination with Colistin, Meropenem, Rifampin, or Gentamicin against KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae in a murine thigh infection model. Labrou, M; Manousaka, S; Michail, G; Pitiriga, V; Pournaras, S; Sakellaridis, N; Tsakris, A, 2013)
" Here, we address the clinical relevance of CYP3A4-related drug-drug interactions with midostaurin as either a "victim" or "perpetrator."	( Investigation into CYP3A4-mediated drug-drug interactions on midostaurin in healthy volunteers. Dutreix, C; Lorenzo, S; Munarini, F; Roesel, J; Wang, Y, 2013)
"Induction of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) expression is often implicated in clinically relevant drug-drug interactions (DDI), as metabolism catalyzed by this enzyme is the dominant route of elimination for many drugs."	( Modeling of rifampicin-induced CYP3A4 activation dynamics for the prediction of clinical drug-drug interactions from in vitro data. Asai, Y; Hashida, M; Hisaka, A; Kitano, H; Sasa, Y; Suzuki, H; Yamashita, F; Yoshida, S, 2013)
"The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro activities of polymyxin B (PB) and rifampin (RIF) in combination with ampicillin/sulbactam (AS) or cefoperazone/sulbactam (CS) against 20 multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR-AB) isolates by the checkerboard and E-test methods."	( Determination of in vitro activities of polymyxin B and rifampin in combination with ampicillin/sulbactam or cefoperazone/sulbactam against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii by the E-test and checkerboard methods. Aridogan, BC; Cetin, ES; Ozseven, AG; Tekeli, A; Us, E, 2013)
" Tigecycline in combination with rifampin demonstrated higher activity against bacteria embedded in biofilms than tigecycline alone."	( Antimicrobial activity of tigecycline alone or in combination with rifampin against Staphylococcus epidermidis in biofilm. Kaznowski, A; Szczuka, E, 2014)
" As afatinib is not a relevant modulator or substrate of cytochrome P450 enzymes, the drug-drug interaction potential is considered to be low."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of afatinib with rifampicin and ritonavir. Bertulis, J; Brand, T; Gansser, D; Giessmann, T; Hocke, J; Jungnik, A; Marzin, K; Stopfer, P; Wind, S, 2014)
" We compared the synergistic activity and post-antibiotic effect (PAE) of colistin in combination with other antimicrobials against colistin-susceptible and -resistant KPC-Kp bloodstream isolates."	( In vitro activity and post-antibiotic effects of colistin in combination with other antimicrobials against colistin-resistant KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream isolates. Ambretti, S; Bonora, S; Gaibani, P; Landini, MP; Lewis, RE; Lombardo, D; Mercuri, M, 2014)
" Evaluation of a drug-drug interaction (DDI) study and supportive semi-mechanistic population pharmacokinetic (PK) analyses were undertaken to help delineate this issue."	( Why did the FDA approve efavirenz 800 mg when co-administered with rifampin? Arya, V; Chan-Tack, KM; Jadhav, P; Kraft, J; Liu, J; Robertson, SM; Seo, S; Singer, ME; Struble, KA, 2014)
" Simulations compared EFV exposure at various doses in combination with RIF to EFV exposures at 600 mg once daily (QD)."	( Why did the FDA approve efavirenz 800 mg when co-administered with rifampin? Arya, V; Chan-Tack, KM; Jadhav, P; Kraft, J; Liu, J; Robertson, SM; Seo, S; Singer, ME; Struble, KA, 2014)
" In time-kill assays, COL combined with either RIF or TGC was superior to single agents, but only the COL/RIF regimen was reliably bactericidal."	( Activity of colistin in combination with tigecycline or rifampicin against multidrug-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Betts, JW; Phee, LM; Wareham, DW; Woodford, N, 2014)
"To evaluate potential drug-drug interactions with the atypical antipsychotic lurasidone."	( Lurasidone drug-drug interaction studies: a comprehensive review. Chiu, YY; Ereshefsky, L; Loebel, A; Poola, N; Preskorn, SH, 2014)
" No dose adjustment for lurasidone is needed when administered with lithium or valproate."	( Lurasidone drug-drug interaction studies: a comprehensive review. Chiu, YY; Ereshefsky, L; Loebel, A; Poola, N; Preskorn, SH, 2014)
" This midostaurin drug-drug interaction study assessed the dynamic response and clinical usefulness of urinary 6β-hydroxycortisol to cortisol ratio (6βCR) and plasma 4β-hydroxycholesterol (4βHC) for monitoring CYP3A4 activity in the presence or absence of rifampicin, a strong CYP3A4 inducer."	( Comparison of two endogenous biomarkers of CYP3A4 activity in a drug-drug interaction study between midostaurin and rifampicin. Dutreix, C; Lorenzo, S; Wang, Y, 2014)
"New verapamil analogues were synthesized and their inhibitory activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv determined in vitro alone and in combination with rifampicin (RIF)."	( Synthesis of new verapamil analogues and their evaluation in combination with rifampicin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and molecular docking studies in the binding site of efflux protein Rv1258c. Chibale, K; Kumar, M; Naran, K; Pavadai, E; Ruminski, PG; Singh, K; Warner, DF, 2014)
" In this study, we sought to investigate the sterilizing activity of human-equivalent doses of thioridazine when given in combination with the "Denver regimen" against acute murine tuberculosis."	( Sterilizing activity of thioridazine in combination with the first-line regimen against acute murine tuberculosis. Dutta, NK; Karakousis, PC; Pinn, ML, 2014)
" The aim of the current work was to develop a novel physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to quantitatively assess the magnitude of CYP3A4 mediated drug-drug interactions with alisporivir as the substrate or victim drug."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling for assessing the clinical drug-drug interaction of alisporivir. Alexander, N; Barve, A; Einolf, H; Gu, H; Hanna, I; He, H; Heimbach, T; Ke, J; Mangold, JB; Sunkara, G; Wang, L; Xia, B; Zhang, T, 2014)
"The prediction of drug-drug interactions mediated by the induction or inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes is of great relevance in the development of new drugs."	( HepaRG cell line as an in vitro model for screening drug-drug interactions mediated by metabolic induction: amiodarone used as a model substance. Alves, G; Falcão, A; Ferreira, A; Rodrigues, M; Silvestre, S, 2014)
" Therefore, evaluating the drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential associated with MMAE is important in the clinical development of ADCs."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling as a tool to predict drug interactions for antibody-drug conjugates. Chen, Y; Girish, S; Hop, C; Jin, JY; Li, C; Lu, D; Mukadam, S; Samineni, D; Shen, BQ; Wong, H, 2015)
"The risk assessment of organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs) is an indispensable part of drug development."	( Investigation of the impact of substrate selection on in vitro organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 inhibition profiles for the prediction of drug-drug interactions. Izumi, S; Komori, T; Kusuhara, H; Maeda, K; Nozaki, Y; Sugiyama, Y; Takenaka, O, 2015)
" In addition, using serial sampling methods can be valuable for evaluation of the drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential of drug candidates."	( Using improved serial blood sampling method of mice to study pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interaction. Nezasa, K; Ogawa, K; Shimizu, R; Takai, N; Tanaka, Y; Watanabe, A; Watari, R; Yamaguchi, Y, 2015)
"Colistin, tigecycline, levofloxacin, tobramycin, and rifampin alone and in combination with doripenem were investigated for their in vitro activities and postantibiotic effects (PAEs) on Klebsiella pneumoniae."	( Effects of various antibiotics alone or in combination with doripenem against Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated in an intensive care unit. Mataraci-Kara, E; Ozbek Celik, B; Yilmaz, M, 2014)
" This first study in patients was done to determine safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and bacteriological effect of different doses of SQ109 alone and in combination with rifampicin when administered over 14 days."	( Early phase evaluation of SQ109 alone and in combination with rifampicin in pulmonary TB patients. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Dawson, R; Diacon, AH; du Bois, J; Gillespie, SH; Heinrich, N; Henne, S; Hoelscher, M; Horwith, G; Nacy, CA; Narunsky, K; Phillips, PP; Phipps, AJ; Rachow, A; Venter, A, 2015)
"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling was applied to characterize the potential drug-drug interactions for ruxolitinib."	( Predicting drug-drug interactions involving multiple mechanisms using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling: a case study with ruxolitinib. Fraczkiewicz, G; Shi, JG; Williams, WV; Yeleswaram, S, 2015)
" This study was carried out to identify the contribution percentage of CYP450 to icotinib and use the results to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model, which can help to predict drug-drug interaction (DDI)."	( Relative contributions of the major human CYP450 to the metabolism of icotinib and its implication in prediction of drug-drug interaction between icotinib and CYP3A4 inhibitors/inducers using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Chen, J; Hu, P; Jiang, J; Liu, D; Zhao, Q; Zheng, X, 2015)
" Tasimelteon is rapidly absorbed, with a mean absolute bioavailability of approximately 38%, and is extensively metabolized primarily by oxidation at multiple sites, mainly by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 and CYP3A4/5, as initially demonstrated by in vitro studies and confirmed by the results of clinical drug-drug interactions presented here."	( Clinical assessment of drug-drug interactions of tasimelteon, a novel dual melatonin receptor agonist. Baroldi, P; Dressman, MA; Kramer, WG; Ogilvie, BW; Torres, R, 2015)
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) drug-drug interactions (DDIs) were evaluated clinically between cabozantinib and (1) a CYP3A inducer (rifampin) in healthy volunteers, (2) a CYP3A inhibitor (ketoconazole) in healthy volunteers, and (3) a CYP2C8 substrate (rosiglitazone) in patients with solid tumors."	( Pharmacokinetic (PK) drug interaction studies of cabozantinib: Effect of CYP3A inducer rifampin and inhibitor ketoconazole on cabozantinib plasma PK and effect of cabozantinib on CYP2C8 probe substrate rosiglitazone plasma PK. Benrimoh, N; Engel, C; Holland, J; Lacy, S; Miles, D; Nguyen, L; O'Reilly, T, 2015)
" haemolyticus strains isolated from bloodstream infections and assess in vitro the activity of rifampicin combined with daptomycin or tigecycline against bacteria growing in a biofilm."	( In Vitro Activity of Rifampicin Combined with Daptomycin or Tigecycline on Staphylococcus haemolyticus Biofilms. Grabska, K; Kaznowski, A; Szczuka, E, 2015)
" This study systematically evaluated by in vitro time-kill studies the effect of daptomycin in combination with ampicillin, cefazolin, ceftriaxone, ceftaroline, ertapenem, gentamicin, tigecycline, and rifampin, for a collection of 9 daptomycin-NS enterococci that exhibited a broad range of MICs and different resistance-conferring mutations."	( In vitro activity of daptomycin in combination with β-lactams, gentamicin, rifampin, and tigecycline against daptomycin-nonsusceptible enterococci. Carvalho, M; Charlton, CL; Hindler, JA; Humphries, R; Kelesidis, T; Miller, SA; Nizet, V; Nonejuie, P; Pogliano, J; Sakoulas, G; Wong-Beringer, A, 2015)
"Since drug-drug interaction (DDI) can affect organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) and cause clinical events, prediction of such DDI is important in early clinical development."	( Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, a useful endogenous probe for evaluation of drug-drug interaction on hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) in cynomolgus monkeys. Tamai, I; Watanabe, M; Watanabe, T; Yabuki, M, 2015)
" Overall, the safety profile of romidepsin was not altered by coadministration with ketoconazole or rifampin, except that a higher incidence and greater severity of thrombocytopenia was observed when romidepsin was given with rifampin."	( Evaluation of CYP3A-mediated drug-drug interactions with romidepsin in patients with advanced cancer. Arkenau, HT; Burris, HA; Infante, J; Jones, SF; Laille, E; Lemech, C; Liu, L; Patel, M, 2015)
" The model was used to predict the pharmacokinetic profiles and drug-drug interaction (DDI) effect for atorvastatin and its metabolites in different DDI scenarios."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of disposition and drug-drug interactions for atorvastatin and its metabolites. Zhang, T, 2015)
" These predictions were in good agreement with clinical single dose drug-drug interaction studies, but not with reports of imatinib interactions at steady-state."	( Human hepatocyte assessment of imatinib drug-drug interactions - complexities in clinical translation. Beumer, JH; Christner, SM; Kiesel, BF; Parise, RA; Pillai, VC; Rudek, MA; Venkataramanan, R, 2015)
" The main objectives of the present study were to: 1) develop and refine a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of crizotinib on the basis of clinical single- and multiple-dose results, 2) verify the crizotinib PBPK model from crizotinib single-dose drug-drug interaction (DDI) results with multiple-dose coadministration of ketoconazole or rifampin, and 3) apply the crizotinib PBPK model to predict crizotinib multiple-dose DDI outcomes."	( Prediction of Drug-Drug Interactions with Crizotinib as the CYP3A Substrate Using a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model. Johnson, TR; Smith, BJ; Yamazaki, S, 2015)
"This example of the application of PBPK modeling to predict drug-drug interactions was used to support the labeling of macitentan (Opsumit)."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Macitentan: Prediction of Drug-Drug Interactions. Buchmann, S; de Kanter, R; Delahaye, S; Gnerre, C; Kohl, C; Segrestaa, J; Sidharta, PN; Treiber, A, 2016)
"New compounds with antituberculosis activity and their combination with classic drugs have been evaluated to determine possible interactions and antagonism."	( Potential of Casiopeínas® Copper Complexes and Antituberculosis Drug Combination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Barbosa, AR; Caleffi-Ferracioli, KR; Cardoso, RF; García-Ramos, JC; Leite, CQ; Pavan, FR; Ruiz-Azuara, L; Siqueira, VL; Toledano-Magaña, Y, 2016)
" However, the potential drug-drug interactions between moxifloxacin and rifampicin were unknown."	( Drug-drug interactions between moxifloxacin and rifampicin based on pharmacokinetics in vivo in rats. Huang, L; Huang, Y; Liu, J; Shi, L; Xiao, H; Yu, X, 2016)
" Preclinical studies of GTx-024 supported the evaluation of several potential drug-drug interactions in a clinical setting."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of the selective androgen receptor modulator GTx-024(Enobosarm) with itraconazole, rifampin, probenecid, celecoxib and rosuvastatin. Coss, CC; Dalton, JT; Jones, A, 2016)
" Study A: When given with ketoconazole, abiraterone exposure increased by 9% for maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ) and 15% for area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to time of the last quantifiable concentration (AUClast ) and AUC from time 0 to infinity (AUC∞ ) compared to abiraterone acetate alone."	( Impact on abiraterone pharmacokinetics and safety: Open-label drug-drug interaction studies with ketoconazole and rifampicin. Acharya, M; Bernard, A; Chien, C; De Vries, R; Jiao, J; Monbaliu, J; Stieltjes, H; Tran, N; Vaccaro, N; Yu, M, 2015)
" A clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) study with the potent CYP3A4 inhibitor itraconazole resulted in an approximately sevenfold increase in cobimetinib exposure."	( Evaluation of Cytochrome P450 3A4-Mediated Drug-Drug Interaction Potential for Cobimetinib Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulation. Budha, NR; Chen, Y; Dresser, M; Eppler, S; Ji, T; Jin, JY; Musib, L, 2016)
" Using a murine thigh-infection model, we examined the in vivo efficacy of colistin in combination with meropenem, tigecycline, fosfomycin, fusidic acid, rifampin, or sulbactam against 12 XDR-AB strains."	( Activity of Colistin in Combination with Meropenem, Tigecycline, Fosfomycin, Fusidic Acid, Rifampin or Sulbactam against Extensively Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a Murine Thigh-Infection Model. Cong, Y; Fan, B; Guan, J; Wang, X, 2016)
" Collectively, we conclude that CP-I and CP-III in plasma and urine can be appropriate endogenous biomarkers specifically and reliably reflecting OATP inhibition, and thus the measurement of these molecules can serve as a useful tool to assess OATP drug-drug interaction liabilities in early clinical studies."	( Coproporphyrins in Plasma and Urine Can Be Appropriate Clinical Biomarkers to Recapitulate Drug-Drug Interactions Mediated by Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide Inhibition. Cheng, Y; Dai, J; Date, O; Gaud, N; Holenarsipur, VK; Humphreys, WG; Lai, Y; Langish, R; Mandlekar, S; Marathe, P; Murugesan, S; Rajanna, P; Selvam, S; Shen, H; Shipkova, P, 2016)
" The objective of the present study was to identify the mechanism of clopidogrel-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs) on the pharmacokinetics of OATP1B1 and/or CYP2C8 substrates in vivo."	( Clarification of the Mechanism of Clopidogrel-Mediated Drug-Drug Interaction in a Clinical Cassette Small-dose Study and Its Prediction Based on In Vitro Information. Ieiri, I; Irie, S; Kim, SJ; Kimura, M; Kusuhara, H; Maeda, K; Sugiyama, Y; Yoshikado, T, 2016)
" Three studies were conducted to evaluate the potential drug-drug interactions between delamanid and antiretroviral drugs, including ritonavir, a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4, and selected anti-TB drugs, including rifampin, a strong inducer of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes."	( Delamanid Coadministered with Antiretroviral Drugs or Antituberculosis Drugs Shows No Clinically Relevant Drug-Drug Interactions in Healthy Subjects. Geiter, L; Mallikaarjun, S; Paccaly, A; Patil, S; Petersen, C; Shoaf, SE; Wells, C, 2016)
" We present results from 3 fixed-sequence studies evaluating drug-drug interactions for alectinib through CYP3A."	( Clinical Drug-Drug Interactions Through Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) for the Selective ALK Inhibitor Alectinib. Bogman, K; Bordogna, W; Cleary, Y; Dall, G; De Petris, L; Guerini, E; Martin-Facklam, M; Morcos, PN; Phipps, A; Viteri, S; Yu, L, 2017)
" Imipenem, meropenem and doripenem were significantly more effective (reduced fold-change of MICs) when combined with rifampicin in bla VIM-negative isolates, especially in isolates with porin frameshift mutation."	( In vitro antibacterial activity of rifampicin in combination with imipenem, meropenem and doripenem against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Hu, YF; Liu, CP; Shih, SC; Wang, NY, 2016)
" We evaluated the quantitative role of hepatic uptake transport in its pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Transporter-Mediated Hepatic Uptake Plays an Important Role in the Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interactions of Montelukast. Bi, Y; El-Kattan, AF; Eng, H; Kalgutkar, AS; Kimoto, E; Lin, J; Rodrigues, AD; Scialis, R; Tremaine, LM; Varma, MV, 2017)
" Fusidic acid (FA) has been used for decades for bone infection, including prosthetic joint infection (PJI), often in combination with rifampin (RIF)."	( A Randomized Study Evaluating Oral Fusidic Acid (CEM-102) in Combination With Oral Rifampin Compared With Standard-of-Care Antibiotics for Treatment of Prosthetic Joint Infections: A Newly Identified Drug-Drug Interaction. Berkowitz, R; Darouiche, R; Fernandes, P; Iglesias-Ussel, MD; Keedy, K; Kreuzer, S; MacLauchlin, C; Mould, DR; Oldach, D; Pushkin, R, 2016)
" The sponsor elected to terminate this study due to a clearly illustrated drug-drug interaction between FA and RIF, which lowered FA levels to a degree that could influence subject outcomes."	( A Randomized Study Evaluating Oral Fusidic Acid (CEM-102) in Combination With Oral Rifampin Compared With Standard-of-Care Antibiotics for Treatment of Prosthetic Joint Infections: A Newly Identified Drug-Drug Interaction. Berkowitz, R; Darouiche, R; Fernandes, P; Iglesias-Ussel, MD; Keedy, K; Kreuzer, S; MacLauchlin, C; Mould, DR; Oldach, D; Pushkin, R, 2016)
" Ultimately, the good permeability, moderate rates of metabolism and low risk of drug-drug interactions displayed by some of the synthesized compounds indicate that 2-(quinolin-4-yloxy)acetamides may yield candidates to use in the development of novel alternative therapeutics for tuberculosis treatment."	( New insights into the SAR and drug combination synergy of 2-(quinolin-4-yloxy)acetamides against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Abbadi, BL; Back, DF; Basso, LA; Campos, MM; Giacobbo, BC; Grams, ES; Machado, P; Pissinate, K; Rodrigues-Junior, V; Santos, DS; Sperotto, N; Subtil, FT; Trindade, RV; Villela, AD, 2017)
" The main objectives of this study were to 1) develop physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models of bosutinib; 2) verify and refine the PBPK models based on clinical study results of bosutinib single-dose drug-drug interaction (DDI) with ketoconazole and rifampin, as well as single-dose drug-disease interaction (DDZI) in patients with renal and hepatic impairment; 3) apply the PBPK models to predict DDI outcomes in patients with weak and moderate CYP3A inhibitors; and 4) apply the PBPK models to predict DDZI outcomes in renally and hepatically impaired patients after multiple-dose administration."	( Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to the Understanding of Bosutinib Pharmacokinetics: Prediction of Drug-Drug and Drug-Disease Interactions. Abbas, R; Hsyu, PH; Loi, CM; Ono, C; Yamazaki, S, 2017)
"Rosuvastatin is a frequently used probe in transporter-mediated drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies."	( Investigating Transporter-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions Using a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Rosuvastatin. Leil, T; Wang, Q; Zheng, M, 2017)
"A microdose drug-drug interaction (DDI) study may be a valuable tool for anticipating drug interaction at therapeutic doses."	( Drug-drug interaction of microdose and regular-dose omeprazole with a CYP2C19 inhibitor and inducer. Bae, SH; Han, S; Park, GJ; Park, MH; Park, WS; Shin, SH; Shin, YG; Yim, DS, 2017)
"This study aims to investigate the drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between orally administered atorvastatin (ATV) and rifampicin (RIF) in rats."	( Quantitative Analysis of the Transporter-Mediated Drug-Drug Interaction Between Atorvastatin and Rifampicin Using a Stable Isotope-IV Method. Hasegawa, T; Higashino, H; Kataoka, M; Minami, K; Mutaguchi, K; Tachihara, M; Togashi, K; Yamashita, S, 2017)
" Eighty-eight patients were enrolled across the 3 drug-drug interaction studies; the ixazomib toxicity profile was consistent with previous studies."	( Effects of Strong CYP3A Inhibition and Induction on the Pharmacokinetics of Ixazomib, an Oral Proteasome Inhibitor: Results of Drug-Drug Interaction Studies in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors or Lymphoma and a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Ana Bessudo, A; Esseltine, DL; Gupta, N; Hanley, MJ; Ke, A; Liu, G; Nemunaitis, J; O'Neil, BH; Patel, C; Rasco, DW; Rowland Yeo, K; Sharma, S; Venkatakrishnan, K; Wang, B; Xia, C; Zhang, X, 2018)
" Based on a previous clinical drug-drug interaction study with ketoconazole (KTZ), the contribution of CYP3A4 in vivo was estimated to be ∼40%."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model Predictions of Panobinostat (LBH589) as a Victim and Perpetrator of Drug-Drug Interactions. Chun, DY; Einolf, HJ; Gu, H; He, H; Lin, W; Mangold, JB; Wang, L; Won, CS, 2017)
" It has been demonstrated to be informative and helpful to quantify the modification in drug exposure due to specific physio-pathological conditions, age, genetic polymorphisms, ethnicity and particularly drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Prediction of drug-drug interactions using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models of CYP450 modulators included in Simcyp software. Daali, Y; Desmeules, JA; Marsousi, N; Rudaz, S, 2018)
" Rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (ISO) are first line combination drugs for treatment of tuberculosis (TB) that negatively interact with each other upon simultaneous release in acidic environment."	( Anti-tuberculosis drug combination for controlled oral delivery using 3D printed compartmental dosage forms: From drug product design to in vivo testing. Boetker, JP; Bohr, A; Colombo, S; Genina, N; Harmankaya, N; Rantanen, J, 2017)
" The purpose of this research was to predict the magnitude of drug-drug interaction (DDI) after coadministration of a strong CYP3A4 inducer or inhibitor using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling."	( A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach to Predict Drug-Drug Interactions of Buprenorphine After Subcutaneous Administration of CAM2038 With Perpetrators of CYP3A4. Gobburu, JVS; Liu, T, 2018)
" In vitro and clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies indicated that midostaurin and its metabolites are substrates, reversible and time-dependent inhibitors, and inducers of CYP3A4."	( Simultaneous Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling of Parent and Active Metabolites to Investigate Complex CYP3A4 Drug-Drug Interaction Potential: A Case Example of Midostaurin. Chun, DY; Dutreix, C; Einolf, HJ; Gu, H; He, H; Ouatas, T; Rebello, S; Wang, L, 2018)
" We describe the pharmacokinetics of and potential drug-drug interactions between lopinavir-ritonavir and drugs routinely used for MDR-TB treatment in HIV-infected children."	( Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interactions of Lopinavir-Ritonavir Administered with First- and Second-Line Antituberculosis Drugs in HIV-Infected Children Treated for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. de Kock, M; Denti, P; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; McIlleron, H; Norman, J; Schaaf, HS; Tikiso, T; van der Laan, LE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J, 2018)
" Treatments of colistin alone or combined with rifampicin or meropenem were started 1 h after infection."	( Activity of colistin alone or in combination with rifampicin or meropenem in a carbapenem-resistant bioluminescent Pseudomonas aeruginosa intraperitoneal murine infection model. Cai, Y; Wang, J; Wang, R; Yang, D, 2018)
"In vivo imaging showed that both low- and high-dose colistin combined with rifampicin resulted in a significant decrease in bioluminescence signals compared with monotherapy of colistin or rifampicin alone, whereas colistin and meropenem combination therapy did not show a greater bactericidal effect compared with monotherapy."	( Activity of colistin alone or in combination with rifampicin or meropenem in a carbapenem-resistant bioluminescent Pseudomonas aeruginosa intraperitoneal murine infection model. Cai, Y; Wang, J; Wang, R; Yang, D, 2018)
"This study evaluated coproporphyrin I (CPI) as a selective endogenous biomarker of OATP1B-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs) relative to clinical probe rosuvastatin using nonlinear mixed-effect modeling."	( Gaining Mechanistic Insight Into Coproporphyrin I as Endogenous Biomarker for OATP1B-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions Using Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulation. Barnett, S; Galetin, A; Humphreys, WG; Lai, Y; Ménochet, K; Ogungbenro, K; Shen, H, 2018)
" We assessed three drug-drug interactions of avatrombopag as a victim with dual or selective CYP2C9/3A inhibitors and inducers."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions of avatrombopag when coadministered with dual or selective CYP2C9 and CYP3A interacting drugs. Aluri, J; Boyd, P; Chang, MK; Ferry, J; Lai, WG; Nomoto, M; Rege, B; Schuck, E; Siu, YA; Yasuda, S; Zamora, CA, 2018)
"This study aimed to construct a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of rifampicin that can accurately and quantitatively predict complex drug-drug interactions (DDIs) involving its saturable hepatic uptake and auto-induction."	( Comprehensive PBPK Model of Rifampicin for Quantitative Prediction of Complex Drug-Drug Interactions: CYP3A/2C9 Induction and OATP Inhibition Effects. Asaumi, R; Hashizume, K; Imawaka, H; Lee, W; Nunoya, KI; Sugiyama, Y; Tobe, Y; Toshimoto, K, 2018)
" This study aimed to examine pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions between this regimen and dolutegravir, a first-line antiretroviral medication."	( Cytokine-Mediated Systemic Adverse Drug Reactions in a Drug-Drug Interaction Study of Dolutegravir With Once-Weekly Isoniazid and Rifapentine. Alfaro, RM; Brooks, KM; De, P; Dobos, KM; George, JM; Hadigan, C; Kellogg, A; Kovacs, JA; Kumar, P; McLaughlin, M; McManus, M; Mehaffy, C; Pau, AK; Rupert, A, 2018)
"This was a single-center, open-label, fixed-sequence, drug-drug interaction study in healthy volunteers."	( Cytokine-Mediated Systemic Adverse Drug Reactions in a Drug-Drug Interaction Study of Dolutegravir With Once-Weekly Isoniazid and Rifapentine. Alfaro, RM; Brooks, KM; De, P; Dobos, KM; George, JM; Hadigan, C; Kellogg, A; Kovacs, JA; Kumar, P; McLaughlin, M; McManus, M; Mehaffy, C; Pau, AK; Rupert, A, 2018)
" A combination of in vitro data, clinical pharmacokinetic data, and drug-drug interaction (DDI) data of osimertinib in oncology patients were used to develop the physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model and verify the DDI data of osimertinib."	( Development, Verification, and Prediction of Osimertinib Drug-Drug Interactions Using PBPK Modeling Approach to Inform Drug Label. Ballard, P; Pilla Reddy, V; Sharma, P; Vishwanathan, K; Walker, M, 2018)
" This combination involves a pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction leading to subtherapeutic drug concentrations of amiodarone and its active metabolite."	( Amiodarone Rifampicin Drug-Drug Interaction Management With Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Demmer, A; Movig, KLL; Oude Munnink, TH; Slenter, RHJ, 2018)
" Because it is a substrate of the cytochrome P450 system, specifically CYP3A4/5, ivacaftor is subject to significant drug-drug interactions, including due to commonly used antimicrobials such as rifampin."	( Sensitivity of ivacaftor to drug-drug interactions with rifampin, a cytochrome P450 3A4 inducer. Acosta, EP; Guimbellot, JS; Rowe, SM, 2018)
" Our primary objectives were to: 1) refine the previously developed bosutinib PBPK model on the basis of the latest oral bioavailability data and 2) verify the refined PBPK model with P-glycoprotein kinetics on the basis of the bosutinib drug-drug interaction (DDI) results with ketoconazole and rifampin."	( Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling in Understanding Bosutinib Drug-Drug Interactions: Importance of Intestinal P-Glycoprotein. Costales, C; Kimoto, E; Loi, CM; Varma, MV; Yamazaki, S, 2018)
"A robust UHPLC-MS/MS assay was developed and validated for CP-I and CP-III in plasma, and is currently applied to clinical studies to confirm suitability of Coproporphyrins as a potential substitute for drug-drug interaction study."	( UHPLC-MS/MS bioanalysis of human plasma coproporphyrins as potential biomarkers for organic anion-transporting polypeptide-mediated drug interactions. Burrrell, R; Easter, J; Kadiyala, P; Kandoussi, H; Lai, Y; Langish, R; Marathe, P; Mariannino, T; Paterson, P; Pillutla, R; Santockyte, R; Shah, K; Shen, H; Shipkova, P; Zeng, J; Zhang, Y, 2018)
" Pharmacokinetic profiles in plasma and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) as well as the therapeutic efficacy of linezolid alone and in combination with rifampicin were investigated in a murine pneumonia model."	( Increased activity of linezolid in combination with rifampicin in a murine pneumonia model due to MRSA. Bu, MX; Li, L; Liao, XP; Liu, YH; Sun, J; Tao, MT; Xiong, YQ; Zhou, YF, 2018)
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity of nine naphthoimidazoles, alone and combined with isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF)."	( Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity of naphthoimidazoles combined with isoniazid and rifampicin. Carvalho, TDSC; Corrêa Barros, LP; da Silva, PEA; de Moura, KCG; Del Rio, KP; Halicki, PCB; Pinto, MDCFR; Ramos, DF, 2018)
" The 4200 patients who have been treated for hepatitis B combined with pulmonary TB in 8 different hospitals from Feb 2014 to Feb 2016 were selected as research objects."	( Clinical effect of lamivudine in treating liver function lesion caused by hepatitis B combined with Anti-TB drugs. Han, Y; Xia, S; Zhou, J, 2018)
"Rifampin (RIF) plus clarithromycin (CLR) for 8 weeks is now the standard of care for Buruli ulcer (BU) treatment, but CLR may not be an ideal companion for rifamycins due to bidirectional drug-drug interactions."	( Oxazolidinones Can Replace Clarithromycin in Combination with Rifampin in a Mouse Model of Buruli Ulcer. Almeida, DV; Converse, PJ; Grosset, JH; Lee, J; Li, SY; Nuermberger, EL; Omansen, TF, 2019)
" The aim of this study was to simulate and predict drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between these LA antiretroviral agents and rifampicin using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling."	( Predicting Drug-Drug Interactions Between Rifampicin and Long-Acting Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Back, D; Chiong, J; Curley, P; Flexner, C; Owen, A; Rajoli, RKR; Siccardi, M, 2019)
" We enrolled eligible adults (>18 years) with pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis to receive, in combination with an optimised background regimen developed according to WHO and national guidelines, either oral delamanid (100 mg twice daily) for 2 months followed by 200 mg once daily for 4 months or placebo (same regimen)."	( Efficacy and safety of delamanid in combination with an optimised background regimen for treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group phase 3 trial. Balanag, V; Bielskiene, V; Cadena, E; Caoili, J; Cirule, A; Danilovits, M; Davidaviciene, E; Domente, L; Geiter, LJ; Gupta, R; Hafkin, J; Hittel, N; Lizarbe, V; Patientia, R; Petersen, C; Sanchez, E; Segura, P; Staples, S; Ticona, E; Variava, E; von Groote-Bidlingmaier, F; Wells, C; Yu, C, 2019)
" Four concentrations of fresh pomegranate juice (FPJ) (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) were evaluated in combination with R and INH at a dose range of (1."	( Evaluation of Polyphenolic Profile and Antibacterial Activity of Pomegranate Juice in Combination with Rifampin (R) against MDR-TB Clinical Isolates. AlMatar, M; Eker, E; Kafkas, E; Kayar, B; Köksal, F; Var, I; Zarifikhosroshahi, M, 2019)
"This study aimed to explore daptomycin combined with fosfomycin or rifampin against the planktonic and adherent linezolid-resistant isolates of Enterococcus faecalis."	( In vitro activities of daptomycin combined with fosfomycin or rifampin on planktonic and adherent linezolid-resistant isolates of Enterococcus faecalis. Chen, Z; Deng, QW; Jiang, SB; Lin, ZW; Qi, GB; Qu, D; Sun, X; Tu, HP; Wu, Y; Yu, ZJ; Zheng, JX, 2019)
" Potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) following coadministration of these 2 overactive bladder treatments were estimated using physiologically based pharmacokinetic models, developed and verified by comparing predicted and observed pharmacokinetic profiles from clinical studies."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Suggests Limited Drug-Drug Interaction for Fesoterodine When Coadministered With Mirabegron. Goosen, TC; Lin, J; Malhotra, B; Tse, S; Yamagami, H, 2019)
"We predicted the drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential of siponimod in presence of cytochrome P450 (CYP)2C9/CYP3A4 inhibitors/inducers in subjects with different CYP2C9 genotypes by physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PK) modeling."	( Prediction of the Impact of Cytochrome P450 2C9 Genotypes on the Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of Siponimod With Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling: A Comprehensive Approach for Drug Label Recommendations. Gardin, A; He, H; Huth, F; Umehara, K, 2019)
" Accordingly, the drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential of darolutamide was investigated in both nonclinical and clinical studies."	( Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of Darolutamide: In Vitro and Clinical Studies. Bairlein, M; Denner, K; Fricke, R; Gieschen, H; Graudenz, K; Korjamo, T; Koskinen, M; Prien, O; von Bühler, CJ; Wilkinson, G; Zurth, C, 2019)
"Open-label Phase 2 drug-drug interaction randomized trial."	( Effect of high-dose rifampicin on efavirenz pharmacokinetics: drug-drug interaction randomized trial. Atwine, D; Barrail-Tran, A; Baudin, E; Bonnet, M; Furlan, V; Gelé, T; K T Nanjebe, D; Kananura, K; Kyohairwe, R; Muyindike, W; Mworozi, K; Nyehangane, D; Orikiriza, P; Taburet, AM; Verstuyft, C, 2020)
" In this work, we developed a translational approach which can allow for forward translation to predict efficacy of drug combination in EBA studies using the Multistate Tuberculosis Pharmacometric (MTP) and the General Pharmacodynamic Interaction (GPDI) models informed by in vitro static time-kill data."	( Translational Model-Informed Approach for Selection of Tuberculosis Drug Combination Regimens in Early Clinical Development. Coates, ARM; Hu, Y; Simonsson, USH; Susanto, BO; Wicha, SG, 2020)
" Despite the extensive clinical use of bortezomib, the mechanism of the complex time-dependent pharmacokinetics of bortezomib has not been fully investigated in context of its pharmacodynamics (PD) and drug-drug interaction (DDI) profiles."	( A Translational Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics Framework of Target-Mediated Disposition, Target Inhibition and Drug-Drug Interactions of Bortezomib. Hanley, M; Iwasaki, S; Venkatakrishnan, K; Xia, C; Zhu, A, 2020)
"53 mg/kg combined with MEM 8 g using a 3-hr prolonged infusion every 8 hr and RIF 600 mg every 24 hr resulted in bacterial counts below the quantitative limit within 24 hr and remained undetectable throughout the 10-day experiment."	( In pursuit of the triple crown: mechanism-based pharmacodynamic modelling for the optimization of three-drug combinations against KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Bulitta, JB; Bulman, ZP; Forrest, A; Holden, PN; Li, J; Nation, RL; Onufrak, NJ; Satlin, MJ; Smith, NM; Tan, X; Tsuji, BT, 2020)
"Ribociclib is approved in combination with endocrine therapy as initial endocrine-based therapy for HR-positive and HER2-negative advanced breast cancer."	( Ribociclib Drug-Drug Interactions: Clinical Evaluations and Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Guide Drug Labeling. Chakraborty, A; Dhuria, SV; Elmeliegy, M; He, H; Heimbach, T; Huth, F; Ji, Y; Miller, M; Samant, TS; Schiller, H; Umehara, K, 2020)
"Age-related comorbidities and consequently polypharmacy are highly prevalent in the elderly, resulting in an increased risk for drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Clinical Data Combined With Modeling and Simulation Indicate Unchanged Drug-Drug Interaction Magnitudes in the Elderly. Battegay, M; Courlet, P; Decosterd, LA; Kinvig, H; Marzolini, C; Penny, MA; Siccardi, M; Stader, F, 2021)
" In addition, AA-INH was combined with a RIF-carboxymethylcellulose very fast release complex (CMC-RIF) obtained previously and subjected to acid dissolution assays to evaluate RIF acid stability and determine RIF and INH dissolution efficiencies."	( Anti-tuberculosis site-specific oral delivery system that enhances rifampicin bioavailability in a fixed-dose combination with isoniazid. Litterio, NJ; Lorenzutti, AM; Luciani-Giacobbe, LC; Olivera, ME; Ramírez-Rigo, MV, 2021)
" Consequently, the potential of iberdomide as a victim of drug-drug interactions (DDI) was evaluated in a clinical study with healthy subjects."	( Evaluation of iberdomide and cytochrome p450 drug-drug interaction potential in vitro and in a phase 1 study in healthy subjects. Atsriku, C; Gaudy, A; Liu, L; MacGorman, K; Palmisano, M; Surapaneni, S; Xue, Y; Ye, Y, 2021)
"6 mg) and when administered with the CYP3A and P-gp inhibitor itraconazole (200 mg twice daily on day 1 and 200 once daily on days 2 through 9)."	( Evaluation of iberdomide and cytochrome p450 drug-drug interaction potential in vitro and in a phase 1 study in healthy subjects. Atsriku, C; Gaudy, A; Liu, L; MacGorman, K; Palmisano, M; Surapaneni, S; Xue, Y; Ye, Y, 2021)
"Develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of ivosidenib using in vitro and clinical PK data from healthy participants (HPs), refine it with clinical data on ivosidenib co-administered with itraconazole, and develop a model for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and apply it to predict ivosidenib drug-drug interactions (DDI)."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation to predict drug-drug interactions of ivosidenib with CYP3A perpetrators in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Fan, B; Ke, A; Le, K; Prakash, C; Yang, H, 2020)
"The aim of this review is to summarize the pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction (DDI) of 45 antibiotics commonly used in sepsis care in China."	( Pharmacokinetic Drug-drug Interaction of Antibiotics Used in Sepsis Care in China. Cheng, C; Chu, Z; He, R; Li, J; Wang, Y; Yu, X, 2021)
" The models were verified with observed clinical drug-drug interactions with CYP3A and P-gp inhibitors."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for the Prediction of a Drug-Drug Interaction of Combined Effects on P-glycoprotein and Cytochrome P450 3A. Bonate, PL; Choules, MP; Komatsu, K; Otsuka, Y, 2020)
" Here, we developed a PBPK model of PMF to capture drug-drug interactions (DDI) incurred by cyclosporine (CsA) and rifampicin (RIF), the two OATP1B inhibitors."	( Improved Prediction of the Drug-Drug Interactions of Pemafibrate Caused by Cyclosporine A and Rifampicin via PBPK Modeling: Consideration of the Albumin-Mediated Hepatic Uptake of Pemafibrate and Inhibition Constants With Preincubation Against OATP1B. Lee, W; Morita, S; Park, JE; Sahi, J; Shitara, Y; Sugiyama, Y; Toshimoto, K, 2021)
" For the first time, we developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model-based approach to assess CYP3A-mediated drug-drug interaction (DDI) risk for polatuzumab vedotin (Polivy), an anti-CD79b-vc-monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) antibody-drug conjugate (ADC)."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model-Informed Drug Development for Polatuzumab Vedotin: Label for Drug-Drug Interactions Without Dedicated Clinical Trials. Chen, Y; Ding, H; Girish, S; Jin, J; Li, C; Lu, D; Ma, F; Mao, J; Miles, D; Samineni, D; Shi, R; Wright, M, 2020)
" Due to its widespread use and CYP3A4-mediated metabolism, there is concern regarding drug-drug interactions (DDIs), particularly a suboptimal LNG exposure when co-administered with CYP3A4 inducers, potentially leading to unintended pregnancies."	( Quantitative Assessment of Levonorgestrel Binding Partner Interplay and Drug-Drug Interactions Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Chaturvedula, A; Cicali, B; Cristofoletti, R; Hoechel, J; Lingineni, K; Schmidt, S; Vozmediano, V; Wendl, T; Wiesinger, H, 2021)
"To provide whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models of the potent clinical organic anion transporter (OAT) inhibitor probenecid and the clinical OAT victim drug furosemide for their application in transporter-based drug-drug interaction (DDI) modeling."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models of Probenecid and Furosemide to Predict Transporter Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions. Britz, H; Fernandez, É; Hanke, N; Lehr, T; Nock, V; Prasad, B; Stopfer, P; Taub, ME; Wang, T, 2020)
" The patient started with a febrile headache that progressed to impaired consciousness after 20 days, and she finally died after treatment with vancomycin combined with rifampicin."	( A case report of the differential diagnosis of Cellulosimicrobium cellulans-infected endocarditis combined with intracranial infection by conventional blood culture and second-generation sequencing. He, C; Tian, R; Wang, R; Zhang, H, 2020)
" Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models built upon two independent bottom-up approaches predicted elevation of E7766 plasma exposure when administered with Rifampicin, a clinical OATP inhibitor."	( Prediction of Transporter-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions and Phenotyping of Hepatobiliary Transporters Involved in the Clearance of E7766, a Novel Macrocycle-Bridged Dinucleotide. Burgess, L; Dixit, V; Hart, A; Jiang, R; Kim, DS; Lai, WG, 2021)
"We employed an in vitro pharmacokinetic model to study the pharmacodynamics of minocycline alone and in combination with rifampicin."	( The pharmacodynamics of minocycline alone and in combination with rifampicin against Staphylococcus aureus studied in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model of infection. Attwood, M; Bowker, KE; MacGowan, AP; Noel, AR, 2021)
"An exposure-ranging design was used to establish fAUC/MIC targets for static, -1 log drop and -2 log drop effects against Staphylococcus aureus for minocycline and in combination with rifampicin."	( The pharmacodynamics of minocycline alone and in combination with rifampicin against Staphylococcus aureus studied in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model of infection. Attwood, M; Bowker, KE; MacGowan, AP; Noel, AR, 2021)
" As medroxyprogesterone acetate is a cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4) substrate, drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with antiretroviral or antituberculosis treatment may lead to subtherapeutic medroxyprogesterone acetate concentrations (< 0."	( A Semimechanistic Pharmacokinetic Model for Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate and Drug-Drug Interactions With Antiretroviral and Antituberculosis Treatment. Cohn, SE; Denti, P; Dooley, KE; Firnhaber, C; Francis, J; Godfrey, C; Kendall, MA; McIlleron, H; Mngqibisa, R; Wu, X, 2021)
" This model was built based on physiochemical data and clinical in vivo drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies with itraconazole and fluconazole, and verified against data from an in vivo rifampicin DDI study and an absolute bioavailability study."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Selumetinib to Evaluate Drug-Drug Interactions and Pediatric Dose Regimens. Cohen-Rabbie, S; Freshwater, T; Jain, L; Schalkwijk, S; Tomkinson, H; Vishwanathan, K; Wild, M; Xu, S; Zhou, D; Zhou, L, 2021)
" Drug-drug interactions (DDI) caused by rifampicin (RIF) are a major issue."	( Model-Based Comparative Analysis of Rifampicin and Rifabutin Drug-Drug Interaction Profile. Bleyzac, N; Bourguignon, L; France, M; Garreau, R; Goutelle, S; Tod, M; Tuloup, V, 2021)
"We investigated savolitinib pharmacokinetics (PK) when administered alone or in combination with rifampicin, itraconazole or famotidine, and investigated midazolam PK when administered with or without savolitinib in healthy males."	( Clinical evaluation of the potential drug-drug interactions of savolitinib: Interaction with rifampicin, itraconazole, famotidine or midazolam. Burke, W; Cantarini, M; Frewer, P; Goldwater, R; Han, D; Hara, I; Li, Y; Ren, S; Scarfe, G; Schalkwijk, S; Vishwanathan, K, 2022)
"The aim of this study was to simulate the drug-drug interaction (DDI) between ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (ATV/r) and rifampicin (RIF) using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling, and to predict suitable dose adjustments for ATV/r for the treatment of people living with HIV (PLWH) co-infected with tuberculosis."	( Predicting Drug-Drug Interactions between Rifampicin and Ritonavir-Boosted Atazanavir Using PBPK Modelling. Bunglawala, F; Cottura, N; Denti, P; Fabrega, F; Howarth, A; Kinvig, H; Lloyd, A; Montanha, MC; Siccardi, M; Waitt, C, 2022)
"When RFP is combined with CAM in the treatment of pulmonary MAC infection, the blood concentration of CAM significantly decreased and that of the active metabolite 14-OH CAM increased, but not significantly."	( Impact of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin and 14-hydroxy clarithromycin in patients with multidrug combination therapy for pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex infection. Enoki, Y; Hasegawa, N; Iketani, O; Kizu, J; Komeya, A; Matsumoto, K; Taguchi, K; Uno, S; Uwamino, Y, 2022)
" In this study, we aimed to explore the antibiofilm activity of melittin, either alone or in combination with vancomycin and rifampin, against biofilm-producing MRSE strains."	( Prevention, inhibition, and degradation effects of melittin alone and in combination with vancomycin and rifampin against strong biofilm producer strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Alikhani, MY; Arciola, CR; Bagheri, KP; Mirzaei, R; Sedighi, I; Yousefimashouf, R, 2022)
" The 29 studies identified examined warfarin (n = 17), direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) (n = 8), and antiplatelet agents (n = 4) combined with rifampin (n = 28) or rifabutin (n = 1)."	( Systematic review of drug-drug interactions between rifamycins and anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents and considerations for management. Canonica, T; Keh, C; Louie, J; MacDougall, C; P Phan, BA, 2022)
" As such, this 2-part clinical drug-drug interaction study was conducted to assess the effect of itraconazole (a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor), rifampicin (a strong CYP3A4 inducer), rabeprazole, and omeprazole (both proton pump inhibitors) on the pharmacokinetics of belumosudil."	( A Phase 1 Pharmacokinetic Drug Interaction Study of Belumosudil Coadministered With CYP3A4 Inhibitors and Inducers and Proton Pump Inhibitors. Alabanza, A; Lohmer, L; Patel, J; Schueller, O; Singh, N; Willson, A, 2022)
" Clofazimine (CFZ) has showed benefit in shortening DS-TB treatment in vivo from six to four months when used in combination with this regimen in murine models of experimental infection."	( Assessment of the efficacy of clofazimine alone and in combination with primary agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro. Anderson, R; Cholo, MC; Mashele, SA; Matjokotja, MT; Rasehlo, SSM; Steel, HC, 2022)
"In the current in vitro study, the inhibitory and bactericidal activities of CFZ in combination with the primary anti-TB drugs, RMP, INH and EMB against the AR and SR organisms in planktonic and biofilm-forming cultures, respectively, were evaluated by fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) and fractional bactericidal concentration index (FBCI) determinations, using the Loewe Additivity Model."	( Assessment of the efficacy of clofazimine alone and in combination with primary agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro. Anderson, R; Cholo, MC; Mashele, SA; Matjokotja, MT; Rasehlo, SSM; Steel, HC, 2022)
"In planktonic cultures, CFZ demonstrated synergistic growth inhibitory activity in combination with RMP and INH individually and collectively."	( Assessment of the efficacy of clofazimine alone and in combination with primary agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro. Anderson, R; Cholo, MC; Mashele, SA; Matjokotja, MT; Rasehlo, SSM; Steel, HC, 2022)
"Clofazimine exhibited synergistic effects in combination with primary anti-TB drugs against both planktonic and biofilm-forming cultures, showing potential benefit in augmenting treatment outcome when used during standard TB chemotherapy."	( Assessment of the efficacy of clofazimine alone and in combination with primary agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro. Anderson, R; Cholo, MC; Mashele, SA; Matjokotja, MT; Rasehlo, SSM; Steel, HC, 2022)
"Although rifampin drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies are routinely conducted, there have been instances of liver function test (LFT) elevations, warranting further evaluation."	( A literature review of liver function test elevations in rifampin drug-drug interaction studies. Chen, J; Ibrahim, SM; Pithavala, YK; Vourvahis, M, 2022)
" This study aimed to establish a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of rifampicin to predict the P-gp-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and assess the DDI impact in the intestine, liver, and kidney."	( Robust physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of rifampicin for predicting drug-drug interactions via P-glycoprotein induction and inhibition in the intestine, liver, and kidney. Asaumi, R; Nunoya, KI; Sugiyama, Y; Taskar, KS; Yamaura, Y, 2022)
"Clinical development of new drugs may require dedicated drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies, such as to evaluate the effect of cytochrome P450 3A induction on the pharmacokinetics of investigational drugs."	( Rifampin Drug-Drug-Interaction Studies: Reflections on the Nitrosamine Impurities Issue. Benrimoh, N; Garvin, C; Paglialunga, S; Smith, S; van Haarst, A, 2023)
" Hence, their metabolic stability and potential involvement in relevant drug-drug interactions (DDI) are of great clinical interest, being HepaRG cells herein used as an in vitro human model."	( Study of the metabolic stability profiles of perampanel, rufinamide and stiripentol and prediction of drug interactions using HepaRG cells as an in vitro human model. Alves, G; Falcão, A; Fortuna, A; Meirinho, S; Rodrigues, M, 2022)
"Evaluation of the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B-mediated drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential is important for drug development."	( Quantitative prediction of OATP1B-mediated drug-drug interactions using endogenous biomarker coproporphyrin I. Bessho, K; Shigemi, R; Takubo, H; Watari, R, 2022)
" Hence, rifampicin is used extensively in clinical studies to assess drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Alternatives to rifampicin: A review and perspectives on the choice of strong CYP3A inducers for clinical drug-drug interaction studies. Bolleddula, J; Dong, J; Gopalakrishnan, S; Hu, P; Venkatakrishnan, K, 2022)
" Here, we investigate the pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction potential of trilaciclib."	( Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interaction Studies Between Trilaciclib and Midazolam, Metformin, Rifampin, Itraconazole, and Topotecan in Healthy Volunteers and Patients with Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Beelen, A; Curd, L; Goti, V; Horton, JK; Li, C; Sale, M; Tao, W, 2022)
"Overall, the drug-drug interaction and safety profiles of trilaciclib in these studies support its continued use in patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer."	( Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interaction Studies Between Trilaciclib and Midazolam, Metformin, Rifampin, Itraconazole, and Topotecan in Healthy Volunteers and Patients with Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Beelen, A; Curd, L; Goti, V; Horton, JK; Li, C; Sale, M; Tao, W, 2022)
" Understanding potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) informs proper dosing when co-administering tucatinib with other therapies."	( Evaluation of Safety and Clinically Relevant Drug-Drug Interactions with Tucatinib in Healthy Volunteers. Abdulrasool, LI; Endres, CJ; Lee, A; Mayor, JG; Rustia, EL; Sun, H; Topletz-Erickson, A; Walker, L, 2022)
" Here, we report the results from 2 drug-drug interaction studies."	( Drug-Drug Interaction Studies to Evaluate the Effect of Inhibition of UGT1A1 and CYP3A4 and Induction of CYP3A4 on the Pharmacokinetics of Tropifexor in Healthy Subjects. Chen, J; Gu, J; Hackling, M; Prince, W; Shah, B; Stringer, R; Woessner, R; Zhang, Y, 2022)
"This study aimed to investigate the drug-drug interactions of ponatinib with strong, moderate, or weak CYP3A4 inhibitors/inducers by developing physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of ponatinib to describe drug-drug interactions in patients with cancer. Hanada, K; Morita, TO, 2022)
" It also reasonably predicted its pharmacokinetics when combined with ketoconazole and rifampicin."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of ponatinib to describe drug-drug interactions in patients with cancer. Hanada, K; Morita, TO, 2022)
"The PBPK model predicted a significant drug interaction when ponatinib was combined with a strong CYP3A4 inducer."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of ponatinib to describe drug-drug interactions in patients with cancer. Hanada, K; Morita, TO, 2022)
" This study demonstrated for the first time that fosfomycin (FOS) combined with rifampin (RIF) showed strong synergistic effects against CRPA and carbapenem-susceptible PA, with 100% synergistic rates."	( Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of fosfomycin combined with rifampin against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Li, M; Liu, Y; Ma, W; Sun, L; Sun, S; Wu, J; Zhao, W, 2022)
" The delay in the lag phase of growth curve observed when used in combination with AlEW, especially at 50 MPa or less, and was prolonged by about 4 to 6 hours."	( Effect of High Hydrostatic Pressure Treatment Combined with Alkaline Electrolyzed Water on the Injury and Growth Characteristics of Bacterial Spores. Hamanaka, D; Morita, K, 2022)
"Long-acting (LA) intramuscular cabotegravir and rilpivirine are prone to drug-drug interactions (DDI)."	( Management of Drug-Drug Interactions Between Long-Acting Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine and Comedications With Inducing Properties: A Modeling Study. Battegay, M; Berton, M; Bettonte, S; Marzolini, C; Stader, F, 2023)
" Cabotegravir and rilpivirine were given alone and in combination with rifampicin or rifabutin."	( Management of Drug-Drug Interactions Between Long-Acting Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine and Comedications With Inducing Properties: A Modeling Study. Battegay, M; Berton, M; Bettonte, S; Marzolini, C; Stader, F, 2023)
"The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance has recommended several model-based predictions to determine potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) mediated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) induction."	( Beyond the Michaelis-Menten: Accurate Prediction of Drug Interactions Through Cytochrome P450 3A4 Induction. Chae, JW; Kim, JK; Kim, SK; Song, YM; Tran, QT; Vu, NT; Yun, HY, 2023)
"Quantitative prediction of the potential for drug-drug interaction (DDI) is essential to guarantee the safety and efficacy of drugs."	( [Development of Prediction Methods for Drug-Drug Interactions Based on the Construction of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models for Hepatic OATP Substrate Drugs and Endogenous Substrates]. Yoshikado, T, 2023)
"To determine if double-dose levonorgestrel emergency contraception (EC) in combination with efavirenz or rifampicin, 2 drugs known to decrease levonorgestrel exposure, resulted in similar pharmacokinetics compared to standard-dose levonorgestrel EC without drug-drug interactions."	( Pharmacokinetics of dose-adjusted levonorgestrel emergency contraception combined with efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy or rifampicin-containing tuberculosis regimens. Badal-Faesen, S; Barr, E; Belaunzaran-Zamudio, PF; Cohn, SE; Gadama, L; Gatechompol, S; Godfrey, C; Jalil, EM; Mawlana, S; Mngqibisa, R; Olefsky, M; Pham, M; Podany, AT; Scarsi, KK; Smeaton, LM; Supparatpinyo, K; Woolley, E, 2023)
" Based on nonclinical in vitro characterization of gepotidacin metabolism, two phase I studies were conducted in healthy participants to investigate clinical drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Clinical assessment of gepotidacin (GSK2140944) as a victim and perpetrator of drug-drug interactions via CYP3A metabolism and transporters. Barth, A; Brimhall, DB; Dumont, EF; Nguyen, D; Perry, CR; Shabbir, S; Srinivasan, M; Swift, B; Thomas, S; Zamek-Gliszczynski, MJ, 2023)
" Then, the effect of renal impairment combined with drug-drug interaction on saxagliptin and 5-hydroxy saxagliptin pharmacokinetics was investigated."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Characterizes the Drug-Drug Interaction Between Saxagliptin and Rifampicin in Patients With Renal Impairment. Ke, M; Lin, C; Lin, R; Wu, W; Ye, L, 2023)
" Our objective was to evaluate potential drug-drug interactions of cilofexor as a victim and as a perpetrator."	( Evaluation of the Potential for Cytochrome P450 and Transporter-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions for Cilofexor, a Selective Nonsteroidal Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) Agonist. Kirby, BJ; Nelson, C; Othman, AA; Shen, G; Watkins, TR; Weber, E; Xiao, D; Younis, I, 2023)
"In this Phase 1 study, healthy adult participants (n = 18-24 per each of the 6 cohorts) were administered cilofexor in combination with either perpetrators or substrates of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzymes and drug transporters."	( Evaluation of the Potential for Cytochrome P450 and Transporter-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions for Cilofexor, a Selective Nonsteroidal Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) Agonist. Kirby, BJ; Nelson, C; Othman, AA; Shen, G; Watkins, TR; Weber, E; Xiao, D; Younis, I, 2023)
" A limited fraction of potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) have been or can ethically be studied in clinical trials, leaving the vast majority unexplored."	( General Framework to Quantitatively Predict Pharmacokinetic Induction Drug-Drug Interactions Using In Vitro Data. Akpan, A; Bearon, R; Grañana-Castillo, S; Hodge, D; Khoo, S; Pham, T; Siccardi, M; Williams, A, 2023)
" Considering the possibility of combination therapy in patients with NSCLC, we investigated the drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential of SH-1028 both in vitro and in clinical trials."	( Drug-drug interaction potential of SH-1028, a third-generation EGFR-TKI: in vitro and clinical trials. Ding, J; Ding, Y; He, C; Li, X; Liu, B; Liu, Y; Shan, R; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Xie, J; Xu, Y; Zhou, H; Zhu, M, 2023)
" Phase I studies investigated the drug-drug interactions of futibatinib with itraconazole (a dual P-gp and strong CYP3A inhibitor), rifampin (a dual P-gp and strong CYP3A inducer), or midazolam (a sensitive CYP3A substrate) in healthy adult participants."	( Evaluation of the Cytochrome P450 3A and P-glycoprotein Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of Futibatinib. Benhadji, KA; Gao, L; He, Y; Hunt, A; Mina, M; Sonnichsen, D; Takenaka, T; Yamamiya, I, 2023)
" Previous drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies have demonstrated that co-administration of zanubrutinib with rifampin, a strong CYP3A inducer, reduces zanubrutinib plasma concentrations, potentially impacting activity."	( A Phase 1, Open-Label, Fixed-Sequence, Drug-Drug Interaction Study of Zanubrutinib with Rifabutin in Healthy Volunteers. Cohen, A; Conto, S; Ou, YC; Sahasranaman, S; Tariq, B, 2023)
"The predictive performance of the PBPK model to simulate dolutegravir and raltegravir pharmacokinetics and to reproduce the strength of induction was verified using clinical drug-drug interaction studies (steady-state induction) and switch studies (residual induction)."	( Management of Drug Interactions with Inducers: Onset and Disappearance of Induction on Cytochrome P450 3A4 and Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Substrates. Battegay, M; Berton, M; Bettonte, S; Marzolini, C; Stader, F, 2023)
"Compared to rifampicin (600 mg/day), standard doses of rifabutin (300 mg/day) have a lower risk of drug-drug interactions due to induction of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) or P-glycoprotein (Pgp/ABCB1) mediated by the pregnane X receptor (PXR)."	( Comprehensive in vitro analysis evaluating the variable drug-drug interaction risk of rifampicin compared to rifabutin. Haefeli, WE; Nilles, J; Ruez, S; Sauter, M; Theile, D; Weiss, J, 2023)
" Clinical pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction (DDI) of ocedurenone with CYP3A inhibitor and inducer were investigated in healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interaction of Ocedurenone (KBP-5074) in vitro and in vivo. Liu, J; McCabe, J; Tan, X; Wang, P; Yang, F; Zhang, J, 2023)
" ROC curve analysis showed that Xpert MTB/RIF combined with TBseq Ultra showed the highest area under the curve (0."	( Value analysis of next-generation sequencing combined with Xpert in early precise diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Chen, Y; Fei, F; Lang, Y; Qin, Y; Wang, P; Zhou, L; Zhu, Y; Zou, X, 2023)
" However, there is little data regarding the impact of this drug-drug Interaction in PLWH, which makes health care providers reluctant to prescribe them together."	( The clinical impact of rifampicin-based anti-TB therapy and tenofovir alafenamide-containing ARV regimen drug Interaction in people living with HIV: Case series report. Alamer, A; Almulhim, A; Alrashed, A; Alwafai, S; Cahusac, P; Damfu, N; Mohzari, YA; Musawa, MA; Zaeri, B, 2023)
" The objective of this study was to report the clinical impact of this drug-drug interaction (rifampicin + TAF-containing antiretroviral (ARV) regimen) on HIV viral load control in PLWH."	( The clinical impact of rifampicin-based anti-TB therapy and tenofovir alafenamide-containing ARV regimen drug Interaction in people living with HIV: Case series report. Alamer, A; Almulhim, A; Alrashed, A; Alwafai, S; Cahusac, P; Damfu, N; Mohzari, YA; Musawa, MA; Zaeri, B, 2023)

Bioavailability

Rifaximin is a rifamycin analogue with a broad spectrum of activity similar to that of rifampin. Because it is poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, the focus of its development has been on intestinal infections and diseases.

Excerpt	Reference
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)
" A kinetic model study on the transfer constants between various body compartments has indicated that rifampicin is rapidly absorbed from the intestine and that the absorption rate increases with time."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of rifampicin. Acocella, G, )
" The renal elimination of apparent rifampicin can be used as a parameter for assessment of relative bioavailability of rifampicin from oral dosage forms of the same nominal strength if an appropriate number of volunteers is involved in the test."	( The renal elimination of rifampicin as a function of the oral dose. A convenient way to assess relative bioavailability. Brechbühler, S; Fluehler, H; Riess, W; Theobald, W, 1978)
" The studies on the pharmacokinetics of rifampicin showed that the drug was well absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract."	( [Pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in single and repeated administration to patients with inflammatory processes in the lungs of nontuberculotic etiology]. Kopeiko, IP; Makarenkova, RV, 1977)
"The bioavailability of rifampicin and isoniazid from formulations containing these drugs in combination has been compared to that from formulations containing either drug alone."	( Serum concentrations and bioavailability of rifampicin and isoniazid in combination. Chasseaud, LF; Garnham, JC; Taylor, T; Turner, P, 1976)
"The bioavailability (plasma concentrations, AUC and urinary excretion) of an oral solution of rifampicin was investigated in six healthy volunteers."	( Mechanism of the inhibitory effect of PAS granules on the absorption of rifampicin: adsorption of rifampicin by an excipient, bentonite. Boman, G; Lundgren, P; Stjernström, G, 1975)
" Thus, it easily enters the systemic blood flow, resulting in almost complete bioavailability (75-100%)."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of nicorandil in humans: an overview. Frydman, A, 1992)
" The absorption rate constant was found to be lower and the time to reach peak concentration was longer after drug administration at 24."	( Chronopharmacokinetics of rifampicin. Avachat, MK; Rambhau, D; Rao, BR; Rao, JV; Rao, VV, 1992)
" Rifampin not only induces the hepatic metabolism of cyclosporine but also decreases its bioavailability to a greater extent than would be predicted by the increased metabolism."	( Bioavailability of cyclosporine with concomitant rifampin administration is markedly less than predicted by hepatic enzyme induction. Benet, LZ; Hebert, MF; Prueksaritanont, T; Roberts, JP, 1992)
"Due to the unstable nature of rifampicin, a rapid automated high-performance liquid chromatographic method had to be developed for the analysis of a large number of plasma samples generated during a bioavailability trial."	( Automated high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of rifampicin in plasma. Papgis, M; Swart, KJ, 1992)
"25 mg/kg RPE, suggesting that FCE would be a better drug than RPE if its bioavailability could be improved, and that the levels following 16 mg/kg RPE were similar to those found in man after 8 mg/kg RPE taken with a fat-rich meal, suggesting good prospects for effective once-fortnightly human treatment."	( Activity of two long-acting rifamycins, rifapentine and FCE 22807, in experimental murine tuberculosis. Dhillon, J; Dickinson, JM; Guy, JA; Mitchison, DA; Ng, TK, 1992)
" Serial plasma samples taken under controlled conditions suggested that a decreased rate of absorption was responsible for low one-hour concentrations in one of the subjects."	( Ciprofloxacin in patients with mycobacterial infections: experience in 15 patients. Kahana, LM; Spino, M, 1991)
"Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of rifampin in adult sheep were investigated by use of high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of serum concentrations."	( Pharmacokinetics of rifampin in adult sheep. Jernigan, AD; Rings, DM; Sams, RA; St Jean, GD, 1991)
"Oral contraceptive steroids (OCS) are well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in humans."	( Oral contraceptive steroids--pharmacological issues of interest to the prescribing physician. Back, DJ; Orme, M, 1991)
" The investigations--in most cases estimations of the nonbiotransformated part of antituberculotic drugs and theophylline had following purposes: security of the necessary dose especially in the case of INH (hereditary INH-polymorphismus), proof of a sufficient permeation of INH and RMP in the tuberculous kidney, control of the usefulness or uselessness of the INH-depot-preparations, relations between the concentration in the serum and dose respectively of the appearance of side effects, estimation of bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters during the development of an useful retard-preparation of theophylline."	( [Clinical pharmacology in optimization of therapy of lung diseases]. Iwainsky, H; Wiesner, B; Winsel, K, 1991)
"A comparative bioavailability study was undertaken between a new formulation of rifampicin 'Famcin' and a standard formulation of rifampicin 'R-cin' in eight healthy male volunteers at two dose levels: 300 mg and 450 mg given orally under both single dose and steady state conditions."	( Comparative bioavailability and in-vitro antimicrobial activity of two different brands of rifampicin. Chakrabarti, A; Garg, SK; Kumar, N; Panigrahi, D; Sharma, M; Sharma, PL; Talwar, P, )
"In a pilot study involving 62 patients with open pulmonary tuberculosis, we established that slow acetyators and patients receiving intravenous rifampicin treatment showed a tendency towards a more rapid negativisation of the sputum culture than did fast acetyators (lower levels of isoniazid) or patients receiving oral rifampicin therapy (decreasing bioavailability of the rifampicin during treatment)."	( [Significance of the acetylator phenotype and initial oral/intravenous rifampicin administration in the treatment of tuberculosis]. Loos, U; Musch, E; Schwabe, HK, 1990)
" The resultant decreased bioavailability of cyclosporine may precipitate graft rejection."	( Interactions of cyclosporine with antimicrobial agents. Brown, RB; Sands, M, )
" Among the drugs that can decrease digoxin bioavailability are cholestyramine, antacid gels, kaolin-pectate, certain antimicrobial drugs and cancer chemotherapeutic agents."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between digoxin and other drugs. Marcus, FI, 1985)
"A comparative bioavailability study of the antituberculosis drugs isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide was carried out in a group of 10 healthy volunteers after administration of the three compounds, once in individual association and once in a combined, fixed preparation."	( Comparative bioavailability of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide administered in free combination and in a fixed triple formulation designed for daily use in antituberculosis chemotherapy. I. Single-dose study. Acocella, G; Gialdroni-Grassi, G; Grassi, C; Nonis, A, 1988)
"The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of rifampin were determined after IV (10 mg/kg of body weight) and intragastric (20 mg/kg of body weight) administration to 6 healthy, adult horses."	( Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and in vitro antibacterial activity of rifampin in the horse. Baggot, JD; Hietala, SK; Spensley, MS; Wilson, WD, 1988)
" Elevated temperature alone was not responsible for observed pharmacokinetic changes leading to the increase of bioavailability of oral rifampicin since another pyrogenic substance (endotoxin) had an opposite effect on pharmacokinetics of previously tested drugs."	( The effects of peptidoglycan, a pyrogenic constituent of gram-positive microorganisms, on the pharmacokinetics of rifampicin. Lavický, J; Rasková, H; Rotta, J; Urbanová, Z; Vanĕcek, J, 1988)
" After the toxin administration the bioavailability of oral RFP was 4-fold lower."	( Bacterial pyrogens of different origin and pharmacokinetics of rifampicin. Celeda, L; Krecek, J; Kvĕtina, J; Lavický, J; Rasková, H; Urbanová, Z; Vanĕcek, J, 1987)
"The bioavailability of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide in 2 combined formulations of the 3 drugs (Rifater) for use primarily in the short-course chemotherapy of tuberculosis has been studied in Chinese patients in Singapore and Hong Kong."	( The bioavailability of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide in two commercially available combined formulations designed for use in the short-course treatment of tuberculosis. Allen, BW; Chan, SL; Ellard, DR; Ellard, GA; Girling, DJ; Ng, HK; Nunn, AJ; Tan, TH; Teo, SK, 1986)
"A bioavailability study of rifampicin 450 mg caplets and rifampicin 600 mg caplets was carried out in 20 healthy male subjects."	( Bioavailability of rifampicin caplets (600 mg and 450 mg) in healthy Indonesian subjects. Ganiswarna, SG; Ringoringo, VS; Setiabudy, R; Wilmana, PF, 1986)
"The absolute bioavailability of oral rifampin was determined in 20 pediatric patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of rifampin in children. II. Oral bioavailability. Koup, JR; Smith, AL; Viswanathan, CT; Weber, A; Williams-Warren, J, 1986)
" The apparent bioavailability was moderate to low for IM and oral administrations (59."	( Rifampin in the horse: comparison of intravenous, intramuscular, and oral administrations. Beckstrom, DA; Burrows, GE; MacAllister, CG; Nick, JT, 1985)
" These compounds are zwitterionic in nature and are poorly absorbed through the gastroenteric tract but maintain the ability to cross the bacterial cell wall."	( 4-Deoxypyrido[1',2':1,2]imidazo[5,4-c]rifamycin SV derivatives. A new series of semisynthetic rifamycins with high antibacterial activity and low gastroenteric absorption. Brufani, M; Cellai, L; Marchi, E; Mascellani, G; Montecchi, L; Venturini, AP, 1985)
" Considering these multiform processes, the determination of the bioavailability of RMP preparations by means of the RMP secretion in urine is taken to be manipulatable and uncertainly."	( [The pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in the intermittent treatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. 1. Excretion of rifampicin in the urine]. Eule, H; Iwainsky, H; Werner, E; Winsel, K, 1985)
" The bioavailability of the active, orally administered rifampicin decreased from 93% after the first single oral dose to 68% after 3 weeks of oral and intravenous rifampicin therapy."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous rifampicin during chronic administration. Eichelbaum, M; Jensen, JC; Loos, U; Mikus, G; Musch, E; Schwabe, HK, 1985)
" Total area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 8 hours and the rate of absorption were also significantly reduced when rifampicin was administered with food."	( Effect of food on bioavailability of rifampicin. Krishnaswamy, K; Polasa, K, 1983)
" On their bioavailability parameters, the DI product showed higher C max and AUC value than CB, in both healthy subjects and tubercular patients, but did not show a statistically significant difference."	( The dissolution and bioavailability of rifampicin products in healthy subjects and tubercular patients. Araki, Y; Shinozawa, S; Yoshimura, A, 1983)
"In a 3-year bioavailability program 14 studies in 45 healthy volunteers were carried out to differentiate between experimental lots of rifampicin (RMP) capsules and marketed preparations of other manufacturers with lower bioavailability than Rifadin (RFD), used as standard reference drug."	( Bioavailability of rifampicin capsules. Buniva, G; Carozzi, A; Pagani, V, 1983)
" Because of the marked reduction in the extent of bioavailability of total, and especially free, prednisolone, dosage adjustments should be made accordingly if prednisolone and rifampicin are prescribed concomitantly."	( Changes in prednisolone pharmacokinetics and protein binding during treatment with rifampicin. Bergrem, H; Refvem, OK, 1983)
" The bioavailability of norethisterone and ethinyl estradiol (EE) is incomplete when drugs are given orally as opposed to intravenously."	( The third S.K. & F. Prize lecture, University of London, December 1981. The clinical pharmacology of oral contraceptive steroids. Orme, ML, 1982)
"The triple combination studied could replace the separate drugs in the initial treatment phase in countries where the bioavailability of the drugs used has been proven."	( [Clinical trial of a combination of three drugs in fixed proportions in the treatment of tuberculosis. Groupe de Travail sur la Chimiothérapie de la Tuberculose]. Boulahbal, F; Chaulet, P, 1995)
"The low and variable bioavailability of cyclosporine has been attributed to poor absorption."	( Differentiation of absorption and first-pass gut and hepatic metabolism in humans: studies with cyclosporine. Benet, LZ; Gomez, DY; Gupta, SK; Hebert, MF; Rowland, M; Wacher, VJ; Wu, CY, 1995)
" Food may however decrease the oral bioavailability of rifampicin and isoniazid."	( Study of the effect of concomitant food on the bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide. Smith, P; Zent, C, 1995)
"A triple-crossover pharmacokinetic study in 27 patients with tuberculosis (15 males and 12 females) compared the bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide without food (control) with that when taken with a high carbohydrate (CHO) or high lipid (LIPID) diet."	( Study of the effect of concomitant food on the bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide. Smith, P; Zent, C, 1995)
" Individual patient bioavailability on each meal was compared to the no-food control."	( Study of the effect of concomitant food on the bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide. Smith, P; Zent, C, 1995)
"The relative bioavailability of a capsule formulation and the effects of food on the pharmacokinetics of a hypolipidemic agent (CGP 43371) in 12 healthy subjects were examined."	( Effect of food on the relative bioavailability of a hypolipidemic agent (CGP 43371) in healthy subjects. Chan, K; Cipriano, A; John, VA; Klibaner, M; Sun, JX, 1994)
" The results of fecal analysis indicated that transit of the two compounds in the gastrointestinal tract were similar, and bioavailability of CGP 43371 was calculated to be 9% based on the difference between the cumulative amounts of the nonabsorbable radioactive marker and CGP 43371 found in the feces."	( Explaining variable absorption of a hypolipidemic agent (CGP 43371) in healthy subjects by gamma scintigraphy and pharmacokinetics. Chan, K; Cipriano, A; Digenis, GA; Maniara, WM; Page, RC; Powell, ML; Ryo, UY; Sandefer, EP; Sun, JX; Walter, B, 1996)
" The oral bioavailability of rifabutin is low."	( The clinical pharmacokinetics of rifabutin. Blaschke, TF; Skinner, MH, 1996)
" Systemic clearance and bioavailability of the verapamil enantiomers were determined by coadministering deuterated verapamil intravenously on day 4, on day 16, and on day 24."	( Differential induction of prehepatic and hepatic metabolism of verapamil by rifampin. Busse, D; Eichelbaum, M; Fromm, MF; Kroemer, HK, 1996)
"01) and bioavailability decreased from 41."	( The nifedipine-rifampin interaction. Evidence for induction of gut wall metabolism. Fromm, MF; Heidemann, H; Holtbecker, N; Kroemer, HK; Ohnhaus, EE, 1996)
"Twenty male volunteers who were slow metabolisers of isoniazid, completed this single-blind, single-dose, randomised, cross-over study to compare the bioavailability of rifampicin (CAS 13292-46-1), isoniazid (CAS 54-85-3) and ethambutol (CAS 1070-11-7) from Myrin tablets (test preparation) with the bioavailability of these drugs from a combination of capsules containing rifampicin and tablets containing isoniazid and ethambutol (reference)."	( Relative bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid and ethambutol from a combination tablet vs. concomitant administration of a capsule containing rifampicin and a tablet containing isoniazid and ethambutol. Duursema, L; Groenewoud, G; Hundt, HK; Middle, MV; Mogilnicka, EM; Müller, FO; Schall, R; Swart, KJ, 1995)
"In the bioavailability studies with drugs biotransformed to biologically active metabolities only the concentrations of the parent drug (PD) are usually taken into account even when the pharmacokinetic data on the metabolite(s) (M) are available."	( [Correlation between pharmacokinetic parameters of rifampicin and its biologically active metabolite as related to estimation of the relative bioavailability of the antibiotic]. Dombrovskiĭ, VS; Firsov, AA; Gagaeva, EV; Kadenatsi, IB; Strachunskiĭ, LS, 1996)
"In this study the bioavailability of a new pharmaceutical form of rifampicin, Rifampicine Generic (300 mg capsules), was compared to a reference form Rimactan (300 mg capsules)."	( Bioequivalence study of two pharmaceutical forms of rifampicin capsules in man. Barre, J; Benakis, A; Chouchane, N; Tillement, JP; Toumi, A, )
" Rifampin was found to increase the values of clearance/bioavailability (CL/F) and volume of distribution/ bioavailability (V/F) by approximately 70%."	( Population pharmacokinetics of dapsone administered biweekly to human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Bassetti, D; Casazza, R; Cruciani, M; Gatti, G; Hossein, J; Karlsson, M; Merighi, M; Travaini, S, 1996)
" The mean relative bioavailability of nifedipine following pre-treatment with rifampicin 1200 mg was 35."	( The effect of single does of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of oral nifedipine. Abdu-Aguye, I; Mustapha, A; Ndanusa, BU, 1997)
"Assessment of the bioavailability of the Chinese rifapentine used in the trial."	( Bioavailability of Chinese rifapentine during a clinical trial in Hong Kong. Chan, SL; Dickinson, JM; Lam, CW; Mitchison, DA; Tam, CM, 1997)
"An initial comparison of areas under curve obtained in a random allocation to 40 patients of rifapentine either of Western or Chinese origin indicated that the bioavailability of the Chinese drug was 74% of the Western drug."	( Bioavailability of Chinese rifapentine during a clinical trial in Hong Kong. Chan, SL; Dickinson, JM; Lam, CW; Mitchison, DA; Tam, CM, 1997)
" Because of poor bioavailability of the rifapentine used (produced in China), its dose size was increased from 600 mg initially to about 750 mg in the last third of patients to obtain serum concentrations similar to those with rifapentine of Western origin; all doses were given after a meal promoting absorption."	( Rifapentine and isoniazid in the continuation phase of treating pulmonary tuberculosis. Initial report. Chan, SL; Kam, KM; Lam, CW; Leung, CC; Mitchison, DA; Morris, JS; Tam, CM, 1998)
"To test whether the bioavailability of antituberculosis drugs is altered in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis."	( Does AIDS impair the absorption of antituberculosis agents? Smith, PJ; Taylor, B, 1998)
"To examine the relative bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide after oral administration of the drugs given alone in comparison to that of the same drugs after administration of Trifazid."	( Bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide from fixed-dose combination capsules. Augustynowicz-Kopec, E; Grubek-Jaworska, H; Niemirowska-Mikulska, H; Safianowska, A; Stambrowska, H; Walkiewicz, R; Zwolska, Z, 1998)
"This study was carried out to elucidate the possible mechanism(s) responsible for reduced oral rifampicin bioavailability after multiple dosing."	( Assessment of presystemic factors on the oral bioavailability of rifampicin following multiple dosing. Chiu, FC; Li, RC; Liu, XG; Zhang, JN; Zhu, M, 1998)
"Purpose of the study was the examination of the relative bioavailability of rifampicin and isoniazid from Rifamazid (fixed-dose combination) and bioavailability of each drug in free simultaneous combination."	( [Results of examination in healthy volunteers of rifampicin and isoniazid bioavailability from Polish two-drug combination capsules of rifamazid used for tuberculosis treatment]. Augustynowicz-Kopeć, E; Niemirowska-Mikulska, H; Stambrowska, A; Zofia, Z, 1998)
"03) and decreased tacrolimus bioavailability (14."	( Effects of rifampin on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Bekersky, I; Dressler, D; Fisher, RM; Hebert, MF; Marsh, CL, 1999)
"The present study assesses bioavailability indices for rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide when administered to healthy volunteers separately or in a fixed triple-drug formulation, Rifater 125 SCT."	( Bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide in a triple drug formulation: comparison of plasma and urine kinetics. Chandrasekaran, V; Gurumurthy, P; Kumar, AK; Kumaraswami, V; Prabhakar, R; Ramachandran, G; Venkatesan, P; Vijayalakshmi, S; Vjayasekaran, V, 1999)
"To compare the pharmacokinetics of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide based on their blood concentrations up to 12 hours with the proportions of the doses of the drugs and their metabolites excreted in urine up to 12 hours, and to assess the bioavailability indices for the free and fixed triple drug formulations."	( Bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide in a triple drug formulation: comparison of plasma and urine kinetics. Chandrasekaran, V; Gurumurthy, P; Kumar, AK; Kumaraswami, V; Prabhakar, R; Ramachandran, G; Venkatesan, P; Vijayalakshmi, S; Vjayasekaran, V, 1999)
"Human bioavailability studies provide direct straightforward information, particularly when studying compounds such as rifampicin and other major anti-tuberculosis drugs."	( Bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide in a triple drug formulation: comparison of plasma and urine kinetics. Chandrasekaran, V; Gurumurthy, P; Kumar, AK; Kumaraswami, V; Prabhakar, R; Ramachandran, G; Venkatesan, P; Vijayalakshmi, S; Vjayasekaran, V, 1999)
" The bioavailability of oral ondansetron was reduced from 60% to 40% (P < ."	( The effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous ondansetron. Kivistö, KT; Neuvonen, PJ; Villikka, K, 1999)
"The effect of single and multiple doses of a herbal preparation trikatu, an Ayurvedic prescription, on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of rifampicin was studied in rabbits."	( Effect of trikatu, an Ayurvedic prescription, on the pharmacokinetic profile of rifampicin in rabbits. Bhargava, VK; Garg, SK; Karan, RS, 1999)
"To assess the bioavailability of rifampicin (RMP) in three brands of combination formulations of anti-tuberculosis drugs."	( Comparative bioequivalence study of rifampicin and isoniazid combinations in healthy volunteers. Bhatt, AD; D'Sa, S; Desai, ND; Gandewar, K; Padgaonkar, KA; Revankar, SN; Shah, V; Vaz, JA, 1999)
"A three-way double-blind, cross-over bioavailability study of RMP and isoniazid (INH), consisting of a comparison of a two-drug combination of tablets of RMP and INH each separately (reference brand R) and a tablet of RMP + INH (brand N), and a capsule of RMP + INH (brand L) was carried out in 12 healthy male volunteers."	( Comparative bioequivalence study of rifampicin and isoniazid combinations in healthy volunteers. Bhatt, AD; D'Sa, S; Desai, ND; Gandewar, K; Padgaonkar, KA; Revankar, SN; Shah, V; Vaz, JA, 1999)
" In vitro dissolution profiles of the same drugs were determined and compared with human bioavailability study results."	( Comparative bioavailability of three different preparations of rifampicin. Ansko, P; Davies, PD; Kiivet, RA; Lambert, J; Pähkla, R; Winstanley, P, 1999)
"No statistically significant difference was found in main bioavailability parameters between Rimactane and generic preparations studied."	( Comparative bioavailability of three different preparations of rifampicin. Ansko, P; Davies, PD; Kiivet, RA; Lambert, J; Pähkla, R; Winstanley, P, 1999)
"Rifampicin (RIF) hydrolyzes in acidic medium to form insoluble and poorly absorbed 3-Formyl rifamycin SV (3-FRSV)."	( Stability of rifampicin in dissolution medium in presence of isoniazid. Kotecha, JS; Rathod, IS; Savale, SS; Shah, PB; Shah, SA; Shishoo, CJ, 1999)
"Compared with an oral solution, the relative bioavailability of rifapentine is 70% following oral admninistration of tablets."	( Rifapentine: its role in the treatment of tuberculosis. Nahata, MC; Temple, ME, 1999)
" By contrast, published information concerning the absorption of rifampicin from currently marketed combined formulations and on laboratory methods for precisely assessing their bioavailability is very sparse."	( Rifampicin bioavailability: a review of its pharmacology and the chemotherapeutic necessity for ensuring optimal absorption. Ellard, GA; Fourie, PB, 1999)
"Concern has been expressed about the bioavailability of rifampicin in some fixed-dose combination (FDC) anti-tuberculosis formulations."	( Recent bioequivalence studies on fixed-dose combination anti-tuberculosis drug formulations available on the global market. Fourie, PB; Gabriels, G; McIlleron, H; Onyebujoh, PC; Padayatchi, N; Pillai, G; Smith, PJ, 1999)
"To evaluate the relative bioavailability of rifampicin in various FDC formulations currently in use in tuberculosis control programmes in the global market."	( Recent bioequivalence studies on fixed-dose combination anti-tuberculosis drug formulations available on the global market. Fourie, PB; Gabriels, G; McIlleron, H; Onyebujoh, PC; Padayatchi, N; Pillai, G; Smith, PJ, 1999)
"The poor relative bioavailability of rifampicin from some FDCs has been documented."	( Recent bioequivalence studies on fixed-dose combination anti-tuberculosis drug formulations available on the global market. Fourie, PB; Gabriels, G; McIlleron, H; Onyebujoh, PC; Padayatchi, N; Pillai, G; Smith, PJ, 1999)
"The perceived need to demonstrate whether or not the rifampicin bioavailability of commercially manufactured fixed-dose combinations is satisfactory."	( The evaluation of rifampicin bioavailabilities of fixed-dose combinations of anti-tuberculosis drugs: procedures for ensuring laboratory proficiency. Ellard, GA, 1999)
" Due to difficulties in producing effective combined formulations of these three drugs, the bioavailability of new combination formulations needs to be assessed prior to registration."	( Determination of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide by high performance liquid chromatography after their simultaneous extraction from plasma. Fredericks, A; Smith, PJ; van Dyk, J, 1999)
"To develop a rapid, simple and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay method suitable for assaying RIF, INH and PZA in large numbers of plasma samples generated in bioavailability studies."	( Determination of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide by high performance liquid chromatography after their simultaneous extraction from plasma. Fredericks, A; Smith, PJ; van Dyk, J, 1999)
"The prerequisite for in vivo bioavailability testing of rifampicin in fixed-dose combination (FDC) formulations is widely accepted."	( The development of a standardised screening protocol for the in vivo assessment of rifampicin bioavailability. Ellard, GA; Fourie, PB; Gabriels, G; McIlleron, H; Smith, PJ, 1999)
"The results of three bioavailability and bioequivalence studies of different rifampicin-containing FDCs were analysed."	( The development of a standardised screening protocol for the in vivo assessment of rifampicin bioavailability. Ellard, GA; Fourie, PB; Gabriels, G; McIlleron, H; Smith, PJ, 1999)
"Estimates of relative bioavailability calculated using the contracted blood sampling protocol were closely similar to those derived using the extended sampling schedules."	( The development of a standardised screening protocol for the in vivo assessment of rifampicin bioavailability. Ellard, GA; Fourie, PB; Gabriels, G; McIlleron, H; Smith, PJ, 1999)
"To evaluate the comparative bioavailability of antituberculosis drugs in FDC formulations and the same doses in separate formulations of antituberculosis drugs, using a simplified protocol developed by the World Health Organization (WHO)."	( The WHO simplified study protocol in practice: investigation of combined formulations supplied by the WHO. Kaul, CL; Kaur, KJ; Panchagnula, R; Singh, I, 1999)
" This is predominantly necessitated by the fact that rifampicin bioavailability can be adversely affected when put in combination with isoniazid and pyrazinamide, and by the need for standardisation of the formulations to only a few essential combinations in order to better control quality."	( Proposed minimum registration requirements for fixed-dose combination anti-tuberculosis drugs. Fourie, PB, 1999)
"Combining rifampicin in the same tablet with isoniazid, with or without pyrazinamide, is known to affect the bioavailability of the drug."	( Structures required, roles and responsibilities in maintaining laboratories for quality assurance of anti-tuberculosis fixed-dose combinations in accordance with the IUATLD/WHO statement. Fourie, PB; Spinaci, S, 1999)
"To study and compare the bioavailability of rifampicin (RIF), in two locally manufactured formulations; an FDC and a separate formulation and an imported FDC formulation."	( Bioavailability of rifampicin in a separate formulation and fixed dose combination with isoniazid NIH: a case for a fixed dose combination (FDC) for the treatment of tuberculosis. Chitemerere, C; Gumbo, J; Ndudzo, P; Nyazema, NZ; Rabvukwa, P, 1999)
" However, bioavailability of propafenone dropped from 30% +/- 24% to 4% +/- 3% (P < ."	( Enzyme induction in the elderly: effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propafenone. Dilger, K; Hofmann, U; Klotz, U, 2000)
" The data indicate that these inhibitors can be used to determine the in vivo relevance of Oatp1 and Oatp2 for the overall bioavailability and disposition of drugs and other Oatp1/2 substrates."	( Rifamycin SV and rifampicin exhibit differential inhibition of the hepatic rat organic anion transporting polypeptides, Oatp1 and Oatp2. Cattori, V; Fattinger, K; Hagenbuch, B; Meier, PJ; Stieger, B, 2000)
" A five-fold increase in the area under plasma rifampicin concentration-time curve for niosomal rifampicin as compared to free drug indicated better bioavailability of encapsulated drug."	( Prolonged release biodegradable vesicular carriers for rifampicin--formulation and kinetics of release. Kamath, MP; Karki, R; Kotian, M; Shenoy, BD; Tiwari, SB; Udupa, N, 2000)
" We conclude that the cause of the increased oral clearance of fexofenadine is a reduced bioavailability caused by induction of intestinal P-glycoprotein."	( The effect of rifampin administration on the disposition of fexofenadine. Bruce, MA; Haehner-Daniels, BD; Hall, SD; Hamman, MA, 2001)
"The perceived need for simple, non-invasive methods of assessing the relative bioavailability of rifampicin in fixed-dose combination (FDC) anti-tuberculosis formulations."	( The potential use of urinary excretion data for assessing the relative bioavailability of rifampicin in fixed dose combination anti-tuberculosis formulations. Ellard, GA; Fourie, PB; Pillai, G; Smith, PJ, 2001)
"To compare the performance of methods based on urinary excretion data with those utilising plasma concentration-time profiles to assess the relative bioavailability of rifampicin in combined and single-drug formulations."	( The potential use of urinary excretion data for assessing the relative bioavailability of rifampicin in fixed dose combination anti-tuberculosis formulations. Ellard, GA; Fourie, PB; Pillai, G; Smith, PJ, 2001)
"There was good agreement between the relative bioavailability of the formulations using plasma and urinary excretion data, although the precision of the urinary-based estimates was slightly less than those derived from the plasma findings."	( The potential use of urinary excretion data for assessing the relative bioavailability of rifampicin in fixed dose combination anti-tuberculosis formulations. Ellard, GA; Fourie, PB; Pillai, G; Smith, PJ, 2001)
"The problem of poor/variable bioavailability of rifampicin, which is shown in particular when the drugs are present in anti-tubercular fixed-dose combination (FDC) products, is a matter of serious concern."	( A critical review of the probable reasons for the poor variable bioavailability of rifampicin from anti-tubercular fixed-dose combination (FDC) products, and the likely solutions to the problem. Mariappan, TT; Sarda, N; Shankar, R; Singh, B; Singh, S, 2001)
"The present study describes comparative bioavailability of rifampicin (RIF) after administration of a single component RIF (450 mg) capsule and rifampicin-isoniazid (RIF-INH) (450+300 mg) fixed dose combination (FDC) capsule formulations."	( Impaired bioavailability of rifampicin in presence of isoniazid from fixed dose combination (FDC) formulation. Rathod, IS; Savale, SS; Shah, SA; Shishoo, CJ; Vora, MJ, 2001)
"The effects of hepatic and presystemic enzyme induction on the bioavailability (F) and disposition of antipyrine after repeated rifampicin (RFM) and rifabutin (RBT) exposure were studied in mice."	( Induction of hepatic and presystemic metabolism of antipyrine in the mice: rifampicin versus rifabutin. Li, RC; Liu, XG; Narang, PK, )
"Because rifampicin may greatly decrease the oral bioavailability of nilvadipine, caution is needed when these two drugs are to be coadministered."	( The effects of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of orally administered nilvadipine to healthy subjects. Echizen, H; Fukuda, J; Furuie, K; Hayashi, T; Saima, S; Yoshimoto, H, 2002)
" The relative bioavailability of rifampicin (RIF), isoniazid (INH) and pyrazinamide (PYZ) was assessed on a group of 13 healthy male subjects from a four drug FDC versus separate formulations at the same dose levels."	( Assessment of bioequivalence of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide in a four drug fixed dose combination with separate formulations at the same dose levels. Agrawal, S; Bhade, SR; Kaul, CL; Kaur, KJ; Panchagnula, R; Singh, I, 2002)
" The national drug regulatory authority subsequently withdrew the batches in question, as sufficient bioavailability data had not been submitted after what the manufacturer had considered to be a minor formulation change."	( Widespread distribution of a single drug rifampicin formulation of inferior bioavailability in South Africa. Burger, A; Folb, P; McIlleron, H; Smith, P; Wash, P, 2002)
"Although rifampicin is a key drug in tuberculosis treatment, little is known about its quality and bioavailability in countries endemic for tuberculosis."	( Low plasma concentrations of rifampicin in tuberculosis patients in Indonesia. Alisjahbana, B; Borst, F; Burger, D; Danusantoso, H; de Lange, WC; Nelwan, RH; van Crevel, R; van der Meer, JW, 2002)
"To investigate possible variations in the bioavailability of plasma rifampicin in tuberculosis patients in Indonesia."	( Low plasma concentrations of rifampicin in tuberculosis patients in Indonesia. Alisjahbana, B; Borst, F; Burger, D; Danusantoso, H; de Lange, WC; Nelwan, RH; van Crevel, R; van der Meer, JW, 2002)
"The unexpectedly low plasma concentrations of rifampicin in this setting are most likely due to reduced bioavailability of local drug preparations, as the rifampicin content of the drug preparations was found to be normal."	( Low plasma concentrations of rifampicin in tuberculosis patients in Indonesia. Alisjahbana, B; Borst, F; Burger, D; Danusantoso, H; de Lange, WC; Nelwan, RH; van Crevel, R; van der Meer, JW, 2002)
" In this study, the relative bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide was assessed in a group of 14 healthy male subjects using the FDC tablet containing 4 drugs versus separate formulations at the same dose levels."	( Bioequivalence assessment of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide in a fixed dose combination of rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol vs. separate formulations. Agrawal, S; Bhade, SR; Kaul, CL; Kaur, KJ; Panchagnula, R; Singh, I, 2002)
" The encapsulation of drug in alginate microparticles resulted in up to a nine-fold increase in relative bioavailability compared with free drugs."	( Alginate-based oral drug delivery system for tuberculosis: pharmacokinetics and therapeutic effects. Garg, SK; Khuller, GK; Sharma, S, 2003)
" The main target of the mentioned study was a comparison of the bioavailability of rifampicin."	( The pharmacokinetic factors and bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamid fixed in one dose capsule. Augustynowicz-Kopeć, E; Niemirowska-Mikulska, H; Zwolska, Z, )
" The objective of this investigation was to evaluate whether the World Health Organization (WHO) simplified screening protocol for the bioequivalence assessment of rifampicin can be used for the evaluation of other components of FDC so as to ensure the bioavailability of all drugs at tissue site."	( Evaluation of bioequivalence of isoniazid and pyrazinamide in three and four drugs fixed dose combinations using WHO simplified protocol. Agrawal, S; Kaul, CL; Panchagnula, R; Rungta, S; Sancheti, P, 2003)
"RMP was well absorbed from the stomach due to its solubility, which was maximum between pH 1-2."	( Regional gastrointestinal permeability of rifampicin and isoniazid (alone and their combination) in the rat. Mariappan, TT; Singh, S, 2003)
" Relative bioavailability of encapsulated drugs was greater than that of free drugs."	( Chemotherapeutic potential of orally administered poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles containing isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide against experimental tuberculosis. Khuller, GK; Sharma, S; Ul-Ain, Q, 2003)
" The chances of reduced bioavailability of rifampicin from FDCs necessitated its evaluation against standard formulations of individual drugs in bioequivalence studies."	( Plasma pooling methodology as a faster and cheaper tool to evaluate bioequivalence of rifampicin component of FDCs of antitubercular drugs. Agrawal, S; Panchagnula, R; Sharma, A, 2003)
" In literature, there are conflicting reports regarding effect of food on the bioavailability of rifampicin."	( In vitro evaluation of food effect on the bioavailability of rifampicin from antituberculosis fixed dose combination formulations. Agrawal, S; Kaul, CL; Panchagnula, R; Rungta, S; Sancheti, P, 2003)
" The elimination half-life and mean residence time of the drugs were significantly prolonged compared to when the parent drugs were administered orally, resulting in an enhanced relative bioavailability (compared to oral administration) for encapsulated drugs (12."	( Poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticle-based inhalable sustained drug delivery system for experimental tuberculosis. Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Prasad, B; Sharma, A; Sharma, S; Zahoor, A, 2003)
"Nebulization of nanoparticles-based ATDs forms a sound basis for improving drug bioavailability and reducing the dosing frequency for better management of pulmonary tuberculosis."	( Poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticle-based inhalable sustained drug delivery system for experimental tuberculosis. Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Prasad, B; Sharma, A; Sharma, S; Zahoor, A, 2003)
"Poor bioavailability of rifampicin (R) in combination with other anti-tuberculosis drugs such as isoniazid (H), pyrazinamide (Z), and ethambutol (E) is a subject of much concern for the last few decades."	( Bioavailability of rifampicin following concomitant administration of ethambutol or isoniazid or pyrazinamide or a combination of the three drugs. Chandrasekaran, V; Gurumurthy, P; Immanuel, C; Prabhakar, R; Ramachandran, G; Venkatesan, P, 2003)
" Bioavailability was expressed as an index (BI) of area under time concentration curve (AUC) calculated from the plasma concentrations or proportion of dose of R excreted as R plus DR in urine with the combinations to that with R alone."	( Bioavailability of rifampicin following concomitant administration of ethambutol or isoniazid or pyrazinamide or a combination of the three drugs. Chandrasekaran, V; Gurumurthy, P; Immanuel, C; Prabhakar, R; Ramachandran, G; Venkatesan, P, 2003)
" Hence, bioequivalence study of four drug FDC tablet was conducted using 22 healthy male volunteers according to WHO recommended protocol to determine bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide compared to standard separate combination at the same dose level."	( Comparative bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide from a four drug fixed dose combination with separate formulations at the same dose levels. Agrawal, S; Bhade, SR; Kaul, CL; Kaur, KJ; Panchagnula, R; Singh, I, 2004)
" The mean residence time and absolute bioavailability were increased several-fold as compared with unencapsulated drugs."	( Subcutaneous nanoparticle-based antitubercular chemotherapy in an experimental model. Khuller, GK; Pandey, R, 2004)
"Even today the treatment outcome of tuberculosis is questionable due to variable bioavailability of rifampicin, which was discovered four decades back."	( Biopharmaceutic and pharmacokinetic aspects of variable bioavailability of rifampicin. Agrawal, S; Panchagnula, R, 2004)
"To examine the bioavailability of rifampicin formulations produced in Indonesia, we conducted a single-dose, double-blind, cross-over bioavailability study."	( Bioavailability of rifampicin in Indonesian subjects: a comparison of different local drug manufacturers. Alisjahbana, B; Borst, F; Burger, D; Cox, J; de Graaff, M; de Lange, WC; Nelwan, RH; Sahiratmadja, E; van Crevel, R; van der Meij, W, 2004)
"Polymorphism of rifampicin has been postulated to be responsible for its variable bioavailability from solid oral dosage forms."	( Solid-state characterization of rifampicin samples and its biopharmaceutic relevance. Agrawal, S; Ashokraj, Y; Bharatam, PV; Panchagnula, R; Pillai, O, 2004)
"Rifampicin shows variable bioavailability from solid oral dosage forms and the reasons for this variable absorption reported in literature varies from extrinsic formulations factors to intrinsic variability in rifampicin absorption."	( Bioequivalence trials of rifampicin containing formulations: extrinsic and intrinsic factors in the absorption of rifampicin. Agrawal, S; Bhade, S; Kaul, CL; Kaur, KJ; Panchagnula, R; Singh, I, 2004)
"A 15 mg/kg dose of RPT was well absorbed and well tolerated."	( Consecutive-dose pharmacokinetics of rifapentine in patients diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. Langdon, G; McIlleron, H; Smith, PJ; Wilkins, JJ, 2004)
" HIV and HIV-tuberculosis patients who have diarrhea and cryptosporidial infection exhibit decreased bioavailability of antituberculosis drugs."	( Decreased bioavailability of rifampin and other antituberculosis drugs in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease. Bhagavathy, S; Gurumurthy, P; Hemanth Kumar, AK; Mahilmaran, A; Padmapriyadarsini, C; Paramesh, P; Rajasekaran, S; Ramachandran, G; Ravichandran, N; Sekar, L; Swaminathan, S; Venkatesan, P, 2004)
" This investigation characterized the bioavailability and first-pass metabolism of oral ALF and tested the hypotheses that (1) first-pass ALF clearance reflects first-pass CYP3A activity, (2) miosis after oral ALF will reflect intestinal and hepatic CYP3A activity, and (3) miosis can approximate plasma concentration-based pharmacokinetic measures for IV and oral ALF as a noninvasive in vivo probe for hepatic and first-pass CYP3A activity and drug interactions."	( Intravenous and oral alfentanil as in vivo probes for hepatic and first-pass cytochrome P450 3A activity: noninvasive assessment by use of pupillary miosis. Hoffer, C; Kharasch, ED; Sheffels, P; Walker, A, 2004)
"Rifaximin is a rifamycin analogue with a broad spectrum of activity similar to that of rifampin; however, because it is poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, the focus of its development has been on intestinal infections and diseases."	( Rifaximin: a nonabsorbed oral antibiotic. Baker, DE, 2005)
" The mean residence time and drug bioavailability were improved several-fold in the case of drug-loaded SLPs."	( Solid lipid particle-based inhalable sustained drug delivery system against experimental tuberculosis. Khuller, GK; Pandey, R, 2005)
" As Pgp varies from person to person to an extent of 2-8-fold, it can be one direct reason for the interindividual variable bioavailability shown by rifampicin."	( Evidence of efflux-mediated and saturable absorption of rifampicin in rat intestine using the ligated loop and everted gut sac techniques. Mariappan, TT; Singh, S, )
"Rifampicin is one of the oldest and most effective chemotherapeutic agents available for the treatment of tuberculosis but exhibits variable bioavailability from separate and fixed dose combination formulations, which has been identified as a major bottleneck in the effective treatment of tuberculosis."	( Implication of biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in variable bioavailability from solid oral dosage forms. Agrawal, S; Panchagnula, R, 2005)
" Rifampicin has been found one of the most important anti-tubercular drugs, however variable bioavailability of rifampicin in some FDCs as well as separate formulations has been reported in the literature, and led to the development of WHO model protocol for evaluation of FDCs for bioequivalence trials."	( Statistical evaluation of physiological variability of rifampicin in fixed dose combinations. Ashokraj, Y; Bade, SR; Kaur, K; Panchagnula, R; Parmar, J; Singh, I, 2006)
" Both hepatic and intestinal metabolism contribute to the low oral bioavailability of ATV in rats."	( Pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin and its hydroxy metabolites in rats and the effects of concomitant rifampicin single doses: relevance of first-pass effect from hepatic uptake transporters, and intestinal and hepatic metabolism. Benet, LZ; Huang, Y; Lau, YY; Okochi, H, 2006)
" Our findings suggest that decreased bioavailability of nevirapine because of rifampicin coadministration could be overcome by increasing the dose of nevirapine from 200 to 300 mg twice daily without short-term adverse events."	( Increasing nevirapine dose can overcome reduced bioavailability due to rifampicin coadministration. Hemanthkumar, AK; Kumaraswami, V; Narendran, G; Padmapriyadarsini, C; Raja, K; Rajasekaran, S; Ramachandran, G; Sathishnarayan, S; Sukumar, B; Swaminathan, S, 2006)
"Oral administration of garlic extract decreased the bioavailability of isoniazid significantly with no change in rate of elimination."	( Effect of oral administration of crude aqueous extract of garlic on pharmacokinetic parameters of isoniazid and rifampicin in rabbits. Dhamija, P; Malhotra, S; Pandhi, P, 2006)
" The relative/absolute bioavailability of the 4 antituberculosis drugs was enhanced several fold."	( Chemotherapeutic efficacy of nanoparticle encapsulated antitubercular drugs. Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Sharma, S, )
"Rifampicin has been found to be one of the most important antitubercular drugs; however, variable bioavailability of rifampicin in some fixed dose combinations (FDCs) as well as separate formulations has been reported in the literature."	( Plasma pooling to expedite bioequivalence estimation of rifampicin in fixed dose combinations. Bhade, SR; Kaur, JK; Panchagnula, R; Parmar, J; Singh, I, 2006)
"The bioavailability of rifampicin (RIF) in a fixed dose combination (FDC) used for the treatment of tuberculosis remains an area of clinical concern and several pharmaceutical alternatives are being explored to overcome this problem."	( Herbal modulation of drug bioavailability: enhancement of rifampicin levels in plasma by herbal products and a flavonoid glycoside derived from Cuminum cyminum. Gupta, BD; Johri, RK; Qazi, GN; Sachin, BS; Satti, NK; Sethi, S; Sharma, SC; Suri, KA; Tasduq, SA; Tikoo, AK; Tikoo, MK, 2007)
" Ranitidine was shown to be a P-gp substrate in vivo in human volunteers and it was found that oral bioavailability of ranitidine was influenced at the intestinal absorption phase."	( Effect of ketoconazole and rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of ranitidine in healthy human volunteers: a possible role of P-glycoprotein. Gundu, J; Machavaram, KK; Yamsani, MR, 2006)
" Its function is to limit the bioavailability of orally administered compounds."	( Venlafaxine induces P-glycoprotein in human Caco-2 cells. Ehret, MJ; Levin, GM; Narasimhan, M; Rathinavelu, A, 2007)
" The studies determined the bioavailability and bioequivalence of RMP-containing FDCs, and conformed with the requirements of the South African national drug regulatory authority for each of the active constituents."	( Modification to improve efficiency of sampling schedules for BA/BE testing of FDC anti-tuberculosis drugs. Folb, PI; Fourie, PB; Gabriels, GA; McIlleron, H; Smith, PJ, 2007)
" The objective of this research was to study intestinal absorptive function and bioavailability of rifampin and isoniazid in TB patients."	( Intestinal permeability and malabsorption of rifampin and isoniazid in active pulmonary tuberculosis. Barroso, EC; Bushen, OY; Façanha, MC; Guerrant, RL; Lima, AA; Monteiro, HS; Peloquin, CA; Pinheiro, VG; Ramos, LM, 2006)
" Human oral bioavailability is an important pharmacokinetic property, which is directly related to the amount of drug available in the systemic circulation to exert pharmacological and therapeutic effects."	( Hologram QSAR model for the prediction of human oral bioavailability. Andricopulo, AD; Moda, TL; Montanari, CA, 2007)
"The crux of this research was the pragmatic investigation into the formulation of a reconstitutable multiparticulate anti-tuberculosis drug delivery system for facilitated administration for the attainment of segregated gastrointestinal (GI) delivery of rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) in order to address issues of unacceptable RIF bioavailability on coadministration with INH."	( Formulation and statistical optimization of a novel crosslinked polymeric anti-tuberculosis drug delivery system. Danckwerts, MP; du Toit, LC; Penny, C; Pillay, V, 2008)
" Thus, rifampin reduced the exposure to risperidone, probably because of a decrease in its bioavailability through the induction of CYP3A and probably P-glycoprotein."	( Effect of rifampin, an inducer of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein, on the pharmacokinetics of risperidone. Kim, KA; Kim, KB; Lee, HJ; Liu, KH; Park, JY; Park, PW; Shin, JG, 2008)
" The variant ABCC2 1249G>A (V417I), however, was associated with lower oral bioavailability (P=0."	( Influence of genetic polymorphisms on intestinal expression and rifampicin-type induction of ABCC2 and on bioavailability of talinolol. Caliebe, A; Cascorbi, I; Haenisch, S; May, K; Siegmund, W; Wegner, D, 2008)
" Variability in the shape of the absorption curve was described using a flexible transit compartment model, in which a delay in the onset of absorption and a gradually changing absorption rate were modeled as the passage of drug through a chain of hypothetical compartments, ultimately reaching the absorption compartment."	( Population pharmacokinetics of rifampin in pulmonary tuberculosis patients, including a semimechanistic model to describe variable absorption. Karlsson, MO; Langdon, G; McIlleron, H; Pillai, G; Savic, RM; Simonsson, US; Smith, PJ; Wilkins, JJ, 2008)
"Rifaximin, a poorly absorbed rifamycin derivative, is a promising alternative for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infections."	( Rifampin and rifaximin resistance in clinical isolates of Clostridium difficile. Galang, MA; Gerding, DN; Hecht, DW; Johnson, S; O'Connor, JR; Sambol, SP; Vedantam, G, 2008)
"Rifampicin, one of the main first line anti-TB drugs, shows variable bioavailability in different marketed preparations and reasons cited include physiological, degradation, manufacturing/ processing, solid state, and bioavailability assessment procedure."	( Effect of amorphous content on dissolution characteristics of rifampicin. Bhardwaj, V; Panchagnula, R, 2008)
"5 h of free drug) and a systemic bioavailability similar to that of free drug."	( Slow release formulations of inhaled rifampin. Arya, V; Coowanitwong, I; Hochhaus, G; Kulvanich, P, 2008)
" In comparison to free drugs (which were cleared from plasma/organs within 12-24 h), there was a significant enhancement in the relative bioavailability of encapsulated drugs."	( Alginate nanoparticles as antituberculosis drug carriers: formulation development, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic potential. Ahmad, Z; Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Sharma, S, )
"4% and reduced the absorption rate constant (k(a)) by almost sixfold."	( Population pharmacokinetics of nevirapine in combination with rifampicin-based short course chemotherapy in HIV- and tuberculosis-infected South African patients. Cohen, K; Elsherbiny, D; Jansson, B; McIlleron, H; Simonsson, US; Smith, P, 2009)
" The compound appeared to have low to intermediate total body clearance and was orally bioavailable (24-100%)."	( Studies on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a gamma-secretase inhibitor BMS-299897, and exploratory investigation of CYP enzyme induction. Anderson, JJ; Barten, DM; Boulton, DW; Felsenstein, KM; Flint, OP; Hansel, SB; Krishna, R; Lubinski, J; Pursley, JM; Santone, KS; Thakur, A; Wang, J; Yao, M; Zheng, M, 2009)
" CC-1a, chemically standardized butanolic fraction, enhanced the plasma levels of rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and isoniazid in Wistar rat, resulting in increased bioavailability indices (C(max) and AUC) of the drugs."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of some antitubercular drugs with caraway: implications in the enhancement of drug bioavailability. Gupta, BD; Johri, RK; Monica, P; Sachin, BS; Satti, NK; Sharma, SC; Suri, KA; Tikoo, AK; Tikoo, MK, 2009)
"001), with an enormous reduction in the oral bioavailability of ebastine and significantly reduced histamine-induced skin reactions."	( Itraconazole and rifampin alter significantly the disposition and antihistamine effect of ebastine and its metabolites in healthy participants. Cha, IJ; Lee, SS; Liu, KH; Shin, JG; Shon, JH; Yeo, CW, 2010)
"Rifaximin is a poorly absorbed semisynthetic antibiotic derivative of rifampin licensed for use in the treatment of traveler's diarrhea."	( Pretreatment of epithelial cells with rifaximin alters bacterial attachment and internalization profiles. Brown, EL; Dupont, HL; Jiang, ZD; Xu, Y; Xue, Q, 2010)
" Regressional analysis of UV spectrophotometric data for simultaneous RIF and INH prediction thus provides a simplified methodology for use in diverse research settings for the assurance of RIF bioavailability from FDC formulations, specifically modified-release forms."	( A mathematical approach for the simultaneous in vitro spectrophotometric analysis of rifampicin and isoniazid from modified-release anti-TB drug delivery systems. Choonara, Y; du Toit, L; Pillay, V, 2010)
" SCY-635 was shown to be orally bioavailable in multiple animal species and produced blood and liver concentrations of parent drug that exceeded the 50% effective dose determined in the bicistronic con1b-derived replicon assay."	( SCY-635, a novel nonimmunosuppressive analog of cyclosporine that exhibits potent inhibition of hepatitis C virus RNA replication in vitro. Erdmann, F; Fischer, G; Harris, R; Hopkins, S; Huang, Z; Murray, MG; Ribeill, Y; Scorneaux, B; Smitley, C; Wring, S, 2010)
" The bioavailability of rifampin was determined by comparing rifampin exposure after oral versus intravenous administration."	( Pharmacokinetics of antituberculosis drugs in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with type 2 diabetes. Aarnoutse, RE; Adhiarta, IG; Alisjahbana, B; Kariadi, SH; Nijland, HM; Ruslami, R; van Crevel, R, 2010)
"Oral bioavailability (F) is a product of fraction absorbed (Fa), fraction escaping gut-wall elimination (Fg), and fraction escaping hepatic elimination (Fh)."	( Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination. Chang, G; El-Kattan, A; Miller, HR; Obach, RS; Rotter, C; Steyn, SJ; Troutman, MD; Varma, MV, 2010)
"The front line antitubercular drugs rifampicin (RMP) and isoniazid (INH), when co-administered, face the problem of reduced bioavailability of RMP."	( Tailored release drug delivery system for rifampicin and isoniazid for enhanced bioavailability of rifampicin. Avachat, AM; Bhise, SB, 2011)
" This model also has application for the screening of drug candidates for effects on oral bioavailability via effects on the subcellular distribution and trafficking of P-gp."	( Characterization of PXR mediated P-glycoprotein regulation in intestinal LS174T cells. Allen, J; Bebawy, M; Kota, BP; Roufogalis, BD; Tran, VH, 2010)
"Nilotinib (Tasigna), an orally bioavailable second-generation BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is approved for use in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase and accelerated phase who are resistant or intolerant to prior therapy, including imatinib."	( Effects of rifampin and ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetics of nilotinib in healthy participants. Galitz, L; Grouss, K; Harrell, R; Schran, H; Sethuraman, V; Smith, T; Tanaka, C; Yin, OQ, 2011)
" This led us to investigate the bioavailability of the product."	( Relative bioavailability of rifampicin in a three-drug fixed-dose combination formulation. Domínguez-Ramírez, AM; Jung-Cook, H; Magaña-Aquino, M; Medellín-Garibay, SE; Milán-Segovia, RC; Romano-Moreno, S; Romero-Méndez, MC; Vigna-Pérez, M, 2010)
"To investigate the relative bioavailability of RMP from a generic 3FDC formulation used in the Mexican health care system, in comparison to the reference product, in healthy volunteers."	( Relative bioavailability of rifampicin in a three-drug fixed-dose combination formulation. Domínguez-Ramírez, AM; Jung-Cook, H; Magaña-Aquino, M; Medellín-Garibay, SE; Milán-Segovia, RC; Romano-Moreno, S; Romero-Méndez, MC; Vigna-Pérez, M, 2010)
"The test product displayed delayed absorption and markedly inferior RMP bioavailability in comparison to the reference product."	( Relative bioavailability of rifampicin in a three-drug fixed-dose combination formulation. Domínguez-Ramírez, AM; Jung-Cook, H; Magaña-Aquino, M; Medellín-Garibay, SE; Milán-Segovia, RC; Romano-Moreno, S; Romero-Méndez, MC; Vigna-Pérez, M, 2010)
"Rifaximin is a poorly absorbed non-systemic antimicrobial agent used in various gastrointestinal disorders."	( Rifaximin intake leads to emergence of rifampin-resistant staphylococci. Hoenigl, M; Krause, R; Leitner, E; Rohn, A; Salzer, HJ; Valentin, T; Zollner-Schwetz, I, 2011)
" Other factors also play important role in the development of MDR-TB such as poor administrative control on purchase and distribution of the drugs with no proper mechanism on quality control and bioavailability tests."	( Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis burden and risk factors: an update. Marahatta, SB, )
" This study evaluated efavirenz bioavailability after rifampicin administration to healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between efavirenz and rifampicin in healthy volunteers. Djoerban, Z; Setiabudy, R, 2011)
"Co-administration of a single dose of efavirenz 600 mg/day with 1-week rifampicin 450 mg/day significantly reduced efavirenz bioavailability in healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between efavirenz and rifampicin in healthy volunteers. Djoerban, Z; Setiabudy, R, 2011)
"Gastroretentive floating microspheres have a potential for enhancing the bioavailability and controlled delivery of drugs."	( Development and characterization of rifampicin loaded floating microspheres. Gill, S; Goyal, AK; Goyal, P; Gupta, UD; Narang, RK; Rath, G, 2011)
" After RIF comedication, relative bioavailability of CLR decreased by more than 90%."	( Oral absorption of clarithromycin is nearly abolished by chronic comedication of rifampicin in foals. Block, W; Freyer, J; Grube, M; Kroemer, HK; Lämmer, M; Lütjohann, D; Oswald, S; Peters, J; Siegmund, W; Venner, M, 2011)
" Patients heterozygous and homozygous for this polymorphism had reductions in the bioavailability (and, thus, the area under the curve [AUC]) of rifampin of 18% and 28%, respectively."	( The SLCO1B1 rs4149032 polymorphism is highly prevalent in South Africans and is associated with reduced rifampin concentrations: dosing implications. Chigutsa, E; Denti, P; Egan, D; Holford, NH; Maartens, G; McIlleron, H; Owen, A; Pushpakom, S; Smith, PJ; Swart, EC; Visser, ME, 2011)
" Rifampicin reduced the oral bioavailability of lopinavir and ritonavir by 20% and 45% respectively, and it increased their clearance by 71% and 36% respectively."	( Model-based approach to dose optimization of lopinavir/ritonavir when co-administered with rifampicin. Decloedt, E; Denti, P; Karlsson, MO; Maartens, G; McIlleron, H; Simonsson, US; Zhang, C, 2012)
" The higher trough concentrations observed in the morning were explained by both higher bioavailability with the evening meal and lower clearance overnight."	( Model-based approach to dose optimization of lopinavir/ritonavir when co-administered with rifampicin. Decloedt, E; Denti, P; Karlsson, MO; Maartens, G; McIlleron, H; Simonsson, US; Zhang, C, 2012)
" Antitubercular treatment reduced the oral bioavailability of lopinavir by 77% in children receiving twice usual lopinavir/ritonavir doses and increased ritonavir clearance by 50%."	( Population pharmacokinetics of lopinavir and ritonavir in combination with rifampicin-based antitubercular treatment in HIV-infected children. Denti, P; Karlsson, MO; McIlleron, H; Ren, Y; Simonsson, US; van der Walt, JS; Zhang, C, 2012)
"In order to improve the bioavailability of rifampicin (RIF) from rifampicin and isoniazid (INH) combination formulations, the physicochemical characteristics of RIF, stability of RIF in different pH buffers in the presence of INH, as well as the effect of particle size of RIF materials on the dissolution rate were investigated."	( Design and evaluation of enteric-coated tablets for rifampicin and isoniazid combinations. He, Z; Liu, H; Liu, K; Sun, J; Wang, Y, )
"Administration of rifampicin for 7 days resulted in a significant reduction in the bioavailability of dabigatran, which returned almost to baseline after 7 days washout."	( Decrease in the oral bioavailability of dabigatran etexilate after co-medication with rifampicin. Härtter, S; Koenen-Bergmann, M; Lemke, U; Nehmiz, G; Reilly, PA; Sharma, A; Timmer, W, 2012)
" The typical population estimates (interindividual variability) for clearance, volume of distribution and absorption rate constant were 16."	( Population pharmacokinetics of clindamycin orally and intravenously administered in patients with osteomyelitis. Bouazza, N; Curis, E; Jullien, V; Pestre, V; Salmon, D; Tréluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2012)
"Posaconazole has an important role in the prophylaxis and salvage treatment of invasive fungal infections (IFIs), although poor and variable bioavailability remains an important clinical concern."	( Multicenter study of posaconazole therapeutic drug monitoring: exposure-response relationship and factors affecting concentration. Chen, SC; Dolton, MJ; McLachlan, AJ; Ng, K; Pont, L; Ray, JE, 2012)
"2-(4-(4-(tert-Butylcarbamoyl)-2-(2-chloro-4-cyclopropylphenylsulfonamido)phenoxy)-5-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)acetic acid (AMG 853) is an orally bioavailable and potent dual antagonist of the D-prostanoid and chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T helper 2 cells receptors."	( Predicting the drug interaction potential of AMG 853, a dual antagonist of the D-prostanoid and chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T helper 2 cells receptors. Amore, BM; Banfield, C; Boudreaux, MD; Davis, JA; Emery, MG; Foti, RS; Pearson, JT; Prokop, SP; Rock, DA; Wahlstrom, JL; Wienkers, LC; Wong, SL; Zalikowski, JA, 2012)
" Bioavailability of oral tramadol was reduced by rifampicin from 66 to 49 % (P = 0."	( Rifampicin markedly decreases the exposure to oral and intravenous tramadol. Hagelberg, NM; Laine, K; Neuvonen, M; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT; Saari, TI; Saarikoski, T; Scheinin, M, 2013)
" Rifampin was chosen due to its promising activity against planktonic and biofilm Propionibacterium, its favourable minimal inhibitory concentrations, its excellent oral bioavailability and tissue penetration."	( Prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Propionibacterium species successfully treated with coadministered rifampin: report of two cases. Braun, DL; Fehr, JS; Hasse, BK; Stricker, J, 2013)
" Those with the best potency and oral bioavailability were progressed to evaluations of efficacy against acute murine TB."	( Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship studies of tryptanthrins as antitubercular agents. Cho, SN; Franzblau, SG; Hwang, JM; Kaneko, T; Kim, P; Ma, Z; Oh, T; Upton, AM, 2013)
" However, the quality of FDCs with respect to variable bioavailability is a major issue."	( Oral bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide in a 4-drug fixed-dose combination compared with the separate formulations in healthy Chinese male volunteers. Chen, M; Fu, L; Jin, H; Liu, C; Lu, Y; Wang, B; Xu, J; Zhao, W; Zheng, M; Zhou, L; Zhu, H, 2013)
"This study was conducted in healthy Chinese subjects to compare the bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide from a 4-drug FDC formulation versus that of the separate formulations."	( Oral bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide in a 4-drug fixed-dose combination compared with the separate formulations in healthy Chinese male volunteers. Chen, M; Fu, L; Jin, H; Liu, C; Lu, Y; Wang, B; Xu, J; Zhao, W; Zheng, M; Zhou, L; Zhu, H, 2013)
"The bioavailability of lopinavir was reduced by 25% in adults whereas children on antituberculosis treatment experienced a 59% reduction, an effect that was moderated by the dose of ritonavir."	( Model-based evaluation of the pharmacokinetic differences between adults and children for lopinavir and ritonavir in combination with rifampicin. Decloedt, EH; Denti, P; Karlsson, MO; McIlleron, H; Ren, Y; Zhang, C, 2013)
" NXC reduced the extent and rate of absorption of RIF."	( Effect of ofloxacin and norfloxacin on rifampicin pharmacokinetics in man. Barikpoar, E; Brown, S; Ezejiofor, NA; Orisakwe, OE, )
" The metabolism and bioavailability of cyclosporin can be significantly and persistently influenced through induction of CYP3A4 caused by the concomitant use of rifampicin."	( [Low cyclosporin levels induced by the brief use of rifampicin; immunosuppression may fail for several weeks]. Alidjan, F; Bakker, R; Rommers, MK; Swen, JJ; Valk-Swinkels, CG; van 't Veer, NE, 2013)
"Macrocycles are ideal in efforts to tackle "difficult" targets, but our understanding of what makes them cell permeable and orally bioavailable is limited."	( Macrocyclic drugs and clinical candidates: what can medicinal chemists learn from their properties? Giordanetto, F; Kihlberg, J, 2014)
"To enhance the oral bioavailability of rifampicin (RMP), the newly emerging phospholipid complexation technique was employed."	( Novel rifampicin-phospholipid complex for tubercular therapy: synthesis, physicochemical characterization and in-vivo evaluation. Bhatt, TD; Gill, MS; Singh, C; Suresh, S, 2014)
" Further studies will be required to determine whether rifampin reduces oxytetracycline bioavailability in this system, as suggested by human studies using other tetracycline-rifampin combinations."	( Efficacy of three-week oxytetracycline or rifampin monotherapy compared with a combination regimen against the filarial nematode Onchocerca ochengi. Bah, GS; Makepeace, BL; Srivastava, A; Tanya, VN; Trees, AJ; Ward, EL, 2014)
"Subtherapeutic plasma isoniazid (INH) concentrations and the development of bacterial resistance may be attributed to poor quality and reduced bioavailability of fixed-dose combination (FDC) formulations."	( Relative bioavailability of isoniazid in a fixed-dose combination product in healthy Mexican subjects. Magaña-Aquino, M; Medellín-Garibay, SE; Milán-Segovia, RC; Romano-Moreno, S; Romero-Méndez, MC; Vargas-Morales, JM; Vigna-Pérez, M, 2014)
"To evaluate the bioequivalence of a generic three-drug FDC formulation (3FDC) in comparison with a 3FDC reference with doses of 300 mg INH in 20 healthy Mexican adults, and to generate data regarding the oral relative bioavailability of the drug in this population."	( Relative bioavailability of isoniazid in a fixed-dose combination product in healthy Mexican subjects. Magaña-Aquino, M; Medellín-Garibay, SE; Milán-Segovia, RC; Romano-Moreno, S; Romero-Méndez, MC; Vargas-Morales, JM; Vigna-Pérez, M, 2014)
" The average relative bioavailability calculated for maximum serum concentration area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), AUC(0-24h) and AUC(0-∞) of the test 3FDC formulation vs."	( Relative bioavailability of isoniazid in a fixed-dose combination product in healthy Mexican subjects. Magaña-Aquino, M; Medellín-Garibay, SE; Milán-Segovia, RC; Romano-Moreno, S; Romero-Méndez, MC; Vargas-Morales, JM; Vigna-Pérez, M, 2014)
" Under gastric conditions, RIF undergoes fast hydrolysis (a pathway hastened by INH) and oral bioavailability loss."	( Rifampicin-loaded 'flower-like' polymeric micelles for enhanced oral bioavailability in an extemporaneous liquid fixed-dose combination with isoniazid. Hocht, C; Moretton, MA; Sosnik, A; Taira, C, 2014)
"Low bioavailability of rifampicin, one of the main antituberculous drug, stimulates searches of its new optimized formulations."	( [Drug delivery system on the base of phospholipid nanoparticles for rifampicin]. Ipatova, OM; Medvedeva, NV; Prozorovskiĭ, VN; Sanzhakov, MA; Tarkhovskaia, TI; Tikhonova, EG, )
" Higher oral clearance values in intermediate and fast acetylators also resulted from 23% lower bioavailability compared with slow acetylators."	( Population pharmacokinetics of rifampicin, pyrazinamide and isoniazid in children with tuberculosis: in silico evaluation of currently recommended doses. Denti, P; Donald, PR; McIlleron, HM; Schaaf, HS; Seddon, JA; Seifart, HI; Simonsson, US; Smith, PJ; Thee, S; Zvada, SP, 2014)
" A previous rifapentine dose escalation study with daily dosing indicated a possible decrease in bioavailability as the dose increased and an increase in clearance over time for rifapentine and its active metabolite, desacetyl rifapentine."	( Population pharmacokinetics of rifapentine and desacetyl rifapentine in healthy volunteers: nonlinearities in clearance and bioavailability. Bliven-Sizemore, E; Burman, W; Dooley, KE; Dorman, SE; Lu, Y; Nuermberger, E; Savic, RM; Weiner, M, 2014)
" Oral rifampin and oral ethambutol were well absorbed while rectal rifampin was not."	( The pharmacokinetics of a single oral or rectal dose of concurrently administered isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Egelund, EF; Hunter, RP; Isaza, R; P Brock, A; Peloquin, CA, 2014)
" The model adjusted for body size via allometric scaling, accounted for clearance autoinduction, and detected an increase in bioavailability (+14%) for the patients in the continuation phase."	( Nutritional supplementation increases rifampin exposure among tuberculosis patients coinfected with HIV. Andersen, AB; Castel, S; Changalucha, J; Chigutsa, E; Christiansen, M; Denti, P; Faurholt-Jepsen, D; Friis, H; Hagen, CM; Jeremiah, K; McIlleron, H; PrayGod, G; Range, N; Wiesner, L, 2014)
" The significantly higher bioavailability and lung accumulation with Gantrez nanoparticle over PES nanoparticles was attributed mucoadhesion and high affinity of Gantrez to the Peyer's patches."	( Comparative evaluation of polymeric nanoparticles of rifampicin comprising Gantrez and poly(ethylene sebacate) on pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and lung uptake following oral administration. Date, PV; Devarajan, PV; Gaikwad, RV; Malshe, VC; Patel, MD; Samad, A, 2014)
" Lead optimization resulted in the identification of potent compounds with improved oral bioavailability and reduced cardiac ion channel liability."	( Novel N-linked aminopiperidine-based gyrase inhibitors with improved hERG and in vivo efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Achar, V; Arora, U; Awasthy, D; Bharath, S; Bheemarao, U; Chinnapattu, M; Coulson, M; de Sousa, SM; Ganguly, S; Gaonkar, S; Ghosh, A; Hameed P, S; Hoffner, S; Humnabadkar, V; Kaur, P; Kumar K N, M; Kumar, CN; Madhavapeddi, P; Manjrekar, P; Menasinakai, S; Mukherjee, K; Nandishaiah, R; Narayan, C; Panduga, V; Patil, V; Puttur, J; Raichurkar, A; Ramya, VK; Reddy, J; Rudrapatana, S; Sambandamurthy, VK; Shanbhag, G; Sharma, S; Sharma, U; Shinde, V; Solapure, S; Waterson, D; Werngren, J, 2014)
" The absorption rate was slower in TB patients and the volume of distribution normalized by total body weight (Vd/kg) was greater than healthy volunteers (P < 0."	( Pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in Mexican patients with tuberculosis and healthy volunteers. Magaña-Aquino, M; Medellín-Garibay, SE; Milán-Segovia, Rdel C; Portales-Pérez, DP; Romano-Moreno, S, 2014)
" The optimized IPAs 49 and 50 showed not only excellent oral bioavailability (80."	( Lead optimization of a novel series of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine amides leading to a clinical candidate (Q203) as a multi- and extensively-drug-resistant anti-tuberculosis agent. Ahn, S; Choi, I; Jang, J; Kang, H; Kang, S; Kim, HJ; Kim, J; Kim, RY; Kim, YM; Ko, Y; Lee, S; Nam, J; Nam, K; No, Z; Park, S; Pethe, K; Seo, JJ; Seo, M; Seo, MJ, 2014)
" However the role of ASC on the interaction between dissolution stability and in vivo bioavailability of RIF in the presence of INH has not been explored and therefore examined in the present study."	( Ascorbic acid improves stability and pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in the presence of isoniazid. Natham, R; Rajaram, S; Vemuri, VD, 2014)
" Bioavailability of Rifampicin is taken care of by conjugating this drug through a acylhydrazine linker to the polymeric backbone."	( Increased bioavailability of rifampicin from stimuli-responsive smart nano carrier. Das Sarma, J; Dinda, H; Mane, SR; Sathyan, A; Shunmugam, R, 2014)
" Posaconazole relative bioavailability was 55% lower in patients who received posaconazole than in healthy volunteers."	( Understanding variability in posaconazole exposure using an integrated population pharmacokinetic analysis. Brüggemann, RJ; Burger, DM; Dolton, MJ; McLachlan, AJ, 2014)
" Based on the final model, DM affected the absorption rate constant (ka) and the volume of distribution (Vd) of rifampin."	( Effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus on the population pharmacokinetics of rifampin in tuberculosis patients. Chae, JW; Chang, MJ; Cho, YJ; Choi, HD; Kim, J; Lee, CT; Lee, JH; Lee, JI; Park, JS; Shin, WG; Yoon, HI; Yun, HY, 2015)
"The bioavailability of rifampicin (RMP) decreases by ∼30% on interaction with isoniazid (INH) in stomach acid conditions, which can result in the development of drug resistance and treatment failure."	( Comparative bioavailability of rifampicin and isoniazid in fixed-dose combinations and single-drug formulations. Chen, MT; Chi, JY; Fu, L; Guo, SC; Hao, LH; Liu, CC; Lu, Y; Nie, WJ; Wang, B; Yang, W; Zhou, L; Zhu, H, 2014)
"To compare the bioavailability in healthy volunteers of five anti-tuberculosis fixed-drug combinations (FDCs) used in China (formulations A-E) containing RMP and INH against single-drug formulations taken as reference."	( Comparative bioavailability of rifampicin and isoniazid in fixed-dose combinations and single-drug formulations. Chen, MT; Chi, JY; Fu, L; Guo, SC; Hao, LH; Liu, CC; Lu, Y; Nie, WJ; Wang, B; Yang, W; Zhou, L; Zhu, H, 2014)
" This antibiotic is bactericidal and is orally bioavailable in mice."	( Structure-activity relationship for the oxadiazole class of antibiotics. Antunes, NT; Boudreau, MA; Chang, M; Ding, D; Lastochkin, E; Leemans, E; Lichtenwalter, K; Mobashery, S; O'Daniel, PI; Peng, Z; Pi, H; Schroeder, VA; Song, W; Spink, E; Suckow, MA; Testero, SA; Vakulenko, S; Wolter, WR, 2015)
"2h) and low absolute bioavailability (1."	( Novel, potent, orally bioavailable and selective mycobacterial ATP synthase inhibitors that demonstrated activity against both replicating and non-replicating M. tuberculosis. Chaturvedi, V; Dasgupta, A; Gupta, AD; Jaiswal, S; Kashyap, VK; Khan, SR; Krishnan, MY; Lal, J; Roy, KK; Saxena, AK; Sharma, A; Sharma, SK; Singh, S; Sinha, S; Srivastava, R, 2015)
"Decreases in the bioavailability of rifampicin (RFP) can lead to the development of drug resistance and treatment failure."	( Relative bioavailability of rifampicin in four Chinese fixed-dose combinations compared with rifampicin in free combinations. Chen, MT; Chi, JY; Fu, L; Guo, SC; Hao, LH; Liu, CC; Lu, Y; Nie, WJ; Wang, B; Yang, W; Zhou, L; Zhu, H, 2015)
" The three two-drug FDCs (formulations B, C and D) displayed inferior RFP bioavailability compared with the reference (Chinese Clinical Trials registration number: ChiCTR-TTRCC-12002451)."	( Relative bioavailability of rifampicin in four Chinese fixed-dose combinations compared with rifampicin in free combinations. Chen, MT; Chi, JY; Fu, L; Guo, SC; Hao, LH; Liu, CC; Lu, Y; Nie, WJ; Wang, B; Yang, W; Zhou, L; Zhu, H, 2015)
"An early prediction of solubility in physiological media (PBS, SGF and SIF) is useful to predict qualitatively bioavailability and absorption of lead candidates."	( Thermodynamic equilibrium solubility measurements in simulated fluids by 96-well plate method in early drug discovery. Bharate, SS; Vishwakarma, RA, 2015)
"14 times higher (in comparison to free RIF) plasma bioavailability with sustained levels for 5 days."	( Nano-formulation of rifampicin with enhanced bioavailability: development, characterization and in-vivo safety. Jindal, S; Kaur, IP; Sharma, G; Singh, H; Singh, M, 2015)
" For PK studies, it was found that relative bioavailability (RB) was decreased to 22."	( Combined effect of rifampicin-induced P-glycoprotein expression and lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal sepsis on the effective permeability and pharmacokinetics of an anti-malarial candidate CDRI 97/78 in rats. Hidau, MK; Krishna, J; Singh, SK; Singh, Y, 2015)
"Bosutinib is an orally bioavailable dual Src/Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a CYP3A4 enzyme substrate."	( Effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of bosutinib, a dual Src/Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor, when administered concomitantly to healthy subjects. Abbas, R; Boni, J; Sonnichsen, D, 2015)
" Bioavailability decreases with increasing dose, yet high daily exposures are likely needed to improve efficacy and shorten the tuberculosis treatment duration."	( Novel dosing strategies increase exposures of the potent antituberculosis drug rifapentine but are poorly tolerated in healthy volunteers. Benson, CA; Cramer, Y; Dooley, KE; Dorman, SE; Haas, DW; Hafner, R; Hogg, E; Hovind, L; Janik, J; Marzinke, MA; Park, JG; Patterson, K; Savic, RM, 2015)
" Tasimelteon is rapidly absorbed, with a mean absolute bioavailability of approximately 38%, and is extensively metabolized primarily by oxidation at multiple sites, mainly by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 and CYP3A4/5, as initially demonstrated by in vitro studies and confirmed by the results of clinical drug-drug interactions presented here."	( Clinical assessment of drug-drug interactions of tasimelteon, a novel dual melatonin receptor agonist. Baroldi, P; Dressman, MA; Kramer, WG; Ogilvie, BW; Torres, R, 2015)
"Rifampicin is one of the frontline drugs for tuberculosis therapy but poor bioavailability of Rifampicin in combination with other anti-tuberculosis drugs is a subject of concern."	( In vitro controlled release of Rifampicin through liquid-crystalline folate nanoparticles. Misra, R; Mohanty, S; Parmar, R, 2015)
" Thus, the results presented herein strongly indicate the potential of this scaffold for its use as multi-drug resistance reversal agent or bioavailability enhancer."	( Discovery of 4-acetyl-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(p-tolyl)-5-methylpyrrole as a dual inhibitor of human P-glycoprotein and Staphylococcus aureus Nor A efflux pump. Bharate, JB; Bharate, SB; Joshi, P; Khan, IA; Kumar, A; Sharma, S; Singh, S; Vishwakarma, RA; Wani, A, 2015)
" However, RIF in the IRPP group had a shorter Tmax and higher bioavailability than orally dosed groups."	( Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Rifampicin Porous Particles for Tuberculosis Treatment: Insight into Rifampicin Absorption from the Lungs of Guinea Pigs. Edwards, D; Elbert, K; Garcia Contreras, L; Hickey, A; Ibrahim, M; Sung, J, 2015)
" Using several drugs substances as an example, increased bioavailability and specific activity were demonstrated for the formulations equipped with such transport nanosystem."	( [Pharmacological agents and transport nanosystems based on plant phospholipids]. Druzilovskaya, OS; Ignatov, DV; Ipatova, OM; Kasatkina, EO; Kudinov, VA; Medvedeva, NV; Prosorovskiy, VN; Tikhonova, EG, )
"Many active substances are poorly water-soluble and pose a great challenge when orally administered because drug bioavailability is largely dependent on its solubility."	( Impact of HPMC on the physical properties of spray-congealed PEG microparticles and its swelling effect on rifampicin dissolution. Chan, LW; Heng, PW; Oh, CM; Ru Shan Siow, C, 2016)
" These compounds have excellent oral bioavailability in preclinical species and exhibit pharmacodynamic effects of S1P1 antagonism in several in vivo models following oral dosing."	( Identification and Optimization of Benzimidazole Sulfonamides as Orally Bioavailable Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 1 Antagonists with in Vivo Activity. Adam, A; Byth, K; Castriotta, L; Grewal, G; Hamilton, GA; Hennessy, EJ; Kamhi, VM; Lewis, P; Li, D; Lyne, P; Öster, L; Oza, V; Rooney, MT; Saeh, JC; Sha, L; Su, Q; Wen, S; Xue, Y; Yang, B, 2015)
" Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling found that influential covariates for the pharmacokinetics were weight, sex, and a 30% increased bioavailability among heterozygous carriers of SLCO1B1 rs1104581 (previously associated with low rifampin concentrations)."	( Effect of SLCO1B1 Polymorphisms on Rifabutin Pharmacokinetics in African HIV-Infected Patients with Tuberculosis. Egan, D; Hennig, S; Kellerman, T; McIlleron, H; Naiker, S; Owen, A; Pym, A; Reddy, T; Wiesner, L, 2016)
" Relative bioavailability in children was estimated at 49% lower compared to adults (100% relative bioavailability)."	( A simultaneous population pharmacokinetic analysis of rifampicin in Malawian adults and children. Davies, G; Dzinjalamala, FK; Khoo, S; Lopez, N; Mlota, R; Molyneux, E; Pertinez, H; Schipani, A; van Oosterhout, JJ; Ward, SA, 2016)
" Simulations with apparent oral clearance increased by 71% and 36% and relative bioavailability decreased by 20% and 45% for darunavir and ritonavir, respectively, were performed for +rifampicin, 600 mg once daily (n = 1000)."	( Simulation of the impact of rifampicin on once-daily darunavir/ritonavir pharmacokinetics and dose adjustment strategies: a population pharmacokinetic approach. Back, D; Boffito, M; Dickinson, L; Khoo, S; Siccardi, M; Winston, A, 2016)
" Apixaban absolute oral bioavailability was 49 % when administered alone and 39 % following induction by rifampin."	( Effect of Rifampin on the Pharmacokinetics of Apixaban, an Oral Direct Inhibitor of Factor Xa. Boyd, RA; Byon, W; Dias, C; Frost, C; LaCreta, F; Shenker, A; Vakkalagadda, B; Wang, J; Yu, Z; Zhang, D, 2016)
"Co-administration of apixaban with rifampin reduced apixaban exposure via both decreased bioavailability and increased systemic clearance."	( Effect of Rifampin on the Pharmacokinetics of Apixaban, an Oral Direct Inhibitor of Factor Xa. Boyd, RA; Byon, W; Dias, C; Frost, C; LaCreta, F; Shenker, A; Vakkalagadda, B; Wang, J; Yu, Z; Zhang, D, 2016)
" Absolute bioavailability of CLA was reduced from ∼40% to below 5% after comedication of RIF in both schedules of administration, and Tmax occurred ∼2-3 h earlier."	( Pharmacokinetics and Pulmonary Distribution of Clarithromycin and Rifampicin after Concomitant and Consecutive Administration in Foals. Berlin, S; Grube, M; Hasan, M; Keiser, M; Lumpe, S; Oswald, S; Siegmund, W; Spieckermann, L; Ullrich, A; Venner, M, 2016)
" However, the Caco-2 cell transwell experiment showed that moxifloxacin could not affect the absorption rate of rifampicin."	( Drug-drug interactions between moxifloxacin and rifampicin based on pharmacokinetics in vivo in rats. Huang, L; Huang, Y; Liu, J; Shi, L; Xiao, H; Yu, X, 2016)
"P-glycoprotein ( P-GP: , encoding gene Abcb1) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein ( BCRP: , encoding gene Abcg2) are transport proteins that play a major role in modulating the bioavailability of oral drugs in humans and rodents."	( Potential pharmacokinetic effect of rifampicin on enrofloxacin in broilers: Roles of P-glycoprotein and BCRP induction by rifampicin. Dai, X; Guo, M; Hu, D; Ren, W; Sun, Y; Wang, L; Zhang, Y, 2016)
" Its bioavailability at an oral dose of 2 mg/kg was 15%."	( Amphiphilic xanthones as a potent chemical entity of anti-mycobacterial agents with membrane-targeting properties. Beuerman, RW; Cao, D; Corkran, HM; Dick, T; Koh, JJ; Lakshminarayanan, R; Lim, F; Lin, S; Liu, S; Mukherjee, D; Stocker, BL; Tan, DTH; Tan, DZ; Tan, JK; Timmer, MSM; Zou, H, 2016)
" Eventually, the rifampicin bioavailability was improved with depressed clearance in mice without gallbladders."	( Effect of cholecystectomy on bile acids as well as relevant enzymes and transporters in mice: Implication for pharmacokinetic changes of rifampicin. Duan, Y; Ma, Y; Qin, H; Rao, Z; Wei, Y; Wu, X; Xi, L; Zhang, F; Zhang, J; Zhao, Y, 2017)
"One of the main obstacles to the successful treatment of tuberculosis is the poor and variable oral bioavailability of rifampicin (RIF), which is mainly due to its low hydrophilicity and dissolution rate."	( Very fast dissolving acid carboxymethylcellulose-rifampicin matrix: Development and solid-state characterization. Garro-Linck, Y; Luciani-Giacobbe, LC; Manzo, RH; Monti, GA; Olivera, ME; Ramírez-Rigo, MV, 2017)
" Several factors like age, weight, gender, doses and formulations, gastro-intestinal disorders, ethnicity etc alter the absorption and bioavailability of rifampicin thus altering the drug levels."	( Importance of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Rifampicin. Amale, RA; Ashavaid, TF; Chawla, PK; Dherai, AJ; Lokhande, RV; Mahashur, AA; Naik, PR; Soman, R; Udwadia, ZF, 2016)
" Compound 10a also displayed good pharmacokinetic profiles with oral bioavailability (F) of 41."	( Discovery of new chemical entities as potential leads against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Ding, K; Li, M; Liu, Z; Lu, X; Tang, J; Zhang, T; Zhang, X, 2016)
"Tedizolid is an orally bioavailable oxazolidinone with once-daily dosing and broad-spectrum Gram-positive activity."	( Exploring the pharmacodynamic interactions between tedizolid and other orally bioavailable antimicrobials against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Werth, BJ, 2017)
" The addition of other orally bioavailable anti-staphylococcal agents to tedizolid may be unlikely to improve killing but further research is warranted to assess the impact of these combinations on resistance prevention, or against biofilm-embedded organisms."	( Exploring the pharmacodynamic interactions between tedizolid and other orally bioavailable antimicrobials against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Werth, BJ, 2017)
"Cavosonstat (N91115), an orally bioavailable inhibitor of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase, promotes cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) maturation and plasma membrane stability, with a mechanism of action complementary to CFTR correctors and potentiators."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of cavosonstat (N91115) in healthy and cystic fibrosis adults homozygous for F508DEL-CFTR. Casey, A; Chmiel, JF; Donaldson, SH; Flume, PA; Mandagere, A; McCoy, K; Shoemaker, SA; Solomon, GM; Taylor-Cousar, JL; Troha, JM; Zeitlin, PL; Zemanick, ET, 2017)
" We sought to test the hypothesis that markers of intestinal damage, bacterial translocation and systemic immune activation would relate to rifampicin bioavailability among HIV/TB patients."	( Markers of gut dysfunction do not explain low rifampicin bioavailability in HIV-associated TB. Bisson, GP; Gumbo, T; Modongo, C; Pasipanodya, J; Ravimohan, S; Srivastava, S; Tamuhla, N; Vinnard, C; Weissman, D; Zetola, NM, 2017)
" Non-linear mixed-effects modelling was performed to determine whether variability in markers of gut damage, microbial translocation or systemic immune activation contributed to variability in rifampicin bioavailability before and after the initiation of ART."	( Markers of gut dysfunction do not explain low rifampicin bioavailability in HIV-associated TB. Bisson, GP; Gumbo, T; Modongo, C; Pasipanodya, J; Ravimohan, S; Srivastava, S; Tamuhla, N; Vinnard, C; Weissman, D; Zetola, NM, 2017)
" In the non-linear mixed-effects model, we did not observe significant covariate effects of markers of gut damage, microbial translocation or immune activation on rifampicin bioavailability before and after ART initiation."	( Markers of gut dysfunction do not explain low rifampicin bioavailability in HIV-associated TB. Bisson, GP; Gumbo, T; Modongo, C; Pasipanodya, J; Ravimohan, S; Srivastava, S; Tamuhla, N; Vinnard, C; Weissman, D; Zetola, NM, 2017)
"Rifaximin, a poorly absorbed antibiotics, has gut-specific therapeutic effects."	( Emergence of rifampin-resistant staphylococci after rifaximin administration in cirrhotic patients. Chang, JY; Joo, YH; Jung, HK; Jung, SA; Kim, SE; Kim, TH; Lee, J; Lee, KE; Lee, KH; Moon, CM; Ryu, MS; Shim, KN; Woo, SY, 2017)
" MDR-TB treatment did not have a significant effect on the bioavailability, clearance, or absorption rate constants of lopinavir or ritonavir."	( Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interactions of Lopinavir-Ritonavir Administered with First- and Second-Line Antituberculosis Drugs in HIV-Infected Children Treated for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. de Kock, M; Denti, P; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; McIlleron, H; Norman, J; Schaaf, HS; Tikiso, T; van der Laan, LE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J, 2018)
"The nanosized rifampicin (RIF) has been prepared to increase the solubility in aqueous solution, which leads to remarkable enhancement of its bioavailability and their convenient delivery system studied by newly produced nontoxic, biodegradable magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONs) cross-linked polyethylene glycol hybrid chitosan (mCS-PEG) gel beads."	( Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONs) cross-linked natural polymer-based hybrid gel beads: Controlled nano anti-TB drug delivery application. Annaraj, J; Ayyanaar, S; Dhaveethu Raja, J; Kesavan, MP; Rajesh, J; Sakthipandi, K; Vijayakumar, V, 2018)
" These results suggest that rifapentine delivery via ASD with these cellulosic polymers may improve bioavailability in vivo."	( Cellulose-based amorphous solid dispersions enhance rifapentine delivery characteristics in vitro. Edgar, KJ; Mosquera-Giraldo, LI; Neilson, AP; Nichols, BLB; Novo, DC; Taylor, LS; Winslow, CJ, 2018)
" Rifampicin, which is very effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in both the phases of treatment, has certain concerns, which includes, decreased bioavailability with chronic use and hepatotoxicity."	( A Randomized, Controlled, Phase III Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Tolerability of Risorine with Conventional Rifampicin in the Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients. Jagannath, K; Patel, A; Patel, M; Patel, N; Vora, A, 2017)
"Exposure to nintedanib is increased by co-administration of ketoconazole and decreased by co-administration of rifampicin, likely due to effects on bioavailability of the absorbed fraction."	( Effects of Ketoconazole and Rifampicin on the Pharmacokinetics of Nintedanib in Healthy Subjects. Dallinger, C; Jungnik, A; Luedtke, D; Marzin, K; von Wangenheim, U, 2018)
"We performed an open-label, three-way cross-over study of three licensed RMP-containing formulations widely used in South Africa to evaluate the bioavailability of RMP in a two-drug fixed-dose combination tablet (2FDC) and a four-drug FDC (4FDC) against a single-drug reference."	( Quality assurance of rifampicin-containing fixed-drug combinations in South Africa: dosing implications. Chirehwa, MT; Court, R; Kramer, N; McIlleron, H; Smythe, W; Wiesner, L; Wright, B, 2018)
" The AUC0-12 of the 4FDC/reference (geometric mean ratio [GMR] 78%, 90%CI 69-89) indicated an average 20% reduction in RMP bioavailability in the 4FDC."	( Quality assurance of rifampicin-containing fixed-drug combinations in South Africa: dosing implications. Chirehwa, MT; Court, R; Kramer, N; McIlleron, H; Smythe, W; Wiesner, L; Wright, B, 2018)
"Post-marketing surveillance of in vivo bioavailability of RMP and improved weight band-based dosing are recommended."	( Quality assurance of rifampicin-containing fixed-drug combinations in South Africa: dosing implications. Chirehwa, MT; Court, R; Kramer, N; McIlleron, H; Smythe, W; Wiesner, L; Wright, B, 2018)
" Multidrug-resistance TB developed due to error in TB management in the past such as initiation of an inadequat regimen using first line anti-TB drugs, the addition of single drug to a failing regimen, the failure to identify pre-existing resistance and variations in bioavailability of anti-TB drugs that predispose the patient to the development of MDR-TB."	( Risk Factors for Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis. Rumende, CM, 2018)
" Our primary objectives were to: 1) refine the previously developed bosutinib PBPK model on the basis of the latest oral bioavailability data and 2) verify the refined PBPK model with P-glycoprotein kinetics on the basis of the bosutinib drug-drug interaction (DDI) results with ketoconazole and rifampin."	( Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling in Understanding Bosutinib Drug-Drug Interactions: Importance of Intestinal P-Glycoprotein. Costales, C; Kimoto, E; Loi, CM; Varma, MV; Yamazaki, S, 2018)
" The low bioavailability of rifampicin (RIF), one of the vital constituent of antitubercular therapy, instigates an urge to develop nanocarrier, which can prevent its degradation in the acidic pH of the stomach."	( Formulation, optimization, and characterization of rifampicin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for the treatment of tuberculosis. Chokshi, NV; Khatri, HN; Patel, MM, 2018)
" Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that 1 has an oral bioavailability with an average F-value of 27."	( An antimycobacterial pleuromutilin analogue effective against dormant bacilli. Eslamimehr, S; Franzblau, SG; Kong, Y; Kurosu, M; Lemieux, MR; Mitachi, K; Park, F; Pressly, JD; Siricilla, S; Wang, Y; Yang, D, 2018)
" Monotherapy with an orally bioavailable MptpB inhibitor reduces infection burden in acute and chronic guinea pig models and improves the overall pathology."	( Structure-Based Design of MptpB Inhibitors That Reduce Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Survival and Infection Burden in Vivo. Cavet, JS; Chakraborty, A; Fernandez, P; Gutierrez, MG; Kreiswith, BN; Kurepina, N; Naranjo, Y; Park, S; Perlin, DS; Pons, M; Saville, C; Schnettger, LS; Silva, APG; Tabernero, L; Thomas, EJ; Vickers, CF, 2018)
" These compounds were found to be orally bioavailable and highly effective."	( Synthesis, antituberculosis studies and biological evaluation of new quinoline derivatives carrying 1,2,4-oxadiazole moiety. Eswaran, S; Narayanan, S; Shivarudraiah, P; Shruthi, TG; Subramanian, S, 2019)
"Tuberculosis (TB) chemotherapy witnesses some major challenges such as poor water-solubility and bioavailability of drugs that frequently delay the treatment."	( HPMA-PLGA Based Nanoparticles for Effective In Vitro Delivery of Rifampicin. Chauhan, DS; Gothwal, A; Gupta, U; Gupta, UD; Pachouri, PK; Pandey, PK; Rani, S, 2018)
" It may be concluded that HPR-NPs holds promising potential for increasing solubility and bioavailability of RMP."	( HPMA-PLGA Based Nanoparticles for Effective In Vitro Delivery of Rifampicin. Chauhan, DS; Gothwal, A; Gupta, U; Gupta, UD; Pachouri, PK; Pandey, PK; Rani, S, 2018)
"Tetrazole, a bioisostere of the carboxylic acid group, can replace the carboxyl group in drugs to increase the lipophilicity, bioavailability and reduce side effects."	( Recent advances of tetrazole derivatives as potential anti-tubercular and anti-malarial agents. Chang, L; Ding, C; Feng, LS; Gao, C; Wu, X; Xu, Z; Yan, XF; Zhao, F, 2019)
"0 h and the bioavailability was only 31."	( [Effects of tannins in Galla Chinensis on pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in vivo and in vitro]. Chen, J; Dong, ZY; Huang, JM; Jin, R; Liu, YL; Tang, H; Wang, MS; Wang, Q; Ye, JC, 2018)
"The formulation of the antituberculosis drug rifampicin embedded into 20-30 nm nanoparticles from soy phosphatidylcholine and sodium oleate, is characterized by greater bioavailability as compared with free drug substance."	( [Increase of antituberculosis efficiency of rifampicin embedded into phospholipid nanoparticles with sodium oleate]. Ipatova, OM; Medvedeva, NV; Prozorovskiy, VN; Sanzhakov, MA; Tikhonova, EG; Torkhovskaya, TI; Zakharova, TS, 2018)
"Anti-tuberculosis drug delivery has remained a challenge due to inconsistent bioavailability and inadequate sustained-release properties leading to treatment failure."	( Lipopolysaccharide Polyelectrolyte Complex for Oral Delivery of an Anti-tubercular Drug. Choonara, YE; Kumar, P; Pillay, V; Ramburrun, P; Sumaila, M, 2019)
"One of the most effective strategies to enhance the bioavailability and the therapeutic effect of hydrophobic drugs is the use of nanocarriers."	( Enhanced effects of curcumin encapsulated in polycaprolactone-grafted oligocarrageenan nanomicelles, a novel nanoparticle drug delivery system. Bénard, S; Bhaw-Luximon, A; Casale, S; Catan, A; Couprie, J; Diotel, N; Gimié, F; Giraud, P; Jhurry, D; Koshel, D; Lallemand, L; Lefebvre D'Hellencourt, C; Meilhac, O; Meneyrol, V; Youssouf, L, 2019)
" Thus, our modified drug delivery nanocomposites afforded higher drug bioavailability with large potential for fabrication as long-acting drug delivery nanocomposites, especially with hydrophobic drugs inducing the growth of osteoblastic bone cells."	( Fabrication of bioactive rifampicin loaded κ-Car-MA-INH/Nano hydroxyapatite composite for tuberculosis osteomyelitis infected tissue regeneration. Amarnath Praphakar, R; Rajan, M; Sam Ebenezer, R; Shakila, H; Sumathra, M; Vignesh, S, 2019)
" Pretomanid pharmacokinetic behavior was described by a one-compartment model that at a given dose was linear in its absorption and clearance processes but where the rate of absorption and extent of bioavailability changed with dose."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of the Antituberculosis Agent Pretomanid. Everitt, D; Nedelman, JR; Salinger, DH; Subramoney, V, 2019)
"The therapeutic success of peptidic GLP-1 receptor agonists for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) motivated our search for orally bioavailable small molecules that can activate the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) as a well-validated target for T2DM."	( Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Potent Positive Allosteric Modulators of the Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor (GLP-1R). Breitschopf, K; Defossa, E; Kurz, M; Lebreton, S; Li, Z; Lohmann, M; Löhn, M; Matter, H; Méndez, M; Mors, H; Podeschwa, M; Rackelmann, N; Riedel, J; Safar, P; Schäfer, M; Thorpe, DS; Weitz, D, 2020)
" This strategy can enable efficient distribution of rifampicin within the lungs, localizing its action, enhancing its bioavailability and reducing its systemic exposure consequently side effects."	( Rifampicin-Carbohydrate Spray-Dried Nanocomposite: A Futuristic Multiparticulate Platform For Pulmonary Delivery. Elgindy, NA; Mehanna, MM; Mohyeldin, SM, 2019)
"Presently, we provide a proof of the fact that the simultaneous oral administration of rifampicin (RIF), upon incorporation into solid lipid nanoparticles (RIF-SLNs), with isoniazid (INH) overcomes its INH-induced degradation and improves its oral bioavailability in rats."	( Encapsulating Rifampicin into SLNs: A Viable Option for Managing its Bioavailability Issues Upon Co-Delivery with Isoniazid. Bambal, R; Bhatnagar, PK; Chaira, T; Kaur, IP; Khanna, A; Singh, H; Singh, M; Sood, R; Upadhaya, DJ, 2020)
"The results confirm the scope of combining RIF-SLNs with INH to overcome the bioavailability of free RIF when combined with INH, especially in fixed dose combinations."	( Encapsulating Rifampicin into SLNs: A Viable Option for Managing its Bioavailability Issues Upon Co-Delivery with Isoniazid. Bambal, R; Bhatnagar, PK; Chaira, T; Kaur, IP; Khanna, A; Singh, H; Singh, M; Sood, R; Upadhaya, DJ, 2020)
" An absolute bioavailability study informed the hepatic and gastric availability."	( Predicting Clinical Effects of CYP3A4 Modulators on Abemaciclib and Active Metabolites Exposure Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Dickinson, GL; Hall, SD; Kulanthaivel, P; Morse, BL; Posada, MM; Turner, PK, 2020)
" The analyses demonstrate that meal affected the bioavailability, primary absorption rate constant, and zero order absorption time in the constructed model."	( The Population Pharmacokinetics of Rifampicin in Japanese Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients. Atsuda, K; Kobayashi, M; Kohno, H; Koike, Y; Maruoka, D; Nagai, H; Nishimura, T, 2020)
" This strategy allows for increasing the dissolution rate and improving the bioavailability of this BCS class II drug."	( Rifampicin nanocrystals: Towards an innovative approach to treat tuberculosis. Bou-Chacra, NA; Henostroza, MAB; Löbenberg, R; Melo, KJC, 2020)
"Molibresib (GSK525762), an orally bioavailable small molecule with 2 major equipotent active metabolites, is being developed for the treatment of cancers."	( An Adaptive Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic-Driven Design to Investigate the Effect of Itraconazole and Rifampicin on the Pharmacokinetics of Molibresib (GSK525762) in Healthy Female Volunteers. Collins, G; Ferron-Brady, G; Kremer, BE; Patel, A; Riddell, K; Schramek, D; Zhou, Y, 2021)
"The in vivo release segregation of rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) has been proposed as a strategy to avoid RIF acid degradation, which is known as one of the main factors for reduced RIF bioavailability and can result in drug-resistant tuberculosis."	( Anti-tuberculosis site-specific oral delivery system that enhances rifampicin bioavailability in a fixed-dose combination with isoniazid. Litterio, NJ; Lorenzutti, AM; Luciani-Giacobbe, LC; Olivera, ME; Ramírez-Rigo, MV, 2021)
"Nadolol is a hydrophilic and nonselective β-adrenoceptor blocker with a bioavailability of 30%, relatively longer half-life, negligible metabolism, and predominant renal excretion."	( Urinary Excretion of Nadolol as a Possible In Vivo Probe for Drug Interactions Involving P-Glycoprotein. Kuroda, J; Misaka, S; Shimazaki, S; Shimomura, K, 2021)
" The in vivo pharmacokinetic studies in sprague-dawley rats were performed and Mn-RIF-SLNs showed remarkable enhancement in terms of relative bioavailability (~17-folds) as compared to its drug solution via oral administration."	( Fabrication and Characterization of Surface Engineered Rifampicin Loaded Lipid Nanoparticulate Systems for the Potential Treatment of Tuberculosis: An In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. Bora, V; Chokshi, NV; Gajjar, S; Patel, BM; Patel, MM; Rawal, S; Solanki, D, 2021)
" For both formulations, the intra-tracheal delivery led to significantly higher AUC compared to the oral delivery at the same dose suggesting higher rifampicin bioavailability from the inhaled route."	( Pharmacokinetics of rifampicin after repeated intra-tracheal administration of amorphous and crystalline powder formulations to Sprague Dawley rats. Das, SC; Dummer, J; Hill, PC; Katare, R; Khadka, P; Sinha, S; Tucker, IG, 2021)
" This model was built based on physiochemical data and clinical in vivo drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies with itraconazole and fluconazole, and verified against data from an in vivo rifampicin DDI study and an absolute bioavailability study."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Selumetinib to Evaluate Drug-Drug Interactions and Pediatric Dose Regimens. Cohen-Rabbie, S; Freshwater, T; Jain, L; Schalkwijk, S; Tomkinson, H; Vishwanathan, K; Wild, M; Xu, S; Zhou, D; Zhou, L, 2021)
" Following oral administration in mice, drug loaded StM exhibited highest distribution in macrophage rich organs, longer half-life, AUC, AUMC and MRT in comparison to isotactic nanomicelles indicating maximum bioavailability and efficacy of StM."	( Polyethylene imine conjugated supramolecular stereocomplexed nanomicelles for intracellular delivery of rifampicin against Mycobacterium bovis. Ali, S; Arshad, R; Aslam, A; Kiani, MH; Qadry, A; Shahnaz, G, 2021)
" Rifampicin bioavailability was also lower in patients on concomitant ART."	( Effect of efavirenz-based ART on the pharmacokinetics of rifampicin and its primary metabolite in patients coinfected with TB and HIV. Äbelö, A; Ashton, M; Bienvenu, E; Sundell, J, 2021)
" Most antibiotics active against Gram-positive cocci (GPC) exhibit both high oral bioavailability and bone diffusion."	( Fully oral targeted antibiotic therapy for Gram-positive cocci-related periprosthetic joint infections: a real-life before and after study. Beltrand, E; Blondiaux, N; Coehlo, A; Dezeque, H; Loiez, C; Migaud, H; Patoz, P; Putman, S; Robineau, O; Senneville, E; Titecat, M, 2021)
" Antibiotics prescribed to our patients had high oral bioavailability and bone diffusion with rifampicin/fluoroquinolone combinations being the most frequent antibiotic regimens."	( Fully oral targeted antibiotic therapy for Gram-positive cocci-related periprosthetic joint infections: a real-life before and after study. Beltrand, E; Blondiaux, N; Coehlo, A; Dezeque, H; Loiez, C; Migaud, H; Patoz, P; Putman, S; Robineau, O; Senneville, E; Titecat, M, 2021)
"Full oral targeted antibiotic therapy using a drug regimen with high oral bioavailability and good bone diffusion is an option for the treatment of patients with GPC-related PJIs."	( Fully oral targeted antibiotic therapy for Gram-positive cocci-related periprosthetic joint infections: a real-life before and after study. Beltrand, E; Blondiaux, N; Coehlo, A; Dezeque, H; Loiez, C; Migaud, H; Patoz, P; Putman, S; Robineau, O; Senneville, E; Titecat, M, 2021)
" Bedaquiline bioavailability was 57% of that in adults."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Bedaquiline in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Positive and Negative Older Children and Adolescents With Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis. Draper, HR; Fourie, B; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; Hughes, JA; Radtke, KK; Savic, RM; Schaaf, HS; Solans, BP; van der Laan, L; Wiesner, L; Winckler, JL, 2022)
"Rifampicin is one of the most commonly used antibiotics for treating tuberculosis, but shows low bioavailability and requires long-term administration, and hence its use may result in severe side effects."	( Optimization of rifampicin encapsulation in PLGA polymeric reservoirs. Castañeda-Fernandez, C; Chávez-Santos, RM; Espitia-Pinzón, C; Kozina, A; Martínez, R; Silva-Miranda, M, 2022)
"To assess the impact of diabetes mellitus on plasma concentration and bioavailability of rifampicin."	( Impact of diabetes mellitus on rifampicin's plasma concentration and bioavailability in patients with tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis study. El-Sheikh, SMA; Galal, AAA; Metwally, AS, )
"Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PubMed and Scopus databases were screened until September 2020 on studies reported rifampicin's plasma concentration, bioavailability among diabetic tuberculosis patients and non-diabetic tuberculosis patients."	( Impact of diabetes mellitus on rifampicin's plasma concentration and bioavailability in patients with tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis study. El-Sheikh, SMA; Galal, AAA; Metwally, AS, )
" There were no significant difference in rifampicin's maximum plasma concentration, event of low maximum plasma concentration, bioavailability and half-life between both groups."	( Impact of diabetes mellitus on rifampicin's plasma concentration and bioavailability in patients with tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis study. El-Sheikh, SMA; Galal, AAA; Metwally, AS, )
"Diabetes mellitus attributed with 37% of low rifampicin's plasma concentration 2-h after administration but not influenced rifampicin's maximum plasma concentration, bioavailability and half-life."	( Impact of diabetes mellitus on rifampicin's plasma concentration and bioavailability in patients with tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis study. El-Sheikh, SMA; Galal, AAA; Metwally, AS, )
" The model estimated an autoinduction of both rifampin bioavailability (0."	( Effects of Enzyme Induction and Polymorphism on the Pharmacokinetics of Isoniazid and Rifampin in Tuberculosis/HIV Patients. Äbelö, A; Ashton, M; Bienvenu, E; Birgersson, S; Sundell, J, 2022)
"In order to clarify the effect of rifampicin on the bioavailability of the P-glycoprotein substrate talinolol, its absorption kinetics was modeled after multiple-dose oral administration of talinolol in healthy subjects."	( Analysis of Complex Absorption After Multiple Dosing: Application to the Interaction Between the P-glycoprotein Substrate Talinolol and Rifampicin. D'Argenio, DZ; Siegmund, W; Weiss, M, 2022)
"Rifampicin changes the time course of absorption rate but not the fraction absorbed of talinolol."	( Analysis of Complex Absorption After Multiple Dosing: Application to the Interaction Between the P-glycoprotein Substrate Talinolol and Rifampicin. D'Argenio, DZ; Siegmund, W; Weiss, M, 2022)
" To address this issue, we utilized a murine model of antibiotic-induced dysbiosis to assay the bioavailability of rifampicin, moxifloxacin, pyrazinamide, and isoniazid in mouse plasma over a period of 12 h following individual oral administration."	( The Dysbiosis Triggered by First-Line Tuberculosis Antibiotics Fails to Reduce Their Bioavailability. Dartois, V; Mittereder, LR; Namasivayam, S; Oland, S; Sher, A; Wang, H; Zimmerman, M, 2023)
"We measured antibiotic penetration and bioavailability in staphylococcus biofilms using simulated humanized concentrations of fluorescent vancomycin plus or minus rifampin."	( Staphylococcal biofilm: penetration and bioavailability of vancomycin with or without rifampin. Antoci, V; Bleick, CR; Daffinee, KE; Garcia, D; LaPlante, KL; O'Neill, ET; Williams, G, 2023)
"5% reduced bioavailability compared with the dispersible formulation, with no significant differences in other absorption parameters."	( Pharmacokinetics and optimized dosing of dispersible and non-dispersible levofloxacin formulations in young children. Denti, P; Draper, HR; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; Palmer, M; Schaaf, HS; van der Laan, LE; Wiesner, L, 2023)
"The dispersible paediatric levofloxacin formulation has improved bioavailability compared with the crushed non-dispersible adult formulation, but exposures remain below those in adults."	( Pharmacokinetics and optimized dosing of dispersible and non-dispersible levofloxacin formulations in young children. Denti, P; Draper, HR; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; Palmer, M; Schaaf, HS; van der Laan, LE; Wiesner, L, 2023)
"Esaxerenone was estimated to have high bioavailability (85."	( Population pharmacokinetics of esaxerenone, a novel non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor blocker, in patients with essential hypertension, patients with diabetic nephropathy, and healthy volunteers. Fukae, M; Ishizuka, H; Kastrissios, H; Shimizu, T; Wada, R; Yoshihara, K, 2023)
" Age affected the bioavailability of rifampicin and isoniazid; at birth, children had 48."	( Evaluating pediatric tuberculosis dosing guidelines: A model-based individual data pooled analysis. Aarnoutse, R; Chabala, C; Cotton, MF; Denti, P; Galileya, LT; Gibb, D; Hesseling, A; Lee, J; McIlleron, H; Njahira Mukui, I; Rabie, H; Turkova, A; Wasmann, RE; Zar, H, 2023)

Dosage Studied

The efficacy at the currently approved dosage of 600 mg may be slightly lower than that of rifampin. Therapeutic simulations were performed with the full model to study the antibacterial effect of various dosage regimens of r ifampin in lungs.

Excerpt	Reference
" 48 h after dosage of [3H]rifampicin (33 mg/kg) to rats, 29-2 +/- 4-1 (S."	( Implication of rifampicin-quinone in the irreversible binding of rifampicin to macromolecules. Bolt, HM; Remmer, H, 1976)
" Hence probenecid should not be used to reduce rifampicin dosage in antituberculosis therapy."	( Probenecid and rifampicin serum levels. Allan, GW; Fallon, RJ; Lees, AW; Smith, J; Tyrrell, WF, 1975)
" But this effect is small and does not justify a change in the usual dosage of rifampicin."	( [The use of mycobacteria in the estimation of the concentration of antibiotics, antimycotics and antituberculotics (author's transl)]. Iwainsky, H; Reutgen, H; Sesser, I, 1978)
" Basing their comment on the published literature, they analyze the properties, pharmacology, toxicity, and side-effects of each medication, and define their dosage and modes of administration."	( [Principles underlying the use of antituberculosis medication in children (author's transl)]. Besson-Leaud, M; Ollivier, A, )
" The PZA dosage in blood and urine and pyrazinoic acid in urine were performed in a sample of 80 patients divided into 4 groups."	( [Absorption and urinary elimination of pyrazinamid administered alone or in combination with isoniazid and rifampicin]. Bouhassen, H; Boulahbal, F; Khaled, S; Larbaoui, D, )
"5% rifampin according to two dosage schedules."	( Corneal penetration of rifampin. Feldman, MF; Moses, RA, 1977)
" The accumulation of a nontoxic drug in the eye is not necessarily of clinical significance, but ocular damage can occur in patients on long-term tricyclic agents when the amount, duration, and frequency of dosage are sufficiently high."	( Ocular accumulation and toxicity of certain systemically administered drugs. Mason, CG, 1977)
" The 350 children were treated with 2 drugs, during the early years isoniazid and PAS and in the past 3 years isoniazid and rifampicin in standard dosage for either 12 or 18 months."	( Occult tuberculous infection in children. Fox, TG, 1977)
" Both drugs given together have unchanged cinetics and with adapted dosing of isoniazide the hepatic accidents seem to disappear."	( [New information on the metabolism of isoniazide and rifampicin. Their therapeutical consequences (author's transl)]. Canavate, A; Sainte-Laudy, J; Sauvaget, J, 1979)
" It rests on an optimum dosage in connection with a best suited combination, taking into consideration the relations of sensitiveness and side effects as well as consequent long-term treatment."	( [Modern therapy and after-care in urogenital tuberculosis]. Kalweit, H; Lenk, S; Rothkopf, M, 1978)
" The renal elimination of apparent rifampicin can be used as a parameter for assessment of relative bioavailability of rifampicin from oral dosage forms of the same nominal strength if an appropriate number of volunteers is involved in the test."	( The renal elimination of rifampicin as a function of the oral dose. A convenient way to assess relative bioavailability. Brechbühler, S; Fluehler, H; Riess, W; Theobald, W, 1978)
" The patient's cooperation during a systematic triple drug therapy in adequate dosage is important."	( [Present status and treatment of urogenital tuberculosis]. Haubensak, K; Osterhage, HR, 1975)
" With both 600 and 1200 mg rifampicin dosage the bacteriological results at the end of a year were similar (5% bacteriologically unfavourable in each group)."	( A comparative study of daily followed by twice- or once-weekly regimens of ethambutol and rifampicin in the retreatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: second report. , 1976)
" In the treatements with PAS Na and PRA the analysis of the frequencies of the cell carring chromosomal aberrations and of the chromosomal lesion types indicated a dose-response correlation."	( Cytogenetic effect of some anti-tuberculosis drugs in vitro. Georgian, L; Roman, IC, 1977)
" Administration of this drug to two healthy subjects in a dosage of 600 mg daily for 28 days was associated with suppression of T-lymphocyte rosettes."	( Suppression of T-lymphocyte rosettes by rifampin. Studies in normals and patients with tuberculosis. Grieco, MH; Gupta, S; Siegel, I, 1975)
" During this period, the prothrombin time (PT) rose remarkably little as the dosage of warfarin was increased."	( Interaction of rifampin and warfarin. Mann, RB; Self, TH, 1975)
" This indicated that the dosage form of the granules and not PAS itself was responsible for the interaction, and that the dissolution of RMP was not involved."	( Mechanism of the inhibitory effect of PAS granules on the absorption of rifampicin: adsorption of rifampicin by an excipient, bentonite. Boman, G; Lundgren, P; Stjernström, G, 1975)
"00 hr than at other dosing times."	( Chronopharmacokinetics of rifampicin. Avachat, MK; Rambhau, D; Rao, BR; Rao, JV; Rao, VV, 1992)
" A dose-response experiment was performed with clarithromycin at 50, 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg of body weight administered daily by gavage to mice infected with approximately 10(7) viable MAC."	( Activity of clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium complex infection in beige mice. Cynamon, MH; DeStefano, MS; Klemens, SP, 1992)
" Both these antimicrobials seem appropriate for the treatment of meningitis caused by penicillin G-resistant pneumococci provided their dosage is adjusted to achieve adequate drug levels in the cerebrospinal fluid."	( [Bacteriostatic activity and killing curves of eight antibiotics against seven strains of penicillin G-resistant pneumococci]. Barakett, V; Burghoffer, B; Delisle, F; Guidet, B; Lesage, D; Offenstadt, G; Petit, JC; Richard, G; Vergez, P, 1992)
"We present a patient acutely ill from severe tuberculous meningo-encephalitis, in whom acute hepatic and renal failure, due to intercurrent septic shock, precluded the administration of full systemic dosage of antituberculous drugs."	( Intraventricular rifampicin in severe tuberculous meningo-encephalitis. D'Haens, J; Lauwers, S; Meysman, M; Verbeelen, D; Vincken, W, 1992)
" Oral administration of rifampin at three times the intra-articular dosage was devoid of any therapeutic activity."	( Clinical improvement in ankylosing spondylitis with rifamycin SV infiltrations of peripheral joints. Caruso, I; Cazzola, M; Santandrea, S, 1992)
" Monitoring of clinical response and blood drug concentrations is essential to adjust the drug dosage during rifampicin therapy."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with rifampicin. Venkatesan, K, 1992)
" A dose-response experiment was performed with a daily rifapentine dose of 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally."	( Activity of rifapentine against Mycobacterium avium infection in beige mice. Cynamon, MH; Klemens, SP, 1992)
" In order to solve this, we have been using antibiotic therapy with Rifampicin (Rifampin) for the last 2 years; the dosage is 20 mg/kg per day 1 h before surgery and then for 48 h after the surgical procedure."	( Valvular infections in patients with hydrocephalus: preventive aspects. Casagnas, M; Suárez, JC; Tregnaghi, M; Viano, JC, 1990)
" On the basis of pharmacokinetic values, serum concentrations measured in this study, and published minimal inhibitory concentrations, the dosage of 20 mg of rifampin/kg, PO, every 24 hours should provide adequate serum concentrations for treatment of rifampin-susceptible bacterial infections in sheep."	( Pharmacokinetics of rifampin in adult sheep. Jernigan, AD; Rings, DM; Sams, RA; St Jean, GD, 1991)
"By use of the mouse footpad technique, the susceptibility testing of 13 strains of Mycobacterium leprae to rifampicin (RFP) and the determination of minimal effective dosage (MED) were carried out."	( The susceptibility testing of 13 strains of Mycobacterium leprae to rifampicin and the determination of minimal effective dosage. Li, WZ; Shi, MQ; Wang, HY; Ye, GY; Yu, LC, 1991)
" At a dosage of 25 mg/kg, minocycline was more active than clarithromycin at a dosage of 50 mg/kg."	( Effectiveness of clarithromycin and minocycline alone and in combination against experimental Mycobacterium leprae infection in mice. Grosset, JH; Ji, B; Perani, EG, 1991)
" Dose-response relations and kinetics of killing of intracellular bacteria by antibiotics in the free and encapsulated form were studied under different conditions using J 774 mouse macrophages, because phagocytes from CGD patients are not available in great amounts."	( Staphylococci surviving intracellularly in phagocytes from patients suffering from chronic granulomatous disease are killed in vitro by antibiotics encapsulated in liposomes. Hockertz, S; Lohmann-Matthes, ML; Roesler, J; Vogt, B, 1991)
"Comparative efficacy of the use of injection and oral dosage forms of rifampicin in the subtherapeutic doses in combination with peptidoglycan , an immunomodulator of microbial origin, was studied in respect to experimental anthracic infection with application of multifactorial analysis."	( [Comparative multifactorial analysis of combined administration of injection and peroral forms of an antibiotic with a microbial immunomodulator in experimental anthrax]. Bodunkova, LE; Buravtseva, NP; Fomina, IP; Ivanitskaia, LP; Kogotkova, OI; Nikitin, AV, 1991)
" Elderly patients are more sensitive to antituberculous (anti-TB) drugs; therefore, a modification in the dosage for this patient group should be considered."	( The disposition of antituberculous drugs in plasma of elderly patients. II. Isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide. Chan, HS; Chan, K; Walubo, A; Wong, CL; Woo, J, 1991)
" drug abusers on levomethadon maintenance programs, adjustment of the levomethadon dosage may be necessary when specific therapy for HIV infection and associated diseases requires the use of drugs known to be potent inducers of the liver microsomal enzyme system."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of antimicrobial agents with levomethadon in drug-addicted AIDS patients. Brockmeyer, NH; Goos, M; Mertins, L, 1991)
" The peak concentration of rifampin produced by gavage was approximately 11/2 times higher than the maximum plasma concentration of the corresponding dosage in fresh diet."	( Rifampin in drug-incorporated diet: effect of duration and temperature of storage. Relevance to drug-susceptibility testing in mice inoculated with M. leprae. Abraham, B; Cariappa, A; Chacko, CJ, 1991)
" A drug is likely to be particularly effective in widely spaced intermittent dosage if it has a long half-life and high bactericidal activity."	( In vitro activities against mycobacteria of two long-acting rifamycins, FCE22807 and CGP40/469A (SPA-S-565). Dickinson, JM; Mitchison, DA, 1990)
" These data suggest that ciprofloxacin and rifampin may be given concomitantly in standard clinical dosing regimens."	( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of concurrent oral ciprofloxacin and rifampin therapy in elderly patients. Chandler, MH; Korvick, JA; Muder, RR; Rapp, RP; Toler, SM, 1990)
" Daily dosing with 600 mg rifampicin for 22 days caused a three to eightfold increase in the 0-8 h urinary R/S ratio of mephenytoin following oral administration (100 mg) of racemic drug to extensive metabolizers of the anticonvulsant."	( Induction of polymorphic 4'-hydroxylation of S-mephenytoin by rifampicin. Anthony, LB; Wilkinson, GR; Wood, AJ; Zhou, HH, 1990)
" The patient was able to maintain once-a-day dosing without incident even with steroid taper."	( Rapid oral desensitization to isoniazid and rifampin. Bielory, L; Holland, CL; Malasky, C; Ogunkoya, A, 1990)
" These preliminary results indicate that MDT is effective in treatment of paucibacillary leprosy, and also that clinical cure can be achieved in much shorter duration, particularly with higher dosage of rifampicin."	( Multidrug therapy for treatment of paucibacillary leprosy in western Kenya--preliminary communications. Makokha, S; Nyawalo, J; Obura, M; Okelo, C; Okuku, P; Orege, PA, 1990)
" The treatment schemes included daily intra-tonsillar++ injections of the dosage forms for 5 days."	( [Evaluation of liposomal forms of rifampicin and prodigiozan in the treatment of experimental chronic tonsillitis]. Bazavluk, AD; Dikiĭ, IL; Filatov, VF; Iakovenko, VD; Tsyganenko, AIa; Vasil'chenko, VN, 1990)
" The dosage of each drug was very similar whether it was given combined or separately."	( Acceptability, compliance, and adverse reactions when isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide are given as a combined formulation or separately during three-times-weekly antituberculosis chemotherapy. , 1989)
" The main factors increasing the risk of hepatic toxicity was a high dosage of INH and overall malnutrition."	( [Hepatotoxicity of the combination of isoniazid-rifampicin in African children. Role of malnutrition and HB virus]. Boguikouma, JB; Gahouma, D; Gendrel, D; Mouba, JF; Moussavou, A; Nardou, M, 1989)
" Rifampin kinetics were measured at the end of the 22-day dosing period."	( The kinetics of induction by rifampin of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and antipyrine clearance in the dog. Abramson, FP; Lutz, MP, )
" In contrast, clindamycin was highly effective over a broad dosing range (8."	( Comparison of clindamycin, rifampin, tetracycline, metronidazole, and penicillin for efficacy in prevention of experimental gas gangrene due to Clostridium perfringens. Laine, BM; Maier, KA; Mitten, JE; Stevens, DL, 1987)
" In the same subjects, rifabutin in the proposed therapeutic dosage (300 mg daily) for 7 days also enhanced the metabolic elimination of antipyrine, with preferential stimulation of the demethylation pathway, and increased the excretion of 6-beta-hydroxycortisol, but the magnitude of the effects was significantly less than after rifampicin."	( Comparative effects of rifabutin and rifampicin on hepatic microsomal enzyme activity in normal subjects. Frigo, GM; Grimaldi, R; Mönig, H; Ohnhaus, EE; Perucca, E; Sardi, A, 1988)
" This difference should be taken into account when parameters of in-vitro efficacy are applied to establish dosage schedules."	( The efficacy of rifampicin against Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in an experimental infection in normal and granulocytopenic mice. Hoogeterp, JJ; Krul, AM; Mattie, H; van Furth, R, 1988)
" Based on these findings, pirmenol dosage adjustment will be required when pirmenol is given to patients concurrently receiving rifampin."	( Enhanced pirmenol elimination by rifampin. Cetnarowski, AB; Chang, T; Goldfarb, A; Lebsack, ME; Sedman, AJ; Stringer, KA, 1988)
" A freshly made-up solution of this labile antibiotic in a daily dosage of 20 mg/kg iv did not affect mean graft survival time in a heterotopic heart transplant model."	( Rifampicin quinone is an immunosuppressant, but not rifampicin itself. Konrad, P; Stenberg, P, 1988)
"Efficacy of a new rifampicin dosage form developed at the All-Union Research Institute of Antibiotics was studied on dogs with extensive destructive tuberculosis of the lungs."	( [Effectiveness of soluble rifampicin in combination with other antibacterial preparations in treating disseminated destructive pulmonary tuberculosis in an experiment]. Bondarev, IM; Ivanov, VL; Kovaleva, LA; Mozhokina, GN; Novoselova, VP, 1987)
" These findings were confirmed by dose-response curves calculated from fungal dry weight determinations of Rhizopus spp."	( Synergistic action of amphotericin B and rifampin against Rhizopus species. Christenson, JC; Guruswamy, A; Marks, MI; Shalit, I; Welch, DF, 1987)
" Rifampin in a daily dose of 20 mg/kg (maximum 600 mg) for 4 days eradicated the carrier state in 86% of cases, as did the combination of rifampin at the same dosage and trimethoprim in a daily dose of 5 mg/kg (maximum 160 mg) for 4 days."	( Rifampin alone or with trimethoprim for contacts of children with Haemophilus influenzae type b infections. Bannatyne, RM; Cheung, R; Jadavji, T; Prober, CG, 1986)
" Therapeutic activities of R-76-1 versus RMP and DL 473 versus RMP were compared, respectively, in the experimental infection of mice with Mycobacterium lepraemurium by different treatment schedules (immediate and delayed) and dosage regimens."	( Antimycobacterial activities of two newer ansamycins, R-76-1 and DL 473. Chen, JK; Hou, YH; Ji, BH; Lu, XZ; Ni, GX; Tang, QK; Wang, SY; Zhou, DH, 1986)
"The bactericidal activity of the aminoglycoside antibiotics streptomycin and kanamycin for Mycobacterium leprae in mice was assessed, both alone and in combination with rifampin, utilizing various dosage schedules."	( Further studies of the killing of M. leprae by aminoglycosides: reduced dosage and frequency of administration. Gelber, RH, 1987)
"A spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous determination of rifampin and isoniazid in dosage form is described."	( Spectrophotometric estimation of rifampin-isoniazid mixture in dosage form. Das, S; Sharma, SC; Talwar, SK, )
" Self-induction of rifampin clearance by chronic dosing with the drug may lead to subtherapeutic levels of rifampin."	( Pharmacokinetics of antituberculosis drugs in patients. el-Attar, H; Israili, ZH; Rogers, CM, 1987)
" In the first study, when isoniazid was prescribed daily in a dosage of 20 mg/kg, 39% of the patients developed jaundice; however, when the dosage was reduced to 12 mg/kg, the incidence fell to 16%."	( Three chemotherapy studies of tuberculous meningitis in children. Duraipandian, M; Nagarajan, M; Prabhakar, R; Ramachandran, P; Ramakrishnan, CV; Tripathy, SP, 1986)
" ENL was also more frequent in regimens C and D and was not prevented by CLO in the dosage used."	( Prospective study on the relationship between intensive bactericidal therapy and leprosy reactions. Coussens, L; Groenen, G; Janssens, L; Kayembe, T; Nollet, E; Pattyn, SR, 1986)
"An analysis carried out on the dosage schemes adopted in several controlled clinical trials in tuberculosis has indicated that preestablishing the daily doses of isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide in the initial intensive phase results in large deviations of the doses administered from those considered appropriate in mg/kg body weight."	( Short-course chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis: a new approach to drug dosage in the initial intensive phase. Acocella, G; Angel, JH, 1986)
"Six foals from 6 to 8 weeks of age were given a single oral dose of rifampin at a dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight."	( Pharmacokinetics of rifampin given as a single oral dose in foals. Brown, MP; Castro, LA; Gronwall, R; Houston, AE; Miles, N, 1986)
" Of course, overall expense for the hospitalized patient includes costs of tests for monitoring for toxicity as well as administration costs, which are affected by the dosing frequency."	( Choosing antimicrobials. Factors to consider, available agents. Pankey, GA; Valainis, GT, 1985)
" Minor adverse reactions occurred with similar frequencies during daily (5%) and intermittent (5%) treatment but in no case was modification of rifampicin dosage required."	( Safety of thrice-weekly rifampicin for tuberculosis in South-East Asian refugees. McKenzie, DK; Mukerjee, CM, 1985)
" It would appear that dosage intervals may need to be shortened from 12 to 8 h during continuous therapy, and that periodic measurement of rifampin concentration may be required."	( Pharmacokinetics of rifampin in children. I. Multiple dose intravenous infusion. Koup, JR; Smith, AL; Weber, A; Williams-Warren, J, 1986)
" This two-fold effect of rifampin offers an explanation for the discrepancy surrounding the dosage and species differences in hepatic induction reported in the literature."	( Effects of rifampin pretreatment on hepatic parameters in the rabbit. Iverson, F; Whitehouse, LW; Wong, LT, )
" Despite the reduced dosage of thioamide, a 16."	( Hepatotoxicity of the daily combination of 5 mg/kg prothionamide + 10 mg/kg rifampin. Artus, JC; Cartel, JL; Grosset, JH; Naudillon, Y, 1985)
" In patients receiving theophylline, blood levels should be monitored closely and dosage adjusted if rifampicin therapy is introduced or withdrawn."	( Effect of rifampicin administration on theophylline pharmacokinetics in humans. Gray, BJ; Jamieson, AP; Moxham, J; Powell-Jackson, PR; Williams, R, 1985)
" Current dosage recommendations are based on total body weight (TBW); drug toxicity might result in obese patients receiving TBW doses."	( Dosage of antituberculous drugs in obese patients. Geiseler, PJ; Maddux, MS; Manis, RD, 1985)
"A patient with Addison's disease required increased corticosteroid dosage whilst receiving rifampicin."	( Changes in cortisol metabolism following rifampicin therapy. Courtenay-Evans, RJ; Edwards, OM; Galley, JM; Hunter, J; Tait, AD, 1974)
" The others received the same dosage of ethambutol and 450 mg."	( Treatment of chronic drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis with rifampin and ethambutol. Eidus, L; Jeanes, CW; Jessamine, AG, 1972)
" An alteration in the dosage schedule is usually only necessary for drugs with a small therapeutic ratio."	( Clinical implications of enzyme induction and enzyme inhibition. Breckenridge, AM; Park, BK, )
" The results suggest that the dosage of mexiletine should be adjusted when enzyme inducing drugs are started or stopped during therapy with it."	( Effect of rifampicin treatment on the kinetics of mexiletine. Hiltunen, HA; Koivula, IH; Pentikäinen, PJ, 1982)
" The reduction in steady-state beta-adrenergic receptor drug concentration following enzyme induction is sufficiently large that an altered pharmacodynamic response would be expected if no dosage modification is made."	( Enzyme induction and beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drugs. Branch, RA; Herman, RJ, 1984)
" Rifampin was given as sole therapy in a daily dosage of 600 to 1 200 mg."	( [Treatment of human brucellosis with rifampicin]. Cabane, J; Fuchs, G; Godeau, P; Guillevin, L; Herson, S; Philippon, A; Tucat, G, 1984)
" Additional pediatric pharmacokinetic studies are necessary to confirm the current dosage recommendation and use of these agents in the pediatric patient."	( Clinical pharmacology of antitubercular drugs. Blumer, JL; Reed, MD, 1983)
" Prescribed at a daily dosage of 30 to 35 mg/kg (1,5 to 2 g daily), it gives no major side effects."	( [Toxicity of pyrazinamide in antituberculous treatments (author's transl)]. Perdrizet, S; Pretet, S, 1980)
" The most effective dosage was 20 mg of rifampin/kg given once daily for four days."	( Rifampin alone and in combination with trimethoprim in chemoprophylaxis for infections due to Haemophilus influenzae type b. Ambrosino, D; Boies, E; Daum, RS; Glode, MP; Goldmann, DA; Granoff, DM; Halsey, NA; Johansen, TL, )
" Five different dosage combinations of the beta-lactam agent and rifampin were administered for a three-day period, and an attempt was made to correlate peak serum bactericidal titers with results of quantitative cultures of vegetations after therapy."	( Rifampin in experimental endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus in rabbits. Sande, MA; Scheld, WM; Zak, O, )
" After an initial 2 week dosing period, all individuals additionally received 600 mg rifampicin daily for 3 weeks followed by a 4 week period during which again only the propranolol was given."	( Induction of propranolol metabolism by rifampicin. Herman, RJ; Nakamura, K; Wilkinson, GR; Wood, AJ, 1983)
" In a controlled study of culture-positive advanced pulmonary tuberculosis we have compared treatment regimens with PZA in a dosage of less than 2 g and with ethambutol (EMB)."	( [Pyrazinamide versus ethambutol in short-term therapy of lung tuberculosis. A randomized study]. Brändli, O; Fiala, W; Häcki, MA, 1983)
" Therefore alteration in dosage regimes are not necessary in the undernourished."	( Rifampicin kinetics in undernutrition. Krishnaswamy, K; Murthy, KJ; Polasa, K, 1984)
" When recommended dosage regiments are followed, the incidence of adverse reactions is low with short-course therapy, and in only 5% or less of patients is it necessary to withdraw one or more drugs."	( Short-course therapy for tuberculosis. Aquinas, M, 1982)
" The cases were divided into 7 groups depending on the dosage and frequency of administration of RFP."	( Rifampicin (RFP) trial in lepromatous leprosy. Chulawala, RG; Juwatkar, PS; Koticha, KK; Pade, SS, 1982)
" Simulation of plasma concentrations after different dosage regimens shows that a double rate of infusion--20 mg min-1 during 1 h and then 200 mg h-1--allows plasma concentrations to be quickly reached and maintained at a 20 mg L-1 level, far higher than the minimum inhibitory concentrations of most germs."	( Pharmacokinetics of rifampicin and desacetylrifampicin in tuberculous patients after different rates of infusion. Beucler, A; Brioude, R; Houin, G; Lafaix, C; Richelet, S; Tillement, JP, 1983)
" Because of the marked reduction in the extent of bioavailability of total, and especially free, prednisolone, dosage adjustments should be made accordingly if prednisolone and rifampicin are prescribed concomitantly."	( Changes in prednisolone pharmacokinetics and protein binding during treatment with rifampicin. Bergrem, H; Refvem, OK, 1983)
" Because of the marked reduction in total and especially free prednisolone, the dosage should be adjusted accordingly if prednisolone and rifampicin are prescribed concomitantly."	( Altered prednisolone pharmacokinetics in patients treated with rifampicin. Bergrem, H; Refvem, OK, 1983)
"When dosing isoniazid in patients' serum after ingestion, the authors find a difference in the isoniazid levels when isoniazid is used alone, then, when isoniazid is used simultaneously with rifampicin."	( [Antibacterian activity modifications of serum isoniazid when using it with rifampicin (author's transl)]. Bergogne-Berezin, E; Lafaix, C; Nouhouayi, A, 1982)
" The PAE phenomenon may be of clinical importance with regard to dosage regimens in antimicrobial chemotherapy."	( [Experimental study of optimal dose interval in antibiotic therapy]. Craig, WA; Gerber, AU, 1982)
" At the end of treatment 6 of 11 patients given the lower dosage were cured clinically and bacteriologically compared to 8 of 9 given the higher dosage."	( A study of the effectiveness of rifaprim in chronic prostatitis caused mainly by Staphylococcus aureus. Daikos, GK; Giamarellou, H; Kosmidis, J; Leonidas, M; Papadakis, M, 1982)
" Dosage of diazepam may require adjustment in patients with tuberculosis on chemotherapy."	( Diazepam interaction with antituberculosis drugs. Dengler, HJ; Greenblatt, DJ; Ochs, HR; Roberts, GM, 1981)
"Ten healthy volunteers were given 'Rifaprim' in the dosage recommended for the treatment of urinary infections in man (rifampicin 300 mg + trimethoprim 80 mg in the morning and double these amounts at night, for 7 days)."	( Rifaprim (rifampicin plus trimethoprim): pharmacokinetics and effects on the normal flora of man. Brumfitt, W; Hamilton-Miller, JM, )
" The normal dosage was 300 mg twice a day."	( Intravenous use of rifampicin. Boman, G; Nilsson, BS, 1981)
"A 62-year-old man who had been taking 250 mg of chlorpropamide daily for several years received rifampin concomitantly and had a subsequent increased dosing requirement of chlorpropamide."	( Interaction of rifampin and chlorpropamide. Morris, T; Self, TH, 1980)
" No major adverse events requiring dosage reduction or withdrawal of any study medication were seen in either treatment group."	( A pilot study of antituberculosis combinations comparing rifabutin with rifampicin in the treatment of HIV-1 associated tuberculosis. A single-blind randomized evaluation in Ugandan patients with HIV-1 infection and pulmonary tuberculosis. Kityo, C; Lutalo, T; Mateega, A; Mugerwa, R; Mugyenyi, P; Okwera, A; Rubaramira, R; Rüsch-Gerdes, S; Schwander, S; Tugume, S, 1995)
" Analysis of data from previous studies in our laboratories shows that in the absence of intestinal metabolism, cyclosporine absorption from its presently available dosage form averages at least 65% +/- 12% in healthy volunteers and 77% +/- 19% in kidney transplant patients."	( Differentiation of absorption and first-pass gut and hepatic metabolism in humans: studies with cyclosporine. Benet, LZ; Gomez, DY; Gupta, SK; Hebert, MF; Rowland, M; Wacher, VJ; Wu, CY, 1995)
" An intravenous dosage of 1g every 6 hours as initial therapy will be effective in most cases."	( Treatment of Legionnaires' disease. Current recommendations. Carreres, A; Domingo, C; Roig, J, 1993)
" The fluoroquinolones were administered to simulate dosage regimens of 200 mg, 400 mg given intravenously (i."	( Pharmacodynamics of levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, alone and in combination with rifampin, against methicillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro infection model. Kaatz, GW; Kang, SL; McGrath, BJ; Rybak, MJ; Seo, SM, 1994)
" Mouse hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase activity is markedly increased by repeated dosing with rifampicin, whereas administration of rifabutin may be ineffective."	( Induction and autoinduction properties of rifamycin derivatives: a review of animal and human studies. Dostert, P; Strolin Benedetti, M, 1994)
" Pharmacokinetics of selected anti-infective agents are altered in hepatic disease, necessitating careful monitoring and dosage titration to avoid enhanced drug concentrations and risk of toxicity."	( Anti-infective agents and hepatic disease. Tschida, SJ; Vance-Bryan, K; Zaske, DE, 1995)
" Therefore, dosing regimens designed for Caucasians can be extrapolated for other populations."	( Determination of oral rifampin pharmacokinetic parameters in Mexicans and comparison with other populations: absence of evidence for interethnic variability. Castañeda-Hernández, G; Flores-Murrieta, FJ; Herrera, JE; Hong, E, 1994)
" Amphotericin B is often considered as the gold standard treatment despite its high toxicity particularly with high dosage (1-1."	( [Curative treatment of invasive aspergillosis]. Dupont, B, 1994)
" The activity of RPT was significantly enhanced when INH was added at the same dosing frequency."	( Preventive therapy of tuberculosis with rifapentine in immunocompetent and nude mice. Chapuis, L; Grosset, JH; Ji, B; O'Brien, RJ; Raviglione, MC; Truffot-Pernot, C, 1994)
" When rifampin-prednisone treatment must be used in giant cell arteritis, we propose increasing the prednisone dosage to 2 mg/kg per day."	( Rifampin-induced nonresponsiveness of giant cell arteritis to prednisone treatment. Becq-Giraudon, B; Bouquet, S; Carrie, F; Delon, A; Roblot, F; Roblot, P, 1994)
" The findings of this study suggest that prolonging the dosing interval by taking the PAE into account may not only lower the cost of antimicrobial therapy and the risk of toxicity, but also ensure the efficacy of subsequent doses."	( Loss of bactericidal activities of quinolones during the post-antibiotic effect induced by rifampicin. Meng, X; Nightingale, CH; Quintiliani, R; Sweeney, KR, 1994)
" Increasing the wild-type mutS gene dosage resulted in a reversal of the mutator phenotype in about 60% of the mutant strains, indicating that the mutant and wild-type proteins compete."	( Dominant negative mutator mutations in the mutS gene of Escherichia coli. Marinus, MG; Wu, TH, 1994)
" An adaptation of the rapid oral desensitization protocol for penicillin was used, with the dosing intervals increased to account for the different kinetics of these drugs."	( Oral desensitization to rifampin and ethambutol in mycobacterial disease. Borish, LC; Matz, J; Rosenwasser, LJ; Routes, JM, 1994)
"The dose-response activity of rifabutin and the comparative activities of rifabutin and rifapentine were evaluated in the beige mouse model of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection."	( Comparative in vivo activities of rifabutin and rifapentine against Mycobacterium avium complex. Cynamon, MH; Grossi, MA; Klemens, SP, 1994)
"310 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis disseminating bacteria received isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin (ethambutol) and pirazinamid in different regimens and dosage forms."	( [Combined chemotherapy of patients with tuberculosis - new regimens and dosage forms]. Elistratova, NA; Khalbaeva, IV; Koriakin, VA; Sokolova, GB; Ziia, AV, 1993)
" administration, we concur with the current dosage recommendation of 10 mg/kg twice a day by mouth."	( Pharmacokinetics of single intravenous and single and multiple dose oral administration of rifampin in mares. Kohn, CW; Kowalski, JJ; Powers, J; Sams, R; Wallace, S, 1993)
" The formulation employed contained 125 mg of isoniazid (H), 100 mg of rifampicin (R) and 375 mg of pyrazinamide (Z) per tablet; six tablets were administered to every subject, giving a total dosage of 750 mg of isoniazid, 600 mg of rifampicin and 2,250 mg of pyrazinamide."	( Bioavailability of isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide (in free combination or fixed-triple formulation) in intermittent antituberculous chemotherapy. Acocella, G; Grassi, C; Grassi, GG; Luisetti, M; Peona, V; Pozzi, E, 1993)
" The pharmacokinetics of vancomycin and clinical cure rates of peritonitis with different dosing guidelines have been studied extensively."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antistaphylococcal antibiotics in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Keller, E, 1993)
" Antibiotic dosing was adjusted for renal dysfunction."	( Oral antibiotic treatment of right-sided staphylococcal endocarditis in injection drug users: prospective randomized comparison with parenteral therapy. Daoud, EG; Flexner, C; Goodman, SN; Hartert, TV; Heldman, AW; Kowalski, TE; Lietman, PS; Petty, BG; Pompili, VJ; Ray, SC; Sisson, SD; Tidmore, WC; vom Eigen, KA, 1996)
" The pits received daily during three weeks oral itraconazole at a dosage of 200 mg at the beginning of the meal, then during the next two weeks oral itraconazole combined with an intravenous administration of rifampin at a dosage of 10 mg/kg/day."	( [Pharmacokinetic interaction between itraconazole and rifampin in Yucatan miniature pigs]. Cavalier, A; Elkhaili, H; Jehl, F; Kaltenbach, G; Levêque, D; Monteil, H; Peter, JD; Salmon, J; Salmon, Y, 1996)
" In this study, we have been able to demonstrate the usefulness of a reproducible long-time antimicrobial dosage regime from the internal phase of the implant as compared to surface coated polymers."	( Drug delivery concepts for the efficacious prevention of foreign-body infections. Pulverer, G; Rump, A; Schierholz, JM, 1996)
" However, the dosage and combinations to be used require further study."	( Treatment of endocarditis with teicoplanin: a retrospective analysis of 104 cases. Gaya, H; Wilson, AP, 1996)
" We conclude that the efficacy and tolerability of RBT is equivalent to that of RMP in the treatment of newly diagnosed uncomplicated tuberculosis, and that RBT can be effectively administered in a part-daily, part-intermittent dosage schedule."	( Efficacy and safety of rifabutin in the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis. Bredell, M; Felten, MK; Fourie, PB; Mabuza, B; McGregor, MM; Olliaro, P; Wolmarans, L, 1996)
" These results suggest that rifampicin dosage adjustment may not be necessary when this drug is coadministered with fluconazole."	( Lack of effect of fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in AIDS patients. Jaruratanasirikul, S; Kleepkaew, A, 1996)
" The world's literature describing warfarin-rifampin interactions for the past 32 years was reviewed to suggest guidelines for warfarin dosage when rifampin is given simultaneously."	( Inability to attain oral anticoagulation: warfarin-rifampin interaction revisited. Casner, PR, 1996)
" Each dosage form was administered, one after the other, to each subject in the morning after a fasted night period."	( Bioequivalence study of two pharmaceutical forms of rifampicin capsules in man. Barre, J; Benakis, A; Chouchane, N; Tillement, JP; Toumi, A, )
"The population pharmacokinetics of dapsone were examined in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving dapsone at a dosage of 100 mg twice weekly for the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia."	( Population pharmacokinetics of dapsone administered biweekly to human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Bassetti, D; Casazza, R; Cruciani, M; Gatti, G; Hossein, J; Karlsson, M; Merighi, M; Travaini, S, 1996)
" Harvested plasma from serial blood samples collected after dosing on days 15, 16, and 30 was assayed for delavirdine and its N-desalkyl metabolite concentrations with a reversed-phase HPLC method."	( Pharmacokinetic study of the interaction between rifampin and delavirdine mesylate. Borin, MT; Carel, BJ; Chambers, JH; Freimuth, WW; Gagnon, S, 1997)
"09 mumol/L) steady-state through drug concentrations in all patients after 2 weeks of concurrent dosing of delavirdine mesylate and rifampin."	( Pharmacokinetic study of the interaction between rifampin and delavirdine mesylate. Borin, MT; Carel, BJ; Chambers, JH; Freimuth, WW; Gagnon, S, 1997)
" The pharmacokinetics of all three drugs in the plasma of 24 healthy males were studied as part of a randomized cross-over phase I study of two dosage forms."	( Population pharmacokinetic modeling of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide. Bulpitt, AE; Jaresko, GS; Jelliffe, RW; Keung, AC; Peloquin, CA; Yong, CL, 1997)
"Interest in determining plasma levels of rifampin for adjustment of dosage regimens has increased, but conflicting results exist concerning rifampin stability."	( Stability of rifampin in plasma: consequences for therapeutic monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies. Breteau, M; Gaudet, ML; Lamanetre, S; Le Guellec, C, 1997)
" Therefore, rifampicin dosage adjustment for Thai patients may not be necessary."	( The pharmacokinetics of oral rifampicin in AIDS patients. Jaruratanasirikul, S, 1998)
" We conclude that, at the dosage regimen used, CYP3A and Pgp responses to CYP3A inducers are regulated independently in rat liver."	( Modulation of P-glycoprotein expression by cytochrome P450 3A inducers in male and female rat livers. Benet, LZ; Salphati, L, 1998)
" bovis Ravenel infection, three rifamycin derivatives gave "distinctive dose-response curves" in the correlation of dose sizes with the mean survival times or "log10CFU/lungs reductions"."	( [Therapeutic efficacy of benzoxazinorifamycin KRM-1648 against experimental murine tuberculosis: (1). A study on the efficacy of short course treatment with the intratracheal and intravenous infection model]. Doi, N, 1998)
" In mouse experiments, the activity of a single dose of the combination OFLO-MINO was dosage related; the higher dosage of the combination displayed bactericidal activity which was significantly inferior to that of a single dose of RMP, whereas the lower dosage did not exhibit a bactericidal effect."	( Bactericidal activity of a single-dose combination of ofloxacin plus minocycline, with or without rifampin, against Mycobacterium leprae in mice and in lepromatous patients. Diderot, V; Grosset, J; Ji, B; Lienhardt, C; Perani, E; Sow, S, 1998)
" These safety and pharmacokinetic results suggest that no dosage adjustments for rifapentine are needed in patients with hepatic impairment."	( Pharmacokinetics of rifapentine in patients with varying degrees of hepatic dysfunction. Eller, MG; Keung, AC; Weir, SJ, 1998)
" Biliary excretion was the major route of elimination of radioactivity in bile duct-cannulated rats dosed either po or IV."	( Disposition and metabolism of rifapentine, a rifamycin antibiotic, in mice, rats, and monkeys. Emary, WB; Huh, K; Mathews, B; Toren, PC, 1998)
"Because the aged-related changes in the pharmacokinetic profile of rifapentine observed in this study were modest and unlikely to be associated with toxicity, no dosage adjustments for this antibiotic are recommended in elderly patients."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of rifapentine in elderly men. Eller, MG; Keung, AC; Weir, SJ, 1998)
" Rifampicin therapy was administered orally, without any concomitant drug, with an effective dosage of 5-17 mg/kg/day."	( Unexpected clinical remission of cholestasis after rifampicin therapy in patients with normal or slightly increased levels of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Cançado, EL; Carrilho, FJ; Laudanna, AA; Leitão, RM, 1998)
" Undergoing therapy with a suitable dosage of rifampicin, none of the patients had a cholestatic crisis even during a period for as long as 12 months."	( Unexpected clinical remission of cholestasis after rifampicin therapy in patients with normal or slightly increased levels of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Cançado, EL; Carrilho, FJ; Laudanna, AA; Leitão, RM, 1998)
"A prospective, observational study of isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP) and ethionamide (ETH) in a dosage of 20 mg/kg, and pyrazinamide (PZA) 40 mg/kg, all given once daily in hospital for 6 months."	( Intensive short course chemotherapy in the management of tuberculous meningitis. De Villiers, JN; Donald, PR; Pretorius, M; Schoeman, JF; Springer, P; Van Zyl, LE, 1998)
" Based on these PK and safety data, no dosage adjustments for rifapentine based on gender are recommended."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of rifapentine in women. Eller, MG; Keung, AC; Weir, SJ, 1998)
" To estimate the possible involvement of microbial degradation, rifampicin kinetics were also assessed in rats on day 8 after receiving multiple oral dosing and concurrent administration of nonabsorbable triple antibiotics for gut sterilization 3 days prior to the study day."	( Assessment of presystemic factors on the oral bioavailability of rifampicin following multiple dosing. Chiu, FC; Li, RC; Liu, XG; Zhang, JN; Zhu, M, 1998)
"Based on the small changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of dolasetron and its active metabolites, as well as the favorable safety results, no dosage adjustments for dolasetron mesylate are recommended with concomitant administration of cimetidine or rifampin."	( Pharmacokinetics of dolasetron with coadministration of cimetidine or rifampin in healthy subjects. Arumugham, T; Cramer, MB; Dimmitt, DC; Keung, A; Weir, SJ, 1999)
" The pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus were obtained from serial blood samples collected over 96 hours, after single oral and intravenous administration prior to and during an 18-day concomitant rifampin dosing phase."	( Effects of rifampin on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Bekersky, I; Dressler, D; Fisher, RM; Hebert, MF; Marsh, CL, 1999)
" Increases in amiodarone and desethylamiodarone concentrations were observed after an increase in the amiodarone dosage and discontinuation of rifampin."	( Impact of rifampin on serum amiodarone concentrations in a patient with congenital heart disease. Costanzo, MR; Fischer, SA; Porter, MT; Santucci, PA; Trohman, RG; Zarembski, DG, 1999)
" Transfected cells were dosed with several known inducers of CYP3A4 and the levels of SPAP were measured."	( A reporter gene assay to assess the molecular mechanisms of xenobiotic-dependent induction of the human CYP3A4 gene in vitro. Gibson, GG; Goldfarb, PS; Gray, TJ; Ogg, MS; Tarbit, M; Williams, JM, 1999)
" Thus the microsphere formulations, administered in one or two doses, were able to achieve results in mice similar to those obtained with a daily drug regimen within the range of the highest clinically tolerated dosage in humans."	( Efficacy of microencapsulated rifampin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice. Barrow, EL; Barrow, WW; Quenelle, DC; Staas, JK; Winchester, GA, 1999)
" Although food increased the exposure of these patients to rifapentine, the infrequent dosing schedule for the treatment of tuberculosis (e."	( Pharmacokinetics of rifapentine in subjects seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus: a phase I study. Eller, MG; Keung, AC; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Owens, RC; Weir, SJ, 1999)
" PZA is significantly dialyzed and should be dosed after hemodialysis."	( The effect of hemodialysis on isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. Childs, JM; Fish, DN; Malone, RS; Peloquin, CA; Spiegel, DM, 1999)
" The per cent increase in the ratio of 6beta-hydroxycortisol:cortisol following daily doses (+357%) was much higher compared with every 72-hour dosing (+236%)."	( Enzyme induction observed in healthy volunteers after repeated administration of rifapentine and its lack of effect on steady-state rifapentine pharmacokinetics: part I. Cheng, L; Eller, MG; Keung, A; McKenzie, KA; Reith, K; Weir, SJ, 1999)
" In addition, the extended t(1/2) of rifapentine and its active metabolite support clinical investigation of once or twice-weekly rifapentine dosage regimens of rifapentine for the management of tuberculosis."	( Single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of rifapentine in man: part II. Eller, MG; Keung, A; McKenzie, KA; Weir, SJ, 1999)
" Our results demonstrate the use of human hepatocyte cultures to investigate the induction of cytochrome P-450 by xenobiotics in intact cells and stress the importance of large dose-response studies as well as the need to assess toxicity in these investigations."	( The use of human hepatocyte cultures to study the induction of cytochrome P-450. Dorko, K; Esplen, JE; Kostrubsky, VE; Ramachandran, V; Sinclair, JF; Strom, SC; Venkataramanan, R; Wrighton, SA; Zhang, S, 1999)
" The results indicated elevations in the 6beta-OHF/F ratios that were dependent on both the dosing period and dose levels adopted."	( Increase in urinary excretion of 6beta-hydroxycortisol in common marmosets as a marker of hepatic CYP3A induction. Koyanagi, F; Manabe, S; Tanaka, K; Totsuka, S; Watanabe, T; Yasuda, M, )
" Thus, lower concentration of RIF may be available for absorption leading to poor bioavailability of RIF from combination dosage forms (RIF+INH) as compared to formulations containing only RIF."	( Stability of rifampicin in dissolution medium in presence of isoniazid. Kotecha, JS; Rathod, IS; Savale, SS; Shah, PB; Shah, SA; Shishoo, CJ, 1999)
" Its efficacy at the currently approved dosage of 600 mg may be slightly lower than that of rifampin."	( Rifapentine: its role in the treatment of tuberculosis. Nahata, MC; Temple, ME, 1999)
" The optimum dosing regimen for rifapentine will have to be determined by controlled clinical trials."	( Single-dose intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of rifapentine in normal subjects. Conte, JE; Golden, JA; Kipps, J; Lin, ET; McQuitty, M; Zurlinden, E, 2000)
" Treatment had to be given up to three times a week for up to nine months, with any initial daily dosing period not more than one month, and was compared to daily dosing throughout for the same period."	( Fully intermittent dosing with drugs for tuberculosis. Mwandumba, HC; Squire, SB, 2000)
" The most common dosage and duration for our patients were 20 mg/[kg x d] every 12 hours and 14 days, respectively."	( Hepatosplenic cat-scratch disease in children: selected clinical features and treatment. Arisoy, ES; Correa, AG; Kaplan, SL; Wagner, ML, 1999)
" Treatment had to be given up to three times a week for up to nine months, with any initial daily dosing period not more than one month, and was compared to daily dosing throughout for the same period."	( Fully intermittent dosing with drugs for tuberculosis. Mwandumba, HC; Squire, SB, 2000)
" Administered as single doses, MXFX in a dosage of 150 mg per kg was more active than OFLO in the same dosage, and displayed the same level of activity as RMP in a dosage of 10 mg per kg; the combination MXFX-minocycline (MINO) (MM) was more bactericidal than the combination OFLO-MINO (OM); RPT in a dosage of 10 mg per kg was more bactericidal than RMP administered in the same dosage, and even more active than the combination RMP-OFLO-MINO (ROM); the combination RPT-MXFX-MINO (PMM) killed 99."	( Combination of rifapentine-moxifloxacin-minocycline (PMM) for the treatment of leprosy. Grosset, J; Ji, B, 2000)
" Rifater, which consists of rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide, was developed to assist patients in complying with their dosage schedules."	( Three-in-one TB drug approved. , )
" Results show that RIF/PZA, dosed either daily or twice weekly, is as effective in preventing tuberculosis in dually-infected adults, as INH/pyridoxine given for 6-12 months."	( Short course preventive therapy for tuberculosis is successful in HIV-infected patients. Chaisson, RE, 1998)
" The rifampicin and desacetylrifampicin content of complete urinary collections made from 0-4 and 4-8 hours after dosage were determined using both the HPLC and a much simpler colorimetric procedure."	( The potential use of urinary excretion data for assessing the relative bioavailability of rifampicin in fixed dose combination anti-tuberculosis formulations. Ellard, GA; Fourie, PB; Pillai, G; Smith, PJ, 2001)
" A 233% increase in warfarin dosage over 4 months proved insufficient to attain a therapeutic INR during long-term rifampin therapy More aggressive titration of the warfarin dosage was needed."	( Difficulties in anticoagulation management during coadministration of warfarin and rifampin. Lee, CR; Thrasher, KA, 2001)
" Treatment had to be given up to three times a week for up to nine months, with any initial daily dosing period not more than one month, and was compared to daily dosing throughout for the same period."	( Fully intermittent dosing with drugs for treating tuberculosis in adults. Mwandumba, HC; Squire, SB, 2001)
" Rifampin dosage was increased again if blood levels were still subtherapeutic."	( Utility of rifampin blood levels in the treatment and follow-up of active pulmonary tuberculosis in patients who were slow to respond to routine directly observed therapy. Byrd, RP; Fountain, F; Mehta, JB; Morton, SE; Roy, TM; Shantaveerapa, H, 2001)
" All six patients responded clinically, radiographically, and mycobacteriologically after an increase in rifampin dosage to reach target drug blood level."	( Utility of rifampin blood levels in the treatment and follow-up of active pulmonary tuberculosis in patients who were slow to respond to routine directly observed therapy. Byrd, RP; Fountain, F; Mehta, JB; Morton, SE; Roy, TM; Shantaveerapa, H, 2001)
"Standard dosing with rifampin resulted in a poor clinical response and subtherapeutic serum levels in six patients."	( Utility of rifampin blood levels in the treatment and follow-up of active pulmonary tuberculosis in patients who were slow to respond to routine directly observed therapy. Byrd, RP; Fountain, F; Mehta, JB; Morton, SE; Roy, TM; Shantaveerapa, H, 2001)
" Given that the lowest trough serum concentration of nevirapine exceeded by more than 40 times the protein binding adjusted median infective dose (IC(50)) of wild-type HIV in all patients, we suggest that there is no need to increase nevirapine dosage when it is given with rifampicin."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between nevirapine and rifampicin in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis. Crespo, M; Falco, V; Lopez, RM; Ocaña, I; Pahissa, A; Pou, L; Ribera, E; Ruiz, I, 2001)
" These changes depended on drug dosage and duration, especially the severe influence on coagulation were detected when the RFP were reused after the ALT normalized in seventh to tenth months."	( [Changes in blood coagulation affected by rifampicin administration]. Bu, R; Fang, X; Zhang, H, 1999)
" ICR mice were divided to receive 4 daily oral dosing of either the dosing vehicle or 50 mg/kg of REM or RBT."	( Induction of hepatic and presystemic metabolism of antipyrine in the mice: rifampicin versus rifabutin. Li, RC; Liu, XG; Narang, PK, )
" Further studies with increased rifapentine dosage are necessary."	( Rifapentine and isoniazid in the continuation phase of a 6-month regimen. Final report at 5 years: prognostic value of various measures. Chan, SL; Goodall, RL; Kam, KM; Mitchison, DA; Tam, CM, 2002)
" Rifapentine 900-mg, once-weekly dosing appears to be safe and well tolerated and is being evaluated in Phase III efficacy trials of treatment of latent tuberculosis."	( A prospective, randomized, double-blind study of the tolerability of rifapentine 600, 900, and 1,200 mg plus isoniazid in the continuation phase of tuberculosis treatment. Bock, NN; Conwell, DS; Hamilton, CD; Mosher, A; Pachucki, C; Samuels, M; Sterling, TR; Vernon, A; Wang, YC, 2002)
"A simple and accurate liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for estimation of isoniazid (ISN), pyrazinamide (PYR) and rifampicin (RIF) in combined dosage forms."	( Validation of a RP-LC method for the simultaneous determination of isoniazid, pyrazinamide and rifampicin in a pharmaceutical formulation. Caccialanza, G; Calleri, E; De Lorenzi, E; Furlanetto, S; Massolini, G, 2002)
" Overall, our results demonstrate that there is no gene dosage effect in the chloroplast and that transcript abundance is not limiting in the expression of chloroplast-encoded protein."	( Searching limiting steps in the expression of chloroplast-encoded proteins: relations between gene copy number, transcription, transcript abundance and translation rate in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Drapier, D; Eberhard, S; Wollman, FA, 2002)
"Although the minimal effective efavirenz plasma concentration that assures virological success is not currently known, it may be advisable to increase the dosage of efavirenz to 800 mg once daily when it is coadministered with rifampicin."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between efavirenz and rifampicin in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis. Alarcón-González, A; Gómez-Mateos, J; León-Jimenez, E; López-Cortés, LF; López-Pua, Y; Pachón, J; Ruiz-Valderas, R; Sarasanacenta, M; Viciana, P, 2002)
" Treatment of transformants with various concentrations of rifampicin produced a dose-response curve with maximal induction at 10 microM (5."	( A cell-based reporter gene assay for determining induction of CYP3A4 in a high-volume system. Allen, SW; Raucy, J; Warfe, L; Yueh, MF, 2002)
" The potential for alternative day or thrice weekly dosing with teicoplanin may offer further cost advantages whilst maintaining equivalent clinical effectiveness."	( Cost-minimization analysis and audit of antibiotic management of bone and joint infections with ambulatory teicoplanin, in-patient care or outpatient oral linezolid therapy. Ajdukiewicz, K; Barlow, GD; Clift, B; Davey, P; France, AJ; Gray, K; Morrison, J; Nathwani, D, 2003)
" The dissolution characteristics of the extemporaneous powder for suspension were also compared to the dissolution profiles of commercially available anti-tuberculosis tablet dosage forms."	( Pharmaceutical formulation of a fixed-dose anti-tuberculosis combination. Danckwerts, MP; Ebrahim, S; Pillay, V, 2003)
"The powder for suspension for rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol hydrochloride all compared favourably to the dissolution rate from the commercially available tablet dosage forms."	( Pharmaceutical formulation of a fixed-dose anti-tuberculosis combination. Danckwerts, MP; Ebrahim, S; Pillay, V, 2003)
" Profiles of blood glucose concentration following repaglinide dosing were altered by less than 8% by both ketoconazole and rifampicin."	( Influence of drugs interacting with CYP3A4 on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of the prandial glucose regulator repaglinide. Hansen, KT; Hatorp, V; Thomsen, MS, 2003)
"05 mg/kg over a 30-minute period) and oral doses of midazolam (3-8 mg of a stable isotope, (15)N(3)-midazolam) before and after 7 days of rifampin dosing (600 mg once daily in the evening)."	( The effect of age, sex, and rifampin administration on intestinal and hepatic cytochrome P450 3A activity. Ambrosius, WT; Bruce, MA; Gorski, JC; Haehner-Daniels, B; Hall, SD; Hamman, MA; Vannaprasaht, S, 2003)
" Further, effect of food on the rifampicin release was a function of dosage form characteristics such as disintegration time and dissolution rate, which will subsequently affect the release behavior of a formulation in presence of food."	( In vitro evaluation of food effect on the bioavailability of rifampicin from antituberculosis fixed dose combination formulations. Agrawal, S; Kaul, CL; Panchagnula, R; Rungta, S; Sancheti, P, 2003)
" Imatinib pharmacokinetics were determined up to 96 h after dosing on day 1 (no induction) and on days 15-18 (during concomitant rifampicin)."	( Effect of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of imatinib mesylate (Gleevec, STI571) in healthy subjects. Bolton, AE; Capdeville, R; Hubert, M; Keller, U; Krebs-Brown, A; Peng, B; Seiberling, M, 2004)
"Nebulization of nanoparticles-based ATDs forms a sound basis for improving drug bioavailability and reducing the dosing frequency for better management of pulmonary tuberculosis."	( Poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticle-based inhalable sustained drug delivery system for experimental tuberculosis. Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Prasad, B; Sharma, A; Sharma, S; Zahoor, A, 2003)
"Patient non-compliance is the major drawback associated with the long-duration chemotherapy of tuberculosis (TB); hence, reduction in dosing frequency forms an important therapeutic strategy."	( Nanoparticle encapsulated antitubercular drugs as a potential oral drug delivery system against murine tuberculosis. Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Sharma, S; Zahoor, A, 2003)
" After re-starting treatment with EB and INH on Aug 24, RFP was added in small dosage (0."	( [Agranulocytosis due to anti-tuberculosis drugs including isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RFP)--a report of four cases and review of the literature]. Akagawa, S; Baba, M; Kawabe, Y; Komatsu, H; Kurashima, A; Machida, K; Masuda, K; Nagai, H; Nagayama, N; Shishido, Y; Tamura, A; Yotsumoto, H, 2003)
" There was no significant difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters of rifampicin as a component of Mairin-P and in combination with antitubercuous agents as free dosage forms."	( [Assessment of the use of a multicomponent drug in the treatment of new cases of pulmonary tuberculosis]. Semenova, OV, 2003)
" This interaction has a significant clinical relevance and may warrant dosage adjustment when celecoxib is co-administered with rifampicin in chronic treatment conditions, such as tuberculosis, leprosy and other infections of joints, bones, etc."	( Influence of rifampicin pretreatment on the pharmacokinetics of celecoxib in healthy male volunteers. Chandrasekhar, K; Jayasagar, G; Krishna Kumar, M; Madhusudan Rao, Y, 2003)
" Hence, injectable PLG nanoparticles hold promise for increasing drug bioavailability and reducing dosing frequency for better management of tuberculosis."	( Subcutaneous nanoparticle-based antitubercular chemotherapy in an experimental model. Khuller, GK; Pandey, R, 2004)
"Polymorphism of rifampicin has been postulated to be responsible for its variable bioavailability from solid oral dosage forms."	( Solid-state characterization of rifampicin samples and its biopharmaceutic relevance. Agrawal, S; Ashokraj, Y; Bharatam, PV; Panchagnula, R; Pillai, O, 2004)
"Rifampicin shows variable bioavailability from solid oral dosage forms and the reasons for this variable absorption reported in literature varies from extrinsic formulations factors to intrinsic variability in rifampicin absorption."	( Bioequivalence trials of rifampicin containing formulations: extrinsic and intrinsic factors in the absorption of rifampicin. Agrawal, S; Bhade, S; Kaul, CL; Kaur, KJ; Panchagnula, R; Singh, I, 2004)
"The problem of patient non-compliance in the management of tuberculosis (TB) can be overcome by reducing the dosing frequency of antitubercular drugs (ATD) employing drug carriers."	( Lung specific stealth liposomes as antitubercular drug carriers in guinea pigs. Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Sharma, S, 2004)
" Clostridium difficile was also isolated from the faeces of a third horse given an even lower dosage of erythromycin in combination with rifampicin."	( The association of erythromycin ethylsuccinate with acute colitis in horses in Sweden. Båverud, V; Franklin, A; Gunnarsson, A; Gustafsson, A; Lindholm, A; Rantzien, MH, 1997)
" The impact of these variables should not be overlooked when clinical dosing regimens are optimized."	( Post-antibiotic effect induced by an antibiotic combination: influence of mode, sequence and interval of exposure. Li, RC; Tang, MC, 2004)
" The effective therapeutic dosage of drugs could be reduced to half by supplementing HNP-1 in the therapeutic schedule."	( Role of human neutrophil peptide-1 as a possible adjunct to antituberculosis chemotherapy. Kalita, A; Khuller, GK; Verma, I, 2004)
" Liver involvement of tuberculosis can have many facets and may be treated by gradual dosing of standard drugs."	( Enlarged cervical lymph nodes and elevated liver chemistry tests: a therapeutic dilemma. Dietrich, CG; Gartung, C; Geier, A; Lammert, F; Lorenzen, J; Matern, S; Wasmuth, HE, )
" The results of the study therefore reveal that patients undergoing therapy had significantly greater DNA damage than untreated patients, indicating bacterial infection and drug therapy as the causal factors, since lepromatous-type disease is the more severe form with the patients having lower resistance to Mycobacterium leprae and requiring heavier and prolonged dosage of antibiotics."	( DNA damage studies in untreated and treated leprosy patients. Gandhi, G; Singh, B, 2004)
" According to clinical and histopathological findings a diagnosis of tufted hair folliculitis was made and a treatment with oral rifampicin was started at the dosage of 450 mg twice per day."	( Tufted hair folliculitis: complete enduring response after treatment with rifampicin. Bottoni, U; Di Napoli, A; Grimaldi, M; Palese, E; Pranteda, G, 2004)
" [3H]-verapamil was administered either nasally or via in situ brain perfusion, and dose-response profiles were constructed for P-gp inhibition."	( Functional evidence for P-glycoprotein at the nose-brain barrier. Graff, CL; Pollack, GM, 2005)
" This is especially important, however, for a drug that is pivotal to a patient's well-being; its therapeutic effect should be carefully monitored when any new drug is added or a change in the dosage of a concurrent drug is made."	( Exacerbation of panic disorder with rifampin therapy in a patient receiving citalopram. Argo, TR; Carnahan, RM; Kukoyi, O, 2005)
" Thus, nebulization of SLP-based antitubercular drugs forms a sound basis for improving drug bioavailability and reducing the dosing frequency for better management of pulmonary tuberculosis."	( Solid lipid particle-based inhalable sustained drug delivery system against experimental tuberculosis. Khuller, GK; Pandey, R, 2005)
"The risk for ARR among HIV-infected persons with TB did not depend on the rifamycin used but, rather, on the rifampin dosing schedule in the intensive phase of treatment."	( Relapse and acquired rifampin resistance in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis treated with rifampin- or rifabutin-based regimens in New York City, 1997-2000. Driver, CR; Li, J; Munsiff, SS; Sackoff, J, 2005)
" However, it was found that the rate of dissolution in association with pH and the concentration-dependent absorption of rifampicin affects the in vivo performance of the dosage forms."	( Implication of biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in variable bioavailability from solid oral dosage forms. Agrawal, S; Panchagnula, R, 2005)
" It is advisable to increase the dosage of atorvastatin and preferable to administer it in the evening to guarantee adequate concentrations during the nighttime rapid cholesterol synthesis when rifampin or other potent inducers of cytochrome P450 3A4 are coadministered."	( Rifampin markedly decreases and gemfibrozil increases the plasma concentrations of atorvastatin and its metabolites. Backman, JT; Luurila, H; Neuvonen, M; Neuvonen, PJ, 2005)
" Plasma efavirenz levels can be reduced by rifampicin, but the appropriate daily dosage of efavirenz is unclear."	( Efavirenz levels and 24-week efficacy in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy and rifampicin. Kiertiburanakul, S; Mahanontharit, A; Manosuthi, W; Prasithsirikul, W; Rattanasiri, S; Ruxrungtham, K; Sankote, J; Sungkanuparph, S; Thakkinstian, A; Vibhagool, A, 2005)
" Plasma efavirenz levels were measured (at 12 h after dosing and on day 14) by high-performance liquid chromatography."	( Efavirenz levels and 24-week efficacy in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy and rifampicin. Kiertiburanakul, S; Mahanontharit, A; Manosuthi, W; Prasithsirikul, W; Rattanasiri, S; Ruxrungtham, K; Sankote, J; Sungkanuparph, S; Thakkinstian, A; Vibhagool, A, 2005)
" Exposure to gefitinib is increased by coadministration with CYP3A4 inhibitors, but since gefitinib is known to have a good tolerability profile, a dosage reduction is not recommended."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of gefitinib with rifampicin, itraconazole and metoprolol. Laight, A; Leadbetter, J; McKillop, D; Ranson, M; Smith, RP; Swaisland, HC; Wild, MJ, 2005)
" We evaluated with the same model similar regimens in which we increased the dosing of rifapentine from 10 to 15 mg/kg of body weight and of moxifloxacin from 100 to 400 mg/kg."	( Efficient intermittent rifapentine-moxifloxacin-containing short-course regimen for treatment of tuberculosis in mice. Chauffour, A; Jarlier, V; Lounis, N; Truffot-Pernot, C; Veziris, N, 2005)
" Patients were included in the study if they had been receiving first-line antimycobacterial therapy (rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol) for not less than 4 weeks and not more than 6 weeks and were divided into three RFP dosage groups based on weight: 600 mg, <45 kg; 750 mg, 46 to 55 kg; and 900 mg, >55 kg."	( Population pharmacokinetics of rifapentine and its primary desacetyl metabolite in South African tuberculosis patients. Langdon, G; McFadyen, L; McIlleron, H; Simonsson, US; Smith, P; Wilkins, J, 2005)
" Thus, SLN based antitubercular drug therapy forms a sound basis for reducing dosing frequency and improving patient compliance for better management of tuberculosis."	( Oral solid lipid nanoparticle-based antitubercular chemotherapy. Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Sharma, S, )
"Serum drug concentrations were determined 2, 6, and 10 h after dosing in 36 HIV-infected patients with TB who were taking rifampin and in 49 who were taking ethambutol."	( The clinical pharmacokinetics of rifampin and ethambutol in HIV-infected persons with tuberculosis. Hafner, R; Peloquin, CA; Perlman, DC; Rainey, PM; Remmel, RP; Rosenkranz, S; Salomon, N; Segal, Y, 2005)
"With daily dosing of rifampin (600 mg), 26 (77%) of 34 patients (95% confidence interval [CI], 59%-89%]) had a low maximum concentration of rifampin (<8 microg/mL), and 12 (35%; 95% CI, 20%-54%) had a very low maximum concentration (<4 microg/mL)."	( The clinical pharmacokinetics of rifampin and ethambutol in HIV-infected persons with tuberculosis. Hafner, R; Peloquin, CA; Perlman, DC; Rainey, PM; Remmel, RP; Rosenkranz, S; Salomon, N; Segal, Y, 2005)
" The optimal efavirenz dosage is still unclear."	( Efavirenz 600 mg/day versus efavirenz 800 mg/day in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis receiving rifampicin: 48 weeks results. Kiertiburanakul, S; Manosuthi, W; Rattanasiri, S; Ruxrungtham, K; Sungkanuparph, S; Thakkinstian, A; Vibhagool, A, 2006)
" Rifampicin was administered orally in a 600 mg daily dosage for at least 60 days."	( Old drug--new indication. Rifampicin in psoriasis. Grozdev, I; Kkzandjieva, J; Tsankov, N, 2006)
" Further studies are required to assess the implications of variations in antituberculosis drug concentrations for efficacy and safety before decisions are made to change the dosing strategy in patients at risk."	( Determinants of rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol pharmacokinetics in a cohort of tuberculosis patients. Burger, A; Folb, PI; McIlleron, H; Norman, J; Smith, P; Wash, P, 2006)
" Hence, the study suggests that co-administration of Rp and H should be avoided, like in case of R and H, and the two drugs should not be formulated directly into a single dosage form."	( Study of the interaction between rifapentine and isoniazid under acid conditions. Bhutani, H; Prasad, B; Singh, S, 2006)
" Alginate nanoparticles hold great potential in reducing dosing frequency of antitubercular drugs."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behaviour of antitubercular drugs encapsulated in alginate nanoparticles at two doses. Ahmad, Z; Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Sharma, S, 2006)
" The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-infinity)) for ATV also increased significantly after intravenous dosing of ATV with RIF, but the extent was much less than that observed for oral ATV dosing."	( Pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin and its hydroxy metabolites in rats and the effects of concomitant rifampicin single doses: relevance of first-pass effect from hepatic uptake transporters, and intestinal and hepatic metabolism. Benet, LZ; Huang, Y; Lau, YY; Okochi, H, 2006)
"A significant difference in dose-normalized area under the curves (AUC0-n and AUC0-infinity) was observed between children receiving the 150 and 300 mg doses, which was accounted for by differences in age between the dosing arms."	( Pharmacokinetics of rifapentine in children. Abdel-Rahman, SM; Blake, MJ; Jacobs, RF; Kearns, GL; Lowery, NK; Sterling, TR, 2006)
" We concluded that polymeric nanoparticle based oral 4-drug combination bears significant potential to shorten the duration of TB chemotherapy, besides reducing the dosing frequency."	( Chemotherapeutic efficacy of nanoparticle encapsulated antitubercular drugs. Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Sharma, S, )
" Pyridoxine is preventative in low dosage and curative in high dosage."	( [Isoniazid induced neuropathy: consider prevention]. De Broucker, T; Martinez-Almoyna, L; Steichen, O, 2006)
" P-glycoprotein expression and transport activity in brain capillaries from transgenic mice was significantly increased when capillaries were exposed to the hPXR ligands, rifampin and hyperforin, in vitro and when the mice were dosed with rifampin in vivo."	( In vivo activation of human pregnane X receptor tightens the blood-brain barrier to methadone through P-glycoprotein up-regulation. Bauer, B; Hartz, AM; Kalvass, JC; Miller, DS; Olson, ER; Pollack, GM; Yang, X; Zhao, R, 2006)
"Because rifampin (RIF) induces hepatic enzymes and inhibits uptake transporters, dosing a drug that is a dual substrate of enzymes and uptake transporters on the final day of an inducing regimen should exhibit less inductive effect than dosing on the following day in the absence of RIF, since RIF decreases drug uptake into liver."	( Elucidating the effect of final-day dosing of rifampin in induction studies on hepatic drug disposition and metabolism. Benet, LZ; Lam, JL; Okochi, H; Shugarts, SB, 2006)
" Atazanavir (ATV) has clinical efficacy comparable to a standard of care regimen in naive patients and, when dosed with low-dose ritonavir (RTV), also in treatment-experienced patients."	( Effect of rifampin on steady-state pharmacokinetics of atazanavir with ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Agarwala, S; Been-Tiktak, A; Bertz, R; Burger, DM; Child, M; Wang, Y, 2006)
" More research is needed to determine well-founded dosing guidelines."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous rifampicin (rifampin) in neonates. Degraeuwe, PL; Neef, C; Pullen, J; Stolk, LM; van Tiel, FH; Zimmermann, LJ, 2006)
"Currently recommended compendial dissolution methods for quality control of orally administered solid dosage forms of rifampicin containing formulations are not found to be able to forecast the in vivo performance."	( Dissolution testing of marketed rifampicin containing fixed dose combination formulations using a new discriminative media: a post marketing retrospective study. Agrawal, S; Ashokraj, Y; Kumar Bajpai, A; Panchagnula, R, 2006)
" Twice-daily dosing or higher saquinavir doses in once-daily administration should be tested to obtain more appropriate plasma levels."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between rifampicin and the once-daily combination of saquinavir and low-dose ritonavir in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis. Azuaje, C; Colomer, J; Crespo, M; Curran, A; Domingo, P; Falcó, V; Feijoo, M; Lopez, RM; Lopez-Colomes, JL; Ocaña, I; Pahissa, A; Pou, L; Ribera, E; Sambeat, MA; Sánchez, P, 2007)
" We determined peak concentration ranges for each drug and acetylisoniazid/isoniazid and 25-desacetylrifampicin/rifampicin ratios by analyzing 2-h post-dose samples in patients treated with standard dosing as a first-line treatment."	( Simultaneous determination of first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs and their major metabolic ratios by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Jun, SH; Kim, JQ; Lee, JH; Park, KU; Song, J; Song, SH; Yoon, Y, 2007)
" Depending on the intended indication and dosing regimen, PPL can delay or stop development of a compound in the drug discovery process."	( Evaluation of a published in silico model and construction of a novel Bayesian model for predicting phospholipidosis inducing potential. Gehlhaar, D; Greene, N; Johnson, TO; Pelletier, DJ; Tilloy-Ellul, A, )
" Although the advantage of aminoglycosides is easily achieved high blood concentration, if aminoglycoside dosage is exceed 15 mg/kg, the possibility of auditory disturbance increase."	( [Perspective of pulmonary MAC infection treatment]. Kurashima, A, 2007)
"Patients were treated in a controlled clinical trial with 2HRZE3/6HE with thrice-weekly direct dosing in the intensive phase and once-weekly with six doses self-administered in the continuation phase."	( Evaluation of a non-rifampicin continuation phase (6HE) following thrice-weekly intensive phase for the treatment of new sputum positive pulmonary tuberculosis. , 2007)
" The ability to measure rifampicin drug concentrations in both plasma and in cells may be useful in evaluating the suitability of dosage regimens for populations and individuals."	( A rapid and sensitive HPLC-MS method for the detection of plasma and cellular rifampicin. Ardrey, A; Ashleigh, S; Back, DJ; Chaponda, M; Davies, G; Hartkoorn, RC; Khoo, S; Tjia, JF; Waitt, CJ; Ward, SA, 2007)
"In the treatment of tuberculosis with rifampicin in patients treated with prednisolone and cyclosporine, we have to increase the dosage of these drugs."	( [Examination of administrative dosage of cyclosporine during anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy including rifampicin]. Akagawa, S; Kawabe, Y; Kawashima, M; Kurashima, A; Machida, K; Masuda, K; Matsui, Y; Nagai, H; Nagayama, N; Suzuki, J; Tamura, A; Yotsumoto, H, 2007)
" Prednisolone had been also administrated in all patients and the dosage was doubled from the beginning of the treatment."	( [Examination of administrative dosage of cyclosporine during anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy including rifampicin]. Akagawa, S; Kawabe, Y; Kawashima, M; Kurashima, A; Machida, K; Masuda, K; Matsui, Y; Nagai, H; Nagayama, N; Suzuki, J; Tamura, A; Yotsumoto, H, 2007)
"The appropriate dosage of cyclosporine was found to be approximately 3 times that of the initial dosage in all patients, but it required a long-term and frequent measurements of trough levels before reaching this goal."	( [Examination of administrative dosage of cyclosporine during anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy including rifampicin]. Akagawa, S; Kawabe, Y; Kawashima, M; Kurashima, A; Machida, K; Masuda, K; Matsui, Y; Nagai, H; Nagayama, N; Suzuki, J; Tamura, A; Yotsumoto, H, 2007)
" This system was used to modulate dosage during combined therapy with RFP and CAM."	( [Measurement of rifampicin and clarithromycin in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection]. Nakagawa, T; Nikai, T; Ogawa, K; Taki, H, 2007)
" In current recommendations the dosage of EMB is calculated per kg body weight."	( Ethambutol in paediatric tuberculosis: aspects of ethambutol serum concentration, efficacy and toxicity in children. Detjen, A; Magdorf, K; Quarcoo, D; Thee, S; Wahn, U, 2007)
"To present two studies investigating an appropriate EMB dosage in children, and observational data on its toxicity and efficacy."	( Ethambutol in paediatric tuberculosis: aspects of ethambutol serum concentration, efficacy and toxicity in children. Detjen, A; Magdorf, K; Quarcoo, D; Thee, S; Wahn, U, 2007)
" It appears to be more valid to calculate the EMB dosage on the basis of body surface rather than body weight, leading to higher dosages especially in younger children."	( Ethambutol in paediatric tuberculosis: aspects of ethambutol serum concentration, efficacy and toxicity in children. Detjen, A; Magdorf, K; Quarcoo, D; Thee, S; Wahn, U, 2007)
"The aim of the present investigation was to develop a novel dosage form of rifampicin and isoniazid to minimize degradation of rifampicin in acidic medium and to modulate the release of rifampicin in the stomach and isoniazid in the intestine."	( A novel solid dosage form of rifampicin and isoniazid with improved functionality. Gohel, MC; Sarvaiya, KG, 2007)
" In addition, applying the pharmacodynamic approach and dose-response analysis, we aimed to describe the nature of potential interactions of tested azole antimycotics coadministered with a prototypical PXR ligand rifampicin in transactivation of CYP3A4 gene."	( Azole antimycotics differentially affect rifampicin-induced pregnane X receptor-mediated CYP3A4 gene expression. Anzenbacher, P; Anzenbacherova, E; Burysek, L; Cerveny, L; Dvorak, Z; Grim, J; Kunes, J; Pavek, P; Pour, M; Staud, F; Svecova, L; Trejtnar, F; Vrzal, R, 2008)
" Sometimes literature references are submitted to the FDA to support dosing recommendations."	( Are literature references sufficient for dose recommendations? An FDA case study of efavirenz and rifampin. Chan-Tack, KM; DiGiacinto, JL; Reynolds, KS; Robertson, SM; Struble, KA, 2008)
" From days 6-15, volunteers were randomized to receive lopinavir/ritonavir tablets dosed as either 600/150 or 800/200 mg twice daily, both in addition to 600 mg rifampicin once daily."	( High incidence of adverse events in healthy volunteers receiving rifampicin and adjusted doses of lopinavir/ritonavir tablets. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Koopmans, PP; L'homme, RF; Nijland, HM; Rongen, GA; van Crevel, R; van Uden, P, 2008)
" In contrast, fractionation of the dose at a free AUC associated with a static effect indicated that once daily dosing was superior."	( Pharmacodynamics of minocycline against Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model. Bowker, KE; Macgowan, AP; Noel, AR, 2008)
"The need to investigate novel dosing regimens and combinations is essential in combating poor treatment outcomes for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis."	( Evaluation of daptomycin pharmacodynamics and resistance at various dosage regimens against Staphylococcus aureus isolates with reduced susceptibilities to daptomycin in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model with simulated endocardial vegetations. Leonard, SN; Rose, WE; Rybak, MJ, 2008)
"Oral controlled release microspheres of rifampicin (RIF) were prepared in order to circumvent the required regular high dose of the conventional dosage forms for the treatment of tuberculosis."	( Gelatin microspheres of rifampicin cross-linked with sucrose using thermal gelation method for the treatment of tuberculosis. Chuttani, K; Khar, RK; Mishra, AK; Samad, A; Sultana, Y, 2009)
"Reduction in the dosing frequency of antituberculosis drugs (ATDs) by applying drug delivery technology has the potential to improve the patient compliance in tuberculosis (TB)."	( Alginate nanoparticles as antituberculosis drug carriers: formulation development, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic potential. Ahmad, Z; Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Sharma, S, )
" The efficacy of the rifampin-levofloxacin combination is not significantly improved by the dosage of levofloxacin."	( Antagonistic effect of rifampin on the efficacy of high-dose levofloxacin in staphylococcal experimental foreign-body infection. Ariza, J; Cabellos, C; Cabo, J; Euba, G; Gudiol, F; Murillo, O; Pachón, ME; Tubau, F; Verdaguer, R, 2008)
" With a dosage of 30 mg/kg PZA, efficient serum levels were reached."	( Pyrazinamide serum levels in childhood tuberculosis. Detjen, A; Magdorf, K; Thee, S; Wahn, U, 2008)
" Blood glucose levels were significantly lower than those observed after dosing with glyburide alone."	( Elucidating rifampin's inducing and inhibiting effects on glyburide pharmacokinetics and blood glucose in healthy volunteers: unmasking the differential effects of enzyme induction and transporter inhibition for a drug and its primary metabolite. Benet, LZ; Frassetto, LA; Huang, Y; Zheng, HX, 2009)
"Literature data relevant to the decision to allow a waiver of in vivo bioequivalence (BE) testing for the approval of new multisource and reformulated immediate release (IR) solid oral dosage forms containing rifampicin as the only Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) are reviewed."	( Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: rifampicin. Barends, DM; Becker, C; Dressman, JB; Junginger, HE; Kopp, S; Midha, KK; Shah, VP; Stavchansky, S, 2009)
" Mild hepatotoxicity to the rat, treated with RFP of higher dosage (100 mg/kg) and longer duration (14 days), was revealed by the traditional histopathological method."	( [Metabonomic profile of urine from rats administrated with different treatment period of rifampin]. Chen, HB; Liao, Y; Peng, SQ; Yan, XZ; Zhang, LS, 2008)
" Therapy was performed according to regimens 3 and 1, by using individual dosage regimens depending on the extent and severity of a specific process, the presence of complications, and age-related features."	( [Optimization of chemotherapy regimens in children with primary pulmonary tuberculosis]. Dovgaliuk, IF; Ovchinnikova, IuE; Starshinova, AA, 2009)
" The objective of this experiment is to assess the impacts of various dosing frequencies of the combination on its bactericidal and sterilizing activities against Mycobacterium ulcerans in mice."	( Impacts of dosing frequency of the combination rifampin-streptomycin on its bactericidal and sterilizing activities against Mycobacterium ulcerans in mice. Aubry, A; Chauffour, A; Ibrahim, M; Jarlier, V; Ji, B; Robert, J, 2009)
" Pharmacokinetic studies of higher dosages of rifampin are urgently needed in children to assist in placing the dosage of rifampin used in childhood on a more scientific foundation."	( Rifampin pharmacokinetics in children, with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection, hospitalized for the management of severe forms of tuberculosis. Cilliers, K; Donald, PR; Hussey, GD; Labadarios, D; Maritz, JS; McIlleron, H; Schaaf, HS; Smith, P; Willemse, M, 2009)
" The median number of dosage adjustments to attain normal concentrations was 1 (range 0-4 adjustments)."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of antimycobacterial drugs in patients with both tuberculosis and advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. Engemann, JJ; Fortenberry, ER; Hamilton, CD; Holland, DP; Peloquin, CA; Stout, JE; Weintrob, AC, 2009)
" Efavirenz and nevirapine concentrations at 12 h after dosing (C12) were monitored at weeks 6 and 12."	( A randomized trial comparing plasma drug concentrations and efficacies between 2 nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens in HIV-infected patients receiving rifampicin: the N2R Study. Burapatarawong, S; Likanonsakul, S; Lueangniyomkul, A; Mankatitham, W; Manosuthi, W; Prasithsirskul, W; Prommool, V; Ruxrungtham, K; Sungkanuparph, S; Tantanathip, P; Thawornwa, U; Thongyen, S, 2009)
" The oral absorption of BMS-299897 from solid dosage forms appeared to be dissolution rate-limited."	( Studies on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a gamma-secretase inhibitor BMS-299897, and exploratory investigation of CYP enzyme induction. Anderson, JJ; Barten, DM; Boulton, DW; Felsenstein, KM; Flint, OP; Hansel, SB; Krishna, R; Lubinski, J; Pursley, JM; Santone, KS; Thakur, A; Wang, J; Yao, M; Zheng, M, 2009)
" So more attention should be paid to reducing the frequency, times and dosage of antimicrobials, especially third or fourth cephalosporins."	( Transconjugation and genotyping of the plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Qin, JP; Shi, WF; Zhou, J, 2009)
" The following three regimens were administered: regimen A (n = 9) consisted of CAM (400 mg/d), ethambutol (EB) [750 mg/d], and rifampicin (RFP) [450 mg/d]; regimen B (n = 12) consisted of CAM (800 mg/d), EB (750 mg/d), and RFP (450 mg/d); and regimen C (n = 13) consisted of CAM (800 mg/d), EB (1,000 mg/d), and RFP (600 mg/d) during the first 2 months followed by a reduction of the dosage of EB from 1,000 to 750 mg/d."	( Therapeutic effects of various initial combinations of chemotherapy including clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. Fukunaga, K; Hasegawa, N; Ishii, K; Ishizaka, A; Miyairi, M; Nishimura, T; Ohtani, S; Takeshita, K; Tasaka, S; Urano, T, 2009)
"6%), which included a daily dosage of 400 mg of CAM (9."	( Therapeutic effects of various initial combinations of chemotherapy including clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. Fukunaga, K; Hasegawa, N; Ishii, K; Ishizaka, A; Miyairi, M; Nishimura, T; Ohtani, S; Takeshita, K; Tasaka, S; Urano, T, 2009)
" The length and the dosage of treatment are not yet firmly established."	( The effect of combined treatment with oral clindamycin and oral rifampicin in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa. Boer, J; Jemec, GB; Prens, EP; van der Zee, HH, 2009)
" This case highlights the importance of the correct administration and dosing of BCG vaccine and suggests a management option that may prevent the severe local and systemic complications that are frequently associated with BCG overdose."	( Too much of a good thing: management of BCG vaccine overdose. Curtis, N; Ritz, N; Streeton, J; Tebruegge, M, 2009)
" Fasting efavirenz concentrations at 12 h after dosing (C12) were monitored."	( Body weight cutoff for daily dosage of efavirenz and 60-week efficacy of efavirenz-based regimen in human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis coinfected patients receiving rifampin. Eampokarap, B; Kaewsaard, S; Lueangniyomkul, A; Mankatitham, W; Manosuthi, W; Ruxrungtham, K; Sungkanuparph, S; Suwanvattana, P; Tantanathip, P; Thongyen, S; Uttayamakul, S, 2009)
" The current World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines recommend an oral dosage of 10 (8-12) mg per kg body weight."	( Rifampicin serum levels in childhood tuberculosis. Detjen, A; Magdorf, K; Thee, S; Wahn, U, 2009)
" In children, it appears to be more valid to calculate RMP dosage on the basis of body surface area rather than body weight, leading to higher dosages especially in younger children."	( Rifampicin serum levels in childhood tuberculosis. Detjen, A; Magdorf, K; Thee, S; Wahn, U, 2009)
" Hence, GPs hold promising potential for increasing drug targetability vis a vis reducing dosing frequency with the interception of minimal side effects, for efficient management of tuberculosis."	( Gelatin nanocarriers as potential vectors for effective management of tuberculosis. Agrawal, GP; Gupta, P; Gupta, UD; Jain, NK; Saraogi, GK, 2010)
" The antihistamine response after ebastine dosing would be decreased following rifampin pretreatments."	( Itraconazole and rifampin alter significantly the disposition and antihistamine effect of ebastine and its metabolites in healthy participants. Cha, IJ; Lee, SS; Liu, KH; Shin, JG; Shon, JH; Yeo, CW, 2010)
" For the first 2 weeks of therapy, the dosing frequency was 5 days/week, and for the remaining period, twice weekly."	( Comparison of the 'Denver regimen' against acute tuberculosis in the mouse and guinea pig. Ahmad, Z; Grosset, JH; Karakousis, PC; Nuermberger, EL; Peloquin, CA; Pinn, ML; Tasneen, R; Williams, KN, 2010)
" According to the findings of the present study, all 3 of the potentially hepatotoxic drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide) can be reintroduced simultaneously at full dosage safely from day 1, especially for patients with bilateral extensive pulmonary tuberculosis, to halt disease transmission or to treat patients with life-threatening tuberculosis."	( Safety of 3 different reintroduction regimens of antituberculosis drugs after development of antituberculosis treatment-induced hepatotoxicity. Jayaswal, A; Makharia, G; Mohan, A; Sarda, P; Sharma, SK; Singh, S; Singla, R; Sreenivas, V, 2010)
" On the other hand, simulations indicated that at least 2 weeks of dosing would be needed to detect the potent inhibition of CYP3A (maximal ~40% decrease in 4βHC plasma levels)."	( Does the long plasma half-life of 4beta-hydroxycholesterol impact its utility as a cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) metric? Rodrigues, AD; Yang, Z, 2010)
"Therapeutic drug monitoring allows to determine the best dosage regimen adapted to each patient optimizing the therapeutic benefits, while minimizing the risk for side effects."	( Determination of antituberculosis drug concentration in human plasma by MALDI-TOF/TOF. Ascenzi, P; Bevilacqua, N; Gullotta, F; Lauria, FN; Mancone, C; Notari, S; Pucillo, LP; Sergi, M; Tempestilli, M; Tripodi, M; Urso, R, 2010)
"A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials and cohort studies was conducted to evaluate the impact of duration and dosing schedule of rifamycin and use of antiretroviral therapy in the treatment of active tuberculosis in HIV-positive patients."	( Treatment of active tuberculosis in HIV-coinfected patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Burman, W; Harries, AD; Khan, FA; Menzies, D; Minion, J; Pai, M; Royce, S, 2010)
" When coadministered with rifampin, area under the plasma concentration-time curve over the dosing interval and maximum concentration values for linezolid were reduced approximately 32% and 21%, respectively."	( Unexpected effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of linezolid: in silico and in vitro approaches to explain its mechanism. Damle, B; Fahmi, OA; Gandelman, K; Glue, P; Lian, K; Obach, RS; Zhu, T, 2011)
" The rifamycin activity could be improved by increasing the dose size of rifampicin or by daily dosing with long acting rifapentine."	( The near future: improving the activity of rifamycins and pyrazinamide. Fourie, PB; Mitchison, DA, 2010)
"A questionnaire regarding what antitubercular drugs, their dosage and for how long was asked to attending faculty in an International Conference on musculoskeletal infections."	( A survey of prescribing pattern for osteoarticular tuberculosis: orthopaedic surgeons' and infectious disease experts' perspective. Agarwal, A; Arora, A; Kumar, S, 2009)
" As meal behavior has a substantial impact on rifapentine exposure, it should be considered in the evaluation of optimal dosing approaches."	( Effects of four different meal types on the population pharmacokinetics of single-dose rifapentine in healthy male volunteers. Fourie, PB; McIlleron, HM; Mitchison, D; Roscigno, G; Simonsson, US; Smith, PJ; Van Der Walt, JS; Zvada, SP, 2010)
" Of 506 patients prescribed a three-drug fixed-dose combination (FDC), the dosage was adequate in 374 (73."	( Inconsistent dosing of anti-tuberculosis drugs in Taipei, Taiwan. Bai, KJ; Chiang, CY; Enarson, DA; Lee, CN; Luh, KT; Suo, J, 2010)
" Lopinavir CL/F increased linearly during the dosing interval."	( Population pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in combination with rifampicin-based antitubercular treatment in HIV-infected South African children. Elsherbiny, D; Maartens, G; McIlleron, H; Ren, Y; Simonsson, US, 2010)
" The time-dependent lopinavir CL/F might be due to a time-dependent recovery from ritonavir inhibition of lopinavir metabolism during the dosing interval."	( Population pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in combination with rifampicin-based antitubercular treatment in HIV-infected South African children. Elsherbiny, D; Maartens, G; McIlleron, H; Ren, Y; Simonsson, US, 2010)
" However, in multivariable analyses, the rifampin AUC(0-24) was significantly affected by rifampin dosage (in mg/kg of body weight), polymorphisms in the SLCO1B1 gene, and the presence of tuberculosis by geographic region."	( Effects of tuberculosis, race, and human gene SLCO1B1 polymorphisms on rifampin concentrations. Bliven-Sizemore, E; Burman, W; Engle, M; Johnson, JL; Luo, CC; Mac Kenzie, WR; Peloquin, C; Prihoda, TJ; Vernon, A; Weiner, M, 2010)
" These results indicate that concurrent use of strong CYP3A4 inducers or inhibitors may necessitate dosage adjustments of nilotinib and should be avoided when possible."	( Effects of rifampin and ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetics of nilotinib in healthy participants. Galitz, L; Grouss, K; Harrell, R; Schran, H; Sethuraman, V; Smith, T; Tanaka, C; Yin, OQ, 2011)
" Our results demonstrated that the dosage of dapsone in leprosy treatment does not promote a significant methemoglobinemia."	( Methemoglobinemia and dapsone levels in patients with leprosy. Martins, Ade N; Riveira, JG; Salgado, CG; Silva, JP; Vieira, JL, )
" In conclusion, the result of this study suggested that the bioavailability-enhancing property of MoAF may help to lower the dosage level and shorten the treatment course of rifampicin."	( Influence of Moringa oleifera on pharmacokinetic disposition of rifampicin using HPLC-PDA method: a pre-clinical study. Arya, JS; Bawankule, DU; Darokar, MP; Gupta, MM; Gupta, SC; Pal, A; Shanker, K; Singh Khanuja, SP; Yadav, NP, 2011)
" A dosage adjustment of bisoprolol is necessary if the clinical status of the patient requires treatment with the antituberculosis drug rifampicin."	( [Urinary bladder tuberculosis and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin instillation: reduced efficacy of bisoprolol in hypertension]. Drechsler, A; Kirch, W, 2010)
" The main outcome measure was the analysis of ambrisentan pharmacokinetics (area under the plasma concentration-time curve during a dosage interval [AUC(τ)], maximum plasma drug concentration [C(max)] and minimum plasma drug concentration [C(min)]) for steady-state ambrisentan alone (day 5) as compared with steady-state ambrisentan plus steady-state rifampicin (day 13)."	( Effects of rifampicin (rifampin) on the pharmacokinetics and safety of ambrisentan in healthy subjects: a single-sequence, open-label study. Boinpally, R; Dufton, C; Harrison, B; Henderson, LS; Magee, MH; Mandagere, A; Walker, G, 2010)
" A minimum effective concentration (MEC) of 3000 ng/mL was used to interpret nevirapine concentrations 12 h after dosing (C(12))."	( Nevirapine pharmacokinetics when initiated at 200 mg or 400 mg daily in HIV-1 and tuberculosis co-infected Ugandan adults on rifampicin. Back, D; Boffito, M; Byakika-Kibwika, P; Coakley, P; Colebunders, R; Kalemeera, F; Khoo, S; Lamorde, M; Merry, C; Namakula, R; Okaba-Kayom, V; Ryan, M, 2011)
" A dosage adjustment of bisoprolol is necessary if the clinical status of the patient requires treatment with the antituberculosis drug rifampicin."	( [Urinary bladder tuberculosis and bacillus calmette-guérin instillation: reduced efficacy of bisoprolol in hypertension]. Drechsler, A; Kirch, W, 2010)
" PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE and EMBASE were systematically searched for publications in English to evaluate the evidence about dosing schedules and treatment efficacy."	( Treatment of tuberculosis and optimal dosing schedules. Chang, KC; Grosset, J; Leung, CC; Yew, WW, 2011)
" Rifampin's effect on the AUC(0-3 h) of digoxin was biphasic: the AUC(0-3 h) increased with concomitant dosing of the two drugs but decreased when digoxin was administered after rifampin."	( Rifampin's acute inhibitory and chronic inductive drug interactions: experimental and model-based approaches to drug-drug interaction trial design. Cai, X; Chu, X; Ding, Y; Evers, R; Gibson, C; Reitman, ML; Roupe, K; Stoch, A; Stone, JA; Venkatasubramanian, R; Wagner, JA; Witter, R; Yabut, J; Zajic, S, 2011)
"The objective of this study was to compare, under fasting conditions in healthy volunteers, the rate and extent of absorption of a generic rifampicin capsule in oral dosage form versus the proprietary equivalent formulation for the purpose of registration approval of the test formulation."	( A bioequivalence comparison of two formulations of rifampicin (300- vs 150-mg capsules): An open-label, randomized, two-treatment, two-way crossover study in healthy volunteers. Basu, RC; Chik, Z; Lee, TC; Mohamed, Z; Pendek, R, 2010)
" The dosage of sirolimus had to be increased, in one case up to six-fold and in the second case up to five-fold, to maintain serum levels after starting the rifampicin."	( Drug interaction between rifampicin and sirolimus in transplant patients. Khan, D; Ngo, BT; Pascoe, M, 2011)
" This trial is based on the hypothesis that current anti-mycobacterial treatment schedules for TBM are not potent enough and that outcomes will be improved by increasing the CSF penetrating power of this regimen by optimising dosage and using additional drugs with better CSF penetration."	( Intensified treatment with high dose rifampicin and levofloxacin compared to standard treatment for adult patients with tuberculous meningitis (TBM-IT): protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Bang, ND; Caws, M; Chau, TT; Day, J; Dung, NH; Farrar, J; Heemskerk, D; Merson, L; Olliaro, P; Pouplin, T; Wolbers, M; Yen, NT, 2011)
"Historical trials suggest that higher than standard RMP dosing results in improved culture conversion rates."	( Higher-dose rifampin for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review. Deck, D; Hopewell, PC; Huang, D; Jotblad, S; Nahid, P; Robsky, K; Steingart, KR, 2011)
" Using plasma ALF concentrations and area under the curve (AUC), clearance, or single-point concentrations, both simultaneous and sequential dosing provided equivalent results and detected hepatic and intestinal CYP3A induction and inhibition."	( Concurrent assessment of hepatic and intestinal cytochrome P450 3A activities using deuterated alfentanil. Blood, J; Buck, N; Kharasch, ED; Kim, T; London, A; Mach, RH; Vangveravong, S, 2011)
"This study aimed to test whether a pharmacokinetic simulation model could extrapolate nonclinical drug data to predict human efavirenz exposure after single and continuous dosing as well as the effects of concomitant rifampicin and further to evaluate the weight-based dosage recommendations used to counteract the rifampicin-efavirenz interaction."	( In silico prediction of efavirenz and rifampicin drug-drug interaction considering weight and CYP2B6 phenotype. Ashton, M; Mukonzo, J; Rekić, D; Röshammar, D, 2011)
" These results indicate that for equivalent RMP dosages adult patients reach a lower C(max) than adult volunteers and that adults, both volunteers and patients established on RMP reach higher C(max) values than children; children established on RMP require approximately twice the mg/kg body weight dosage of RMP to reach serum concentrations equivalent to those of adults."	( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rifampicin in adults and children in relation to the dosage recommended for children. Diacon, AH; Donald, PR; Maritz, JS, 2011)
" To optimize the dose regimens of these inducers for use in DDI studies, their effect at various doses and dosing durations on the area under the curve (AUC) of multiple probe substrates was simulated using a population-based simulator."	( Simulation of clinical drug-drug interactions from hepatocyte CYP3A4 induction data and its potential utility in trial designs. Hayashi, M; Shou, M; Skiles, GL; Xu, Y; Zhou, Y, 2011)
" The transit profiles demonstrated that the dosage form was retained in the stomach for more than 320 min."	( Gastroretentive delivery of rifampicin: in vitro mucoadhesion and in vivo gamma scintigraphy. Joshi, A; Nivsarkar, M; Pund, S; Shishoo, C; Vasu, K, 2011)
" Recent in vitro, animal, and early bactericidal activity studies suggest that the 600-mg once daily dose is at the lower end of the dose-response curve, refuting the pharmacokinetic argument."	( Why Do We Use 600 mg of Rifampicin in Tuberculosis Treatment? Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Dawson, R; Diacon, AH; Donald, PR; Gillespie, SH; Plemper van Balen, G; van Ingen, J, 2011)
" Body weight and genetic factors will be important covariates in dosing algorithms."	( Modest but variable effect of rifampin on steady-state plasma pharmacokinetics of efavirenz in healthy African-American and Caucasian volunteers. Court, MH; Dumond, JB; Greenblatt, DJ; Kashuba, AD; Kurpewski, J; Kwara, A; Poethke, P; Tashima, KT, 2011)
" Therapeutic simulations were performed with the full model to study the antibacterial effect of various dosage regimens of rifampin in lungs."	( Mathematical modeling of pulmonary tuberculosis therapy: Insights from a prototype model with rifampin. Bourguignon, L; Conte, JE; Goutelle, S; Jelliffe, RW; Maire, P, 2011)
" We proposed a systematic classification scheme using FDA-approved drug labeling to assess the DILI potential of drugs, which yielded a benchmark dataset with 287 drugs representing a wide range of therapeutic categories and daily dosage amounts."	( FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury. Chen, M; Fang, H; Liu, Z; Shi, Q; Tong, W; Vijay, V, 2011)
"Individuals from the CIPRA-South Africa cohort taking EFV-based antiretroviral therapy with concomitant tuberculosis (TB) were dosed with either increased (800 mg) or standard (600 mg) dose EFV during TB treatment."	( Efavirenz and rifampicin in the South African context: is there a need to dose-increase efavirenz with concurrent rifampicin therapy? Cohen, K; Conradie, F; Ive, P; Orrell, C; Sanne, I; Wood, R; Zeinecker, J, 2011)
"Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is now commonly used in pediatric liver transplant recipients, but no clear recommendations about the dosing regimen have been made for this population."	( Optimization of the dosing regimen of mycophenolate mofetil in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Barau, C; Barrail-Tran, A; Debray, D; Furlan, V; Habes, D; Hemerziu, B; Taburet, AM, 2011)
" For dose-response studies, LS-180 cells were treated with different concentrations of the selected drugs followed by P-gp protein and gene expressions analyses."	( Exposure of LS-180 cells to drugs of diverse physicochemical and therapeutic properties up-regulates P-glycoprotein expression and activity. Abuznait, AH; Kaddoumi, A; Patrick, SG, 2011)
" The patient reported complete compliance with using amiodarone daily, with no recent changes in dosage or formulation."	( A significant drug-drug interaction detected through corneal examination: resolution of cornea verticillata while using amiodarone. Bunya, VY; Dunaief, JL; Mehta, S; Orlin, SE; Sulewski, ME, 2012)
"The World Health Organization (WHO) recently issued revised first-line antituberculosis (anti-TB) drug dosage recommendations for children."	( Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide in children younger than two years of age with tuberculosis: evidence for implementation of revised World Health Organization recommendations. Donald, PR; Hesseling, AC; Magdorf, K; Roll, S; Rosenkranz, B; Schaaf, HS; Seddon, JA; Seifart, HI; Thee, S; Werely, CJ, 2011)
" Once-daily dosing of aerosolized pentamidine resulted in higher concentrations in BAL fluid than after intravenous administration."	( Penetration of anti-infective agents into pulmonary epithelial lining fluid: focus on antifungal, antitubercular and miscellaneous anti-infective agents. George, JM; Rodvold, KA; Yoo, L, 2011)
" As tolvaptan is a CYP3A4 substrate, knowing the effects of inhibition and induction on CYP3A4-mediated metabolism was important for dosing recommendations."	( Effects of CYP3A4 inhibition and induction on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tolvaptan, a non-peptide AVP antagonist in healthy subjects. Bricmont, P; Mallikaarjun, S; Shoaf, SE, 2012)
" Rifampicin concentrations during the dosing interval were determined by HPLC at three different timepoints: (i) after 2 weeks of TB therapy and before starting HIV therapy (T0); (ii) after 4 weeks of combined therapy (T1); and (iii) after 10 weeks of combined therapy (T2)."	( Systemic exposure to rifampicin in patients with tuberculosis and advanced HIV disease during highly active antiretroviral therapy in Burkina Faso. Bonkoungou, V; Carvalho, AC; Comelli, M; Cusato, M; Dembélé, SM; Kouanda, S; Matteelli, A; Nacanabo, R; Regazzi, M; Saleri, N; Villani, P, 2012)
"Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is used to optimize dosing that maximizes therapeutic benefit while minimizing toxicity."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring in the treatment of active tuberculosis. Babalik, A; Francis, D; Mannix, S; Menzies, D, )
" We evaluated the inductive effect of rifampicin (RIF), a typical human PXR ligand, on the plasma exposure to the four P450 substrate drugs (triazolam/CYP3A4, pioglitazone/CYP2C8, (S)-warfarin/CYP2C9, and (S)-(-)-mephenytoin/CYP2C19) by cassette dosing in PXB mice."	( Investigation of drug-drug interactions caused by human pregnane X receptor-mediated induction of CYP3A4 and CYP2C subfamilies in chimeric mice with a humanized liver. Hasegawa, M; Inoue, R; Kakuni, M; Tahara, H; Tateno, C; Ushiki, J, 2012)
" In this article, a case series is presented to illustrate the value of individualized TB drug dosing in four patients with low TB drug concentrations."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring in the treatment of tuberculosis patients. Aarnoutse, R; Boeree, M; Ijdema, D; Magis-Escurra, C; van den Boogaard, J, 2012)
" Average CAM dosage was increased from the early (517 mg/day) to the later (800 mg/day) period."	( Relationship between clinical efficacy for pulmonary MAC and drug-sensitivity test for isolated MAC in a recent 6-year period. Abe, M; Kato, S; Kobashi, Y; Mouri, K; Obase, Y; Oka, M, 2012)
"The currently recommended doses of rifampin are believed to be at the lower end of the dose-response curve."	( A semimechanistic pharmacokinetic-enzyme turnover model for rifampin autoinduction in adult tuberculosis patients. Bocar Lo, M; Gninafon, M; Horton, J; Khandelwal, A; Lienhardt, C; McIlleron, H; Merle, C; Olliaro, PL; Rustomjee, R; Simonsson, US; Smith, P; Smythe, W; Sow, OB, 2012)
" Daily dosing of rifapentine (P), a potent rifamycin with high intracellular accumulation, in place of rifampin (R) in the standard antitubercular regimen significantly shortens the duration of treatment needed to prevent relapse in a murine model of active TB."	( Rifapentine is not more active than rifampin against chronic tuberculosis in guinea pigs. Dutta, NK; Grosset, JH; Illei, PB; Karakousis, PC; Mdluli, KE; Nuermberger, EL; Peloquin, CA; Pinn, ML, 2012)
" Dosage adjustments were performed when C(min) ≥10 mg/L and/or AUC₂₄ ≥400 mg/L · h."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring may improve safety outcomes of long-term treatment with linezolid in adult patients. Cojutti, P; Del Pin, B; Furlanut, M; Pea, F; Viale, P; Zamparini, E, 2012)
" Dosage adjustments were needed in 40% versus 0% of patients in the linezolid group (n = 35) versus the linezolid + rifampicin group (n = 10), respectively."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring may improve safety outcomes of long-term treatment with linezolid in adult patients. Cojutti, P; Del Pin, B; Furlanut, M; Pea, F; Viale, P; Zamparini, E, 2012)
" Trials of new drugs and new dosing strategies are needed."	( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease treatment. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Daley, CL; Egelund, EF; Heifets, LB; Levin, A; Mouton, JW; Peloquin, CA; Totten, SE; van Ingen, J, 2012)
"Historically, dosing regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) have been proposed in an empirical manner."	( Feasibility of a fixed-dose regimen of pyrazinamide and its impact on systemic drug exposure and liver safety in patients with tuberculosis. Della Pasqua, O; Sahota, T, 2012)
" All anti-tuberculosis drugs was continued at full dosage after the normalization of liver enzyme in 76."	( Management of and risk factors related to hepatotoxicity during tuberculosis treatment. Ağca, S; Arda, H; Babalık, A; Bakırcı, N; Calışır, HC; Cetintaş, G; Kızıltaş, S; Oruç, K, 2012)
" Noncompliance treatment, simulated by a reduced duration and dosing frequency, resulted in a relapse of infection."	( Consequences of noncompliance for therapy efficacy and emergence of resistance in murine tuberculosis caused by the Beijing genotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Aarnoutse, RE; Bakker-Woudenberg, IA; Boeree, MJ; de Knegt, GJ; de Steenwinkel, JE; den Bakker, MA; ten Kate, MT; van Soolingen, D; Verbrugh, HA, 2012)
" Post hoc meta-regression restricted to arms with ART demonstrated no associations between rifamycin duration, dosing schedule, and outcomes."	( An updated systematic review and meta-analysis on the treatment of active tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection. Ahmad Khan, F; Al-Motairi, A; Benedetti, A; Harries, AD; Menzies, D; Minion, J, 2012)
" Use of rifamycins for ≥8 months and daily dosing in the intensive phase also improve TB treatment outcomes; however, a paucity of evidence makes their importance less clear for patients on ART."	( An updated systematic review and meta-analysis on the treatment of active tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection. Ahmad Khan, F; Al-Motairi, A; Benedetti, A; Harries, AD; Menzies, D; Minion, J, 2012)
" This suggests that conventional antituberculous dosing may be too low and consideration should be given to increase the maximum initial weight-based doses in HIV-infected patients."	( Factors associated with reduced antituberculous serum drug concentrations in patients with HIV-TB coinfection. Ahmed, R; Cooper, R; Der, E; Foisy, M; Kunimoto, D, )
"We performed plasma dosage for each antibiotic in patients with a bone and joint infection requiring treatment with a levofloxacin and rifampicin combination."	( Pharmacokinetic and dynamic study of levofloxacin and rifampicin in bone and joint infections. Bensalem, M; Bland, S; Bru, JP; Gaillat, J; Garraffo, R; Guillaume, M; Janssen, C, 2012)
"5% of tuberculosis (TB) cases reported in 2003 in Taipei City had no recorded pre-treatment body weight and that among those who had, inconsistent dosing of anti-TB drugs was frequent."	( Improved consistency in dosing anti-tuberculosis drugs in Taipei, Taiwan. Bai, KJ; Chiang, CY; Hsu, YL; Lin, TP; Shih, HC; Yang, SL; Yen, MY; Yu, MC, 2012)
" The proportion of patients treated with consistent dosing of a 3-drug fixed-dose combination (FDC) increased from 73."	( Improved consistency in dosing anti-tuberculosis drugs in Taipei, Taiwan. Bai, KJ; Chiang, CY; Hsu, YL; Lin, TP; Shih, HC; Yang, SL; Yen, MY; Yu, MC, 2012)
"The phase behavior of rifampicin in cholesteryl-based carbonate esters (CCEs), cholesterol and polyethylene glycol4000 (PEG4000) was determined to evaluate their potential in the formulation of dry powder inhalation dosage forms."	( Phase behavior of rifampicin in cholesterol-based liquid crystals and polyethylene glycol. Buatong, W; Changsan, V; Gangadhar, KN; Srichana, T, 2012)
"In HIV-infected patients receiving rifampicin-based treatment for tuberculosis (TB), the dosage of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) is adjusted to prevent sub-therapeutic lopinavir concentrations."	( Coadministration of lopinavir/ritonavir and rifampicin in HIV and tuberculosis co-infected adults in South Africa. Gandhi, RT; Kuritzkes, DR; Marconi, VC; Murphy, RA; Sunpath, H, 2012)
" The durability of coadministered treatment was significantly shorter in patients who received super-boosted lopinavir/ritonavir with TB treatment compared to patients who received standard lopinavir/ritonavir dosing (log rank, P = 0."	( Coadministration of lopinavir/ritonavir and rifampicin in HIV and tuberculosis co-infected adults in South Africa. Gandhi, RT; Kuritzkes, DR; Marconi, VC; Murphy, RA; Sunpath, H, 2012)
" We review the literature with regard to the dosing regimen and therapeutic drug levels of RMP and INH in premature infants and discuss issues of management."	( Rifampicin pharmacokinetics in extreme prematurity to treat congenital tuberculosis. Barber, N; Doerholt, K; Le Doare, K; Sharland, M, 2013)
" The purpose of this study is to predict the dosing time-dependent pharmacokinetic interactions of repaglinide with rifampicin, using mechanistic models."	( Quantitative prediction of repaglinide-rifampicin complex drug interactions using dynamic and static mechanistic models: delineating differential CYP3A4 induction and OATP1B1 inhibition potential of rifampicin. Bi, YA; El-Kattan, AF; Fahmi, OA; Goosen, TC; Lai, Y; Lam, JL; Lin, J; Rotter, CJ; Varma, MV, 2013)
"The discovery of novel therapeutics for the treatment of tuberculosis involves routine testing in a mouse model over four weeks of daily dosing with test compounds."	( Effect of repeated dosing on rifampin exposure in BALB/c mice. Ahuja, V; Ganguly, S; Giridhar, J; Hosagrahara, V; Panduga, V; Parab, M; Reddy, J, 2013)
" Although clinicians are aware of the interaction with two widely used antituberculosis agents, rifampin and isoniazid, few reports have described the implications for managing phenytoin dosing in this situation."	( Phenytoin-rifampin drug interaction in a hypoalbuminemic, renal failure patient: a complex clinical case. Hurdle, AC; Twilla, JD; Van Berkel, MA, 2013)
"The dosage of 10 mg/kg/d rifampin, as currently used in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB), is not an optimal dose."	( Optimization of the rifampin dosage to improve the therapeutic efficacy in tuberculosis treatment using a murine model. Aarnoutse, RE; Bakker-Woudenberg, IA; Boeree, MJ; de Knegt, GJ; de Steenwinkel, JE; ten Kate, MT; Teulen, M; van Soolingen, D; Verbrugh, HA, 2013)
"Determination of optimal rifampin dosage in mice, resulting in maximum therapeutic effect and without adverse effects."	( Optimization of the rifampin dosage to improve the therapeutic efficacy in tuberculosis treatment using a murine model. Aarnoutse, RE; Bakker-Woudenberg, IA; Boeree, MJ; de Knegt, GJ; de Steenwinkel, JE; ten Kate, MT; Teulen, M; van Soolingen, D; Verbrugh, HA, 2013)
"Maximum tolerated dosage of rifampin in the murine TB was 160 mg/kg/d."	( Optimization of the rifampin dosage to improve the therapeutic efficacy in tuberculosis treatment using a murine model. Aarnoutse, RE; Bakker-Woudenberg, IA; Boeree, MJ; de Knegt, GJ; de Steenwinkel, JE; ten Kate, MT; Teulen, M; van Soolingen, D; Verbrugh, HA, 2013)
"Our findings indicate that the currently used rifampin dosage in the therapy of TB is too low."	( Optimization of the rifampin dosage to improve the therapeutic efficacy in tuberculosis treatment using a murine model. Aarnoutse, RE; Bakker-Woudenberg, IA; Boeree, MJ; de Knegt, GJ; de Steenwinkel, JE; ten Kate, MT; Teulen, M; van Soolingen, D; Verbrugh, HA, 2013)
" These data do not support weight-based dosing of EFV with RIF."	( Relationship between weight, efavirenz exposure, and virologic suppression in HIV-infected patients on rifampin-based tuberculosis treatment in the AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5221 STRIDE Study. Aweeka, F; Benson, CA; Grinsztejn, B; Havlir, DV; Hogg, E; Ive, P; Lu, D; Luetkemeyer, AF; Marzan, F; Rosenkranz, SL; Sanne, IM; Swindells, S, 2013)
" In response to this issue, our laboratory has conducted a proof-of-concept study to investigate the potential utility of juvenile pigs to serve as surrogates for children during preclinical PK testing of selected rifampin dosage forms."	( Assessment of juvenile pigs to serve as human pediatric surrogates for preclinical formulation pharmacokinetic testing. Cooper, BR; Hannou, S; Kissinger, CB; Knipp, GT; Marchant-Forde, JN; McCain, RR; Roth, WJ; Vreeman, RC, 2013)
" Steady-state mirabegron pharmacokinetic parameters (50 and 100 mg mirabegron OCAS) were similar in 13 CYP2D6 poor, 40 intermediate, and 99 extensive metabolizers, whereas C max and AUC under the dosing interval τ of 24 h (AUCτ) were 30-47 % lower in 10 ultrarapid metabolizers."	( Role of cytochrome p450 isoenzymes 3A and 2D6 in the in vivo metabolism of mirabegron, a β3-adrenoceptor agonist. Keirns, J; Kerbusch, V; Kowalski, D; Krauwinkel, W; Lee, J; Marion, A; Meijer, J; Moy, S; Roy, M; Sawamoto, T; Takusagawa, S; van Gelderen, M, 2013)
" Three months of sequential increases in the warfarin dosage were necessary to reach a therapeutic INR, and frequent visits to the anticoagulation clinic were needed to educate the patient about her pharmacotherapy and to perform the warfarin dosage adjustments."	( Rifampicin-warfarin interaction leading to macroscopic hematuria: a case report and review of the literature. Martins, MA; Nobre, V; Reis, AM; Ribeiro, AL; Ribeiro, DD; Rocha, MO; Sales, MF, 2013)
"The present case exemplifies the influence of rifampicin therapy on warfarin dosage requirements and the increased risk of bleeding after rifampicin discontinuation."	( Rifampicin-warfarin interaction leading to macroscopic hematuria: a case report and review of the literature. Martins, MA; Nobre, V; Reis, AM; Ribeiro, AL; Ribeiro, DD; Rocha, MO; Sales, MF, 2013)
" We measured total plasma thyroxine (T4) concentrations over a 6-hour period after dosing using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry."	( Ciprofloxacin and rifampin have opposite effects on levothyroxine absorption. Asher, LJ; Goldberg, AS; Kim, RB; Tirona, RG; Van Uum, SH, 2013)
" New dosing strategies for rifampicin and ethambutol should be studied to increase the exposure to these drugs and thus maximise their impact."	( Synergistic activity of rifampicin and ethambutol against slow-growing nontuberculous mycobacteria is currently of questionable clinical significance. Boeree, MJ; Hoefsloot, W; Mouton, JW; van Ingen, J; van Soolingen, D, 2013)
" This open-label, fixed-sequence, 3-period study was intended to evaluate the potential of anacetrapib to be a victim of OATP1B1/3 inhibition and strong CYP3A induction using acute and chronic dosing of rifampin, respectively, as a probe."	( Effects of Rifampin, a potent inducer of drug-metabolizing enzymes and an inhibitor of OATP1B1/3 transport, on the single dose pharmacokinetics of anacetrapib. Anderson, MS; Auger, P; Cote, J; Gutstein, DE; Hohnstein, A; Johnson-Levonas, AO; Liu, Y; Rasmussen, S; Stypinski, D, 2013)
" Rifampin is commonly manufactured in capsule, tablet, and syrup dosage solutions containing alcohol or sorbitol."	( Stability of rifampin in SyrSpend SF. Sorenson, B; Whaley, P, )
"We describe a patient treated with caspofungin and rifampin; after increasing the dosage of the former (70 mg/day) we observed an unexpectedly lower plasma exposure (AUC0-24 79."	( Pharmacokinetics of caspofungin increased dosage in a patient on rifampin-containing anti-tubercular treatment. Baietto, L; Bertucci, R; Calcagno, A; D'Avolio, A; De Rosa, FG; Di Perri, G; Pagani, N; Rostagno, R, 2013)
" Only clarithromycin and the combination clarithromycin-rifampin were predicted to achieve concentrations in bronchoalveolar cells and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid above the MPC for the entire dosing interval."	( Mutant prevention concentration and mutant selection window for 10 antimicrobial agents against Rhodococcus equi. Berghaus, LJ; Giguère, S; Guldbech, K, 2013)
" The case series will provide details on commonly encountered scenarios and the dosage adjustments required to maintain a therapeutic INR."	( Describing the profile of patients on concurrent rifampin and warfarin therapy in western Kenya: a case series. Karwa, R; Kirui, N; Kirwa, C; Maina, MW; Manji, I; Pastakia, SD, 2013)
"Patients on concurrent therapy should be rigorously monitored with regular INR checks and warfarin dosage adjustments."	( Describing the profile of patients on concurrent rifampin and warfarin therapy in western Kenya: a case series. Karwa, R; Kirui, N; Kirwa, C; Maina, MW; Manji, I; Pastakia, SD, 2013)
" A 6-month regimen of oxytetracycline with monthly dosing was strongly adulticidal, while 3-week and 6-week regimens exhibited weaker adulticidal effects."	( Efficacy of three-week oxytetracycline or rifampin monotherapy compared with a combination regimen against the filarial nematode Onchocerca ochengi. Bah, GS; Makepeace, BL; Srivastava, A; Tanya, VN; Trees, AJ; Ward, EL, 2014)
" Rifapentine, a rifamycin antibiotic, is currently approved for intermittent dosing in the treatment of TB."	( An update on the use of rifapentine for tuberculosis therapy. Bai, X; Chan, JG; Traini, D, 2014)
"Erlotinib exposure (AUC0-∞ and C max) was reduced after pre- or concomitant dosing with rifampicin."	( The effect of rifampicin, a prototypical CYP3A4 inducer, on erlotinib pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects. Drolet, DW; Fettner, SH; Hamilton, M; Lum, BL; Rakhit, AK; Witt, K; Wolf, JL, 2014)
"Simulations based on our models suggest that with the new WHO dosing guidelines and utilizing available paediatric fixed-dose combinations, children will receive adequate rifampicin exposures when compared with adults, but with a larger degree of variability."	( Population pharmacokinetics of rifampicin, pyrazinamide and isoniazid in children with tuberculosis: in silico evaluation of currently recommended doses. Denti, P; Donald, PR; McIlleron, HM; Schaaf, HS; Seddon, JA; Seifart, HI; Simonsson, US; Smith, PJ; Thee, S; Zvada, SP, 2014)
"6 for the three dosing groups (10, 20 and 100 mg)."	( Quinine compared to 4β-hydroxycholesterol and midazolam as markers for CYP3A induction by rifampicin. Andersson, TB; Bäckström, T; Bertilsson, L; Björkhem-Bergman, L; Bredberg, E; Diczfalusy, U; Nylén, H; Rönquist-Nii, Y, 2014)
" The administration of tacrolimus (1 mg) was started as the dosage of oral glucocorticoids was tapered."	( Paradoxical response to disseminated non-tuberculosis mycobacteriosis treatment in a patient receiving tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor: a case report. Imamura, Y; Izumikawa, K; Kakeya, H; Kohno, S; Miyazaki, T; Nakamura, S; Takazono, T; Yanagihara, K, 2014)
"Recent murine studies found that rifapentine, dosed daily, at least halved tuberculosis treatment times compared with standard rifampicin and isoniazid-containing regimens."	( A novel inhalable form of rifapentine. Britton, WJ; Chan, HK; Chan, JC; Chan, JG; Duke, CC; Ong, HX; Traini, D; Tyne, AS; Young, PM, 2014)
" A previous rifapentine dose escalation study with daily dosing indicated a possible decrease in bioavailability as the dose increased and an increase in clearance over time for rifapentine and its active metabolite, desacetyl rifapentine."	( Population pharmacokinetics of rifapentine and desacetyl rifapentine in healthy volunteers: nonlinearities in clearance and bioavailability. Bliven-Sizemore, E; Burman, W; Dooley, KE; Dorman, SE; Lu, Y; Nuermberger, E; Savic, RM; Weiner, M, 2014)
" This study demonstrates notable individual variability, indicating that dosing of these medications requires individual monitoring and provides additional information to guide the clinician when treating elephants."	( The pharmacokinetics of a single oral or rectal dose of concurrently administered isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Egelund, EF; Hunter, RP; Isaza, R; P Brock, A; Peloquin, CA, 2014)
" The risk of joint-related AVN as a side effect of adjunctive steroid therapy should be taken into consideration when evaluating the dosage and treatment duration in tuberculous encephalitis."	( Joint failure after steroid therapy in tuberculous encephalitis. Kircher, J; Krauspe, R; Patzer, T; Richter, J; Ziskoven, C, 2014)
"Seven phase I studies were conducted to investigate the effects of repeated dosing of ketoconazole, diltiazem, rifampin, or lithium on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of single oral doses of lurasidone, or the effects of repeated dosing of lurasidone on the PK of digoxin, midazolam, or the oral contraceptive norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol."	( Lurasidone drug-drug interaction studies: a comprehensive review. Chiu, YY; Ereshefsky, L; Loebel, A; Poola, N; Preskorn, SH, 2014)
" Steady-state dosing with lurasidone increased Cmax and AUC0-24 (AUC from time 0 to 24 h postdose) of digoxin by 9% and 13%, respectively, and of midazolam by 21% and 44%, respectively."	( Lurasidone drug-drug interaction studies: a comprehensive review. Chiu, YY; Ereshefsky, L; Loebel, A; Poola, N; Preskorn, SH, 2014)
"Lurasidone PK is altered by strong cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 inhibitors or inducers, and coadministration is contraindicated; whereas moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors have less effect, and lurasidone dosage restrictions are recommended."	( Lurasidone drug-drug interaction studies: a comprehensive review. Chiu, YY; Ereshefsky, L; Loebel, A; Poola, N; Preskorn, SH, 2014)
" In addition, differences in PK parameters observed by sex should be considered for further dosing recommendations."	( Pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in Mexican patients with tuberculosis and healthy volunteers. Magaña-Aquino, M; Medellín-Garibay, SE; Milán-Segovia, Rdel C; Portales-Pérez, DP; Romano-Moreno, S, 2014)
" However, further studies to identify the optimal statin and dosing are required."	( Simvastatin increases the in vivo activity of the first-line tuberculosis regimen. Bruiners, N; Gennaro, ML; Karakousis, PC; Pine, R; Pinn, ML; Skerry, C, 2014)
"13 log10 reduction at 10 mg/kg dosing level, respectively) in mouse lung."	( Lead optimization of a novel series of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine amides leading to a clinical candidate (Q203) as a multi- and extensively-drug-resistant anti-tuberculosis agent. Ahn, S; Choi, I; Jang, J; Kang, H; Kang, S; Kim, HJ; Kim, J; Kim, RY; Kim, YM; Ko, Y; Lee, S; Nam, J; Nam, K; No, Z; Park, S; Pethe, K; Seo, JJ; Seo, M; Seo, MJ, 2014)
"Patients were enrolled in a single-arm clinical trial to receive intermittent dosing after at least 14 initial daily doses of RMP+PZA+EMB."	( Intermittent tuberculosis treatment for patients with isoniazid intolerance or drug resistance. Bock, N; Bozeman, L; Goldberg, SV; Hamilton, CD; Heilig, CM; Hershfield, E; Kyle, RP; Narita, M; Reves, R; Tapy, JM; Wing, D, 2014)
" BIW dosing was used in 77 and TIW in 21."	( Intermittent tuberculosis treatment for patients with isoniazid intolerance or drug resistance. Bock, N; Bozeman, L; Goldberg, SV; Hamilton, CD; Heilig, CM; Hershfield, E; Kyle, RP; Narita, M; Reves, R; Tapy, JM; Wing, D, 2014)
" In South Africa, clinicians are advised to use 'double-dose' LPV/r dosed at 800 mg/200 mg twice daily during anti-tuberculosis treatment."	( Double-dose lopinavir-ritonavir in combination with rifampicin-based anti-tuberculosis treatment in South Africa. Chelin, N; Cohen, S; Gandhi, RT; Murphy, RA; Sunpath, H; Tennant, I; Winternheimer, P, 2014)
" Major progress has been made to evaluate the interactions between TB drugs and antiretroviral therapy; however, burning questions remain concerning nevirapine and efavirenz effectiveness during rifampicin-based TB treatment, treatment options for TB-HIV-coinfected patients with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance or intolerance, and exact treatment or dosing schedules for vulnerable patients including children and pregnant women."	( Pharmacological interactions between rifampicin and antiretroviral drugs: challenges and research priorities for resource-limited settings. Aarnoutse, R; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Kibiki, GS; Kisanga, ER; Semvua, HH, 2015)
" Pharmacokinetic sampling occurred at the end of each dosing period."	( Phase I safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacogenetics study of the antituberculosis drug PA-824 with concomitant lopinavir-ritonavir, efavirenz, or rifampin. Allen, R; Aweeka, F; Bao, J; Cramer, Y; Dooley, KE; Haas, DW; Koletar, SL; Luetkemeyer, AF; Marzan, F; Murray, S; Park, JG; Savic, R; Sutherland, D, 2014)
" Increased rifampicin dosage may be warranted in African, HIV- TB co-infected patients."	( Low rifampicin concentrations in tuberculosis patients with HIV infection. Abdool Karim, SS; Botha, JH; Gengiah, TN; Naidoo, K; Soowamber, D, 2014)
" Here, we combine pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling with multiobjective optimization to quantitatively explore trade-offs between therapeutic and adverse effects of optimal dosing for the example of rifampin in TB-infected mice."	( Computational pharmacology of rifampin in mice: an application to dose optimization with conflicting objectives in tuberculosis treatment. Lyons, MA, 2014)
" Twice-weekly weight-adjusted dosing of INH appears to be quite robust with respect to important potentially influential patient factors under program conditions."	( Effects of dosage, comorbidities, and food on isoniazid pharmacokinetics in Peruvian tuberculosis patients. Ardrey, A; Davies, G; Jave, O; López-Romero, SL; Moore, DA; Requena-Méndez, A; Ward, SA; Waterhouse, D, 2014)
" We further optimized the dosing of rifampin based upon simulations using the population pharmacokinetic model."	( Population pharmacokinetics of rifampin in the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Asian elephants. Alsultan, A; An, G; Brock, AP; Egelund, EF; Isaza, R; Peloquin, CA, 2015)
"Previous studies of raltegravir and rifampicin have not studied the interaction when rifampicin is dosed intermittently."	( Effect of intermittent rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics and safety of raltegravir. Back, DJ; Chaponda, M; Chiong, J; Chrdle, A; Egan, D; Else, L; Khoo, SH; Reynolds, HE, 2015)
" Raltegravir trough plasma concentration (C12) was significantly lower in the presence of rifampicin when dosed at 400 mg twice daily (40%), which was not observed with 800 mg twice daily dosing."	( Effect of intermittent rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics and safety of raltegravir. Back, DJ; Chaponda, M; Chiong, J; Chrdle, A; Egan, D; Else, L; Khoo, SH; Reynolds, HE, 2015)
" Therefore, no efavirenz dosage adjustment during rifampicin cotreatment is required in Ugandans."	( CYP2B6 genotype, but not rifampicin-based anti-TB cotreatments, explains variability in long-term efavirenz plasma exposure. Aklillu, E; Gustafson, LL; Mukonzo, JK; Nanzigu, S; Ogwal-Okeng, J; Waako, P, 2014)
" Simulations indicated that increasing the bedaquiline dosage to mitigate the interaction would yield elevated M2 concentrations during the first treatment weeks."	( Rifampicin and rifapentine significantly reduce concentrations of bedaquiline, a new anti-TB drug. Dooley, KE; Karlsson, MO; Murray, S; Svensson, EM, 2015)
"We conclude that anti-MRSA antibiotics are utilized via various dosage regimens by a majority of CF Foundation accredited care programs for the treatment of chronic MRSA in PEx, and there is no consensus on the best treatment approach."	( Utilization of antibiotics for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in cystic fibrosis. Ampofo, K; Chin, MJ; Dasenbrook, E; Epps, KL; Marshall, BC; Montague, M; Olson, J; Young, DC; Zobell, JT, 2015)
" Adequacy of SDC was based on the maximum concentration (Cmax) achieved in serum, with rifampicin (RMP) values <8 μg/ml and isoniazid (INH) values <3 μg/ml for daily dosing and <9 μg/ml for intermittent dosing considered inadequate."	( Serum drug concentrations of INH and RMP predict 2-month sputum culture results in tuberculosis patients. Ahmed, R; Cooper, R; Der, E; Gao, Z; Hansen, E; Kharrat, H; Kunimoto, D; Long, R; Mah, A, 2015)
"The overall incidence of adverse events among infants receiving rifampin appears low; however, additional studies to further evaluate safety and dosing of rifampin in this population are needed."	( Rifampin use and safety in hospitalized infants. Arnold, CJ; Benjamin, DK; Chu, VH; Clark, RH; Corey, KL; Ericson, J; Hornik, CP; Kohman, J; Oh, M; Onabanjo, J; Smith, PB, 2015)
" There was a nonlinear increase in exposure to rifampin without an apparent ceiling effect and a greater estimated fall in bacterial load in the higher dosing groups."	( A dose-ranging trial to optimize the dose of rifampin in the treatment of tuberculosis. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, D; Dawson, R; Diacon, AH; du Bois, J; Gillespie, SH; Heinrich, N; Hoelscher, M; Magis-Escurra, C; McHugh, TD; Narunsky, K; Phillips, PP; Plemper van Balen, G; Rehal, S; van Ingen, J; van Soolingen, D; Venter, A, 2015)
"Current guidelines for dosing of anti-TB drugs in children advocate higher doses for rifampicin and isoniazid despite limited availability of paediatric data on the pharmacokinetics of these drugs, especially from Africa, where the burden of childhood disease remains high."	( Pharmacokinetics of anti-TB drugs in Malawian children: reconsidering the role of ethambutol. Ardrey, A; Davies, GR; Dzinjalamala, F; Mlotha, R; Molyneux, E; Ward, S; Waterhouse, D, 2015)
" Rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol were dosed at 10, 5, 25 and 20 mg/kg, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics of anti-TB drugs in Malawian children: reconsidering the role of ethambutol. Ardrey, A; Davies, GR; Dzinjalamala, F; Mlotha, R; Molyneux, E; Ward, S; Waterhouse, D, 2015)
" Predicted AUC0 -∞ for rifampicin dosed at 15 mg/kg was comparable to that of adults while the dose required to achieve ethambutol exposure similar to that in adults was 55 mg/kg or higher."	( Pharmacokinetics of anti-TB drugs in Malawian children: reconsidering the role of ethambutol. Ardrey, A; Davies, GR; Dzinjalamala, F; Mlotha, R; Molyneux, E; Ward, S; Waterhouse, D, 2015)
"These data support recently revised WHO recommendations for dosing of anti-TB drugs in children, but dosing of ethambutol in children also appears inadequate by comparison with adult pharmacokinetic data."	( Pharmacokinetics of anti-TB drugs in Malawian children: reconsidering the role of ethambutol. Ardrey, A; Davies, GR; Dzinjalamala, F; Mlotha, R; Molyneux, E; Ward, S; Waterhouse, D, 2015)
" Improved pharmacokinetic profile of RIF-SLNs can be translated to a reduced dose and dosage frequency of RIF, thus resulting in lower or no hepatotoxicity commonly associated with its use."	( Nano-formulation of rifampicin with enhanced bioavailability: development, characterization and in-vivo safety. Jindal, S; Kaur, IP; Sharma, G; Singh, H; Singh, M, 2015)
"Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health concern, and new therapies are needed to overcome the problems associated with dosing frequency, patient compliance, and drug resistance."	( Antitubercular Nanocarrier Combination Therapy: Formulation Strategies and in Vitro Efficacy for Rifampicin and SQ641. D'Addio, SM; Einck, L; Liu, Y; Prud'homme, RK; Reddy, VM; Sinko, PJ, 2015)
" In arm 1, rifapentine was administered at 10 mg/kg of body weight twice daily and 20 mg/kg once daily, each for 14 days, separated by a 28-day washout; the dosing sequence was randomized."	( Novel dosing strategies increase exposures of the potent antituberculosis drug rifapentine but are poorly tolerated in healthy volunteers. Benson, CA; Cramer, Y; Dooley, KE; Dorman, SE; Haas, DW; Hafner, R; Hogg, E; Hovind, L; Janik, J; Marzinke, MA; Park, JG; Patterson, K; Savic, RM, 2015)
" We conducted this study with the aims of determining the plasma concentrations of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol achieved with different dosage of the anti-tubercular drugs so as to provide supportive evidence to the revised dosages and to evaluate the effects of malnutrition on the pharmacokinetics of these drugs in children."	( Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol in Indian children. Kabra, SK; Kanhiya, K; Lodha, R; Mukherjee, A; Singla, M; Velpandian, T, 2015)
"Prospective drug estimation study was conducted in two groups of children, age 6 months to 15 years, with tuberculosis, with or without severe malnutrition, receiving different dosage of daily anti- tubercular therapy."	( Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol in Indian children. Kabra, SK; Kanhiya, K; Lodha, R; Mukherjee, A; Singla, M; Velpandian, T, 2015)
"7%) children in the two dosing regimen, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol in Indian children. Kabra, SK; Kanhiya, K; Lodha, R; Mukherjee, A; Singla, M; Velpandian, T, 2015)
" This study used population pharmacokinetics modeling to explore the influence of demographic and pharmacogenetic factors including efavirenz-rifampicin interaction on EFV pharmacokinetics, towards safer dosing of EFV."	( CYP2B6*6, CYP2B6*18, Body weight and sex are predictors of efavirenz pharmacokinetics and treatment response: population pharmacokinetic modeling in an HIV/AIDS and TB cohort in Zimbabwe. Chonzi, P; Dhoro, M; Kadzirange, G; Masimirembwa, C; Ngara, B; Nhachi, C; Zvada, S, 2015)
" However, RIF in the IRPP group had a shorter Tmax and higher bioavailability than orally dosed groups."	( Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Rifampicin Porous Particles for Tuberculosis Treatment: Insight into Rifampicin Absorption from the Lungs of Guinea Pigs. Edwards, D; Elbert, K; Garcia Contreras, L; Hickey, A; Ibrahim, M; Sung, J, 2015)
"Data on the tolerance and effectiveness of rifampicin-levofloxacin combination therapy (RLCT) in patients treated for prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) according to daily dosage are lacking."	( Influence of daily dosage and frequency of administration of rifampicin-levofloxacin therapy on tolerance and effectiveness in 154 patients treated for prosthetic joint infections. Beltrand, E; Blondiaux, N; Loiez, C; Migaud, H; Nguyen, S; Robineau, O; Senneville, E; Titecat, M; Valette, M, 2015)
" While such pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) studies are useful for the identification of optimal clinical dosing regimens, they are resource intensive and are not routinely performed."	( Computational pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of rifampin in a mouse tuberculosis infection model. Lenaerts, AJ; Lyons, MA, 2015)
"Information about intralesional pharmacokinetics (PK) and spatial distribution of tuberculosis (TB) drugs is limited and has not been used to optimize dosing recommendations for new or existing drugs."	( Determination of [11C]rifampin pharmacokinetics within Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice by using dynamic positron emission tomography bioimaging. Dannals, RF; Dartois, V; DeMarco, VP; Dooley, KE; Holt, DP; Jain, SK; Klunk, M; Lee, CK; Ordonez, AA; Prideaux, B; Tonge, PJ; Wang, H; Weinstein, EA; Zhuo, Z, 2015)
" The impact of HAART on imatinib may depend on whether it is being initiated or has already been dosed chronically in patients."	( Human hepatocyte assessment of imatinib drug-drug interactions - complexities in clinical translation. Beumer, JH; Christner, SM; Kiesel, BF; Parise, RA; Pillai, VC; Rudek, MA; Venkataramanan, R, 2015)
" Further investigation is needed to determine the optimal dosage for loading rifapentine."	( Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus-induced chronic osteomyelitis with bone-like hydroxyapatite/poly amino acid loaded with rifapentine microspheres. Cao, ZD; Jiang, DM; Li, YJ; Wang, X; Wang, ZL; Wu, J; Yan, L; Yi, YF, 2015)
"The HFS-TB model is highly accurate at identifying optimal drug exposures, doses, and dosing schedules for use in the clinic."	( Correlations Between the Hollow Fiber Model of Tuberculosis and Therapeutic Events in Tuberculosis Patients: Learn and Confirm. Gumbo, T; Hanna, D; Nuermberger, E; Pasipanodya, JG; Romero, K, 2015)
" One of the reasons (carba)penems are seldom used for treatment of TB is the high dosage levels required, often at the therapeutic limits."	( Carbapenems and Rifampin Exhibit Synergy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium abscessus. Kaushik, A; Lamichhane, G; Makkar, N; Pandey, P; Parrish, N; Singh, U, 2015)
" difficile infection after TB medication was not low considering the relatively low TB medication dosage compared to other antibiotics."	( Incidence and Clinical Outcomes of Clostridium difficile Infection after Treatment with Tuberculosis Medication. Huh, KC; Jang, BI; Jung, Y; Kim, SH; Koo, HS; Lee, SW; Lee, YM; Moon, HS; Shin, JE; Yoon, SM, 2016)
" Current rifampin dosing achieves low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations, and CSF penetration of ethambutol is poor."	( Pediatric tuberculous meningitis: Model-based approach to determining optimal doses of the anti-tuberculosis drugs rifampin and levofloxacin for children. Aarnoutse, R; Dooley, KE; Ganiem, AR; Gupta, A; Hesseling, A; Hibma, JE; McIlleron, H; Ramachandran, G; Ruslami, R; Savic, RM; Swaminathan, S; Thakur, K; van Crevel, R, 2015)
" The model was robust enough to allow prospective predictions of macitentan-drug combinations not studied, including an alternative dosing regimen of ketoconazole and nine other CYP3A4-interacting drugs."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Macitentan: Prediction of Drug-Drug Interactions. Buchmann, S; de Kanter, R; Delahaye, S; Gnerre, C; Kohl, C; Segrestaa, J; Sidharta, PN; Treiber, A, 2016)
" Further, this PMAA/INH/RMP nanogel exhibited lower cytotoxicity than did INH or RMP alone, suggesting that this PMAA/INH/RMP nanogel could be a more useful dosage form than separate doses of INH and RMP for intestinal MTB."	( Lower cytotoxicity, high stability, and long-term antibacterial activity of a poly(methacrylic acid)/isoniazid/rifampin nanogel against multidrug-resistant intestinal Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chen, L; Chen, T; Chen, X; Guo, H; Guo, L; Li, H; Li, Q; Li, Z; Wu, T; Yu, L; Zhao, M; Zhong, Q; Zhou, L, 2016)
"The dosing of drugs in critically ill patients undergoing renal replacement therapy is based on limited data."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of ethambutol and rifampicin in a tuberculosis patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome undergoing extended daily dialysis and ECMO treatment. Ciesek, S; Hoeper, MM; Kielstein, JT; Kühn, C; Schmidt, JJ; Strunk, AK; Welte, T, 2016)
"Encapsulating antibiotics such as rifampicin in biodegradable nanoparticles provides several advantages compared to free drug administration, including reduced dosing due to localized targeting and sustained release."	( Thioridazine in PLGA nanoparticles reduces toxicity and improves rifampicin therapy against mycobacterial infection in zebrafish. Anes, E; Bogoeva, V; Fenaroli, F; Griffiths, G; Hildahl, J; Kalluru, R; Pires, D; Speth, M; Vibe, CB; Wilson, SR, 2016)
"Improvement in tuberculosis treatment regimens requires selection of antibiotics and dosing schedules from a large design space of possibilities."	( In silico evaluation and exploration of antibiotic tuberculosis treatment regimens. Dartois, V; Kirschner, DE; Linderman, JJ; Pienaar, E, 2015)
" The objectives of this study were to characterize the population pharmacokinetics (popPK) of rifampicin in Malawian children and adults with tuberculosis, simulate exposures under revised WHO dosing guidelines that aim to reduce the risk of low exposures of rifampicin and examine predicted exposures using weight- and age-based dosing bands under new dosing recommendations."	( A simultaneous population pharmacokinetic analysis of rifampicin in Malawian adults and children. Davies, G; Dzinjalamala, FK; Khoo, S; Lopez, N; Mlota, R; Molyneux, E; Pertinez, H; Schipani, A; van Oosterhout, JJ; Ward, SA, 2016)
" Using age as a surrogate for weight in dosing bands gave similar results compared with the weight bands."	( A simultaneous population pharmacokinetic analysis of rifampicin in Malawian adults and children. Davies, G; Dzinjalamala, FK; Khoo, S; Lopez, N; Mlota, R; Molyneux, E; Pertinez, H; Schipani, A; van Oosterhout, JJ; Ward, SA, 2016)
"The popPK model developed can be used to optimize rifampicin exposures through dosing simulations."	( A simultaneous population pharmacokinetic analysis of rifampicin in Malawian adults and children. Davies, G; Dzinjalamala, FK; Khoo, S; Lopez, N; Mlota, R; Molyneux, E; Pertinez, H; Schipani, A; van Oosterhout, JJ; Ward, SA, 2016)
"To supplement previous state-of-art reviews on anti-tuberculosis treatment and to pave the way forward with reference to the current status, we systematically reviewed published literature on clinical research on tuberculosis (TB) over the past decade in the treatment of drug-susceptible and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), with a focus on drugs, dosing factors and regimens."	( Clinical research in the treatment of tuberculosis: current status and future prospects. Chang, KC; Sotgiu, G; Yew, WW, 2015)
" equi pneumonia, but nephrotoxicity indicates that an alternative dosing interval or route (such as nebulization) will be needed before LG is adequately safe for clinical use."	( Use of Liposomal Gentamicin for Treatment of 5 Foals with Experimentally Induced Rhodococcus equi Pneumonia. Berghaus, LJ; Bordin, AI; Brake, CN; Burton, AJ; Cohen, ND; Coleman, MC; Giguère, S; Rocha, JN, )
" Reports of resistance have led to combination use of fusidic acid with rifampin, which is superseded by the development of a new dosing regimen for fusidic acid that can be used in monotherapy."	( Fusidic Acid: A Bacterial Elongation Factor Inhibitor for the Oral Treatment of Acute and Chronic Staphylococcal Infections. Fernandes, P, 2016)
" Although linezolid therapy is known to result in thrombocytopenia, dosage adjustment or therapeutic drug monitoring of linezolid is not generally necessary."	( Successful treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis with combination therapy using linezolid and rifampicin under therapeutic drug monitoring. Ashizawa, N; Gejo, R; Higashi, Y; Kawago, K; Kimura, T; Narukawa, M; Nogami, M; Tashiro, M; Tsuji, Y; Yamamoto, Y, 2016)
" Quantitative IMS experiments were performed on liver tissue from an animal dosed in vivo."	( Absolute Quantitative MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry: A Case of Rifampicin in Liver Tissues. Allen, JL; Barry, CE; Caprioli, RM; Chumbley, CW; Marriner, GA; Reyzer, ML; Via, LE, 2016)
" These changes could enhance the drug efficacy, but they could also cause drug accumulation, which might induce adverse effect, so it was suggested that the drug dosage should be adjusted and the drug concentration in plasma should be monitored if moxifloxacin and rifampicin are co-administered."	( Drug-drug interactions between moxifloxacin and rifampicin based on pharmacokinetics in vivo in rats. Huang, L; Huang, Y; Liu, J; Shi, L; Xiao, H; Yu, X, 2016)
" A maximum effect model was used to determine the PK/PD index that best described the dose-response data."	( Investigation on rifampicin administration from the standpoint of pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics in a neutropenic murine thigh infection model. Hagihara, M; Hanaki, H; Hirai, J; Kato, H; Koizumi, Y; Mikamo, H; Nishiyama, N; Sakanashi, D; Suematsu, H; Yamagishi, Y, 2016)
"Around 450 and 250 mg daily doses might meet EFV dosing needs of HIV-TB infected Ugandans in general and CYP2B6*6/*6 genotypes, respectively."	( CYP2B6 genotype-based efavirenz dose recommendations during rifampicin-based antituberculosis cotreatment for a sub-Saharan Africa population. Aklillu, E; Bisaso, RK; Gustafsson, LL; Mukonzo, JK; Ogwal-Okeng, J; Owen, JS, 2016)
" She had acute kidney injury, requiring daptomycin dosage adjustment."	( Successful Use of High-dose Daptomycin in a Child With Staphylococcus aureus Endocarditis. Gnanasambandam, S; Kanjani, A; Nambi, PS; Prabhudesai, S; Ramachandran, B, 2016)
" Steady-state ketoconazole did not cause a clinically significant change in the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of tivozanib; therefore, dosing of tivozanib with a CYP3A4 pathway inhibitor should not cause a clinically significant change in serum tivozanib levels."	( Effects of ketoconazole or rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of tivozanib hydrochloride, a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Cotreau, MM; Miller, J; Siebers, NM; Slichenmyer, W; Strahs, AL, 2015)
" The UA-Lipo may be used as a dosage form to improve the antimycobacterial activity of RIF, a first-line drug for the treatment of infections caused by Mtb."	( Effects of the encapsulation of usnic acid into liposomes and interactions with antituberculous agents against multidrug-resistant tuberculosis clinical isolates. Cavalcanti, IM; Ferraz-Carvalho, RS; Linhares, LA; Lira-Nogueira, MC; Montenegro, LM; Pereira, MA; Santos-Magalhães, NS, 2016)
" We pooled data by study quality, design, region, dosing modality and patient characteristics."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring in anti-tuberculosis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Al-Efraij, K; Campbell, JR; Cook, VJ; Johnston, J; Marra, F; Mota, L, 2016)
" These findings point to a discrepancy between accepted 2 h TDM thresholds and TB drug dosing recommendations."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring in anti-tuberculosis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Al-Efraij, K; Campbell, JR; Cook, VJ; Johnston, J; Marra, F; Mota, L, 2016)
" Median rifapentine area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-24) was 313 mcg*h/mL, similar to recent studies of rifapentine dosed at 450-600 mg daily."	( A Phase 2 Randomized Trial of a Rifapentine plus Moxifloxacin-Based Regimen for Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Armstrong, DT; Barnes, GL; Cavalcante, SC; Chaisson, RE; Cohn, S; Conde, MB; Dalcolmo, M; Dooley, KE; Dorman, SE; Duarte, RS; Durovni, B; Efron, A; Loredo, C; Marzinke, MA; Mello, FC; Moulton, LH; Rolla, V; Savic, RM, 2016)
" The DDI risk for cobimetinib with other CYP3A4 inhibitors and inducers needs to be assessed in order to provide dosing instructions."	( Evaluation of Cytochrome P450 3A4-Mediated Drug-Drug Interaction Potential for Cobimetinib Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulation. Budha, NR; Chen, Y; Dresser, M; Eppler, S; Ji, T; Jin, JY; Musib, L, 2016)
"This study demonstrates the value of using PBPK simulation to assess the clinical DDI risk inorder to provide dosing instructions with other CYP3A4 perpetrators."	( Evaluation of Cytochrome P450 3A4-Mediated Drug-Drug Interaction Potential for Cobimetinib Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulation. Budha, NR; Chen, Y; Dresser, M; Eppler, S; Ji, T; Jin, JY; Musib, L, 2016)
") dosage extrapolated from dose that is used in human for 28 d once daily."	( Deleterious effects of 28-day oral co-administration of first-line anti-TB drugs on spleen, blood and bone marrow chromosomes in normal rat. Sharma, R; Sharma, VL, 2017)
" Based on these results, it is anticipated that the PBPK model developed in this study will be useful in evaluating dosing regimens for RPT and for characterizing tissue-level doses that could be predictors of problems related to efficacy or safety."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Rifapentine and 25-Desacetyl Rifapentine Disposition in Humans. Eppers, GJ; Reisfeld, B; Zurlinden, TJ, 2016)
"Accurate prediction of drug target activity and rational dosing regimen design require knowledge of drug concentrations at the target."	( Intracellular Unbound Atorvastatin Concentrations in the Presence of Metabolism and Transport. Korzekwa, K; Kulkarni, P; Nagar, S, 2016)
" Coadministration of Kaletra (lopinavir/ritonavir) with delamanid resulted in an approximately 25% higher delamanid area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to the end of the dosing interval (AUCτ)."	( Delamanid Coadministered with Antiretroviral Drugs or Antituberculosis Drugs Shows No Clinically Relevant Drug-Drug Interactions in Healthy Subjects. Geiter, L; Mallikaarjun, S; Paccaly, A; Patil, S; Petersen, C; Shoaf, SE; Wells, C, 2016)
" One hundred patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (65% coinfected with HIV-1) were intensively sampled to determine rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide plasma concentrations after 7 to 8 weeks of a daily quadruple-therapy regimen dosed according to World Health Organization (WHO) weight bands."	( HIV-1 Coinfection Does Not Reduce Exposure to Rifampin, Isoniazid, and Pyrazinamide in South African Tuberculosis Outpatients. Chirehwa, M; Denti, P; McIlleron, H; Meintjes, G; Rockwood, N; Wiesner, L; Wilkinson, RJ, 2016)
" Early studies that explored this potential using intermittent, higher dosing were derailed by toxicity."	( Evaluation of high-dose rifampin in patients with new, smear-positive tuberculosis (HIRIF): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Calderon, R; Coit, J; Coleman, D; Contreras, C; Davies, G; Lecca, L; Milstein, M; Mitchison, D; Mitnick, CD; Osso, E; Pagano, M; Peloquin, C; Sanchez Garavito, E; Seung, K; Vargas Vasquez, DE, 2016)
" The aim of this work was to obtain a hydrophilic new material that allows a very fast dissolution rate of RIF and therefore is potentially useful in the development of oral solid dosage forms."	( Very fast dissolving acid carboxymethylcellulose-rifampicin matrix: Development and solid-state characterization. Garro-Linck, Y; Luciani-Giacobbe, LC; Manzo, RH; Monti, GA; Olivera, ME; Ramírez-Rigo, MV, 2017)
" However, there is always concern about the safety of the dosage form by inhalation as it may induce inflammation."	( Evaluation of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Adverse Events in Healthy Volunteers upon Inhalation of Antituberculosis Drugs. Juthong, S; Laohapojanart, N; Padmavathi, AR; Pungrassami, P; Ratanajamit, C; Srichana, T; Suwandecha, T, 2016)
"Animal infection models in the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) evaluation of antimicrobial therapy serve an important role in preclinical assessments of new antibiotics, dosing optimization for those that are clinically approved, and setting or confirming susceptibility breakpoints."	( Animal models in the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation of antimicrobial agents. Andes, DR; Lepak, AJ; Zhao, M, 2016)
" The effectiveness of weekly dosing with inhalable rifapentine will be assessed in murine Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection."	( Inhalation of Respirable Crystalline Rifapentine Particles Induces Pulmonary Inflammation. Ashhurst, AS; Britton, WJ; Chan, HK; Nagalingam, G; Parumasivam, T, 2017)
" Designing rational dosage regimens for patients to maximize the antimicrobial activity and minimize the emergence and prevalence of resistance is recommended."	( Systematic Review of Antimicrobial Resistance of Clinical Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates in Iran: An Update. Ardebili, A; Mardaneh, J; Razavi Nikoo, H, 2017)
" The results obtained indicate that adsorption of rifampicin on the copper nanoparticles surface might provide the reduction of antibiotic dosage and prevent its adverse side effects."	( Green synthesis of rifampicin-loaded copper nanoparticles with enhanced antimicrobial activity. Jarek, M; Jurga, S; Langer, K; Nowaczyk, G; Peplińska, B; Przysiecka, Ł; Wiesner, M; Woźniak-Budych, MJ, 2017)
"Tedizolid is an orally bioavailable oxazolidinone with once-daily dosing and broad-spectrum Gram-positive activity."	( Exploring the pharmacodynamic interactions between tedizolid and other orally bioavailable antimicrobials against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Werth, BJ, 2017)
"We compared the pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin during rifampicin co-treatment or when dosed alone in African patients with drug-susceptible recurrent TB."	( Effect of rifampicin and efavirenz on moxifloxacin concentrations when co-administered in patients with drug-susceptible TB. Adamson, J; Chirehwa, M; Denti, P; Essack, S; Govender, K; Kimba-Phongi, E; McIlleron, H; Naidoo, A; Naidoo, K; Padayatchi, N; Yende-Zuma, N, 2017)
" Only 4 cases received rifampicin on a daily basis for pulmonary tuberculosis treatment and the others were on intermittent dosing schedule for pulmonary tuberculosis or leprosy treatment."	( Rifampicin-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation in pulmonary tuberculosis treatment: A case report and literature review. Chen, G; He, JQ, 2017)
" The dose-response sensorgrams of BSA upon increasing concentration of refampicin were attained in SPR analysis."	( Kinetic and thermodynamic study of bovine serum albumin interaction with rifampicin using surface plasmon resonance and molecular docking methods. Dolatabadi, JE; Fathi, F; Jafari, B; Rashidi, M; Rashidi, MR; Sharifi, M; Tajalli, H, 2017)
"" This could be due to the incomplete selection pressure by an inadequate RIF exposure caused by various factors including a low-RIF dosage being used widely and poor Directly observed treatment."	( Are WHO approved nucleic acid amplification tests causing large-scale "false identification" of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis?: Programmatic experience from south india. Ambika, AP; Balakrishnan, R; Kottuthodi, RP; Moosan, H; Mrithunjayan, SK; Sanker, P; Santhosh, VT, )
" The aim of this analysis was to characterize factors contributing to the variability in exposure and to evaluate drug exposures using alternative doses, thus providing evidence to support revised dosing recommendations for drug-susceptible and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)."	( Pharmacokinetics of Pyrazinamide and Optimal Dosing Regimens for Drug-Sensitive and -Resistant Tuberculosis. Chirehwa, MT; Denti, P; McIlleron, H; Mthiyane, T; Onyebujoh, P; Rustomjee, R; Smith, P, 2017)
" The developed approach can lead to improved patient compliance and reduced dosing in future, offering improved treatment of tuberculosis."	( Conjugated and Entrapped HPMA-PLA Nano-Polymeric Micelles Based Dual Delivery of First Line Anti TB Drugs: Improved and Safe Drug Delivery against Sensitive and Resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Bhaskar, N; Chauhan, DS; Gothwal, A; Gupta, U; Gupta, UD; Khan, I; Pachouri, PK; Upadhyay, S, 2017)
" Factors associated with low Cmax were NAT2 metabolizer phenotype status for isoniazid; height, dosage and HIV coinfection status for rifampin; height for pyrazinamide; and age, dosage and HIV coinfection status for ethambutol."	( Evaluation of the Adequacy of the 2010 Revised World Health Organization Recommended Dosages of the First-line Antituberculosis Drugs for Children: Adequacy of Revised Dosages of TB Drugs for Children. Adu Awhireng, E; Antwi, S; Dompreh, A; Enimil, A; Gillani, FS; Kwara, A; Ortsin, A; Owusu, M; Peloquin, CA; Wiesner, L; Yang, H, 2018)
" There is a need for more research on optimization of dosing to maximize efficacy and safety of currently used drugs."	( Food significantly reduces plasma concentrations of first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. Chandrasekaran, V; Kawaskar, M; Kumar, AK; Kumar, AKH; Lavanya, J; Ramachandran, G; Swaminathan, S, 2017)
" The results from these studies were incorporated into the Food and Drug Administration-approved product label, providing guidance for panobinostat dosing recommendations when it is combined with other drugs."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model Predictions of Panobinostat (LBH589) as a Victim and Perpetrator of Drug-Drug Interactions. Chun, DY; Einolf, HJ; Gu, H; He, H; Lin, W; Mangold, JB; Wang, L; Won, CS, 2017)
"Treatment with standardized antituberculosis regimens dosed daily throughout, high uptake of antiretroviral therapy, and low prevalence of isoniazid monoresistance were associated with a low frequency of ADR."	( Low Frequency of Acquired Isoniazid and Rifampicin Resistance in Rifampicin-Susceptible Pulmonary Tuberculosis in a Setting of High HIV-1 Infection and Tuberculosis Coprevalence. Meintjes, G; Rockwood, N; Sirgel, F; Streicher, E; Warren, R; Wilkinson, RJ, 2017)
"The design and production of an oral dual-compartmental dosage unit (dcDU) was examined in vitro and in vivo with the purpose of physically isolating and modulating the release profile of an anti-tuberculosis drug combination."	( Anti-tuberculosis drug combination for controlled oral delivery using 3D printed compartmental dosage forms: From drug product design to in vivo testing. Boetker, JP; Bohr, A; Colombo, S; Genina, N; Harmankaya, N; Rantanen, J, 2017)
" As irrational use and inadequate dosing of anti-TB drugs may contribute to the epidemic of drug-resistant TB, we assessed the drug types and dosages prescribed in the treatment of TB cases in a representative sample of health care facilities in Yunnan."	( Prescription practice of anti-tuberculosis drugs in Yunnan, China: A clinical audit. Chen, J; Chiang, CY; Innes, AL; Li, L; Xu, L, 2017)
" Outcomes of interest included the regimen used in the treatment of new and retreatment TB patients; and the proportion of patients treated with adequate dosing of anti-TB drugs."	( Prescription practice of anti-tuberculosis drugs in Yunnan, China: A clinical audit. Chen, J; Chiang, CY; Innes, AL; Li, L; Xu, L, 2017)
"2 observed ratio) after daily dosing of midostaurin for 4 days."	( Simultaneous Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling of Parent and Active Metabolites to Investigate Complex CYP3A4 Drug-Drug Interaction Potential: A Case Example of Midostaurin. Chun, DY; Dutreix, C; Einolf, HJ; Gu, H; He, H; Ouatas, T; Rebello, S; Wang, L, 2018)
" Isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide concentration-time profiles and treatment outcome were obtained from 161 Indian children with drug-sensitive tuberculosis undergoing thrice-weekly dosing as per previous Indian pediatric guidelines."	( Suboptimal Antituberculosis Drug Concentrations and Outcomes in Small and HIV-Coinfected Children in India: Recommendations for Dose Modifications. Bhavani, PK; Dooley, KE; Gangadevi, NP; Guiastrennec, B; Gupta, A; Karlsson, MO; Kumar, AKH; Ramachandran, G; Savic, RM; Swaminathan, S, 2018)
"The dosage of INH and RIF is minimal in the combination form with the NOR nanoparticles compared to the plain INH and RIF."	( Enhancing antimycobacterial activity of isoniazid and rifampicin incorporated norbornene nanoparticles. Kumarasingam, K; Mane, SR; Shunmugam, R; Sivakumar, S; Uma Devi, KR; Vincent, M, )
"Low dosage of INH and RIF along with NOR nanocarrier has similar activity to that of INH and RIF; thus this is expected to reduce adverse effects and NOR did not alter the functional activity of INH and RIF, thus becoming eligible for the newer drug carrier in TB treatment."	( Enhancing antimycobacterial activity of isoniazid and rifampicin incorporated norbornene nanoparticles. Kumarasingam, K; Mane, SR; Shunmugam, R; Sivakumar, S; Uma Devi, KR; Vincent, M, )
" This supports the current 600 mg EFV dosing when coadministered with anti-TB drugs."	( Pharmacokinetics of efavirenz in patients on antituberculosis treatment in high human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis burden countries: A systematic review. Atwine, D; Bonnet, M; Taburet, AM, 2018)
" RMP dosed at 600 mg was administered 2 weeks apart in random sequence."	( Quality assurance of rifampicin-containing fixed-drug combinations in South Africa: dosing implications. Chirehwa, MT; Court, R; Kramer, N; McIlleron, H; Smythe, W; Wiesner, L; Wright, B, 2018)
"Post-marketing surveillance of in vivo bioavailability of RMP and improved weight band-based dosing are recommended."	( Quality assurance of rifampicin-containing fixed-drug combinations in South Africa: dosing implications. Chirehwa, MT; Court, R; Kramer, N; McIlleron, H; Smythe, W; Wiesner, L; Wright, B, 2018)
" Many new cases of MDR-TB are created by physician's errors related to drugs regimen, dosing interval and duration of treatment."	( Risk Factors for Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis. Rumende, CM, 2018)
" The recommended dosage of rifampicin should be increased to improve efficacy."	( Pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in adult TB patients and healthy volunteers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aarnoutse, R; Alffenaar, JWC; Boeree, MJ; Davies, G; Koegelenberg, CFN; McIlleron, H; Peloquin, C; Pertinez, H; Ramachandran, G; Requena-Méndez, A; Ruslami, R; Stott, KE; Sturkenboom, MGG; Swaminathan, S; Tostmann, A, 2018)
"Subjects were randomly assigned to receive two single 400 mg doses of bedaquiline, alone, and, after a 4 week washout period, in combination with steady-state daily dosing of either rifabutin 300 mg or rifampin 600 mg."	( Mycobactericidal activity of bedaquiline plus rifabutin or rifampin in ex vivo whole blood cultures of healthy volunteers: A randomized controlled trial. Blumer, JL; Good, CE; Griffiss, JM; Healan, A; Jacobs, MR; O'Riordan, MA; Salata, RA; Wallis, RS, 2018)
" Combined dosing with rifampin or rifabutin produced maximal effects of -0."	( Mycobactericidal activity of bedaquiline plus rifabutin or rifampin in ex vivo whole blood cultures of healthy volunteers: A randomized controlled trial. Blumer, JL; Good, CE; Griffiss, JM; Healan, A; Jacobs, MR; O'Riordan, MA; Salata, RA; Wallis, RS, 2018)
"Paraguayan children were treated according to the revised paediatric dosing scheme of the World Health Organization."	( Evaluation of dried blood spot sampling for pharmacokinetic research and therapeutic drug monitoring of anti-tuberculosis drugs in children. Aarnoutse, RE; Aguirre, S; Alffenaar, JW; Chaparro, G; Coronel, R; Gomez, R; Gonzalez, F; Huisman, J; Jongedijk, E; Kerkhoff, J; Magis-Escurra, C; Martial, LC; Martinez, N; Molinas, G; Pérez, D; Rodríguez, M; Roman, M; Touw, DJ, 2018)
"Anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy with a long duration and adequate dosing is the mainstay for treatment of osteoarticular tuberculosis (TB)."	( A bioactive implant in situ and long-term releases combined drugs for treatment of osteoarticular tuberculosis. Cui, X; Li, BN; Li, G; Li, L; Ma, YG; Shi, F; Wang, F; Wang, H; Wang, L; Weng, J; Zhang, C; Zhou, CX; Zhou, Z, 2018)
" The Emax Hill equation was used to model the dose-response relationship."	( Increased activity of linezolid in combination with rifampicin in a murine pneumonia model due to MRSA. Bu, MX; Li, L; Liao, XP; Liu, YH; Sun, J; Tao, MT; Xiong, YQ; Zhou, YF, 2018)
" Higher rifampicin doses have been associated with better bactericidal activity, but optimal dosing is uncertain."	( The Potential for Treatment Shortening With Higher Rifampicin Doses: Relating Drug Exposure to Treatment Response in Patients With Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Aarnoutse, R; Boeree, MJ; Churchyard, G; Dawson, R; Diacon, AH; Gillespie, SH; Heinrich, N; Hoelscher, M; Kibiki, GS; Konsten, S; Minja, LT; Ntingiya, NE; Phillips, PPJ; Sanne, I; Simonsson, USH; Svensson, EM; Svensson, RJ; Te Brake, LHM, 2018)
" Optimizing rifampicin dosage while preventing toxicity is a clinical priority."	( The Potential for Treatment Shortening With Higher Rifampicin Doses: Relating Drug Exposure to Treatment Response in Patients With Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Aarnoutse, R; Boeree, MJ; Churchyard, G; Dawson, R; Diacon, AH; Gillespie, SH; Heinrich, N; Hoelscher, M; Kibiki, GS; Konsten, S; Minja, LT; Ntingiya, NE; Phillips, PPJ; Sanne, I; Simonsson, USH; Svensson, EM; Svensson, RJ; Te Brake, LHM, 2018)
" Combinations of optimal dose and release rates were simulated such that plasma concentrations were maintained over the epidemiological cut-off or minimum inhibitory concentration for the dosing interval."	( Modelling the long-acting administration of anti-tuberculosis agents using PBPK: a proof of concept study. Flexner, C; Moss, DM; Owen, A; Podany, AT; Rajoli, RKR; Siccardi, M; Swindells, S, 2018)
" These results suggested that this GEN-CS/INH/RMP NGPs inhalation powder would be a more useful dosage form than separate dose of INH or RMP for MTB."	( Genipin-crosslinked carboxymethyl chitosan nanogel for lung-targeted delivery of isoniazid and rifampin. Cai, X; Chen, T; Guo, L; Liao, W; Ma, D; Tan, W; Wang, W; Wu, T; Xiang, W; Yu, W; Zhang, J; Zhou, J, 2018)
" Plasma samples for ertugliflozin pharmacokinetic analysis were collected during 72hours after dosing on day 1 of period 1 and day 8 of period 2 and analyzed using a validated HPLC-MS/MS method."	( Effect of Rifampin on the Pharmacokinetics of Ertugliflozin in Healthy Subjects. Cutler, DL; Dawra, VK; Hickman, A; Liang, Y; Matschke, K; Sahasrabudhe, V; Saur, D; Shi, H; Terra, SG, 2018)
" Trials were heterogenous in terms of dosing of interventions and outcome measures."	( Antibiotics for treating scrub typhus. El Sayed, I; Hine, P; Liu, Q; Wee, I, 2018)
" We evaluated plasma drug concentrations of rifampicin (RIF), isoniazid (INH), pyrazinamide (PZA), and ethambutol (EMB) among children undergoing TB treatment in Tanzania when these dosing recommendations were being implemented."	( Pharmacokinetics of First-Line Drugs Among Children With Tuberculosis in Rural Tanzania. Augustino, D; Gratz, J; Heysell, SK; Houpt, ER; Justine, M; Kibiki, GS; Kivuyo, S; Mduma, E; Mfinanga, S; Mmbaga, B; Nicodemu, I; Peloquin, CA; Thomas, TA; Yeconia, A; Zagurski, T, 2020)
" Differences in median drug concentrations were compared on the basis of the weight-based dosing strategy using the Mann-Whitney U test."	( Pharmacokinetics of First-Line Drugs Among Children With Tuberculosis in Rural Tanzania. Augustino, D; Gratz, J; Heysell, SK; Houpt, ER; Justine, M; Kibiki, GS; Kivuyo, S; Mduma, E; Mfinanga, S; Mmbaga, B; Nicodemu, I; Peloquin, CA; Thomas, TA; Yeconia, A; Zagurski, T, 2020)
"Among this cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-negative Tanzanian children, use of the revised dosing strategy for treating childhood TB did not result in the target drug concentration for RIF, INH, or EMB being reached."	( Pharmacokinetics of First-Line Drugs Among Children With Tuberculosis in Rural Tanzania. Augustino, D; Gratz, J; Heysell, SK; Houpt, ER; Justine, M; Kibiki, GS; Kivuyo, S; Mduma, E; Mfinanga, S; Mmbaga, B; Nicodemu, I; Peloquin, CA; Thomas, TA; Yeconia, A; Zagurski, T, 2020)
" CYP2B6 genotyping but not anti-tuberculosis co-treatment should guide efavirenz dosing to optimize treatment outcomes."	( Long-term efavirenz pharmacokinetics is comparable between Tanzanian HIV and HIV/Tuberculosis patients with the same CYP2B6*6 genotype. Aklillu, E; Bertilsson, L; Burhenne, J; Janabi, M; Kitabi, EN; Minzi, OMS; Mugusi, F; Mugusi, S; Sasi, P, 2018)
" In treating the patients with NTM, we were able to maintain an adequate blood concentration of CNI by decreasing the dosage from one-half to one-quarter."	( Management of De Novo Mycobacterial Infection After Lung Transplantation Without Rifampicin: Case Series of a Single Institution. Matsuda, Y; Noda, M; Oishi, H; Okada, Y; Sado, T; Suzuki, H; Tamada, T; Watanabe, T; Yamada, M, 2018)
"Revised WHO dosing does not increase incidence of hepatitis compared to old dosing in HIV negative children."	( Revised Antituberculosis Drug Doses and Hepatotoxicity in HIV Negative Children. Indumathi, CK; Jain, S; Krishnamurthy, S; Sethuraman, A, 2019)
"Pharmacokinetic studies in the past have shown inadequate antituberculosis drug levels in children with the currently available dosing regimens."	( Optimization of dosing regimens of isoniazid and rifampicin in children with tuberculosis in India. Aruldhas, BW; Bose, A; Hoglund, RM; Mathew, BS; Mathew, SK; Ranjalkar, J; Tarning, J; Verghese, VP, 2019)
" For rifampicin, a novel dosing regimen was developed to ensure adequate drug concentrations in children."	( Optimization of dosing regimens of isoniazid and rifampicin in children with tuberculosis in India. Aruldhas, BW; Bose, A; Hoglund, RM; Mathew, BS; Mathew, SK; Ranjalkar, J; Tarning, J; Verghese, VP, 2019)
" Although no studies have been performed, anti-tuberculosis treatment may also have to be prolonged or intensified in terms of regimen or drug dosage if DM is present."	( Clinical management of combined tuberculosis and diabetes. Harries, AD; Hill, PC; Koesoemadinata, R; van Crevel, R, 2018)
", drug dosing and drug elimination curves) based on previously obtained PK parameters."	( In vitro Pharmacokinetic Cell Culture System that Simulates Physiologic Drug and Nanoparticle Exposure to Macrophages. Kutscher, HL; Morse, GD; Prasad, PN; Reynolds, JL, 2019)
"Pharmacokinetics studies recommend increasing efavirenz dosage in tuberculosis/HIV patients using rifampicin."	( Daily 800 mg versus 600 mg Efavirenz for HIV Patients Treating Tuberculosis with a Rifampicin-Based Regimen: An Open Label Randomized Controlled Trial. do Brasil, PEAA; Hadad, DJ; Maia, IR; Rolla, V; Sant'anna, FM; Schmaltz, CAS; Trajman, A; Xavier, MS, 2018)
" To show clinical relevance, we use quantitative systems pharmacology computational models for in vitro-in vivo translation of the experimental results and to identify favorable dosing regimens for one of the tested drugs."	( Translational Assessment of Drug-Induced Proximal Tubule Injury Using a Kidney Microphysiological System. Cirit, M; Himmelfarb, J; Kelly, EJ; Maass, C; Sorensen, NB; Stokes, CL, 2019)
" Patients with severe illness received high-dose rifampicin immediately, the others had a higher dosage guided by therapeutic drug monitoring."	( High-dose rifampicin in tuberculosis: Experiences from a Dutch tuberculosis centre. Aarnoutse, R; Bergsma-de Guchteneire, I; Boeree, M; Hoefsloot, W; Kuipers, S; Magis-Escurra, C; Seijger, C; Te Brake, L; van Crevel, R; van Ingen, J, 2019)
" Measurement of drug exposures could be used as a tool/guide to increase rifampicin dosage if a reduced medication absorption or a poor treatment outcome is suspected."	( High-dose rifampicin in tuberculosis: Experiences from a Dutch tuberculosis centre. Aarnoutse, R; Bergsma-de Guchteneire, I; Boeree, M; Hoefsloot, W; Kuipers, S; Magis-Escurra, C; Seijger, C; Te Brake, L; van Crevel, R; van Ingen, J, 2019)
" Olanzapine and samidorphan pharmacokinetic parameters were determined after OLZ/SAM dosing on days 1 and 22."	( A Phase I Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Effects of Rifampin on the Pharmacokinetics of Olanzapine and Samidorphan Administered in Combination in Healthy Human Subjects. Kumar, V; McDonnell, D; Sun, L; von Moltke, L; Yu, M, 2019)
" Simulated weight and PNA-based intravenous dosing regimens administered once daily (<14 days PNA, 8 mg/kg; ≥14 days PNA, 15 mg/kg) in infants resulted in comparable exposures to adults receiving therapeutic doses of rifampin against staphylococcal infections and TB."	( Rifampin Pharmacokinetics and Safety in Preterm and Term Infants. Anand, R; Benjamin, DK; Boakye-Agyeman, F; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Cotten, CM; Hudak, ML; Laughon, MM; Lewandowski, A; Poindexter, BB; Smith, PB; Sullivan, JE, 2019)
" Stochastic PK/pharmacodynamic (PD) simulations were carried out to evaluate current regimen combinations and dosing guidelines in distinct patient strata."	( Tuberculosis drugs' distribution and emergence of resistance in patient's lung lesions: A mechanistic model and tool for regimen and dose optimization. Bang, H; Barry, CE; Dartois, V; Eum, S; Fox, WS; Gupta, SV; Lee, M; Savic, RM; Shim, T; Strydom, N; Via, LE; Zimmerman, M, 2019)
"Anthropometric, genetic, and dosage characteristics of Mexican patients with TB are an important source of risk for subtherapeutic plasma concentrations of anti-TB drugs."	( Anthropometric and Genetic Factors Associated With the Exposure of Rifampicin and Isoniazid in Mexican Patients With Tuberculosis. Huerta-García, AP; Magaña-Aquino, M; Medellín-Garibay, SE; Milán-Segovia, RDC; Ortiz-Álvarez, A; Portales-Pérez, DP; Rodríguez-Pinal, CJ; Romano-Moreno, S; Salazar-González, RA, 2019)
" Higher or more frequent dosing is needed to improve TB treatment outcomes in India."	( Subtherapeutic Rifampicin Concentration Is Associated With Unfavorable Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes. Agibothu Kupparam, HK; Balasubramanian, U; Chandrasekaran, P; Dhanasekaran, K; Dooley, KE; Gaikwad, S; Golub, J; Gupta, A; Gupte, A; Gupte, N; Hanna, LE; Kadam, D; Kagal, A; Kulkarni, V; Mave, V; Murali, L; Paradkar, M; Pradhan, N; Ramachandran, G; Shivakumar, SVBY; Sivaramakrishnan, GN; Swaminathan, S; Thiruvengadam, K; Thomas, B, 2020)
"To evaluate the proportion of children with lopinavir Cmin ≥1 mg/L when receiving a novel 8-hourly lopinavir/ritonavir dosing strategy during rifampicin co-treatment."	( Pharmacokinetics of adjusted-dose 8-hourly lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected children co-treated with rifampicin. McIlleron, H; Rabie, H; Rawizza, H; Van Rie, A; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J; Zar, H; Zuidewind, P, 2019)
" Rifampicin was dosed at 10-20 mg/kg/day."	( Pharmacokinetics of adjusted-dose 8-hourly lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected children co-treated with rifampicin. McIlleron, H; Rabie, H; Rawizza, H; Van Rie, A; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J; Zar, H; Zuidewind, P, 2019)
" Midazolam, caffeine, and TMU concentrations were assessed at baseline and following dosing of rifampicin (300 mg daily) for 7 days."	( Identification of the caffeine to trimethyluric acid ratio as a dietary biomarker to characterise variability in cytochrome P450 3A activity. Hopkins, A; Marshall, JC; Miners, JO; Rowland, A; Sorich, MJ; van Dyk, M; Wood, LS, 2019)
" To assess maximal hepatic CYP3A4 induction, oral rifampin (600 mg daily) should be dosed for > 10 days."	( Guidance for Rifampin and Midazolam Dosing Protocols To Study Intestinal and Hepatic Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 Induction and De-induction. Kapetas, AJ; Rodrigues, AD; Rowland, A; Sorich, MJ, 2019)
" WHO dosing guidelines for drugs for tuberculosis treatment are based only on weight, which might lead to systematic underdosing and poor outcomes in these children."	( Alternative dosing guidelines to improve outcomes in childhood tuberculosis: a mathematical modelling study. Dodd, PJ; Dooley, KE; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; McKenna, L; Radtke, KK; Savic, RM, 2019)
" We estimated tuberculosis treatment outcomes in children younger than 5 years following WHO guidelines (children are dosed by weight bands corresponding to the number of fixed-dose combination tablets [75 mg rifampicin, 50 mg isoniazid, 150 mg pyrazinamide]) and two alternative dosing strategies: one based on a proposed algorithm that uses age, weight, and available formulations, in which underweight children would receive the same drug doses as would normal weight children of the same age; and another based on an individualised algorithm without dose limitations, in which derived doses results in target exposure attainment for the typical child."	( Alternative dosing guidelines to improve outcomes in childhood tuberculosis: a mathematical modelling study. Dodd, PJ; Dooley, KE; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; McKenna, L; Radtke, KK; Savic, RM, 2019)
"We estimated that 57 234 (43%) of 133 302 children younger than 5 years who were treated for tuberculosis in 2017 were underdosed with WHO dosing and only 47% of children would reach the rifampicin exposure target."	( Alternative dosing guidelines to improve outcomes in childhood tuberculosis: a mathematical modelling study. Dodd, PJ; Dooley, KE; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; McKenna, L; Radtke, KK; Savic, RM, 2019)
"This work shows that a simple change in dosing procedure to include age and nutritional status, requiring no additional measurements or new drug formulations, is one approach to improve tuberculosis treatment outcomes in children, especially malnourished children who are at high risk of mortality."	( Alternative dosing guidelines to improve outcomes in childhood tuberculosis: a mathematical modelling study. Dodd, PJ; Dooley, KE; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; McKenna, L; Radtke, KK; Savic, RM, 2019)
"We aim to optimize the paediatric dosing regimen of isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide for the first-line treatment of tuberculosis, based on a fixed dose combination (FDC) mini-tablet using simulations."	( Optimization of a paediatric fixed dose combination mini-tablet and dosing regimen for the first line treatment of tuberculosis. Dokoumetzidis, A; Nalda-Molina, R; Sfouni, M; Tsiligiannis, A, 2019)
" The final analysis data set contained 17,725 observations from 1,054 subjects, including healthy subjects and subjects with drug-sensitive, multidrug-resistant, or extensively drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis dosed pretomanid in monotherapy or combination therapy for up to 6 months."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of the Antituberculosis Agent Pretomanid. Everitt, D; Nedelman, JR; Salinger, DH; Subramoney, V, 2019)
" The established PBPK model was capable of accurately predicting complex rifampicin-induced alterations in the profiles of glibenclamide, repaglinide, and coproporphyrin I (an endogenous biomarker of OATP1B activities) with various dosing regimens."	( Expanded Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Rifampicin for Predicting Interactions With Drugs and an Endogenous Biomarker via Complex Mechanisms Including Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1B Induction. Asaumi, R; Imawaka, H; Kusuhara, H; Lee, W; Menzel, K; Nunoya, KI; Sugiyama, Y, 2019)
" To investigate in vivo OATP induction, RIF (18 mg/kg per day) was orally dosed to cynomolgus monkeys for 7 days."	( Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide Genes Are Not Induced by the Pregnane X Receptor Activator Rifampin: Studies in Hepatocytes In Vitro and in Monkeys In Vivo. Lai, Y; Murakami, E; Niu, C; Smith, B; Subramanian, R; Tep, S; Wang, Y; Zhao, X, 2019)
"There is a need for individualized dosing of isoniazid and rifampicin based on plasma concentration measurements (therapeutic drug monitoring) and for clinical trials on higher doses of these TB drugs in patients with TB and DM."	( Effect of diabetes mellitus on TB drug concentrations in Tanzanian patients. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Colbers, A; Irongo, CF; Kibiki, GS; Mtabho, CM; Semvua, HH; Tostmann, A; van Crevel, R; van den Boogaard, J; van der Ven, AJAM, 2019)
" By combining parallel experimental evolution with high-throughput dose-response measurements, we measure phenotypic profiles of collateral sensitivity and resistance for a total of 900 mutant-drug combinations."	( Pervasive and diverse collateral sensitivity profiles inform optimal strategies to limit antibiotic resistance. Maltas, J; Wood, KB, 2019)
" Our objective was to characterize the relationship between rifampicin exposures and mortality in order to identify optimal dosing for tuberculous meningitis."	( Model-Based Meta-analysis of Rifampicin Exposure and Mortality in Indonesian Tuberculous Meningitis Trials. Aarnoutse, RE; Dian, S; Ganiem, AR; Ruslami, R; Svensson, EM; Te Brake, L; Van Crevel, R; van Laarhoven, A; Yunivita, V, 2020)
" Further studies are needed to identify appropriate regimens with adequate dosing of ATT for the management of paediatric TBM to improve treatment outcomes."	( Tuberculous meningitis in children: Clinical management & outcome. Daniel, BD; Grace, GA; Natrajan, M, 2019)
"The addition of a single dose of lorlatinib to daily dosing with rifampin significantly reduced lorlatinib plasma exposure relative to a single dose of lorlatinib administered alone and was associated with severe but self-limiting transaminase elevations in all healthy participants."	( The Effect of Rifampin on the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Lorlatinib: Results of a Phase One, Open-Label, Crossover Study in Healthy Participants. Bergeron, M; Chen, J; Ginman, K; James, LP; Lee, K; Pawlak, S; Peltz, G; Pithavala, YK; Xu, H, 2020)
"The weight-band dosing in tuberculosis treatment regimen has been implemented in clinical practice for decades."	( Rifampicin Can Be Given as Flat-Dosing Instead of Weight-Band Dosing. Aarnoutse, R; Boeree, MJ; Simonsson, USH; Susanto, BO; Svensson, EM; Svensson, RJ, 2020)
"Rifampicin exposure were simulated using previously published population pharmacokinetics model at dose 10-40 mg/kg for weight-band dosing and dose 600-2400 mg for flat-dosing."	( Rifampicin Can Be Given as Flat-Dosing Instead of Weight-Band Dosing. Aarnoutse, R; Boeree, MJ; Simonsson, USH; Susanto, BO; Svensson, EM; Svensson, RJ, 2020)
"The difference of median AUC0-24 h of all dose groups between flat-dosing and weight-band dosing were considered low (< 20%) except for the lowest dose."	( Rifampicin Can Be Given as Flat-Dosing Instead of Weight-Band Dosing. Aarnoutse, R; Boeree, MJ; Simonsson, USH; Susanto, BO; Svensson, EM; Svensson, RJ, 2020)
"Weight-band dosing yields a small and non-clinically relevant decrease in variability of AUC0-24h."	( Rifampicin Can Be Given as Flat-Dosing Instead of Weight-Band Dosing. Aarnoutse, R; Boeree, MJ; Simonsson, USH; Susanto, BO; Svensson, EM; Svensson, RJ, 2020)
"Linezolid is increasingly used for the treatment of tuberculosis resistant to first-line agents, but the most effective dosing strategy is yet unknown."	( Fourteen-Day Bactericidal Activity, Safety, and Pharmacokinetics of Linezolid in Adults with Drug-Sensitive Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Burger, DA; Dawson, R; De Jager, VR; Diacon, AH; Everitt, D; Mendel, CM; Narunsky, K; Nedelman, J; Pappas, F; Vanker, N, 2020)
" We discuss the epidemiology, pathophysiology and management of rifampicin induced shock, concluding that clinicians should be aware of this rare, but potential adverse effect, and be aware that adverse reactions to rifampicin are more frequent during re-exposure or longer dosing interval regimes."	( Rifampicin induced shock during re-exposure for treatment of latent tuberculosis. Harlow, CF; Harris, T; Kon, OM; Martin, L; Meghji, J, 2020)
" The current PBPK model, which considers changes in unbound potency-adjusted active species, can be used to inform dosing recommendations when abemaciclib is coadministered with CYP3A4 perpetrators."	( Predicting Clinical Effects of CYP3A4 Modulators on Abemaciclib and Active Metabolites Exposure Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Dickinson, GL; Hall, SD; Kulanthaivel, P; Morse, BL; Posada, MM; Turner, PK, 2020)
" Urine rifampin absorbance (Abs) was then determined from timed specimens from children treated for TB in Tanzania, and compared to serum pharmacokinetic measurements collected throughout the dosing interval."	( Determination of Rifampin Concentrations by Urine Colorimetry and Mobile Phone Readout for Personalized Dosing in Tuberculosis Treatment. Al-Shaer, MH; Criddle, S; Heysell, SK; Justine, M; Mduma, E; Mpagama, S; Peloquin, C; Rao, P; Szipszky, C; Thomas, TA; Van Aartsen, D; Vinnard, C; Zentner, I, 2021)
" The objectives of this study are to (1) identify covariate(s) that may explain the variation of rifampicin, which is the key antitubercular agent, under the steady-state by evaluating its population pharmacokinetics and (2) to propose an appropriate dosing method of rifampicin to Japanese patients."	( The Population Pharmacokinetics of Rifampicin in Japanese Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients. Atsuda, K; Kobayashi, M; Kohno, H; Koike, Y; Maruoka, D; Nagai, H; Nishimura, T, 2020)
" New data on optimal drug selection and dosing are emerging with the inclusion of children in clinical trials and ongoing research on age-related pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics."	( Tuberculosis treatment in children: The changing landscape. Huynh, J; Marais, BJ; Schaaf, HS; Thwaites, G, 2020)
" We aimed to evaluate the actual rifampicin dosing regimens using a population pharmacokinetic model of rifampicin in patients with osteoarticular infections."	( Evaluation of current dosing guidance for oral rifampicin treatment in adult patients with osteoarticular infections. Allanioux, L; Blin, O; Dupouey, J; Guilhaumou, R; Marsot, A; Ménard, A, 2020)
"A 10-day HFIM was utilized to simulate human pharmacokinetics (PK) of various PMB, MEM and RIF dosing regimens against a clinical KPC-Kp isolate, with total and resistant subpopulations quantified to capture PD response."	( In pursuit of the triple crown: mechanism-based pharmacodynamic modelling for the optimization of three-drug combinations against KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Bulitta, JB; Bulman, ZP; Forrest, A; Holden, PN; Li, J; Nation, RL; Onufrak, NJ; Satlin, MJ; Smith, NM; Tan, X; Tsuji, BT, 2020)
" Based on pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy data, and PBPK modeling, dosing modifications for ribociclib recommend avoiding concurrent use of strong CYP3A inhibitors/inducers, and caution regarding using CYP3A substrates with narrow therapeutic indices."	( Ribociclib Drug-Drug Interactions: Clinical Evaluations and Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Guide Drug Labeling. Chakraborty, A; Dhuria, SV; Elmeliegy, M; He, H; Heimbach, T; Huth, F; Ji, Y; Miller, M; Samant, TS; Schiller, H; Umehara, K, 2020)
" Since 25% of the drug resistance was attributable to sanctuary EPTB sites notorious for poor rifampin penetration, we hypothesize that poor anti-tuberculosis drug dosing might have a role in the development of resistance."	( Machine learning reveals that Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotypes and anatomic disease site impacts drug resistance and disease transmission among patients with proven extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Magazi, BT; Malinga, LA; Maningi, NE; Mbelle, NN; Pasipanodya, JG; Shey, BA; Sibandze, DB, 2020)
" Side effects of rifampicin are rare with the once-a-month dosage regimen of anti-leprosy multidrug therapy."	( Case Report: Rifampicin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in a Patient with Borderline Lepromatous Leprosy. Jing, Z; Shi, C; Shui, T; Yang, D; Zhu, J, 2020)
" In conclusion, CMC-RIF and AA-INH may be useful for the formulation of a site-specific solid dosage form to overcome some of the main obstacles in tuberculosis treatment."	( Anti-tuberculosis site-specific oral delivery system that enhances rifampicin bioavailability in a fixed-dose combination with isoniazid. Litterio, NJ; Lorenzutti, AM; Luciani-Giacobbe, LC; Olivera, ME; Ramírez-Rigo, MV, 2021)
" The aim of this work was to develop and characterise rifapentine (RPT)-loaded PLGA-based nanoparticles (NPs) for reducing dosing frequency."	( Development of Rifapentine-Loaded PLGA-Based Nanoparticles: In vitro Characterisation and in vivo Study in Mice. Chen, J; Li, X; Liang, Q; Luo, C; Ma, X; Song, X; Tian, Z; Xiang, H; Zhao, W, 2020)
"The application of PLGA-based NPs as sustained-release delivery vehicles for RPT could prolong drug release, modify pharmacokinetics, increase antitubercular activity and diminish toxicity, thereby allowing low dosage and frequency."	( Development of Rifapentine-Loaded PLGA-Based Nanoparticles: In vitro Characterisation and in vivo Study in Mice. Chen, J; Li, X; Liang, Q; Luo, C; Ma, X; Song, X; Tian, Z; Xiang, H; Zhao, W, 2020)
" Blood sampling was also performed 120  minutes after dosing for the detection of Cmax purpose."	( Effect of interval between food intake and drug administration at fasting condition on the plasma concentrations of first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs in Chinese population. Chu, N; Du, Y; Guo, R; Han, X; Pang, Y; Wang, J; Wang, Q, 2020)
" Measuring the pharmacodynamic (PD) efficacy of FIR on DNL provides a unique opportunity to determine optimal dosing strategies for liver-targeted OATP substrates in settings of altered OATP function."	( Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide Inhibition Dramatically Increases Plasma Exposure but not Pharmacodynamic Effect nor Inferred Hepatic Intracellular Exposure of Firsocostat. Ampaw, L; Beysen, C; Garrison, KL; Kearney, BP; Kirby, BJ; Lutz, JD; Mathias, A; Myers, RP; Qin, AR; Yue, MS, 2021)
"Overuse or abuse of antibiotics has undoubtedly accelerated the increasing prevalence of global antibiotic resistance crisis, and thus, people have been trying to explore approaches to decrease dosage of antibiotics or find new antibacterial agents for many years."	( The Synergistic Effect of Mud Crab Antimicrobial Peptides Sphistin and Sph Chen, F; Liu, J; Peng, H; Wang, KJ; Wang, X; Zhang, H, 2020)
" Meanwhile, reducing the dosing of SLIDs to thrice weekly from Day 1, and their replacement for any degree of audiometry abnormalities before or during treatment will largely avoid serious ototoxicity."	( Second-line injectable drugs for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis: better the devil we know? de Jong, BC; Decroo, T; Tahseen, S; Van Deun, A, 2021)
" As a guide to determining dosing regimens in pediatric studies, the verified PBPK model, along with UGT enzyme ontogeny maturation understanding, was used for predictions of dapagliflozin monotherapy exposures in pediatric subjects aged 1 month to 18 years that best matched exposure in adult patients with a 10-mg single dose of dapagliflozin."	( Model-Informed Pediatric Dose Selection for Dapagliflozin by Incorporating Developmental Changes. Boulton, DW; Jo, H; Parkinson, J; Pilla Reddy, V; Tang, W, 2021)
"Daptomycin is increasingly used in the treatment of bone and joint infection (BJI), but its pharmacokinetics (PK) and dosage requirements have not been thoroughly investigated in this indication."	( Population pharmacokinetics of daptomycin in patients with bone and joint infection: minimal effect of rifampicin co-administration and confirmation of a sex difference. Bourguignon, L; Bricca, R; Conrad, A; Ferry, T; Gagnieu, MC; Garreau, R; Goutelle, S; Roux, S, 2021)
"To investigate the population PK and dosage requirements of daptomycin in patients with BJI, and examine the influence of rifampicin co-administration."	( Population pharmacokinetics of daptomycin in patients with bone and joint infection: minimal effect of rifampicin co-administration and confirmation of a sex difference. Bourguignon, L; Bricca, R; Conrad, A; Ferry, T; Gagnieu, MC; Garreau, R; Goutelle, S; Roux, S, 2021)
"A daptomycin dosage of 8 mg/kg/24 h in women and 10 mg/kg/24 h in men should optimize efficacy but may lead to excessive trough concentrations in many patients, especially in women."	( Population pharmacokinetics of daptomycin in patients with bone and joint infection: minimal effect of rifampicin co-administration and confirmation of a sex difference. Bourguignon, L; Bricca, R; Conrad, A; Ferry, T; Gagnieu, MC; Garreau, R; Goutelle, S; Roux, S, 2021)
" Use for triage to other investigation or personalized dosing strategy should be tested in a randomized study."	( Levofloxacin pharmacokinetics in saliva as measured by a mobile microvolume UV spectrophotometer among people treated for rifampicin-resistant TB in Tanzania. Alffenaar, JC; Heysell, SK; Jongedijk, EM; Mbelele, P; Mohamed, S; Mpagama, S; Mvungi, HC; Rao, P; Sariko, M; Stroup, S; Touw, DJ; van Winkel, CAJ, 2021)
" Dosing was according to participant bodyweight."	( Safety and feasibility of 1 month of daily rifapentine plus isoniazid to prevent tuberculosis in children and adolescents: a prospective cohort study. Amanullah, F; Becerra, MC; Fareed, U; Farooq, S; Hussain, H; Jaswal, M; Keshavjee, S; Khan, AJ; Khan, H; Malik, AA; Nasir, K; Safdar, N; Shahbaz, S, 2021)
"A growing amount of evidence suggests that the rifampicin dosing currently recommended for tuberculosis treatment could be associated with inadequate exposure and unfavourable outcomes."	( Standard versus high dose of rifampicin in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Alessio, L; Chiodini, P; Coppola, N; Di Caprio, G; Gentile, V; Onorato, L; Russo, A, 2021)
"To determine an optimal RFP dosing for MDR-MRSP treatment without induction of RFP resistance and identify causal mutations for antimicrobial resistance."	( Genomic and in vitro pharmacodynamic analysis of rifampicin resistance in multidrug-resistant canine Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates. Boothe, D; Cao, W; Hathcock, T; Hicks, K; Kennis, R; Tan, Y; Wang, X; White, A; Zhang, D, 2021)
" The dosing of rifampin had no effect on outcome."	( If, When, and How to Use Rifampin in Acute Staphylococcal Periprosthetic Joint Infections, a Multicentre Observational Study. Albiach, L; Belden, KA; Beldman, M; Carvalho, A; Goswami, K; Jutte, P; Knobben, BAS; Löwik, C; Parvizi, J; Soriano, A; Sousa, R; Wouthuyzen-Bakker, M; Zijlstra, WP, 2021)
" We then simulated 7-10 day human dosing of minocycline and the combination."	( The pharmacodynamics of minocycline alone and in combination with rifampicin against Staphylococcus aureus studied in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model of infection. Attwood, M; Bowker, KE; MacGowan, AP; Noel, AR, 2021)
" The addition of simulated free rifampicin associated with dosing 300 mg q12h reduced the 24 h minocycline fAUC/MICs."	( The pharmacodynamics of minocycline alone and in combination with rifampicin against Staphylococcus aureus studied in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model of infection. Attwood, M; Bowker, KE; MacGowan, AP; Noel, AR, 2021)
"1 ng/mL), resulting in contraception failure, when depot medroxyprogesterone is dosed at 12-week intervals."	( A Semimechanistic Pharmacokinetic Model for Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate and Drug-Drug Interactions With Antiretroviral and Antituberculosis Treatment. Cohn, SE; Denti, P; Dooley, KE; Firnhaber, C; Francis, J; Godfrey, C; Kendall, MA; McIlleron, H; Mngqibisa, R; Wu, X, 2021)
" The model was also used to extrapolate pharmacokinetic exposures from older children with different body surface area to guide dosing in younger children."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Selumetinib to Evaluate Drug-Drug Interactions and Pediatric Dose Regimens. Cohen-Rabbie, S; Freshwater, T; Jain, L; Schalkwijk, S; Tomkinson, H; Vishwanathan, K; Wild, M; Xu, S; Zhou, D; Zhou, L, 2021)
" bovis CFU at reduced dosing frequency by drug loaded StM in comparison to control group."	( Polyethylene imine conjugated supramolecular stereocomplexed nanomicelles for intracellular delivery of rifampicin against Mycobacterium bovis. Ali, S; Arshad, R; Aslam, A; Kiani, MH; Qadry, A; Shahnaz, G, 2021)
" We characterize moxifloxacin population pharmacokinetics and QT interval prolongation and evaluate optimal dosing in children with RR-TB."	( Moxifloxacin Pharmacokinetics, Cardiac Safety, and Dosing for the Treatment of Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis in Children. Draper, HR; Fourie, B; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; Nielsen, J; Radtke, KK; Savic, RM; Schaaf, HS; Solans, BP; Thee, S; van der Laan, LE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, JL, 2022)
" Model-based simulations of moxifloxacin pharmacokinetics predicted that current dosing recommendations are too low in children."	( Moxifloxacin Pharmacokinetics, Cardiac Safety, and Dosing for the Treatment of Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis in Children. Draper, HR; Fourie, B; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; Nielsen, J; Radtke, KK; Savic, RM; Schaaf, HS; Solans, BP; Thee, S; van der Laan, LE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, JL, 2022)
" When patients are co-treated with rifampicin, ciprofloxacin dosage should be increased by 50% to 60%."	( Ciprofloxacin population pharmacokinetics during long-term treatment of osteoarticular infections. Aubry, A; Bleibtreu, A; Chauvin, C; Comets, E; Fourniols, E; Funck-Brentano, C; Jaureguiberry, S; Llopis, B; Noe, G; Tissot, N; Urien, S; Zahr, N, 2021)
"Study A5338 suggested that more frequent depot MPA dosing may be appropriate for women receiving rifampicin, isoniazid, and efavirenz."	( Pharmacogenetics of interaction between depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and efavirenz, rifampicin, and isoniazid during treatment of HIV and tuberculosis. Angira, F; Badal-Faesen, S; Baker, P; Cohn, SE; Denti, P; Francis, J; Haas, DW; Kendall, MA; Mawlana, S; McIlleron, H; Mngqibisa, R; Omoz-Oarhe, A; Robinson, JA; Samaneka, WP, 2022)
"We conclude that despite availability of clinical evidence, double dosing LPV/r in patients receiving rifampicin-based TB treatment is low in Uganda's public HIV clinics but this does not seem to affect patient survival and viral suppression."	( Adoption of evidence-informed guidelines in prescribing protease inhibitors for HIV-Tuberculosis co-infected patients on rifampicin and effects on HIV treatment outcomes in Uganda. Castelnuovo, B; Haguma, P; Kalibbala, D; Kirenga, B; Muddu, M; Mulindwa, F; Semitala, FC, 2021)
" We proposed the use of reconstructed granules as a suitable, flexible dosage form and developed an on-site granulation method using a compounding mixer."	( Extemporaneous preparation of rifampicin granules from capsules to improve usability. Kagawa, Y; Miyazaki, Y; Uchino, T, 2023)
" Furthermore, the weight loss of the granules during the dosing process was significantly lower than that of the capsule powder content."	( Extemporaneous preparation of rifampicin granules from capsules to improve usability. Kagawa, Y; Miyazaki, Y; Uchino, T, 2023)
" The model was also verified by the observed pharmacokinetics after multiple oral dosing and by the effect of hepatic impairment on esaxerenone pharmacokinetics."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling to predict the clinical effect of CYP3A inhibitors/inducers on esaxerenone pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects and subjects with hepatic impairment. Igawa, Y; Ishizuka, H; Ishizuka, T; Shimizu, T; Watanabe, A; Yamada, M, 2022)
"The Opti-Rif trial enrolled dosing cohorts of 20 children aged 0-12 years, with incremental dose escalation with each subsequent cohort, until achievement of target exposures or safety concerns."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of high-dose rifampicin in children with TB: the Opti-Rif trial. Aarnoutse, RE; Denti, P; Draper, HR; Fairlie, L; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; Karlsson, MO; Masenya, M; Norman, J; Schaaf, HS; Svensson, EM; van der Laan, LE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J, 2021)
"All rabbits in group A were treated by INH-RFP-BSA-NPs's injection and in group B were treated with classic dosage form of INH and RFP, while in group C normal saline was given as the blank control."	( Treatment of spinal tuberculosis in rabbits using bovine serum albumin nanoparticles loaded with isoniazid and rifampicin. Chen, Z; Ge, Z; Liang, S; Liu, X; Ma, H; Ma, R; Wu, P; Zhang, J, 2022)
"In 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) revised dosing guidelines for treatment of childhood tuberculosis."	( Optimizing Dosing and Fixed-Dose Combinations of Rifampicin, Isoniazid, and Pyrazinamide in Pediatric Patients With Tuberculosis: A Prospective Population Pharmacokinetic Study. Bekker, A; Davies, G; Denti, P; Gonzalez-Martinez, C; Hesseling, AC; McIlleron, HM; Rabie, H; Svensson, EM; van der Laan, LE; van Rie, A; Wasmann, RE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J; Zar, HJ, 2022)
" Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling and simulation was used to design the optimal FDC and weight-band dosing strategy for achieving the pharmacokinetic targets based on literature-derived adult AUC0-24h for rifampicin (38."	( Optimizing Dosing and Fixed-Dose Combinations of Rifampicin, Isoniazid, and Pyrazinamide in Pediatric Patients With Tuberculosis: A Prospective Population Pharmacokinetic Study. Bekker, A; Davies, G; Denti, P; Gonzalez-Martinez, C; Hesseling, AC; McIlleron, HM; Rabie, H; Svensson, EM; van der Laan, LE; van Rie, A; Wasmann, RE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J; Zar, HJ, 2022)
" Optimal dosing of all drugs cannot be achieved with the current FDCs."	( Optimizing Dosing and Fixed-Dose Combinations of Rifampicin, Isoniazid, and Pyrazinamide in Pediatric Patients With Tuberculosis: A Prospective Population Pharmacokinetic Study. Bekker, A; Davies, G; Denti, P; Gonzalez-Martinez, C; Hesseling, AC; McIlleron, HM; Rabie, H; Svensson, EM; van der Laan, LE; van Rie, A; Wasmann, RE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J; Zar, HJ, 2022)
" Although ethambutol has been demonstrated to inhibit macrolide resistance, the ethambutol dosage is sometimes decreased due to concerns about optic neuropathy."	( Low-dosage ethambutol, less than 12.5 mg/kg/day, does not worsen the clinical outcomes of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare disease: a retrospective cohort study. Fujiwara, K; Furuuchi, K; Hanada, K; Kaburaki, S; Kurashima, A; Morimoto, K; Ohta, K; Shiraishi, Y; Tanaka, Y; Uesugi, F; Watanabe, F; Yoshiyama, T, 2022)
" Daily ethambutol dosage was not identified as a prognostic factor for any of the outcomes."	( Low-dosage ethambutol, less than 12.5 mg/kg/day, does not worsen the clinical outcomes of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare disease: a retrospective cohort study. Fujiwara, K; Furuuchi, K; Hanada, K; Kaburaki, S; Kurashima, A; Morimoto, K; Ohta, K; Shiraishi, Y; Tanaka, Y; Uesugi, F; Watanabe, F; Yoshiyama, T, 2022)
"An ethambutol dosage of 12."	( Low-dosage ethambutol, less than 12.5 mg/kg/day, does not worsen the clinical outcomes of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare disease: a retrospective cohort study. Fujiwara, K; Furuuchi, K; Hanada, K; Kaburaki, S; Kurashima, A; Morimoto, K; Ohta, K; Shiraishi, Y; Tanaka, Y; Uesugi, F; Watanabe, F; Yoshiyama, T, 2022)
" Among 834 patients initially eligible for the shorter regimen, 385 (46%) may have benefited from reduced drug dosage or removing ineffective drugs when WGS data were considered."	( Whole-Genome Sequencing Has the Potential To Improve Treatment for Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis in High-Burden Settings: a Retrospective Cohort Study. Beisel, C; Borrell, S; Cox, H; Cudahy, PGT; Daniels, J; Dippenaar, A; Doetsch, A; Furin, J; Gagneux, S; Goig, GA; Mohr-Holland, E; Nicol, MP; Reinhard, M; Reuter, A; Salaam-Dreyer, Z; Warren, RM, 2022)
"It is important to consider the effects of DDIs on the abrocitinib active moiety when making dosing recommendations."	( Assessment of the Effects of Inhibition or Induction of CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 Enzymes, or Inhibition of OAT3, on the Pharmacokinetics of Abrocitinib and Its Metabolites in Healthy Individuals. Connell, CA; Dowty, ME; Le, VH; Malhotra, BK; O'Gorman, MT; Tatulych, S; Tripathy, S; Valdez, H; Wang, X; Winton, JA; Wouters, A; Yin, N, 2022)
" When a 200-mg single oral dose of belumosudil was coadministered with both rabeprazole and omeprazole, parent and metabolite exposures were largely reduced, suggesting that belumosudil dosage should be increased when given with PPIs."	( A Phase 1 Pharmacokinetic Drug Interaction Study of Belumosudil Coadministered With CYP3A4 Inhibitors and Inducers and Proton Pump Inhibitors. Alabanza, A; Lohmer, L; Patel, J; Schueller, O; Singh, N; Willson, A, 2022)
"Increased dosing of rifampicin and pyrazinamide seems a viable strategy to shorten treatment and prevent relapse of drug-susceptible tuberculosis (TB), but safety and efficacy remains to be confirmed."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of a shorter tuberculosis treatment with high-dose pyrazinamide and rifampicin: a study protocol of a phase II clinical trial (HighShort-RP). Alffenaar, JC; Augustinsson, D; Bornefall, A; Carlsson, B; Ekqvist, D; Fredrikson, M; Niward, K; Nordvall, MJ; Paues, J; Sandstedt, M; Simonsson, USH; Sönnerbrandt, M, 2022)
" The optimal dosing of PAS in children is uncertain, specifically for delayed-release granule preparations, which are the most used."	( Pharmacokinetics and Dose Optimization Strategies of Para-Aminosalicylic Acid in Children with Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis. Chirehwa, M; Denti, P; Donald, PR; Draper, HR; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; Mao, J; McIlleron, H; Norman, J; Schaaf, HS; van der Laan, LE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, JL, 2022)
" Based on the established PBPK model, following repeated dosing of 600 mg rifampicin, the deduced net effect was an approximately threefold induction in P-gp activities in the intestine, liver, and kidney."	( Robust physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of rifampicin for predicting drug-drug interactions via P-glycoprotein induction and inhibition in the intestine, liver, and kidney. Asaumi, R; Nunoya, KI; Sugiyama, Y; Taskar, KS; Yamaura, Y, 2022)
"In the survey, 86 of 90 (96%) HIV clinics in 18 countries reported prescribing dolutegravir to patients who were receiving rifampicin as part of tuberculosis treatment, with 77 (90%) reporting that they use twice-daily dosing of dolutegravir, of which 74 (96%) reported having 50 mg tablets available to accommodate twice-daily dosing."	( Real-world use and outcomes of dolutegravir-containing antiretroviral therapy in HIV and tuberculosis co-infection: a site survey and cohort study in sub-Saharan Africa. Brazier, E; Chimbetete, C; De Waal, R; Diero, L; Dzudie, A; Ezechi, OC; Fenner, L; Kunzekwenyika, C; Lelo, P; Mahambou-Nsondé, D; Muhairwe, JA; Murenzi, G; Muyindike, WR; Nash, D; Rafael, I; Romo, ML; Sekaggya-Wiltshire, C; Shah, NS; Tiendrebeogo, T; Twizere, C; Wools-Kaloustian, KK; Yotebieng, M, 2022)
" Understanding potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) informs proper dosing when co-administering tucatinib with other therapies."	( Evaluation of Safety and Clinically Relevant Drug-Drug Interactions with Tucatinib in Healthy Volunteers. Abdulrasool, LI; Endres, CJ; Lee, A; Mayor, JG; Rustia, EL; Sun, H; Topletz-Erickson, A; Walker, L, 2022)
" Dosage regimens simulated the human PK of DAL (1500 mg, single dose), vancomycin (VAN) (1000 mg/12 h) and linezolid (LZD) (600 mg/12 h), alone and with RIF (600 mg/24 h)."	( Comparative efficacy of dalbavancin alone and with rifampicin against in vitro biofilms in a pharmacodynamic model with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Benavent, E; El Haj, C; Gomez-Junyent, J; Murillo, O; Rigo-Bonnin, R; Rosselló, I; Sierra, Y; Soldevila, L; Torrejón, B, 2022)
" This study aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of LPV/r and provide dosage optimization in Thai PLWH."	( Dose optimization with population pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted lopinavir for Thai people living with HIV with and without active tuberculosis. Avihingsanon, A; Chaivichacharn, P; Gatechompol, S; Punyawudho, B; Ubolyam, S, 2022)
" The reduced LPV/r dosage offers sufficient LPV exposure for Thai PLWH."	( Dose optimization with population pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted lopinavir for Thai people living with HIV with and without active tuberculosis. Avihingsanon, A; Chaivichacharn, P; Gatechompol, S; Punyawudho, B; Ubolyam, S, 2022)
" The potential for genotype-guided dosing during TBM treatment should be further explored in prospective clinical studies."	( Pharmacogenetic variability and the probability of site of action target attainment during tuberculosis meningitis treatment: A physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and simulations study. Bisson, GP; Heysell, SK; Kreiswirth, BN; Kurepina, N; Mehta, K; Narayanan, N; Subbian, S; Vinnard, C, 2022)
" However, given the long dosing interval, the conduct of clinical DDIs studies with LA antiretrovirals is challenging."	( Management of Drug-Drug Interactions Between Long-Acting Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine and Comedications With Inducing Properties: A Modeling Study. Battegay, M; Berton, M; Bettonte, S; Marzolini, C; Stader, F, 2023)
" An increase in the dosing frequency did not overcome the DDI with rifampicin."	( Management of Drug-Drug Interactions Between Long-Acting Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine and Comedications With Inducing Properties: A Modeling Study. Battegay, M; Berton, M; Bettonte, S; Marzolini, C; Stader, F, 2023)
"LA cabotegravir/rilpivirine should be avoided with strong inducers but coadministration with moderate inducers is possible by adding oral rilpivirine daily dosing to the monthly injection."	( Management of Drug-Drug Interactions Between Long-Acting Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine and Comedications With Inducing Properties: A Modeling Study. Battegay, M; Berton, M; Bettonte, S; Marzolini, C; Stader, F, 2023)
" They require dosage adjustments, detailed in public and private HIV guidelines."	( Training, guideline access and knowledge of antiretroviral interactions: Is the South African private sector being left behind? Blockman, M; Chisholm, BS; Swart, AM, 2022)
" Private sector knowledge of dosing changes was lower for all interacting drugs, with the difference only significant for calcium and iron."	( Training, guideline access and knowledge of antiretroviral interactions: Is the South African private sector being left behind? Blockman, M; Chisholm, BS; Swart, AM, 2022)
" In a high-burden HIV setting such as SA, it is vital that healthcare workers across all professions, in both the public and private sector, know how to adjust antiretroviral dosing due to clinically significant interactions."	( Training, guideline access and knowledge of antiretroviral interactions: Is the South African private sector being left behind? Blockman, M; Chisholm, BS; Swart, AM, 2022)
" We utilized a randomized, crossover, open (blinded laboratory) and placebo-controlled trial with 600-mg rifampicin or placebo dosed for a week to investigate the effects of PXR activation on erythrocyte, plasma, faecal and urine porphyrins."	( Effects of rifampicin on porphyrin metabolism in healthy volunteers. Hämäläinen, E; Hukkanen, J; Kauppinen, R; Ranta, S; Tolonen, H, 2023)
" A single-center, open-label, sequential crossover, and self-control study was carried out in 24 healthy subjects to determine the pharmacokinetics of chiglitazar dosed with and without CYP3A4 inhibitors and inducers."	( Pharmacokinetic Interaction of Chiglitazar with CYP3A4 Inducer or Inhibitor: An Open-Label, Sequential Crossover, Self-Control, 3-Period Study in Healthy Chinese Volunteers. Chen, H; Chen, W; Li, H; Li, J; Li, X; Liu, C; Sheng, L; Wu, Y; Xu, H; Yang, M; Yuan, F, 2023)
" However, daily dosing of diosmin significantly reduced these markers of liver dysfunction, inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis to near normal levels."	( Hepatoprotective potential of diosmin against hepatotoxic effect of isoniazid and rifampin in wistar rats. Ahmed, RA; Alam, MF; Alqahtani, SS; Alruwaili, MN; Alshahrani, S; Anwer, T; Jali, A; Moni, SS, )
"Although super-boosted lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r; ratio 4:4 instead of 4:1) is recommended for infants living with HIV and receiving concomitant rifampicin, in clinical practice, many different LPV/r dosing strategies are applied due to poor availability of pediatric separate ritonavir formulations needed to superboost."	( Brief Report: Suboptimal Lopinavir Exposure in Infants on Rifampicin Treatment Receiving Double-dosed or Semisuperboosted Lopinavir/Ritonavir: Time for a Change. Ballesteros, A; Buck, WC; Burger, DM; Chabala, C; Chitsamatanga, M; Colbers, A; Domínguez-Rodríguez, S; Jacobs, TG; Madrid, L; Moraleda, C; Mujuru, HA; Mumbiro, V; Namuziya, N; Nathoo, KJ; Nduna, B; Passanduca, A; Rojo, P; Tagarro, A, 2023)
" He was diagnosed with meningitis and the dosage of vancomycin was increased."	( Nosocomial meningitis caused by Staphylococcus haemolyticus in a child with neutropenia in the absence of intracranial devices: a case report. Fujikawa, T; Hasegawa, D; Kasai, M; Kosaka, Y; Mizuno, S; Uemura, S, 2023)
" Concomitant use with the potent CYP2C9 inducer, rifampin, requires close monitoring and dosage adjustments."	( Warfarin-Rifampin-Gene (WARIF-G) Interaction: A Retrospective, Genetic, Case-Control Study. Abdalazim, W; Bader, L; El-Bardissy, A; Elawady, MI; Elewa, H; Elshafei, MN; Fahmi, AM; Howady, F; Kasem, M; Khalil, A; Mahmoud, H; Salem, M; Sherbash, M, 2023)
" Our comparative analysis suggests DOAC plasma concentration monitoring as a possible strategy to guide dosing owing to the predictable correlation between DOACs' plasma concentration and effect."	( Interactions Between Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs) and Antiseizure Medications: Potential Implications on DOAC Treatment. Bialer, M; Goldstein, R; Gronich, N; Jacobs, AR; Muszkat, M; Zighan, L, 2023)
" For patients with the same degree of renal impairment, rifampicin would have a slightly synergistic effect on the increase of 5-hydroxy saxagliptin exposure compared with dosed alone."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Characterizes the Drug-Drug Interaction Between Saxagliptin and Rifampicin in Patients With Renal Impairment. Ke, M; Lin, C; Lin, R; Wu, W; Ye, L, 2023)
" During the first 2 months of treatment, participants received weight-based dosing of first-line anti-TBdrugs (rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol), and had plasma drug concentrations measured at 2 and 6 hours after drugadministration during the 8th week of treatment."	( Clinical impact of plasma concentrations of first-line antituberculosis drugs. Naidoo, A; Naidoo, K; Padayatchi, N; Perumal, R, 2023)
" These present studies provided valuable information that helps inform SHR0302 dosing instructions and concomitant medication precautions."	( Effect of CYP3A4 induction and inhibition on the pharmacokinetics of SHR0302 in healthy subjects. Feng, S; Fu, M; Gao, X; Li, X; Li, Y; Lin, H; Shen, K; Yu, G; Zhang, P; Zhang, Z, 2023)
" To support dose optimisation of rifampicin, this study investigated new and innovative staggered dosing of rifampicin using clinical trial simulations to minimise tolerability problems and still achieve good efficacy."	( Model-based analysis of bactericidal activity and a new dosing strategy for optimised-dose rifampicin. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Simonsson, USH; Susanto, BO; Svensson, EM; Te Brake, L, 2023)
" Furthermore, clinical trial simulations of rifampicin exposure were performed following four different staggered dosing scenarios."	( Model-based analysis of bactericidal activity and a new dosing strategy for optimised-dose rifampicin. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Simonsson, USH; Susanto, BO; Svensson, EM; Te Brake, L, 2023)
" Clinical trial simulations of a staggered dosing strategy starting the treatment at a lower dose (20 mg/kg) for 7 days followed by a higher dose (40 mg/kg) predicted a lower initial exposure with lower probability of tolerability problems and better EBA compared with a regimen of 35 mg/kg daily."	( Model-based analysis of bactericidal activity and a new dosing strategy for optimised-dose rifampicin. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Simonsson, USH; Susanto, BO; Svensson, EM; Te Brake, L, 2023)
"Staggered dosing of 20 mg/kg for 7 days followed by 40 mg/kg is predicted to reduce tolerability while maintaining exposure levels associated with better efficacy."	( Model-based analysis of bactericidal activity and a new dosing strategy for optimised-dose rifampicin. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Simonsson, USH; Susanto, BO; Svensson, EM; Te Brake, L, 2023)
"This in silico extrapolation provides valuable information on dosing regimens and routes of administration against CRAB infections in specific tissues."	( Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to inform dosing regimens and routes of administration of rifampicin and colistin combination against Acinetobacter baumannii. Lv, Z; Oo, C; Schlender, JF; Song, C; Sy, SKB; Wu, M; Yu, M; Yue, J; Zhang, J; Zhu, P; Zhu, S; Zhu, Y, 2023)
" This study aimed to identify risk factors for adverse drug reactions (ADRs) or death in very elderly patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and to assess the association between the dosage of antituberculosis drugs and outcomes."	( Factors associated with adverse drug reactions or death in very elderly hospitalized patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Emoto, R; Kobayashi, H; Matsui, S; Matsuura, A; Mutoh, Y; Nakagawa, T; Ogawa, K; Sakakibara, T; Sano, M; Shindo, Y; Yagi, M, 2023)
"Pharmacokinetic variability drives tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes but measurement of serum drug concentrations for personalised dosing is inaccessible for children in TB-endemic settings."	( Rifampin urinary excretion to predict serum targets in children with tuberculosis: a prospective diagnostic accuracy study. Augustino, D; Handler, D; Heysell, SK; Kagan, L; Lukumay, S; Mduma, E; Mejan, P; Mmbaga, B; Mosha, R; Peloquin, CA; Petros de Guex, K; Pfaeffle, H; Rao, P; Reiss, R; Siemiątkowska, A; Thomas, TA; Vinnard, C; Xie, YL; Yu, S, 2023)
"Urine spectrophotometry correlated with a clinically relevant serum target for rifampin, representing a step toward personalised dosing for children in TB-endemic settings."	( Rifampin urinary excretion to predict serum targets in children with tuberculosis: a prospective diagnostic accuracy study. Augustino, D; Handler, D; Heysell, SK; Kagan, L; Lukumay, S; Mduma, E; Mejan, P; Mmbaga, B; Mosha, R; Peloquin, CA; Petros de Guex, K; Pfaeffle, H; Rao, P; Reiss, R; Siemiątkowska, A; Thomas, TA; Vinnard, C; Xie, YL; Yu, S, 2023)
" Linezolid dosing and clinical management was provider driven, and most patients had linezolid adjusted by therapeutic drug monitoring."	( Implementation of Bedaquiline, Pretomanid, and Linezolid in the United States: Experience Using a Novel All-Oral Treatment Regimen for Treatment of Rifampin-Resistant or Rifampin-Intolerant Tuberculosis Disease. Andrino, BB; Ashkin, D; Burgos, M; Caloia, LA; Chen, L; Colon-Semidey, A; DeSilva, MB; Dhanireddy, S; Dorman, SE; Dworkin, FF; Easton, AV; Gaensbauer, JT; Ghassemieh, B; Gomez, ME; Goswami, ND; Haley, CA; Hammond-Epstein, H; Horne, D; Jasuja, S; Jones, BA; Kaplan, LJ; Khan, AE; Kracen, E; Labuda, S; Landers, KM; Lardizabal, AA; Lasley, MT; Letzer, DM; Lopes, VK; Lubelchek, RJ; Mihalyov, A; Misch, EA; Murray, JA; Narita, M; Nilsen, DM; Ninneman, MJ; Ogawa, L; Oladele, A; Overman, M; Patricia Macias, C; Peloquin, CA; Peter Cegielski, J; Ray, SM; Ritger, KA; Rowlinson, MC; Sabuwala, N; Schechter, MC; Schiller, TM; Schwartz, LE; Spitters, C; Thomson, DB; Tresgallo, RR; Valois, P, 2023)
" Use of individualized linezolid dosing and monitoring likely enhanced safety and treatment completion."	( Implementation of Bedaquiline, Pretomanid, and Linezolid in the United States: Experience Using a Novel All-Oral Treatment Regimen for Treatment of Rifampin-Resistant or Rifampin-Intolerant Tuberculosis Disease. Andrino, BB; Ashkin, D; Burgos, M; Caloia, LA; Chen, L; Colon-Semidey, A; DeSilva, MB; Dhanireddy, S; Dorman, SE; Dworkin, FF; Easton, AV; Gaensbauer, JT; Ghassemieh, B; Gomez, ME; Goswami, ND; Haley, CA; Hammond-Epstein, H; Horne, D; Jasuja, S; Jones, BA; Kaplan, LJ; Khan, AE; Kracen, E; Labuda, S; Landers, KM; Lardizabal, AA; Lasley, MT; Letzer, DM; Lopes, VK; Lubelchek, RJ; Mihalyov, A; Misch, EA; Murray, JA; Narita, M; Nilsen, DM; Ninneman, MJ; Ogawa, L; Oladele, A; Overman, M; Patricia Macias, C; Peloquin, CA; Peter Cegielski, J; Ray, SM; Ritger, KA; Rowlinson, MC; Sabuwala, N; Schechter, MC; Schiller, TM; Schwartz, LE; Spitters, C; Thomson, DB; Tresgallo, RR; Valois, P, 2023)
"Our simulations support the common practice of maintaining the adjusted dosage of a drug for another 2 weeks after stopping an inducer."	( Management of Drug Interactions with Inducers: Onset and Disappearance of Induction on Cytochrome P450 3A4 and Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Substrates. Battegay, M; Berton, M; Bettonte, S; Marzolini, C; Stader, F, 2023)
" We used a validated paucibacillary mouse model of TPT in combination with dynamic oral dosing of both drugs to simulate and understand exposure-activity relationships to inform posology for future LAI formulations."	( Using Dynamic Oral Dosing of Rifapentine and Rifabutin to Simulate Exposure Profiles of Long-Acting Formulations in a Mouse Model of Tuberculosis Preventive Therapy. Ammerman, NC; Betoudji, F; Chang, YS; Lee, J; Li, SY; Nuermberger, EL; Owen, A; Pertinez, H; Rannard, SP, 2023)
" Simulations with clinically utilised dosing regimens confirmed the therapeutic potential of this combination, particularly in the prevention of bacterial regrowth."	( Model-informed dose optimisation of polymyxin-rifampicin combination therapy against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Bergen, P; Han, ML; Li, J; Lin, YW; Lu, J; Rao, G; Velkov, T; Wickremasinghe, H; Yu, HH; Zhao, J; Zhou, QT; Zhu, Y, 2023)
" As plasma CP-I's sensitivity, specificity, and selectivity have been validated in humans, monitoring CP-I levels in single and multiple clinical phase I dose escalation studies is recommended for early assessment of DDI risks and understanding the full dose-response of an investigational drug to OATP inhibitions."	( The Role of Coproporphyrins As Endogenous Biomarkers for Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1B Inhibition-Progress from 2016 to 2023. Lai, Y, 2023)
" We evaluated whether increased daily dosing with modified 8-hourly lopinavir/ritonavir 4:1 would maintain therapeutic plasma concentrations of lopinavir in children living with HIV receiving rifampicin-based antituberculosis treatment."	( Inadequate Lopinavir Concentrations With Modified 8-Hourly Lopinavir/Ritonavir 4:1 Dosing During Rifampicin-based Tuberculosis Treatment in Children Living With HIV. Chabala, C; Choo, L; Chungu, C; Crook, A; Gibb, D; Kapasa, M; LeBeau, K; Lungu, J; McIlleron, H; Mulenga, V; Tembo, CH; Turkova, A; Weisner, L; Zimba, K; Zyambo, K, 2023)
"9 kg, on rifampicin-based antituberculosis treatment were commenced or switched to 8-hourly liquid lopinavir/ritonavir 4:1 with increased daily dosing using weight-band dosing approach."	( Inadequate Lopinavir Concentrations With Modified 8-Hourly Lopinavir/Ritonavir 4:1 Dosing During Rifampicin-based Tuberculosis Treatment in Children Living With HIV. Chabala, C; Choo, L; Chungu, C; Crook, A; Gibb, D; Kapasa, M; LeBeau, K; Lungu, J; McIlleron, H; Mulenga, V; Tembo, CH; Turkova, A; Weisner, L; Zimba, K; Zyambo, K, 2023)
"7 mg/L]) were lower than on standard dosing without rifampicin (n = 12; area under the curve 24 121."	( Inadequate Lopinavir Concentrations With Modified 8-Hourly Lopinavir/Ritonavir 4:1 Dosing During Rifampicin-based Tuberculosis Treatment in Children Living With HIV. Chabala, C; Choo, L; Chungu, C; Crook, A; Gibb, D; Kapasa, M; LeBeau, K; Lungu, J; McIlleron, H; Mulenga, V; Tembo, CH; Turkova, A; Weisner, L; Zimba, K; Zyambo, K, 2023)
"Modified 8-hourly dosing of lopinavir/ritonavir failed to achieve adequate lopinavir concentrations with concurrent antituberculosis treatment."	( Inadequate Lopinavir Concentrations With Modified 8-Hourly Lopinavir/Ritonavir 4:1 Dosing During Rifampicin-based Tuberculosis Treatment in Children Living With HIV. Chabala, C; Choo, L; Chungu, C; Crook, A; Gibb, D; Kapasa, M; LeBeau, K; Lungu, J; McIlleron, H; Mulenga, V; Tembo, CH; Turkova, A; Weisner, L; Zimba, K; Zyambo, K, 2023)
" The simultaneous release of antibiotics and potentiators can be promoted and inhibited in response to the severity of bacterial-induced hypoxia, leading to antimicrobial dosing in a precision manner."	( Precision Dosing of Antibiotics and Potentiators by Hypoxia-Responsive Nanoparticles for Overcoming Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria. Bai, W; Ge, C; Hu, Y; Rao, J; Shi, L; Zhao, J; Zhu, Z, 2023)
" Recent data showed higher exposures with 100 mg dispersible compared with non-dispersible tablet formulations with potentially important dosing implications in children."	( Pharmacokinetics and optimized dosing of dispersible and non-dispersible levofloxacin formulations in young children. Denti, P; Draper, HR; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; Palmer, M; Schaaf, HS; van der Laan, LE; Wiesner, L, 2023)
"Dosing simulations showed that current recommended dosing for both formulations result in median exposures below adult-equivalent exposures at a 750 mg daily dose, mainly in children >6 months."	( Pharmacokinetics and optimized dosing of dispersible and non-dispersible levofloxacin formulations in young children. Denti, P; Draper, HR; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; Palmer, M; Schaaf, HS; van der Laan, LE; Wiesner, L, 2023)
" We propose optimized age- and weight-based dosing for levofloxacin, which require further evaluation."	( Pharmacokinetics and optimized dosing of dispersible and non-dispersible levofloxacin formulations in young children. Denti, P; Draper, HR; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; Palmer, M; Schaaf, HS; van der Laan, LE; Wiesner, L, 2023)
" We provide suggested dolutegravir dosing considerations with concomitant rifapentine use, not currently addressed in recommended guidelines."	( Alternative dolutegravir dosing strategies with concurrent rifapentine utilized for latent tuberculosis treatment. Pecora Fulco, P; Taylor, A; Winthrop, E, 2023)
" In addition, the possibility of compensation by dosage adjustments was evaluated."	( Rifampicin reduces plasma concentration of linezolid in patients with infective endocarditis. Bock, M; Bruun, NE; Bundgaard, H; Christensen, JJ; Christiansen, U; Elming, H; Fosbøl, EL; Fuursted, K; Gill, S; Helweg-Larsen, J; Høfsten, DE; Høiby, N; Ihlemann, N; Iversen, K; Køber, L; Moser, C; Povlsen, JA; Pries-Heje, MM; Rosenvinge, FS; Schwartz, F; Torp-Pedersen, C; Tønder, N; Van Hasselt, JGC; Wang, H, 2023)
" Model-based dosing simulations showed that rifampicin cotreatment decreased the PTA of linezolid from 94."	( Rifampicin reduces plasma concentration of linezolid in patients with infective endocarditis. Bock, M; Bruun, NE; Bundgaard, H; Christensen, JJ; Christiansen, U; Elming, H; Fosbøl, EL; Fuursted, K; Gill, S; Helweg-Larsen, J; Høfsten, DE; Høiby, N; Ihlemann, N; Iversen, K; Køber, L; Moser, C; Povlsen, JA; Pries-Heje, MM; Rosenvinge, FS; Schwartz, F; Torp-Pedersen, C; Tønder, N; Van Hasselt, JGC; Wang, H, 2023)
"The current World Health Organization (WHO) pediatric tuberculosis dosing guidelines lead to suboptimal drug exposures."	( Evaluating pediatric tuberculosis dosing guidelines: A model-based individual data pooled analysis. Aarnoutse, R; Chabala, C; Cotton, MF; Denti, P; Galileya, LT; Gibb, D; Hesseling, A; Lee, J; McIlleron, H; Njahira Mukui, I; Rabie, H; Turkova, A; Wasmann, RE; Zar, H, 2023)
" The importance of the drug-drug interactions with lopinavir/ritonavir and efavirenz should be evaluated further and considered in future dosing guidance."	( Evaluating pediatric tuberculosis dosing guidelines: A model-based individual data pooled analysis. Aarnoutse, R; Chabala, C; Cotton, MF; Denti, P; Galileya, LT; Gibb, D; Hesseling, A; Lee, J; McIlleron, H; Njahira Mukui, I; Rabie, H; Turkova, A; Wasmann, RE; Zar, H, 2023)