efinaconazole profile

efinaconazole: an antifungal agent; structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

efinaconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 3 by 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, and 4-methylenepiperidin-1-yl groups, respectively (the 2R,3R stereoisomer). It is an antifungal drug used for the topical treatment of onychomycosis (a nail infection caused mainly by dermatophytes). [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	489181
CHEMBL ID	2103877
CHEBI ID	82718
SCHEMBL ID	300738
MeSH ID	M0584821

Synonym
(2r, 3r)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-methylenepiperidyl)-1-(1,2,4-triazolyl)butan-2-ol
efinaconazole
(2r,3r)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-methylene-1-piperidyl)-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol
kp103
kp-103
kp 103
(2r,3r)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-methylidenepiperidin-1-yl)-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol
efinaconazole (jan/usan/inn)
D10021
164650-44-6
clenafin (tn)
jublia (tn)
(2r,3r)-2-(2,4-difluorofenil)-3-(4-metilenopiperidin-1-il)-1-(1h-1,2,4-triazin-1-il)butan-2-ol
unii-j82sb7fxwb
jublia
efinaconazole [usan:inn]
1-piperidineethanol, alpha-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-beta-methyl-4-methylene-alpha-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-1- ylmethyl)-, (alphar,betar)-
hsdb 8341
j82sb7fxwb ,
(2r,3r)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-methylidenepiperidin-1-yl)-1-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol
clenafin
CHEMBL2103877
chebi:82718 ,
idp-108
S5025
SCHEMBL300738
efinaconazole [orange book]
efinaconazole [usan]
1-piperidineethanol, .alpha.-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-.beta.-methyl-4-methylene-.alpha.-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-,(.alpha.r,.beta.r)-
efinaconazole [jan]
efinaconazole [mi]
1-piperidineethanol, .alpha.-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-.beta.-methyl-4-methylene-.alpha.-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-, (r-(r,r))-
(2r,3r)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-methylenepiperidin-1-yl)-1-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol
efinaconazole [inn]
efinaconazole [who-dd]
efinaconazole [vandf]
efinaconazolum
efinaconazol
CS-3500
(2r,3r)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-methylenepiperidine-1-yl)-1-(1h-1,2,4-triazole-1-yl)butane-2-ol
(2r,3r)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-methylenepiperidino)-1-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol
NFEZZTICAUWDHU-RDTXWAMCSA-N
c18h22f2n4o
AC-30630
HY-15660
DTXSID40167787 ,
DB09040
(2r,3r)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-methylene-1-piperidinyl)-1-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2-butanol
AKOS027323571
mfcd00936406
NCGC00390702-01
efinaconazole(kp-103)
EX-A2643
efinaconazole; kp-103
Q21011225
AS-30126
164905-19-5
BCP11665
1-piperidineethanol, alpha-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-beta-methyl-4-methylene-alpha-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-, (alphar,betar)-
NCGC00390702-03
CCG-268012
NCGC00390702-02
A854585
(alphar,betar)-alpha-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-beta-methyl-4-methylene-alpha-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1-piperidineethanol
1-piperidineethanol, alpha-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-beta-methyl-4-methylene-alpha-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-,(alphar,betar)-
dtxcid3090278
d01ac19
1-piperidineethanol, alpha-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-beta-methyl-4-methylene-alpha-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-, (r-(r,r))-
EN300-7393023

Research Excerpts

Overview

Efinaconazole is a novel triazole antifungal drug for the topical treatment of onychomycosis, a nail infection caused mainly by dermatophytes. It is a CYP inhibitor and its lowest ki is 91 ng/mL for CYP2C9.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Efinaconazole 10% solution is a triazole antifungal drug developed in Japan."	( Characteristics and Efficacy of Two Topical Therapeutic Agents for Onychomycosis. Kawai, M, 2019)	1.24
"Efinaconazole is a topical antifungal drug approved in Japan for tinea unguium. "	( Topical efinaconazole: A sequential combination therapy with oral terbinafine for refractory tinea unguium. Aoi, J; Fukushima, S; Kashiwada-Nakamura, K; Kubo, M; Makino, K; Noguchi, H, 2021)	2.5
"Efinaconazole 10% solution is an azole antifungal indicated for topical treatment of toenail onychomycosis in pediatric and adult patients. "	( Efinaconazole topical solution (10%) for the treatment of onychomycosis in adult and pediatric patients. Gupta, AK; Vlahovic, TC, 2022)	3.61
"Efinaconazole is a novel antifungal agent, which has proven to be particularly effective against onychomycosis compared with conventional antifungal agents."	( Evaluation of drug susceptibility test for Efinaconazole compared with conventional antifungal agents. Hur, MS; Jung, WH; Lee, YW; Park, M, 2019)	1.5
"Efinaconazole is a CYP inhibitor like other azole antifungals, and its lowest ki is 91 ng/mL for CYP2C9, a >130-fold higher concentration than the mean steady state Cmax observed in patients."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of efinaconazole 10% solution in healthy volunteers and patients with severe onychomycosis. Jarratt, M; Kodera, N; Pillai, R; Siu, WJ; Smith, K; Yamakawa, E, 2013)	1.4
"Efinaconazole solution 10% is a new triazole antifungal agent specifically developed for the treatment of onychomycosis."	( Efinaconazole solution 10%: topical antifungal therapy for toenail onychomycosis. Tosti, A, 2013)	2.55
"Efinaconazole is an emerging antifungal therapy for the topical treatment of onychomycosis. "	( Efinaconazole: a new topical treatment for onychomycosis. Gupta, AK; Simpson, FC, )	3.02
"Efinaconazole is a novel triazole antifungal drug for the topical treatment of onychomycosis, a nail infection caused mainly by dermatophytes. "	( In vitro and in vivo assessment of dermatophyte acquired resistance to efinaconazole, a novel triazole antifungal. Iwata, A; Katafuchi-Nagashima, M; Kumagai, N; Pillai, R; Sugiura, K; Tatsumi, Y; Watanabe, Y, 2014)	2.08
"Efinaconazole is a triazole developed as a 10% solution for topical treatment of onychomycosis, a common fungal nail infection. "	( Nonclinical safety assessment of Efinaconazole Solution (10%) for onychomycosis treatment. Calvarese, B; Glynn, M; Jo, W; Minowa, K; Mutter, L; Nejishima, H; Pillai, R; Sanada, H; Senda, H, 2014)	2.13
"Efinaconazole 10% solution is a new triazole antifungal agent developed for the topical treatment of onychomycosis. "	( Efinaconazole 10% solution in the treatment of onychomycosis of the toenails. Joseph, WS; Olin, JT; Pillai, R; Vlahovic, TC, )	3.02
"Efinaconazole is a new triazole antifungal for topical treatment of onychomycosis. "	( Efinaconazole: Developmental and reproductive toxicity potential of a novel antifungal azole. Glynn, M; Jo, W; Matsuuchi, H; Minowa, K; Mutter, L; Nejishima, H; Okamura, H; Pillai, R; Sanada, H, 2015)	3.3
"Efinaconazole 10 % solution is a new triazole antifungal agent developed for the topical treatment of fungal infections of the nails. "	( Effect of intratympanic application of efinaconazole 10 % solution in the guinea pig. Arakawa, K; Hidaka, H; Honkura, Y; Ikeda, R; Katori, Y; Kawase, T; Nomura, K; Oshima, H, 2016)	2.15
"Efinaconazole 10% solution is a new topical antifungal recently approved and sold in Canada, the United States and Japan for the treatment of mild-to-moderate toenail onychomycosis."	( How effective is efinaconazole in the management of onychomycosis? Cernea, M; Gupta, AK, 2016)	1.5
"Efinaconazole is a safe and effective treatment for onychomycosis that can be used in a wide range of patients due to its broad-spectrum antifungal activity and low rate of treatment-related adverse events. "	( How effective is efinaconazole in the management of onychomycosis? Cernea, M; Gupta, AK, 2016)	2.22

Effects

Efinaconazole has shown a broad spectrum of antifungal activity in vitro and is more potent than ciclopirox against common onychomycosis pathogens. It has low ungual penetration due to its low keratin binding properties.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Efinaconazole has a broad spectrum of antifungal activity in vitro and is more potent than ciclopirox against common onychomycosis pathogens. "	( Efinaconazole topical solution, 10%: the development of a new topical treatment for toenail onychomycosis. Pollak, RA, 2014)	3.29
"Efinaconazole 10% has been shown to be safe and efficacious regardless of disease severity/duration at baseline; patient gender, ethnicity, or age (including pediatrics); or comorbidities such as diabetes or tinea pedis."	( Efinaconazole topical solution (10%) for the treatment of onychomycosis in adult and pediatric patients. Gupta, AK; Vlahovic, TC, 2022)	2.89
"Efinaconazole has shown a broad spectrum of antifungal activity in vitro and is more potent than ciclopirox against common onychomycosis pathogens."	( Efinaconazole solution 10%: topical antifungal therapy for toenail onychomycosis. Tosti, A, 2013)	2.55
"Efinaconazole has lower minimum inhibitory concentrations than terbinafine, ciclopirox, itraconazole and amorolfine in Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Candida albicans."	( Efinaconazole (Jublia) for the treatment of onychomycosis. Gupta, AK; Simpson, FC, 2014)	2.57
"Efinaconazole has a broad spectrum of antifungal activity in vitro and is more potent than ciclopirox against common onychomycosis pathogens. "	( Efinaconazole topical solution, 10%: the development of a new topical treatment for toenail onychomycosis. Pollak, RA, 2014)	3.29
"Efinaconazole has broad-spectrum antifungal activity against dermatophytes, nondermatophyte molds and yeasts, and high ungual penetration due to its low keratin binding properties."	( How effective is efinaconazole in the management of onychomycosis? Cernea, M; Gupta, AK, 2016)	1.5

Actions

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Efinaconazole has lower minimum inhibitory concentrations than terbinafine, ciclopirox, itraconazole and amorolfine in Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Candida albicans."	( Efinaconazole (Jublia) for the treatment of onychomycosis. Gupta, AK; Simpson, FC, 2014)	2.57

Treatment

Efinaconazole topical solution, 10%, was significantly more effective than vehicle use irrespective of the coexistence of tinea pedis or its treatment.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Efinaconazole-treated polished nails showed substantial polish changes after the first day of treatment, with polish appearance and discoloration progressively worsening over 7 days of treatment."	( Evaluation of the Appearance of Nail Polish Following Daily Treatment of Ex Vivo Human Fingernails With Topical Solutions of Tavaborole or Efinaconazole. Chanda, S; Coronado, D; Merchant, T; Vlahovic, TC; Zane, LT, 2016)	1.36
"Treatment with efinaconazole topical solution, 10%, was significantly more effective than vehicle use irrespective of the coexistence of tinea pedis or its treatment. "	( Efinaconazole Topical Solution, 10% Efficacy in Patients with Onychomycosis and Coexisting Tinea Pedis. Caldwell, B; Markinson, B, 2015)	2.21

Toxicity

Efinaconazole was safe and efficacious in pediatric participants with mild-to-severe onychomycosis, with improved mycologic cure and complete cure rates compared with adults. Rat embryo-fetal and perinatal pup lethality was the most sensitive (NOAEL=5mg/kg/day) efinaconzole developmental toxicity and was noted at maternally toxic doses.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Efinaconazole was well tolerated in both studies; no drug-related adverse events were reported."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of efinaconazole 10% solution in healthy volunteers and patients with severe onychomycosis. Jarratt, M; Kodera, N; Pillai, R; Siu, WJ; Smith, K; Yamakawa, E, 2013)	1.59
" Treatment associated adverse events in the efinaconazole 10% solution group were similar to vehicle and limited to local site reactions (2%)."	( The efficacy and safety of efinaconazole 10% solution for treatment of mild to moderate onychomycosis: a pooled analysis of two phase 3 randomized trials. Elewski, BE; Gupta, AK; Ieda, C; Kang, R; Kawabata, H; Olin, JT; Pillai, R; Sugarman, JL; Watanabe, S, 2014)	0.96
" Rat embryo-fetal and perinatal pup lethality was the most sensitive (NOAEL=5mg/kg/day) efinaconazole developmental toxicity and was noted at maternally toxic doses."	( Efinaconazole: Developmental and reproductive toxicity potential of a novel antifungal azole. Glynn, M; Jo, W; Matsuuchi, H; Minowa, K; Mutter, L; Nejishima, H; Okamura, H; Pillai, R; Sanada, H, 2015)	2.08
" There are limited data on adverse events associated with the newer topical onychomycosis drugs."	( Retrospective analysis of adverse events with topical onychomycosis medications reported to the United States Food and Drug Administration. Lipner, SR; Wang, Y, 2020)	0.56
" The medication was well tolerated, with 4 local adverse events and no significant adverse events."	( Efficacy and Safety of Efinaconazole 10% Solution in the Treatment of Onychomycosis in Diabetic Patients. Hamedani, E; Harkless, L; Navarrete, R; Seun, J; Shofler, D; Thamby, R, 2020)	0.87
"Efinaconazole was safe and efficacious in pediatric participants with mild-to-severe onychomycosis, with improved mycologic cure and complete cure rates compared with adults from two 52-week studies."	( Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Efficacy of Efinaconazole 10% Topical Solution for Onychomycosis Treatment in Pediatric Patients. Eichenfield, LF; Elewski, B; Guenin, E; Gupta, AK; Pillai, R; Rosen, T; Stein Gold, L; Sugarman, JL; Vlahovic, TC, 2020)	2.27
" Mild to moderate application site reactions were the only efinaconazole-related adverse events in 8 patients (7."	( Long-term Efficacy and Safety of Once-daily Efinaconazole 10% Topical Solution (Jublia) for Dermatophyte Toenail Onychomycosis: An Interim Analysis. Cooper, EA; Gupta, AK, 2021)	1.13

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Efinaconazole is a CYP inhibitor like other azole antifungals, and its lowest ki is 91 ng/mL for CYP2C9, a >130-fold higher concentration than the mean steady state Cmax observed in patients."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of efinaconazole 10% solution in healthy volunteers and patients with severe onychomycosis. Jarratt, M; Kodera, N; Pillai, R; Siu, WJ; Smith, K; Yamakawa, E, 2013)	1.59

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" KP-103 proved to be highly effective in achieving mycological cure and preventing relapse against tinea pedis presumably because of its good bioavailability in the skin based on its low keratin-affinity, along with its potent antifungal activity."	( In vivo fungicidal effect of KP-103 in a guinea pig model of interdigital tinea pedis determined by using a new method for removing the antimycotic carryover effect. Arika, T; Tatsumi, Y; Yamaguchi, H; Yokoo, M, 2002)	0.31
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51

Dosage Studied

The concentration-time profiles for efinaconazole and its major metabolite were relatively stable, with only minor fluctuations during the 24-hour dosing interval. Nail polish appearance after application of tavaborole (dropper) or efin Baconazole (brush) was evaluated.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Nail polish appearance after application of tavaborole (dropper) or efinaconazole (brush); respective applicator appearance; presence of color transfer from respective applicators; and color transfer to remaining solutions after dosing of polished nails were evaluated."	( Evaluation of the Appearance of Nail Polish Following Daily Treatment of Ex Vivo Human Fingernails With Topical Solutions of Tavaborole or Efinaconazole. Chanda, S; Coronado, D; Merchant, T; Vlahovic, TC; Zane, LT, 2016)	0.87
" Dropper and brush applicators were applied to white watercolor paper immediately after dosing to evaluate color transfer from polished nails."	( Evaluation of the Appearance of Nail Polish Following Daily Treatment of Ex Vivo Human Fingernails With Topical Solutions of Tavaborole or Efinaconazole. Chanda, S; Coronado, D; Merchant, T; Vlahovic, TC; Zane, LT, 2016)	0.64
" The concentration-time profiles for efinaconazole and its major metabolite were relatively stable, with only minor fluctuations during the 24-hour dosing interval."	( Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Efficacy of Efinaconazole 10% Topical Solution for Onychomycosis Treatment in Pediatric Patients. Eichenfield, LF; Elewski, B; Guenin, E; Gupta, AK; Pillai, R; Rosen, T; Stein Gold, L; Sugarman, JL; Vlahovic, TC, 2020)	1.1

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Role	Description
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor	An EC 1.14.13.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating 1 atom of oxygen, with NADH or NADPH as one donor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
organofluorine compound	An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.
olefinic compound	Any organic molecular entity that contains at least one C=C bond.
piperidines
tertiary alcohol	A tertiary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has three other carbon atoms attached to it.
tertiary amino compound	A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
conazole antifungal drug	Any conazole antifungal agent that has been used for the treatment of fungal infections in animals or humans.
triazole antifungal drug	Any triazole antifungal agent that has been used for the treatment of fungal infections in humans or animals.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	1.3450	0.0123	7.9835	43.2770	AID1645841
G	Vesicular stomatitis virus	Potency	0.4772	0.0123	8.9648	39.8107	AID1645842
cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	23.9185	0.0010	8.3798	61.1304	AID1645840
Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.4772	0.0033	9.1582	39.8107	AID1645842
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.4772	0.0123	8.9648	39.8107	AID1645842
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.4772	0.0123	8.9648	39.8107	AID1645842
cytochrome P450 2C9, partial	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.4772	0.0123	8.9648	39.8107	AID1645842
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNA	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell activation involved in immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
response to virus	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of autophagy	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cytokine-mediated signaling pathway	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activation	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interferon-beta	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell proliferation	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of viral genome replication	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
innate immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of innate immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T cell differentiation	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
defense response to virus	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasis	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to exogenous dsRNA	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to virus	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of Lewy body formation	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNA	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell differentiation	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activation involved in immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell activation involved in immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
humoral immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune response	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-independent	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of T cell anergy	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
defense response	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
immune response	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
detection of bacterium	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of interleukin-12 production	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of interleukin-6 production	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
protection from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
innate immune response	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dendritic cell differentiation	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
inositol phosphate metabolic process	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic process	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
inositol phosphate biosynthetic process	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
cytokine activity	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cytokine receptor binding	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
type I interferon receptor binding	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase activity	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
TAP binding	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor binding	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
peptide antigen binding	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
TAP binding	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone binding	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
inositol-1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate kinase activity	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate kinase activity	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
inositol heptakisphosphate kinase activity	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 5-kinase activity	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP binding	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 1-kinase activity	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 3-kinase activity	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
inositol 5-diphosphate pentakisphosphate 5-kinase activity	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
inositol diphosphate tetrakisphosphate kinase activity	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
extracellular space	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular region	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi membrane	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
ER to Golgi transport vesicle membrane	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
secretory granule membrane	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
phagocytic vesicle membrane	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome membrane	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membrane	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
lumenal side of endoplasmic reticulum membrane	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
MHC class I protein complex	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membrane	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
fibrillar center	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (13)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1809927	Induction of drug resistance in Candida glabrata BG2 assessed as increase in ECZ IC50 at 8 times IC50 after 4 days	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Optimization and Evaluation of Novel Antifungal Agents for the Treatment of Fungal Infection.
AID1809933	Induction of drug resistant in Candida albicans ATCC SC5314 assessed as increase in EZC IC50 at 16 times IC50	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Optimization and Evaluation of Novel Antifungal Agents for the Treatment of Fungal Infection.
AID1872540	Plasma protein binding in human	2022	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-05, Volume: 231	Synthetic approaches and structural diversity of triazolylbutanols derived from voriconazole in the antifungal drug development.
AID1809901	Fungicidal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans H99 at 8 times of MIC after 24 hrs by time-kill kinetics assay	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Optimization and Evaluation of Novel Antifungal Agents for the Treatment of Fungal Infection.
AID1809932	Induction of drug resistance in Candida albicans ATCC SC5314 assessed as increase in EZC IC50 at 8 time IC50 after 35 days	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Optimization and Evaluation of Novel Antifungal Agents for the Treatment of Fungal Infection.
AID1809934	Induction of drug resistant in Candida glabrata BG2 assessed as increase in EZC IC50 at 16 times IC50	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Optimization and Evaluation of Novel Antifungal Agents for the Treatment of Fungal Infection.
AID1809952	Ex vivo antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum KCCM60450 infected in human nail assessed as reduction in ATP level at 10 % w/w after 24 hrs	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Optimization and Evaluation of Novel Antifungal Agents for the Treatment of Fungal Infection.
AID1809925	Induction of drug resistance in Candida albicans ATCC SC5314 assessed as increase in EZC IC50 at 8 time IC50 after 7 days	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-11, Volume: 64, Issue:21	Optimization and Evaluation of Novel Antifungal Agents for the Treatment of Fungal Infection.
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347159	Primary screen GU Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347160	Primary screen NINDS Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	4 (3.13)	29.6817
2010's	84 (65.63)	24.3611
2020's	40 (31.25)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	24 (17.65%)	5.53%
Reviews	22 (16.18%)	6.00%
Case Studies	11 (8.09%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	79 (58.09%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (6)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Evaluating the Efficacy and Compatibility of Efinaconazole 10% Solution (Jublia) for the Treatment of Toenail Onychomycosis in Patients Wearing Toenail Polish Compared to Those Without Polish [NCT03110029]	Phase 4	13 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-30	Completed
A Multicenter, Open Label, Single-arm Study Evaluating the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Efinaconazole Topical Solution in Subjects With Mild to Severe Onychomycosis of the Toenails [NCT02812771]	Phase 4	62 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-08-04	Completed
An Investigator Initiated Pilot Study Evaluating the Efficacy of Efinaconazole 10% Solution (Jublia) for the Treatment of Onychomycosis With Dermatophytomas [NCT03098615]	Phase 4	19 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-30	Completed
Real-World Evaluation of the Effect of Jublia on Nail Polish [NCT03022916]		5 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-30	Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Efinaconazole 10% Solution in the Treatment of Onychomycosis in Diabetic Patients [NCT03168841]	Phase 3	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-06-06	Completed
A Multicenter, Open-label, Non-controlled, Single-arm Phase IV Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Jublia® in Mild to Moderate Toenail Onychomycosis [NCT03280927]	Phase 4	97 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-11-10	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Trial	Outcome
NCT02812771 (1) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With at Least One Adverse Event
NCT03022916 (1) [back to overview]	Observe Stability of Nail Polish as Evidenced by Serial Photography With Efinaconazole Application in Terms of Days
NCT03098615 (2) [back to overview]	Clinical or Mycological Cure of Nail
NCT03098615 (2) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Elimination of Dermatophytomas That Occur in Distal Lateral Subungual Onychomycosis (DLSO)
NCT03110029 (2) [back to overview]	Percentage of Disease Improvement Using Onychomycosis Severity Index (OSI)
NCT03110029 (2) [back to overview]	Percentage of Nail Polish Disruption Using the Likert Scale
NCT03168841 (4) [back to overview]	Primary Endpoint - Efficacy
NCT03168841 (4) [back to overview]	Secondary Endpoint - Efficacy
NCT03168841 (4) [back to overview]	Secondary Endpoint - Efficacy
NCT03168841 (4) [back to overview]	Secondary Endpoint - Safety (Occurrence of Adverse Events: Type and Frequency)

Percentage of Participants With at Least One Adverse Event

(NCT02812771)
Timeframe: 48 weeks

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Efinaconazole	39

[back to top]

Observe Stability of Nail Polish as Evidenced by Serial Photography With Efinaconazole Application in Terms of Days

Observation: Serial photographs were combined with patient reported outcomes to assess the stability of self-applied toenail polish when efinaconazole was applied topically to the nail. (Expected stability of polish less than 14 days with application of Jublia as compared to nails without Jublia application) (NCT03022916)
Timeframe: Baseline to 14 days

Intervention	days of stability (Median)
Nail Polish and Efinaconazole Solution	1.5
Efinaconazole Solution, Nail Polish, and Top Coat	5
Placebo Comparator: Nail Polish Only	15
Base Coat + Nail Polish + Top Coat + Efinaconazole Solution	5

[back to top]

Clinical or Mycological Cure of Nail

Completely normal nail plate or negative fungal culture (NCT03098615)
Timeframe: week 48

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Jublia (Efinaconazole 10% Topical Solution) + Nail Polish	12

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Elimination of Dermatophytomas That Occur in Distal Lateral Subungual Onychomycosis (DLSO)

Clear nail growth between the proximal nail fold and the dermatophytoma's proximal edge will be measured. (NCT03098615)
Timeframe: week 48

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Baseline Group	19

[back to top]

Percentage of Disease Improvement Using Onychomycosis Severity Index (OSI)

Using 3rd party blinding, DLSO was assessed at baseline and at every subsequent visit using the onychomycosis severity index (OSI), measuring percent of the target nail involved, and grading the infection from mild to moderate to severe. The range for OSI is 0-20 with 20 indicating severe nails disease. Nail growth was measured at each visit. Fungal testing was done at screening, 3 months, 7 months, end of treatment (48 weeks), and end of study (52 weeks). Clinical and mycologic cure was evaluated at week 52. (NCT03110029)
Timeframe: 52 week

Intervention	percentage change target nail (Mean)
Wearing Toenail Polish	0.56
Abstain From Wearing Toenail Polish	0.54

[back to top]

Percentage of Nail Polish Disruption Using the Likert Scale

"Patients will answer the following question:~Which will be answered using a Likert scale where 0 represents no alteration in polish and 10 represents complete destruction of the polish:~Is the quality of your polish diminished with use of Jublia?" (NCT03110029)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

Intervention	percentage of nail polish disruption (Mean)
Wearing Toenail Polish	0.6
Abstain From Wearing Toenail Polish	0

[back to top]

Primary Endpoint - Efficacy

The primary efficacy end point is the proportion of subjects achieving complete cure at week 50. Complete cure is to be defined as a combination of 0% clinical involvement and mycological cure (mycological cure defined as negative KOH examination and negative fungal culture of the target toenail sample). (NCT03168841)
Timeframe: 50 weeks

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Intervention Group, Receiving Medication	4

[back to top]

Secondary Endpoint - Efficacy

The first secondary efficacy end point is mycological cure, defined as negative KOH examination and negative fungal culture of the target toenail sample. (NCT03168841)
Timeframe: 50 weeks

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Intervention Group, Receiving Medication	21

[back to top]

Secondary Endpoint - Efficacy

The second secondary efficacy end point is clinical cure, defined as 0% clinical involvement of the target toenail. (NCT03168841)
Timeframe: 50 weeks

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Intervention Group, Receiving Medication	8

[back to top]

Secondary Endpoint - Safety (Occurrence of Adverse Events: Type and Frequency)

The secondary safety endpoint is the occurrence of adverse events (type and frequency). (NCT03168841)
Timeframe: 50 weeks

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Intervention Group, Receiving Medication	4

[back to top]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	2.31	1	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
bay h 4502 bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.	2.58	2	0	biphenyls; imidazoles
ciclopirox [no description available]	10.64	12	0	cyclic hydroxamic acid; hydroxypyridone antifungal drug; pyridone	antibacterial agent; antiseborrheic
clotrimazole [no description available]	2.25	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	4.94	5	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	2.13	1	0
itraconazole [no description available]	3.51	1	0	piperazines
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	2.25	1	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketorolac Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.	2.1	1	0	amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
liranaftate piritetrate: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	tetralins
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	2.25	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	2.1	1	0	phthalimides; piperidones
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.1	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
penicillanic acid Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.	3.21	1	0	penicillanic acids
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	2.1	1	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
2-methyltetrahydrofuran 2-methyltetrahydrofuran: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	3.21	1	0	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	3.61	2	0	alkylamine
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	2.1	1	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2.17	1	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
benzoin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	benzoins; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.	2.6	1	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.17	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	3.21	1	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
potassium hydroxide potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH	3.51	1	1	alkali metal hydroxide
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	3.5	1	1	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
neodymium Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.	2.17	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
naftifine naftifine: allylamine der; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. naftifine : A tertiary amine in which the nitrogen is substituted by methyl, alpha-naphthylmethyl, and (1E)-cinnamyl groups. It is used (usually as its hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of fungal skin infections.	3.61	2	0	allylamine antifungal drug; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
loceryl amorolfine: RN given refers to parent cpd. amorolfine : A member of the class of morpholines that is cis-2,6-dimethylmorpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a racemic 2-methyl-3-[p-(2-methylbutan-2-yl)phenyl]propyl group. An inhibitor of the action of squalene monooxygenase, Delta(14) reductase and D7-D8 isomerase and an antifungal agent, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) for the topical treatment of fungal nail and skin infections.	3.34	6	0	morpholine antifungal drug; tertiary amino compound	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.70 (Delta(14)-sterol reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	5.96	9	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	3.21	1	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	15.98	123	24	1,2,3-triazole
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	2.25	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
tazobactam Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.	3.21	1	0	penicillanic acids; triazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
atazanavir sulfate Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.	2.1	1	0	organic sulfate salt
albaconazole albaconazole: UR-9825 is the (1R,2R)-isomer; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
ergosterol [no description available]	2.49	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ketoconazole (2R,4S)-ketoconazole : A cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine which dioxolane moiety has (2R,4S)-configuration.	3.51	1	0	cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine
ravuconazole ER 30346: structure in first source. ravuconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-butyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole in which the butyl group is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 3 by hydroxy, 2,4-difluorophenyl, and 4-(p-cyanophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl groups, respectively (the R,R stereoisomer). It exhibits antifungal activity by inhibition of 14alpha demethylase, an enzyme involved in sterol synthesis, resulting in lysis of the fungal cell wall and fungal cell death. (NCIO4)	3.51	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; fluorobenzenes; nitrile; tertiary alcohol; triazoles	antifungal drug; antileishmanial agent; EC 1.14.14.154 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	4.45	6	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
terbinafine [no description available]	8.18	22	1	acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
latoconazole latoconazole: RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation; latoconazole is (E)-isomer; structure given in first source	3.01	4	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug
tak 456 TAK 456: structure in first source	3.51	1	0
nnd 502 luliconazole: structure in first source	6.58	17	0	dichlorobenzene
2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-(4-(2-(4-trifluoromethoxybenzyl)-2h-1,2,4-triazol-3-one-4-yl)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol Syn 2869: structure in first source	3.51	1	0
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	2.69	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
neticonazole neticonazole: RN refers to (E)-isomer. neticonazole : An enamine that is ethene which is substituted at positions 1, 1, and 2 by o-pentoxyphenyl, 1H-imidazol-1-yl, and methylthio groups, respectively (the E isomer). An inhibitor of P450-dependent C-14alpha-demethylation of lanosterol (preventing conversion to ergosterol and inhibiting cell wall synthesis in fungi), it is used in Japan (generally as the corresponding hydrochloride salt) as an antifungal drug for the treatment of superficial skin infections.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; benzenes; conazole antifungal drug; enamine; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; methyl sulfide	antifungal drug; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor
r-120758 R-120758: structure in first source	3.51	1	0
isavuconazole isavuconazole : A 1,3-thiazole that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 3 by 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, and 4-(p-cyanophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl groups, respectively. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and invasive mucormycosis.	3.51	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; nitrile; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor; orphan drug
tofacitinib tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.	2.1	1	0	N-acylpiperidine; nitrile; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antirheumatic drug; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	2.1	1	0
tavaborole tavaborole: has antifungal activity; structure in first source. tavaborole : A member of the class of benzoxaboroles that is 1,3-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2,1-benzoxaborole substituted at position 5 by a fluoro group. A topical antifungal agent used for the treatment of onychomycosis (fungal infection of the toenails and fingernails).	9.09	19	2	benzoxaborole; organofluorine compound	antifungal agent; EC 6.1.1.4 (leucine--tRNA ligase) inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
olodaterol [no description available]	3.21	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoxazine; phenols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent
apremilast [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; N-acetylarylamine; phthalimides; sulfone	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
peramivir peramivir hydrate : A hydrate that is the trihydrate form of peramivir. Used for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in patients 18 years and older who have been symptomatic for no more than two days.. peramivir : A member of the class of guanidines that is used (as its trihydrate) for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in patients 18 years and older who have been symptomatic for no more than two days.	3.21	1	0
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	2.1	1	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	2.1	1	0
oxyntomodulin Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.	3.21	1	0

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	3.49	7	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	0	2.25	1	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	0	2.61	2	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	0	2.61	2	0
Nail Fungus [description not available]	0	15.91	98	24
Onychomycosis A fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by DERMATOPHYTES; YEASTS; or nondermatophyte MOLDS.	1	17.91	98	24
Foot Dermatoses Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.	0	13.97	46	17
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	3.08	4	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	0	3.08	4	0
Disseminated Fusariosis [description not available]	0	4.4	5	0
Fusariosis OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS with the soil fungus FUSARIUM. Typically the infection is limited to the nail plate (ONYCHOMYCOSIS). The infection can however become systemic especially in an IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST (e.g., NEUTROPENIA) and results in cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, fever, KERATITIS, and pulmonary infections.	0	4.4	5	0
Dermatophytoses [description not available]	0	3.62	8	0
Tinea Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.	0	3.62	8	0
Nail Diseases Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.	0	5.56	5	1
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	0	2.25	1	0
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	0	2.88	3	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	0	7.88	3	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	0	3.64	1	1
Kerion Celsi An inflammatory manifestation of tinea capitis with a pronounced swelling that develops into suppurative central and indurated peripheral area called kerion.	0	2.25	1	0
Tinea Capitis Ringworm of the scalp and associated hair mainly caused by species of MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON, which may occasionally involve the eyebrows and eyelashes.	0	7.25	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	7.31	1	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	0	2.31	1	0
Candidiasis, Genital [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.	0	2.31	1	0
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	0	2.53	2	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	0	2.53	2	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	0	3.59	1	1
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	0	3.59	1	1
Recrudescence [description not available]	0	2.8	3	0
ADDH [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	0	2.1	1	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	0	2.1	1	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	0	2.1	1	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	0	2.1	1	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	0	2.1	1	0
Athlete's Foot [description not available]	0	5.96	9	1
Tinea Pedis Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum.	0	10.96	9	1
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	0	2.11	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	0	3.9	2	1
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	3.5	1	1
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	0	2.13	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	0	3.04	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	2.13	1	0
Dermatomycoses Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.	0	3.06	1	0
Candidiasis, Cutaneous Candidiasis of the skin manifested as eczema-like lesions of the interdigital spaces, perleche, or chronic paronychia. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2	1	0

efinaconazole

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (69)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (1)

Drug Classes (7)

Protein Targets (7)

Potency Measurements

Biological Processes (45)

Molecular Functions (18)

Ceullar Components (22)

Bioassays (13)

Research

Studies (128)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 57.27

Study Types

Clinical Trials (6)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Percentage of Participants With at Least One Adverse Event

Observe Stability of Nail Polish as Evidenced by Serial Photography With Efinaconazole Application in Terms of Days

Clinical or Mycological Cure of Nail

Number of Participants With Elimination of Dermatophytomas That Occur in Distal Lateral Subungual Onychomycosis (DLSO)

Percentage of Disease Improvement Using Onychomycosis Severity Index (OSI)

Percentage of Nail Polish Disruption Using the Likert Scale

Primary Endpoint - Efficacy

Secondary Endpoint - Efficacy

Secondary Endpoint - Efficacy

Secondary Endpoint - Safety (Occurrence of Adverse Events: Type and Frequency)

efinaconazole

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (69)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (1)

Drug Classes (7)

Protein Targets (7)

Potency Measurements

Biological Processes (45)

Molecular Functions (18)

Ceullar Components (22)

Bioassays (13)

Research

Studies (128)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 57.27

Study Types

Clinical Trials (6)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Percentage of Participants With at Least One Adverse Event

Observe Stability of Nail Polish as Evidenced by Serial Photography With Efinaconazole Application in Terms of Days

Clinical or Mycological Cure of Nail

Number of Participants With Elimination of Dermatophytomas That Occur in Distal Lateral Subungual Onychomycosis (DLSO)

Percentage of Disease Improvement Using Onychomycosis Severity Index (OSI)

Percentage of Nail Polish Disruption Using the Likert Scale

Primary Endpoint - Efficacy

Secondary Endpoint - Efficacy

Secondary Endpoint - Efficacy

Secondary Endpoint - Safety (Occurrence of Adverse Events: Type and Frequency)

Related Drugs (58)

Related Conditions (51)