Compounds > azelnidipine
Page last updated: 2024-11-06

azelnidipine

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

Azelnidipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker that is used to treat hypertension. It is a potent and selective inhibitor of the L-type calcium channel. Azelnidipine is well absorbed after oral administration and has a long half-life. It is metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine. Azelnidipine has been shown to be effective in lowering blood pressure and improving symptoms of hypertension. It is generally well tolerated, although it can cause side effects such as dizziness, headache, and flushing. Azelnidipine is studied due to its potential to provide better blood pressure control and reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. It has shown promise in treating patients with resistant hypertension. Researchers are also exploring its potential therapeutic benefits in conditions such as heart failure and stroke. '
```

azelnidipine: structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID65948
CHEMBL ID1275868
CHEBI ID31247
SCHEMBL ID49021
MeSH IDM0170975

Synonyms (68)

Synonym
AC-2151
AKOS015841674
rs-9054
cs-905
azelnidipine
calblock
3-[1-(diphenylmethyl)azetidin-3-yl] 5-(1-methylethyl) 2-amino-6-methyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate
3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2-amino-6-methyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-, 3-(1-(diphenylmethyl)-3-azetidinyl) 5-(1-methylethyl) ester, (+-)-
3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2-amino-6-methyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-, 3-(1-(diphenylmethyl)-3-azetidinyl)-5-(1-methylethyl) esster, (+-)-
cs 905
azelnidipine [inn]
3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 2-amino-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-, 3-(1-(diphenylmethyl)-3-azetidinyl) 5-(1-methylethyl) ester, (+-)-
c33h34n4o6
3-(1-(diphenylmethyl)-3-azetidinyl) 5-isopropyl (+-)-2-amino-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(m-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate
D01145
123524-52-7
azelnidipine (jp17/inn)
calblock (tn)
NCGC00167436-01
3-o-(1-benzhydrylazetidin-3-yl) 5-o-propan-2-yl 2-amino-6-methyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate
FT-0655294
o3-(1-benzhydrylazetidin-3-yl) o5-isopropyl 2-amino-6-methyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate;azelnidipine
A805113
unii-pv23p19yug
ccris 8650
pv23p19yug ,
CHEMBL1275868
cas-123524-52-7
dtxcid50120
tox21_112440
dtxsid3020120 ,
BCP9000370
3-(1-benzhydrylazetidin-3-yl) 5-isopropyl 2-amino-6-methyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate
HY-B0023
BCPP000357
2-amino-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(3 nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid 3-[1-(diphenylmethyl)-3-azetidinyl] 5-(1-methylethyl) ester
PB24693
CS-0949
S3053
SCHEMBL49021
tox21_112440_1
NCGC00167436-02
KS-1248
azelnidipine [jan]
azelnidipine [mart.]
azelnidipine [who-dd]
azelnidipine [mi]
3-(1-(diphenylmethyl)-3-azetidinyl) 5-isopropyl (+/-)-2-amino-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(m-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate
2-amino-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid 3-(1-diphenylmethylazetidin-3-yl)ester 5-isopropyl ester
ZKFQEACEUNWPMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
(+/-)-2-amino-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid 3-(1-diphenylmethylazetidin-3-yl) ester 5-isopropyl ester
Q-200664
2-amino-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid 3-[1-(diphenylmethyl)-3-azetidinyl] 5-isopropyl ester
3-[1-(diphenylmethyl)-3-azetidinyl] 5-isopropyl 2-amino-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate
AB01565841_02
DB09230
mfcd00865803
azelnidipine, >=98% (hplc), powder
SR-01000944916-1
sr-01000944916
CHEBI:31247
HMS3651D18
SW219236-1
Q4832365
3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 2-amino-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-, 3-[1-(diphenylmethyl)-3-azetidinyl] 5-(1-methylethyl) ester
AMY22122
HMS3885M05
CCG-270140

Research Excerpts

Overview

Azelnidipine (ALP) is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker and has been approved for use as an antihypertensive drug. It is a unique calcium blocker which does not increase heart rate.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Azelnidipine (ALP) is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker and has been approved for use as an antihypertensive drug."( Azelnidipine Exhibits In Vitro and In Vivo Antiviral Effects against Flavivirus Infections by Targeting the Viral RdRp.
Cao, R; Chen, X; Dai, Q; Guo, X; Li, W; Li, Y; Liu, M; Wang, Z; Xu, Y; Yan, Y; Yang, X; Yin, J; Zhong, W, 2022)		2.89
"Azelnidipine is a unique dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker with selectivity for L-type calcium channels that has been launched for the treatment of hypertension. "( Azelnidipine and glucose tolerance: possible indications and treatment selection for hypertensive patients with metabolic disorders.
Daida, H; Miyauchi, K; Shimada, K, 2015)		3.3
"Azelnidipine is a new dihydropyridine Ca(2+) channel blocker with long plasma half-life. "( Cardiovascular effects of azelnidipine in comparison with those of amlodipine assessed in the halothane-anaesthetized dog.
Ishizaka, T; Iwasaki, H; Kise, H; Mitsumori, Y; Nakamura, Y; Sugiyama, A; Takahara, A, 2010)		2.1
"Azelnidipine is a calcium blocker that has been shown to have antioxidant effects in endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes."( Azelnidipine is a calcium blocker that attenuates liver fibrosis and may increase antioxidant defence.
Horiguchi, N; Ichikawa, T; Izumi, T; Kakizaki, S; Kishimoto, K; Mori, M; Ohyama, T; Sato, K; Takagi, H; Yamazaki, Y, 2012)		2.54
"Azelnidipine is a unique calcium blocker which does not increase heart rate."( Azelnidipine, unique calcium channel blocker could prevent stress-induced cardiac dysfunction like α·β blocker.
Ishikura, F; Takano, Y; Ueyama, T, 2012)		2.54
"Azelnidipine is a new dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist with selectivity for L-type calcium channels that has recently been approved in Japan for the treatment of patients with hypertension. "( Azelnidipine.
Scott, LJ; Wellington, K, 2003)		3.2
"Azelnidipine (Calblock) is a newly developed dihydropyridine-type calcium antagonist for the treatment of hypertension. "( Pharmacological profiles and clinical effects of azelnidipine, a long-acting calcium channel blocker.
Sada, T; Saito, H, 2003)		2.02
"Azelnidipine (CS-905) is a novel dihydropyridine calcium antagonist that is known to be excreted in feces. "( Biliary excretion of azelnidipine, a calcium antagonist, in rats.
Hanawa, N; Sano, N; Takikawa, H, 2004)		2.09
"Azelnidipine is a novel dihydropyridine-type calcium antagonist with long-acting anti-hypertensive action and a low reported incidence of tachycardia. "( Antioxidant effect of a new calcium antagonist, azelnidipine, in cultured human arterial endothelial cells.
Fukunaga, M; Kohno, M; Masugata, H; Mizushige, K; Ohmori, K; Senda, S; Shinomiya, K, )		1.83
"Azelnidipine is a novel dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker."( Azelnidipine inhibits H2O2-induced cell death in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes.
Arimoto, T; Harada, M; Kitahara, T; Koyama, Y; Kubota, I; Niizeki, T; Sasaki, T; Shishido, T; Suzuki, S; Takahashi, H; Takeishi, Y, 2007)		2.5
"Azelnidipine is a new dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker that causes minimal stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system despite its significant depressor effect. "( Azelnidipine attenuates cardiovascular and sympathetic responses to air-jet stress in genetically hypertensive rats.
Nakamoto, M; Ohya, Y; Sakima, A; Takishita, S; Yamazato, M, 2007)		3.23

Effects

Azelnidipine has been recognized in vascular remodeling. It has greater beneficial effects on the autonomic functions than benidipines. Azelnidipsine appears to have been responsible for the chyloperitoneum.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Azelnidipine has beneficial effects on LV mass regression, transmitral flow, tissue Doppler, and LV longitudinal strain that are comparable to those of amlodipine on the same parameters."( Impact of azelnidipine and amlodipine on left ventricular mass and longitudinal function in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy.
Ikeda, U; Izawa, A; Koyama, J; Miyashita, Y; Motoki, H; Takahashi, M; Tomita, T, 2014)		2.25
"Azelnidipine has greater beneficial effects on the autonomic functions than benidipine although the degree of reduction of blood pressure induced by the two drugs was similar. "( Effects of azelnidipine on the autonomic functions and its influence on arterial stiffness and endothelial functions.
Matsumoto, C; Shiina, K; Tomiyama, H; Yamada, J; Yamashina, A; Yoshida, M, 2008)		2.18
"Azelnidipine has been reported to have antioxidant effects and attenuates tubulointerstitial ischemia. "( Additional renoprotective effects of azelnidipine combined with angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with diabetic nephropathy.
Fujiwara, N; Inoue, T; Kawagoe, Y; Koide, H; Nakamura, T; Node, K; Sugaya, T; Ueda, Y, 2008)		2.06
"Azelnidipine appears to have been responsible for the chyloperitoneum."( Azelnidipine-induced chyloperitoneum in a patient with microscopic polyangiitis.
Kadoya, H; Matsuda, J; Namba, T; Takeji, M; Yamamoto, T; Yamauchi, A, 2010)		2.52
"Azelnidipine has recently been recognized in vascular remodeling. "( Effects of calcium channel blocker azelnidipine on experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms.
Akashi, H; Aoyagi, S; Hiromatsu, S; Kato, S; Yokokura, H, 2007)		2.06

Actions

Azelnidipine may inhibit nitrotyrosine expression and cell damage caused by overproduction of nitric oxide.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Azelnidipine may increase PTC blood flow and improve renal hypoxia and tubulointerstitial injury induced by AII infusion."( Azelnidipine exerts renoprotective effects by improvement of renal microcirculation in angiotensin II infusion rats.
Fujimoto, S; Horike, H; Kashihara, N; Nagasu, H; Sasaki, T; Satoh, M, 2009)		3.24
"Azelnidipine may inhibit nitrotyrosine expression and cell damage caused by overproduction of nitric oxide, suggesting a mechanism for its cardiovascular protective effect."( Comparative effects of azelnidipine and other Ca2+-channel blockers on the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase in vascular smooth muscle cells.
Iida, H; Imuta, H; Jo, T; Kishida, S; Ma, J; Meguro, K; Morita, T; Nagai, R; Nakajima, T; Oonuma, H; Takano, H; Wang, GQ, 2006)		1.37

Treatment

Azelnidipine treatment in drug-naïve (DN) cases significantly decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolicBlood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) Treatment with azelnodipine (5 microg/kg/min i.v., 10 min) had no effect on basal MAP, RBF, RVR, or PTC erythrocyte velocity.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Azelnidipine treatment resulted in remarkable upregulation of total antioxidant capacity; meanwhile, IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB p65, and ICAM-1 showed a considerable reduction."( Potential protective effects of Azelnidipine against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in male rats.
Al-Mudhafar, A; Fakharaldeen, Z; Hadi, N; Radhi, A, 2022)		1.73
"Azelnidipine treatment reduced the pathologic findings normally associated with aneurysm formation within the aortic wall."( Azelnidipine suppresses the progression of aortic aneurysm in wild mice model through anti-inflammatory effects.
Hirata, Y; Kitagawa, T; Kurobe, H; Matsuoka, Y; Maxfield, MW; Sata, M; Sugasawa, N, 2013)		2.55
"Azelnidipine treatment in drug-naïve (DN) cases significantly decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR). "( Plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration are not altered by the novel calcium channel antagonist, azelnidipine, in hypertensive patients.
Araki, E; Goto, R; Kondo, T; Miyamura, N; Ono, K; Sonoda, K; Takaki, Y; Yasuda, T; Yatsuda, R, 2010)		2.02
"Azelnidipine treated group showed more marked reduction of infarct volume and cerebral edema than amlodipine group."( Prevention of neuronal damage by calcium channel blockers with antioxidative effects after transient focal ischemia in rats.
Abe, K; Deguchi, K; Hayashi, T; Kamiya, T; Lukic-Panin, V; Sehara, Y; Tsuchiya, A; Yamashita, T; Zhang, H, 2007)		1.06
"Treatment with azelnidipine suppressed aldosterone/mineralocorticoid receptor-dependent but not mineralocorticoid receptor-independent superoxide production in cultured rat mesangial cells."( Inhibitory effects of a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker on renal injury in aldosterone-infused rats.
Du, J; Fan, YY; Fu, H; Fujisawa, Y; Hitomi, H; Hosomi, N; Kimura, S; Kiyomoto, H; Kohno, M; Lu, XM; Nagai, Y; Nakano, D; Nishiyama, A; Ohmori, K, 2009)		0.69
"Treatment with azelnidipine (5 microg/kg/min i.v., 10 min) had no effect on basal MAP, RBF, RVR, or PTC erythrocyte velocity."( Effects of calcium channel blockade on angiotensin II-induced peritubular ischemia in rats.
Abe, Y; Hara, T; Hitomi, H; Kimura, S; Kiyomoto, H; Kohno, M; Kondo, N; Miyatake, A; Moriwaki, K; Nishiyama, A; Rahman, M; Sun, GP; Yamamoto, T, 2006)		0.67
"Treatment with azelnidipine significantly increased eNOS expression levels in the brain, heart, and aorta, but did not alter nNOS or iNOS expression levels."( Long-acting calcium channel blocker, azelnidipine, increases endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the brain and inhibits sympathetic nerve activity.
Hirooka, Y; Kimura, Y; Sagara, Y; Sunagawa, K, 2007)		0.95
"Treatment with azelnidipine and amlodipine reduced infarct volume and brain edema."( Prevention of neuronal damage by calcium channel blockers with antioxidative effects after transient focal ischemia in rats.
Abe, K; Deguchi, K; Hayashi, T; Kamiya, T; Lukic-Panin, V; Sehara, Y; Tsuchiya, A; Yamashita, T; Zhang, H, 2007)		0.68
"Pretreatment of azelnidipine and amlodipine had a neuroprotective effect in ischemic brain. "( Prevention of neuronal damage by calcium channel blockers with antioxidative effects after transient focal ischemia in rats.
Abe, K; Deguchi, K; Hayashi, T; Kamiya, T; Lukic-Panin, V; Sehara, Y; Tsuchiya, A; Yamashita, T; Zhang, H, 2007)		0.69

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The incidence of adverse events was similar in the O/A combination groups and the monotherapy groups."( A randomized, double-blind, four-arm parallel-group study of the efficacy and safety of azelnidipine and olmesartan medoxomil combination therapy compared with each monotherapy in Japanese patients with essential hypertension: the REZALT study.
Kuramoto, K; Ogihara, T; Saruta, T; Shimada, K, 2009)		0.58

Pharmacokinetics

The effects of olmesartan medoxomil and azelnidipine were modestly correlated with pharmacokinetic profiles. The pre-treatment PRA level could be a useful determinant of responsiveness in selecting the drugs.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The pharmacokinetic results indicated that the plasma half-life (t1/2) of amlodipine was 38."( Azelnidipine and amlodipine: a comparison of their pharmacokinetics and effects on ambulatory blood pressure.
Hirai, A; Ichikawa, S; Kanada, S; Kuramoto, K; Nakachi, T; Ogihara, T, 2003)		1.76
"23) L/h, respectively; peak plasma concentration Cmax were (8."( Determination of azelnidipine by LC-ESI-MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in healthy Chinese volunteers.
Fan, HW; Hu, Q; Ji, HJ; Xiao, DW; Zhou, XH; Zhu, YB; Zou, JJ, 2008)		0.69
" In conclusion, the effects of olmesartan medoxomil and azelnidipine were modestly correlated with pharmacokinetic profiles, and the pre-treatment PRA level could be a useful determinant of responsiveness in selecting olmesartan medoxomil and azelnidipine."( Comparative pharmacodynamics of olmesartan and azelnidipine in patients with hypertension: a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis.
Arakawa, K; Kuramoto, K; Tanigawara, Y; Yoshihara, K, 2009)		0.86
" Finally, the method was successfully applied to a clinical pharmacokinetic study in human after a single oral administration of azelnidipine 8 mg."( A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay for the antihypertensive agent azelnidipine in human plasma with application to clinical pharmacokinetics studies.
Fang, Z; Gao, Y; Li, B; Liu, D; Lou, H; Wang, H; Zhao, H; Zhu, B, 2015)		0.84

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The aim of this study was to compare the effects between calcium channel blockers and diuretics when used in combination with angiotensin II receptor blocker on aortic systolic blood pressure (BP) and brachial ambulatory systolic BP."( Differential effects between a calcium channel blocker and a diuretic when used in combination with angiotensin II receptor blocker on central aortic pressure in hypertensive patients.
Eguchi, K; Ishikawa, J; Kario, K; Matsui, Y; Miyashita, H; O'Rourke, MF; Shimada, K, 2009)		0.35
" In this study, the efficacy of treatment using an angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARB) combined with a calcium channel blocker (CCB) or a diuretic was compared from multiple perspectives in patients with hypertension."( Angiotensin-II receptor antagonist combined with calcium channel blocker or diuretic for essential hypertension.
Akabane, T; Ishimitsu, T; Masuda, T; Matsuoka, H; Minami, J; Numabe, A; Okamura, A, 2009)		0.35
"A thiazide diuretic used in combination with benazepril is superior to amlodipine plus benazepril in reducing albuminuria in hypertensive patients with diabetes."( Kidney-protective effects of azelnidipine versus a diuretic in combination with olmesartan in hypertensive patients with diabetes and albuminuria: a randomized study.
Dohi, Y; Hirota, H; Isaka, N; Ito, M; Kato, T; Kimura, G; Kojima, M; Machida, H; Makino, K; Miyagawa, K; Mizubayashi, R; Mizuno, O; Nakatani, K; Okamoto, S; Okubo, S; Okura, T; Takeuchi, M, 2013)		0.68
"Azelnidipine is equally effective as a thiazide diuretic in reducing urinary albumin when used in combination with olmesartan."( Kidney-protective effects of azelnidipine versus a diuretic in combination with olmesartan in hypertensive patients with diabetes and albuminuria: a randomized study.
Dohi, Y; Hirota, H; Isaka, N; Ito, M; Kato, T; Kimura, G; Kojima, M; Machida, H; Makino, K; Miyagawa, K; Mizubayashi, R; Mizuno, O; Nakatani, K; Okamoto, S; Okubo, S; Okura, T; Takeuchi, M, 2013)		2.12

Bioavailability

Azelnidipine, dihydropyridine based calcium channel blocker has been used for treating ischemic heart disease and cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. The main challenge was the poor bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility and first-pass effect.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Impaired wound healing in diabetes is associated with decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability in wound tissue."( Azelnidipine, a new calcium channel blocker, promotes skin wound healing in diabetic rats.
Amirghofran, Z; Bagheri, M; Jahromi, BM; Mirkhani, H; Noorafshan, A; Solhjou, Z; Zamani, A, 2011)		1.81
"Reduced bioavailability of azelnidipine is related to its poor aqueous solubility and extensive first-pass metabolism, which hinder its efficacy."( Core-in-cup/liquisol dual tackling effect on azelnidipine buccoadhesive tablet micromeritics, in vitro release, and mucoadhesive strength.
Abd El Rehim, RT; El-Gazayerly, ON; El-Helaly, SN; Rashad, AA, 2019)		1.07
"Azelnidipine, dihydropyridine based calcium channel blocker has been used for treating ischemic heart disease and cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction but it is having a low bioavailability due to its poor solubility."( Improved bioavailability of Azelnidipine gastro retentive tablets-optimization and in-vivo assessment.
Avari, JG; Gaikwad, SS, 2019)		2.25
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51
" The main challenge was the poor bioavailability of azelnidipine due to its poor aqueous solubility and first-pass effect."( Chronological Delivery of Antihypertensive Drugs in Bilayered Core-in-Cup Buccoadhesive Tablets: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation.
Abd El Rehim, RT; El-Gazayerly, ON; Nageeb El-Helaly, S; Rashad, AA, 2019)		0.76

Dosage Studied

We analyzed the self-measured home BP data (measured in the morning and at bedtime) from this 16-week prospective observational study. Azelnidipine was photosensitive and its photodegradation in Calblock® tablets was promoted by the change of the dosage form.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" At the end of the dosing period, hemodynamic changes were examined using the radioactive microsphere technique."( Hemodynamic changes following long-term administration of CS-905, a novel dihydropyridine calcium blocker, in conscious SHR.
Koike, H; Miyake, S; Miyamoto, M; Nishino, H; Oizumi, K; Sada, T; Shiga, H, 1990)		0.28
"We analyzed the self-measured home BP data (measured in the morning and at bedtime) from this 16-week prospective observational study to clarify the effect of morning dosing of azelnidipine (mean [± standard deviation] maximum dose 14."( Study of sustained blood pressure-lowering effect of azelnidipine guided by self-measured morning and evening home blood pressure: subgroup analysis of the At-HOME study.
Hiramatsu, K; Kario, K; Komiya, M; Shimada, K; Shiosakai, K; Shirayama, M; Takahashi, M; Uehara, Y, 2013)		0.83
" Azelnidipine was photosensitive and its photodegradation in Calblock® tablets was promoted by the change of the dosage form."( Evaluation of photostability of azelnidipine tablets and structure determination of its photoproducts.
Akimoto, S; Kawabata, K; Kotake, Y; Miyara, M; Nishi, H; Sakaue, M, 2023)		2.1
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
isopropyl esterAny carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of propan-2-ol.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (52)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
phosphopantetheinyl transferaseBacillus subtilisPotency89.12510.141337.9142100.0000AID1490
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunitHomo sapiens (human)Potency14.26853.189029.884159.4836AID1224846; AID1224894
RAR-related orphan receptor gammaMus musculus (house mouse)Potency22.88470.006038.004119,952.5996AID1159521; AID1159523
Fumarate hydrataseHomo sapiens (human)Potency31.62280.00308.794948.0869AID1347053
USP1 protein, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency44.66840.031637.5844354.8130AID504865
TDP1 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency24.34640.000811.382244.6684AID686978; AID686979
GLI family zinc finger 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency30.73370.000714.592883.7951AID1259369; AID1259392
AR proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency23.82890.000221.22318,912.5098AID1259243; AID1259247; AID743035; AID743036; AID743053; AID743054; AID743063
caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine proteaseHomo sapiens (human)Potency33.49150.013326.981070.7614AID1346978
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)Homo sapiens (human)Potency23.31740.000657.913322,387.1992AID1259377; AID1259378
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency32.27740.001022.650876.6163AID1224838; AID1224839; AID1224893
progesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency25.15670.000417.946075.1148AID1346784; AID1346795
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.69180.01237.983543.2770AID1645841
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]Homo sapiens (human)Potency9.17770.000214.376460.0339AID720691; AID720692; AID720719
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency23.81500.003041.611522,387.1992AID1159552; AID1159553; AID1159555
retinoid X nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency12.50150.000817.505159.3239AID1159527; AID1159531
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency26.10870.001530.607315,848.9004AID1224841; AID1224842; AID1224848; AID1224849; AID1259401; AID1259403
farnesoid X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency28.76500.375827.485161.6524AID743217; AID743220; AID743239
pregnane X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency8.25940.005428.02631,258.9301AID1346982; AID1346985
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency23.69730.000229.305416,493.5996AID1259244; AID1259248; AID743069; AID743075; AID743077; AID743078; AID743079; AID743080; AID743091
GVesicular stomatitis virusPotency1.94970.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
cytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)Potency9.77170.00108.379861.1304AID1645840
polyproteinZika virusPotency31.62280.00308.794948.0869AID1347053
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor deltaHomo sapiens (human)Potency20.08540.001024.504861.6448AID743212; AID743227
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gammaHomo sapiens (human)Potency19.20640.001019.414170.9645AID743094; AID743140; AID743191
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency23.91450.023723.228263.5986AID743223
caspase-3Homo sapiens (human)Potency33.49150.013326.981070.7614AID1346978
aryl hydrocarbon receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency3.34910.000723.06741,258.9301AID743085
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_aHomo sapiens (human)Potency29.84930.001723.839378.1014AID743083
thyroid stimulating hormone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency21.59130.001628.015177.1139AID1224843; AID1224895
activating transcription factor 6Homo sapiens (human)Potency30.10650.143427.612159.8106AID1159516
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_aHomo sapiens (human)Potency15.089019.739145.978464.9432AID1159509
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)Homo sapiens (human)Potency15.08900.057821.109761.2679AID1159526
Histone H2A.xCricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster)Potency55.19650.039147.5451146.8240AID1224845; AID1224896
Caspase-7Cricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster)Potency33.49150.006723.496068.5896AID1346980
caspase-3Cricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster)Potency33.49150.006723.496068.5896AID1346980
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency4.47030.000323.4451159.6830AID743065; AID743067
heat shock protein beta-1Homo sapiens (human)Potency16.08220.042027.378961.6448AID743210; AID743228
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency14.53570.000627.21521,122.0200AID743202; AID743219
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1Mus musculus (house mouse)Potency35.48130.00798.23321,122.0200AID2546; AID2551
gemininHomo sapiens (human)Potency27.31710.004611.374133.4983AID624296; AID624297
peripheral myelin protein 22Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency25.57480.005612.367736.1254AID624032
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunitMus musculus (house mouse)Potency26.60320.001557.789015,848.9004AID1259244
Interferon betaHomo sapiens (human)Potency8.41080.00339.158239.8107AID1347407; AID1645842
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)Potency1.94970.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
Cellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)Potency12.77550.002319.595674.0614AID651631; AID720552
Glutamate receptor 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency26.60320.001551.739315,848.9004AID1259244
Spike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirusPotency39.81070.009610.525035.4813AID1479145
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency1.94970.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)Potency13.33320.011917.942071.5630AID651632; AID720516
Ataxin-2Homo sapiens (human)Potency13.33320.011912.222168.7989AID651632
cytochrome P450 2C9, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency1.94970.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (185)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of autophagyInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT proteinInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interferon-betaInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell proliferationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of viral genome replicationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic processInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
defense response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of Lewy body formationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine productionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
T cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
humoral immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicityHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-independentHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of T cell anergyHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
defense responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
detection of bacteriumHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of interleukin-12 productionHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of interleukin-6 productionHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protection from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicityHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dendritic cell differentiationHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class IbHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transitionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ER overload responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
in utero embryonic developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
somitogenesisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
release of cytochrome c from mitochondriaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell proliferation involved in immune responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
B cell lineage commitmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell lineage commitmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to ischemiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleotide-excision repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
double-strand break repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein import into nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
autophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrestCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transductionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
gastrulationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
neuroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein localizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA replicationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
determination of adult lifespanCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
rRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to salt stressCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to inorganic substanceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to X-rayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to gamma radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
glial cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
viral processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvateCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cerebellum developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell growthCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signalingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomeraseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell differentiation in thymusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of tissue remodelingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UVCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism growthCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeabilityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiodCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial DNA repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodelingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of proteolysisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assemblyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to antibioticCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of fibroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
circadian behaviorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
bone marrow developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic organ developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein stabilizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of helicase activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein tetramerizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome organizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic stem cell differentiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glial cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
type II interferon-mediated signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac septum morphogenesisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell deathCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex assemblyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stressCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
thymocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
necroptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ionizing radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to gamma radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV-CCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
stem cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to actinomycin DCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondriaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
replicative senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative stress-induced premature senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
oligodendrocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mitophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of G1 to G0 transitionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA processingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvateCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of pentose-phosphate shuntCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fibroblast apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of stem cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
inositol phosphate metabolic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesisInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol phosphate biosynthetic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell population proliferationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of B cell proliferationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear DNA replicationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction in response to DNA damageATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
isotype switchingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA replicationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypesATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
DNA clamp unloadingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transitionATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transitionATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of receptor internalizationAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of translationAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
RNA metabolic processAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
P-body assemblyAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
stress granule assemblyAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
RNA transportAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (55)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
cytokine activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
TAP bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
peptide antigen bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
TAP bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
core promoter sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
TFIID-class transcription factor complex bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protease bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
p53 bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
copper ion bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
receptor tyrosine kinase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase regulator activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ATP-dependent DNA/DNA annealing activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
14-3-3 protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
MDM2/MDM4 family protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
disordered domain specific bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
general transcription initiation factor bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
promoter-specific chromatin bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
inositol-1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol heptakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 5-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 1-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 3-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol 5-diphosphate pentakisphosphate 5-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol diphosphate tetrakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
DNA clamp unloader activityATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
RNA bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
epidermal growth factor receptor bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (42)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
extracellular spaceInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
ER to Golgi transport vesicle membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
secretory granule membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
phagocytic vesicle membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
lumenal side of endoplasmic reticulum membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
MHC class I protein complexHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear bodyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
replication forkCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrixCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
centrosomeCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear matrixCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
PML bodyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription repressor complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
site of double-strand breakCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
germ cell nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromatinCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
virion membraneSpike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
fibrillar centerInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
Elg1 RFC-like complexATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi networkAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granuleAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
membraneAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
ribonucleoprotein complexAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granuleAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (48)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508629Cell Viability qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347424RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508628Confirmatory qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347407qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347425Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1508627Counterscreen qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: GLuc-NoTag assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID537133Antileishmanial activity against promastigotes of Leishmania major MHOM/1L/80/Fredlin after 18 hrs by MTT assay2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 18, Issue:22
Anti-leishmanial and anti-trypanosomal activities of 1,4-dihydropyridines: In vitro evaluation and structure-activity relationship study.
AID537132Antileishmanial activity against promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis WHO/BR/00/LT0016 after 18 hrs by MTT assay2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 18, Issue:22
Anti-leishmanial and anti-trypanosomal activities of 1,4-dihydropyridines: In vitro evaluation and structure-activity relationship study.
AID537131Antileishmanial activity against amastigotes of Leishmania chagasi MHOM/BR/1972/LD after 24 hrs by MTT assay2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 18, Issue:22
Anti-leishmanial and anti-trypanosomal activities of 1,4-dihydropyridines: In vitro evaluation and structure-activity relationship study.
AID537138Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for rhesus monkey LLC-MK2 cells to IC50 for trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 18, Issue:22
Anti-leishmanial and anti-trypanosomal activities of 1,4-dihydropyridines: In vitro evaluation and structure-activity relationship study.
AID640615Clearance in human liver microsomes at 1 uM measured after 60 mins by HPLC analysis2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 22, Issue:2
Capture hydrolysis signals in the microsomal stability assay: molecular mechanisms of the alkyl ester drug and prodrug metabolism.
AID537136Cytotoxicity against rhesus monkey LLC-MK2 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 18, Issue:22
Anti-leishmanial and anti-trypanosomal activities of 1,4-dihydropyridines: In vitro evaluation and structure-activity relationship study.
AID537137Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for rhesus monkey LLC-MK2 cells to IC50 for amastigotes of Leishmania chagasi MHOM/BR/1972/LD2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 18, Issue:22
Anti-leishmanial and anti-trypanosomal activities of 1,4-dihydropyridines: In vitro evaluation and structure-activity relationship study.
AID537139Cytotoxicity in BALB/c mouse erythrocytes assessed as hemolysis at 50 uM after 3 hrs2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 18, Issue:22
Anti-leishmanial and anti-trypanosomal activities of 1,4-dihydropyridines: In vitro evaluation and structure-activity relationship study.
AID537135Antitrypanosomal activity against trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi infected in rhesus monkey LLC-MK2 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 18, Issue:22
Anti-leishmanial and anti-trypanosomal activities of 1,4-dihydropyridines: In vitro evaluation and structure-activity relationship study.
AID537134Antileishmanial activity against promastigotes of Leishmania braziliensis MHO/BR/75/M2903 after 18 hrs by MTT assay2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 18, Issue:22
Anti-leishmanial and anti-trypanosomal activities of 1,4-dihydropyridines: In vitro evaluation and structure-activity relationship study.
AID537130Antileishmanial activity against promastigotes of Leishmania chagasi MHOM/BR/1972/LD after 18 hrs by MTT assay2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 18, Issue:22
Anti-leishmanial and anti-trypanosomal activities of 1,4-dihydropyridines: In vitro evaluation and structure-activity relationship study.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (194)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19902 (1.03)18.7374
1990's7 (3.61)18.2507
2000's77 (39.69)29.6817
2010's94 (48.45)24.3611
2020's14 (7.22)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 57.09

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index57.09 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.51 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.76 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index92.03 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (57.09)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials49 (24.75%)5.53%
Reviews8 (4.04%)6.00%
Case Studies2 (1.01%)4.05%
Observational2 (1.01%)0.25%
Other137 (69.19%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		2.2110carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		3.2310elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		3.2310pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.0610monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
oxalic acid
Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		7.1510alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		8.921uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
aminopropionitrile
Aminopropionitrile: Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid.		2.0810aminopropionitrileantineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
collagen cross-linking inhibitor;
plant metabolite
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.		2.03101-pyrroline nitronesneuroprotective agent;
spin trapping reagent
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		3.4311monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		13.454321dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
acetovanillone
apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		2.0310acetophenones;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone		antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug;
plant metabolite
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		2.0310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
candesartan cilexetil
candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects		7.1310biphenyls
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		9.1631benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
diphenyleneiodonium
diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.		2.110organic cation
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.0310
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		2.0710dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		2.0710ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
go 6976
[no description available]		2.0310indolocarbazole;
organic heterohexacyclic compound		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
halothane
[no description available]		7.0510haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		2.0510phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.4420azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		13.66106benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
iofetamine
Iofetamine: An amphetamine analog that is rapidly taken up by the lungs and from there redistributed primarily to the brain and liver. It is used in brain radionuclide scanning with I-123.		3.4411
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		2.4720benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		2.0710benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		7.1510biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
manidipine
[no description available]		3.620diarylmethane
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		2.0710beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		3.1150benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		9.6680C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nilvadipine
[no description available]		2.0710dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester;
nitrile
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		2.47202-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		2.0710C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		2.7430C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		2.0510aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.0510barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.0510inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		2.4220naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
sulfobromophthalein
Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.		2.02102-benzofurans;
organobromine compound;
organosulfonic acid;
phenols		dye
tinoridine
tinoridine: proposed anti-inflammatory agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS seach PYRIDINES (75-86)		2.0710thienopyridine
trichlormethiazide
Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.		5.343benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide antibiotic		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		2.0710alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
aldosterone
[no description available]		6.015211beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.0710chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
puromycin aminonucleoside
3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.		1.98103'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.0210phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		1.971020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ethoheptazine
ethoheptazine: major descriptor (65-83); on-line search AZEPINES (65-83); Index Medicus search ETHOHEPTAZINE (65-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710azepanes
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		2.0210amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
efloxate
efloxate: structure		2.0710organic molecular entity
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		2.110anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		2.0710methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		2.04101,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		3.43111,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		2.0310azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
chromonar
Chromonar: A coronary vasodilator agent.		2.0710coumarins
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		3.4211alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
vincamine
Vincamine: A major alkaloid of Vinca minor L., Apocynaceae. It has been used therapeutically as a vasodilator and antihypertensive agent, particularly in cerebrovascular disorders.		2.0710alkaloid ester;
hemiaminal;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
vinca alkaloid		antihypertensive agent;
metabolite;
vasodilator agent
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.		16.8217949azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
acetylglucosamine
Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.		2.0210N-acetyl-D-glucosamineepitope
benzonidazole
benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antiprotozoal drug
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		2.0310delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.0710dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		2.0710methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		2.1110biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
3-iodobenzylguanidine
3-Iodobenzylguanidine: A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.		2.0310organoiodine compound
xemilofiban
xemilofiban: SC-54684A was administered as the hydrochloride salt; inhibits platelet glycoprotein GPIIB IIIA receptor; structure given in first source		2.0710
lercanidipine
[no description available]		3.8730diarylmethane
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		2.4820benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate
[no description available]		2.0310
moexipril
[no description available]		2.0710peptide
7-ketocholesterol
7-ketocholesterol: inhibits uptake of cholesterol in rabbit aorta. 7-ketocholesterol : A cholestanoid that consists of cholesterol bearing an oxo substituent at position 7.		2.03103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
7-oxo steroid;
cholestanoid		neuroprotective agent
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
u 73122
1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.		2.0410aromatic ether;
aza-steroid;
maleimides		EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
1,4-dihydropyridine
[no description available]		3.8230
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		2.0710alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		2.0310
perospirone
perospirone: structure given in first source		3.4311N-arylpiperazine
efonidipine
efonidipine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-efonidipine. It is a antihypertensive drug and a dual T-type and L-type calcium channel blocker.. 2-[benzyl(phenyl)amino]ethyl 5-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-[benzyl(phenyl)amino]ethanol.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
carboxylic ester;
dihydropyridine;
tertiary amino compound
carboxypolymethylene
carbomer: high molecular polyanionic substance		2.2110
dihydroethidium
dihydroethidium: RN given is for the (+-)-isomer		2.0510
diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine
diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine: used for determination of hydroperoxides; structure given in first source		3.4211
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		5.9693biphenyls
olmesartan
olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866		11.464517biphenylyltetrazoleangiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		3.77100amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		2.4220
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.110imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
limonin
[no description available]		7.1710epoxide;
furans;
hexacyclic triterpenoid;
lactone;
limonoid;
organic heterohexacyclic compound		inhibitor;
metabolite;
volatile oil component
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		16.9618149
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		2.07103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
temocapril hydrochloride
temocapril hydrochloride: structure given in first source		4.131dipeptide
temocapril
[no description available]		2.0710dipeptide
potassium bicarbonate
potassium hydrogencarbonate : A potassium salt that is the monopotassium salt of carbonic acid. It has fungicidal properties and is used in organic farming for the control of powdery mildew and apple scab.		2.2110organic salt;
potassium salt		antifungal agrochemical;
buffer;
food acidity regulator;
raising agent
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		2.0810vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
benidipine
benidipine: RN refers to (R*,R*)-(+-)-isomer		5.9641
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		2.0710ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		2.1710cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		2.0710thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		2.0310
osteoprotegerin
Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.		8.4811long-chain fatty acid
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		4.422monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cilnidipine
[no description available]		9.11402-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha
8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.		4.422F2-isoprostanebiomarker;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
lacidipine
[no description available]		3.8730cinnamate ester;
tert-butyl ester
spirapril
spirapril: structure given in first source		2.0710azaspiro compound;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
dithioketal;
ethyl ester;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
biliverdine
[no description available]		3.5520
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		2.0310alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		2.0710benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		2.0710azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
tiotropium
tiotropium : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by methylation of the tertiary amino group of (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9-methyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane. Used (in the form of the bromide hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.		2.0710
muromonab-cd3
xestospongin C: was indexed to xestospongin A; from Xestospongia sponge; empties the ER calcium store but does not inhibit InsP3-induced Ca2+ release. xestospongin C : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is isolated from the marine sponge Xestospongia exigua.		2.0410alkaloid;
macrocycle;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
IP3 receptor antagonist;
marine metabolite
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.2110glycoside
chitosan
[no description available]		2.2110
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		7.7230
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		4.3641polypeptide
dihydronicotinamide
[no description available]		3.2310
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		3.4211ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		2.0510
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		2.0510
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		2.2110
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		5.2643purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		5.2643guanosinesbiomarker
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.7220
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		05.28190
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.7220
Flavivirus Infections
Infections with viruses of the genus FLAVIVIRUS, family FLAVIVIRIDAE.		07.4110
Break-Bone Fever
[description not available]		02.4110
Dengue
An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.		02.4110
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		03.9221
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		011.1762
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.7830
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		03.9221
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		06.1762
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		07.7830
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		015.528544
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		015.528544
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.3110
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		02.3110
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		02.830
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.830
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		02.1710
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		02.7530
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		02.7530
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		07.1710
Amyloid Angiopathy, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.2110
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or familial disorders characterized by AMYLOID deposits in the walls of small and medium sized blood vessels of CEREBRAL CORTEX and MENINGES. Clinical features include multiple, small lobar CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; cerebral ischemia (BRAIN ISCHEMIA); and CEREBRAL INFARCTION. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is unrelated to generalized AMYLOIDOSIS. Amyloidogenic peptides in this condition are nearly always the same ones found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (from Kumar: Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed., 2005)		02.2110
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		04.1331
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
[description not available]		02.7430
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic
[description not available]		02.0810
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.7430
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.0810
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		03.4711
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		07.78107
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		06.6196
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		07.78107
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		06.4282
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		010.5544
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		05.5544
Nephrosclerosis
Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.		07.0810
Hypertension, Essential
[description not available]		05.3243
Essential Hypertension
Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500		010.3243
Hyperuricemia
Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.		03.4811
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		04.1331
Apoplexy
[description not available]		04.3641
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		02.110
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		02.110
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		04.3641
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		03.8821
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		03.8821
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		02.110
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		02.110
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		04.732
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		04.732
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies
Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.		03.8721
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		03.3820
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		03.0310
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		03.0310
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		08.3820
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		04.1331
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		02.9740
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		02.9740
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		06.0865
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		06.0865
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		04.341
Adrenocortical Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.		02.0510
Adrenal Cortex Cancer
[description not available]		02.0510
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.		02.0510
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		02.6830
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.7430
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		06.1462
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		02.0510
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		02.0510
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		04.1131
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		04.1131
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Kidney, Polycystic
[description not available]		02.0510
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		02.0510
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.		02.0510
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		06.4433
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		06.4433
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		03.3160
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		02.0510
Ascites, Chylous
[description not available]		02.0510
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.0510
Microscopic Polyangiitis
A primary systemic vasculitis of small- and some medium-sized vessels. It is characterized by a tropism for kidneys and lungs, positive association with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), and a paucity of immunoglobulin deposits in vessel walls.		07.0510
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		02.0510
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		02.0510
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.0610
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		03.4511
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		03.4511
Atheroma
[description not available]		05.822
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		02.0610
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		02.0710
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		02.0710
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		04.1131
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		04.1131
Apical Ballooning Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0710
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.		02.0710
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		04.7521
Vascular Calcification
Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.		02.0710
DRESS Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0810
Infections, Roseolovirus
[description not available]		02.0810
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		02.0810
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		02.0810
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		02.0210
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		02.0210
Bilirubinemia
[description not available]		02.0210
Cardiac Output, Low
A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.		02.0210
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		02.7230
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		02.0210
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		02.0310
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		07.4420
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		02.0310
Endomyocardial Fibrosis
A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).		02.0310
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		02.4420
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		02.0310
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		02.9410
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		02.0310
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		07.0310
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.0310
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction
[description not available]		02.0310
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.0310
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		02.0310
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.0310
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.0310
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.		02.0310
Nephrosis
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.		01.9810
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		01.9910
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		01.9910
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		01.9710