Compounds > risperidone
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risperidone

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Description

Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic medication primarily used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It is a dopamine and serotonin antagonist, meaning it blocks the action of these neurotransmitters in the brain. Risperidone is effective in reducing the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations and delusions, and is also effective in treating negative symptoms, such as social withdrawal and apathy. It is also used to treat agitation and aggression in people with dementia, autism, and intellectual disability. Risperidone is synthesized in a multi-step process involving several organic reactions, starting with the precursor 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(4-piperidyl)-ethanone. The compound was first synthesized in the 1980s and has since become one of the most widely prescribed antipsychotic medications. Risperidone is studied extensively to understand its mechanisms of action, optimize its use in various psychiatric disorders, and explore its potential for treating other conditions like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.'

Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID5073
CHEMBL ID85
CHEBI ID8871
SCHEMBL ID27911
MeSH IDM0028338

Synonyms (222)

Synonym
BIDD:GT0262
AC-1306
AKOS005577302
HMS3393H07
AB00514010-12
AB00514010-11
BRD-K53857191-001-04-5
3-[2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl]-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[2,1-b]pyrimidin-4-one
gtpl96
okedi
risperidone
3-[2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidyl]ethyl]-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
106266-06-2
3-[2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)piperi-dino]ethyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4h-pyrido[1,2-a]-pyrimidin-4-one
4h-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one, 3-[2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benz-isoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]ethyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2-methyl-
r-64766
risperidone-ism
belivon
risperdal m-tab
cp-018 ,
relday
EU-0101074
risperdal consta
rispolept
risperidal
risperidal m-tab
risperin
risperidona [spanish]
3-[2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]ethyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4h-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
r 64766
sequinan
rispolin
brn 4891881
risperidonum [latin]
risperdal
4h-pyrido(1,2-a)pyrimidin-4-one, 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3-(2-(4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl)ethyl)-2-methyl-
4h-pyrido(1,2-a)pyrimidin-4-one, 3-(2-(4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl)ethyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2-methyl-
c23h27fn4o2
3-(2-(4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)piperidino)ethyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4h-pyrido(1,2-a)pyrimidin-4-one
NCGC00015883-02
NCGC00015883-01
cas-106266-06-2
lopac-r-118
NCGC00179257-01
MLS001424081
AB00514010
MLS000759429
smr000466323
DB00734
risperdal (tn)
risperidone (jp17/usp/inn)
D00426
NCGC00094352-03
PRESTWICK0_001029
PRESTWICK1_001029
SPBIO_003078
NCGC00094352-02
NCGC00094352-01
r-64,766
r 64,766
MLS001165758
risperidona
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-4h-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
risperidonum
CHEBI:8871 ,
NCGC00015883-03
r 62 766
R-118 ,
HMS2051H07
HMS2089C22
L000510
rcn3028
nsc-759895
CHEMBL85 ,
perseris
ly03004
r 64 766
n05ax08
rcn-3028
ly-03004
r-64-766
HMS1571M19
5-[2-(4-benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl-piperazin-1-yl)-ethyl]-6-methyl-1,3-dihydro-indol-2-one(norastemizole)
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethyl}-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one (risperidone)
us8802672, risperidone
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethyl}-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
(risperidone)3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethyl}-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
bdbm50001885
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethyl}-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one (resperidone)
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethyl}-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one(risperidone)
2-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethyl}-6,7,8,8a-tetrahydro-5h-naphthalen-1-one
3-(2-(4-(6-fluorobenzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
2-(2-(4-(benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)-7,8,9,9a-tetrahydro-1h-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4(6h)-one
3-[2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl]-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
STK646402
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-4h-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
NCGC00015883-05
3-[2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidyl]ethyl]-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one;risperidone
A801409
HMS2098M19
4h-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one, 3-[2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]ethyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2-methyl-
R0087
nsc759895
pharmakon1600-01506038
dtxcid6025193
tox21_110253
dtxsid8045193 ,
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethyl}-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
HMS2233O11
CCG-100930
NCGC00015883-06
NCGC00015883-08
NCGC00015883-04
NCGC00015883-07
zophrenal
psychodal
unii-l6uh7zf8hc
nsc 759895
risperidone [usan:usp:inn:ban]
spiron
l6uh7zf8hc ,
hsdb 7580
apexidone
FT-0631037
PB26023
S1615
HMS3373M18
3-(2-(4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl)ethyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4h-pyrido(1,2-a)pyrimidin-4-one
risperidone [vandf]
risperidone [mi]
risperidone [usan]
risperidone [jan]
rykindo
risperidone [usp monograph]
risperidone [ep monograph]
risperidone [inn]
uzedy
risperidone [orange book]
risperidone [who-dd]
risperidone [ep impurity]
risperidone [mart.]
risperidone [usp-rs]
risperidone [usp impurity]
risperidone [hsdb]
AB00514010-09
CS-1619
HY-11018
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]ethyl}-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4h-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimid-in-4-one
3-[2-[4(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]ethyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2-methyl4h-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
3-{2-[4-(6-fluorobenzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethyl}-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-4h-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]ethyl}-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4h-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
3-[2-[4-(6 fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]ethyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4h-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
3-[2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]-ethyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4h-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
3-[2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl]-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-4h-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
3-[2-[4(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]ethyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4h-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
3-[2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidiny]ethyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4h-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
3-[2-[4-(6-fluoro- 1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]ethyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2-methyl4h-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
NC00180
SCHEMBL27911
NCGC00015883-11
tox21_110253_1
KS-1106 ,
1026102-43-1
risperidone, british pharmacopoeia (bp) reference standard
HB1740
3-[2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]ethyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2-me thyl-4h-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
3-(2-(4-(6-fluorobenzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-4h-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
AB00514010_13
AB00514010_14
mfcd00274576
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-methyl-4h,6h,7h,8h,9h-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
J-001555
risperidone, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
HMS3657G13
rispen
risperidone, pharmaceutical secondary standard; certified reference material
risperidone, >=98% (hplc), powder
risperidone for system suitability, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
risperidone, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
risperidone; 4h-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one, 3-[2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]ethyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2-methyl- (9ci); 1,2-benzisoxazole, 4h-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one deriv.; r 64766; risperdal; spiron
risperidone 1.0 mg/ml in methanol
SR-01000075399-2
SR-01000075399-8
sr-01000075399
HMS3715M19
risperidone(r 64 766)
SW197348-4
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)piperidino]ethyl}-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2-methylpyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
FT-0674432
BCP08161
Q412443
106266-06-2 (free base)
Z1501480428
risperidone (risperdal)
3-[2-[4-(6-fluoranyl-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl]-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
BRD-K53857191-001-10-2
HMS3887G15
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]-ethyl}- 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4h-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one
risperidone impurity k
risperidone???
nsc801188
nsc-786035
nsc786035
nsc-801188
EN300-117259
risperidone- bio-x
BR164349
risperidone (usp impurity)
risperidone (ep monograph)
risperidone (usp monograph)
risperidone (usp-rs)
3-(2-(4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-4h-pyrido(1,2-a)pyrimidin-4-one
risperidone m-tab
rykindoextended-release microspheres
perseris kit
risperidone (usan:usp:inn:ban)
risperidone (mart.)
risperidonum (latin)
risperidone (ep impurity)
3-(2-(4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)piperidino)ethyl)- 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4h-pyrido(1,2-a)pyrimidin-4-one
4h-pyrido(1,2-a)pyrimidin-4-one, 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3-(2-(4- (6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl)ethyl)-2- methyl-
risperidone, 1mg/ml in methanol

Research Excerpts

Overview

Risperidone is an effective drug used for the treatment of irritability in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) It is a second-generation antipsychotic agent used in psychiatric management, acutely and chronically.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Risperidone ISM® is an effective, safe, and well-tolerated long-term treatment of schizophrenia in adults, regardless of the initial disease severity or whether patients were previously treated with Risperidone ISM® during an acute exacerbation or switched from stable doses of oral risperidone."( Long-term efficacy and safety of once-monthly Risperidone ISM® in the treatment of schizophrenia: Results from a 12-month open-label extension study.
Anta, L; Correll, CU; Filts, Y; Litman, RE; Martínez, J; Naber, D, 2022)		2.42
"Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug used for the pharmacotherapy of psychiatric disorders. "( Risperidone Toxicity on Human Blood Lymphocytes in Nano molar Concentrations.
Imani, F; Pourahmad, J; Ramezani, M; Salimi, A; Seydi, E; Shirani, K; Yousefsani, BS, 2022)		3.61
"Risperidone is an effective drug used for the treatment of irritability in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). "( A Case of Priapism in a Child With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Possibly Due to Risperidone Treatment With Addition of Atomoxetine.
Bulut, ÖF; Tanir, Y, )		1.8
"Risperidone is a second-generation antipsychotic agent used in psychiatric management, acutely and chronically. "( Risperidone induced hypotension: A case report and literature review.
Nkemjika, S; Oforeh, K; Saha, A; Singh, S; Wayne, K, 2022)		3.61
"Risperidone is an antipsychotic medication used in the treatment of conditions like autism and schizophrenia. "( Assessment of Risperidone Toxicity in Zebrafish (
Bailone, RL; Borra, RC; Fukushima, HCS, 2023)		2.71
"Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug, which is used in schizophrenia and also to treat excitation and aggression in patients with delirium. "( Risperidone-induced anaemia.
Badiger, S; Chaukimath, SP; Chawath, S; Ramdurg, S, )		3.02
"Risperidone is a second-generation antipsychotic drug metabolized to an active metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone, primarily by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 and to a lesser extent by CYP3A4. "( CYP2D6 Genetic Polymorphisms and Risperidone Pharmacokinetics: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Allen, JD; Bishop, JR; Brown, SJ; de Leon, J; Eum, S; Lee, AM; Shan, Y; Zhang, L, 2020)		2.28
"Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug used increasingly in children to manage symptoms of ADHD and conduct disorder. "( Chronic risperidone administration leads to greater amphetamine-induced conditioned place preference.
Baltes Thompson, EC; Bardgett, ME; Crane, C; Downnen, T; Muncie, B; Pauly, JR; Steffen, SA; Yates, JR, 2020)		2.44
"Risperidone (RSP) is an atypical antipsychotic drug widely used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. "( Proteinoid Nanocapsules as Drug Delivery System for Improving Antipsychotic Activity of Risperidone.
Einat, H; Grinberg, I; Lugasi, L; Madar, R; Margel, S; Sabag, R, 2020)		2.22
"Risperidone is an antagonist, and the charge transfer process is different from dopamine."( Interaction of graphene with antipsychotic drugs: Is there any charge transfer process?
Del Castillo, RM; Martínez, A; Ramos, E, 2021)		1.34
"Risperidone (RSP) is a commonly used atypical antipsychotic medication, and was therefore selected for encapsulation by proteinoid NPs."( Designed proteinoid polymers and nanoparticles encapsulating risperidone for enhanced antipsychotic activity.
Einat, H; Grinberg, I; Lugasi, L; Margel, S; Okun, E; Rudnick-Glick, S, 2020)		1.52
"Risperidone is a neuroleptic with a potent dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2 receptor-blocking activity as well as a high affinity for adrenergic and histamine H1 receptors."( The Opioid Interactions of the Antipsychotic Medications Risperidone and Amisulpride in Mice and Their Potential Use in the Treatment of Other Non-Psychotic Medical Conditions.
Pick, CG; Schreiber, S, 2021)		1.59
"Risperidone (RSP) is an atypical antipsychotic drug which acts as a potent antagonist of serotonin-2 (5TH2) and dopamine-2 (D2) receptors in the brain; it is used to treat schizophrenia, behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia and irritability associated with autism. "( Encapsulation of Risperidone by Methylated β-Cyclodextrins: Physicochemical and Molecular Modeling Studies.
Barvinschi, P; Cîrcioban, D; Ledeți, A; Ledeți, I; Miclău, M; Sbârcea, L; Tănase, IM; Trandafirescu, C; Văruţ, RM; Vlase, G, 2020)		2.34
"Risperidone is a potent psychotropic agent has been approved for symptomatic treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. "( Novel risperidone orally disintegrating minitablets for pediatric use: patient acceptance and dose adjustment.
Abdallaha, OY; Bebawy, G; Sokar, M, 2021)		2.54
"Risperidone is a second-generation atypical antipsychotic and there have been case reports of risperidone-associated deep vein thrombosis, most of them reporting the complication from 2 weeks to a few months of initiation of therapy."( Deep vein thrombosis on the fourth day of risperidone therapy.
George, M; Konnakkaparambil Ramakrishnan, K, 2021)		1.61
"Risperidone (RSP) is an atypical antipsychotic drug used in treating schizophrenia, behavioral, and psychological symptoms of dementia and irritability associated with autism. "( Risperidone/Randomly Methylated β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex-Compatibility Study with Pharmaceutical Excipients.
Barvinschi, P; Cîrcioban, D; Ledeți, A; Ledeți, I; Miclău, M; Sbârcea, L; Suciu, O; Tănase, IM; Văruţ, RM; Vlase, G, 2021)		3.51
"Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic agent clinically used to treat schizophrenia, bipolar diseases, and autism. "( Determining the release kinetics of risperidone controlled release matrices to treat schizophrenia.
Akhtar, H; Ali, MM; Ali, SI; Arif, H; Inayat, S; Iqbal, MS; Kashif, SS; Naz, A; Nisa, Z; Perveen, S; Rizvi, M; Shahnaz, S; Sheikh, S; Swaleh, MM; Zehra, A, 2021)		2.34
"Risperidone is a weak basic drug sparingly soluble in water frequently used to treat patients suffering of schizophrenia."( A method to slow down the ionization-dependent release of risperidone loaded in a thermoresponsive poly(N-acryloyl glycinamide) hydrogel.
Boustta, M; Vert, M, 2017)		1.42
"Risperidone is an antipsychotic drug. "( Influence of Antipsychotic Drug Risperidone on Human Serum Albumin Affinity to Organic Anions.
Dobretsov, G; Kondratyuk, V; Smolina, N; Syrejshchikova, T; Uzbekov, M, 2018)		2.21
"Risperidone is a widely accessible antipsychotic that can be used to manage psychosis-induced aggression or agitation."( Risperidone for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation).
Adams, CE; Ahmed, U; Hussein, M; Miramontes, K; Ostinelli, EG; Rehman, FU, 2018)		2.64
"Risperidone is a promising drug to manage children with choreoathetoid cerebral palsy and is well tolerated in children."( Effect of Risperidone on the Motor and Functional Disability in Children With Choreoathetoid Cerebral Palsy.
Kamate, M; Metgud, D; Mittal, N, 2018)		2.33
"Risperidone is an antipsychotic drug approved for use in children, but little is known about the long-term effects of early-life risperidone treatment. "( Adult rats treated with risperidone during development are hyperactive.
Bardgett, ME; Colemire, KR; Franks-Henry, JM; Griffith, MS; Juneau, KR; Marczinski, CA; Stevens, RM, 2013)		2.14
"Risperidone is an antipsychotic medication suspected of causing QT prolongation and several cases are reported in this regard. "( Risperidone and corrected QT-interval prolongation in surface electrocardiogram.
Abbasnejhad, M; Ahmadi, NM; Akbarzadeh, F; Ranjbar, F, 2012)		3.26
"Risperidone is an approved antipsychotic drug belonging to the chemical class of benzisoxazole. "( Optimization and in vivo toxicity evaluation of G4.5 PAMAM dendrimer-risperidone complexes.
Arévalo Arévalo, R; Carreño Gutierrez, H; Chiaramoni, NS; del Rio Zabala, NE; del Valle Alonso, S; Marotta, CH; Prieto, MJ, 2014)		2.08
"Risperidone (RIS) is a frequently used efficacious psychotropic drug. "( Effect of risperidone metabolism and P-glycoprotein gene polymorphism on QT interval in patients with schizophrenia.
Fukui, N; Inoue, Y; Ono, S; Saito, M; Someya, T; Sugai, T; Suzuki, Y; Tsuneyama, N; Watanabe, J, 2014)		2.25
"Risperidone is a poorly water soluble atypical antipsychotic drug. "( Effervescent tablet formulation for enhanced patient compliance and the therapeutic effect of risperidone.
Ghorab, MM; Ibrahim, HK; Mohammed, KA, 2016)		2.1
"Risperidone is an antipsychotic drug that is approved for use in childhood psychiatric disorders such as autism. "( Early-life risperidone administration alters maternal-offspring interactions and juvenile play fighting.
Bardgett, ME; Brown, CJ; Gannon, MA; Griffith, MS; Marczinski, CA; Stevens, RM, 2015)		2.25
"Risperidone is a common psychopharmacological treatment for irritability in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). "( Initial severity and efficacy of risperidone in autism: Results from the RUPP trial.
Furukawa, TA; Goldberg, Y; Kodesh, A; Kolevzon, A; Leucht, S; Levine, SZ; Reichenberg, A, 2016)		2.16
"Risperidone is a second-generation antipsychotic that causes weight gain. "( Risperidone-induced weight gain is mediated through shifts in the gut microbiome and suppression of energy expenditure.
Bahr, SM; Burnett, CM; Castro, AN; deLeon, O; Grobe, JL; Kirby, JR; Murry, DJ; Pearson, NA; Walsh, JW; Weidemann, BJ, 2015)		3.3
"Risperidone is a second-generation antipsychotic agent commonly used in the treatment of ~ 31.1% of schizophrenia patients in China, it is the most commonly-prescribed antipsychotic agent. "( Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PopPK/PD) modeling of risperidone and its active metabolite in Chinese schizophrenia patients.
Deng, C; Ji, S; Li, A; Li, L; Li, X; Lu, W; Shang, D; Wang, C; Wu, K; Zhou, T, 2016)		2.11
"Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic widely prescribed for the treatment of behavior problems in children with autism spectrum disorder."( Risperidone-induced priapism in an autistic child: a case report.
Aabbassi, B; Asri, F; Benali, A, 2016)		2.6
"Risperidone (RIS) is a widely used atypical antipsychotic drug. "( Development and Validation of Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Risperidone and 9-Hydroxyrisperidone in Pediatric Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorders.
Hongkaew, Y; Limsila, P; Nakorn, CN; Ngamsamut, N; Nuntamool, N; Prommas, S; Puangpetch, A; Sukasem, C; Vanwong, N, 2016)		2.08
"Risperidone (Ris) is a second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) used to treat patients with schizophrenia. "( Effect of risperidone on plasma d-serine concentration in rats post-administered with d-serine.
Fukushima, T; Hakariya, H; Ichiba, H; Iizuka, H; Ishimaru, K; Nagashima, C; Nakazawa, H; Onozato, M; Sakamoto, T; Shishikura, M, 2016)		2.28
"Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic used in the treatment of schizophrenia and of symptoms of irritability associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). "( Two Binding Geometries for Risperidone in Dopamine D3 Receptors: Insights on the Fast-Off Mechanism through Docking, Quantum Biochemistry, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations.
Bezerra, EM; Caetano, EW; da Costa, RF; Della Flora Nunes, G; Freire, VN; Gottfried, C; Martins, A; Zanatta, G, 2016)		2.17
"Risperidone is a widely used, second-generation antipsychotic approved for treating schizophrenia as well as for treating aggression in children and adolescents with mental retardation. "( Mild Hypothermia in a Child with Low-Dose Risperidone.
Denzer, C; Freudenmann, RW; Gahr, M; Grau, K; Plener, PL, 2017)		2.16
"Risperidone is a relatively well-tolerated compound when it is prescribed at doses lower than 4 mg/d."( [Atypical antipsychotics in first-episode psychosis: a review].
Aouizerate, B; Rotgé, JY; Tignol, J, 2008)		1.07
"Risperidone is a commonly prescribed antipsychotic drug. "( Simultaneous determination of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone enantiomers in human blood plasma by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.
Grabnar, I; Locatelli, I; Mrhar, A, 2009)		2.08
"Risperidone (RSP) is a second generation anti-psychotic drug used for the treatment of schizophrenia and anxiety disorders. "( Time resolved analysis of risperidone and 9-hydroxy-risperidone in hair using LC/MS-MS.
Mühe, A; Neels, H; Schneider, S; Sibille, E; Wennig, R; Yegles, M, 2009)		2.1
"Risperidone is proven to be an efficient product."( [Complex therapy of schizophrenia].
Gaszner, P, 2009)		1.07
"Risperidone is a widely used antipsychotic drug for people with schizophrenia. "( Risperidone dose for schizophrenia.
Li, C; Wang, J; Xia, J, 2009)		3.24
"Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug that is widely prescribed to young patients with different psychotic disorders. "( Effects of repeated risperidone exposure on serotonin receptor subtypes in developing rats.
Choi, YK; Gardner, MP; Moran-Gates, T; Tarazi, FI, 2010)		2.13
"Risperidone is an established cause of priapism."( Priapism and risperidone.
Koirala, S; Lippmann, S; Penagaluri, P; Smith, C, 2009)		1.44
"Risperidone is a widely used atypical antipsychotic agent that produces considerable interindividual differences in patient response. "( Genetic variants in the BDNF gene and therapeutic response to risperidone in schizophrenia patients: a pharmacogenetic study.
Feng, G; Gao, R; He, L; Li, S; Lin, Z; St Clair, D; Xing, Q; Xu, M, 2010)		2.04
"Risperidone is an effective short-term pharmacologic agent for controlling steroid-related psychiatric adverse effects when cessation or dose reduction of steroid therapy is not an option."( Concurrent treatment of steroid-related mood and psychotic symptoms with risperidone.
Dahl, G; Shaw, RJ; Tzuang, D; Ularntinon, S, 2010)		1.31
"Risperidone is an antipsychotic commonly used during pregnancy. "( Risperidone inhibits contractions induced by serotonin and histamine and reduces K+ currents in smooth muscle of human umbilical artery.
Enrique, N; Iveli, MF; Martín, P; Milesi, V; Rebolledo, A; Rimorini, L; Roldán Palomo, AR; Salemme, S, 2010)		3.25
"Risperidone is a widely prescribed drug in psychiatric practice and has a-blocking actions as well as strong affinity for serotonin 2A receptors. "( Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome associated with risperidone intake.
Ford, RL; Sallam, A; Towler, HM, )		1.82
"Risperidone is a promising agent for the treatment of schizophrenia, Tourette's disorder, mood disorders, and disruptive behavior disorders in young populations. "( Six months of treatment with risperidone may be associated with nonsignificant abnormalities of liver function tests in children and adolescents: a longitudinal, observational study from Turkey.
Erdogan, A; Karaman, MG; Kurcer, MA; Ozdemir, E; Tufan, AE; Yurteri, N, 2010)		2.09
"Risperidone (RSP) is a benzisoxazole antipsychotic agent used to treat schizophrenia and other psychiatric illnesses in adults and children (including those with autism). "( Relative bioavailability of two oral formulations of risperidone 2 mg: A single-dose, randomized-sequence, open-label, two-period crossover comparison in healthy Brazilian volunteers.
Belotto, KC; Ferreira, AS; Gattaz, WF; Raposo, NR, 2010)		2.05
"Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic that displays antidepressant properties due to its activity at various serotonergic and dopaminergic receptors. "( Use of risperidone as augmentation treatment for major depressive disorder.
Brown, JN; Brown, LT; Owenby, RK, 2011)		2.27
"Risperidone is an approved antipsychotic drug belonging to the chemical class of benzisoxazole. "( Optimization and in vitro toxicity evaluation of G4 PAMAM dendrimer-risperidone complexes.
Alonso, Sdel V; del Río Zabala, NE; Marotta, CH; Prieto, MJ; Temprana, CF, 2011)		2.05
"Risperidone (RIS) is a benzisoxazole derivative, an atypical neuroleptic used in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychoses. "( [The review of acute risperidone poisoning].
Ciszowski, K; Szpak, D; Wilimowska, J, 2010)		2.12
"Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic agent used for the treatment of schizophrenia. "( Effect of cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole on risperidone pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers.
Boonleang, J; Mahatthanatrakul, W; Pipatrattanaseree, W; Ridtitid, W; Rujimamahasan, N; Sriwiriyajan, S; Wongnawa, M, 2012)		2.07
"Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug with potent serotonin and moderate dopamine antagonistic properties. "( Comparative pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of two tablet formulations of 2 mg risperidone in healthy Thai male volunteers.
Khorana, N; Lohitnavy, O; Maphanta, S; Sayasathid, J; Srichaiya, A, 2011)		2.04
"Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug used to treat many psychiatric disorders."( Risperidone interacts with serum albumin forming complex.
Cortez, CM; Cruz, FA; Fragoso, VM; Silva, D, 2012)		2.54
"Risperidone is a second generation antipsychotic agent, with potent serotonin 5-HT2A and dopamine D2 receptor blocking effects. "( Risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Bravo-Mehmedbasic, A, 2011)		3.25
"Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug that may increase the risk of stroke."( Risperidone enhances the vulnerability to stroke in hypertensive rats.
Godfraind, T; Liu, C; Song, SW; Su, BL; Su, DF; Sun, Y; Yang, C, 2012)		2.54
"Risperidone is a potent antagonist of both dopamine and serotonin receptors. "( Functional analysis of gene expression in risperidone treated cells provide new insights in molecular mechanism and new candidate genes for pharmacogenetic studies.
Bernardo, M; Gassó, P; Lafuente, A; Mas, S, 2013)		2.1
"Risperidone is a benzisoxazole derivate and is effective in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychiatric illnesses in adults and children. "( Bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic evaluation of two formulations of risperidone 2 mg : an open-label, single-dose, fasting, randomized-sequence, two-way crossover study in healthy male Chinese volunteers.
Jia, JY; Li, SJ; Liu, GY; Liu, Y; Liu, YM; Wang, W; Weng, LP; Yu, C; Zhang, MQ, 2013)		2.07
"Risperidone appears to be an adequately tolerated and effective treatment in children with subaverage IQs and severe disruptive behaviors such as aggression and destructive behavior."( Effects of risperidone on conduct and disruptive behavior disorders in children with subaverage IQs.
Aman, M; Binder, C; Carroll, A; Fisman, S; Snyder, R; Turgay, A, 2002)		2.15
"Risperidone is a novel and atypical agent with a dual antagonistic effect on 5-HT and D receptors. "( Risperidone-induced obsessive-compulsive symptoms: a series of six cases.
Alevizos, B; Christodoulou, GN; Lykouras, L; Zervas, IM, 2002)		3.2
"1. Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug that possesses 5-hydroxytryptamine 5-HT2 receptor antagonism combined with milder dopamine D2 receptor antagonism. "( Peripheral injection of risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic, alters the bodyweight gain of rats.
Fujiwara, K; Itoh, M; Kaneko, YS; Mori, K; Nagasaka, A; Nakashima, A; Ota, A; Ota, M, 2002)		1.24
"Risperidone is a cytochrome P450 (CYP2D6) enzyme substrate and weak inhibitor and a CYP3A4 substrate."( Reversible coma caused by risperidone-ritonavir interaction.
Andreu, L; Cuadrado, JM; Jover, F; Merino, J, )		1.15
"Risperidone (RIS) is a novel antipsychotic agent whose pharmacokinetics have yet to be fully determined. "( Sequential changes in the plasma concentration of risperidone following intentional overdose.
Nakanishi, T; Nishikage, H; Takamitsu, Y; Yamamoto, J, )		1.83
"Risperidone is an atypical anti-psychotic medication with both 5HT2 receptor and D2 dopamine receptor antagonism. "( Risperidone and megacolon.
Lim, DK; Mahendran, R, 2002)		3.2
"Risperidone is an atypical neuroleptic which has been incriminated as a cause of respiratory symptoms. "( [Respiratory effects of risperidone? A prospective study].
Antonini, MT; Bonnaud, F; Bourlot, D; Dalmay, F; Lombertie, E; Touraine, F; Trarieux, AM, 2003)		2.07
"Risperidone is a widely used atypical antipsychotic with certain advantages over typical antipsychotics. "( Effect of DRD2, 5-HT2A, and COMT genes on antipsychotic response to risperidone.
Ikeda, M; Iwata, N; Kitajima, T; Ozaki, N; Suzuki, T; Yamanouchi, Y, 2003)		2
"Risperidone is a widely used agent as first-line treatment in schizophrenia with a favorable side-effect profile. "( Reduced short-term obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenic patients treated with risperidone: a single-blind prospective study.
Bayraktar, E; Ercan, ES; Kayahan, B; Varan, A; Veznedaroglu, B, 2003)		1.98
"Risperidone appeared to be a very weak inhibitor of 3-N-demethylation and 8-hydroxylation (Ki = 202.5 microM) and had no effect on 1-N- and 7-N-demethylation of caffeine."( Influence of classic and atypical neuroleptics on caffeine oxidation in rat liver microsomes.
Daniel, WA; Kot, M; Wójcikowski, J, )		0.85
"Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic agent with efficacy for both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. "( Effects of dopamine D2 receptor Ser311Cys polymorphism and clinical factors on risperidone efficacy for positive and negative symptoms and social function.
Chang, WH; Chang, YC; Huang, CH; Lane, HY; Lee, CC; Lu, CT, 2004)		1.99
"Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic agent with efficacy for both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. "( Dopamine D3 receptor Ser9Gly polymorphism and risperidone response.
Chang, WH; Chang, YC; Hsu, SK; Huang, CH; Lane, HY; Liu, YC, 2005)		2.03
"Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic commonly used for treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. "( Interpreting serum risperidone concentrations.
Boerth, JM; Caley, CF; Goethe, JW, 2005)		2.1
"Risperidone is a frequently used member of a new class of atypical antipsychotics-the serotonin-dopamine antagonists (SDAs)-due to its comparatively high efficacy and low D2/5HT2 binding ratio, which results in a low incidence of extrapyramidal side effects including tardive dyskinesia (TD). "( Risperidone withdrawal-related respiratory dyskinesia: a case diagnosed by spirography and fibroscopy.
Arai, H; Inoue, Y; Kirino, E; Komatsu, S, )		3.02
"Risperidone (Risperdal) is an atypical antipsychotic with high affinity for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A, dopamine D2 and alpha1- and alpha2-adrenergic receptors. "( Risperidone: a review of its use in the treatment of bipolar mania.
Fenton, C; Scott, LJ, 2005)		3.21
"LA risperidone is a dominant strategy compared with both olanzapine and haloperidol depot."( [Cost-effectiveness analysis of schizophrenic patient care settings: impact of an atypical antipsychotic under long-acting injection formulation].
Casadebaig, F; Chicoye, A; Durand-Zaleski, I; Guillon, P; Jasso Mosqueda, G; Lançon, C; Llorca, PM; Mehnert, A; Miadi-Fargier, H; Omnès, LF; Philippe, A, )		0.65
"Risperidone is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for BPSD in routine clinical practice."( Effects of risperidone on behavioral and psychological symptoms associated with dementia in clinical practice.
Kurz, A; Schmitt, A; Schwalen S, S, 2005)		2.16
"Risperidone is an atypical neuroleptic drug widely used due to the lower incidence and severity of hepatic adverse effects in comparison to phenothiazines. "( Acute cholestatic hepatitis probably associated with risperidone.
Bosacoma Ros, N; Climent Grana, E; Hernández Prats, C; Llinares Tello, F; Navarro Polo, JN; Ordovás Baines, JP; Pérez Martínez, E, 2005)		2.02
"Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of schizophrenia. "( Delayed respiratory depression after risperidone overdose.
Akyol, A; Erciyes, N; Karip, F; Senel, AC; Ulusoy, H, 2005)		2.04
"Risperidone is a second-generation antipsychotic that lacks acute motor side effects at low doses (<6 mg/day), but above this level is associated with parkinsonism and akathesia. "( Multidose risperidone treatment evaluated in a rodent model of tardive dyskinesia.
Cooper, T; Gao, XM; Suckow, RF; Tamminga, CA, 2006)		2.18
"Risperidone appears to be a safer antipsychotic drug in the long term, with regard to the risk of alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism."( [Therapy with antipsychotic drugs as a risk factor for diabetes in schizophrenia: a case-control study].
Burón, JA; Gómez-de-la-Cámara, A; Ledesma, F; Martínez-Junquera, G; Rodríguez-Morales, A; Rubio, G, 2006)		1.06
"Risperidone is an atypical anti-psychotic, available in various formulations."( Lack of bioequivalence between generic risperidone oral solution and originator risperidone tablets.
Piniella, PM; Relleke, M; van Os, S, 2007)		2.05
"Risperidone is a second-generation antipsychotic agent widely used in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders in adults. "( Plasma pharmacokinetic characteristics of risperidone and their relationship to saliva concentrations in children with psychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders.
Aman, MG; Lindsay, RL; Malone, K; Mannaert, E; Masty, J; Ramadan, Y; Remmerie, B; Vinks, AA, 2007)		2.05
"Risperidone is a widely used atypical antipsychotic medication and there is currently considerable interest in individual differences in patient response to it. "( Dopamine transporter polymorphisms and risperidone response in Chinese schizophrenia patients: an association study.
Du, J; Feng, G; He, L; Li, X; Lin, Z; Wang, L; Xing, Q; Yu, L; Zhang, A, 2007)		2.05
"Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug with combined dopamine-2/serotonin-2 (D(2)/5-HT(2)) antagonist activity that has been effective in reducing cocaine use in some animal studies."( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of long-acting risperidone in cocaine-dependent men.
Angarita, GA; Culhane, MA; Evins, AE; Huang, KL; Lee, SH; Loebl, T; Logvinenko, T; Nino, J; Pachas, GN, 2008)		1.3
"Risperidone (Risperdal) is a novel antipsychotic drug, with beneficial effects on both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and with a low incidence of extrapyramidal side effects (EPS). "( Occupancy of central neurotransmitter receptors by risperidone, clozapine and haloperidol, measured ex vivo by quantitative autoradiography.
Janssen, PF; Leysen, JE; Megens, AA; Schotte, A, 1993)		1.98
"Risperidone is a safe antipsychotic that is effective against both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia."( Risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Marder, SR; Meibach, RC, 1994)		3.17
"Risperidone is a serotonin/dopamine antipsychotic which differs in important ways from established antipsychotics. "( Risperidone: integrating research and practice.
Addington, D, )		3.02
"Risperidone is a new benzisoxazole antipsychotic. "( Regional brain distribution of risperidone and its active metabolite 9-hydroxy-risperidone in the rat.
Geerts, RJ; Heykants, JJ; Leysen, JE; Megens, AA; Meuldermans, WE; van Beijsterveldt, LE; Van den Eynde, HM, 1994)		2.02
"Risperidone is a new antipsychotic drug with high affinity in vitro for both central 5-HT2 and D2 receptors."( Positron emission tomography studies on D2 and 5-HT2 receptor binding in risperidone-treated schizophrenic patients.
Ericsson, B; Farde, L; Halldin, C; Nakashima, Y; Nyberg, S; Oxenstierna, G, 1995)		1.24
"Risperidone is an effective antipsychotic with a good safety profile."( Antipsychotic medication in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Kane, JM, 1995)		1.01
"Risperidone is a benzisoxazole derivative with antipsychotic activity that is chemically unrelated to other currently available antipsychotic agents. "( A pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and clinical overview of risperidone, a new antipsychotic that blocks serotonin 5-HT2 and dopamine D2 receptors.
He, H; Richardson, JS, 1995)		1.98
"Risperidone is a recently introduced neuroleptic distinguished by a decreased incidence of extrapyramidal side effects (EPS). "( The D2 dopamine receptor occupancy of risperidone and its relationship to extrapyramidal symptoms: a PET study.
Houle, S; Kapur, S; Remington, G; Wilson, AA; Zipursky, RB, 1995)		2
"Risperidone is an effective treatment for positive symptoms of schizophrenia and may be effective for negative symptoms. "( Risperidone: review and assessment of its role in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Cardoni, AA, 1995)		3.18
"Risperidone is a useful addition to the antipsychotic drug armamentarium, but it should be viewed as an atypical antipsychotic agent. "( Risperidone: review and assessment of its role in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Cardoni, AA, 1995)		3.18
"Risperidone is an effective antipsychotic for the treatment of chronic schizophrenia; doses of 4 and 8 mg seem to be optimal and have a lower incidence of side-effects than haloperidol."( Risperidone in the treatment of patients with chronic schizophrenia: a multi-national, multi-centre, double-blind, parallel-group study versus haloperidol. Risperidone Study Group.
Peuskens, J, 1995)		3.18
"Risperidone is a new-generation atypical antipsychotic agent with potent dopaminergic and serotonergic antagonist activity. "( Risperidone in the treatment of affective illness and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Jacobsen, FM, 1995)		3.18
"Risperidone is a highly potent and selective serotonin2 and dopamine2 receptor antagonist with a side effect profile that appears to be much more tolerable and safer than that of typical neuroleptics."( Risperidone addition in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: three cases.
Epperson, CN; Fleischmann, RL; Leckman, JF; McDougle, CJ; Price, LH; Wasylink, S, 1995)		2.46
"Risperidone is an investigational antipsychotic agent currently being tested in an international multicenter drug trial. "( Overdose of risperidone.
Brenner, C; Brown, K; Hamburg, EL; Leffler, S; Levy, H, 1993)		2.11
"Risperidone appears to be an effective and well tolerated antipsychotic for elderly patients with chronic psychosis."( Outcome of risperidone therapy in elderly patients with chronic psychosis.
Brescan, D; Jurjus, G; Ramirez, LF; Sajatovic, M; Simon, M; Vernon, L, 1996)		2.13
"Risperidone is a recently approved atypical antipsychotic that offers the advantages over existing typical antipsychotics of improved efficacy against negative symptoms and a decreased incidence of extrapyramidal side effects. "( Development and implementation of drug use evaluation (DUE) criteria for risperidone in an outpatient psychiatric setting.
Gross, LS; Gutierrez, MA; Shepski, JC; Wincor, MZ, 1996)		1.97
"Risperidone (Risperdal) is a recently released novel antipsychotic medication. "( Acute risperidone overdose.
Catalano, G; Catalano, MC; Taylor, W, 1997)		2.22
"Risperidone is a novel and clinically effective atypical antipsychotic medication with a unique biochemical profile. "( Adverse effects of risperidone on eye movement activity: a comparison of risperidone and haloperidol in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenic patients.
Bauer, KS; Haas, GL; Keshavan, MS; Kroboth, PD; Schooler, NR; Sweeney, JA, 1997)		2.07
"Risperidone is a novel atypical neuroleptic with a favorable profile of side effects due to its unique pharmacological activity: it exhibits both potent dopamine D2 and 5-HT2 receptor blocking activity, as well as high affinity for alpha1 and alpha2 adrenergic receptors and histamine H1 receptor. "( Augmentation of opioid induced antinociception by the atypical antipsychotic drug risperidone in mice.
Backer, MM; Pick, CG; Schreiber, S; Weizman, R, 1997)		1.97
"Risperidone is a newly available atypical antipsychotic agent that has been reported to be associated with fewer extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) than conventional neuroleptics in adults with schizophrenia. "( Risperidone in the treatment of children and adolescents with schizophrenia: a retrospective study.
Findling, RL; Friedman, L; Grcevich, SJ; Rowane, WA; Schulz, SC, 1996)		3.18
"Risperidone may prove to be an effective alternative to haloperidol in delirious patients, especially the elderly and the severely medically ill, who are more prone to adverse effects."( Use of risperidone in delirium: case reports.
Masand, PS; Sipahimalani, A, 1997)		1.47
"Risperidone is an antipsychotic drug with high affinity at dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2 receptors. "( Extrapyramidal side effects with risperidone and haloperidol at comparable D2 receptor occupancy levels.
Heinz, A; Knable, MB; Raedler, T; Weinberger, DR, 1997)		2.02
"Risperidone is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of schizophrenia. "( Risperidone-induced neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
Bajjoka, I; O'Sullivan, T; Patel, T, 1997)		3.18
"Risperidone is a novel serotonin-dopamine antagonist antipsychotic in a class of benzisoxazole derivative which has been shown to be effective in reducing psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. "( Efficacy and tolerability of risperidone in chronic schizophrenic Thai patients.
Bunditchate, A; Chaisirikul, S; Charisilp, C; Chrujiporn, W; Kessawai, D; Ratanachata, N; Sanichwannakul, K; Ukranand, P; Visanuyothin, T; Wangdee, P; Werapongset, W, 1998)		2.03
"Risperidone is a relatively new antipsychotic drug that has been reported to improve both the positive and the negative symptoms of schizophrenia and produces relatively few extrapyramidal side effects at low doses. "( Metabolism of risperidone to 9-hydroxyrisperidone by human cytochromes P450 2D6 and 3A4.
Baker, GB; Bourin, M; Fang, J, 1999)		2.11
"Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug that has been used in the treatment of numerous psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. "( Risperidone-induced hepatotoxicity in children and adolescents? A chart review study.
Branicky, LA; Findling, RL; Maxwell, K; Szigethy, E; Wiznitzer, M, 1999)		3.19
"Risperidone is a dopaminergic as well as a 5-HT2 antagonist. "( Some behavioural effects of risperidone in rats: comparison with haloperidol.
Chodera, A; Kus, K; Nowakowska, E; Rybakowski, J, 1999)		2.04
"Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic that has been investigated as a treatment for several severe psychiatric disorders in children and adults. "( Separation anxiety in children and adolescents treated with risperidone.
Fischer, DJ; Fluent, TE; Hanna, GL, 1999)		1.99
"Risperidone is a relatively new antipsychotic available world-wide since the early 1990s. "( Focus on risperidone.
Green, B, 2000)		2.17
"Risperidone is a heterocyclic neuroleptic with prominent antiserotoninergic (5HT2) as well as antidopaminergic (D2) activity. "( Risperidone in idiopathic and symptomatic dystonia: preliminary experience.
Grassi, E; Latorraca, S; Marini, P; Piacentini, S; Sorbi, S, 2000)		3.19
"Risperidone is a benzisoxazole derivative which has proven efficacy against the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. "( Risperidone: a review of its use in the management of the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia.
Bhana, N; Spencer, CM, 2000)		3.19
"Risperidone is a potent inducer of hyperprolactinemia in outpatients with schizophrenia in a community population. "( Risperidone-associated hyperprolactinemia.
Daniels, GH; Goff, DC; Hayden, DL; Kearns, AE, )		3.02
"Risperidone is a novel antipsychotic agent that blocks both dopaminergic and serotonergic receptors. "( Use of the dopamine agonists bromocriptine and cabergoline in the management of risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia in patients with psychotic disorders.
Tollin, SR, 2000)		1.98
"Risperidone is an "atypical" antipsychotic with strong binding affinity for dopamine-2 and serotonin-2 receptors. "( Safety and tolerability of a rapidly escalating dose-loading regimen for risperidone.
Feifel, D; Moutier, CY; Perry, W, 2000)		1.98
"Risperidone is a new efficacious antipsychotic with a low propensity for extrapyramidal side effects."( Risperidone versus pimozide in Tourette's disorder: a comparative double-blind parallel-group study.
Bruggeman, R; Buitelaar, JK; Gericke, GS; Hawkridge, SM; Temlett, JA; van der Linden, C, 2001)		2.47
"Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug that blocks dopamine as well as serotonin receptor systems. "( A randomized controlled trial of risperidone in the treatment of aggression in hospitalized adolescents with subaverage cognitive abilities.
Buitelaar, JK; Cohen-Kettenis, P; Melman, CT; van der Gaag, RJ, 2001)		2.03
"Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic agent with dopamine and serotonin antagonistic effects. "( Risperidone for controlling aggressive behavior in a mentally retarded child: a case report.
Intaprasert, S; Maneeton, N; Srisurapanont, M, 2001)		3.2
"Risperidone is an antipsychotic drug with a combined effect as a dopamine antagonist and a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist."( [Risperidone as a tool to control hard aggression].
Heitun, OG, 2001)		1.94
"Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic with a low prevalence of extrapyramidal side-effects. "( [Mania, parkinson disease and risperidone. Case report].
Monreal, JA; Staner, L, )		1.86
"Risperidone appears to be a more effective and better tolerated antipsychotic drug in treatment-refractory Chinese schizophrenia than haloperidol."( Risperidone versus haloperidol in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic inpatients with schizophrenia: a randomized double-blind study.
Cao, LY; Shen, YC; Wu, GY; Zhang, PY; Zhang, XY; Zhou, DF, 2001)		2.47
"Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug which has been suggested to be beneficial for the treatment of elderly patients with psychotic symptoms. "( The efficacy and safety of risperidone for the treatment of geriatric psychosis.
Chang, JW; Cheng, CY; Hwang, JP; Tsai, SJ; Yang, CH; Yu, HC, 2001)		2.05
"Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic medication commonly used to treat psychotic illnesses in adults. "( Atypical antipsychotic overdose in the pediatric population.
Catalano, G; Catalano, MC; Nunez, CY; Walker, SC, 2001)		1.75
"Risperidone appears to be an effective therapy, but several authors report cases of TD during treatment."( Tardive dyskinesias and antipsychotics: a review.
Bayle, FJ; Chereau, I; Lancon, C; Llorca, PM, 2002)		1.04
"Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug that increases plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels, but the mechanism behind this effect is unclear. "( Effects of risperidone on the peripheral noradrenegic system in patients with schizophrenia: a comparison with clozapine and placebo.
Breier, A; Eisenhofer, G; Elman, I; Folio, CJ; Goldstein, DS; Green, AI; Holmes, CS; Pickar, D, 2002)		2.15
"Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic used in the treatment of several psychiatric disorders in both children and adults. "( Side-effects of risperidone therapy mimicking cerebrospinal fluid shunt malfunction: implications for clinical monitoring and management.
Edwards, RJ; Pople, IK, 2002)		2.1
"Risperidone is a new benzisoxazole derivative displaying a very potent serotonin antagonism and a potent dopamine antagonism in pharmacological studies. "( Efficacy and tolerability of a new antipsychotic compound (risperidone): results of a pilot study.
Kissling, W; Möller, HJ; Pelzer, E; Riehl, T; Wernicke, T, 1991)		1.97

Effects

Risperidone has a high affinity for 5-HT2 and D2 dopamine receptors in vitro. It has a low risk of haematotoxicity because of its different chemical and pharmacological profile compared to clozapine.

Risperidone has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of schizophrenia in the adolescent population. It has a relatively higher affinity for the D(2) receptor in comparison with other atypical antipsychotics, which may explain why it is associated with a higher incidence of hyperprolactinemia.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Risperidone has a low risk of haematotoxicity because of its different chemical and pharmacological profile compared to other drugs such as clozapine."( Risperidone-induced anaemia.
Badiger, S; Chaukimath, SP; Chawath, S; Ramdurg, S, )		2.3
"Risperidone has a hyperbolic mixed-type inhibition, designated as 'partial uncompetitive inhibition effect', with K(i) value of 41 microM on human DAO."( The effect of risperidone on D-amino acid oxidase activity as a hypothesis for a novel mechanism of action in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Abou El-Magd, RM; Chung, SP; Fukui, K; Iwana, S; Kawazoe, T; Miyano, M; Ono, K; Park, HK; Sakai, T; Yorita, K, 2010)		1.44
"Risperidone has a relatively higher affinity for the D(2) receptor in comparison with other atypical antipsychotics, which may explain why it is associated with a higher incidence of hyperprolactinemia."( Resolution of risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia with substitution of quetiapine.
Kunwar, AR; Megna, JL, 2003)		1.4
"Risperidone has a relatively low risk of causing obesity and diabetes mellitus and is a first-line treatment for schizophrenia. "( Glucose and lipid metabolism of long-term risperidone monotherapy in patients with schizophrenia.
Hosoda, H; Inoue, T; Itoh, K; Izumi, T; Kangawa, K; Koyama, T; Kusumi, I; Murashita, M; Nakagawa, S; Tanaka, T, 2007)		2.05
"Risperidone has a rapid onset of action and a favourable side-effect profile."( Clinical review of risperidone.
Arnott, W; Chouinard, G, 1993)		1.34
"Risperidone, which has a high affinity for 5-HT2 and D2 dopamine receptors in vitro, is a new antipsychotic drug that has been developed according to this hypothesis."( 5-HT2 and D2 dopamine receptor occupancy in the living human brain. A PET study with risperidone.
Eriksson, B; Eriksson, L; Farde, L; Halldin, C; Nyberg, S, 1993)		1.23
"Risperidone has a relatively mild side effect profile when compared with conventional antipsychotics."( Clinical experience with risperidone.
Marder, SR, 1996)		1.32
"Risperidone has a wider use in this population and has a favourable clinical profile (at low doses)."( The treatment of psychotic disorders in late life.
Thorpe, L, 1997)		1.02
"Risperidone has a substantial cost advantage over olanzapine, and was preferred by psychiatrists for more indications."( Comparison of cost, dosage and clinical preference for risperidone and olanzapine.
Kaplan, Z; Lichtenberg, P; Rabinowitz, J, 2000)		2
"Risperidone has an atypical property, but its effect on limbic-cortical regions has not been evaluated."( Dose relationship of limbic-cortical D2-dopamine receptor occupancy with risperidone.
Ichimiya, T; Inoue, M; Okubo, Y; Sudo, Y; Suhara, T; Tanada, S; Yasuno, F, 2001)		1.26
"Risperidone's ranking has more implications supported by CINeMA."( Prolactin levels influenced by antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Jiang, K; Leucht, S; Li, C; Liu, D; Siafis, S; Wang, J; Wu, H; Zhang, C; Zhu, D; Zhu, Y; Zhuo, K, 2021)		1.34
"Risperidone has been significant correlated with a direct effect of interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in patients with schizophrenia. "( Effect of risperidone on serum IL-6 levels in individuals with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Castillo-Avila, RG; Genis-Mendoza, AD; González-Castro, TB; Juárez-Rojop, IE; López-Narváez, ML; Martínez-Magaña, JJ; Ramos-Méndez, MA; Tovilla-Zárate, CA; Villar-Juárez, GE; Villar-Soto, M, 2023)		2.76
"Risperidone has been shown in several trials to have a statistically significant benefit when used in a therapeutic context."( Neuropharmacological effect of risperidone: From chemistry to medicine.
Afzal, O; Al-Abbasi, FA; Alfawaz Altamimi, AS; Almalki, WH; Alzarea, SI; Bhat, AA; Dua, K; Gupta, G; Kazmi, I; Singh, SK, 2023)		1.92
"Risperidone has a low risk of haematotoxicity because of its different chemical and pharmacological profile compared to other drugs such as clozapine."( Risperidone-induced anaemia.
Badiger, S; Chaukimath, SP; Chawath, S; Ramdurg, S, )		2.3
"Risperidone has weight-based dosing and a liquid dosage form available, making it a good option for use in the NICU."( Delirium in the NICU: Risk or Reality?
Liviskie, C; McPherson, C, 2021)		1.34
"Risperidone has shown promise in the management of chorea and has been found to be safe in children less than five years."( Effect of Risperidone on the Motor and Functional Disability in Children With Choreoathetoid Cerebral Palsy.
Kamate, M; Metgud, D; Mittal, N, 2018)		1.6
"Risperidone has been shown to be effective in reducing or eliminating hot flushes on women with hormonal variations."( Combination treatment of tamoxifen with risperidone in breast cancer.
Chen, DR; Lin, HY; Wu, HM; Yeh, WL, 2014)		1.39
"Risperidone also has multiple receptor targets in which only a subset may be procognitive and others induce cognitive impairment."( Risperidone and the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist M100907 improve probabilistic reversal learning in BTBR T + tf/J mice.
Amodeo, DA; Jones, JH; Ragozzino, ME; Sweeney, JA, 2014)		2.57
"Risperidone has significantly enhanced the expression of phosphorylated Akt and phosphorylated GSK3β (P< 0.05), but did not alter the mRNA expression of DRD2. "( [Regulation of PI3K-Akt-GSK3β signaling pathway in U251 cells by risperidone].
Gu, X; Li, T; Liang, L; Ma, X; Wang, Y; Wei, J; Xiang, B, 2014)		2.08
"Risperidone has demonstrated efficacy for acute (8 week) and intermediate length (6 month) management of severe irritability and aggression in children and adolescents with autism. "( Tolerability, Safety, and Benefits of Risperidone in Children and Adolescents with Autism: 21-Month Follow-up After 8-Week Placebo-Controlled Trial.
Aman, M; Arnold, LE; Ghuman, J; Grados, M; Hellings, J; Hollway, JA; McCracken, J; McDougle, CJ; Nagaraja, HN; Posey, DJ; Rettiganti, M; Scahill, L; Shah, B; Swiezy, NB; Tierney, E; Vitiello, B, 2015)		2.13
"risperidone) has been found to improve social functioning more than standard antipsychotic treatment."( Different mechanisms of risperidone result in improved interpersonal trust, social engagement and cooperative behavior in patients with schizophrenia compared to trifluoperazine.
Bond, AJ; Chan, CK; Chan, F; Pang, AH; Tse, WS; Wong, AS, 2016)		1.46
"Risperidone has been shown to be clinically effective for the treatment of aggressive behavior in children, yet until recently no information was available regarding whether risperidone exhibits aggression-specific suppression in preclinical studies employing validated developmentally immature animal models of escalated aggression. "( Repeated risperidone administration during puberty prevents the generation of the aggressive phenotype in a developmentally immature animal model of escalated aggression.
Connor, DF; Melloni, RH; Morrison, RL; Ricci, LA; Schwartzer, JJ, 2008)		2.21
"Risperidone has demonstrated therapeutic advantages over conventional neuroleptics and offers a valuable emerging option for the treatment of social behavior associated with autistic disorder. "( Atypical neuroleptic risperidone modulates glial functions in C6 astroglial cells.
Bobermin, LD; Gonçalves, CA; Gottfried, C; Kleinkauf-Rocha, J; Quincozes-Santos, A; Riesgo, R; Souza, DO, 2009)		2.11
"Risperidone has been suggested to be superior to olanzapine for glucose tolerance in whites, but there is little information on these drugs in Asian populations, even though Asians have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes compared to whites."( Glucose metabolism in Japanese schizophrenia patients treated with risperidone or olanzapine.
Furukori, H; Kaneko, S; Nakagami, T; Saito, M; Sato, Y; Yasui-Furukori, N, 2009)		1.31
"Risperidone has proved helpful in treating children and adolescents with autism spectrum, conduct and bipolar disorders, Tourette's syndrome, and schizophrenia."( [Risperidone use in child and adolescent psychiatric patients].
Bentué-Ferrer, D; Chevreuil, C; Frémaux, T; Polard, E; Reymann, JM; Séveno, T, )		1.76
"Risperidone has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of schizophrenia in the adolescent population. "( Risperidone: a review of efficacy studies in adolescents with schizophrenia.
Madaan, V, 2009)		3.24
"Risperidone has a hyperbolic mixed-type inhibition, designated as 'partial uncompetitive inhibition effect', with K(i) value of 41 microM on human DAO."( The effect of risperidone on D-amino acid oxidase activity as a hypothesis for a novel mechanism of action in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Abou El-Magd, RM; Chung, SP; Fukui, K; Iwana, S; Kawazoe, T; Miyano, M; Ono, K; Park, HK; Sakai, T; Yorita, K, 2010)		1.44
"Risperidone has been used to treat ADHD in people with ID, although the evidence for its effectiveness is unclear."( Risperidone for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in people with intellectual disabilities.
Maltezos, S; Paliokosta, E; Thomson, A; Xenitidis, K, 2009)		2.52
"Risperidone has been reported as a well-tolerated antipsychotic in children. "( An unreported side effect of risperidone in children: sinus arrest with long pauses causing syncope.
Ceviz, N; Karacan, M; Olgun, H; Sepetcigil, O, 2009)		2.09
"Risperidone has lower affinity for alpha2-adrenoceptors than clozapine but higher than most other APDs."( Adjunctive alpha2-adrenoceptor blockade enhances the antipsychotic-like effect of risperidone and facilitates cortical dopaminergic and glutamatergic, NMDA receptor-mediated transmission.
Frånberg, O; Jardemark, K; Konradsson-Geuken, A; Langlois, X; Marcus, MM; Svensson, TH; Wiker, C, 2010)		1.31
"Risperidone (RIS) has the highest propensity to elevate plasma prolactin (PRL) levels. "( Gender differences in the relationship between the risperidone metabolism and the plasma prolactin levels in psychiatric patients.
Fukui, N; Inoue, Y; Ono, S; Someya, T; Sugai, T; Suzuki, Y; Tsuneyama, N; Watanabe, J, 2010)		2.06
"Risperidone has been used to treat behavioral symptoms, such as delusions and agitation, in people with Alzheimer's disease. "( Association of 9-hydroxy risperidone concentrations with risk of switching or discontinuation in the clinical antipsychotic trial of intervention effectiveness-Alzheimer's disease trial.
Anyama, NG; Bies, RR; Lieberman, JA; Marder, SR; Pollock, BG; Schneider, LS; Wessels, AM, 2010)		2.11
"Risperidone has been used in some stress disorders and may be potentially protective against stress-induced gastric lesions. "( Gastroprotective potential of risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic, against stress and pyloric ligation induced gastric lesions.
Krishnamurthy, S; Saxena, B; Singh, S, 2011)		2.1
"Risperidone have been reported to commonly lead to asymptomatic elevation of liver enzymes in adult population, and recently in children and adolescents. "( Risperidone rechallenge for marked liver function test abnormalities in an autistic child.
Copur, M; Erdogan, A, 2011)		3.25
"Risperidone has been shown to improve serious behavioral problems in children with autism. "( Risperidone-related improvement of irritability in children with autism is not associated with changes in serum of epidermal growth factor and interleukin-13.
Aman, MG; Arnold, LE; Bothwell, AL; Chae, W; Hoekstra, PJ; Katsovich, L; Kawikova, I; Leckman, JF; McCracken, JT; McDougle, CJ; Scahill, L; Tierney, E; Tobiasova, Z; van der Lingen, KH; Vitiello, B; Volkmar, F; Zhang, Y, 2011)		3.25
"Risperidone has been shown to improve verbal working memory, executive functioning, attention, reaction time, and verbal learning, which, in turn, have been associated with improved functional outcomes. "( Impact of risperidone versus haloperidol on activities of daily living in the treatment of refractory schizophrenia.
Green, M; Gutkind, D; Hayden, J; Liberman, RP; Marshall, BD; Mintz, J; Robertson, MJ, )		1.98
"Risperidone has a relatively higher affinity for the D(2) receptor in comparison with other atypical antipsychotics, which may explain why it is associated with a higher incidence of hyperprolactinemia."( Resolution of risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia with substitution of quetiapine.
Kunwar, AR; Megna, JL, 2003)		1.4
"Risperidone has been reported to alleviate the severity of tardive dyskinesia, but without placebo control, the possibility of spontaneous tardive dyskinesia remission after discontinuing original conventional antipsychotics cannot be excluded. "( Risperidone for severe tardive dyskinesia: a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Bai, YM; Lin, CC; Yu, SC, 2003)		3.2
"Risperidone has more affinity for serotonin type 2 (5-HT(2)) than for D(2) receptors."( A case of risperidone-induced hypothermia.
Razaq, M; Samma, M, )		1.26
"Risperidone has been used in Singapore for schizophrenia since 1996. "( Drug utilization review of risperidone for outpatients in a tertiary referral hospital in Singapore.
Koh, Y; Kua, EH; Li, SC; Luo, N; Tan, CH, 2004)		2.06
"Risperidone has been shown to inhibit the delayed rectifier leading to lengthening of cardiac repolarization."( QTc interval, CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 genotypes and risperidone plasma concentrations.
Berecz, R; de la Rubia, A; Dorado, P; Llerena, A, 2004)		1.3
"Risperidone has also been reported to be useful in the longer-term treatment of bipolar disorder."( Risperidone for bipolar disorders.
Aulakh, L; Fuller, MA; Keaton, DB; Madhusoodanan, S; Sajatovic, M, 2005)		2.49
"Risperidone has been found efficacious for decreasing severe tantrums, aggression, and self-injurious behavior in children and adolescents with autistic disorder (autism). "( Risperidone for the core symptom domains of autism: results from the study by the autism network of the research units on pediatric psychopharmacology.
Aman, MG; Arnold, LE; Chuang, SZ; Davies, M; Ghuman, JK; Gonzalez, NM; Hollway, J; Koenig, K; Martin, A; McCracken, JT; McDougle, CJ; McGough, JJ; Posey, DJ; Ritz, L; Scahill, L; Shah, B; Swiezy, NB; Tierney, E; Vitiello, B, 2005)		3.21
"Risperidone has been the best studied among these medications."( Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of atypical antipsychotics and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for behavioural problems associated with pervasive developmental disorders.
Dinca, O; Paul, M; Spencer, NJ, 2005)		1.05
"Risperidone has been reported to have neuroleptic activity. "( An efficient synthesis of risperidone via stille reaction: antipsychotic, 5-HT2, and dopamine-D2-antagonist.
Jeong, JH; Kang, MS; Kim, DM; Kim, JS, 2005)		2.07
"Risperidone has shown safety and efficacy for aggressive and destructive behaviors in short-term studies. "( A crossover study of risperidone in children, adolescents and adults with mental retardation.
Fleming, KK; Hellings, JA; Marquis, JG; Reese, RM; Schroeder, SR; Valdovinos, MG; Zarcone, JR, 2006)		2.1
"Risperidone has primarily serotonergic, dopaminergic, and alpha-adrenergic antagonist properties."( Priapism associated with the switch from oral to injectable risperidone.
Davis, RR; Kirshner, A, 2006)		1.3
"Risperidone has a relatively low risk of causing obesity and diabetes mellitus and is a first-line treatment for schizophrenia. "( Glucose and lipid metabolism of long-term risperidone monotherapy in patients with schizophrenia.
Hosoda, H; Inoue, T; Itoh, K; Izumi, T; Kangawa, K; Koyama, T; Kusumi, I; Murashita, M; Nakagawa, S; Tanaka, T, 2007)		2.05
"Risperidone has been shown to be clinically effective for the treatment of aggressive behavior in children, yet no information is available regarding whether risperidone exhibits aggression-specific suppression in preclinical studies that use validated developmentally immature animal models of escalated aggression. "( Risperidone exerts potent anti-aggressive effects in a developmentally immature animal model of escalated aggression.
Connor, DF; Melloni, RH; Morrison, R; Ricci, LA, 2007)		3.23
"Risperidone has been used in the treatment of self-abuse, aggression toward others, and violent behaviors."( Risperidone for the treatment of fecal smearing in a developmentally disabled adult.
Brahm, NC; Brown, RC; Farmer, KC, 2007)		2.5
"Risperidone has been reported to decrease the reduction of MRI volume during the clinical course of schizophrenia."( Risperidone significantly inhibits interferon-gamma-induced microglial activation in vitro.
Hashioka, S; Kanba, S; Kato, T; Monji, A, 2007)		2.5
"Risperidone has been shown to be a safe and effective atypical antipsychotic agent. "( Novel uses for risperidone: focus on depressive, anxiety and behavioral disorders.
Bradbury, C; da Silva, TL; McKay, M; Ravindran, AV, 2007)		2.14
"Risperidone has better extrapyramidal tolerability a"( Short-term treatment with risperidone or haloperidol in first-episode schizophrenia: 8-week results of a randomized controlled trial within the German Research Network on Schizophrenia.
Braus, DF; Buchkremer, G; Gaebel, W; Gastpar, M; Heuser, I; Jäger, M; Klosterkötter, J; Kühn, KU; Maier, W; Möller, HJ; Ohmann, C; Riedel, M; Riesbeck, M; Schlösser, R; Schneider, F; Wickelmaier, F, 2008)		1.37
"Risperidone has a rapid onset of action and a favourable side-effect profile."( Clinical review of risperidone.
Arnott, W; Chouinard, G, 1993)		1.34
"Risperidone has these pharmacologic properties."( Extrapyramidal side effects and tolerability of risperidone: a review.
Owens, DG, 1994)		1.27
"Risperidone, which has a high affinity for 5-HT2 and D2 dopamine receptors in vitro, is a new antipsychotic drug that has been developed according to this hypothesis."( 5-HT2 and D2 dopamine receptor occupancy in the living human brain. A PET study with risperidone.
Eriksson, B; Eriksson, L; Farde, L; Halldin, C; Nyberg, S, 1993)		1.23
"Risperidone has excellent oral activity, a rapid onset, and a 24-h duration of action."( Survey on the pharmacodynamics of the new antipsychotic risperidone.
Awouters, FH; Dugovic, C; Leysen, JE; Meert, TF; Megens, AA; Niemegeers, CJ; Schotte, A, 1994)		1.26
"Both risperidone and clozapine have been shown to be effective against negative symptoms."( New pharmacotherapeutic modalities for negative symptoms in psychosis.
Lindenmayer, JP, 1995)		0.75
"Risperidone has antiserotonergic and antidopaminergic properties that may make it more effective than conventional antipsychotic agents in the treatment of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. "( Risperidone in the treatment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia: a meta-analysis.
Carman, J; Peuskens, J; Vangeneugden, A, 1995)		3.18
"Risperidone has not yet been extensively studied in treatment-resistant patients, but may also be a useful alternative."( Treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients.
Kane, JM, 1996)		1.02
"Risperidone has a relatively mild side effect profile when compared with conventional antipsychotics."( Clinical experience with risperidone.
Marder, SR, 1996)		1.32
"Risperidone has been described as having salutary effects as an adjunctive pharmacotherapy in adult and pediatric patients with AD."( An open clinical trial of risperidone monotherapy in young children with autistic disorder.
Findling, RL; Maxwell, K; Wiznitzer, M, 1997)		1.32
"Risperidone appears to have been effective and well tolerated in this sample of adolescents with schizophrenia."( Risperidone in adolescents with schizophrenia: an open pilot study.
Armenteros, JL; Gorman, J; Stedge, DJ; Welikson, M; Whitaker, AH, 1997)		3.18
"Risperidone has proven to be effective as an antipsychotic drug and has fewer extrapyramidal side-effects than classic neuroleptics. "( Effects of risperidone, clozapine and haloperidol on extracellular recordings of substantia nigra reticulata neurons of the rat brain.
Bruggeman, R; Timmerman, W; Westerink, BH, 1997)		2.13
"Risperidone has a wider use in this population and has a favourable clinical profile (at low doses)."( The treatment of psychotic disorders in late life.
Thorpe, L, 1997)		1.02
"Risperidone has proven efficacy with reduced likelihood of causing extrapyramidal symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia. "( Risperidone for aggression and self-injurious behavior in adults with mental retardation.
Cohen, SA; Ihrig, K; Kerrick, JM; Lott, RS, 1998)		3.19
"Risperidone has relatively consistent positive effects on working memory, executive functioning, and attention, whereas improvement in verbal learning and memory was inconsistent."( The effects of clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine on cognitive function in schizophrenia.
McGurk, SR; Meltzer, HY, 1999)		1.32
"Risperidone has been suggested as representative of the newer 'atypical' neuroleptics and is claimed to be only minimally sedative."( Electroencephalographic and psychomotor effects of chlorpromazine and risperidone relative to placebo in normal healthy volunteers.
Ervine, CM; Hughes, AM; Lynch, P; Rhodes, J; Yates, RA, 1999)		1.26
"As risperidone use has risen each year since its introduction, mean doses in both inpatients and discharged patients have steadily declined. "( A dose-outcome analysis of risperidone.
Bartko, JJ; Conley, RR; Kelly, DL; Love, RC, 1999)		1.22
"Risperidone has potent effects on 5-HT and DA neuronal systems, both of which have been implicated in the pathophysiology of autism."( Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology (RUPP) Autism Network. Background and rationale for an initial controlled study of risperidone.
Aman, MG; Arnold, LE; Cronin, P; Freeman, BJ; Martin, A; McCracken, JT; McDougle, CJ; McGough, JJ; Posey, DJ; Riddle, MA; Ritz, L; Scahill, L; Swiezy, NB; Tierney, E; Vitiello, B; Volkmar, FR; Votolato, NA; Walson, P, 2000)		1.23
"Risperidone has pharmacological properties resembling those of the atypical antipsychotic clozapine and an improved tolerability profile compared with the conventional antipsychotic haloperidol."( Risperidone: a review of its use in the management of the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia.
Bhana, N; Spencer, CM, 2000)		2.47
"Risperidone has a substantial cost advantage over olanzapine, and was preferred by psychiatrists for more indications."( Comparison of cost, dosage and clinical preference for risperidone and olanzapine.
Kaplan, Z; Lichtenberg, P; Rabinowitz, J, 2000)		2
"Risperidone use has been associated with substantial weight gain in children and adolescents. "( Risperidone-associated weight gain in children and adolescents: a retrospective chart review.
Cicchetti, D; Landau, J; Leckman, JF; Leebens, P; Martin, A; Scahill, L; Ulizio, K, 2000)		3.19
"Risperidone has an atypical property, but its effect on limbic-cortical regions has not been evaluated."( Dose relationship of limbic-cortical D2-dopamine receptor occupancy with risperidone.
Ichimiya, T; Inoue, M; Okubo, Y; Sudo, Y; Suhara, T; Tanada, S; Yasuno, F, 2001)		1.26
"Risperidone has been primarily marketed for the treatment of schizophrenia. "( Risperidone in the treatment of psychotic depression.
Lerner, V; Miodownik, C, )		3.02
"Risperidone has been proved on efficacy for tic disorders but EPS still remain, even though it was claimed to be less."( Quetiapine for tic disorder: a case report.
Boonyanaruthee, V; Chan-Ob, T; Kuntawongse, N, 2001)		1.03

Actions

Risperidone is known to increase prolactin secretion in treating mental illness patients. The drug can activate the Akt-GSK3β signaling pathway in the U251 cells. Ris peridone did not increase obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Risperidone led to a lower LDL level in only young adult IR rats in day 56 than undrugged rats."( Effects of Early Risperidone Treatment on Metabolic Parameters in Socially Isolated Rats-Implication of Antipsychotic Intervention across Developmental Stages of Schizophrenia.
Hsieh, PS; Lin, CC; Liu, YP; Tzeng, NS; Yang, YY, 2023)		1.97
"Risperidone is known to increase prolactin secretion in treating mental illness patients. "( The central mechanism of risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia.
Huang, XF; Li, LY; Lin, S; Shi, YC; Song, ZY; Sun, WW; Yang, HQ, 2017)		2.2
"Risperidone can activate the Akt-GSK3β signaling pathway in the U251 cells, and PI3K is a common regulatory site in Akt-GSK3β signaling and D2 receptor gene expression."( [Regulation of PI3K-Akt-GSK3β signaling pathway in U251 cells by risperidone].
Gu, X; Li, T; Liang, L; Ma, X; Wang, Y; Wei, J; Xiang, B, 2014)		2.08
"Risperidone ameliorated increase in the activity of mitochondrial respiratory complex (I, II, IV, and V), decreases in the levels of mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome-C and caspase-9 in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, pre-frontal cortex, and amygdala."( Risperidone Attenuates Modified Stress-Re-stress Paradigm-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Apoptosis in Rats Exhibiting Post-traumatic Stress Disorder-Like Symptoms.
Ahmad, A; Garabadu, D; Krishnamurthy, S, 2015)		2.58
"Risperidone failed to enhance recognition memory in this paradigm whereas donepezil was effective such that rats discriminated between the novel and familiar object in the retention trial following a 6h ITI."( Nicotinic α7 and α4β2 agonists enhance the formation and retrieval of recognition memory: Potential mechanisms for cognitive performance enhancement in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Grayson, B; Harte, MK; Marsh, S; McLean, SL; Neill, JC; Zarroug, SH, 2016)		1.16
"Risperidone has lower affinity for alpha2-adrenoceptors than clozapine but higher than most other APDs."( Adjunctive alpha2-adrenoceptor blockade enhances the antipsychotic-like effect of risperidone and facilitates cortical dopaminergic and glutamatergic, NMDA receptor-mediated transmission.
Frånberg, O; Jardemark, K; Konradsson-Geuken, A; Langlois, X; Marcus, MM; Svensson, TH; Wiker, C, 2010)		1.31
"Risperidone seems to produce somewhat more extrapyramidal side effects and clearly more prolactin increase than most other SGAs. "( Risperidone versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia.
Hunger, H; Kissling, W; Komossa, K; Leucht, S; Rummel-Kluge, C; Schmid, F; Schwarz, S, 2011)		3.25
"risperidone (RIS), produce more extensive blockade of brain serotonin (5-HT)(2A) than dopamine (DA) D(2) receptors."( Pimavanserin, a selective serotonin (5-HT)2A-inverse agonist, enhances the efficacy and safety of risperidone, 2mg/day, but does not enhance efficacy of haloperidol, 2mg/day: comparison with reference dose risperidone, 6mg/day.
Elkis, H; Hacksell, U; Meltzer, HY; Peters, P; van Kammen, DP; Vanover, K; Weiner, DM, 2012)		1.32
"Risperidone may cause more sexual dysfunction than olanzapine (n=370, 2 RCTs, RR abnormal ejaculation 4.36 CI 1.38 to 13.76, NNH 20 CI 6 to 176; n=31, 1 RCT, RR impotence 2.43 CI 0.24 to 24.07)."( Risperidone versus olanzapine for schizophrenia.
Hosalli, P; Jayaram, MB, 2005)		2.49
"Risperidone displays a novel mechanism of antagonism of the h5-HT7 receptor. "( Risperidone irreversibly binds to and inactivates the h5-HT7 serotonin receptor.
Herrick-Davis, K; Mazurkiewicz, J; Rahman, T; Smith, C; Teitler, M; Toohey, N, 2006)		3.22
"Risperidone doses that produce marked 5-HT2, but low dopamine D2, receptor blockade (1 and 0.1 mg/kg/day, SC, for 9 and 10 days, respectively) did not modify 8% ethanol preference."( 5-HT2 receptor antagonists do not reduce ethanol preference in Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) rats.
Ciccocioppo, R; Massi, M; Panocka, I; Pompei, P, 1993)		1.01
"Risperidone displays similar activity at pre- and postsynaptic D2 receptors and at D2 receptors from various rat brain regions."( Survey on the pharmacodynamics of the new antipsychotic risperidone.
Awouters, FH; Dugovic, C; Leysen, JE; Meert, TF; Megens, AA; Niemegeers, CJ; Schotte, A, 1994)		1.26
"Risperidone, at lower than recommended doses, shows promise in the treatment of late onset delusional disorders and behavior syndrome of dementia. "( Risperidone: treatment response in adult and geriatric patients.
Ancill, RJ; Gibson, RE; Holliday, SG; Kiraly, SJ, 1998)		3.19
"Risperidone-associated increase in serum prolactin levels was not significantly correlated to the emergence of possible prolactin-related side effects."( Prolactin levels and adverse events in patients treated with risperidone.
Brecher, M; Davis, JM; de Coster, R; Kleinberg, DL; Van Baelen, B, 1999)		1.27
"For risperidone, lower dosages were associated with higher hospital discharge rates, whereas no significant association was observed for olanzapine."( Comparison of discharge rates and drug costs for patients with schizophrenia treated with risperidone or olanzapine.
Conley, RR; Kelly, DL; Love, RC; Nelson, MW; Yu, Y, 2001)		1.01
"Risperidone did not increase obsessive-compulsive symptoms."( Risperidone in the treatment of tourette syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Annable, L; Chouinard, G; Dion, Y; Sandor, P, 2002)		2.48
"Risperidone's ability to increase prolactin release was unchanged after S-9 treatment, and 9-hydroxy-risperidone, identified as a major metabolite in the S-9 conditioned media, was equipotent to risperidone in modulating prolactin release in vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"( Stimulation by risperidone of rat prolactin secretion in vivo and in cultured pituitary cells in vitro.
Bowden, CR; De Coster, R; Heykants, J; Voina, SJ; Woestenborghs, R, 1992)		1.36

Treatment

Co-treatment with risperidone (0.01 mg/kg) and mirtazapine (2.5 or 5 mg/ kg) abolished the effect of MK-801. Treatment with ris peridone over 6 weeks led to increased prolactin levels, liver functions, metabolic measures, and weight/body mass index (BMI)

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Risperidone-treatment upregulated expression of ketogenic key enzyme, mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2) in the kidney rather than liver."( Kidney plays an important role in ketogenesis induced by risperidone and voluntary exercise in juvenile female rats.
Deng, C; Lian, J; Sylvester, E; Yi, W, 2021)		1.59
"Risperidone treatment also led to a decrease in Akt and CREB phosphorylation in the prefrontal cortex."( Chronic oral treatment with risperidone impairs recognition memory and alters brain-derived neurotrophic factor and related signaling molecules in rats.
Bartlett, MG; Callahan, PM; Hernandez, CM; Pillai, A; Poddar, I; Terry, AV; Yang, X, 2020)		1.57
"Risperidone treatment further attenuated cocaine-induced elevation of DA."( Risperidone and 5-HT2A Receptor Antagonists Attenuate and Reverse Cocaine-Induced Hyperthermia in Rats.
Makiguchi, A; Okada, T; Shioda, K; Suda, S, 2020)		2.72
"Risperidone treatment of sedentary rats resulted in significantly increased white adipose tissue, fasting triglyceride and fasting insulin compared to vehicle-treated sedentary rats."( Exercise intervention for preventing risperidone-induced dyslipidemia and gluco-metabolic disorders in female juvenile rats.
Deng, C; Han, M; Sylvester, E; Yi, W, 2020)		1.55
"Risperidone treatment was significantly associated with an increase in BMI (effect size of exposure=0.45 SD (SE=0.06), "( Body mass index increase in preschoolers with heterogeneous psychiatric diagnoses treated with risperidone.
Avrahami, M; Balan-Moshe, L; Barzilay, R; Drapisz, A; Levy, T; Moore, T; Peskin, M; Segal-Gavish, H; Shachar, I; Taylor, J; Weizman, A, 2021)		2.28
"Risperidone-treated 5 to 17 year-old males underwent anthropometric and bone measurements, using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and peripheral quantitative computed tomography."( Bone Mass in Boys with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Calarge, CA; Schlechte, JA, 2017)		1.18
"Risperidone-treated children and adolescents were assessed for CHRNA7 copy number state using droplet digital PCR and genomic quantitative PCR. "( CHRNA7 Deletions are Enriched in Risperidone-Treated Children and Adolescents.
Calarge, CA; Gillentine, MA; Grochowski, CM; Lupski, JR; Schaaf, CP; White, JJ, 2017)		2.18
"Risperidone treatment decreased serum testosterone and estradiol levels. "( Effects of Risperidone and Aripiprazole on Serum Levels of Prolactin, Testosterone and Estradiol in Female Patients with Schizophrenia.
Hu, JQ; Jiang, XJ; Lin, WC; Shang, DW; Shi, L; Wen, YG; Wu, FX; Xiao, B; Zhang, JP; Zhu, HZ, 2018)		2.31
"Risperidone treatment causes significant changes in certain fecal bacteria, which are likely associated with antipsychotic medication induced metabolic changes."( Changes in metabolism and microbiota after 24-week risperidone treatment in drug naïve, normal weight patients with first episode schizophrenia.
Fan, X; Hei, G; Huang, XF; Kumar, BU; Li, X; Liu, Y; Lv, L; Song, X; Wang, Y; Yuan, X; Zhang, P, 2018)		1.45
"Risperidone-treated boys (n = 267; age: 12.7 ± 2.7 years), 71% of whom had ever taken an SSRI, contributed to the analysis. "( Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Reduce Longitudinal Growth in Risperidone-Treated Boys.
Calarge, CA; Garcia, JM; Karaviti, L; Mills, JA; Teixeira, AL; Zemel, BS, 2018)		2.16
"In risperidone-treated boys, SSRI use is associated with reduced longitudinal growth, particularly in those undergoing puberty. "( Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Reduce Longitudinal Growth in Risperidone-Treated Boys.
Calarge, CA; Garcia, JM; Karaviti, L; Mills, JA; Teixeira, AL; Zemel, BS, 2018)		1.34
"Risperidone treatment in youth is associated with elevated appetite during an OGTT, with no differences in gut peptides or adipocytokines to explain risperidone's effect on appetite. "( Risperidone But Not Quetiapine Treatment Is Associated With Increased Appetite But Not Satiety Hormones in Children During An Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: A Pilot Study.
Devlin, AM; Ngai, YF; Panagiotopoulos, C, 2018)		3.37
"Risperidone treatment was associated with trends of BMI-Z increase in children and decrease in adolescents."( Weight-Change Trajectories of Pediatric Outpatients Treated with Risperidone or Aripiprazole in a Naturalistic Setting.
Bernardini, R; Biganzoli, E; Bravaccio, C; Capuano, A; Carnovale, C; Clementi, E; Marano, G; Molteni, M; Nobile, M; Pisano, S; Pozzi, M; Radice, S; Rafaniello, C; Rizzo, R; Rossi, F, 2019)		1.47
"Risperidone treatment did not affect performance on the open field, object recognition, or Morris Water maze."( Neurobehavioral effects of chronic low-dose risperidone administration in juvenile male rats.
Boman, L; De Butte, M, 2019)		1.5
"1288 risperidone-treated patients and 1334 aripiprazole-treated patients were included in the study, of whom 725 (56%) risperidone-treated and 890 (67%) aripiprazole-treated patients were eligible for the pharmacokinetic analyses. "( Effect of CYP2D6 genotype on exposure and efficacy of risperidone and aripiprazole: a retrospective, cohort study.
Haslemo, T; Ingelman-Sundberg, M; Jukic, MM; Molden, E; Smith, RL, 2019)		1.28
"Risperidone-treated mice had a higher resting energy expenditure (P = 0.001) and total energy expenditure (TEE) (P = 0.005) than the placebo group."( Effects of risperidone on energy balance in female C57BL/6J mice.
Allison, DB; Johnson, MS; Kesterson, RA; Li, X; Li, Y; Nagy, TR; Smith, DL, 2013)		1.5
"Risperidone treatment is associated with changes in serum pro-inflammatory cytokines levels and weight. "( Changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines and body weight during 6-month risperidone treatment in drug naïve, first-episode schizophrenia.
Fan, X; Gao, J; Harrington, A; Li, X; Lv, L; Song, X; Zhang, W; Zhao, J; Ziedonis, D, 2014)		2.08
"Risperidone treatment increased methamphetamine choice, whereas bupropion treatment did not alter methamphetamine choice up to doses that decreased rates of operant behavior."( Effects of Environmental Manipulations and Treatment with Bupropion and Risperidone on Choice between Methamphetamine and Food in Rhesus Monkeys.
Banks, ML; Blough, BE, 2015)		1.37
"Risperidone treatment significantly increased PON1 activity and decreased LOOH levels."( Oxidative stress in drug naïve first episode psychosis and antioxidant effects of risperidone.
Barbosa, DS; Belangero, SI; Bonifácio, KL; Bressan, RA; Brietzke, E; Cordeiro, Q; Gadelha, A; Maes, M; Noto, C; Noto, MN; Nunes, SO; Ota, VK, 2015)		1.36
"Risperidone treatment was associated with elevated levels of serum prolactin (67.16% risperidone versus 52.31% blonanserin) and cardiac-related abnormalities (22.39% risperidone versus 12.31% blonanserin), and blonanserin patients were more prone to extrapyramidal side effects (48.46% blonanserin versus 29.10% risperidone)."( Comparative study of the efficacy and safety between blonanserin and risperidone for the treatment of schizophrenia in Chinese patients: A double-blind, parallel-group multicenter randomized trial.
Gu, N; Li, H; Li, J; Li, K; Li, L; Liu, C; Luo, X; Qi, S; Shi, J; Wang, C; Wang, L; Wang, Q; Yang, F; Yao, C; Zhang, H, 2015)		1.37
"Risperidone-treated patients reported significantly greater METH craving reductions (p<0.001)."( Aripiprazole and Risperidone for Treatment of Methamphetamine-Associated Psychosis in Chinese Patients.
Chawarski, MC; Chen, H; Hao, W; Schottenfeld, RS; Wang, G; Xu, Z; Zhang, S; Zhang, Y, 2016)		1.5
"The risperidone maintenance treatment in schizophrenia study was designed to identify the duration of maintenance treatment required with an initial therapeutic dose in contrast to reducing the dose over time. "( Extrapyramidal Symptoms During Risperidone Maintenance Treatment in Schizophrenia: A Prospective, Multicenter Study.
Bo, QJ; Li, AN; Li, XB; Ma, X; Wang, CY; Wang, ZM, 2016)		1.28
"Risperidone treatment disturbed glucose homeostasis and endocrine regulation (particularly leptin) in children and adolescents with ASDs, in a dose- and duration-dependent manner, being suggestive of leptin and insulin resistance mechanisms. "( Impact of risperidone on leptin and insulin in children and adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders.
Hongkaew, Y; Intachak, B; Kroll, MH; Limsila, P; Ngamsamut, N; Puangpetch, A; Srisawasdi, P; Sukasem, C; Vanavanan, S; Vanwong, N, 2017)		2.3
"The risperidone treated group had more patients with mixed states and lifetime panic disorder at randomization than the placebo group. "( Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of risperidone for acute treatment of bipolar anxiety.
Gonzalez, R; Harnett-Sheehan, K; Janavs, J; Keck, PE; McElroy, SL; Rogers, J; Sheehan, DV; Shivakumar, G; Suppes, T, 2009)		1.18
"Risperidone-treated mice consumed more food (p=0.050) and gained more weight (p=0.0001) than PLA-treated mice after 3 weeks."( Risperidone alters food intake, core body temperature, and locomotor activity in mice.
Allison, DB; Cope, MB; DiCostanzo, CA; Jamison, WG; Jumbo-Lucioni, P; Kesterson, RA; Li, X; Nagy, TR, 2009)		2.52
"More risperidone-treated patients completed the study (41.6%) than ziprasidone-treated patients (33.9%), but the difference was not statistically significant."( A comparison of ziprasidone and risperidone in the long-term treatment of schizophrenia: a 44-week, double-blind, continuation study.
Addington, DE; Johnson, G; Kulkarni, J; Labelle, A; Loebel, A; Mandel, FS, 2009)		1.09
"Risperidone treatment can improve disgust recognition deficits in patients with schizophrenia."( Effect of risperidone on emotion recognition deficits in antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenia: a short-term follow-up study.
Arasappa, R; Behere, RV; Gangadhar, BN; Reddy, N; Venkatasubramanian, G, 2009)		2.2
"Risperidone-treated participants exhibited lower movement velocities during production of simple loops compared to unmedicated patients."( Handwriting movement analyses for monitoring drug-induced motor side effects in schizophrenia patients treated with risperidone.
Caligiuri, MP; Dean, CE; Lohr, J; Niculescu, AB; Teulings, HL, 2009)		1.28
"On risperidone treatment, the adjusted mean prolactin level at the 3rd month of treatment was significantly higher than at the 1st month; at the 12th month it was significantly lower than at the 1st month; the 1st and 6th months were not significantly different."( Short- and long-term effects on prolactin of risperidone and olanzapine treatments in children and adolescents.
D'Arrigo, C; de Leon, J; Diaz, FJ; Gagliano, A; Germanò, E; Migliardi, G; Siracusano, R; Spina, E, 2009)		1.13
"Risperidone treatment increased CB(1) receptor binding in the arcuate nucleus (40%), hippocampus (25-30%) and amygdala (35%) without concurrent alterations in the CB(1) receptor mRNA."( Risperidone treatment increases CB1 receptor binding in rat brain.
Egerod, KL; Holst, B; Husum, H; Mellerup, E; Secher, A, 2010)		2.52
"Risperidone treatment resulted in no decline in cognitive function among children and adolescents. "( Cognitive function with long-term risperidone in children and adolescents with disruptive behavior disorder.
Cornblatt, B; Pandina, GJ; Zhu, Y, 2009)		2.07
"Risperidone pretreatment significantly attenuated increases in the levels of DA, 5-HT, glutamate, and NOx."( Effect of risperidone on acute methamphetamine-induced hyperthermia in rats.
Kato, S; Nisijima, K; Shioda, K; Yoshino, T, 2010)		1.48
"Risperidone pretreatment (0.050 mg kg⁻¹) blocked the expression but not the development of nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization in rats."( Effects of risperidone on development and expression of nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization in rats.
Akdag, E; Kayir, H; Uzbay, TI, 2011)		1.48
"Risperidone treatment induced a decrement of plasma DA levels and increments of plasma DOPAC and DA TR in the total group of schizophrenic patients."( Abnormal plasma monoamine metabolism in schizophrenia and its correlation with clinical responses to risperidone treatment.
Cai, HL; Fang, PF; Hu, L; Li, HD; Yang, W; Ye, HS; Zhang, XH, 2011)		1.31
"Risperidone (n=63) treated patients had higher AUDIT scores and prolactin levels than those on other atypical antipsychotics (n = 113)."( Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores are elevated in antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia.
Barnes, M; Connor, JP; Heslop, K; Lawford, BR; Nyst, P; Young, RM, 2012)		1.1
"Risperidone pretreatment reverses the stress induced alteration in hexosamine, PGE(2) and microvascular permeability."( Gastroprotective potential of risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic, against stress and pyloric ligation induced gastric lesions.
Krishnamurthy, S; Saxena, B; Singh, S, 2011)		1.38
"risperidone-treated patients."( Olanzapine and risperidone effects on appetite and ghrelin in chronic schizophrenic patients.
Davis, JM; Dwivedi, S; Rachakonda, S; Smith, RC, 2012)		1.45
"Risperidone treatment was associated with reduction of symptom severity and moderate improvement of formal thought disorder and some aspects of executive functions. "( Cognition and communication dysfunctions in early-onset schizophrenia: effect of risperidone.
Namysłowska, I; Remberk, B; Rybakowski, F, 2012)		2.05
"Risperidone treatment was begun (1mg/d and 1.5mg/d after 24 hours), associated with oral clonazepam (0.05 mg/kg/d)."( [Follow-up of a 16-year-old adolescent with early-onset schizophrenia and catatonic symptoms].
Askenazy, F; Drici, M; Lavrut, T; Menard, ML; Yagoubi, F, 2013)		1.11
"Risperidone treatment restored increased DARPP-32 phosphorylation in the striatum and CA1 regions of NVH-lesioned rats but did not rescue CaMKII and PKCα autophosphorylation."( Decreased CaMKII and PKC activities in specific brain regions are associated with cognitive impairment in neonatal ventral hippocampus-lesioned rats.
Fukunaga, K; Moriguchi, S; Nakagawasai, O; Onogi, H; Shioda, N; Tadano, T; Tan-No, K; Yabuki, Y, 2013)		1.11
"2198 risperidone-treated patients were identified versus 3259 treated with other antipsychotics. "( A naturalistic study of risperidone treatment outcome using prognosis-adjusted discharge rates in New York State inpatients.
Allingham, BH; Cienfuegos, A; Javitt, DC; Levine, J; Miniati, M; Robinson, J; Silipo, G, 2002)		1.14
"Risperidone treatment causes a greater increase in the body mass of patients than treatment with conventional antipsychotics, such as haloperidol."( Peripheral injection of risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic, alters the bodyweight gain of rats.
Fujiwara, K; Itoh, M; Kaneko, YS; Mori, K; Nagasaka, A; Nakashima, A; Ota, A; Ota, M, 2002)		1.34
"Risperidone treatment significantly decreased the initially high blood SOD levels in schizophrenia."( The effect of risperidone treatment on superoxide dismutase in schizophrenia.
Cao, LY; Shen, YC; Wu, GY; Zhang, PY; Zhang, XY; Zhou, DF, 2003)		1.4
"Risperidone pretreatment significantly attenuated the discriminative-stimulus effects of d-amphetamine, and some of the self-reported drug effects."( Risperidone attenuates the discriminative-stimulus effects of d-amphetamine in humans.
Glaser, PE; Hays, LR; Hays, LS; Rush, CR; Stoops, WW, 2003)		2.48
"Risperidone-treated patients stayed a mean of 9 fewer days in the hospital compared with olanzapine-treated patients (49 vs."( Risperidone compared with olanzapine in a naturalistic clinical study: a cost analysis.
Libretto, SE; Taylor, DM; Wright, T, 2003)		2.48
"Risperidone treatment, as opposed to olanzapine, for female premenopausal schizophrenia results in hyperprolactinemia and clinically relevant decrease in bone mineral density. "( Risperidone, but not olanzapine, decreases bone mineral density in female premenopausal schizophrenia patients.
Becker, D; Liver, O; Mester, R; Rapoport, M; Weiss, M; Weizman, A, 2003)		3.2
"Risperidone treatment in children and adolescents (n = 51) with severe behavioural disturbances was assessed retrospectively to determine clinical response and adverse events. "( Use of risperidone in a paediatric population: an observational study.
Dossetor, D; King, B; Longworth, J; Nunn, K; Zwi, K, )		2.03
"Risperidone treatment was generally well tolerated, although extrapyramidal symptoms were noted in a dose-dependent manner."( Risperidone use in Korean patients with Alzheimer's disease: optimal dosage and effect on behavioural and psychological symptoms, cognitive function and activities of daily living.
Choi, SK; Kim, JM; Lee, H; Shin, IS; Yoon, JS, 2003)		2.48
"Risperidone treatment for 52 weeks commenced at 2 mg/d, with the option to titrate to 6 mg/d."( Treatment outcome in patients with chronic schizophrenia during long-term administration with risperidone.
Libretto, SE; Reveley, MA, 2004)		1.26
"Risperidone-treated children had a mean increase in height 1.2 cm greater than the reference population, and they experienced no delay in progression through Tanner staging. "( Growth and sexual maturation during long-term treatment with risperidone.
Daneman, D; Dunbar, F; Kusumakar, V; Schulz, M, 2004)		2.01
"Risperidone-treated patients had clinically and statistically significant reductions in both disruptive behavior and hyperactivity subscale scores, compared to placebo, regardless of concomitant stimulant use."( Risperidone effects in the presence/absence of psychostimulant medicine in children with ADHD, other disruptive behavior disorders, and subaverage IQ.
Aman, MG; Binder, C; Turgay, A, 2004)		2.49
"Risperidone treatment was associated with an early and sustained reduction in nursing staff burden as measured using the M-NCAS compared with placebo treatment for older nursing home residents with dementia."( The effect of risperidone on nursing burden associated with caring for patients with dementia.
Brodaty, H; Ciesla, G; Frank, L; Kleinman, L; Rupnow, MF, 2004)		2.13
"Risperidone-treated subjects also exhibited significantly greater decreases on the other 4 subscales of the ABC; on the conduct problem, insecure/anxious, hyperactive, and overly sensitive subscales of the Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form (parent version); and on the Visual Analog Scale of the most troublesome symptom."( Risperidone in the treatment of disruptive behavioral symptoms in children with autistic and other pervasive developmental disorders.
Carroll, A; Dunbar, F; Orlik, H; Schulz, M; Shea, S; Smith, I; Turgay, A, 2004)		2.49
"Risperidone-treated patients had a significantly greater reduction in total score on the CAPS-2 (z = -2.44, p = .015). "( A preliminary study of risperidone in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood abuse in women.
Hennen, J; Reich, DB; Stanculescu, C; Watts, T; Winternitz, S, 2004)		2.08
"Risperidone treatment reduced this deficit, suggesting a facilitation of attentional function, but haloperidol treatment did not."( Abnormalities in visually guided saccades suggest corticofugal dysregulation in never-treated schizophrenia.
Harris, MS; Keshavan, MS; Reilly, JL; Sweeney, JA, 2005)		1.05
"Risperidone treatment, however, was more effective in the reduction of negative symptoms."( The effect of neuroleptic treatments on executive function and symptomatology in schizophrenia: a 1-year follow up study.
Cohen, H; Pourcher, E; Rémillard, S, 2005)		1.05
"Risperidone treatment was well tolerated and resulted in further improvement during the 9-week extension, beyond the 3 weeks of ac"( An open-label extension trial of risperidone monotherapy in the treatment of bipolar I disorder.
Canuso, CM; Eerdekens, M; Hirschfeld, RM; Kalali, AH; Karcher, K; Khan, AA; Palumbo, JM, 2006)		1.34
"The risperidone-treated subjects demonstrated changes in grey matter and white matter in several brain regions, including superior temporal gyrus."( Risperidone in first-episode psychosis: a longitudinal, exploratory voxel-based morphometric study.
Diwadkar, VA; Girgis, RR; Hardan, AY; Keshavan, MS; Nutche, JJ; Sweeney, JA, 2006)		2.26
"Risperidone treatment significantly elevated serum PRL level (range: 26.9 ng/ml-320.0 ng/ml)."( The relationship between prolactin response and clinical efficacy of risperidone in acute psychotic inpatients.
Kim, YK; Lee, BH, 2006)		1.29
"Risperidone-treated animals showed a catalepsy-like phenotype, which differed to that of haloperidol-treated rats, indicating that processes other than the anticipated dopaminergic mechanisms are underlying this phenomenon."( Behavioural effects of chronic haloperidol and risperidone treatment in rats.
Dedova, I; Duffy, L; Karl, T; Matsumoto, I; O'brien, E, 2006)		1.31
"Risperidone treatment was associated with significant increases in relative metabolic rate in the striatum, cingulate gyrus, the prefrontal cortex, especially in the orbital region, and the thalamus."( Positron emission tomography imaging of risperidone augmentation in serotonin reuptake inhibitor-refractory patients.
Baldini Rossi, N; Bloom, R; Buchsbaum, MS; Hollander, E; Newmark, R; Pallanti, S; Platholi, J; Sood, E, 2006)		1.32
"Risperidone treatment was associated with two- to four-fold mean increases in serum prolactin in children with autism. "( Effects of short- and long-term risperidone treatment on prolactin levels in children with autism.
Aman, MG; Anderson, GM; Arnold, LE; Katsovich, L; Martin, A; McCracken, JT; McDougle, CJ; Posey, DJ; Scahill, L; Shah, B; Tierney, E; Vitiello, B, 2007)		2.07
"Only risperidone-treated patients exhibited significant decreases in uncontrolled hostility/excitement and anxiety and depression."( Efficacy of risperidone versus olanzapine in patients with schizophrenia previously on chronic conventional antipsychotic therapy: a switch study.
Borisov, A; Feldman, J; May, R; Miller, AH; Nemeroff, CB; Rosenberg, J; Savage, R; Tucker, M; Wang, X; Woolwine, B, 2006)		1.17
"Risperidone treatment did not change P3 amplitudes and latencies."( Effects of risperidone on auditory information processing in neuroleptic-naive patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
Dapsys, K; Kähkönen, S; Korostenskaja, M; Maciulis, V; Ruksenas, O; Siurkute, A, 2006)		1.45
"Risperidone-treated patients had a significantly (p = .03) greater improvement in PANSS positive subscale score among all patients, but not among completers."( Comparison of quetiapine and risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia: A randomized, double-blind, flexible-dose, 8-week study.
Hamer, RM; Lieberman, JA; Sweitzer, DE; Zhong, KX, 2006)		1.35
"Risperidone treatment was well tolerated and significantly improved behavioral problems associated with autism."( Risperidone improves behavioral symptoms in children with autism in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Bossie, CA; Dunbar, F; Pandina, GJ; Youssef, E; Zhu, Y, 2007)		2.5
"Risperidone treatment exacerbated these deficits, perhaps by impairing the encoding of information into working memory."( Adverse effects of risperidone on spatial working memory in first-episode schizophrenia.
Harris, MS; Keshavan, MS; Reilly, JL; Sweeney, JA, 2006)		1.38
"Risperidone treatment reduced anxiety but increased heart rate."( Blood pressure, heart rate, and anxiety in schizophrenia.
Baier, MB; Becker, JE; Ritchie, MA; Townsend, MH, 2007)		1.06
"Risperidone treatment appears to be well tolerated and modestly effective when used in combination with psychostimulants for treatment-resistant aggression in children with ADHD."( Risperidone augmentation for treatment-resistant aggression in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a placebo-controlled pilot study.
Armenteros, JL; Davalos, M; Lewis, JE, 2007)		3.23
"Risperidone monotherapy treatment was associated with hyperprolactinaemia in 69% of patients ( n = 35) and in 100% of female patients (n = 16) and amisulpride monotherapy in 100% (n = 7)."( Prevalence of hyperprolactinaemia in a naturalistic cohort of schizophrenia and bipolar outpatients during treatment with typical and atypical antipsychotics.
Bushe, C; Shaw, M, 2007)		1.06
"Risperidone treatment significantly increased serum prolactin levels."( Serum prolactin levels, plasma risperidone levels, polymorphism of cytochrome P450 2D6 and clinical response in patients with schizophrenia.
Du, J; Fang, C; Feng, GY; Gu, NF; He, L; Li, XW; Qin, SY; Wang, L; Xing, QH; Yu, L; Zhang, AP, 2007)		1.35
"Oral risperidone treatment was better than placebo treatment in reducing irritability and other behavioral symptoms associated with autistic disorder in children and adolescents in two well designed short-term trials, with these benefits maintained in those receiving risperidone for up to 6 months."( Risperidone: a review of its use in the treatment of irritability associated with autistic disorder in children and adolescents.
Dhillon, S; Scott, LJ, 2007)		2.24
"Risperidone treatment may be associated with alterations in glucose-regulating mechanisms in patients with schizophrenia."( Effects of risperidone on glucose metabolism in Chinese patients with schizophrenia: a prospective study.
Cai, ZJ; Chen, Q; Mao, PX; Mitchell, PB; Tang, YL; Zhai, YM, 2008)		2.18
"Risperidone (6 to 16 mg)-treated patients showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower dyskinetic scores than those receiving placebo, whereas in haloperidol- and placebo-treated patients, no significant differences for dyskinetic symptoms were noted."( Effects of risperidone in tardive dyskinesia: an analysis of the Canadian multicenter risperidone study.
Chouinard, G, 1995)		1.4
"With risperidone treatment, the vocalizations diminished to less than 20% of baseline ratings. "( The use of risperidone in severely demented patients with persistent vocalizations.
Honer, WG; Kopala, LC, 1997)		1.2
"Risperidone treatment had a greater beneficial effect on verbal working memory than haloperidol treatment across testing conditions (with and without distraction) and study phases (fixed and flexible dose). "( Does risperidone improve verbal working memory in treatment-resistant schizophrenia?
Ames, D; Green, MF; Kern, RS; Marder, SR; Marshall, BD; McGurk, S; Mintz, J; Wirshing, WC, 1997)		2.25
"Risperidone treatment produced a greater effect on patients' ability to perceive emotion compared with haloperidol treatment."( Risperidone versus haloperidol for perception of emotion in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: preliminary findings.
Green, MF; Kee, KS; Kern, RS; Marshall, BD, 1998)		2.46
"Risperidone treatment was associated with a significant functional in-vivo 5-HT antagonism similar to clozapine."( Risperidone is associated with blunting of D-fenfluramine evoked serotonergic responses in schizophrenia.
Curtis, VA; Jones, H; Lucey, JV; Wright, PA, 1998)		2.46
"Risperidone treatment produced significant improvements over baseline in the incidence and severity of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)."( Phase-IV multicentre clinical study of risperidone in the treatment of outpatients with schizophrenia. The RIS-CAN-3 Study Group.
Beauclair, L; Chouinard, G; Johnson, SV; Kopala, L; Labelle, A; Singh, KI, 1998)		1.29
"Risperidone-treated patients showed greater improvement than haloperidol-treated patients in general verbal learning ability, a finding characterized by significant treatment effects on CVLT measures of learning acquisition, recall consistency, and recognition memory."( Risperidone versus haloperidol on secondary memory: can newer medications aid learning?
Green, MF; Kern, RS; Marder, SR; Marshall, BD; McGurk, SR; Mintz, J; Wirshing, D; Wirshing, WC, 1999)		2.47
"Risperidone-treated subjects with a greater degree of acute mood change were both 3.58 times more likely to relapse than their risperidone counterparts who had experienced less mood improvement (p = .008) and 8.55 times more likely than olanzapine-treated subjects who had had similar mood improvements (p = .001)."( The course of depressive symptoms in predicting relapse in schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized comparison of olanzapine and risperidone.
Andersen, SW; Tollefson, GD; Tran, PV, 1999)		1.23
"Risperidone-treated subjects were significantly less likely than haloperidol-treated subjects to require concomitant anticholinergic medication after 4 weeks (20% versus 63%); they also had significantly les observable akathisia (24% versus 53%) and significantly less severe tardive dyskinesia."( Risperidone in treatment-refractory schizophrenia.
Green, MF; Marder, SR; Marshall, BD; Mintz, J; Wirshing, DA; Wirshing, WC, 1999)		2.47
"Risperidone treatment did not adversely affect symptoms specific to Parkinson's disease, as assessed by the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)."( Risperidone in the treatment of dopamine-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease: an open pilot trial.
De Deyn, PP; Hildebrand, K; Mendis, T; Mohr, E, 2000)		2.47
"Risperidone-treated children and adolescents experienced significant weight gain between baseline and endpoint (paired t test, p < 0.001) that was first evident within 2 months of starting treatment, progressed steadily at an average rate of 1.2 kg/month, and did not reach a clear plateau during 6 months of observation."( Risperidone-associated weight gain in children and adolescents: a retrospective chart review.
Cicchetti, D; Landau, J; Leckman, JF; Leebens, P; Martin, A; Scahill, L; Ulizio, K, 2000)		2.47
"Risperidone pre-treatment reduced the self-rated 'high' produced by cocaine."( Risperidone pre-treatment reduces the euphoric effects of experimentally administered cocaine.
Kalechstein, AD; Ling, W; Newton, TF; Tervo, K; Uslaner, J, 2001)		2.47
"Risperidone treatment was given for 8 weeks; the permitted dosage range was 4 mg to 10 mg daily."( Risperidone treatment of outpatients with schizophrenia: no evidence of sex differences in treatment response.
Dunbar, F; Labelle, A; Light, M, 2001)		2.47
"Risperidone-treated patients showed a significantly greater decrease in the positive (P < 0.01), negative (P < 0.05) and general psychopathology (P < 0.001) scores than patients receiving other antipsychotics or haloperidol."( Treatment of the symptoms of schizophrenia: a combined analysis of double-blind studies comparing risperidone with haloperidol and other antipsychotic agents.
Glick, ID; Lemmens, P; Vester-Blokland, E, 2001)		1.25
"Risperidone treatment improved symptoms, disability of the included patients with a significant reduction in the mean total scores of BPRS, CGI and DDS-SV observed from the first month of treatment onwards. "( [Risperidone in the treatment of psychotic patients with opiate abuse and dependence].
Bobes, J; Casas, M; Gibert, J; Gutiérrez, M; Octavio, I; Roncero, C, )		2.48
"Risperidone treatment was well tolerated, and no clinically relevant changes in EPS."( Effect of risperidone on behavioral and psychological symptoms and cognitive function in dementia.
Ertl, MG; Haushofer, M; Kraxberger, E; Masching, AJ; Rainer, MK, 2001)		1.43
"Risperidone-treated patients had a significantly higher DAI-10 score compared to haloperidol-treated patients."( Subjective response to antipsychotic treatment and compliance in schizophrenia. A naturalistic study comparing olanzapine, risperidone and haloperidol (EFESO Study).
Edgell, E; García-Cabeza, I; Gómez, JC; González de Chavez, M; Sacristán, JA, 2001)		1.24
"Risperidone-treated patients did not differ from healthy subjects for PPI with any prepulse trials."( Prepulse inhibition of the startle response in risperidone-treated patients: comparison with typical antipsychotics.
Kumari, V; Sharma, T; Soni, W, 2002)		1.29
"Risperidone treatment significantly increased the serum PRL levels of schizophrenic patients."( Risperidone-induced increase in serum prolactin is correlated with positive symptom improvement in chronic schizophrenia.
Shen, YC; Wu, GY; Yuan, CL; Zhang, PY; Zhang, XY; Zhou, DF, 2002)		2.48
"Risperidone treatment was statistically superior to placebo, with a trend toward superiority to haloperidol."( Risperidone: clinical safety and efficacy in schizophrenia.
Borison, RL; Diamond, BI; Meibach, RC; Pathiraja, AP, 1992)		2.45
"Co-treatment with risperidone and escitalopram (5mg/kg) or mirtazapine (10mg/kg) more efficiently increased the release of 5-HT but not DA in the rat frontal cortex, as compared to drugs given alone."( The effect of chronic co-treatment with risperidone and novel antidepressant drugs on the dopamine and serotonin levels in the rats frontal cortex.
Górska, A; Gołembiowska, K; Kamińska, K; Noworyta-Sokołowska, K; Rogóż, Z; Wojtas, A, 2018)		1.07
"Treatment with risperidone significantly suppressed the IRS and CIRS."( Activation of the immune-inflammatory response system and the compensatory immune-regulatory system in antipsychotic naive first episode psychosis.
Belangero, SI; Bressan, RA; Cordeiro, Q; Gadelha, A; Maes, M; Noto, C; Noto, MN; Nunes, SOV; Ota, VK; Rossaneis, AC; Verri, WA, 2019)		0.85
"The treatment with risperidone and aripiprazole in children with psychiatric disorders is not associated with clinically relevant modifications of QT interval."( ECG parameters in children and adolescents treated with aripiprazole and risperidone.
Calabrò, MP; D'Amico, G; Gagliano, A; Germanò, E; Guerriero, L; Ingrassia, M; Italiano, D; Lamberti, M; Privitera, C; Siracusano, R; Spina, E, 2014)		0.95
"Co-treatment with risperidone (0.01 mg/kg) and mirtazapine (2.5 or 5 mg/kg) abolished the effect of MK-801, whereas those drugs given separately did not change the action of MK-801."( Effect of combined treatment with mirtazapine and risperidone on the MK-801-induced changes in the object recognition test in mice.
Rogóż, Z, 2013)		0.97
"Treatment with risperidone was immediately discontinued."( Liver enzyme abnormalities during antipsychotic treatment: a case report of risperidone-associated hepatotoxicity.
Berecz, R; Doña, A; Dorado, P; LLerena, A; López-Torres, E; Peñas-LLedó, EM; Süveges, A, 2014)		0.97
"Treatment with risperidone over 6 weeks led to increased prolactin levels, liver functions, metabolic measures, and weight/body mass index (BMI)."( Placebo-controlled trial of valproic Acid versus risperidone in children 3-7 years of age with bipolar I disorder.
Altaye, M; Delgado, S; Kowatch, RA; Lagory, D; Monroe, E; Scheffer, RE, 2015)		1.01
"The treatment of risperidone significantly up-regulated the expressions of BDNF and TrkB in prefrontal cortex, temporal cortex and hippocampus, while the expression of P75NTR was not significantly changed."( [Effect of Risperidone on BDNF-TrkB Signaling Pathway in Rat Brain].
Li, T; Liang, LH; Ma, XH; Ni, PY; Wang, X; Wang, YC; Wei, JX; Yu, B; Zhao, LS, 2015)		1.15
"Treatment with risperidone normalized topological parameters in the limbic system, and the enhancement positively correlated with the reduction in PANSS-positive symptoms."( Risperidone-induced topological alterations of anatomical brain network in first-episode drug-naive schizophrenia patients: a longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging study.
Chen, H; Chen, X; He, Y; Hu, M; Li, Y; Li, Z; Liao, Y; Lv, L; Mann, JJ; Pantazatos, SP; Sang, D; Tang, J; Zhao, H; Zheng, J; Zhou, J; Zong, X, 2016)		2.22
"Pretreatment with risperidone largely attenuated ketamine-induced changes in FC."( Ketamine-induced changes in connectivity of functional brain networks in awake female nonhuman primates: a translational functional imaging model.
Gopinath, K; Howell, L; Kempf, D; Maltbie, E; Urushino, N, 2016)		0.76
"Treatment with risperidone significantly increased the plasma NO(x) levels by 8 weeks (before; 1.85 +/- 0.70 microM, after; 2.25 +/- 1.00 microM, p = 0.0491)."( Association between plasma nitric oxide metabolites levels and negative symptoms of schizophrenia: a pilot study.
Hori, H; Ikenouchi-Sugita, A; Nakamura, J; Nakano, H; Nakano, Y; Ueda, N; Umene-Nakano, W; Yoshimura, R, 2010)		0.7
"Treatment with risperidone for eight weeks (dose range, 0.5 to 3.5 mg per day) resulted in a 56.9 percent reduction in the Irritability score, as compared with a 14.1 percent decrease in the placebo group (P<0.001)."( Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems.
Aman, MG; Arnold, LE; Carroll, D; Cronin, P; Davies, M; Ghuman, J; Gonzalez, NM; Grados, M; Hollway, J; Hong, D; Koenig, K; Kohn, A; Lancor, A; Lindsay, R; Martin, A; McCracken, JT; McDougle, CJ; McGough, J; McMahon, D; Nash, P; Posey, D; Ritz, L; Robinson, J; Scahill, L; Shah, B; Swiezy, N; Tierney, E; Vitiello, B; Volkmar, F, 2002)		2.1
"Treatment with risperidone resulted in a significant decrease in the intensity of schizophrenic symptoms and in an improvement in all neuropsychological tests applied."( Risperidone treatment of schizophrenia: improvement in psychopathology and neuropsychological tests.
Araszkiewicz, A; Borkowska, A; Rajewski, A; Rybakowski, JK, 2002)		2.1
"Treatment with risperidone 0.25-0.5 mg per day was associated with clinically meaningful decreases in problem behaviors including hyperactivity, irritability, and aggressiveness."( Risperidone in the treatment of autistic Thai children under 4 years of age.
Boon-Yasidhi, V; Soising, L; Suwanwattana, C; Tarugsa, J, 2002)		2.1
"Treatment with risperidone was in most cases effective (72% and 74%, respectively), but effectiveness was established sooner in the adult patients than in the elderly patients (7 versus 14 days)."( Outcomes and costs of treatment with risperidone in adult and elderly patients: the Delta patient using risperidone study.
Loonen, AJ; Loos, JC; Van Zonneveld, TH, 2002)		0.93
"Treatment with risperidone improves symptoms."( [Autism of unknown aetiology].
Holguín, JA, )		0.47
"Pretreatment with risperidone (0.5 mg/kg) and ketanserin (5 mg/kg) prevented the development of hyperthermia and the increase in the NA level."( Memantine, an NMDA antagonist, prevents the development of hyperthermia in an animal model for serotonin syndrome.
Kato, S; Nisijima, K; Shioda, K; Takano, K; Yoshino, T, 2004)		0.65
"Treatment with risperidone was offered to acutely psychotic schizophrenic patients with the requirement of a minimum score of > or =4 on 2 items of the PANSS positive symptoms subscale. "( Risperidone in the treatment of acute schizophrenia.
Naber, D; Raedler, TJ; Schreiner, A; Wiedemann, K, 2004)		2.12
"Treatment with risperidone reduced the mean CGI score from 5.9 to 4.8 (P < 0.001)."( Risperidone in the treatment of acute schizophrenia.
Naber, D; Raedler, TJ; Schreiner, A; Wiedemann, K, 2004)		2.11
"Treatment with risperidone is associated with prolactin (PRL) elevation, and PRL elevations are associated with erectile dysfunction (ED). "( Prolactin levels and erectile function in patients treated with risperidone.
Bartztokis, G; Cargile, C; Spollen, JJ; Wooten, RG, 2004)		0.92
"Treatment with risperidone was frequently associated with hyperprolactinemia and related symptoms, whereas the occurrence of PRL elevation and related symptoms was modest in patients receiving olanzapine and nonexistent in those receiving clozapine. "( Differences in prolactin elevation and related symptoms of atypical antipsychotics in schizophrenic patients.
Melkersson, K, 2005)		0.68
"Treatment with risperidone for either 3 or 6 weeks in an open trial significantly reduced total and subscales scores on the PANSS and on the PTSD-I and CGI-S when compared to baseline scores in patients with psychotic PTSD."( Risperidone in psychotic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: an open trial.
Kozarić-Kovacić, D; Mück-Seler, D; Pivac, N; Rothbaum, BO, 2005)		2.12
"Treatment with risperidone long-acting injectable was well tolerated, and no significant weight gain occurred during the study."( Sustained improvement of clinical outcome with risperidone long-acting injectable in psychotic patients previously treated with olanzapine.
Frazzingaro, S; Gastpar, M; Latif, MA; Lombertie, ER; Masiak, M; Medori, R, 2005)		0.93
"Treatment with risperidone at the time of the first episode of schizophrenia is associated with wide-ranging improvements in cognitive functioning. "( Treatment of cognitive impairment in early psychosis: a comparison of risperidone and haloperidol in a large long-term trial.
Davidson, M; Eerdekens, M; Harvey, PD; Rabinowitz, J, 2005)		0.92
"The treatment with risperidone was well tolerated."( [Changeover to risperidone after treatment with conventional low potency neuroleptics in dementia patients. An observation study during usage].
Schmitt, AB; Schreiner, A; Stoppe, G, 2006)		1.01
"Treatment with risperidone or quetiapine was associated with the lowest overall costs when compared with olanzapine or clozapine."( Resource utilization in a Canadian national study of people with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders.
Balshaw, R; Kopala, L; Love, L; Malla, A; Smith, G; Talling, D; Williams, R, 2006)		0.69
"Treatment with risperidone for 8 weeks, but not 2 or 4 weeks, significantly improved working memory performance. "( Propranolol blocks chronic risperidone treatment-induced enhancement of spatial working memory performance of rats in a delayed matching-to-place water maze task.
Dawe, GS; Lim, EP; Nagarajah, R; Verma, V, 2007)		0.99
"Treatment with risperidone was correlated with resolution of her psychosis and improvement in neuropsychiatric symptoms."( Hashimoto encephalopathy responding to risperidone.
Bismilla, Z; Donner, E; Sell, E, 2007)		0.95
"Treatment with risperidone for 4 weeks did not increase daily cigarette consumption or plasma levels of cotinine and caffeine."( Acute risperidone treatment did not increase daily cigarette consumption or plasma levels of cotinine and caffeine: a pilot study.
Hori, H; Kakihara, S; Nakamura, J; Sugita, A; Ueda, N; Umene-Nakano, W; Yoshimura, R, 2008)		1.17
"Treatment with risperidone solution orally or parenteral haloperidol until the day after admission, followed by olanzapine, successfully improved the clinical condition of the patients. "( Three cases of schizophrenia for which olanzapine was effective after early acute phase.
Inada, T; Oda, T; Yamamoto, N, 2008)		0.7
"Treatment with risperidone appears to exert a more favorable effect on verbal working memory than treatment with a conventional neuroleptic. "( Does risperidone improve verbal working memory in treatment-resistant schizophrenia?
Ames, D; Green, MF; Kern, RS; Marder, SR; Marshall, BD; McGurk, S; Mintz, J; Wirshing, WC, 1997)		1.16
"When treated with risperidone 2 mg/day, both his sleep and the delusional thoughts improved markedly and his daytime alertness increased."( Beneficial effect of risperidone on sleep disturbance and psychosis following traumatic brain injury.
Gross, Y; Klag, E; Pick, CG; Schreiber, S; Segman, RH, 1998)		0.94
"Treatment with risperidone, 6 mg/day, is likely to induce unnecessarily high D2 receptor occupancy, with a consequent risk of extrapyramidal side effects. "( Suggested minimal effective dose of risperidone based on PET-measured D2 and 5-HT2A receptor occupancy in schizophrenic patients.
Eriksson, B; Farde, L; Halldin, C; Nyberg, S; Oxenstierna, G, 1999)		0.93
"Oral treatment with risperidone and lorazepam appears to be a tolerable and comparable alternative to intramuscular haloperidol and lorazepam for short-term treatment of agitated psychosis in patients who accept oral medications."( Risperidone liquid concentrate and oral lorazepam versus intramuscular haloperidol and intramuscular lorazepam for treatment of psychotic agitation.
Currier, GW; Simpson, GM, 2001)		2.08
"Treatment with risperidone, though, results in considerably elevated plasma prolactin (PRL) levels which are not observed with other atypical neuroleptics, such as clozapine, indicating a differentiated action on receptors that are involved in PRL release, mainly dopaminergic and serotonergic."( Neuroendocrine serotonergic and dopaminergic responsivity in male schizophrenic patients during treatment with neuroleptics and after switch to risperidone.
Hatzimanolis, J; Lykouras, L; Markianos, M, 2001)		0.85
"Treatment with risperidone was initiated at a dosage of 2 mg daily, increased to the target dosage of 6 mg daily by day 3, and maintained at 6 mg daily until day 14."( Risperidone treatment of outpatients with schizophrenia: no evidence of sex differences in treatment response.
Dunbar, F; Labelle, A; Light, M, 2001)		2.09
"Treatment on risperidone also resulted in significant reduction in the PANSS score."( The effect of risperidone on cognitive functioning in a sample of Asian patients with schizophrenia in Singapore.
Chan, YH; Chong, SA; Chua, L; Ng, VP; Pang, E, 2001)		1.02
"Treatment with risperidone was accompanied by an improvement in global functioning in patients with average to above-average impairment at baseline as measured by the Global Assessment of Functioning scale."( Risperidone in the treatment of tourette syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Annable, L; Chouinard, G; Dion, Y; Sandor, P, 2002)		2.1
"Treatment with risperidone was associated with improvement in antisaccade errors."( Improved antisaccade performance with risperidone in schizophrenia.
Burke, JG; Reveley, MA, 2002)		0.94

Toxicity

The Liverpool University Neuroleptic Side Effect Rating Scale (LUNSERS) was completed by 66 patients aged between 6 and 18 years. Young persons seemed to tolerate risperidone well, but longer exposure to the medication was associated with higher side effect levels.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" There were no major adverse reactions associated with risperidone use, but it was noted to reduce the signs of tardive dyskinesia."( Risperidone: clinical safety and efficacy in schizophrenia.
Borison, RL; Diamond, BI; Meibach, RC; Pathiraja, AP, 1992)		1.97
"Compared to traditional neuroleptics, most of the new antipsychotics are characterized by a low extrapyramidal side effect (EPS) liability and varying antipsychotic efficacy."( New antipsychotics: classification, efficacy, and adverse effects.
Gerlach, J, 1991)		0.28
" Other adverse effects were assessed using the UKU Side Effects Scale."( Extrapyramidal side effects and tolerability of risperidone: a review.
Owens, DG, 1994)		0.54
"The purpose of this study was to compare the side effect +profiles of clozapine and risperidone."( Different side effect profiles of risperidone and clozapine in 20 outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: a pilot study.
Daniel, DG; Goldberg, TE; Kleinman, JE; Lubick, LJ; Pickar, D; Weinberger, DR; Williams, TS, 1996)		0.8
"In this exploratory study, the side effect profiles of clozapine and risperidone were consistent with the different pharmacodynamic profiles of the two drugs."( Different side effect profiles of risperidone and clozapine in 20 outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: a pilot study.
Daniel, DG; Goldberg, TE; Kleinman, JE; Lubick, LJ; Pickar, D; Weinberger, DR; Williams, TS, 1996)		0.81
" Considerable progress has been made in improving the motor side effect profile with the advent of clozapine and risperidone."( Side effect profiles of new antipsychotic agents.
Casey, DE, 1996)		0.5
" The proportion of patients failing to reach at least 20% improvement on the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) or brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS), the proportion of patients discontinuing treatment because of adverse effects and the number of patients who needed antiparkinsonian medication were abstracted for use as outcome measures."( Risperidone versus haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia: a meta-analysis comparing their efficacy and safety.
Bacaltchuk, J; de Castro-e-Silva, E; de Oliveira, IR; de Sena, EP; Miranda-Scippa, AM; Pereira, EL; Ribeiro, MG, 1996)		1.74
"The purpose of this case study is to document hepatic adverse effects associated with long-term risperidone use in pediatric populations."( Case study: risperidone-induced hepatotoxicity in pediatric patients.
Briguglia, C; Grothe, D; Herion, D; Jacobsen, LK; Kumra, S, 1997)		0.89
" The adverse effects of risperidone may be due to the lack of development of acute tolerance to its powerful serotonergic (5-HT2A) antagonism, which could be responsible for the disruption of brainstem physiology in regions controlling saccadic eye movements."( Adverse effects of risperidone on eye movement activity: a comparison of risperidone and haloperidol in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenic patients.
Bauer, KS; Haas, GL; Keshavan, MS; Kroboth, PD; Schooler, NR; Sweeney, JA, 1997)		0.93
" One general rule that may reduce the risks of toxic drug interactions is to add medication to the patient's current regimen in modest doses and increase the dose slowly."( Mood stabilizer combinations: a review of safety and efficacy.
Freeman, MP; Stoll, AL, 1998)		0.3
" No correlation between the serum concentration of the active moiety and the side effects evaluated by the UKU Side Effect Scale was found."( Serum concentrations and side effects in psychiatric patients during risperidone therapy.
Bruun, T; Licht, RW; Linnet, K; Olesen, OV; Thomsen, E; Viftrup, JE, 1998)		0.53
" Thus, clinicians should address patients' concerns about adverse effects and attempt to choose medications that will improve their patients' quality of life as well as overall health."( Adverse effects of the atypical antipsychotics. Collaborative Working Group on Clinical Trial Evaluations.
, 1998)		0.3
" The two largest studies (the North American and multinational trials) included 841 patients (259 women, 582 men) with paired prolactin level data and 1,884 patients (554 women, 1,330 men) with data on six adverse events possibly associated with increased prolactin levels (amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and decreased libido in women; erectile dysfunction, ejaculatory dysfunction, gynecomastia, and decreased libido in men)."( Prolactin levels and adverse events in patients treated with risperidone.
Brecher, M; Davis, JM; de Coster, R; Kleinberg, DL; Van Baelen, B, 1999)		0.54
"To compare the side effect profile of risperidone with that of oral haloperidol in patients with no previous exposure to antipsychotic drugs (APDs)."( Neurologic side effects in neuroleptic-naive patients treated with haloperidol or risperidone.
Mazurek, MF; Rosebush, PI, 1999)		0.8
"Early studies suggested that the APD risperidone may have a side effect profile comparable with that of placebo."( Neurologic side effects in neuroleptic-naive patients treated with haloperidol or risperidone.
Mazurek, MF; Rosebush, PI, 1999)		0.8
"The neurologic side effect profile of low-dose risperidone is comparable with that of haloperidol in patients receiving APDs for the first time."( Neurologic side effects in neuroleptic-naive patients treated with haloperidol or risperidone.
Mazurek, MF; Rosebush, PI, 1999)		0.79
" To prove whether weight gain is a relevant side effect of atypical neuroleptics, the charts of all patients admitted with DSM-III-R diagnoses of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or delusional disorder in the years 1991 to 1995 were evaluated."( Weight gain: side effect of atypical neuroleptics?
Müssigbrodt, HE; Wetterling, T, 1999)		0.3
" The side effects associated with traditional antipsychotic treatment are generally minimal in patients who take risperidone, a combined 5-HT2/D2 antagonist, but the literature is sparse on adverse events among the newer atypical antipsychotics."( Risperidone side effects.
Conley, RR, 2000)		1.96
" Compared with traditional agents, olanzapine shows only a few adverse events such as dry mouth, sedation, and increase in appetite."( Adverse events related to olanzapine.
Conley, RR; Meltzer, HY, 2000)		0.31
" Their adverse effects, which include extrapyramidal side effects, tardive dyskinesia, weight gain, sedation, and sexual dysfunction, often lead to non-compliance; their use may have a negative impact on the overall course of illness; and they may not be as effective as lithium in treating the core manic symptoms over the long term."( Antipsychotic drug side effect issues in bipolar manic patients.
Zarate, CA, 2000)		0.31
" Safety was monitored by open adverse event reporting, the Simpson-Angus Scale, the Barnes Akathisia Scale and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement scale."( Safety profile of amisulpride in short- and long-term use.
Coulouvrat, C; Dondey-Nouvel, L; Rein, W, 2000)		0.31
" Olanzapine seems to be safe in this patient, since no major decreases of haematological parameters were observed."( Olanzapine appears haematologically safe in patients who developed blood dyscrasia on clozapine and risperidone.
Dernovsek, MZ; Tavcar, R, 2000)		0.52
" No patient experienced serious extrapyramidal side effects, sedation, or any other adverse event during the rapid titration, and in no case did risperidone have to be discontinued."( Safety and tolerability of a rapidly escalating dose-loading regimen for risperidone.
Feifel, D; Moutier, CY; Perry, W, 2000)		0.74
" Assessments included the YMRS, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), the 4-item Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) scale, and the UKU Side Effect Rating Scale subscale for neurologic side effects."( Efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of schizoaffective disorder: initial results from a large, multicenter surveillance study. Group for the Study of Risperidone in Affective Disorders (GSRAD).
Benabarre, A; Colom, F; Fernández, A; Gastó, C; Herraiz, M; Martínez-Arán, A; Reinares, M; Vieta, E, 2001)		0.62
" Despite the limitations of the open-label design, the results indicate that risperidone is a safe and effective therapy in combination with mood-stabilizers for the treatment of patients with manic, hypomanic, and depressive symptoms of mixed episodes in schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type."( Efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of schizoaffective disorder: initial results from a large, multicenter surveillance study. Group for the Study of Risperidone in Affective Disorders (GSRAD).
Benabarre, A; Colom, F; Fernández, A; Gastó, C; Herraiz, M; Martínez-Arán, A; Reinares, M; Vieta, E, 2001)		0.85
" The design of the most comprehensive of these, the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS), is exhaustive, and it successfully quantifies EPS and distinguishes toxic from nontoxic medications."( Scales to assess efficacy and safety of pharmacologic agents in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.
De Deyn, PP; Wirshing, WC, 2001)		0.31
"In 2 pivotal trials comparing risperidone with placebo, the risk of adverse events was similar in both treatment groups when risperidone was given at the optimal clinical dose (1 mg/day)."( Long-term safety of risperidone.
Davidson, M, 2001)		0.92
" We conducted a survey of Spanish psychiatrists in mental health centers and outpatient treatment units to assess the severity scores that they would assign to a list of the most common adverse events (AEs) that usually occur with antipsychotic treatment."( Global index of safety (GIS): a new instrument to assess drug safety.
Badía, X; Gómez, JC; Kind, P; Sacristán, JA, 2001)		0.31
" Adverse effects were monitored in all 110 patients."( The efficacy and safety of risperidone for the treatment of geriatric psychosis.
Chang, JW; Cheng, CY; Hwang, JP; Tsai, SJ; Yang, CH; Yu, HC, 2001)		0.61
" Doses were adjusted to maximize efficacy and to minimize adverse events."( A comparison of the relative safety, efficacy, and tolerability of quetiapine and risperidone in outpatients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders: the quetiapine experience with safety and tolerability (QUEST) study.
Jibson, MD; Mullen, J; Sweitzer, D, 2001)		0.54
" The most common adverse events in the quetiapine and risperidone groups were somnolence (31."( A comparison of the relative safety, efficacy, and tolerability of quetiapine and risperidone in outpatients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders: the quetiapine experience with safety and tolerability (QUEST) study.
Jibson, MD; Mullen, J; Sweitzer, D, 2001)		0.78
" These preliminary results suggest that crossover from haloperidol to risperidone is generally safe and effective and may produce favorable moods in agitated dementia patients."( Shifting from haloperidol to risperidone for behavioral disturbances in dementia: safety, response predictors, and mood effects.
Chang, WH; Chang, YC; Chiu, CC; Huang, MC; Lane, HY; Su, MH, 2002)		0.84
" Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) were assessed using the UKU Side Effect Rating Scale."( Risperidone safety and efficacy in the treatment of bipolar and schizoaffective disorders: results from a 6-month, multicenter, open study.
Benabarre, A; Colom, F; Corbella, B; Fernández, A; Goikolea, JM; Martínez, G; Martínez-Arán, A; Reinares, M; Torrent, C; Vieta, E, 2001)		1.75
" Adverse events were few and mostly mild."( Risperidone safety and efficacy in the treatment of bipolar and schizoaffective disorders: results from a 6-month, multicenter, open study.
Benabarre, A; Colom, F; Corbella, B; Fernández, A; Goikolea, JM; Martínez, G; Martínez-Arán, A; Reinares, M; Torrent, C; Vieta, E, 2001)		1.75
"Converging evidence indicates that, in controlled drug trials, individuals receiving novel antipsychotic medications have fewer adverse effects than those receiving conventional antipsychotic medications."( Short report: comparison of patient satisfaction and burden of adverse effects with novel and conventional neuroleptics: a naturalistic study.
Bromet, EJ; Davidson, M; Rabinowitz, J, 2001)		0.31
"Psychopharmacology research aims to expand the therapeutic ratio between efficacy, on the one hand, and adverse events and safety, on the other."( Psychotropic drugs and adverse events in the treatment of bipolar disorders revisited.
McIntyre, RS, 2002)		0.31
"The effects of haloperidol, risperidone, and thioridazine on the pharmacokinetics and side-effect profile of quetiapine were investigated in 36 patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder in a single-center, two-period, multiple-dose, open-label, randomized trial."( The safety and pharmacokinetics of quetiapine when coadministered with haloperidol, risperidone, or thioridazine.
Alva, G; Arvanitis, LA; Bera, R; Potkin, SG; Thyrum, PT; Yeh, C, 2002)		0.83
" The severity and incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms and adverse events did not significantly increase when fluoxetine was added."( The effect of fluoxetine on the pharmacokinetics and safety of risperidone in psychotic patients.
Baumann, P; Bertschy, G; Bondolfi, G; Eap, CB; Vermeulen, A; Zullino, D, 2002)		0.55
" Adverse events caused by co-administration were assessed."( A pilot, randomized, open-label trial assessing safety and pharmakokinetic parameters of co-administration of rivastigmine with risperidone in dementia patients with behavioral disturbances.
Anand, R; Cicin-Sain, A; Hartman, R; Korczyn, AD; Rotmensch, HH; Weiser, M, 2002)		0.52
"No clinically relevant adverse interactions were observed."( A pilot, randomized, open-label trial assessing safety and pharmakokinetic parameters of co-administration of rivastigmine with risperidone in dementia patients with behavioral disturbances.
Anand, R; Cicin-Sain, A; Hartman, R; Korczyn, AD; Rotmensch, HH; Weiser, M, 2002)		0.52
"The novel antipsychotic medications offer a more favorable extrapyramidal side effect profile than conventional agents."( Sexual side effects of novel antipsychotic medications.
Marder, SR; Pierre, JM; Saunders, CS; Wirshing, DA; Wirshing, WC, 2002)		0.31
"Sexual side effects are common clinically pertinent adverse effects associated with both novel and conventional antipsychotic medications."( Sexual side effects of novel antipsychotic medications.
Marder, SR; Pierre, JM; Saunders, CS; Wirshing, DA; Wirshing, WC, 2002)		0.31
"This open study provides further evidence that risperidone is safe and effective in combination with mood stabilisers in the manic phase of bipolar disorder."( Risperidone in the treatment of mania: efficacy and safety results from a large, multicentre, open study in Spain.
Benabarre, A; Fernández, A; Goikolea, JM; Herraiz, M; Parramon, G; Vieta, E, 2002)		2.01
" Galantamine and risperidone were both safe and well tolerated administered either alone or together."( Pharmacokinetic and safety assessments of galantamine and risperidone after the two drugs are administered alone and together.
Huang, F; Janssens, L; Lasseter, KC; Lau, H; Verhaeghe, T; Zhao, Q, 2002)		0.9
" Adverse events (predominantly headache, nervousness, and somnolence) were minor and comparable for all treatment groups."( Pharmacokinetic and safety assessments of concurrent administration of risperidone and donepezil.
Jia, X; Parier, JL; Pesco-Koplowitz, L; Xie, C; Zhao, Q, 2003)		0.55
" This is because of their efficacy in the treatment of several psychiatric disorders, ease of administration, and absence of the well-known extrapyramidal adverse effects long-attributed to the standard dopamine blocking anti-psychotic medications."( Atypical psychotropic medications and their adverse effects: a review for the African-American primary care physician.
Bailey, RK, 2003)		0.32
" Adverse events related to extrapyramidal symptoms were spontaneously reported by 13% of patients receiving placebo and 10% of patients in the 25-mg risperidone group, with higher rates in the 50-mg and 75-mg groups."( Long-acting injectable risperidone: efficacy and safety of the first long-acting atypical antipsychotic.
Eerdekens, M; Kane, JM; Karcher, K; Keith, SJ; Lesem, M; Lindenmayer, JP, 2003)		0.83
"To assess the adverse events associated with the appropriate use of oral risperidone and oral olanzapine in long-term care patients with behavioral and psychotic disturbances associated with dementia."( Safety profile assessment of risperidone and olanzapine in long-term care patients with dementia.
Cornacchione, MJ; Deymann, S; Martin, H; Slyk, MP, )		0.65
" Adverse events of particular significance in the elderly population, including agitation/anxiety, laxative use, dry eyes, and falls, were collected from audited medical records."( Safety profile assessment of risperidone and olanzapine in long-term care patients with dementia.
Cornacchione, MJ; Deymann, S; Martin, H; Slyk, MP, )		0.42
"Among long-term care residents with dementia who received low doses of risperidone or olanzapine, the incidence of adverse events was low."( Safety profile assessment of risperidone and olanzapine in long-term care patients with dementia.
Cornacchione, MJ; Deymann, S; Martin, H; Slyk, MP, )		0.66
" Side effects were monitored using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale, the Simpson-Angus Scale, the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale, and the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersogelser Side Effect Rating Scale."( Effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of risperidone in adolescents with schizophrenia: an open-label study.
Bensason, D; Carmon, E; Martin, A; Tyano, S; Weizman, A; Zalsman, G, 2003)		0.58
" The aim of this study is to explore the adverse effects of conventional and atypical antipsychotic drugs and their associated factors."( Adverse effects of risperidone and haloperidol treatment in schizophrenia.
Chong, MY; Lung, FW; Yen, YC, 2004)		0.65
" The safety and tolerability were assessed with the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale, the UKU Side-Effect Rating Scale and clinical laboratory assessments."( Adverse effects of risperidone and haloperidol treatment in schizophrenia.
Chong, MY; Lung, FW; Yen, YC, 2004)		0.65
" The most frequent adverse effects for both groups were tremor and rigidity."( Adverse effects of risperidone and haloperidol treatment in schizophrenia.
Chong, MY; Lung, FW; Yen, YC, 2004)		0.65
" The aim of this paper is to review literature about newer antipsychotics, focusing on their advantages in terms of efficacy and side effect profiles when compared to classical and older atypical antipsychotics, and to evaluate the efficacy of the different new antipsychotics when compared to one another."( New antipsychotics and schizophrenia: a review on efficacy and side effects.
Berardi, D; De Ronchi, D; Lorenzi, C; Serretti, A, 2004)		0.32
" While typical antipsychotics are often switched to atypical agents when adverse effects become limiting, there is little preclinical information to support this strategy, both in terms of efficacy and side effects."( Combined treatment of quetiapine with haloperidol in animal models of antipsychotic effect and extrapyramidal side effects: comparison with risperidone and chlorpromazine.
Matsuoka, N; Mutoh, S; Shirakawa, K; Tada, M, 2004)		0.53
" Adverse events related to movement disorders were reported in 3%."( Long-acting injectable risperidone: safety and efficacy in stable patients switched from conventional depot antipsychotics.
Eerdekens, E; Eerdekens, M; Jacko, M; Turner, M, 2004)		0.63
" Of the 141 patients who participated in the study, the most frequently reported adverse events were insomnia (16%), headache (15%), psychosis (11%), and agitation (11%)."( Safety and efficacy of long-acting risperidone in schizophrenia: a 12-week, multicenter, open-label study in stable patients switched from typical and atypical oral antipsychotics.
Berry, SA; Eerdekens, E; Eerdekens, M; Lindenmayer, JP, 2004)		0.6
"Switching treatment from oral antipsychotics to long-acting risperidone without an intervening period of oral risperidone was safe and well tolerated."( Safety and efficacy of long-acting risperidone in schizophrenia: a 12-week, multicenter, open-label study in stable patients switched from typical and atypical oral antipsychotics.
Berry, SA; Eerdekens, E; Eerdekens, M; Lindenmayer, JP, 2004)		0.84
" Adverse events reported in >10% of patients were insomnia (14%), constipation (12%), and bronchitis (12%)."( Efficacy and safety of long-acting risperidone in elderly patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.
Bossie, CA; Davidson, M; Eerdekens, M; Gharabawi, G; Lasser, RA; Zhu, Y, 2004)		0.6
" Safety measures included the recording of spontaneous adverse events and extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)."( Safety and tolerability of olanzapine compared with other antipsychotics in the treatment of elderly patients with schizophrenia: a naturalistic study.
Ciudad, A; Gómez, JC; Montes, JM; Olivares, JM, 2004)		0.32
"The incidence of overall adverse events and EPS was non-significantly lower in patients treated with olanzapine than in patients treated with other antipsychotics."( Safety and tolerability of olanzapine compared with other antipsychotics in the treatment of elderly patients with schizophrenia: a naturalistic study.
Ciudad, A; Gómez, JC; Montes, JM; Olivares, JM, 2004)		0.32
"Results from this naturalistic study showed that olanzapine was as safe and effective as other antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of elderly patients with schizophrenia."( Safety and tolerability of olanzapine compared with other antipsychotics in the treatment of elderly patients with schizophrenia: a naturalistic study.
Ciudad, A; Gómez, JC; Montes, JM; Olivares, JM, 2004)		0.32
" The most common adverse event in both treatment groups was diarrhoea (6/16 risperidone + donepezil HCl patients and 9/16 donepezil HCl only subjects)."( Concurrent administration of donepezil HCl and risperidone in patients with schizophrenia: assessment of pharmacokinetic changes and safety following multiple oral doses.
Cullen, EI; Khan, A; Kumar, D; Perdomo, CA; Pratt, RD; Preskorn, SH; Reyes, JF, 2004)		0.81
"Five new antipsychotic drugs introduced in the United States in the last decade offer physicians the ability to treat patients with schizophrenia and bipolar mania without the adverse effects of the first-generation antipsychotics."( The promise of atypical antipsychotics: fewer side effects mean enhanced compliance and improved functioning.
Citrome, L; Volavka, J, 2004)		0.32
" No unexpected adverse events were recorded."( Comparative efficacy and safety of long-acting risperidone and risperidone oral tablets.
Augustyns, I; Chue, P; David, AS; Eerdekens, M; Eriksson, L; Lachaux, B; Molcan, P; Pretorius, H, 2005)		0.59
" The only side effect significantly more severe in risperidone-treated compared to placebo-treated patients was sedation."( A double-blind controlled study of adjunctive treatment with risperidone in schizophrenic patients partially responsive to clozapine: efficacy and safety.
Alptekin, K; Anil Yağcioğlu, AE; Ertuğrul, A; Göğüş, A; Jayathilake, K; Kivircik Akdede, BB; Meltzer, HY; Tümüklü, M; Tunca, Z; Turgut, TI; Yazici, MK, 2005)		0.82
" However, there are still significant adverse effects and toxicities with this class of medications."( Toxicology and overdose of atypical antipsychotic medications in children: does newer necessarily mean safer?
Dubois, D, 2005)		0.33
"Continued research to evaluate adverse effects and tolerability of atypical antipsychotics compared with first-generation antipsychotics and each other is reviewed."( Toxicology and overdose of atypical antipsychotic medications in children: does newer necessarily mean safer?
Dubois, D, 2005)		0.33
"While new atypical antipsychotic medications may have a safer therapeutic and overdose profile than first-generation antipsychotic medications, many adverse and toxic effects still need to be considered in therapeutic monitoring and overdose management."( Toxicology and overdose of atypical antipsychotic medications in children: does newer necessarily mean safer?
Dubois, D, 2005)		0.33
" Side effects were carefully monitored using adverse event evaluation charts."( Effectiveness and safety of risperidone for children and adolescents with chronic tic or tourette disorders in Korea.
Cho, SC; Hwang, JW; Kim, BN; Lee, CB; Shin, MS, 2005)		0.62
" Psychotic symptoms were assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS); movement disorders by the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS); adverse events (AEs) were reported spontaneously."( Lack of impact of race on the efficacy and safety of long-acting risperidone versus placebo in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.
Bossie, CA; Ciliberto, N; Lasser, RA; Urioste, R, 2005)		0.57
"Treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) were monitored during an 8-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of risperidone (0."( Acute and long-term safety and tolerability of risperidone in children with autism.
Aman, MG; Arnold, LE; Chuang, S; Davies, M; Ghuman, JK; Gonzalez, NM; Koenig, K; Lindsay, RL; Martin, A; McCracken, JT; McDougle, CJ; McGough, J; Nash, PL; Posey, DJ; Ritz, L; Scahill, L; Shah, B; Swiezy, NB; Tierney, E; Vitiello, B, 2005)		0.8
"Both drugs were well tolerated and their use was associated with fewer symptoms of schizophrenia and less adverse effects than were seen when the patients were taking a typical antipsychotic at baseline."( A comparison of the efficacy and safety of olanzapine and risperidone in the treatment of elderly patients with schizophrenia: an open study of six months duration.
Ames, D; Chiu, E; Hall, K; Halliday, G; Harrigan, S; Hassett, A; Hustig, H; MacFarlane, S; Mastwyk, M; Nagalingam, V; O'Connor, DW; Opie, J; Ritchie, CW; Snowdon, J, 2006)		0.58
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)		0.32
" Safety was assessed using the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS), clinical laboratory tests, electrocardiograms, and the recording of adverse events, vital signs, Tanner score, and changes in body mass index (BMI)."( Long-term safety and efficacy of risperidone in children with disruptive behaviour disorders. Results of a 2-year extension study.
Augustyns, I; Csaba, K; Eerdekens, M; Olah, R; Reyes, M, 2006)		0.62
" Most adverse events were mild or moderate in severity, and none of them were considered probably or very likely related to risperidone."( Long-term safety and efficacy of risperidone in children with disruptive behaviour disorders. Results of a 2-year extension study.
Augustyns, I; Csaba, K; Eerdekens, M; Olah, R; Reyes, M, 2006)		0.82
"Continuing low-dose risperidone for up to 3 years appears to be safe and effective in children with disruptive behaviour disorders."( Long-term safety and efficacy of risperidone in children with disruptive behaviour disorders. Results of a 2-year extension study.
Augustyns, I; Csaba, K; Eerdekens, M; Olah, R; Reyes, M, 2006)		0.94
" Safety and tolerability were good overall, with the number of adverse events (AEs) decreasing in the extension trial, compared to the original trial."( Long-term use of risperidone in children with disruptive behavior disorders and subaverage intelligence: efficacy, safety, and tolerability.
Augustyns, I; Croonenberghs, J; Eerdekens, M; Reyes, M, 2006)		0.67
"Risperidone is safe and effective in treating DBDs in children over a cumulative period of 2 years."( Long-term use of risperidone in children with disruptive behavior disorders and subaverage intelligence: efficacy, safety, and tolerability.
Augustyns, I; Croonenberghs, J; Eerdekens, M; Reyes, M, 2006)		2.12
" When patients were switched directly or indirectly from another antipsychotic agent, LAR was generally well tolerated, with a low incidence of withdrawals due to adverse events (1%-16%)."( Long-acting risperidone: focus on safety.
Möller, HJ, 2006)		0.71
" When patients were switched from other antipsychotics, use of LAR was not associated with an increased risk of adverse events compared with placebo."( Long-acting risperidone: focus on safety.
Möller, HJ, 2006)		0.71
" Most frequent adverse events were psychosis, headache, insomnia, agitation, and rhinitis."( Long-term safety and tolerability of long-acting injectable risperidone in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.
Eerdekens, M; Khan, A; Kushner, S; Lindenmayer, JP; Van Hove, I, 2007)		0.58
"Preschool children tolerated low-dose risperidone well with no serious adverse effects observed over a 6-month treatment period."( Risperidone in preschool children with autistic spectrum disorders: an investigation of safety and efficacy.
Belden, A; Heffelfinger, A; Luby, J; Mrakotsky, C; Spitznagel, E; Stalets, MM; Williams, M, 2006)		2.05
" This occurred in the absence of any generalized adverse effect on oculomotor systems or significant extrapyramidal adverse effects."( Adverse effects of risperidone on spatial working memory in first-episode schizophrenia.
Harris, MS; Keshavan, MS; Reilly, JL; Sweeney, JA, 2006)		0.66
" Studies with nonhuman primates performing oculomotor delayed response tasks suggest that the apparent adverse effect of risperidone might result from treatment-related changes in modulatory functions of prefrontal D1 receptor systems."( Adverse effects of risperidone on spatial working memory in first-episode schizophrenia.
Harris, MS; Keshavan, MS; Reilly, JL; Sweeney, JA, 2006)		0.87
" Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), weight gain, serum prolactin level, QTc interval, and self-reported adverse events were assessed as measures of safety and tolerability."( Efficacy and safety of aripiprazole in the acute treatment of schizophrenia in Chinese patients with risperidone as an active control: a randomized trial.
Chan, HY; Chiang, SC; Hwang, TJ; Hwu, HG; Lin, SK; Lin, WW; Su, TP, 2007)		0.56
" Most people did not have any adverse effects; 5 patients (15."( Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in elderly demented subjects: is the long lasting use of atypical antipsychotic drugs useful and safe?
Angelini, A; Bendini, C; Neri, M; Neviani, F, 2007)		0.34
" Safety was evaluated by recording treatment-emergent adverse events, vital signs, body weight and, when available, laboratory parameters."( [Safety and tolerability of olanzapine versus risperidone: a one-year randomized study in outpatients with schizophrenia with prominent negative symptoms].
Alvarez, E; Bousoño, M; Ciudad, A; Gómez, JC; Olivares, JM, )		0.39
"0292) and risperidone patients reported significantly more sexual adverse events (21."( [Safety and tolerability of olanzapine versus risperidone: a one-year randomized study in outpatients with schizophrenia with prominent negative symptoms].
Alvarez, E; Bousoño, M; Ciudad, A; Gómez, JC; Olivares, JM, )		0.79
"Significantly less treatment-emergent extrapyramidal and sexual adverse events were observed in patients treated with olanzapine compared to those treated with risperidone."( [Safety and tolerability of olanzapine versus risperidone: a one-year randomized study in outpatients with schizophrenia with prominent negative symptoms].
Alvarez, E; Bousoño, M; Ciudad, A; Gómez, JC; Olivares, JM, )		0.59
" Cerebrovascular adverse events and all-cause mortality were observed more frequently, although not statistically significantly, with risperidone versus placebo."( The efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of psychosis of Alzheimer's disease and mixed dementia: a meta-analysis of 4 placebo-controlled clinical trials.
Brodaty, H; de Deyn, PP; Greenspan, A; Katz, I; Mintzer, J; Zhu, Y, 2007)		0.84
"The aim of this study was to determine the risk of adverse events for risperidone and haloperidol in delirium patients."( Comparison of the risk of adverse events between risperidone and haloperidol in delirium patients.
Hoshino, S; Miyaji, S; Miyaoka, H; Sakai, Y; Yamamoto, H; Yamamoto, K, 2007)		0.83
" Safety evaluations included the incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) and adverse events (AEs)."( Quetiapine versus risperidone in elderly patients with behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia: efficacy, safety and cognitive function.
Haushofer, M; Pfolz, H; Rainer, M; Struhal, C; Wick, W, 2007)		0.67
" Safety outcome measures were all new clinical adverse events between the start of treatment (which could be before April 2003) and 30 November 2004."( Safety and usage of atypical antipsychotic medicines in children: a nationwide prospective cohort study.
Ashton, J; Garcia-Quiroga, J; Harrison-Woolrych, M; Herbison, P, 2007)		0.34
" A total of 131 (31%) children experienced an adverse event."( Safety and usage of atypical antipsychotic medicines in children: a nationwide prospective cohort study.
Ashton, J; Garcia-Quiroga, J; Harrison-Woolrych, M; Herbison, P, 2007)		0.34
" Study outcomes included adverse events, movement disorder severity, psychiatric symptoms, functional ability, quality of life and patient satisfaction."( Long-term safety and efficacy of long-acting risperidone in elderly psychotic patients.
Glue, P; Kissling, W; Medori, R; Simpson, S, 2007)		0.6
" In addition, adverse events were also evaluated."( [A naturalistic, observational study of outpatients with schizophrenia: efficacy and safety results after 6 months. The International Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes study, IC-SOHO].
Agoston, T; István, S; Tamás, T; Zoltán, J, 2007)		0.34
" Based on recent criteria for pediatric populations, patients were considered "at risk for adverse health outcome" if they met at least 1 of the following criteria: (1) > or = 85th BMI percentile plus presence of 1 or more negative weight-related clinical outcomes, or (2) > or = 95th BMI percentile."( Metabolic and hormonal side effects in children and adolescents treated with second-generation antipsychotics.
Arango, C; Cifuentes, A; Fraguas, D; Giráldez, M; Laita, P; Merchán-Naranjo, J; Moreno, D; Parellada, M; Ruiz-Sancho, A, 2008)		0.35
" The number of patients at risk for adverse health outcome increased from 11 (16."( Metabolic and hormonal side effects in children and adolescents treated with second-generation antipsychotics.
Arango, C; Cifuentes, A; Fraguas, D; Giráldez, M; Laita, P; Merchán-Naranjo, J; Moreno, D; Parellada, M; Ruiz-Sancho, A, 2008)		0.35
" Safety and tolerability were assessed by monitoring adverse events, extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), laboratory values, electrocardiograms, prolactin levels, and weight."( Efficacy and safety of bifeprunox in patients with an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, dose-finding study.
Casey, DE; Heisterberg, J; Sands, EE; Yang, HM, 2008)		0.35
" The most common treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) noted with bifeprunox were gastrointestinal; no clear dose-related trend in the incidence of any TEAE was observed in the bifeprunox groups."( Efficacy and safety of bifeprunox in patients with an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, dose-finding study.
Casey, DE; Heisterberg, J; Sands, EE; Yang, HM, 2008)		0.35
" Bifeprunox appeared to be safe and well tolerated by patients in this 6-week study."( Efficacy and safety of bifeprunox in patients with an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, dose-finding study.
Casey, DE; Heisterberg, J; Sands, EE; Yang, HM, 2008)		0.35
" During the assessment periods Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was administered to monitor the progress in psychopathology and Udvalg for Kliniske Undersogelser (UKU) side effects rating scale was applied to rate the treatment emergent adverse effects."( An open, randomized, comparative study of efficacy and safety of risperidone and haloperidol in schizophrenia.
Adhikari, SR; Gurung, CK; Koirala, NR; Nepal, MK; Sharma, VD; Tamrakar, SM, )		0.37
" Adverse events (AEs) and clinical laboratory test results were recorded."( Treating disruptive behavior disorders with risperidone: a 1-year, open-label safety study in children and adolescents.
Haas, M; Karcher, K; Pandina, GJ, 2008)		0.61
"Risperidone reinitiated for DBD in children with normal intelligence quotients (IQ) was safe and well tolerated over an additional year of treatment."( Treating disruptive behavior disorders with risperidone: a 1-year, open-label safety study in children and adolescents.
Haas, M; Karcher, K; Pandina, GJ, 2008)		2.05
" Safety assessment involved adverse event reporting, physical examination, blood pressure, heart rate and ECG monitoring, and laboratory tests."( A pilot study of the safety and efficacy of amisulpride and risperidone in elderly psychotic patients.
Eich, FX; Möller, HJ; Riedel, M, 2009)		0.6
" A total of 26 adverse events were experienced by 10 patients in the amisulpride group and five patients in the risperidone group."( A pilot study of the safety and efficacy of amisulpride and risperidone in elderly psychotic patients.
Eich, FX; Möller, HJ; Riedel, M, 2009)		0.81
" Treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 74% (regimen A) and 65% (regimen B) of patients; 4% of patients overall discontinued for adverse events."( Efficacy, safety and tolerability of two dosing regimens in adolescent schizophrenia: double-blind study.
Augustyns, I; Eerdekens, M; Haas, M; Kushner, S; Kusumakar, V; Pandina, G; Quiroz, J; Singer, J, 2009)		0.35
" Primary endpoint was rate of discontinuation due to adverse events (AEs) during the 12-week study."( Switching to aripiprazole in outpatients with schizophrenia experiencing insufficient efficacy and/or safety/tolerability issues with risperidone: a randomized, multicentre, open-label study.
Kahn, JP; Kerselaers, W; Lissens, J; McQuade, RD; Modell, S; Ryckmans, V; Sanchez, R; Werner, C, 2009)		0.56
"Numerous publications have provided evidence for clinically important metabolic adverse effects of antipsychotics, but there is no systematic evaluation as to whether weight gain and other metabolic changes are dose dependent."( Are weight gain and metabolic side effects of atypical antipsychotics dose dependent? A literature review.
De Hert, M; Simon, V; van Winkel, R, 2009)		0.35
" Assessments included the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), clinical response (> or =20% reduction in PANSS total score), adverse event (AE) monitoring, and extrapyramidal symptom (EPS) scale ratings."( A 6-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of risperidone in adolescents with schizophrenia.
Armenteros, J; Copenhaver, MD; Haas, M; Kushner, SF; Quiroz, JA; Unis, AS, 2009)		0.57
" Sixty-nine per cent of patients completed the trial; 8% discontinued due to adverse events (AEs)."( Switching stable patients with schizophrenia from depot and oral antipsychotics to long-acting injectable risperidone: reasons for switching and safety.
Curtis, V; Hawley, C; Latif, MA; Saleem, PT; Turner, M; Wilton, K, 2010)		0.57
"The Liverpool University Neuroleptic Side Effect Rating Scale (LUNSERS) was completed by 66 patients aged between 6 and 18 years who had been taking low-dose risperidone (alone or in conjunction with other medications) for up to 13 years."( Self-reported side effects in children and adolescents taking risperidone.
Byrne, S; Cleary, M; Concannon, P; Crawford, G; Duffy, P; Hunt, G; Krabman, P; Malhi, G; Soh, N; Walter, G, 2010)		0.8
"Young persons, overall, seemed to tolerate risperidone well, but longer exposure to the medication was associated with higher side effect levels, particularly for the psychic (pertaining to mind and emotion) and extrapyramidal subscales."( Self-reported side effects in children and adolescents taking risperidone.
Byrne, S; Cleary, M; Concannon, P; Crawford, G; Duffy, P; Hunt, G; Krabman, P; Malhi, G; Soh, N; Walter, G, 2010)		0.86
" Safety was evaluated by recording treatment-emergent adverse events (AE)."( Safety and efficacy of long-acting injectable risperidone in daily practice: an open-label, noninterventional, prospective study in schizophrenia and related disorders.
Don, L; Kouniakis, F; Parellada, E; Schreiner, A; Siurkute, A, 2010)		0.62
" In this work we will present a 14-year old girl adolescent with psychotic symptoms, in which case the course of treatment and discontinuance of therapy was caused by a side effect - an oculogyric crisis."( The influence of side effect of antipsychotic on the course of treatment in adolescent.
Dadić-Hero, E; Francisković, T; Graovac, M; Rebić, J; Ruzić, K, 2010)		0.36
" Bipolar disorder treatment was started with carbamazepine, but later it was discontinued due to adverse events and extreme increase of liver transaminases."( Galactorrhea - side effect of risperidone in combination with depakine chrono in a patient with bipolar disorder.
Grahovac, T; Pavlović, E; Peitl, MV; Peitl, V, 2010)		0.65
" Adverse effects (n = 15), inadequate efficacy (n = 14), or study nonadherence (n = 8) were the most common reasons for discontinuation."( Double-blind maintenance safety and effectiveness findings from the Treatment of Early-Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum (TEOSS) study.
Findling, RL; Frazier, JA; Hamer, RM; Hlastala, S; Johnson, JL; Kaufman, EM; Lieberman, JA; Lingler, J; Maloney, AE; McClellan, J; McNamara, NK; Noyes, N; Pierson, L; Puglia, M; Ritz, L; Sikich, L; Vitiello, B, 2010)		0.36
" An understanding of structure-activity relationships (SARs) of chemicals can make a significant contribution to the identification of potential toxic effects early in the drug development process and aid in avoiding such problems."( Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity.
Fisk, L; Greene, N; Naven, RT; Note, RR; Patel, ML; Pelletier, DJ, 2010)		0.36
" However, despite increasing use of psychotropic medication in children and adolescents, their endocrine and metabolic side-effects (weight gain, obesity, and related metabolic abnormalities such as hyperglycaemia and dyslipidemia) are of particular concern, especially within this paediatric population that appears to be at greater risk as compared with adults for antipsychotic-induced metabolic adverse effects."( [Metabolic side effects of risperidone in early onset schizophrenia].
Bordet, R; Delion, P; Duhamel, A; Goeb, JL; Jardri, R; Kechid, G; Marco, S; Thomas, P, 2010)		0.66
" However, some at risk states requiring action are proposed in literature: more than 5% increase in weight within a three-month period; more than half a point increase in BMI Z score; between 85th and 95th BMI percentile plus one adverse health consequence (i."( [Metabolic side effects of risperidone in early onset schizophrenia].
Bordet, R; Delion, P; Duhamel, A; Goeb, JL; Jardri, R; Kechid, G; Marco, S; Thomas, P, 2010)		0.66
" Clinicians and caregivers need to be aware of the potential endocrine and metabolic adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics, and systematically ask for family history of metabolic disorder, life style, diet and habits."( [Metabolic side effects of risperidone in early onset schizophrenia].
Bordet, R; Delion, P; Duhamel, A; Goeb, JL; Jardri, R; Kechid, G; Marco, S; Thomas, P, 2010)		0.66
" Patients reported similar levels of adverse events and treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), except for extrapyramidal syndrome-related TEAEs, which were more common in the risperidone-treated group."( A double-blind, randomized study comparing the efficacy and safety of sertindole and risperidone in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia.
Buckley, PF; Daniel, DG; Kane, JM; Potkin, SG, 2011)		0.79
"RLAI and OP show good short- and long-term safety when treating patients with schizophrenia, with uncommon discontinuation due to adverse effects."( Long-acting atypical injectable antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: safety and tolerability review.
Cañas, F; Möller, HJ, 2010)		0.36
"To compare the efficacy and adverse effect profiles of 2 widely used atypical antipsychotics in the short-term phase of first-episode schizophrenia in patients who were treatment-naive."( Esquire trial: efficacy and adverse effects of quetiapine versus risperidone in first-episode schizophrenia.
Craig, TK; Elanjithara, T; Gafoor, R; Landau, S; McGuire, P; Power, P, 2010)		0.6
" Psychopathologic diagnoses and adverse effects were assessed by blinded raters at 4 weekly intervals."( Esquire trial: efficacy and adverse effects of quetiapine versus risperidone in first-episode schizophrenia.
Craig, TK; Elanjithara, T; Gafoor, R; Landau, S; McGuire, P; Power, P, 2010)		0.6
"Both quetiapine and risperidone were associated with a reduction in immediate symptoms and relatively few adverse effects other than weight gain."( Esquire trial: efficacy and adverse effects of quetiapine versus risperidone in first-episode schizophrenia.
Craig, TK; Elanjithara, T; Gafoor, R; Landau, S; McGuire, P; Power, P, 2010)		0.92
"Quetiapine and risperidone are both effective treatments in first-episode schizophrenia at doses lower than those used in patients with long-term schizophrenia and are similar in efficacy and the incidence of adverse effects."( Esquire trial: efficacy and adverse effects of quetiapine versus risperidone in first-episode schizophrenia.
Craig, TK; Elanjithara, T; Gafoor, R; Landau, S; McGuire, P; Power, P, 2010)		0.95
"Long-acting injectable (LAI) formulations of antipsychotics are valuable treatment alternatives for patients with psychotic disorders, and understanding their safe use is critical."( Are the long-acting intramuscular formulations of risperidone or paliperidone palmitate associated with post-injection delirium/sedation syndrome? An assessment of safety databases.
Alphs, L; Gopal, S; Karcher, K; Kent, J; Kushner, S; Nuamah, I; Singh, J; Sliwa, JK, 2011)		0.62
"Thermodysregulation, including hypothermia, is recognized as a potential adverse effect secondary to atypical antipsychotics."( Possible long-acting risperidone-induced hypothermia precipitating phenytoin toxicity in an elderly patient.
Brandon Bookstaver, P; Miller, AD, 2011)		0.69
" Hypothermia should be recognized as a potential adverse event with the long-acting injectable formulation of risperidone."( Possible long-acting risperidone-induced hypothermia precipitating phenytoin toxicity in an elderly patient.
Brandon Bookstaver, P; Miller, AD, 2011)		0.9
" There was no statistical significance among treatment arms in remission rates, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events."( A pilot study of the efficacy and safety of paroxetine augmented with risperidone, valproate, buspirone, trazodone, or thyroid hormone in adult Chinese patients with treatment-resistant major depression.
Calabrese, JR; Cao, L; Chen, J; Cui, X; Fang, Y; Gao, K; Hong, W; Jiang, K; Wang, Y; Wu, Z; Xu, Y; Yi, Z; Yuan, C, 2011)		0.6
" Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the putative association of genetic markers with the occurrence of four frequently observed adverse events secondary to risperidone treatment: sleepiness, weight gain, extrapyramidal symptoms and sexual adverse events."( Association of common genetic variants with risperidone adverse events in a Spanish schizophrenic population.
Abad-Santos, F; Almoguera, B; Ayuso, C; Baca-García, E; Dal-Ré, R; Dorado, P; Fernandez-Piqueras, J; Llerena, A; Lopez-Castroman, J; Riveiro-Alvarez, R; Vaquero-Lorenzo, C, 2013)		0.85
" Outcome measures included adverse events (AEs), vital signs, ECG, and laboratory tests."( Long-term safety and tolerability of lurasidone in schizophrenia: a 12-month, double-blind, active-controlled study.
Citrome, L; Cucchiaro, J; Loebel, A; Phillips, D; Sarma, K; Silva, R; Tsuchiya, S, 2012)		0.38
" Higher doses may provide additional benefit as well as dose-related increases in some adverse reactions."( Oral paliperidone extended-release: chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and metabolism, clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability.
Citrome, L, 2012)		0.38
"This cross-sectional study aimed to compare the effects of treatment with an atypical antipsychotic drug (olanzapine or risperidone) on quality of life (QoL) and to document adverse effects in 115 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia who attended the ambulatory service of Hospital Dr."( Quality of life and adverse effects of olanzapine versus risperidone therapy in patients with schizophrenia.
Chaves, KM; de Araújo Júnior, RF; de Araújo, AA; de Paula Soares Rachetti, V; do Socorro Costa Feitosa Alves, M; Filgueira Júnior, A; Guerra, GC; Ribeiro, SB; Serrano-Blanco, A; Soares, LA, 2013)		0.84
" It is well-tolerated and rather safe for elderly patients."( [Efficasy and safety of the use of risperidone (rispoluxe) in demented patients with psychotic and behavioural disorders].
Bocharov, AV; Kondakova, VE; Tuleninov, ES, 2012)		0.66
"Atypical antipsychotic agents have been associated with cerebrovascular adverse events, particularly in elderly dementia patients."( Comparative risk of cerebrovascular adverse events in community-dwelling older adults using risperidone, olanzapine and quetiapine: a multiple propensity score-adjusted retrospective cohort study.
Aparasu, RR; Chatterjee, S; Chen, H; Johnson, ML, 2012)		0.6
"16) was associated with a decrease in the risk of cerebrovascular adverse events compared with olanzapine."( Comparative risk of cerebrovascular adverse events in community-dwelling older adults using risperidone, olanzapine and quetiapine: a multiple propensity score-adjusted retrospective cohort study.
Aparasu, RR; Chatterjee, S; Chen, H; Johnson, ML, 2012)		0.6
" Prescribers should closely monitor the patients treated with atypical agents for the incidence of cerebrovascular adverse events."( Comparative risk of cerebrovascular adverse events in community-dwelling older adults using risperidone, olanzapine and quetiapine: a multiple propensity score-adjusted retrospective cohort study.
Aparasu, RR; Chatterjee, S; Chen, H; Johnson, ML, 2012)		0.6
"Primary metabolic markers (body mass index, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides), percentage of patients who stay on the randomly assigned atypical antipsychotic for at least 6 months, psychopathology, percentage of patients who develop metabolic syndrome, and percentage of patients who develop serious and nonserious adverse events."( Comparison of longer-term safety and effectiveness of 4 atypical antipsychotics in patients over age 40: a trial using equipoise-stratified randomization.
Arndt, S; Glorioso, DK; Golshan, S; Henry, R; Jeste, DV; Jin, H; Kraemer, HC; Mudaliar, S; Shih, PA, 2013)		0.39
"Because of a high incidence of serious adverse events, quetiapine was discontinued midway through the trial."( Comparison of longer-term safety and effectiveness of 4 atypical antipsychotics in patients over age 40: a trial using equipoise-stratified randomization.
Arndt, S; Glorioso, DK; Golshan, S; Henry, R; Jeste, DV; Jin, H; Kraemer, HC; Mudaliar, S; Shih, PA, 2013)		0.39
"Hyperprolactinemia is a common side effect in young males treated over the long term with risperidone."( Risk of hyperprolactinemia and sexual side effects in males 10-20 years old diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders or disruptive behavior disorder and treated with risperidone.
Boot, AM; Buitelaar, JK; Roke, Y; Tenback, D; van Harten, PN, 2012)		0.8
" However, researchers lack a standardised method to compare different drugs for common adverse effects on the nervous system."( Assessment of adverse effects of neurotropic drugs in monkeys with the "drug effects on the nervous system" (DENS) scale.
Menniti, FS; Papa, SM; Schmidt, CJ; Shaffer, CL; Uthayathas, S, 2013)		0.39
" Double-blind, randomized, controlled trials investigating the metabolic adverse effects (weight gain, lipid, glucose, and prolactin level abnormalities) associated with atypical antipsychotic use in children and adolescents aged ≤ 18 years were included, irrespective of whether the investigation of adverse effects was a primary or secondary endpoint."( Weight gain and other metabolic adverse effects associated with atypical antipsychotic treatment of children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Aitchison, KJ; Almandil, NB; Besag, FM; Liu, Y; Murray, ML; Wong, IC, 2013)		0.39
"5%) in the SOC group discontinued due to adverse events (physician and subject decision combined, P = ."( A long-term, phase 2, multicenter, randomized, open-label, comparative safety study of pomaglumetad methionil (LY2140023 monohydrate) versus atypical antipsychotic standard of care in patients with schizophrenia.
Adams, DH; Baygani, S; Kinon, BJ; Kollack-Walker, S; Millen, BA; Velona, I; Walling, DP, 2013)		0.39
"These data provide further evidence that the potential antipsychotic LY2140023 monohydrate, with a glutamatergic mechanism of action, may have a unique tolerability profile characterized by a low association with some adverse events such as extrapyramidal symptoms and weight gain that may characterize currently available dopaminergic antipsychotics."( A long-term, phase 2, multicenter, randomized, open-label, comparative safety study of pomaglumetad methionil (LY2140023 monohydrate) versus atypical antipsychotic standard of care in patients with schizophrenia.
Adams, DH; Baygani, S; Kinon, BJ; Kollack-Walker, S; Millen, BA; Velona, I; Walling, DP, 2013)		0.39
" Adverse events were assessed."( A head-to-head comparison of aripiprazole and risperidone for safety and treating autistic disorders, a randomized double blind clinical trial.
Berk, M; Ghanizadeh, A; Sahraeizadeh, A, 2014)		0.66
" The objective of this analysis was to report the results of a population pharmacokinetic analysis and to describe the relationship between risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone levels with dopamine (DA) D2-receptor occupancy, prolactin levels, and adverse events using data collected in 45 clinically stable schizophrenic patients receiving RBP-7000 in single ascending doses (risperidone) of 60, 90, and 120 mg."( A model-based approach to characterize the population pharmacokinetics and the relationship between the pharmacokinetic and safety profiles of RBP-7000, a new, long-acting, sustained-released formulation of risperidone.
Fudala, PJ; Gomeni, R; Heidbreder, C; Nasser, AF, 2013)		0.78
" At the end of recovery phase, the above changes mostly recovered to normal, and on administering 3 mg/kg dose level once in 2 weeks on Beagle dogs showed no observed adverse effect."( A 12-week intramuscular toxicity study of risperidone-loaded microspheres in Beagle dogs.
Cen, X; Du, G; Guan, X; Li, Y; Liu, W; Tian, J; Wang, W; Ye, L; Yu, P; Zhang, J, 2014)		0.67
" The safety was evaluated by the Udvalg Kliniske Undersogelser side effect rating scale."( Efficacy and safety of haloperidol versus atypical antipsychotic medications in the treatment of delirium.
Choi, SH; Choi, WJ; Kim, JJ; Park, JY; Park, KM; Seok, JH; Yoon, HJ, 2013)		0.39
" Fifteen subjects experienced a few adverse events, but there were no significant differences in adverse event profiles among the four groups."( Efficacy and safety of haloperidol versus atypical antipsychotic medications in the treatment of delirium.
Choi, SH; Choi, WJ; Kim, JJ; Park, JY; Park, KM; Seok, JH; Yoon, HJ, 2013)		0.39
"Haloperidol, risperidone, olanzapine, and quetiapine were equally efficacious and safe in the treatment of delirium."( Efficacy and safety of haloperidol versus atypical antipsychotic medications in the treatment of delirium.
Choi, SH; Choi, WJ; Kim, JJ; Park, JY; Park, KM; Seok, JH; Yoon, HJ, 2013)		0.76
"Fifty-six (71%) out of 79 enrolled patients completed the OLE; the most common discontinuations were for insufficient response (7 [9%]) or adverse events (AE) (5 [6%])."( An open-label extension study of the safety and efficacy of risperidone in children and adolescents with autistic disorder.
Hough, D; Karcher, K; Kent, JM; Pandina, G; Singh, J, 2013)		0.63
" The five-dimension EuroQoL (EQ-5D) was used to evaluate QoL, and side effects were assessed using the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersøgelser (UKU) Side Effect Rating Scale and the Simpson-Angus Scale."( Quality of life in patients with schizophrenia: the impact of socio-economic factors and adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics drugs.
Chaves, KM; de Araújo Dantas, D; de Araújo, AA; de Araújo, RF; de Lima Silva, V; de Medeiros, CA; de Souza, DL; do Nascimento, GG; Ribeiro, SB, 2014)		0.4
" Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), weight gain, serum prolactin level, QTc interval, and self-reported adverse events were also assessed as measures of safety and tolerability."( Efficacy and safety of aripiprazole in Chinese Han schizophrenia subjects: a randomized, double-blind, active parallel-controlled, multicenter clinical trial.
Gu, N; Kane, JM; Li, H; Luo, J; Wang, C; Wang, X; Xie, S; Xu, X; Yu, W, 2014)		0.4
"To identify genetic markers capable of predicting the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and adverse effects of risperidone."( Effect of polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of risperidone in healthy volunteers.
Abad-Santos, F; Ayuso, C; Cabaleiro, T; López-Rodríguez, R; Novalbos, J; Ochoa, D; Román, M, 2014)		0.84
" Differences in adverse reactions can be explained by gender and polymorphisms in CYP2C19, AGTR1, and NAT2."( Effect of polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of risperidone in healthy volunteers.
Abad-Santos, F; Ayuso, C; Cabaleiro, T; López-Rodríguez, R; Novalbos, J; Ochoa, D; Román, M, 2014)		0.63
"The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and side-effect profile of the typical antipsychotic haloperidol with that of the atypical antipsychotics risperidone, olanzapine, and aripiprazole in the management of delirium."( Haloperidol, risperidone, olanzapine and aripiprazole in the management of delirium: A comparison of efficacy, safety, and side effects.
Boettger, S; Breitbart, W; Jenewein, J, 2015)		0.98
"The Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (MDAS), the Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) scale, and a side-effect rating were recorded at baseline (T1), after 2-3 days (T2), and after 4-7 days (T3)."( Haloperidol, risperidone, olanzapine and aripiprazole in the management of delirium: A comparison of efficacy, safety, and side effects.
Boettger, S; Breitbart, W; Jenewein, J, 2015)		0.79
"Haloperidol, risperidone, aripiprazole, and olanzapine were equally effective in the management of delirium; however, they differed in terms of their side-effect profile."( Haloperidol, risperidone, olanzapine and aripiprazole in the management of delirium: A comparison of efficacy, safety, and side effects.
Boettger, S; Breitbart, W; Jenewein, J, 2015)		1.16
"Atypical antipsychotics are considered safe for treating schizophrenia and are rarely reported to induce rhabdomyolysis."( Multidrug overdose-induced myoclonus complicated by rhabdomyolysis: possible role and mechanism of muscle toxicity of risperidone.
Hsu, YC; Yeh, YW, 2014)		0.61
" Risk assessment for the potential use of a drug, such as aripiprazole (Abilify), should not focus on any particular adverse effect, but rather should consider risk assessment in a broader context."( Atypical antipsychotics are not all alike: side effects and risk assessment.
Howland, RH, 2014)		0.4
" Safety measures included body mass index, serum prolactin, extrapyramidal adverse effects, and electrocardiogram."( Efficacy and Safety of Risperidone and Quetiapine in Adolescents With Bipolar II Disorder Comorbid With Conduct Disorder.
Masi, G; Milone, A; Pisano, S; Stawinoga, A; Veltri, S, 2015)		0.73
" They were assessed at baseline and at follow-up on safety and tolerability measures (blood, urinalysis, electrocardiogram [ECG], medical history, vital signs, neurological symptoms, other adverse events), developmental measures (adaptive behavior, intelligence quotient [IQ]), and standardized rating instruments."( Tolerability, Safety, and Benefits of Risperidone in Children and Adolescents with Autism: 21-Month Follow-up After 8-Week Placebo-Controlled Trial.
Aman, M; Arnold, LE; Ghuman, J; Grados, M; Hellings, J; Hollway, JA; McCracken, J; McDougle, CJ; Nagaraja, HN; Posey, DJ; Rettiganti, M; Scahill, L; Shah, B; Swiezy, NB; Tierney, E; Vitiello, B, 2015)		0.69
" At follow-up, risperidone was associated with more enuresis, more excessive appetite, and more weight gain, but not more adverse neurological effects."( Tolerability, Safety, and Benefits of Risperidone in Children and Adolescents with Autism: 21-Month Follow-up After 8-Week Placebo-Controlled Trial.
Aman, M; Arnold, LE; Ghuman, J; Grados, M; Hellings, J; Hollway, JA; McCracken, J; McDougle, CJ; Nagaraja, HN; Posey, DJ; Rettiganti, M; Scahill, L; Shah, B; Swiezy, NB; Tierney, E; Vitiello, B, 2015)		1.04
" EPS were assessed at baseline and 4, 8, and 12 weeks after naturalistic SGA initiation for schizophrenia, mood, disruptive behavior, and autism spectrum disorders using the Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS), Barnes Akathisia Scale, Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS), and Treatment Emergent Side Effect Scale."( Neuromotor Adverse Effects in 342 Youth During 12 Weeks of Naturalistic Treatment With 5 Second-Generation Antipsychotics.
Al-Jadiri, A; Azzo, S; Carbon, M; Correll, CU; Kane, JM; Kapoor, S; Saito, E; Sarkaria, T; Sheridan, E, 2015)		0.42
"The aim of this study was to evaluate demographic, clinical, and treatment factors that may impact on neurological adverse effects in naive and quasi-naive children and adolescents treated with antipsychotics."( Neurological Adverse Effects of Antipsychotics in Children and Adolescents.
Alda, JA; Andrés Nestares, P; Arango, C; Baeza, I; Cantarero, CM; Castro-Fornieles, J; de la Serna, E; Garcia-Amador, M; Merchán-Naranjo, J; Moreno, C; Muñoz, D; Tapia, C, 2015)		0.42
" Total dyskinesia score (DyskinesiaS) and total Parkinson score (ParkinsonS) were calculated from the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center Involuntary Movement Scale, total UKU-Cognition score was calculated from the UKU Side Effect Rating Scale."( Neurological Adverse Effects of Antipsychotics in Children and Adolescents.
Alda, JA; Andrés Nestares, P; Arango, C; Baeza, I; Cantarero, CM; Castro-Fornieles, J; de la Serna, E; Garcia-Amador, M; Merchán-Naranjo, J; Moreno, C; Muñoz, D; Tapia, C, 2015)		0.42
"Antipsychotics increased neurological adverse effects in a naive and quasi-naive pediatric population and should be carefully monitored."( Neurological Adverse Effects of Antipsychotics in Children and Adolescents.
Alda, JA; Andrés Nestares, P; Arango, C; Baeza, I; Cantarero, CM; Castro-Fornieles, J; de la Serna, E; Garcia-Amador, M; Merchán-Naranjo, J; Moreno, C; Muñoz, D; Tapia, C, 2015)		0.42
" The most frequently reported treatment-emergent adverse events in RBP-7000 groups compared with placebo were somnolence, weight gain, and akathisia."( Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of RBP-7000 Once-Monthly Risperidone for the Treatment of Acute Schizophrenia: An 8-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Phase 3 Study.
Fava, M; Fudala, PJ; Heidbreder, C; Henderson, DC; Kouassi, A; Nasser, AF; Twumasi-Ankrah, P, 2016)		0.68
" Generally, the antipsychotics significantly enhanced NRG1/ErbB signaling with increased expression of NRG1 and phosphorylation of ErbB4 and ErbB2 in the brain and myocardium, except that clozapine partly blocked the cardiac NRG1/ErbB2 activation, which could be associated with its more severe cardiac adverse actions."( Effects of prolonged antipsychotic administration on neuregulin-1/ErbB signaling in rat prefrontal cortex and myocardium: implications for the therapeutic action and cardiac adverse effect.
Cai, H; Dang, R; Guo, Y; Jiang, P; Liang, D; Lv, C; Yang, R, 2016)		0.43
" Case reports, case series, and prospective or cross-sectional studies including relevant data such as relative infant dose (RID), milk-to-plasma ratio (M/P ratio), infant drug plasma levels, and adverse events were identified."( Second-Generation Antipsychotics During the Lactation Period: A Comparative Systematic Review on Infant Safety.
Uguz, F, 2016)		0.43
" Other than clozapine, adverse events were rarely reported in infants exposed to SGAs."( Second-Generation Antipsychotics During the Lactation Period: A Comparative Systematic Review on Infant Safety.
Uguz, F, 2016)		0.43
"The current data suggest that SGAs seem to be relatively safe in the exposed breastfed infants for short-term usage."( Second-Generation Antipsychotics During the Lactation Period: A Comparative Systematic Review on Infant Safety.
Uguz, F, 2016)		0.43
"Antipsychotic drugs can induce various undesirable adverse motor reactions, such as extrapyramidal side effects (EPS)."( Risperidone-induced extrapyramidal side effects: is the need for anticholinergics the consequence of high plasma concentrations?
Gründer, G; Haen, E; Hiemke, C; Lammertz, SE; Paulzen, M; Schoretsanitis, G; Schruers, KR; Stegmann, B; Veselinovic, T, 2016)		1.88
" Overall, 34 patients experienced at least one treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE)."( Phase I, open-label, randomized, parallel study to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of one intramuscular injection of risperidone ISM at different dose strengths in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (PRISMA-1).
Anta, L; Ayani, I; Gutierro, I; Ivanov, M; Llaudó, J; Martínez, J; Morozova, M; Schronen, J, 2016)		0.64
" Outcomes included the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) scores, the curative rate of senile dementia, and prevalence of adverse effects (somnolence, headache, loss of weight, extrapyramidal system response, irritation and insomnia)."( Tiapride is more effective and causes fewer adverse effects than risperidone in the treatment of senile dementia.
Huang, YJ; Lei, LF; Li, LH; Yuan, Y, 2016)		0.67
" Prevalence of adverse reactions was significantly lower in the latter group (9."( Tiapride is more effective and causes fewer adverse effects than risperidone in the treatment of senile dementia.
Huang, YJ; Lei, LF; Li, LH; Yuan, Y, 2016)		0.67
"Tiapride is more effective in improving clinical symptoms of senile dementia and causes fewer adverse effects."( Tiapride is more effective and causes fewer adverse effects than risperidone in the treatment of senile dementia.
Huang, YJ; Lei, LF; Li, LH; Yuan, Y, 2016)		0.67
" Rare reports concern severe adverse drug reaction in multiple organic systems with their combined use."( Neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity caused by combined use of lithium and risperidone: a case report and literature review.
Hsu, CW; Lee, CY; Lee, Y; Lin, PY, 2016)		0.67
" These adverse effects resolved soon after discontinuing these medications and adequate hydration."( Neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity caused by combined use of lithium and risperidone: a case report and literature review.
Hsu, CW; Lee, CY; Lee, Y; Lin, PY, 2016)		0.67
" No serious adverse event was reported."( A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial on Effectiveness and Safety of Celecoxib Adjunctive Therapy in Adolescents with Acute Bipolar Mania.
Akhondzadeh, S; Gholamian, F; Karkhaneh-Yousefi, MA; Khezri, R; Mohammadi, MR; Mohammadinejad, P; Mousavi, SY; Zeinoddini, A, 2017)		0.46
" The aims of this study were to investigate the effectiveness and adverse effects of LAIR in children and adolescents with conduct disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia."( Effectiveness, Adverse Effects and Drug Compliance of Long-Acting Injectable Risperidone in Children and Adolescents.
Ceylan, MF; Cop, E; Erdogan, B; Tural Hesapcioglu, S, 2017)		0.68
" The effectiveness and adverse effects of the treatment were examined."( Effectiveness, Adverse Effects and Drug Compliance of Long-Acting Injectable Risperidone in Children and Adolescents.
Ceylan, MF; Cop, E; Erdogan, B; Tural Hesapcioglu, S, 2017)		0.68
" Weight-gain, dystonia, and galactorrhea were the adverse effects that were responsible for LAIR treatment cessation."( Effectiveness, Adverse Effects and Drug Compliance of Long-Acting Injectable Risperidone in Children and Adolescents.
Ceylan, MF; Cop, E; Erdogan, B; Tural Hesapcioglu, S, 2017)		0.68
" Antipsychotics have important adverse effects, and systematic monitoring of drug safety is infrequently performed."( Feasibility and Relevance of Antipsychotic Safety Monitoring in Children With Tourette Syndrome: A Prospective Longitudinal Study.
Hammer, T; Ho, J; Patten, S; Pringsheim, T; Sarna, JR, 2017)		0.46
" Children were monitored for extrapyramidal, metabolic, and hormonal adverse effects using the Canadian Alliance for Monitoring Effectiveness and Safety of Antipsychotic Medications guidelines."( Feasibility and Relevance of Antipsychotic Safety Monitoring in Children With Tourette Syndrome: A Prospective Longitudinal Study.
Hammer, T; Ho, J; Patten, S; Pringsheim, T; Sarna, JR, 2017)		0.46
"This study suggests that oral risperidone may be a safe option for acute agitation in patients presenting to the ED with alcohol intoxication."( Safety of Risperidone for Acute Agitation and Alcohol Intoxication in Emergency Department Patients.
Huynh, HE; Lee, KC; Pepa, PA; Wilson, MP, 2017)		1.15
" Overall, 63 (94%) patients experienced at least one treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE)."( A phase II study to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of Risperidone ISM multiple intramuscular injections once every 4 weeks in patients with schizophrenia.
Anta, L; Ayani, I; Gutierro, I; Litman, RE; Llaudó, J; Martínez, J, 2018)		0.71
" The use of antipsychotics is associated with a number of adverse effects for which routine monitoring is recommended."( Antipsychotic Prescribing and Safety Monitoring Practices in Children and Youth: A Population-Based Study in Alberta, Canada.
Cepoiu-Martin, M; Chen, W; Cooke, L; Duncan, D; Pringsheim, T; Stang, A; Symonds, C, 2018)		0.48
" The association between a drug and a rare but potentially serious side effect in an individual patient can be difficult to determine with precision, and the decision to press ahead and try to work around the reaction, versus stopping the likely offender and finding a substitute, is a matter for seasoned clinical judgment."( Commentary on 2 Cases of Rare but Serious Side Effects of Commonly Used Medications: Dilemmas in Clinical Decision-making.
Kahn, DA, 2018)		0.48
"There are few and conflicting data on the role of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) polymorphisms in relation to risperidone adverse events (AEs) in children."( CYP2D6 genotype and adverse events to risperidone in children and adolescents.
Aka, IT; Carroll, RJ; Maxwell-Horn, AC; Neely, KM; Oshikoya, KA; Roden, DM; Van Driest, SL, 2019)		1
"The aim of the study is to find a relationship between the individual intervariability of CYP2D6 and the incidence of hyperprolactinemia as side effect of atypical antipsychotics."( Impact of the CYP2D6 phenotype on hyperprolactinemia development as an adverse event of treatment with atypical antipsychotic agents in pediatric patients.
Andreescu, N; Grădinaru, R; Nussbaum, L; Puiu, M; Suciu, L, 2019)		0.51
"For the slow and intermediate metabolizers, atypical antipsychotics determined a significant increase of prolactinemia with high risk of adverse events."( Impact of the CYP2D6 phenotype on hyperprolactinemia development as an adverse event of treatment with atypical antipsychotic agents in pediatric patients.
Andreescu, N; Grădinaru, R; Nussbaum, L; Puiu, M; Suciu, L, 2019)		0.51
"Despite frequent use of antipsychotic medications to target severe behavioral problems among children with intellectual disabilities (ID), there is little information as to the extent to which adverse effect monitoring is in place for this population."( Adherence to Antipsychotic Adverse Effect Monitoring Among a Referred Sample of Children with Intellectual Disabilities.
Javaheri, KR; McLennan, JD, 2019)		0.51
" Charts of all those on antipsychotic medications were reviewed for a 12-week period to determine the extent to which adverse effect monitoring was documented using the parameters stipulated by the Canadian Alliance for Monitoring Effectiveness and Safety of Antipsychotics in Children (CAMESA), including laboratory, anthropometric, and neurological measures."( Adherence to Antipsychotic Adverse Effect Monitoring Among a Referred Sample of Children with Intellectual Disabilities.
Javaheri, KR; McLennan, JD, 2019)		0.51
"There were significant gaps in adverse effect monitoring in this cohort."( Adherence to Antipsychotic Adverse Effect Monitoring Among a Referred Sample of Children with Intellectual Disabilities.
Javaheri, KR; McLennan, JD, 2019)		0.51
" The current report presents adverse events in an infant exposed to a combination of risperidone and haloperidol through breast milk."( Adverse Events in a Breastfed Infant Exposed to Risperidone and Haloperidol.
Uguz, F, 2019)		0.99
"With the second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) widely applied to treat patients with schizophrenia, adverse effects, especially the metabolic syndrome (MetS), were paid more attention following by the efficacy of SGAs."( Efficacy and safety of electroacupuncture on metabolic syndrome due to olanzapine and risperidone: Study protocol for a randomized controlled pilot trial.
Chen, P; Jia, H; Ning, Y; Yin, D; Zhu, H, 2019)		0.74
" The effect size, remission/response rate, and risk for discontinuation due to adverse events (AEs), weight gain (WG), nervous systems and gastrointestinal AEs were assessed and compared between two regions with Cohen's d or number needed to treat/harm."( Do Asian and North American patients with bipolar disorder have similar efficacy, tolerability, and safety profile during clinical trials with atypical antipsychotics?
Bai, Y; Chen, G; Gao, K; Yang, H, 2020)		0.56
"Risperidone (RIS), a commonly used drug during a lifetime for the treatment of schizophrenia, causes some adverse effects in the male reproductive system; however, there is no comprehensive reproductive toxicity study of RIS."( Risperidone induced reproductive toxicity in male rats targeting leydig cells and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis by inducing oxidative stress.
Atlı-Eklioğlu, Ö; Aydoğan-Kılıç, G; Baysal, M; Görmüş, G; Ilgın, S; Karaduman, AB; Karagöz, O; Kılıç, V, 2021)		3.51
" We Propose a text mining approach to detect adverse events and medication episodes from the clinical text to enhance our understanding of adverse effects related to Clozapine, the most effective antipsychotic drug for the management of treatment-resistant schizophrenia, but underutilised due to concerns over its side effects."( The side effect profile of Clozapine in real world data of three large mental health hospitals.
Broadbent, M; Dobson, RJB; Dzahini, O; Govind, R; Ibrahim, ZM; Iqbal, E; Kim, CH; MacCabe, JH; Romero, A; Smith, T; Stewart, R; Werbeloff, N, 2020)		0.56
" We explored the prevalence of 33 adverse effects by age, gender, ethnicity, smoking status and admission type three months before and after the patients started Clozapine treatment."( The side effect profile of Clozapine in real world data of three large mental health hospitals.
Broadbent, M; Dobson, RJB; Dzahini, O; Govind, R; Ibrahim, ZM; Iqbal, E; Kim, CH; MacCabe, JH; Romero, A; Smith, T; Stewart, R; Werbeloff, N, 2020)		0.56
"Sedation, fatigue, agitation, dizziness, hypersalivation, weight gain, tachycardia, headache, constipation and confusion were amongst the highest recorded Clozapine adverse effect in the three months following the start of treatment."( The side effect profile of Clozapine in real world data of three large mental health hospitals.
Broadbent, M; Dobson, RJB; Dzahini, O; Govind, R; Ibrahim, ZM; Iqbal, E; Kim, CH; MacCabe, JH; Romero, A; Smith, T; Stewart, R; Werbeloff, N, 2020)		0.56
"To investigate the relationship between -759C/T, functional polymorphism of the HTR2C gene and metabolic adverse effects in Thai psychiatric patients treated with risperidone monotherapy."( Effect of 5-HT2C receptor gene polymorphism (HTR2C-759C/T) on metabolic adverse effects in Thai psychiatric patients treated with risperidone.
Hongkaew, Y; Jiratjintana, N; Na Nakorn, C; Puangpetch, A; Sukasem, C; Unaharassamee, W; Vanwong, N, 2021)		1.02
" These findings highlighted that APP with RIS and CLZ might increase the plasma concentrations of RIS and 9-hydroxy-RIS beyond the safety ranges and cause toxic side effects."( Clozapine affects the pharmacokinetics of risperidone and inhibits its metabolism and P-glycoprotein-mediated transport in vivo and in vitro: A safety attention to antipsychotic polypharmacy with clozapine and risperidone.
Liu, W; Liu, X; Sun, H; Sun, Y; Wang, W; Xu, L; Zhang, Y, 2021)		0.89
" SGAs used for approved indications are associated with significant metabolic adverse effects, including weight gain."( Metabolic adverse effects of off-label use of second-generation antipsychotics in the adult population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Agarwal, SM; Asgariroozbehani, R; Bowden, S; Hahn, MK; McIntyre, WB; Remington, G; Siskind, D; Smith, E; Stogios, N; Tran, V, 2022)		0.72
"In this systematic literature review (SLR), we qualitatively synthesized evidence on the comparative efficacy (based on neuropsychiatric inventory), tolerability (weight gain), and safety (cerebrovascular adverse events [CVAE], cardiovascular events, mortality, somnolence, extrapyramidal symptoms [EPS]) of AAPs used to treat DRP."( Comparative Efficacy, Safety, Tolerability, and Effectiveness of Antipsychotics in The Treatment of Dementia-Related Psychosis (DRP): A Systematic Literature Review.
Abler, V; Rajagopalan, K; Rashid, N; Yunusa, I, 2021)		0.62
" Safety evaluation included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), injection site reactions (ISR), laboratory tests and several safety scales."( Long-term efficacy and safety of once-monthly Risperidone ISM® in the treatment of schizophrenia: Results from a 12-month open-label extension study.
Anta, L; Correll, CU; Filts, Y; Litman, RE; Martínez, J; Naber, D, 2022)		0.98
" The study used the Delirium Rating Scale (DRS) Revised-98 to measure effectiveness and the CTCAE (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events) version 4 to assess safety."( Safety and Effectiveness of Perospirone in Comparison to Risperidone for Treatment of Delirium in Patients with Advanced Cancer: A Multicenter Prospective Observational Study in Real-World Psycho-Oncology Settings.
Inoue, S; Maeda, I; Ogawa, A; Terada, S; Yamada, N; Yoshiuchi, K, 2022)		0.97
" Secondary outcomes included psychopathology, remission, all-cause-discontinuation, inefficacy-related discontinuation, and adverse events."( Efficacy and safety/tolerability of antipsychotics in the treatment of adult patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Correll, CU; Hagi, K; Kane, JM; Kishimoto, T; Kurokawa, S, 2023)		0.91
" Some reports indicate that risperidone is toxic to various systems of the body, including the immune system."( Risperidone Toxicity on Human Blood Lymphocytes in Nano molar Concentrations.
Imani, F; Pourahmad, J; Ramezani, M; Salimi, A; Seydi, E; Shirani, K; Yousefsani, BS, 2022)		2.46
"Retrospective studies using spontaneous reporting system databases have provided a great understanding of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in the real world, complementing the data obtained from randomized controlled trials."( Characteristics of adverse reactions among antipsychotic drugs using the Korean Adverse Event Reporting System database from 2010 to 2019.
Byeon, SJ; Chung, SJ; Oh, S, 2022)		0.72
"Data were collected from the Korea Adverse Event Reporting System database between 2010 and 2019."( Characteristics of adverse reactions among antipsychotic drugs using the Korean Adverse Event Reporting System database from 2010 to 2019.
Byeon, SJ; Chung, SJ; Oh, S, 2022)		0.72
"In total, 5067 adverse events associated with antipsychotic drugs were reported."( Characteristics of adverse reactions among antipsychotic drugs using the Korean Adverse Event Reporting System database from 2010 to 2019.
Byeon, SJ; Chung, SJ; Oh, S, 2022)		0.72
" The most common adverse events with Lu AF35700 were increased weight and headache."( Efficacy and safety of Lu AF35700 in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: A randomized, active-controlled trial with open-label extension.
Forray, C; Hertel, P; Howes, OD; Kane, JM; Kinon, BJ; Lemming, OM; Mittoux, A; Such, P, 2022)		0.72
"Current methods are not designed to relate the incidence of individual adverse events reported in clinical trials to the plurality of adverse events accumulated in spontaneous reporting databases during real-world use."( Depicting Risperidone Safety Profiles in Clinical Trials Across Different Diagnoses Using a Dopamine D
Hopkins, SC; Koblan, KS; Ogirala, A; Worden, M; Zeni, C, 2022)		1.12
"Patient-level adverse event data (n = 4400) from controlled clinical trials of the antipsychotic risperidone in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer's disease psychosis, and autism were obtained through the Yale University Open Data Access (YODA) project."( Depicting Risperidone Safety Profiles in Clinical Trials Across Different Diagnoses Using a Dopamine D
Hopkins, SC; Koblan, KS; Ogirala, A; Worden, M; Zeni, C, 2022)		1.34
"In pooled data from seven trials of adult schizophrenia, class-specific adverse events were identified in 49% of patients treated with risperidone; in 49% of risperidone-treated patients in two trials in adolescent schizophrenia; in 65% of risperidone-treated patients in four trials in adult bipolar disorder; in 50% of risperidone-treated patients in two trials in adolescent schizophrenia; in 36% of risperidone-treated patients in one trial in Alzheimer's disease; and in 94% of risperidone-treated patients in one trial in autism."( Depicting Risperidone Safety Profiles in Clinical Trials Across Different Diagnoses Using a Dopamine D
Hopkins, SC; Koblan, KS; Ogirala, A; Worden, M; Zeni, C, 2022)		1.33
"The cumulative curves of class-specific adverse events in risperidone clinical trials of schizophrenia were similar to those first reported for other atypical antipsychotic drugs."( Depicting Risperidone Safety Profiles in Clinical Trials Across Different Diagnoses Using a Dopamine D
Hopkins, SC; Koblan, KS; Ogirala, A; Worden, M; Zeni, C, 2022)		1.37
" Although there are some reports in literature, the side effect profile in this population remains poorly defined and there is a need to raise awareness among clinicians across specialties."( Recognising side effects of antipsychotics in children with intellectual disabilities.
Anand, G; Lee, J; Shepperd, R; Smith, M, 2023)		0.91
"This study indicated that fingolimod is a safe and effective adjuvant agent for schizophrenia treatment."( Efficacy and safety of adjunctive therapy with fingolimod in patients with schizophrenia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Akhondzadeh, S; Amanollahi, M; Ardakani, MK; Basti, FA; Jameie, M; Karbalaee, M; Mokhtari, S; Moradi, K; Parsaei, M; TaghaviZanjani, F, 2023)		0.91
"To compare the risk for in-hospital adverse events associated with oral haloperidol, olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in older patients after major surgery."( Comparative Safety Analysis of Oral Antipsychotics for In-Hospital Adverse Clinical Events in Older Adults After Major Surgery : A Nationwide Cohort Study.
Bateman, BT; Ely, EW; Inouye, SK; Jones, RN; Kim, DH; Lee, SB; Levin, R; Marcantonio, ER; Metzger, E; Pandharipande, PP; Park, CM; Pisani, MA, 2023)		1.12
"These results suggest that atypical antipsychotics and haloperidol have similar rates of in-hospital adverse clinical events in older patients with postoperative delirium who receive an oral low-to-moderate dose antipsychotic drug."( Comparative Safety Analysis of Oral Antipsychotics for In-Hospital Adverse Clinical Events in Older Adults After Major Surgery : A Nationwide Cohort Study.
Bateman, BT; Ely, EW; Inouye, SK; Jones, RN; Kim, DH; Lee, SB; Levin, R; Marcantonio, ER; Metzger, E; Pandharipande, PP; Park, CM; Pisani, MA, 2023)		0.91
" Most frequently reported treatment-related adverse events (ie, ≥5% of patients in either TV-46000 group) that occurred more often in patients receiving TV-46000 (once monthly or once every 2 months) versus placebo were injection site nodules (7% for TV-46000 once monthly, 7% for TV-46000 once every 2 months, 3% for placebo), weight increased (4%, 6%, 2%, respectively), and extrapyramidal disorder (5%, 3%, 0% respectively)."( Efficacy and safety of TV-46000, a long-acting, subcutaneous, injectable formulation of risperidone, for schizophrenia: a randomised clinical trial in the USA and Bulgaria.
Correll, CU; Davis, GL; Eshet, R; Franzenburg, KR; Harary, E; Kane, JM; Leucht, S; Merenlender-Wagner, A; Sharon, N; Suett, M; Tohami, O; Weiser, M, 2023)		1.13

Pharmacokinetics

There are a few reports in the literature regarding the pharmacokinetic characteristics of risperidone, but insufficient data on its pharmacokinetics in a Chinese population. An open-label study evaluated the effect of steady-state venlafaxine on the single-dose Pharmacokinetic profile of ris peridone.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Following are the mean pharmacokinetics of risperidone and risperidone + 9-OH-risperidone: area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) from 0 to 96 hours; 278."( Pharmacokinetics of risperidone in chronic schizophrenic patients.
Borison, RL; Diamond, B; Meibach, RC; Pathiraja, A, 1994)		0.87
" Risperidone can be characterized as a potent D2 antagonist with predominant 5HT2 antagonistic activity and optimal pharmacokinetic properties."( Survey on the pharmacodynamics of the new antipsychotic risperidone.
Awouters, FH; Dugovic, C; Leysen, JE; Meert, TF; Megens, AA; Niemegeers, CJ; Schotte, A, 1994)		1.45
" Most traditional antipsychotic drugs have similar pharmacokinetic profiles that differ from the newer agents in several key respects."( Brief comparison of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the traditional and newer antipsychotic drugs.
DeVane, CL, 1995)		0.29
" Risperidone half-life was about 3 hours in extensive metabolizers and 22 hours in poor metabolizers."( Pharmacokinetics of the novel antipsychotic agent risperidone and the prolactin response in healthy subjects.
De Coster, R; Heykants, J; Huang, ML; Jansen, AA; Jonkman, JH; Van Peer, A; Visscher, HW; Woestenborghs, R; Zylicz, Z, 1993)		1.45
" The current clinical pharmacokinetic database for these atypical antipsychotics suggests that much can be learned with additional study that would be of value in individualizing their dosage regimens."( Pharmacokinetics of clozapine and risperidone: a review of recent literature.
Byerly, MJ; DeVane, CL, 1996)		0.57
" Pharmacokinetic interactions with other drugs have been described but, in some cases, their mechanism is unknown."( Pharmacokinetic interactions involving clozapine.
Taylor, D, 1997)		0.3
"Published trials and case reports relevant to the human metabolism of clozapine and to suspected pharmacokinetic interactions were reviewed."( Pharmacokinetic interactions involving clozapine.
Taylor, D, 1997)		0.3
"An open-label study evaluated the effect of steady-state venlafaxine on the single-dose pharmacokinetic profile of risperidone, a CYP2D6 substrate; its active metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone; and the total active moiety (risperidone plus 9-hydroxyrisperidone)."( Effect of venlafaxine on the pharmacokinetics of risperidone.
Albano, D; Amchin, J; Klockowski, PM; Taylor, KP; Zarycranski, W, 1999)		0.77
"Following an oral dose of risperidone (RSP), concentrations of its major metabolite 9-hydroxyrisperidone (9-OHRSP) were high in plasma and tissues but disproportionately lower in the brain compared to RSP, indicating that 9-OHRSP may have different pharmacokinetic properties."( Brain, plasma and tissue pharmacokinetics of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone after separate oral administration to rats.
Aravagiri, M; Marder, SR, 2002)		0.87
" The terminal elimination half-life (t(1/2) ) of RSP after the RSP dose was longest in the liver (17."( Brain, plasma and tissue pharmacokinetics of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone after separate oral administration to rats.
Aravagiri, M; Marder, SR, 2002)		0.57
" A full pharmacokinetic time profile of lithium was obtained."( Bayesian pharmacokinetics of lithium after an acute self-intoxication and subsequent haemodialysis: a case report.
Beijnen, JH; Kerbusch, T; Mathôt, RA; Meesters, EW; Otten, HM; Schellens, JH; van Kan, HJ, 2002)		0.31
"To explore the steady-state pharmacokinetic profile after coadministration of galantamine and risperidone, an open-label, randomized, single-center, two-way crossover drug-drug interaction study was conducted in 16 healthy elderly subjects, ages 60 years and older."( Pharmacokinetic and safety assessments of galantamine and risperidone after the two drugs are administered alone and together.
Huang, F; Janssens, L; Lasseter, KC; Lau, H; Verhaeghe, T; Zhao, Q, 2002)		0.78
" The treatment ratios of Cmax and associated 90% CIs for risperidone active moiety (ratio = 114."( Pharmacokinetic and safety assessments of concurrent administration of risperidone and donepezil.
Jia, X; Parier, JL; Pesco-Koplowitz, L; Xie, C; Zhao, Q, 2003)		0.8
" Blood samples for pharmacokinetic analysis of the active moiety (risperidone + 9-hydroxy-risperidone), risperidone, and its active metabolite 9-hydroxy-risperidone were obtained during a 96-hour period after dosing."( Pharmacokinetic comparison of fast-disintegrating and conventional tablet formulations of risperidone in healthy volunteers.
Ko, G; Lasseter, KC; Lechat, P; Mannaert, E; Remmerie, BM; van Schaick, EA, 2003)		0.78
"The bioequivalence assessment was based on pharmacokinetic and statistical analysis of data from 37 subjects who completed both treatment periods."( Pharmacokinetic comparison of fast-disintegrating and conventional tablet formulations of risperidone in healthy volunteers.
Ko, G; Lasseter, KC; Lechat, P; Mannaert, E; Remmerie, BM; van Schaick, EA, 2003)		0.54
" Mean half-life of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy of risperidone was 80."( Estimation of the time-course of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy in living human brain from plasma pharmacokinetics of antipsychotics.
Ichimiya, T; Ikoma, Y; Inoue, M; Maeda, J; Okubo, Y; Sudo, Y; Suhara, T; Takano, A; Yasuno, F, 2004)		0.57
" A comparison is also presented between several methods based on animal pharmacokinetic data, using the same set of proprietary compounds, and it lends further support for the use of this method, as opposed to methods that require the gathering of pharmacokinetic data in laboratory animals."( Prediction of human volume of distribution values for neutral and basic drugs. 2. Extended data set and leave-class-out statistics.
Gao, F; Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Shalaeva, MY, 2004)		0.32
" Although overall bioequivalence of the two formulations was established, the differences in pharmacokinetic profiles between the two formulations indicate potential benefits for long-acting risperidone."( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of long-acting risperidone in schizophrenia.
Eerdekens, M; Mannaert, E; Remmerie, B; Van Hove, I, 2004)		0.77
"On analysis, steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters (peak plasma concentrations [C(max)], time to C(max,) area under the concentration-time curve) of valproate were of the same order of magnitude on day 14 (monotherapy) and day 28 (valproate plus risperidone or placebo), with no period effect."( Risperidone does not affect steady-state pharmacokinetics of divalproex sodium in patients with bipolar disorder.
Alexander, J; Lacroix, D; Ravindran, A; Silverstone, P; van Schaick, E; Vermeulen, A, 2004)		1.95
" Pharmacokinetic parameters (C(max), t(max) and AUC) were assessed from plasma drug concentrations measured in blood collected before, during and after administration (for 12 h after risperidone on days 0 and 7, and for 24 h after donepezil HCl on day 7)."( Concurrent administration of donepezil HCl and risperidone in patients with schizophrenia: assessment of pharmacokinetic changes and safety following multiple oral doses.
Cullen, EI; Khan, A; Kumar, D; Perdomo, CA; Pratt, RD; Preskorn, SH; Reyes, JF, 2004)		0.77
" Pharmacokinetic parameters for risperidone and 9-OH risperidone were not altered in patients with schizophrenia after 7 days of donepezil HCl administration (AUC(0-12 h) standardized by dose: risperidone = 59."( Concurrent administration of donepezil HCl and risperidone in patients with schizophrenia: assessment of pharmacokinetic changes and safety following multiple oral doses.
Cullen, EI; Khan, A; Kumar, D; Perdomo, CA; Pratt, RD; Preskorn, SH; Reyes, JF, 2004)		0.86
" Combining the attributes of the atypical antipsychotic class with the pharmacokinetic profile and compliance advantages of a long-acting formulation could potentially be an important advance in the management of patients requiring continuous anti- psychotic therapy."( Pharmacokinetic profile and clinical efficacy of long-acting risperidone: potential benefits of combining an atypical antipsychotic and a new delivery system.
Ereshefsky, L; Mannaert, E, 2005)		0.57
" The AUC from 0 to 24 hours of 9-hydroxyrisperidone, but not other pharmacokinetic parameters, was significantly increased during verapamil treatment."( Effect of verapamil on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of risperidone: in vivo evidence of involvement of P-glycoprotein in risperidone disposition.
Kaneo, S; Nakagami, T; Saito, M; Tateishi, T; Yasui-Furukori, N, 2005)		0.83
"Population pharmacokinetic modeling was used to assess the consistency of risperidone exposure in Alzheimer's disease patients with agitation."( Population pharmacokinetics as a method to detect variable risperidone exposure in patients suffering from dementia with behavioral disturbances.
Bies, RR; Huber, KA; Kirshner, MA; Mulsant, BH; Pollock, BG; Rosen, J; Wilson, NL, 2005)		0.8
" A pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using both traditional compartmental modeling and a population pharmacokinetic approach."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of drug-drug interactions among risperidone, bupropion, and sertraline in CF1 mice.
DeVane, CL; Donovan, JL; Gibson, BB; Markowitz, JS; Wang, JS; Zhu, HJ, 2006)		0.57
" It increased the plasma AUC and elimination half-life (T1/2e) of desmethyl-SERT 12."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of drug-drug interactions among risperidone, bupropion, and sertraline in CF1 mice.
DeVane, CL; Donovan, JL; Gibson, BB; Markowitz, JS; Wang, JS; Zhu, HJ, 2006)		0.57
"These results suggest that pharmacokinetic interactions exist among these three psychoactive drugs involving inhibition of drug metabolizing enzymes and/or P-gp and other drug transporters present in the BBB."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of drug-drug interactions among risperidone, bupropion, and sertraline in CF1 mice.
DeVane, CL; Donovan, JL; Gibson, BB; Markowitz, JS; Wang, JS; Zhu, HJ, 2006)		0.57
"The single dose pharmacokinetic profiles of long-acting injectable (LAI) risperidone and oral risperidone were extrapolated to steady-state."( Pharmacokinetic profile of long-acting injectable risperidone at steady-state: comparison with oral administration.
Bouhours, P; Levron, JC; Mannaert, E; Remmerie, B; Vermeulen, A, )		0.62
"A population model was developed with the aim to simultaneously describe risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone pharmacokinetics; to obtain estimates for pharmacokinetic parameters and associated inter- and intra-individual variability of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone; and to evaluate the influence of patient demographic characteristics and other factors on risperidone, 9-hydroxyrisperidone, and active moiety pharmacokinetics."( Population pharmacokinetics of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone in patients with acute episodes associated with bipolar I disorder.
Ludwig, EA; Piotrovsky, V; Vermeulen, A, 2007)		0.86
" This article reports results from 3 studies examining the potential for cytochrome P450-dependent pharmacokinetic interactions between STS and 3 psychotropic medications that might be coadministered."( Selegiline transdermal system: an examination of the potential for CYP450-dependent pharmacokinetic interactions with 3 psychotropic medications.
Azzaro, AJ; Campbell, BJ; Kemper, E; VanDenBerg, C; Ziemniak, J, 2007)		0.34
"To develop a parent-metabolite pharmacokinetic model for risperidone (RIP) and its major active metabolite (9-hydroxyrisperidone) and investigate their pharmacokinetics characteristics in healthy male volunteers, twenty-two healthy volunteers were orally given a single dose of 2 mg RIP."( [Development and identifiability analysis of parent-metabolite pharmacokinetic model for risperidone and its main active metabolite 9-hydroxyrisperidone].
Ding, JJ; Jiao, Z; Shi, XJ; Yu, YQ, 2007)		0.81
"The goals of this study were to estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters of risperidone and its enantiomers in a pediatric population and explore relationships between saliva and plasma concentrations."( Plasma pharmacokinetic characteristics of risperidone and their relationship to saliva concentrations in children with psychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders.
Aman, MG; Lindsay, RL; Malone, K; Mannaert, E; Masty, J; Ramadan, Y; Remmerie, B; Vinks, AA, 2007)		0.83
" Standard pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."( Plasma pharmacokinetic characteristics of risperidone and their relationship to saliva concentrations in children with psychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders.
Aman, MG; Lindsay, RL; Malone, K; Mannaert, E; Masty, J; Ramadan, Y; Remmerie, B; Vinks, AA, 2007)		0.6
"In this preliminary pharmacokinetic study of parameters for risperidone and the enantiomers of 9-OH-risperidone in a pediatric population, mean C(max) and t(1/2) of risperidone were generally similar to those previously described in adults."( Plasma pharmacokinetic characteristics of risperidone and their relationship to saliva concentrations in children with psychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders.
Aman, MG; Lindsay, RL; Malone, K; Mannaert, E; Masty, J; Ramadan, Y; Remmerie, B; Vinks, AA, 2007)		0.85
"3 mg/kg haloperidol, however, exhibited similar pharmacodynamic effects in both genotypes."( Pharmacodynamic consequences of P-glycoprotein-dependent pharmacokinetics of risperidone and haloperidol in mice.
Henken, S; Hiemke, C; Kirschbaum, KM; Schmitt, U, 2008)		0.57
" The linear range corresponds well with the serum concentrations of the analytes obtained in clinical pharmacokinetic studies."( Determination of risperidone in human plasma by HPLC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in Chinese volunteers.
Chen, JC; Huang, MZ; Liu, J; Shentu, JZ; Zhou, HL, 2008)		0.69
"At equivalent daily doses and typical patterns of compliance, fortnightly intramuscular depot administrations of risperidone provide better pharmacokinetic coverage than once-daily oral dosing."( Estimation of the impact of noncompliance on pharmacokinetics: an analysis of the influence of dosing regimens.
Hughes, DA, 2008)		0.56
"At therapeutic concentrations and with typical patterns of noncompliance, intramuscular injections of risperidone resulted in a 41% (SD 12%) greater pharmacokinetic coverage than the oral dose, 76% (SD 10%) vs."( Estimation of the impact of noncompliance on pharmacokinetics: an analysis of the influence of dosing regimens.
Hughes, DA, 2008)		0.56
" pharmacokinetic data on 670 drugs representing, to our knowledge, the largest publicly available set of human clinical pharmacokinetic data."( Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ, 2008)		0.35
" These long-term effects would not be captured by a standard 5-day pharmacokinetic TDM developmental testing model for antipsychotics, and a new model for characterizing variation in C/D by time course is therefore proposed."( Long-term therapeutic drug monitoring of risperidone and olanzapine identifies altered steady-state pharmacokinetics: a clinical, two-group, naturalistic study.
Darby, JK; Herbert, J; Pasta, DJ; Wilson, MG, 2008)		0.61
"To characterize pharmacokinetic (PK) variability of risperidone and 9-OH risperidone using sparse sampling and to evaluate the effect of covariates on PK parameters."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis for risperidone using highly sparse sampling measurements from the CATIE study.
Aravagiri, M; Bies, RR; Coley, K; Feng, Y; Kirshner, M; Marder, S; Miller, D; Pollock, BG; Schneider, L, 2008)		0.86
" The limited available paliperidone pharmacokinetic information suggests that there are four minor metabolic pathways."( The pharmacokinetics of paliperidone versus risperidone.
de Leon, J; Sandson, NB; Wynn, G, )		0.39
" The pharmacokinetic profile of risperidone is well documented in adults."( Population pharmacokinetics of oral risperidone in children, adolescents and adults with psychiatric disorders.
Fabre, MA; Fuseau, E; Mannaert, E; Thyssen, A; Vermeulen, A, 2010)		0.92
"The pharmacokinetics of oral risperidone in children and adolescents were investigated through non-compartmental analysis (paediatric phase I study; n = 24) and population pharmacokinetic analysis using nonlinear mixed-effects modelling software (NONMEM) on a pooled database including both paediatric (n = 304) and adult (n = 476) data."( Population pharmacokinetics of oral risperidone in children, adolescents and adults with psychiatric disorders.
Fabre, MA; Fuseau, E; Mannaert, E; Thyssen, A; Vermeulen, A, 2010)		0.93
"Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis showed that, after correcting doses for bodyweight, plasma exposure was comparable between children and adolescents and in line with historical adult data."( Population pharmacokinetics of oral risperidone in children, adolescents and adults with psychiatric disorders.
Fabre, MA; Fuseau, E; Mannaert, E; Thyssen, A; Vermeulen, A, 2010)		0.64
" A population pharmacokinetic modeling approach was used to estimate the interindividual variability of the pharmacokinetic parameters in 50 hospitalized patients with acute episode of schizophrenia."( A population pharmacokinetic evaluation of the influence of CYP2D6 genotype on risperidone metabolism in patients with acute episode of schizophrenia.
Dolzan, V; Grabnar, I; Kastelic, M; Koprivsek, J; Kores-Plesnicar, B; Locatelli, I; Mrhar, A, 2010)		0.59
" There was a clear relationship between the number of active alleles and the pharmacokinetic parameters for risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone, but there were no differences for total active moiety."( Effects of CYP2D6 genotype on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of risperidone in healthy volunteers.
Abad-Santos, F; Gallego-Sandín, S; López-Rodríguez, R; Novalbos, J; Ochoa, D; Román, M, 2010)		0.8
"Data regarding the pharmacokinetic properties of risperidone in the Thai population are limited."( Relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic comparison of two 2-mg risperidone tablet formulations: A single dose, randomized-sequence, double-blind, 2-way crossover study in healthy male volunteers in Thailand.
Boonleang, J; Mahatthanatrakul, W; Pipatrattanaseree, W; Tanthana, C, 2010)		0.85
"The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the pharmacokinetic properties of risperidone and its active metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone (which reportedly contributes to the drug's pharmacodynamic effects), in a newly developed generic tablet formulation (test) and a branded formulation (reference) in healthy, fasting, male Thai volunteers."( Relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic comparison of two 2-mg risperidone tablet formulations: A single dose, randomized-sequence, double-blind, 2-way crossover study in healthy male volunteers in Thailand.
Boonleang, J; Mahatthanatrakul, W; Pipatrattanaseree, W; Tanthana, C, 2010)		0.82
" The effects of formulation, period, sequence, and subject (within sequence) on pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed using ANOVA."( Relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic comparison of two 2-mg risperidone tablet formulations: A single dose, randomized-sequence, double-blind, 2-way crossover study in healthy male volunteers in Thailand.
Boonleang, J; Mahatthanatrakul, W; Pipatrattanaseree, W; Tanthana, C, 2010)		0.6
" The ANOVA suggested no statistically significant effect of formulation, period, or sequence on the studied pharmacokinetic parameters of the active moiety, risperidone, or 9-hydroxyrisperidone."( Relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic comparison of two 2-mg risperidone tablet formulations: A single dose, randomized-sequence, double-blind, 2-way crossover study in healthy male volunteers in Thailand.
Boonleang, J; Mahatthanatrakul, W; Pipatrattanaseree, W; Tanthana, C, 2010)		0.79
"The single-dose pharmacokinetic data in this small, all-male, selected sample of fasting, healthy volunteers met Thailand's regulatory criteria for assuming bioequivalence of the tested generic and reference 2-mg risperidone tablets."( Relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic comparison of two 2-mg risperidone tablet formulations: A single dose, randomized-sequence, double-blind, 2-way crossover study in healthy male volunteers in Thailand.
Boonleang, J; Mahatthanatrakul, W; Pipatrattanaseree, W; Tanthana, C, 2010)		0.78
"Significant differences were observed between the ABCB1 3435C>T genotypes for the pharmacokinetic parameters (peak serum concentration) of risperidone and the active moiety (risperidone and its main metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone)."( Influence of ABCB1 genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of risperidone in healthy subjects with CYP2D6*10/*10.
Cho, HY; Kang, HA; Lee, IK; Lee, SN; Lee, YB; Yoo, HD, 2011)		0.81
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of Test and Reference were obtained by noncompartmental analysis."( Comparative pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of two tablet formulations of 2 mg risperidone in healthy Thai male volunteers.
Khorana, N; Lohitnavy, O; Maphanta, S; Sayasathid, J; Srichaiya, A, 2011)		0.59
"The 90% confidence intervals for Test/Reference ratios of the pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-∞) of both risperidone and its active metabolite (9-hydroxyrisperidone) fell within the acceptable bioequivalence range (80 - 125%) according to ASEAN guideline."( Comparative pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of two tablet formulations of 2 mg risperidone in healthy Thai male volunteers.
Khorana, N; Lohitnavy, O; Maphanta, S; Sayasathid, J; Srichaiya, A, 2011)		0.8
" In this study, fexofenadine, verapamil, risperidone, ondansetron, and imipramine were used as model compounds to investigate the effectiveness of MIM in pharmacokinetic studies."( Development of a novel high-throughput analytical methodology, multiple injection method, for quantitative analysis in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.
Ohkawa, T; Tanaka, Y; Yasui, H, 2011)		0.64
"Due to high interindividual variability in peripheral pharmacokinetic parameters, dosing of antipsychotics relies on clinical trial and error."( Predicting plasma concentration of risperidone associated with dosage change: a population pharmacokinetic study.
Bies, RR; Mamo, DC; Mimura, M; Pollock, BG; Suzuki, T; Tsunoda, K; Uchida, H; Watanabe, K, 2012)		0.66
" We conducted the population pharmacokinetic analysis of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone using a nonlinear mixed effects modeling (NONMEM) method and explored the possible influence of genetic polymorphisms in CYP2D6 alleles and ABCB1 (2677G>T/A and 3435C>T) on the population pharmacokinetics of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone with genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6 and ABCB1.
Cho, HY; Lee, SN; Lee, YB; Yoo, HD; Yoon, H, 2012)		0.89
"The purpose of this review is to describe the pharmacokinetic profile of paliperidone and its clinical implications in the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder."( Oral paliperidone extended-release: chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and metabolism, clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability.
Citrome, L, 2012)		0.38
" Genetic polymorphisms that manifest as highly variable pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic measures are its expected causes."( Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain.
Cremers, TI; Flik, G; Hofland, C; Stratford, RE, 2012)		0.38
"The study aims were to characterize risperidone and (±)-9-hydroxyrisperidone pharmacokinetic (PK) variability in children and adolescents and to evaluate covariate effects on PK parameters."( Population pharmacokinetic modeling of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone to estimate CYP2D6 subpopulations in children and adolescents.
Aman, MG; Bies, RR; Saldaña, SN; Sherwin, CM; Vinks, AA, 2012)		0.92
"05), while the other pharmacokinetic parameters did not show any significant differences."( Effects of single or repeated silymarin administration on pharmacokinetics of risperidone and its major metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone in rats.
Chae, SW; Choi, JM; Lee, HJ; Lee, KS; Park, JH; Rhie, SJ, 2013)		0.62
" Although there are a few reports in the literature regarding the pharmacokinetic characteristics of risperidone, insufficient data on its pharmacokinetic properties in a Chinese population are available."( Bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic evaluation of two formulations of risperidone 2 mg : an open-label, single-dose, fasting, randomized-sequence, two-way crossover study in healthy male Chinese volunteers.
Jia, JY; Li, SJ; Liu, GY; Liu, Y; Liu, YM; Wang, W; Weng, LP; Yu, C; Zhang, MQ, 2013)		0.84
"To meet the requirements for marketing a new generic product, this study was designed to compare the pharmacokinetic properties and bioequivalence of two 2 mg tablet formulations of risperidone: a newly developed generic formulation (test) and a branded formulation (reference) in healthy adult male Chinese volunteers."( Bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic evaluation of two formulations of risperidone 2 mg : an open-label, single-dose, fasting, randomized-sequence, two-way crossover study in healthy male Chinese volunteers.
Jia, JY; Li, SJ; Liu, GY; Liu, Y; Liu, YM; Wang, W; Weng, LP; Yu, C; Zhang, MQ, 2013)		0.82
" The present study aims to improve our understanding of antipsychotic-related adverse reactions (ARs) and their possible association with common genetic variants of pharmacodynamic proteins such as neurotransmitter receptors/transporters."( Pharmacodynamic genetic variants related to antipsychotic adverse reactions in healthy volunteers.
Abad-Santos, F; Ayuso, C; Borobia, AM; Cabaleiro, T; Carcas, AJ; López-Rodríguez, R; Novalbos, J; Ochoa, D; Román, M, 2013)		0.39
"Genetic variants in pharmacodynamic genes could represent valuable markers of AR risk and antipsychotic safety."( Pharmacodynamic genetic variants related to antipsychotic adverse reactions in healthy volunteers.
Abad-Santos, F; Ayuso, C; Borobia, AM; Cabaleiro, T; Carcas, AJ; López-Rodríguez, R; Novalbos, J; Ochoa, D; Román, M, 2013)		0.39
" The objective of this analysis was to report the results of a population pharmacokinetic analysis and to describe the relationship between risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone levels with dopamine (DA) D2-receptor occupancy, prolactin levels, and adverse events using data collected in 45 clinically stable schizophrenic patients receiving RBP-7000 in single ascending doses (risperidone) of 60, 90, and 120 mg."( A model-based approach to characterize the population pharmacokinetics and the relationship between the pharmacokinetic and safety profiles of RBP-7000, a new, long-acting, sustained-released formulation of risperidone.
Fudala, PJ; Gomeni, R; Heidbreder, C; Nasser, AF, 2013)		0.78
" Moreover, its ability to predict actigraphy records is similar to the predictive power of pharmacokinetic parameters (24%)."( Effect of CYP2D6 on risperidone pharmacokinetics and extrapyramidal symptoms in healthy volunteers: results from a pharmacogenetic clinical trial.
Arnaiz, JA; Bernardo, M; Bioque, M; de Bobadilla, RF; Ferrando, E; Gassó, P; Lafuente, A; Mas, S; Papagianni, K, 2014)		0.73
" The pharmacokinetic profiles of RIS-EOP were evaluated compared with immediate release tablets in beagle dogs."( Preparation, release and pharmacokinetics of a risperidone elementary osmotic pump system.
Gong, W; Liu, Y; Mei, DY; Mei, XG; Yang, M, 2015)		0.67
" An integrated population pharmacokinetic model describing simultaneously risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone after risperidone oral intake and RBP-7000 administration was developed in NON-MEM using 5,232 quantifiable plasma concentrations."( Population pharmacokinetics and prediction of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy after multiple doses of RBP-7000, a new sustained-release formulation of risperidone, in schizophrenia patients on stable oral risperidone treatment.
Fudala, PJ; Gomeni, R; Heidbreder, C; Laffont, CM; Nasser, AF; Zheng, B, 2014)		0.83
" The objective of this study was to use pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling tools to relate CAT with D2RO in rats and to compare that with the relationship between D2RO and EPS in humans."( Dopamine D2 receptor occupancy as a predictor of catalepsy in rats: a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling approach.
Barton, HA; Danhof, M; de Greef, R; Grimwood, S; Groothuis, GM; Johnson, M; Kozielska, M; Pilla Reddy, V; Proost, JH; Vermeulen, A, 2014)		0.4
" Two single-dose, two-period crossover studies of risperidone (n = 70) were reanalysed to calculate CVw for AUCt and Cmax ."( Polymorphisms in CYP2D6 have a greater effect on variability of risperidone pharmacokinetics than gender.
Abad-Santos, F; Cabaleiro, T; López-Rodríguez, R; Moreno, I; Novalbos, J; Ochoa, D; Román, M, 2015)		0.91
" They also showed lower Cmax and AUC and higher t1/2 for hydroxyrisperidone."( Effect of polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of risperidone in healthy volunteers.
Abad-Santos, F; Ayuso, C; Cabaleiro, T; López-Rodríguez, R; Novalbos, J; Ochoa, D; Román, M, 2014)		0.87
" A population pharmacokinetic model of RBP-7000 was developed in 90 clinically stable schizophrenic patients having received single/repeated doses of 60, 90, or 120 mg."( Population pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation to guide dose selection for RBP-7000, a new sustained-release formulation of risperidone.
Fudala, PJ; Gomeni, R; Heidbreder, C; Laffont, CM; Nasser, AF; Zheng, B, 2015)		0.62
"This article gives an overview of the pharmacokinetic profile of risperidone and a comprehensive review of treatment studies regarding the use of risperidone in ASD."( Clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of risperidone for the management of autism spectrum disorder.
Dietrich, A; Dinnissen, M; Hoekstra, PJ; van den Hoofdakker, BJ, 2015)		0.92
" The validated UPLC method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of RIS and 9-OHRIS in human plasma."( Concurrent determination of olanzapine, risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone in human plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection method: application to pharmacokinetic study.
Ramanathan, M; Siva Selva Kumar, M, 2016)		0.7
"Using a population pharmacokinetic approach, we aimed to characterize the genetic and non-genetic sources of variability affecting risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone pharmacokinetics, and relate them to common side effects."( Genetics-Based Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Risperidone in a Psychiatric Cohort.
Choong, E; Conus, P; Csajka, C; Eap, CB; Guidi, M; Vandenberghe, F; von Gunten, A, 2015)		0.86
" Pharmacokinetic study demonstrated erratic brain profiles of risperidone following intraperitoneal administration in selected nanoemulsions, most probably due to their different droplet surface properties (different composition of the stabilizing layer)."( Parenteral nanoemulsions as promising carriers for brain delivery of risperidone: Design, characterization and in vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation.
Cekić, ND; Daniels, R; Isailović, TM; Marković, BD; Ranđelović, DV; Savić, MM; Savić, SD; Savić, SR; Timić Stamenić, T; Đorđević, SM, 2015)		0.89
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived from plasma concentrations of risperidone and its active metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone (formed via CYP2D6 and CYP3A4), collected before and over 4 days after risperidone administration, and from steady-state plasma concentrations of armodafinil and its circulating metabolites, R-modafinil acid and modafinil sulfone."( Evaluation of potential pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction between armodafinil and risperidone in healthy adults.
Bond, M; Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2015)		0.87
"Our data show a potential pharmacokinetic interaction, most likely via CYP3A4 between amlodipine and RIS, reflected in significantly different C/Ds for RIS, 9-OH-RIS and AM."( Pharmacokinetic considerations in the treatment of hypertension in risperidone-medicated patients - thinking of clinically relevant CYP2D6 interactions.
Gründer, G; Haen, E; Lammertz, SE; Paulzen, M; Schoretsanitis, G; Schruers, KR; Stegmann, B; Walther, S, 2016)		0.67
" The pharmacokinetic of the active moiety was biphasic for all three dose groups, and the mean plasma concentration was 21."( Phase I, open-label, randomized, parallel study to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of one intramuscular injection of risperidone ISM at different dose strengths in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (PRISMA-1).
Anta, L; Ayani, I; Gutierro, I; Ivanov, M; Llaudó, J; Martínez, J; Morozova, M; Schronen, J, 2016)		0.64
" The objective of the study was to identify pharmacokinetic interactions of different mood stabilizers on the metabolism of risperidone (RIS) under natural conditions."( Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interactions of Mood Stabilizers and Risperidone in Patients Under Combined Treatment.
Gründer, G; Haen, E; Hiemke, C; Lammertz, SE; Paulzen, M; Schoretsanitis, G; Schruers, KR; Stegmann, B, 2016)		0.88
"The data give evidence for pharmacokinetic interactions between RIS and different anticonvulsant mood stabilizers."( Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interactions of Mood Stabilizers and Risperidone in Patients Under Combined Treatment.
Gründer, G; Haen, E; Hiemke, C; Lammertz, SE; Paulzen, M; Schoretsanitis, G; Schruers, KR; Stegmann, B, 2016)		0.67
"To disentangle an association between tobacco smoking, smoking habits and pharmacokinetic patterns such as plasma concentrations of risperidone (RIS), its active metabolite 9-hydroxyrisperidone (9-OH-RIS) and the active moiety, AM, (RIS+9-OH-RIS) in a naturalistic sample."( Effect of smoking on risperidone pharmacokinetics - A multifactorial approach to better predict the influence on drug metabolism.
Gründer, G; Haen, E; Hiemke, C; Paulzen, M; Schoretsanitis, G; Stegmann, B, 2017)		0.98
"011) for the group of moderate smokers while other pharmacokinetic parameters did not differ."( Effect of smoking on risperidone pharmacokinetics - A multifactorial approach to better predict the influence on drug metabolism.
Gründer, G; Haen, E; Hiemke, C; Paulzen, M; Schoretsanitis, G; Stegmann, B, 2017)		0.77
"Alterations of risperidone metabolism suggest pharmacokinetic interactions for levomepromazine and melperone."( Pharmacokinetic considerations in antipsychotic augmentation strategies: How to combine risperidone with low-potency antipsychotics.
Gründer, G; Haen, E; Hiemke, C; Lammertz, SE; Paulzen, M; Schoretsanitis, G; Schruers, KRJ; Stegmann, B; Walther, S, 2017)		1.03
" The mean Cmax of the active moiety was achieved 24-48 h (tmax) after each administration, regardless of injection site."( A phase II study to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of Risperidone ISM multiple intramuscular injections once every 4 weeks in patients with schizophrenia.
Anta, L; Ayani, I; Gutierro, I; Litman, RE; Llaudó, J; Martínez, J, 2018)		0.71
" Various pharmacokinetic parameters were determined in both studies."( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Risperidone Subcutaneous Implants in Stable Patients With Schizophrenia.
Adera, M; Dammerman, R; Kim, S; Schwarz, A, 2018)		0.77
"We assessed the dosage strengths of paliperidone palmitate 1-month (PP1M) long-acting injectable resulting in similar steady-state (SS) exposures to the dosage strengths of oral risperidone using pharmacokinetic (PK) simulations."( Maintenance dose conversion between oral risperidone and paliperidone palmitate 1 month: Practical guidance based on pharmacokinetic simulations.
Gopal, S; Kern Sliwa, J; Kim, E; Mathews, M; Ravenstijn, P; Russu, A; Singh, A, 2018)		0.94
" The goal of this study was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model considering the CYP2D6 genetic polymorphism for risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone (9-OH-RIS) taking CYP3A4 into account."( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling to Describe the Pharmacokinetics of Risperidone and 9-Hydroxyrisperidone According to Cytochrome P450 2D6 Phenotypes.
Abad-Santos, F; Hempel, G; Kneller, LA, 2020)		0.98
" The goal of the study was to develop physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for the elderly aged 65+ years."( Modelling Age-Related Changes in the Pharmacokinetics of Risperidone and 9-Hydroxyrisperidone in Different CYP2D6 Phenotypes Using a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Approach.
Hempel, G; Kneller, LA, 2020)		0.8
" Overall, age-related changes of the pharmacokinetics in the elderly were mainly observed in Cmax and AUC."( Modelling Age-Related Changes in the Pharmacokinetics of Risperidone and 9-Hydroxyrisperidone in Different CYP2D6 Phenotypes Using a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Approach.
Hempel, G; Kneller, LA, 2020)		0.8
"A comprehensive electronic database search identified studies reporting relationships between genetically determined CYP2D6 metabolism and risperidone pharmacokinetic properties."( CYP2D6 Genetic Polymorphisms and Risperidone Pharmacokinetics: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Allen, JD; Bishop, JR; Brown, SJ; de Leon, J; Eum, S; Lee, AM; Shan, Y; Zhang, L, 2020)		1.04
"The purpose of this study was to investigate the impacts of the formulation parameters on the pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of risperidone orodispersible film (ODF) using physiologically based pharmacokinetic model."( Evaluation of the Impacts of Formulation Parameters on the Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence of Risperidone Orodispersible Film: a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach.
Chen, F; Chen, Y; Jiao, Z; Lin, HS; Liu, H; Quan, Y; Wang, B; Wang, H; Xiang, X; Yang, L; Yang, Z, 2020)		0.98
" With this review, we aim to provide an overview of the pharmacodynamic interactions between ketamine and mood stabilizers, benzodiazepines, monoamine oxidase-inhibitors, antipsychotics, and psychostimulants."( Pharmacodynamic Interactions Between Ketamine and Psychiatric Medications Used in the Treatment of Depression: A Systematic Review.
Bakker, IM; Kamphuis, J; Schoevers, RA; Smith-Apeldoorn, SY; Touw, DJ; Veraart, JKE; Visser, BAE, 2021)		0.62
" More studies are needed to provide insight into pharmacodynamic interactions with ketamine."( Pharmacodynamic Interactions Between Ketamine and Psychiatric Medications Used in the Treatment of Depression: A Systematic Review.
Bakker, IM; Kamphuis, J; Schoevers, RA; Smith-Apeldoorn, SY; Touw, DJ; Veraart, JKE; Visser, BAE, 2021)		0.62
" The rate of removal of LAIs is regulated by the slow rate of absorption in the site of injection and the phenomenon of their increased half-life is called flip-flop pharmacokinetics."( [Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmaceutical forms of long-acting injectable antipsychotics].
Kyziridis, TC, 2022)		0.72
" A population pharmacokinetic (PPK) modeling and simulation approach was implemented to identify TV-46000 doses and dosing schedules for clinical development that would provide the best balance between clinical efficacy and safety."( Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulation of TV-46000: A Long-Acting Injectable Formulation of Risperidone.
Elgart, A; Gomeni, R; Harary, E; Kalmanczhelyi, A; Lamson, M; Levi, M; Loupe, P; Merenlender Wagner, A; Perlstein, I; Spiegelstein, O; Tiver, R, 2022)		0.94
"As outlined in changes to the US prescribing information for all methylphenidate and risperidone products, health care professionals should be aware that changes to this combination may be associated with a pharmacodynamic drug-drug interaction resulting in acute hyperkinetic movement disorder."( Acute Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders as a Multifactorial Pharmacodynamic Drug Interaction Between Methylphenidate and Risperidone in Children and Adolescents.
Burkhart, K; Chen, Q; Cheng, C; Croteau, D; Demczar, D; Kortepeter, C; Mohamoud, M; Stone, M; Volpe, DA, )		0.56
"This study aimed to determine the effects of pregnancy and ontogeny on risperidone and paliperidone pharmacokinetics by assessing their serum concentrations in two subjects and constructing a customized physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model."( Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model to investigate the effect of pregnancy on risperidone and paliperidone pharmacokinetics: Application to a pregnant woman and her neonate.
Fujioka, K; Fujiwara, N; Horai, T; Iijima, K; Imafuku, H; Ito, T; Mahdy, WYB; Omura, T; Otsuka, I; Yamamoto, K; Yano, I, 2023)		1.37

Compound-Compound Interactions

The potential interaction of risperidone (RISP), which is metabolized by 2D6 and transported across the blood brain barrier (BBB) by P-gp, was studied in combination with bupropion (BUP) and also with sertraline (SERT)

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" A number of patient-related variables also affect the clinical significance of a drug-drug interaction."( Drug interactions and antipsychotic therapy.
DeVane, CL, )		0.13
" This study examined the effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in combination with risperidone in an open trial in 10 male schizophrenic patients with significant aggressive behaviors."( Effectiveness of ECT combined with risperidone against aggression in schizophrenia.
Ashby, CR; Hirose, S; Mills, MJ, 2001)		0.81
" One concern raised by the widespread use of multiple concurrent pharmacotherapies is the potential for drug-drug interactions to adversely affect patient outcome."( An evaluation of risperidone drug interactions.
DeVane, CL; Nemeroff, CB, 2001)		0.65
"This study examined the short-term efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) combined with antipsychotic medication in treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS)."( Efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy combined with antipsychotic medication in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a prospective, open trial.
Tang, WK; Ungvari, GS, 2002)		0.31
" Treatment with divalproex in combination with an atypical antipsychotic agent resulted in earlier improvements in a range of psychotic symptoms among acutely hospitalized patients with schizophrenia."( Effect of divalproex combined with olanzapine or risperidone in patients with an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia.
Casey, DE; Daniel, DG; Sommerville, KW; Tracy, KA; Wassef, AA; Wozniak, P, 2003)		0.57
" The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness and tolerability of topiramate and divalproex in combination with risperidone for treating acute mania patients in a naturalistic treatment setting."( Topiramate and divalproex in combination with risperidone for acute mania: a randomized open-label study.
Bahk, WM; Choi, SK; Chung, SK; Jon, DI; Lee, JS; Pae, CU; Paik, IH; Shin, YC; Woo, JM; Yoon, BH, 2005)		0.79
" As ciproxifan and thioperamide are inhibitors of cytochrome P450 enzymes, responsible for metabolizing risperidone and haloperidol, the possibility that the augmentation of antipsychotics by imidazoles resulted from drug-drug interactions was tested."( Lack of cataleptogenic potentiation with non-imidazole H3 receptor antagonists reveals potential drug-drug interactions between imidazole-based H3 receptor antagonists and antipsychotic drugs.
Ballard, ME; Cowart, M; Decker, MW; Esbenshade, TA; Faghih, R; Fox, GB; Hancock, AA; Pan, L; Roberts, S; Rueter, LE; Zhang, M, 2005)		0.54
"Accumulating evidence indicates that modulation of the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and the multidrug resistance transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is responsible for many drug-drug interactions."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of drug-drug interactions among risperidone, bupropion, and sertraline in CF1 mice.
DeVane, CL; Donovan, JL; Gibson, BB; Markowitz, JS; Wang, JS; Zhu, HJ, 2006)		0.57
"The potential interaction of risperidone (RISP), which is metabolized by 2D6 and transported across the blood brain barrier (BBB) by P-gp, was studied in combination with bupropion (BUP) and also with sertraline (SERT)."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of drug-drug interactions among risperidone, bupropion, and sertraline in CF1 mice.
DeVane, CL; Donovan, JL; Gibson, BB; Markowitz, JS; Wang, JS; Zhu, HJ, 2006)		0.86
"To compare oral risperidone and intramuscular (IM) haloperidol, both in combination with IM lorazepam, in the management of acute agitation and psychosis in the medical emergency department."( Risperidone versus haloperidol, in combination with lorazepam, in the treatment of acute agitation and psychosis: a pilot, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Currier, GW; McMullan, JT; Veser, BD; Veser, FH; Zealberg, J, 2006)		2.12
" These results further support the previous suggestion that the cortical dopamine system plays an important role in the effects of antipsychotic drugs administered in combination with fluvoxamine."( Lack of enhanced effect of antipsychotics combined with fluvoxamine on acetylcholine release in rat prefrontal cortex.
Ago, Y; Baba, A; Matsuda, T; Nakamura, S; Sato, M, 2006)		0.33
"The treatment of DD combined with low dosage of risperidone is effective on chronic schizophrenia and shows less adverse reaction."( [Clinical observation on effect of modified Daotan Decoction combined with small dose risperidone in treating chronic schizophrenia].
Liu, JL; Ma, L; Wang, Y, 2007)		0.82
"Any attempt to develop personalized dosing needs to be anchored in our understanding of the pharmacological response of each drug in each person's environment, particularly drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and how genetic make-up influences drug response."( A preliminary attempt to personalize risperidone dosing using drug-drug interactions and genetics: part I.
Cozza, KL; de Leon, J; Sandson, NB, )		0.4
"The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of divalproex sodium extended release (divalproex ER) vs placebo in combination with olanzapine or risperidone for the treatment of acute exacerbations of schizophrenia."( Divalproex ER combined with olanzapine or risperidone for treatment of acute exacerbations of schizophrenia.
Abi-Saab, W; Baker, J; Casey, DE; Daniel, DG; Greco, N; Kane, JM; Redden, L; Saltarelli, M; Tamminga, C; Tran-Johnson, T; Wozniak, P, 2009)		0.81
" The need to provide effective therapeutic interventions to patients who do not have an optimal response to clozapine is the most common reason for simultaneously prescribing a second antipsychotic drug in combination with clozapine."( Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment resistant schizophrenia.
Barbui, C; Boso, M; Cipriani, A, 2009)		0.35
"In a randomized trial, we recently obtained evidence for comparable efficacy and differential side effects of clozapine in combination with ziprasidone (CZ, N=12) versus risperidone (CR, N=12)."( Long-term efficacy and tolerability of clozapine combined with ziprasidone or risperidone.
Dressing, H; Englisch, S; Krumm, B; Kuwilsky, A; Zink, M, 2010)		0.78
"The aim of this paper was to explore the efficacy of modified electroconvulsive therapy (MECT) combined with risperidone oral solution in the treatment of agitation in the acute stage of epilepsy, and the effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 mRNA and protein expression."( Study of modified electroconvulsive therapy combined with risperidone oral solution in the treatment of agitation in the acute stage of epilepsy and expression level changes of insulin-like growth factor-1.
Li, C; Li, J, 2016)		0.89
" The patients in the experimental group were treated with MECT combined with risperidone oral solution."( Study of modified electroconvulsive therapy combined with risperidone oral solution in the treatment of agitation in the acute stage of epilepsy and expression level changes of insulin-like growth factor-1.
Li, C; Li, J, 2016)		0.91
" If the ar/mod-antipsychotic drug combination is necessary, for whatever reason, then the dose of the atypical antipsychotic drug may need to be appropriately raised."( Delayed drug interactions in psychiatry: armodafinil and risperidone as a potential case in point.
Andrade, C, 2015)		0.66
"The combination of anticonvulsant mood stabilizers with antipsychotic drugs may lead to clinically relevant drug-drug interactions."( Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interactions of Mood Stabilizers and Risperidone in Patients Under Combined Treatment.
Gründer, G; Haen, E; Hiemke, C; Lammertz, SE; Paulzen, M; Schoretsanitis, G; Schruers, KR; Stegmann, B, 2016)		0.67
" For these people, a number of treatment strategies have emerged, including the prescription of a second anti-psychotic drug in combination with clozapine."( Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment-resistant schizophrenia.
Barber, S; Cipriani, A; Corsi, M; Olotu, U, 2017)		0.46
"To assess whether a "drugome-wide" screen with case-crossover design is a feasible approach for identifying candidate drugs and drug-drug interactions."( Screening approach for identifying candidate drugs and drug-drug interactions related to hip fracture risk in persons with Alzheimer disease.
Hartikainen, S; Koponen, M; Lavikainen, P; Paananen, J; Taipale, H; Tanskanen, A; Tiihonen, J; Tolppanen, AM, 2017)		0.46
"Case-crossover analysis is a potential approach for identifying candidate drugs and drug-drug interactions associated with adverse events as it implicitly controls for fixed confounders."( Screening approach for identifying candidate drugs and drug-drug interactions related to hip fracture risk in persons with Alzheimer disease.
Hartikainen, S; Koponen, M; Lavikainen, P; Paananen, J; Taipale, H; Tanskanen, A; Tiihonen, J; Tolppanen, AM, 2017)		0.46
" Food and Drug Administration to treat "irritability" in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder, in combination with another drug with respect to experimental design, assessment techniques, drug co-administered, reported effects, and participant characteristics."( Risperidone in combination with other drugs: Experimental research in individuals with autism spectrum disorder.
Curiel, H; Li, A; MacNeill, B; Poling, A, 2017)		1.9
"As outlined in changes to the US prescribing information for all methylphenidate and risperidone products, health care professionals should be aware that changes to this combination may be associated with a pharmacodynamic drug-drug interaction resulting in acute hyperkinetic movement disorder."( Acute Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders as a Multifactorial Pharmacodynamic Drug Interaction Between Methylphenidate and Risperidone in Children and Adolescents.
Burkhart, K; Chen, Q; Cheng, C; Croteau, D; Demczar, D; Kortepeter, C; Mohamoud, M; Stone, M; Volpe, DA, )		0.56
" We hypothesized that a low dose of risperidone in combination with sertraline would reduce serious adverse effects without decreasing treatment response."( Efficacy of low-dose risperidone in combination with sertraline in first-episode drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia: a randomized controlled open-label study.
Lang, X; Wu, F; Xiu, M; Xue, M; Zang, X; Zhang, X, 2023)		1.5
"A total of 230 patients with FEMN SZ were randomly assigned to receive low-dose risperidone in combination with sertraline (RS group) or regular-dose risperidone (control group)."( Efficacy of low-dose risperidone in combination with sertraline in first-episode drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia: a randomized controlled open-label study.
Lang, X; Wu, F; Xiu, M; Xue, M; Zang, X; Zhang, X, 2023)		1.46
"Our study suggests that low-dose risperidone in combination with sertraline was more effective for psychotic symptoms and psychosocial functioning, with significantly fewer adverse effects in patients with FEMN SZ."( Efficacy of low-dose risperidone in combination with sertraline in first-episode drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia: a randomized controlled open-label study.
Lang, X; Wu, F; Xiu, M; Xue, M; Zang, X; Zhang, X, 2023)		1.51
" However, the effects of the low frequency of rTMS combined with antipsychotics on the gut microbiome in chronic SCH have been poorly investigated."( Effects of low-frequency rTMS combined with risperidone on the gut microbiome in hospitalized patients with chronic schizophrenia.
Bai, J; Chen, YH; Cui, ZQ; Fu, R; Guo, L; Li, R; Peng, ZW; Tan, QR; Yang, JB, 2023)		1.17

Bioavailability

The absolute oral bioavailability of risperidone is nearly 70%, and after oral administration, it is rapidly absorbed. The plasma level reaching a peak at about 1 h. It was hypothesized that cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A inhibition of the small intestine by voriconazole and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibition by risperids exerted a synergistic effect on tacrolimus.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" bioavailability and a relatively long duration of action."( Pharmacology of risperidone (R 64 766), a new antipsychotic with serotonin-S2 and dopamine-D2 antagonistic properties.
Awouters, F; Janssen, PA; Meert, TF; Megens, AA; Niemegeers, CJ; Schellekens, KH, 1988)		0.62
" The newer antipsychotic agents clozapine and risperidone are also well absorbed and undergo extensive presystemic elimination."( Brief comparison of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the traditional and newer antipsychotic drugs.
DeVane, CL, 1995)		0.55
" Risperidone absolute oral bioavailability was 66%."( Pharmacokinetics of the novel antipsychotic agent risperidone and the prolactin response in healthy subjects.
De Coster, R; Heykants, J; Huang, ML; Jansen, AA; Jonkman, JH; Van Peer, A; Visscher, HW; Woestenborghs, R; Zylicz, Z, 1993)		1.45
" These drugs are well absorbed when taken orally but are poorly bioavailable because of presystemic elimination."( Pharmacokinetics of clozapine and risperidone: a review of recent literature.
Byerly, MJ; DeVane, CL, 1996)		0.57
"The bioavailability of risperidone was evaluated in an open-label, randomized, two-way, crossover study comparing a 1-mg tablet with a 1-mg/ml oral solution."( Risperidone: effects of formulations on oral bioavailability.
Gutierrez, R; Huang, ML; Lee, PI; Woestenborghs, R, )		1.88
"The quantitative structure-bioavailability relationship of 232 structurally diverse drugs was studied to evaluate the feasibility of constructing a predictive model for the human oral bioavailability of prospective new medicinal agents."( QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
Topliss, JG; Yoshida, F, 2000)		0.31
" It may be less well absorbed and/or less effective than Clozaril, although evidence is conflicting."( Advances in atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia: new formulations and new agents.
Albert, MJ; Baldessarini, RJ; Centorrino, F; Kelleher, JP, 2002)		0.31
" The results showed that risperidone, when administered with galantamine, did not change the bioavailability of galantamine at steady state."( Pharmacokinetic and safety assessments of galantamine and risperidone after the two drugs are administered alone and together.
Huang, F; Janssens, L; Lasseter, KC; Lau, H; Verhaeghe, T; Zhao, Q, 2002)		0.86
" Therefore, studies of comparative bioavailability of different formulations of a same drug are worthwhile."( [Comparative bioavailability study of two formulations of risperidone available in the Chilean market].
Carrillo, MJ; Gaete, LE; Saavedra, I; Schatloff, O; Solís, J; Venegas, P, 2003)		0.56
"To compare the bioavailability of two risperidone formulations available in the Chilean market."( [Comparative bioavailability study of two formulations of risperidone available in the Chilean market].
Carrillo, MJ; Gaete, LE; Saavedra, I; Schatloff, O; Solís, J; Venegas, P, 2003)		0.83
"The bioavailability of a local risperidone formulation (Spiron) was compared with the original formulation of the drug (Risperdal) in 12 healthy volunteers, aged 19 +/- 1 years."( [Comparative bioavailability study of two formulations of risperidone available in the Chilean market].
Carrillo, MJ; Gaete, LE; Saavedra, I; Schatloff, O; Solís, J; Venegas, P, 2003)		0.85
"This study demonstrated that the bioavailability of risperidone was increased by verapamil, suggesting in vivo involvement of P-glycoprotein in the pharmacokinetics of risperidone."( Effect of verapamil on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of risperidone: in vivo evidence of involvement of P-glycoprotein in risperidone disposition.
Kaneo, S; Nakagami, T; Saito, M; Tateishi, T; Yasui-Furukori, N, 2005)		0.82
" The oral bioavailability of the polymer was 40%."( Intestinal uptake and biodistribution of novel polymeric micelles after oral administration.
Ariën, A; Brewster, M; Mathot, F; Préat, V; van Beijsterveldt, L, 2006)		0.33
" Based on the results, one candidate was selected for advancement that showed moderate in vitro solubility, but had the highest in vitro permeability and ratio of colonic to duodenal bioavailability (0."( Preclinical assessment of the feasibility of applying controlled release oral drug delivery to a lead series of atypical antipsychotics.
Ashton, D; Borghys, H; Chen, J; Dai, W; Dong, L; Eichenbaum, G; Evans, J; Kennis, L; Li, S; Mackie, C; Megens, A; Nguyen, J; Pollock-Dove, C; Scicinski, J; van Osdol, W; Xu, Y, 2006)		0.33
" The absorption rate constant was lower in the verapamil group."( P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A4 involvement in risperidone transport using an in vitro Caco-2/TC7 model and an in vivo model.
Barthélémy, C; Brossard, D; Clavey, V; Cousein, E; Crauste-Manciet, S; Danel, C; Joiris, E; Lestavel, S; Odou, P; Poullain, S; Robert, H; Simon, N; Vaccher, C; Williame, V, 2007)		0.59
"The objective of the study was to compare the bioavailability of a generic oral solution of risperidone (Test formulation) and Risperdal tablets (Reference formulation)."( Lack of bioequivalence between generic risperidone oral solution and originator risperidone tablets.
Piniella, PM; Relleke, M; van Os, S, 2007)		0.83
" Human oral bioavailability is an important pharmacokinetic property, which is directly related to the amount of drug available in the systemic circulation to exert pharmacological and therapeutic effects."( Hologram QSAR model for the prediction of human oral bioavailability.
Andricopulo, AD; Moda, TL; Montanari, CA, 2007)		0.34
" Thus, rifampin reduced the exposure to risperidone, probably because of a decrease in its bioavailability through the induction of CYP3A and probably P-glycoprotein."( Effect of rifampin, an inducer of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein, on the pharmacokinetics of risperidone.
Kim, KA; Kim, KB; Lee, HJ; Liu, KH; Park, JY; Park, PW; Shin, JG, 2008)		0.84
"Oral bioavailability (F) is a product of fraction absorbed (Fa), fraction escaping gut-wall elimination (Fg), and fraction escaping hepatic elimination (Fh)."( Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
Chang, G; El-Kattan, A; Miller, HR; Obach, RS; Rotter, C; Steyn, SJ; Troutman, MD; Varma, MV, 2010)		0.36
" The pharmacokinetics following deltoid injection and bioequivalence between deltoid and gluteal administration were assessed in an open-label, single-dose, crossover, fully powered bioavailability study."( Risperidone long-acting injection: pharmacokinetics following administration in deltoid versus gluteal muscle in schizophrenic patients.
Herben, V; Mannaert, E; Quiroz, J; Rusch, S; Thyssen, A, 2010)		1.8
"To compare the bioavailability of two risperidone orodispersible tablet products, Risperidone 1 mg Mouth dissolving tablet, Ranbaxy (Malaysia) Sdn."( Comparative bioavailability of two risperidone orodispersible tablet products after single dose administration.
Gaysonsiri, D; Jain, R; Kaewkamson, T; Kanjanawart, S; Khuroo, A; Kumar, S; Monif, T; Phunikhom, K; Rao Thudi, N; Reyar, S; Tangsucharit, P; Tassaneeyakul, W; Vannaprasaht, S, 2010)		0.91
" Many excellent active compounds are confined because of general low oral bioavailability due to poor solubility."( [Advances in the study of polymeric micelles used in oral administration].
Chen, D; Deng, YH; Ding, PT; Wang, SL, 2010)		0.36
"The aims of this study were to compare the relative bioavailability of a pharmaceutical-equivalent (test) formulation with a reference formulation of oral RSP 2 mg, both available commercially on the Brazilian pharmaceutical market, and to generate data regarding the oral bioavailability of the tested drug in healthy Brazilian volunteers."( Relative bioavailability of two oral formulations of risperidone 2 mg: A single-dose, randomized-sequence, open-label, two-period crossover comparison in healthy Brazilian volunteers.
Belotto, KC; Ferreira, AS; Gattaz, WF; Raposo, NR, 2010)		0.61
" This drug has low solubility in aqueous medium and poor bioavailability due to extensive first-pass metabolism and high protein binding (>90%)."( Optimization and in vitro toxicity evaluation of G4 PAMAM dendrimer-risperidone complexes.
Alonso, Sdel V; del Río Zabala, NE; Marotta, CH; Prieto, MJ; Temprana, CF, 2011)		0.6
" It possesses good bioavailability following oral administration."( Comparative pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of two tablet formulations of 2 mg risperidone in healthy Thai male volunteers.
Khorana, N; Lohitnavy, O; Maphanta, S; Sayasathid, J; Srichaiya, A, 2011)		0.59
" The calculated relative bioavailability of risperidone transdermal patch was 115."( Formulation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of transdermal patches containing risperidone.
Aggarwal, G; Dhawan, S; Hari Kumar, SL, 2013)		0.88
" Preliminary tests for oral bioavailability also revealed promising results for this new class of potential antipsychotic compounds."( Molecular combination of the dopamine and serotonin scaffolds yield in novel antipsychotic drug candidates - characterization by in vivo experiments.
Enzensperger, C; Fleck, C; Lehmann, J; Mueller, FK; Robaa, D; Schulze, M; Siol, O, 2012)		0.38
"This study was designed to compare the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties and bioavailability of 2 RIS formulations-the dispersible formulation (test) and a branded formulation (reference) in healthy male Chinese volunteers."( Comparative fasting bioavailability of dispersible and conventional tablets of risperidone: a single-dose, randomized-sequence, open-label, two-period crossover study in healthy male Chinese volunteers.
Chen, J; Hu, X; Huang, M; Liu, J; Shen-Tu, J; Wu, L, 2012)		0.61
" There was significant difference in the absorption rate constant (k ( a )) of risperidone among the CYP2D6*10 genotype groups."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone with genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6 and ABCB1.
Cho, HY; Lee, SN; Lee, YB; Yoo, HD; Yoon, H, 2012)		0.85
" The repeated exposures of silymarin, compared to single administration of silymarin, increased oral bioavailability and affected the pharmacokinetics of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone, by inhibiting P-gp."( Effects of single or repeated silymarin administration on pharmacokinetics of risperidone and its major metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone in rats.
Chae, SW; Choi, JM; Lee, HJ; Lee, KS; Park, JH; Rhie, SJ, 2013)		0.82
" This drug has low solubility in aqueous medium and poor bioavailability due to extensive first-pass metabolism and high protein binding (>90%)."( Optimization and in vivo toxicity evaluation of G4.5 PAMAM dendrimer-risperidone complexes.
Arévalo Arévalo, R; Carreño Gutierrez, H; Chiaramoni, NS; del Rio Zabala, NE; del Valle Alonso, S; Marotta, CH; Prieto, MJ, 2014)		0.64
" The relative bioavailability (RB) of risperidone from this formula was 161."( Effervescent tablet formulation for enhanced patient compliance and the therapeutic effect of risperidone.
Ghorab, MM; Ibrahim, HK; Mohammed, KA, 2016)		0.92
" RISP has low solubility in aqueous medium and poor bioavailability because of its metabolism and high protein binding."( Development of Nutraceutical Emulsions as Risperidone Delivery Systems: Characterization and Toxicological Studies.
Calienni, MN; Chiaramoni, NS; Del Valle Alonso, S; Feas, DA; Igartúa, DE; Prieto, MJ, 2015)		0.68
" Optimized formula showed significant improved bioavailability compared with marketed tablets."( The use of experimental design in the optimization of risperidone biodegradable nanoparticles: in vitro and in vivo study.
Ahmed, OA; Ahmed, TA; Alzubaidi, AF; El-Helw, AM, 2017)		0.7
"To improve the solubility, dissolution and intestinal permeation thereby bioavailability of risperidone through a novel self-nanoemulsifying powder (SNEP) formulations."( Enhanced oral delivery of risperidone through a novel self-nanoemulsifying powder (SNEP) formulations: in-vitro and ex-vivo assessment.
Bakshi, V; Bandi, S; Sanka, K, 2016)		0.95
"The aim of this study was to prepare a nasal gel of risperidone and to investigate the pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of the drug in rats."( Preparation and in vivo evaluation of a gel-based nasal delivery system for risperidone.
Gu, F; Ma, W; Meng, G; Wang, Y; Wu, C, 2016)		0.91
" Risperidone bioavailability is 66% in extensive metabolizers and 82% in slow metabolizers."( Response surface optimization, Ex vivo and In vivo investigation of nasal spanlastics for bioavailability enhancement and brain targeting of risperidone.
Abdelrahman, FE; Elsayed, I; Elshafeey, AH; Gad, MK; Mohamed, MI, 2017)		1.57
" It was hypothesized that cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A inhibition of the small intestine by voriconazole and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibition of the small intestine by risperidone exerted a synergistic effect on the bioavailability of tacrolimus."( The possible clinical impact of risperidone on P-glycoprotein-mediated transport of tacrolimus: A case report and in vitro study.
Adachi, Y; Higashi, H; Nakamura, S; Nomura, K; Taguchi, M; Watanabe, N, 2018)		0.96
" A combination of 6% menthol and 6% PG exhibited highest RIS in vitro penetration rate and showed a high efficiency in vivo, with a relative bioavailability of 131."( Delivery of risperidone from gels across porcine skin in vitro and in vivo in rabbits.
Chen, X; Li, F; Liang, W; Ning, Y; Yu, Z, 2018)		0.86
" Presence of drug in the olfactory bulb, in turn, increases the drug bioavailability in the brain and reduces the drug degradation as well as wastage of the drug through` systemic clearance."( Nose-to-brain drug delivery: An update on clinical challenges and progress towards approval of anti-Alzheimer drugs.
Agrawal, M; Alexander, A; Antimisiaris, SG; Chougule, MB; Saraf, S; Shoyele, SA, 2018)		0.48
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51
" The supramolecular adduct of RSP with RM-β-CD represents a valuable candidate for further research in developing new formulations with enhanced bioavailability and stability, and the results of this study allow a pertinent selection of three excipients that can be incorporated in solid dosage forms."( Risperidone/Randomly Methylated β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex-Compatibility Study with Pharmaceutical Excipients.
Barvinschi, P; Cîrcioban, D; Ledeți, A; Ledeți, I; Miclău, M; Sbârcea, L; Suciu, O; Tănase, IM; Văruţ, RM; Vlase, G, 2021)		2.06
" The rate of removal of LAIs is regulated by the slow rate of absorption in the site of injection and the phenomenon of their increased half-life is called flip-flop pharmacokinetics."( [Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmaceutical forms of long-acting injectable antipsychotics].
Kyziridis, TC, 2022)		0.72

Dosage Studied

The present study evaluated associations between risperidone metabolism and QT interval in 61 psychiatric patients. Patients entered the study on a stable SRI dosage and were randomized to EX/RP (N = 40), ris peridone, or placebo.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The dose-response curve of haloperidol remained virtually unchanged, apparently because of the potent dopamine-D2 antagonism associated with these doses which may block the potentiating effect of apomorphine."( Functional interaction between serotonin-S2 and dopamine-D2 neurotransmission as revealed by selective antagonism of hyper-reactivity to tryptamine and apomorphine.
Awouters, F; Janssen, PA; Megens, AA; Niemegeers, CJ, 1990)		0.28
" This article discusses the relevant clinical considerations in switching neuroleptics and proposes practical guidelines on issues such as dosing and course of therapy with risperidone."( Clinical considerations in the use of risperidone.
Remington, GJ, 1993)		0.75
" Dose-response analysis of receptor occupancy revealed risperidone demonstrated higher binding affinity for 5-HT2 than for D2, while the reverse was observed with haloperidol."( In vivo dopamine-D2 and serotonin-5-HT2 receptor binding study of risperidone and haloperidol.
Kido, H; Mori, H; Sakamoto, H; Shiba, K; Sumiyoshi, T; Suzuki, K; Urasaki, K; Yamaguchi, N; Yokogawa, K, 1994)		0.77
" Risperidone was found to have a curvilinear dose-response curve with an optimum effect of 4 mg day on the negative, anxious/depressive and cognitive factors and with an optimum effect of 8 mg day on the positive and excited factors."( Changes in single symptoms and separate factors of the schizophrenic syndrome after treatment with risperidone or haloperidol.
Lindström, E; von Knorring, L, 1994)		1.42
" Risperidone is 4-10 times less potent than haloperidol as a central D2 antagonist in rats and it differs from haloperidol by the following characteristics: predominant 5-HT2 antagonism; LSD antagonism; effects on sleep; smooth dose-response curves for D2 antagonism; synergism of combined 5-HT2/D2 antagonism; pronounced effects on amphetamine-induced oxygen consumption; increased social interaction; and pronounced effects on dopamine (DA) turnover."( Survey on the pharmacodynamics of the new antipsychotic risperidone.
Awouters, FH; Dugovic, C; Leysen, JE; Meert, TF; Megens, AA; Niemegeers, CJ; Schotte, A, 1994)		1.45
" At a dosage of 4 to 8 mg/day, risperidone is comparable to 10 mg/day of haloperidol."( A risk-benefit assessment of risperidone in schizophrenia.
Curtis, VA; Kerwin, RW, 1995)		0.87
" Recent research has underscored the need for optimum dosing strategies."( Antipsychotic medication in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Kane, JM, 1995)		0.29
" In patients in whom low-to-moderate dosage is effective, there should be fewer and less severe adverse effects with risperidone than with haloperidol."( Risperidone: review and assessment of its role in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Cardoni, AA, 1995)		1.94
" However, risperidone induced a U-shaped dose-response curve."( Differential effects of repeated administration of novel antipsychotic drugs on the activity of midbrain dopamine neurons in the rat.
Skarsfeldt, T, 1995)		0.69
" Antipsychotic use in the elderly should be accompanied by careful conservative dosing and close patient monitoring."( Management of late-life psychosis.
Eastham, JH; Field, MG; Gierz, M; Harris, MJ; Jeste, DV; Lacro, JP, 1996)		0.29
" The current clinical pharmacokinetic database for these atypical antipsychotics suggests that much can be learned with additional study that would be of value in individualizing their dosage regimens."( Pharmacokinetics of clozapine and risperidone: a review of recent literature.
Byerly, MJ; DeVane, CL, 1996)		0.57
" In most cases, interactions are of clinical significance only when drug therapy is initiated or discontinued, or when major changes in dosage are made."( Drug interactions and antipsychotic therapy.
DeVane, CL, )		0.13
" In vivo, risperidone showed the highest potency for 5-HT2A-receptor occupancy; To obtain the same extent of D2-receptor occupancy, a 19-times higher dosage was required."( In vitro receptor binding and in vivo receptor occupancy in rat and guinea pig brain: risperidone compared with antipsychotics hitherto used.
Bonaventure, P; Janssen, PF; Leysen, JE; Schotte, A, 1995)		0.92
" Therapeutic gains can be accomplished with minimal dosing strategies, targeted drug therapy for medication-refusing patients, psychosocial interventions, and new drugs."( Maintenance therapy of persons with schizophrenia.
Carpenter, WT, 1996)		0.29
"), all reduced the freezing behavior with U-shaped dose-response curves."( Evaluation of perospirone (SM-9018), a novel serotonin-2 and dopamine-2 receptor antagonist, and other antipsychotics in the conditioned fear stress-induced freezing behavior model in rats.
Ishibashi, T; Ishida-Tokuda, K; Morita, T; Nakamura, M; Ohno, Y; Sakamoto, H; Tojima, R; Wakabayashi, J, 1996)		0.29
" In particular, they have the distinction of having achieved separation between the effective dosage and the dosage that causes extrapyramidal symptoms, which has significant implications for patient care."( Use of novel antipsychotic drugs.
Raleigh, F, )		0.13
"Risperidone had a bell-shaped dose-response curve, with optimal therapeutic responses occurring at a daily dose of 8 mg."( [Risperidone in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia: multicenter study comparative to haloperidol].
Ayuso, JL; Chinchilla, A; Eguiluz, I; Fernández, A; González Pinto, A; Guimon, J; Gutiérrez, M; Herraiz, ML; López Ibor, JJ, )		2.48
" Side-effects can be minimized by optimization of clinical strategies, including choice of appropriate drug, slow titration and dosage reduction."( Minimizing the non-extrapyramidal side-effects of antipsychotics.
Keks, NA, 1996)		0.29
" Patients were treated with risperidone in two different dosage groups (3 mg and 8 mg) and haloperidol (10-20 mg) and compared with eight healthy control subjects."( Striatal dopamine-2 receptor occupancy in psychotic patients treated with risperidone.
Asenbaum, S; Brücke, T; Gössler, R; Kasper, S; Küfferle, B; Podreka, I; Tauscher, J; Topitz-Schratzberger, A; Vesely, C, 1996)		0.82
" The patient developed postural hypotension and the risperidone dosage was held at 2 mg bid."( Fatal cardiac event following initiation of risperidone therapy.
Levenson, JW; Ravin, DS, )		0.64
" On the maximum dose of risperidone (5-8 mg), 32% of the total sample developed mild akathisia or parkinsonism, both of which diminished with dosage reduction."( Extrapyramidal signs and clinical symptoms in first-episode schizophrenia: response to low-dose risperidone.
Good, KP; Honer, WG; Kopala, LC, 1997)		0.82
" The results suggest the value of risperidone blood levels, consideration of reduction of initial recommended starting dosages, and a need to optimize risperidone dosage approaches individually to patients."( Risperidone dose and blood level variability: accumulation effects and interindividual and intraindividual variability in the nonresponder patient in the clinical practice setting.
Clark, L; Dabiri, L; Darby, JK; Elfand, L; Herbert, J; Pasta, DJ, 1997)		2.02
" Gradual dosage titration over the first 3 days of treatment was well-tolerated in both groups."( Therapeutic equivalence of risperidone given once daily and twice daily in patients with schizophrenia. The Risperidone Study Group.
Nair, NP, 1998)		0.6
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy in relation to the neuroleptic dosage and to correlate the findings with the presence of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)."( Iodine-123-iodobenzamide SPECT assessment of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy in riperidone-treated schizophrenic patients.
Dähne, I; Dresel, S; Hahn, K; Mager, T; Scherer, J; Tatsch, K, 1998)		0.3
" The degree of occupancy displayed an exponential dose-response relationship (r = -0."( Iodine-123-iodobenzamide SPECT assessment of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy in riperidone-treated schizophrenic patients.
Dähne, I; Dresel, S; Hahn, K; Mager, T; Scherer, J; Tatsch, K, 1998)		0.3
"The findings suggest an exponential dose-response relationship between the daily dosage of risperidone and the dopamine D2 receptor occupancy."( Iodine-123-iodobenzamide SPECT assessment of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy in riperidone-treated schizophrenic patients.
Dähne, I; Dresel, S; Hahn, K; Mager, T; Scherer, J; Tatsch, K, 1998)		0.52
" Proper dosing has emerged as a vital factor in the effective use of these newer drugs."( Risperidone and olanzapine: optimal dosing for efficacy and tolerability in patients with schizophrenia.
Kasper, S, 1998)		1.74
" Dosing requirements for elderly patients tend to be much lower than those for younger adults."( Conventional vs. newer antipsychotics in elderly patients.
Harris, MJ; Jeste, DV; Lacro, J; Lohr, JB; Rockwell, E, 1999)		0.3
" Thirty healthy subjects received a 1 mg oral dose of risperidone before and after venlafaxine dosing to steady state."( Effect of venlafaxine on the pharmacokinetics of risperidone.
Albano, D; Amchin, J; Klockowski, PM; Taylor, KP; Zarycranski, W, 1999)		0.81
" The atypical properties of first-line atypical antipsychotics as well as clozapine are reviewed here, with clinical pearls and dosing tips for each based upon a consensus of information from both clinical trials and clinical practice."( Selecting an atypical antipsychotic by combining clinical experience with guidelines from clinical trials.
Stahl, SM, 1999)		0.3
" The study objectives were to asses: 1) risperidone efficiency in psychotic and affective symptomatology and behavioral disturbances; 2) risperidone influence in the patient's performance, 3) dosage range at which efficiency is observed; and 4) safety in this group of patients."( [Risperidone in the treatment of psychotic, affective and behavioral symptoms associated to Alzheimer's disease].
Barcia, D; Giles, E; Herraiz, M; Moríñigo, A; Roca, M; Rodríguez, A, )		1.31
" The decreased D(2)/D(3) receptor availability revealed an exponential dose-response relationship (r=-0."( In vivo effects of olanzapine on striatal dopamine D(2)/D(3) receptor binding in schizophrenic patients: an iodine-123 iodobenzamide single-photon emission tomography study.
Dresel, S; Hahn, K; Mager, T; Meisenzahl, E; Möller, HJ; Rossmüller, B; Tatsch, K, 1999)		0.3
" Volunteers were dosed on 3 separate days with a minimum of 7 days interval between trial days."( Electroencephalographic and psychomotor effects of chlorpromazine and risperidone relative to placebo in normal healthy volunteers.
Ervine, CM; Hughes, AM; Lynch, P; Rhodes, J; Yates, RA, 1999)		0.54
" However, 7 of the 12 volunteers dosed with risperidone 2 mg also reported drowsiness/lethargy which was of greater severity and duration than 5 of the 12 volunteers who reported somnolence following dosing with chlorpromazine 50 mg."( Electroencephalographic and psychomotor effects of chlorpromazine and risperidone relative to placebo in normal healthy volunteers.
Ervine, CM; Hughes, AM; Lynch, P; Rhodes, J; Yates, RA, 1999)		0.8
" It also appears that rapid dosage increases for antimanic treatment can cause potentially severe side effects."( Tiagabine appears not to be efficacious in the treatment of acute mania.
Amann, B; Erfurth, A; Grunze, H; Marcuse, A; Normann, C; Walden, J, 1999)		0.3
"Although the establishment of appropriate dosage ranges for antipsychotics has important ramifications for both short-term treatment and long-term therapeutic outcomes, difficulties in dosing persist."( A dose-outcome analysis of risperidone.
Bartko, JJ; Conley, RR; Kelly, DL; Love, RC, 1999)		0.6
"Patients treated with doses less than the 6-mg/day initial dosing recommendations have better outcomes in terms of discharge."( A dose-outcome analysis of risperidone.
Bartko, JJ; Conley, RR; Kelly, DL; Love, RC, 1999)		0.6
" Risperidone at a low dosage has been shown to be effective in controlling alterations of conduct and neuropsychology."( [Behavioral and neuropsychological phenotype of the 48XXYY syndrome: a longitudinal study of a case].
Blánquez-Rodríguez, MP; Díaz-Atienza, J, )		1.04
" Adding risperidone to mirtazapine probably does not necessitate a change of the dosage of either drug, but more extensive investigations are needed."( Lack of drug interactions between mirtazapine and risperidone in psychiatric patients: a pilot study.
Doorschot, CH; Loonen, AJ; Oostelbos, MC; Sitsen, JM, 1999)		0.99
" Surprisingly, there has been little relationship between the pivotal trials designed for FDA approval and current dosing strategies in broader clinical settings."( New antipsychotic medications: more than old wine and new bottles.
Schulz, SC, 2000)		0.31
"The optimal risperidone dosing strategy for acute schizophrenia requires elucidation."( Risperidone in acutely exacerbated schizophrenia: dosing strategies and plasma levels.
Chang, WH; Chiu, WC; Chou, JC; Lane, HY; Su, MH; Wu, ST, 2000)		2.13
" Cases admitted in the first semester received a significantly higher daily dosage of antipsychotic drugs and more frequently received anticholinergics."( Second-generation antipsychotics in the emergency care setting. A prospective naturalistic study.
Azzoni, A; Raja, M, )		0.13
" Longitudinal study is required because this relationship may have implications for dosing strategies."( Subjective experience and striatal dopamine D(2) receptor occupancy in patients with schizophrenia stabilized by olanzapine or risperidone.
Booij, J; de Haan, L; Dingemans, PM; Lavalaye, J; Linszen, D, 2000)		0.51
" A low initial dosage that is gradually adjusted upward is recommended."( Risperidone for control of agitation in dementia patients.
Falsetti, AE, 2000)		1.75
" After 6 months of therapy, two patients developed facial dystonia: this disappeared after reducing dosage in one case, after drug discontinuation in the other."( Long-term risperidone for pervasive developmental disorder: efficacy, tolerability, and discontinuation.
Cianchetti, C; Di Martino, A; Muglia, P; Zuddas, A, 2000)		0.71
" Risperidone, administered at a low dosage of 1 mg/day was associated with fewer extrapyramidal symptoms compared with haloperidol in elderly patients."( Risperidone: a review of its use in the management of the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia.
Bhana, N; Spencer, CM, 2000)		2.66
" Therefore, risperidone was added and the dosage titrated up to the mean dose of 3 mg/day over 8 weeks."( Risperidone augmentation in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open-label study.
Cassano, GB; Dell'Osso, L; Gemignani, A; Marazziti, D; Milanfranchi, A; Pfanner, C; Presta, S, 2000)		2.13
" Risperidone (4 mg/day) was added to her drug regimen and after increasing the dosage to 6 mg/day, she began to exhibit retrocollis."( Tardive dystonia provoked by concomitantly administered risperidone.
Hori, M; Hori, T; Kawanishi, Y; Shiraishi, H; Suzuki, T; Tachikawa, H, 2000)		1.46
" A dose-response relationship was not consistently confirmed with any of the drug treatments."( The effects of olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol on plasma prolactin levels in patients with schizophrenia.
Breier, A; David, SR; Kinon, BJ; Taylor, CC, 2000)		0.6
" No consistent dose-response relationship was observed, and the time course and sex-dependency of the response differed between the 3 agents."( The effects of olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol on plasma prolactin levels in patients with schizophrenia.
Breier, A; David, SR; Kinon, BJ; Taylor, CC, 2000)		0.6
" In addition, psychiatrists' clinical preference of antipsychotic medication and dosage for patient subtypes were examined by the national survey."( Comparison of cost, dosage and clinical preference for risperidone and olanzapine.
Kaplan, Z; Lichtenberg, P; Rabinowitz, J, 2000)		0.55
" Taking into account drug costs and dosage requirements, the average daily retail price was US $6."( Comparison of cost, dosage and clinical preference for risperidone and olanzapine.
Kaplan, Z; Lichtenberg, P; Rabinowitz, J, 2000)		0.55
"In this open case series, the dose-response relationship of atypical antipsychotic augmentation in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and the dose-severity relationship in atypical anti psychotic-induced OC symptoms were examined."( Serotonin and dopamine antagonism in obsessive-compulsive disorder: effect of atypical antipsychotic drugs.
Lapierre, Y; Ramasubbu, R; Ravindran, A, 2000)		0.31
"Case 1: A linear dose-response relationship between increasing doses of olanzapine and improvement in OC symptoms was observed in an OCD patient resistant to 5-HT reuptake inhibitors."( Serotonin and dopamine antagonism in obsessive-compulsive disorder: effect of atypical antipsychotic drugs.
Lapierre, Y; Ramasubbu, R; Ravindran, A, 2000)		0.31
"Controlled studies are needed to investigate the dose-response or dose-severity relationships between OCD and atypical antipsychotics."( Serotonin and dopamine antagonism in obsessive-compulsive disorder: effect of atypical antipsychotic drugs.
Lapierre, Y; Ramasubbu, R; Ravindran, A, 2000)		0.31
"Evaluation of relationships between serum antipsychotic drug concentrations and clinical response may provide valuable information for rational dosage adjustments."( Relationship between plasma risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone concentrations and clinical response in patients with schizophrenia.
Ancione, M; Avenoso, A; Facciolà, G; Madia, AG; Perucca, E; Salemi, M; Scordo, MG; Spina, E, 2001)		0.6
" The design of the study was open and risperidone dosage could be adjusted individually according to clinical response."( Relationship between plasma risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone concentrations and clinical response in patients with schizophrenia.
Ancione, M; Avenoso, A; Facciolà, G; Madia, AG; Perucca, E; Salemi, M; Scordo, MG; Spina, E, 2001)		0.88
"These results suggest that aggressive dosing of risperidone is well tolerated in most psychiatric inpatients."( Safety and tolerability of a rapidly escalating dose-loading regimen for risperidone.
Feifel, D; Moutier, CY; Perry, W, 2000)		0.79
" We performed this study to determine whether repeated dosing with risperidone reduced the subjective effects of experimentally administered cocaine."( Risperidone pre-treatment reduces the euphoric effects of experimentally administered cocaine.
Kalechstein, AD; Ling, W; Newton, TF; Tervo, K; Uslaner, J, 2001)		1.99
" Adherence to a few guidelines for the design of dosage regimens should limit the effect of drug-drug interactions on patient status and contribute to optimal pharmacotherapy with risperidone."( An evaluation of risperidone drug interactions.
DeVane, CL; Nemeroff, CB, 2001)		0.84
" Treatment with risperidone was initiated at a dosage of 2 mg daily, increased to the target dosage of 6 mg daily by day 3, and maintained at 6 mg daily until day 14."( Risperidone treatment of outpatients with schizophrenia: no evidence of sex differences in treatment response.
Dunbar, F; Labelle, A; Light, M, 2001)		2.1
" The absence of sex differences in response to risperidone treatment may obviate the need for a sex-based differential dosing in schizophrenia management."( Risperidone treatment of outpatients with schizophrenia: no evidence of sex differences in treatment response.
Dunbar, F; Labelle, A; Light, M, 2001)		2.01
" Fortunately, inpatient treatment was not necessary due to an increase of topiramate dosage and addition of risperidone and clonazepam."( Topiramate as a mood stabilizer.
Kasper, S; Letmaier, M; Schreinzer, D; Wolf, R, 2001)		0.52
"We investigated the relationships between extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) induced by risperidone, the dosage of risperidone and the combined plasma concentrations of risperidone plus its active metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone, in 20 schizophrenic patients."( Possible relationship between combined plasma concentrations of risperidone plus 9-hydroxyrisperidone and extrapyramidal symptoms. Preliminary study.
Nakamura, J; Ueda, N; Yoshimura, R, 2001)		0.77
" The trial was divided into two periods: eight weeks during which the dosage was escalated and then fixed, and six weeks during which variable dosages were used."( Effects of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol on hostility among patients with schizophrenia.
Chakos, M; Citrome, L; Cooper, TB; Czobor, P; Lieberman, JA; Lindenmayer, JP; McEvoy, J; Sheitman, B; Volavka, J, 2001)		0.59
" The dosage of medication was increased in fixed increments during the first week of double-blind treatment and thereafter in a flexible dose regimen according to clinical response."( Risperidone in the treatment of tourette syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Annable, L; Chouinard, G; Dion, Y; Sandor, P, 2002)		1.76
" Subjective impairment, as assessed with the subscale 'mental functioning', was significantly correlated with greater conventional neuroleptic dosage after controlling for psychopathology (P<0."( Relationship between neuroleptic dosage and subjective cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenic patients treated with either conventional or atypical neuroleptic medication.
Krausz, M; Moritz, S; Naber, D; Woodward, TS, 2002)		0.31
" Among the group receiving novel antipsychotics, dosage was not related to satisfaction or burden of adverse effects."( Short report: comparison of patient satisfaction and burden of adverse effects with novel and conventional neuroleptics: a naturalistic study.
Bromet, EJ; Davidson, M; Rabinowitz, J, 2001)		0.31
" Key assessments included the pharmacokinetics of quetiapine at steady state (area under the curve within a dosing interval [AUCtSS], maximum [CmaxSS], and minimum [CminSS] observed plasma concentrations, and oral clearance [Cl/f]), as well as the UKU Side Effect Rating Scale scores and safety evaluations."( The safety and pharmacokinetics of quetiapine when coadministered with haloperidol, risperidone, or thioridazine.
Alva, G; Arvanitis, LA; Bera, R; Potkin, SG; Thyrum, PT; Yeh, C, 2002)		0.54
" This series covers four main areas of concern when treating the elderly: low-maintenance dosing minimising the likelihood of adverse events; successful treatment of patients previously uncontrolled and experiencing side effects with other antipsychotics; the possibility of intermittent rather than continuous treatment; and the benefits to patients, carers and the health services."( Risperidone in the treatment of psychoses in the elderly: a case report series.
Bullock, R; Libretto, S, 2002)		1.76
" On the same day, the patient increased the risperidone dosage to 3 mg twice daily."( Extrapyramidal symptoms with ritonavir/indinavir plus risperidone.
Béïque, LC; Bowmer, MI; Kelly, DV, 2002)		0.82
" The authors assessed eight patients on CBZ monotherapy (CBZ extended-release capsules) at a mean dosage of 625 +/- 253 mg/day (range, 400-1,200 mg/day) for at least 1 year."( Carbamazepine-risperidone interactions in patients with epilepsy.
Monaco, F; Mula, M, )		0.49
" Twenty geriatric inpatients were evaluated in a naturalistic setting with regard to total daily risperidone dose and dosing interval."( Risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone concentrations are not dependent on age or creatinine clearance among elderly subjects.
Kastango, KB; Kirshner, MA; Maxwell, RA; Mulsant, BH; Pollock, BG; Rosen, J; Sweet, RA, 2002)		1.97
" Clinicians should attempt to treat patients with the lowest effective dosage of medication for the briefest therapeutic period to minimize the risks of adverse reactions."( Metoclopramide-induced supersensitivity psychosis.
Lu, ML; Pan, JJ; Shen, WW; Su, KP; Teng, HW, 2002)		0.31
" Since the estimated risk of the extrapyramidal side effects varied with the dose, the present method of predicting the extrapyramidal side effects of risperidone may provide a basis for developing a rational dosing regimen for the drug."( Prediction and assessment of extrapyramidal side effects induced by risperidone based on dopamine D(2) receptor occupancy.
Fukuda, M; Iga, T; Nakashima, Y; Ohno, Y; Sato, H; Sawada, Y; Takayanagi, R; Tsuchiya, F; Yamada, Y, 2002)		0.75
" D2 receptor blockade, a dose-response study was employed to determine whether low doses of these atypical antipsychotics would also upregulate hippocampal BDNF mRNA in the absence of significant D2 receptor blockade."( Differential regulation of hippocampal BDNF mRNA by typical and atypical antipsychotic administration.
Ashe, P; Chlan-Fourney, J; Juorio, AV; Li, XM; Nylen, K, 2002)		0.31
"049) and a linear dose-response relation (P=0."( Cardiac arrest and ventricular arrhythmia in patients taking antipsychotic drugs: cohort study using administrative data.
Bilker, WB; Glasser, DB; Hennessy, S; Kimmel, SE; Knauss, JS; Margolis, DJ; Morrison, MF; Reynolds, RF; Strom, BL, 2002)		0.31
") yielded an inverse dose-response relationship regarding LI."( Effects of fencamfamine on latent inhibition.
Alves, CR; Delucia, R; Silva, MT, 2002)		0.31
" Divalproex was initiated at 15 mg/kg/day and titrated over 12 days to a maximum dosage of 30 mg/kg/day."( Effect of divalproex combined with olanzapine or risperidone in patients with an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia.
Casey, DE; Daniel, DG; Sommerville, KW; Tracy, KA; Wassef, AA; Wozniak, P, 2003)		0.57
" Exposure to any previous antipsychotic and the longest maintained final dosage of risperidone were significantly different in the two groups."( A naturalistic study of risperidone treatment in seven affiliated university hospitals in Korea.
Bahk, WM; Chae, JH; Choi, BM; Go, HJ; Han, JH; Han, SI; Jun, TY; Kim, DJ; Kim, KS; Lee, C; Lee, CT; Pae, CU; Tsoh, J, 2003)		0.85
" In this pilot study, 10 Hispanic and 8 non-Hispanic patients with schizophrenia were enrolled in a double-blind, parallel-group, inpatient risperidone dosing (daily versus twice daily) trial with the novel antipsychotic risperidone."( Risperidone in the treatment of Hispanic inpatients with schizophrenia: a pilot study.
Collazo, Y; Frackiewicz, EJ; Herrera, JM; Lawson, WB; Sramek, JJ, 2002)		1.96
" ChAT staining in the caudate-putamen and hippocampus was also decreased after 90 days of RISP exposure, raising the possibility of deleterious cognitive effects after exposure to this dosage for longer periods of time."( Differential effects of haloperidol, risperidone, and clozapine exposure on cholinergic markers and spatial learning performance in rats.
Evans, DR; Hill, WD; Mahadik, SP; Parikh, V; Terry, AV; Waller, JL, 2003)		0.59
" The results indicate that no clinically meaningful drug interactions occurred between risperidone 1 mg daily and donepezil 5 mg daily at steady state, and therefore no dosage adjustment is required when both drugs are combined with the dosage regimen studied."( Pharmacokinetic and safety assessments of concurrent administration of risperidone and donepezil.
Jia, X; Parier, JL; Pesco-Koplowitz, L; Xie, C; Zhao, Q, 2003)		0.77
" Forty-one inpatients with diagnosed schizophrenia (DSM-III-R) were assigned to 12 weeks of treatment with risperidone at a fixed dosage of 6 mg/d after a 2-week washout period."( The effect of risperidone treatment on superoxide dismutase in schizophrenia.
Cao, LY; Shen, YC; Wu, GY; Zhang, PY; Zhang, XY; Zhou, DF, 2003)		0.89
" The patients were treated with conventional antipsychotics for seven days after admission and were then randomised to the treatment arms with risperidone (4 mg/day) or with olanzapine (10 mg/day) at a fixed dosage in the first week and thereafter in flexible dosages for the remaining seven weeks."( Measurement of simple reaction time in antipsychotic treatment of patients with schizophrenia.
Kores Plesnicar, B; Krajnc, I; Tomori, M; Zalar, B, 2003)		0.52
" At a higher dosage (0."( The atypical antipsychotics risperidone, clozapine and olanzapine differ regarding their sedative potency in rats.
Ahnaou, A; Drinkenburg, WH; Megens, AA, 2003)		0.61
" However, no correlation between prolactin levels and dosage could be found."( [Plasma prolactin level and incidence of adverse endocrinologic effects during therapy with atypical neuroleptics].
Fric, M; Laux, G, 2003)		0.32
" The diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis was confirmed by myoglobinemia dosage and ortholuidine test."( [Rhabdomyolysis associated with respiratory infection in chronic psychiatric patients during neuroleptic treatment].
Busiello, L; Cascella, M; De Robertis, E; Di Domenico, MG; Palmese, S; Pezza, M, 2003)		0.32
"We tested a hypothesis that fine-tuning risperidone dosage to relieve side effects still yields efficacy."( Fine-tuning risperidone dosage for acutely exacerbated schizophrenia: clinical determinants.
Chang, WH; Chang, YC; Chiu, CC; Lane, HY; Lee, SH; Lin, CY, 2004)		0.97
"These findings suggest that dosage adjustment to diminish side effects does not compromise risperidone response and that disorganized patients and perhaps patients with longer illness duration are prone to receive larger doses."( Fine-tuning risperidone dosage for acutely exacerbated schizophrenia: clinical determinants.
Chang, WH; Chang, YC; Chiu, CC; Lane, HY; Lee, SH; Lin, CY, 2004)		0.92
" Atypical antipsychotics offer better safety and efficacy, while depot formulations of conventional antipsychotics provide more reliable drug delivery, reduced differences in peak and trough plasma levels of drug, and greater dosing precision."( Comparison of the effects of different routes of antipsychotic administration on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Ereshefsky, L; Mascarenas, CA, 2003)		0.32
"Although the kinetic profile of antipsychotics at dopamine D2 receptor sites has been suggested to be important for antipsychotic action and dosing schedule, the kinetic profiles of the respective antipsychotic drugs in the brain have not yet been clearly defined."( Estimation of the time-course of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy in living human brain from plasma pharmacokinetics of antipsychotics.
Ichimiya, T; Ikoma, Y; Inoue, M; Maeda, J; Okubo, Y; Sudo, Y; Suhara, T; Takano, A; Yasuno, F, 2004)		0.32
" Unfortunately, this type of drugs cannot block the D2 receptors only in the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway (which mediates their therapeutic effects), because of their non-selective D2 receptor blockage in both the mesolimbic and striatal regions, and the consequent appearance of side effects related to striatal interaction in the same dosage range as is needed for the therapeutical effects."( New antipsychotics and schizophrenia: a review on efficacy and side effects.
Berardi, D; De Ronchi, D; Lorenzi, C; Serretti, A, 2004)		0.32
" This may provide valuable information for rational dosage titration."( Correlation between scores on Continuous Performance Test and plasma concentration for schizophrenic patients on risperidone.
Chang, JW; Chen, PS; Liao, YC; Su, SF; Yang, YK; Yeh, TL, 2004)		0.53
"These data indicate that the dosage of these medications, found to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia, reduces DA stimulation of D2 receptors to levels slightly lower than those found in unmedicated healthy subjects."( Occupancy of dopamine D2 receptors by the atypical antipsychotic drugs risperidone and olanzapine: theoretical implications.
Abi-Dargham, A; Cangiano, C; Frankle, WG; Gil, R; Gorman, JM; Hackett, E; Kochan, LD; Laruelle, M; Mawlawi, O; Slifstein, M; Zea-Ponce, Y; Zhu, Z, 2004)		0.56
" The most common dosage was 6 mg/d."( Treatment outcome in patients with chronic schizophrenia during long-term administration with risperidone.
Libretto, SE; Reveley, MA, 2004)		0.54
" The failure to improve without an adequate dosage of LT4 suggests that hypothyroidism was probably an aggravating factor."( Coexistent hypothyroidism, psychosis, and severe obsessions in an adolescent: a 10-year follow-up.
Alshari, MG; Bhatara, A; Bhatara, V; McMillin, JM; Warhol, P, 2004)		0.32
" The two major degradation products in the dosage forms were also characterized as 9-hydroxy risperidone and N-oxide of risperidone, after enrichment through preparative LC, by LC-MS/MS and HPLC."( Identification and characterization of major degradation products of risperidone in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Joseph, TJ; Krishna Reddy, KV; Murthy, AS; Subbaiah, G; Tomar, RS; Yadav, DV, 2004)		0.78
" However, the results suggest that quetiapine, when given within the recommended dosage range, has a benign EPS profile, with potentially greater tolerability and comparable efficacy to risperidone in older outpatients with psychotic disorders."( A comparison of extrapyramidal symptoms in older outpatients treated with quetiapine or risperidone.
Mintzer, JE; Mullen, JA; Sweitzer, DE, 2004)		0.74
"The pharmacology, pharmaceutics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, cost, and dosage and administration of long-acting risperidone injection are reviewed."( Long-acting risperidone injection.
Conley, RJ; Love, RC, 2004)		0.91
"These results suggest that once-daily dosing of 5 mg donepezil HCl does not alter the PK of risperidone in patients with schizophrenia."( Concurrent administration of donepezil HCl and risperidone in patients with schizophrenia: assessment of pharmacokinetic changes and safety following multiple oral doses.
Cullen, EI; Khan, A; Kumar, D; Perdomo, CA; Pratt, RD; Preskorn, SH; Reyes, JF, 2004)		0.8
" It is dosed at 25-50 mg every 2 weeks."( Long-acting injectable risperidone.
Ehret, MJ; Fuller, MA, 2004)		0.63
"Ten patients stable for at least 10 days on monotherapy with oral risperidone 2 mg to 4 mg taken once daily were switched for 7 days to an equivalent dosage of orally disintegrating risperidone."( Acceptability and disintegration rates of orally disintegrating risperidone tablets in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.
Binder, C; Chue, P; Welch, R, 2004)		0.8
" The failure to confirm previous claims of greater improvement on either risperidone or olanzapine in patients with a first episode of psychosis may be the result of methodological bias introduced by unequal dosing between the two drugs or the use of chronically ill and treatment-refractory patients in previous studies."( A comparison of two novel antipsychotics in first episode non-affective psychosis: one-year outcome on symptoms, motor side effects and cognition.
Haricharan, R; Malla, A; Manchanda, R; Norman, R; Scholten, D; Takhar, J; Townsend, L, 2004)		0.56
" The duration and dosage of previous clozapine monotherapy was adequate for 16 patients."( Case studies of adjunctive agents in clozapine-resistant schizophrenic patients.
Christodoulou, GN; Ferentinos, PP; Havaki-Kontaxaki, BJ; Kontaxakis, VP; Paplos, KG; Roukas, DK, )		0.13
" These results suggest that a low dosage of levomepromazine, use as a sedative adjuvant to risperidone treatment, have no statistically significant effect on the trough plasma concentrations of risperidone."( Little effects of low dosage of levomepromazine on plasma risperidone levels.
Goto, M; Kaji, K; Kakihara, S; Nakamura, J; Shinkai, K; Ueda, N; Yamada, Y; Yoshimura, R, 2005)		0.79
" Initially, active moiety risperidone concentrations increased linearly with prescribed dosage increases."( Interpreting serum risperidone concentrations.
Boerth, JM; Caley, CF; Goethe, JW, 2005)		0.96
" Mice were acclimated to individual housing, given ad libitum access to chow and water, dosed with placebo peanut butter pills for 1 week, and then dosed daily with AAPD-laced peanut butter pills for 4 weeks."( Antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain: development of an animal model.
Allison, DB; Casey, DE; Cope, MB; Fernández, JR; Geary, N; Nagy, TR, 2005)		0.33
" For most patients, the initial dosage should be 25 mg every 2 weeks, and oral administration should continue for the first 3 weeks after initial injection."( Clinical review of a long-acting, injectable formulation of risperidone.
Knox, ED; Stimmel, GL, 2004)		0.57
"OXC, at a dosage of 900-1,200 mg/day, was administered for 5 consecutive weeks to 25 outpatients, 10 men and 15 women, aged 25 to 64 years, with bipolar or schizoaffective disorder."( Plasma concentrations of risperidone and olanzapine during coadministration with oxcarbazepine.
Cacciola, M; D'Arrigo, C; La Torre, D; Migliardi, G; Pacetti, M; Rosaria Muscatello, M; Spina, E; Zoccali, R, 2005)		0.63
"In treating patients with psychosis, practicing clinicians use various dosing strategies of antipsychotic medications, including risperidone."( Risperidone dosing pattern and clinical outcome in psychosis: an analysis of 1713 cases.
Choi, SK; Hong, JP; Joo, YH; Kim, CY; Lee, GH; Shin, YW, 2005)		1.98
" Cluster analysis was performed to identify homogeneous dosing patterns among the heterogeneous total population."( Risperidone dosing pattern and clinical outcome in psychosis: an analysis of 1713 cases.
Choi, SK; Hong, JP; Joo, YH; Kim, CY; Lee, GH; Shin, YW, 2005)		1.77
"Our results indicate that the current consensus regarding risperidone dosing is appropriate for clinical practice, whereas a slower titration schedule does not guarantee a better clinical outcome, thus emphasizing the need for appropriate early titration."( Risperidone dosing pattern and clinical outcome in psychosis: an analysis of 1713 cases.
Choi, SK; Hong, JP; Joo, YH; Kim, CY; Lee, GH; Shin, YW, 2005)		2.02
" When OCSs appear with clozapine, dosage can be reduced and a serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment added."( [Obsessive-compulsive symptoms treatment in: schizophrenia].
Dardennes, R; Faucher, S; Ghaëm, O; Guelfi, JD, 2005)		0.33
" It is dosed at 25-50 mg every 2 weeks."( [The first long-acting atypical antipsychotic: new milestone in the treatment of schizophrenia].
Faludi, G, 2005)		0.33
"For many antipsychotics, dose-response relationships remain poorly understood."( Establishing a dose-response relationship for oral risperidone in relapsed schizophrenia.
Ezewuzie, N; Taylor, D, 2006)		0.59
" Patients were initiated with quetiapine to 400 mg/day over 7 days, and then flexibly dosed (300-750 mg/day) for 11 weeks."( Efficacy and tolerability of quetiapine in patients with schizophrenia who switched from haloperidol, olanzapine or risperidone.
Altman, C; de Nayer, A; Jones, AM; Larmo, I; Lindenbauer, B; Platz, T; Rittmannsberger, H; Windhager, E, 2005)		0.54
" Clozapine dosage and laboratory results were recorded at 12-month intervals."( Clozapine, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular risks and mortality: results of a 10-year naturalistic study.
Borba, CP; Cather, C; Copeland, PM; Evins, AE; Freudenreich, O; Goff, DC; Hayden, DL; Henderson, DC; Louie, PM; Nguyen, DD, 2005)		0.33
" Among parameters analyzed were chlorpromazine equivalent dosage of antipsychotic, metabolic parameters, body mass index (BMI), level of concurrent medications, and concomitant dietary restrictions."( Metabolic effects associated with atypical antipsychotic treatment in the developmentally disabled.
Ball, MP; Bodfish, JW; Heeth, WL; Mahorney, SL; McKee, JR, 2005)		0.33
" Ninety-four outpatients who had been on a stable drug dosage were evaluated (clozapine group: n=57, mean dose=254."( Subjective response to clozapine and risperidone treatment in outpatients with schizophrenia.
Ahn, YM; Kim, JH; Kim, SY; Kim, YS, 2006)		0.61
" The psychiatrists agreed with the patients in deciding to continue treatment with peroral liquid risperidone (83%) because of better tolerability in 88% patients, better cooperation in 82% and more precise dosage in 80% patients."( Risperidone liquid in psychotic disorders--efficacy and attitudes.
Damjanović, A; Jasović-Gasić, M; Marić, N, 2005)		1.99
" Treatment was naturalistic, and dosing was based on the discretion of the treating physician."( Olanzapine versus risperidone in newly admitted acutely ill psychotic patients.
Cook, A; Kraus, JE; Lieberman, JA; Reviere, R; Sheitman, BB, 2005)		0.66
" Results of the sensitivity analysis confirmed that the results were robust to a wide variation of different input variables (effectiveness, dosing distribution, patient status according to healthcare system)."( Long-acting risperidone compared with oral olanzapine and haloperidol depot in schizophrenia: a Belgian cost-effectiveness analysis.
Caleo, S; De Graeve, D; Lecompte, D; Mehnert, A; Miadi-Fargier, H; Mosqueda, GJ; Peuskens, J; Smet, A, 2005)		0.71
"6%) with a higher mean daily dosage in the public care setting."( [Neuroleptic drug utilization among schizophrenic outpatients].
Blin, P; Cialdella, P; Gérard, A; Hanssens, L; Olié, JP; Petitjean, F; Sechter, D; Westerloppe, J, 2005)		0.33
"Clinical studies have consistently demonstrated that long-acting risperidone, available in dosage strengths of 25, 37."( Clinical experience and management considerations with long-acting risperidone.
Parellada, E, 2006)		0.81
" Larger studies regarding the PK/PD relationship may be required to develop a reasonable clinical dosage regimen for Chinese female patients."( Multiple dose pharmacokinetics of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone in Chinese female patients with schizophrenia.
Deng, CY; Li, HD; Li, WB; Li, X; Lin, QX; Lin, SG; Peng, HY; Su, FL; Wang, CY; Wang, F; Yang, M; Yu, XY; Zhou, ZL; Zhu, RH, 2006)		0.61
"Thirty patients with a primary diagnosis of an anxiety disorder-panic disorder (PD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), or generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)-refractory to initial pharmacotherapy with an adequate (or maximally tolerated) antidepressant and/or benzodiazepine trial of at least 8 weeks' duration prior to study initiation received open-label augmentation with flexibly dosed risperidone for 8 weeks."( An open-label trial of risperidone augmentation for refractory anxiety disorders.
Christian, KM; Fischmann, D; Hoge, EA; Kinrys, G; Pollack, MH; Simon, NM; Worthington, JJ, 2006)		0.81
" We used the Dosage Record Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (DOTES) in a supplemented version to measure the presence and severity of side effects."( Clinical drug monitoring in child and adolescent psychiatry: side effects of atypical neuroleptics.
Fleischhaker, C; Heiser, P; Hennighausen, K; Herpertz-Dahlmann, B; Holtkamp, K; Mehler-Wex, C; Rauh, R; Remschmidt, H; Schulz, E; Warnke, A, 2006)		0.33
" Dosage could be modified during the study according to clinical criteria."( Improvement in social functioning in outpatients with schizophrenia with prominent negative symptoms treated with olanzapine or risperidone in a 1 year randomized, open-label trial.
Alvarez, E; Bousoño, M; Ciudad, A; Gómez, JC; Olivares, JM, 2006)		0.54
" Mean CLZ dosage during the combined treatment was 474."( Risperidone augmentation of clozapine: a critical review.
Christodoulou, GN; Ferentinos, PP; Havaki-Kontaxaki, BJ; Kontaxakis, VP; Paplos, KG; Pappa, DA, 2006)		1.78
" Lamotrigine was titrated up to a final dosage of 200 mg/day over 8 weeks, and pharmacokinetic assessments were made at baseline and during treatment weeks 6 and 10, at lamotrigine dosages of 100 and 200 mg/day respectively."( Effect of adjunctive lamotrigine treatment on the plasma concentrations of clozapine, risperidone and olanzapine in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.
D'Amico, G; D'Arrigo, C; Micò, U; Migliardi, G; Muscatello, MR; Perucca, E; Santoro, V; Spina, E, 2006)		0.56
" Dosing was determined by clinical judgment."( Switching to olanzapine after unsuccessful treatment with risperidone during the first episode of schizophrenia: an open-label trial.
Higuchi, H; Ishigooka, J; Kamata, M; Takahashi, H; Yoshida, K, 2006)		0.58
" The mean dosage of olanzapine was 15."( Switching to olanzapine after unsuccessful treatment with risperidone during the first episode of schizophrenia: an open-label trial.
Higuchi, H; Ishigooka, J; Kamata, M; Takahashi, H; Yoshida, K, 2006)		0.58
" Failure in switching to monotherapy was associated with higher dosage of antipsychotics at baseline."( Effects of switching from conventional antipsychotics to risperidone in Japanese patients with chronic schizophrenia.
Kunugi, H; Murray, RM; Nakanishi, S; Nojima, S; Ogawa, T; Takahashi, T, 2006)		0.58
" Therefore, if flupentixol's efficacy on negative symptoms is based on its interaction with 5-HT(2A) and/or D(1) receptors, it should be highly dependent on serum concentration and thus on dosage and metabolism."( Occupancy of dopamine D(1), D (2) and serotonin (2A) receptors in schizophrenic patients treated with flupentixol in comparison with risperidone and haloperidol.
Bares, R; Bartels, M; Beneke, M; Glaser, T; Machulla, HJ; Noda, S; Reimold, M; Schaefer, JE; Solbach, C; Wormstall, H, 2007)		0.54
" Data were obtained from 407 patients enrolled in four Phase 1 (serial blood sampling) and three Phase 3 trials (sparse sampling), representing dosage regimens ranging from 4 mg single dose to flexible 1-6 mg once daily."( Population pharmacokinetics of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone in patients with acute episodes associated with bipolar I disorder.
Ludwig, EA; Piotrovsky, V; Vermeulen, A, 2007)		0.63
", dosage adjustments, behavioral or psychosocial interventions) before switching medications."( Effectiveness of switching antipsychotic medications.
Covell, NH; Davis, SM; Essock, SM; Lieberman, JA; Rosenheck, RA; Stroup, TS, 2006)		0.33
" While the mechanism is unclear, treatment of steroid psychosis involves dosage reduction or discontinuation of prednisone."( Steroid-induced psychosis in an adolescent: treatment and prophylaxis with risperidone.
Bilge, I; Hergüner, S; Tüzün, DU; Yavuz Yilmaz, A, )		0.36
" In total, 568 patients (60% men, mean age 36-40 years) were included and grouped according to pre-trial oral risperidone dosage (56% < or =4 mg; 30% >4 to < or =6 mg; 14% >6 mg)."( Efficacy and safety of risperidone long-acting injectable in stable psychotic patients previously treated with oral risperidone.
Kahn, JP; Medori, R; Sacchetti, E; Schmauss, M, 2007)		0.86
" During the course of treatment, the risperidone dosage was increased to a total daily dose of 4 mg."( Risperidone for the treatment of fecal smearing in a developmentally disabled adult.
Brahm, NC; Brown, RC; Farmer, KC, 2007)		2.06
" Most clinicians (89-100%) found the guidebook useful, and were adherent to key aspects of appropriate treatment use including concomitant oral risperidone use and injection and dosing parameters for long-acting risperidone."( Evaluation of a treatment manual for risperidone long-acting injectable.
Docherty, JP; Jones, R; Kujawa, M; Lasser, RA; Turkoz, I, 2007)		0.81
"Thirty-eight outpatients on long-term treatment with clozapine (250-500 mg/d, n = 10), olanzapine (10-20 mg/d, n = 12), risperidone (3-6 mg/d, n = 9), or quetiapine (200-600 mg/d, n = 7) received adjunctive topiramate, gradually titrated up to a final dosage of 200 mg/d for 6 weeks."( Effect of topiramate on plasma concentrations of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine in patients with psychotic disorders.
Bruno, A; Cacciola, M; Campolo, D; Cortese, L; D'Arrigo, C; Migliardi, G; Santoro, V; Spina, E, )		0.57
"To evaluate the clinical efficacy of modified Daotan Decoction (DD) combining low dosage of risperidone in treating chronic schizophrenia patients of phlegm-dampness blockage type, and compare with patients treated with risperidone alone."( [Clinical observation on effect of modified Daotan Decoction combined with small dose risperidone in treating chronic schizophrenia].
Liu, JL; Ma, L; Wang, Y, 2007)		0.78
"The treatment of DD combined with low dosage of risperidone is effective on chronic schizophrenia and shows less adverse reaction."( [Clinical observation on effect of modified Daotan Decoction combined with small dose risperidone in treating chronic schizophrenia].
Liu, JL; Ma, L; Wang, Y, 2007)		0.82
"There is no evidence that haloperidol in low dosage has different efficacy in comparison with the atypical antipsychotics olanzapine and risperidone in the management of delirium or has a greater frequency of adverse drug effects than these drugs."( Antipsychotics for delirium.
Britton, AM; Lonergan, E; Luxenberg, J; Wyller, T, 2007)		0.54
" Patients were switched from their previous dosage of compressed tablets (0."( Do formulation switches exacerbate existing medical illness? Results of an open-label transition to orally disintegrating risperidone tablets.
Binder, CE; Chue, P; Prinzo, RS, 2007)		0.55
" Both formulations contained 1 mg risperidone per dosing unit."( Lack of bioequivalence between generic risperidone oral solution and originator risperidone tablets.
Piniella, PM; Relleke, M; van Os, S, 2007)		0.89
" The most common dosage of RLAI used at endpoint was 25 mg every 14 days (60%)."( Long-term safety and efficacy of long-acting risperidone in elderly psychotic patients.
Glue, P; Kissling, W; Medori, R; Simpson, S, 2007)		0.6
" During the subsequent week, rates of problem behavior typically decreased without reinstating the prior dosage of medication."( Temporary increases in problem behavior and sleep disruption following decreases in medication: a descriptive analysis of conditional rates.
Dornbusch, K; Rapp, JT; Swanson, G, 2007)		0.34
" After 4 weeks, the dosage of risperidone was increased to 2 mg/d in some cases."( Risperidone for treatment-refractory major depressive disorder: a randomized trial.
Canuso, CM; Gharabawi-Garibaldi, GM; Kosik-Gonzalez, C; Kujawa, MJ; Mahmoud, RA; Pandina, GJ; Turkoz, I, 2007)		2.07
" Future prospective studies are necessary to clarify whether the prescribed dosage should be different in young and older patients."( Age and gender effects on olanzapine and risperidone plasma concentrations in children and adolescents.
Aichhorn, W; Hinterhuber, H; Kemmler, G; Marksteiner, J; Stuppaeck, C; Walch, T; Zernig, G, 2007)		0.61
"The trial was a prospective, open-label, single-center one with a flexible dosing of SGAs."( Differences in the effect of second-generation antipsychotics on prolactinaemia: six weeks open-label trial in female in-patients.
Cejpková, A; Rodáková, I; Svestka, J; Synek, O; Tomanová, J, 2007)		0.34
" We treated catatonic symptoms with drugs within the upper limit of dosage and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) to determine the maximal response."( Maximal response to electroconvulsive therapy for the treatment of catatonic symptoms.
Arai, H; Hatta, K; Miyakawa, K; Nakamura, H; Ota, T; Usui, C, 2007)		0.34
" In treated patients, no correlation was found between NSS and daily dosage or duration of exposure of neuroleptic treatment, extrapyramidal symptoms and level of CGI-improvement."( [Neuroleptic treatment and neurological soft signs in schizophrenic patients].
Chebel, S; Gaha, L; Mandhouj, O; Mechri, A; Slama, H, )		0.13
" Dosage adjustments were performed as clinically necessary."( Long-term remission in schizophrenia and related psychoses with long-acting risperidone: results obtained in an open-label study with an observation period of 18 months.
Kissling, W; Llorca, PM; Lloyd, K; Medori, R; Sacchetti, E, 2008)		0.58
" Paliperidone's advanced-generation osmotic release delivery system allows for the avoidance of dosage adjustment when initiating therapy and may decrease the frequency of antido-paminergic effects that would occur with an immediate-release formulation."( Paliperidone for schizophrenia.
Deyo, Z; Dolder, C; Nelson, M, 2008)		0.35
" Haloperidol (mean dosage 4,1 mg daily) was administered to 17 patients and trifluoperazine (mean dosage 7,1 mg daily) to 14 patients."( [Prescription of traditional neuroleptics in the remission period for schizophrenic patients with excess of body mass caused by atypical antipsychotics].
Danilov, DS; Tiul'pin, IuG, 2007)		0.34
"Patient compliance is better with formulations that require less frequent dosing than with formulations that require more frequent dosing."( Estimation of the impact of noncompliance on pharmacokinetics: an analysis of the influence of dosing regimens.
Hughes, DA, 2008)		0.35
" Once-daily dosing of oxybutynin is no better at maintaining pharmacokinetic exposure than twice-daily dosing at half strength."( Estimation of the impact of noncompliance on pharmacokinetics: an analysis of the influence of dosing regimens.
Hughes, DA, 2008)		0.35
"To determine whether, for oxybutynin and risperidone, drug exposure is better with less frequent dosing regimens than with regimens that require more frequent dosing."( Estimation of the impact of noncompliance on pharmacokinetics: an analysis of the influence of dosing regimens.
Hughes, DA, 2008)		0.61
" Neuroleptic drugs can produce severe side effects and need careful dosage and monitoring."( [Delusion in the critical patient].
Palencia-Herrejón, E; Romera, MA; Silva, JA, 2008)		0.35
"Personalized prescription is described even in lay journals, but there has been no attempt to propose personalizing dosing for any specific psychiatric drug."( A preliminary attempt to personalize risperidone dosing using drug-drug interactions and genetics: part I.
Cozza, KL; de Leon, J; Sandson, NB, )		0.4
"Any attempt to develop personalized dosing needs to be anchored in our understanding of the pharmacological response of each drug in each person's environment, particularly drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and how genetic make-up influences drug response."( A preliminary attempt to personalize risperidone dosing using drug-drug interactions and genetics: part I.
Cozza, KL; de Leon, J; Sandson, NB, )		0.4
"Age, body mass index (BMI), illness duration, drug type and dosage were considered as covariates when analysing association with genetic variants as they were associated with baseline or final BPRS and CGI scores and/or extrapyramidal side effects."( Acute antipyschotic efficacy and side effects in schizophrenia: association with serotonin transporter promoter genotypes.
Dolzan, V; Kastelic, M; Koprivsek, J; Mandelli, L; Plesnicar, BK; Serretti, A, 2008)		0.35
" However, dosing of long-acting antipsychotics is frequently extended in clinical practice, and a recent clinical trial has lent support to monthly dosing of long-acting risperidone."( Monthly administration of long-acting injectable risperidone and striatal dopamine D2 receptor occupancy for the management of schizophrenia.
Kapur, S; Labelle, A; Mamo, DC; Mann, SW; Mannaert, EJ; Remington, G; Shammi, C; Uchida, H, 2008)		0.79
" This work suggests a possibility that sustained D(2) occupancy at or above the accepted threshold with acute clinical response may not be necessary to maintain response, a hypothesis with important clinical implications as we consider antipsychotic dosing and future antipsychotic development."( Monthly administration of long-acting injectable risperidone and striatal dopamine D2 receptor occupancy for the management of schizophrenia.
Kapur, S; Labelle, A; Mamo, DC; Mann, SW; Mannaert, EJ; Remington, G; Shammi, C; Uchida, H, 2008)		0.6
"Three rapid, simple, reproducible and sensitive extractive colorimetric methods (A--C) for assaying dothiepin hydrochloride (I) and risperidone (II) in bulk sample and in dosage forms were investigated."( Extractive colorimetric method for the determination of dothiepin hydrochloride and risperidone in pure and in dosage forms.
Hassan, Wel-S, 2008)		0.77
" Deficits were unrelated to drug dosage and clinical ratings."( Effects of second-generation antipsychotic medication on smooth pursuit performance in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia.
Harris, MS; Keshavan, MS; Lencer, R; Reilly, JL; Sprenger, A; Sweeney, JA, 2008)		0.35
" Treatment was at the psychiatrist's discretion, including flexible dosing and use of concomitant therapies and medications, with assessments at 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months."( Long-term antipsychotic monotherapy for schizophrenia: disease burden and comparative outcomes for patients treated with olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, or haloperidol monotherapy in a pan-continental observational study.
Anders, M; Dossenbach, M; Irimia, V; Kotler, M; Logozar-Perkovic, D; Lowry, AJ; Pecenak, J; Peciukaitiene, D; Smulevich, AB; Szulc, A; Treuer, T; West, TM, 2008)		0.55
" Divalproex ER was initiated on day 1 at 20 mg/kg per day q AM and was titrated to clinical effect on days 3, 7, and 10, not to exceed a maximum dosage of 35 mg/kg per day."( Divalproex ER combined with olanzapine or risperidone for treatment of acute exacerbations of schizophrenia.
Abi-Saab, W; Baker, J; Casey, DE; Daniel, DG; Greco, N; Kane, JM; Redden, L; Saltarelli, M; Tamminga, C; Tran-Johnson, T; Wozniak, P, 2009)		0.62
"To compare efficacy and safety of two dosing regimens of risperidone."( Efficacy, safety and tolerability of two dosing regimens in adolescent schizophrenia: double-blind study.
Augustyns, I; Eerdekens, M; Haas, M; Kushner, S; Kusumakar, V; Pandina, G; Quiroz, J; Singer, J, 2009)		0.6
" This finding has important implications for dosing of antipsychotics in older patients with schizophrenia."( Sensitivity of older patients to antipsychotic motor side effects: a PET study examining potential mechanisms.
Graff-Guerrero, A; Kapur, S; Mamo, DC; Mulsant, BH; Pollock, BG; Uchida, H, 2009)		0.35
" The preferred switch strategy was immediate discontinuation, and the preferred dosing regimen was 120 mg/day."( Efficacy and tolerability of switching to ziprasidone from olanzapine, risperidone or haloperidol: an international, multicenter study.
Akkaya, C; Alptekin, K; Brook, S; Danaci, AE; El Tallawy, H; Hafez, J; Karayal, ON; Lowe, W; Tzebelikos, E; Ucok, A, 2009)		0.59
"Although clozapine has been shown to be the treatment of choice in people with schizophrenia that are resistant to treatment, one third to two thirds of people still have persistent positive symptoms despite clozapine monotherapy of adequate dosage and duration."( Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment resistant schizophrenia.
Barbui, C; Boso, M; Cipriani, A, 2009)		0.35
" Following oral dosing of antipsychotics, peaks and troughs in plasma drug concentrations may be mirrored by fluctuations in D(2)-receptor occupancy."( A comparison of continuous subcutaneous paliperidone infusion and repeated subcutaneous injection of risperidone free-base in rats.
Casu, G; Deriu, A; Lazzari, P; Marchese, G; Pani, L; Peddio, G; Pira, M; Pisu, C; Pittau, B; Portesani, F; Spada, GP, 2010)		0.58
"This review of the available literature aimed to explore a possible relationship between dosage of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) and the degree of metabolic side effects."( Are weight gain and metabolic side effects of atypical antipsychotics dose dependent? A literature review.
De Hert, M; Simon, V; van Winkel, R, 2009)		0.35
"Preliminary evidence suggests a dose-response relationship between clozapine and olanzapine serum concentrations and metabolic outcomes, although the association between administered daily dose and metabolic outcomes is not clear."( Are weight gain and metabolic side effects of atypical antipsychotics dose dependent? A literature review.
De Hert, M; Simon, V; van Winkel, R, 2009)		0.35
"3 times higher after controlling for dosing potency)."( Short- and long-term effects on prolactin of risperidone and olanzapine treatments in children and adolescents.
D'Arrigo, C; de Leon, J; Diaz, FJ; Gagliano, A; Germanò, E; Migliardi, G; Siracusano, R; Spina, E, 2009)		0.61
"The existence of such resin complex may provide taste-masking properties to the dosage forms."( Complexation between risperidone and amberlite resin by various methods of preparation and binding study.
Khan, MA; Sayeed, VA; Shah, RB; Tawakkul, MA, 2009)		0.67
" Analysis of the ways in which the test results were reportedly utilized revealed that they generally played a supporting role with regard to dosing decisions, rather than being the main influence on clinician behaviour."( Clinician experiences of employing the AmpliChip® CYP450 test in routine psychiatric practice.
Butler, R; Dunbar, L; Miles, W; Pulford, J; Sheridan, J; Wheeler, A, 2012)		0.38
"Patients 5-17 years old with DBDs and an intelligence quotient (IQ) > or =54 were randomized to flexibly dosed risperidone or placebo in a 6-month recurrence prevention trial."( Cognitive function with long-term risperidone in children and adolescents with disruptive behavior disorder.
Cornblatt, B; Pandina, GJ; Zhu, Y, 2009)		0.84
" Plasma samples were collected before the medications were given and 12h after the bedtime dosing each week."( Gender-specific prolactin response to antipsychotic treatments with risperidone and olanzapine and its relationship to drug concentrations in patients with acutely exacerbated schizophrenia.
Furukori, H; Kaneko, S; Nakagami, T; Saito, M; Sato, Y; Sugawara, N; Tsuchimine, S; Yasui-Furukori, N, 2010)		0.6
" "Instead of the medicament prescribed, a GP doctor is allowed to prescribe an alternative medicament of the same efficacy in the dosage of an adequate strength" (taken from the specialist medical report form)."( Side-effects of generic.
Dadić-Hero, E; Graovac, M; Grzeta, IR; Medved, P; Ruzić, K; Tatalović-Vorkapić, S, 2010)		0.36
" Prolactin concentrations before dosing during risperidone treatment were significantly higher than during treatment with olanzapine and perospirone in females."( Prolactin fluctuation over the course of a day during treatments with three atypical antipsychotics in schizophrenic patients.
Fujii, A; Furukori, H; Inoue, Y; Kaneko, S; Sugawara, N; Tsuchimine, S; Yasui-Furukori, N, 2010)		0.62
" Risperidone can be individually titrated to optimal dosage for excellent response in the majority of children."( Moderators, mediators, and other predictors of risperidone response in children with autistic disorder and irritability.
Aman, MG; Arnold, LE; Chuang, S; Davies, M; DiSilvestro, R; Farmer, C; Kraemer, HC; McCracken, J; McDougle, CJ; Posey, DJ; Scahill, L; Swiezy, NB; Vitiello, B; Witwer, A, 2010)		1.53
" Further investigations are warranted to identify patient characteristics and antipsychotic dosage regimens that are not associated with a greater risk of mortality in elderly patients with dementia."( Are all commonly prescribed antipsychotics associated with greater mortality in elderly male veterans with dementia?
Dysken, MW; Lederle, FA; Rector, TS; Rossom, RC, 2010)		0.36
"In the male patients, there was no correlation between the RIS dosage and plasma PRL levels, between plasma RIS levels and PRL levels, or between the plasma 9-OH-RIS levels and PRL levels."( Gender differences in the relationship between the risperidone metabolism and the plasma prolactin levels in psychiatric patients.
Fukui, N; Inoue, Y; Ono, S; Someya, T; Sugai, T; Suzuki, Y; Tsuneyama, N; Watanabe, J, 2010)		0.61
" Medication was administered by a specialized clinical team following dosing guidelines."( Esquire trial: efficacy and adverse effects of quetiapine versus risperidone in first-episode schizophrenia.
Craig, TK; Elanjithara, T; Gafoor, R; Landau, S; McGuire, P; Power, P, 2010)		0.6
" The effect occurs even when a low dosage (3 mg/d) of aripiprazole was used and achieves a plateau at dosages beyond 6 mg/d."( Dose-dependent effects of adjunctive treatment with aripiprazole on hyperprolactinemia induced by risperidone in female patients with schizophrenia.
Fujii, A; Furukori, H; Kaneko, S; Sugawara, N; Yasui-Furukori, N, 2010)		0.58
"Individuals in the extended dosing group were not at greater risk of symptom exacerbation, relapse, or rehospitalization; indeed, more rehospitalizations occurred in those receiving regular dosing."( "Extended" antipsychotic dosing in the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Feingold, A; Kapur, S; Mann, S; Remington, G; Seeman, P; Shammi, C, 2011)		0.37
" After the OGTT, the medication was switched to another by decreasing the previous dosage gradually over 2 to 8 months after the initiation of the second medicine."( A crossover study on the glucose metabolism between treatment with olanzapine and risperidone in schizophrenic patients.
Furukori, H; Kaneko, S; Nakagami, T; Saito, M; Sato, Y; Yasui-Furukori, N, 2010)		0.59
" Early discontinuation was less likely when the recommendations in the manufacturer's prescribing information regarding dosage and supplementation with oral antipsychotics were followed."( Risperidone long-acting therapy prescribing patterns and their impact on early discontinuation of treatment in a large Medicaid population.
Becker, MA; Boaz, TL; Constantine, RJ; Howe, AM; Robst, J, 2011)		1.81
"), and once-monthly flexible dosing as deltoid or gluteal injections on day 36 (50 mg eq."( A double-blind study of paliperidone palmitate and risperidone long-acting injectable in adults with schizophrenia.
Gassmann-Mayer, C; Gopal, S; Hough, D; Lane, R; Pandina, G; Remmerie, B; Simpson, G, 2011)		0.62
" Side effects were assessed with Dosage Record and Treatment Emergent Symptoms Scale, other symptom-specific scales, laboratory and instrumental tests."( Olanzapine vs. risperidone in treating aggressive behaviours in adults with intellectual disability: a single blind study.
Amore, M; Bertelli, M; Rossi, M; Tamborini, S; Villani, D, 2011)		0.72
" We find that, despite not knowing patients' metabolic status, clinicians modify risperidone dosage in order to obtain the best therapeutic option."( Intuitive pharmacogenetics: spontaneous risperidone dosage is related to CYP2D6, CYP3A5 and ABCB1 genotypes.
Alvarez, S; Bernardo, M; Gassò, P; Lafuente, A; Mas, S; Parellada, E, 2012)		0.87
"025 mg/kg of risperidone daily for 4 months, then the dosage was doubled for another 4 months."( Post-drug consequences of chronic atypical antipsychotic drug administration on the ability to adjust behavior based on feedback in young monkeys.
Mandell, DJ; Sackett, GP; Unis, A, 2011)		0.74
" The dosage range of paliperidone ER (6-12 mg/day) was compared with 2 risperidone dosage ranges: 2-4 and 4-6 mg/day."( Paliperidone ER and oral risperidone in patients with schizophrenia: a comparative database analysis.
Bossie, CA; Canuso, CM; Lindenmayer, JP; Schooler, N; Turkoz, I, 2011)		0.91
"]; then once-monthly deltoid or gluteal injections, flexibly dosed [50, 100, or 150 mg eq."( A comparative study of paliperidone palmitate and risperidone long-acting injectable therapy in schizophrenia.
Gu, N; Li, H; Ning, X; Rui, Q; Xu, H, 2011)		0.62
"The aim of this study was to assess human striatal dopamine receptor 2 (D(2)) and cortical 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A (5-HT(2A)) occupancy of SB-773812 to demonstrate brain penetration and binding to the target receptors and assess the pharmacokinetics-receptor occupancy relationship over time to aid dose selection and dosage regimen, in preparation for the phase II trials."( Contribution of SPECT measurements of D2 and 5-HT2A occupancy to the clinical development of the antipsychotic SB-773812.
Bullich, S; Burgess, C; Catafau, AM; Gray, F; Merlo-Pich, E; Nucci, G, 2011)		0.37
" In patients with schizophrenia, D(2) occupancy levels induced by a single dose were maintained over time, indicating that once-daily dosing regimens are appropriate."( Contribution of SPECT measurements of D2 and 5-HT2A occupancy to the clinical development of the antipsychotic SB-773812.
Bullich, S; Burgess, C; Catafau, AM; Gray, F; Merlo-Pich, E; Nucci, G, 2011)		0.37
" During the 3 months preceding admission, phenytoin dosing was stable and consecutive therapeutic concentrations were documented."( Possible long-acting risperidone-induced hypothermia precipitating phenytoin toxicity in an elderly patient.
Brandon Bookstaver, P; Miller, AD, 2011)		0.69
"Patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder with a body mass index ≥ 27 and non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol ≥ 130 mg/dl who were on a stable treatment dosage of olanzapine, quetiapine, or risperidone were randomly assigned to switch to ari-piprazole (N=109) for 24 weeks or stay on their current medication (N=106)."( A randomized trial examining the effectiveness of switching from olanzapine, quetiapine, or risperidone to aripiprazole to reduce metabolic risk: comparison of antipsychotics for metabolic problems (CAMP).
Hamer, RH; LaVange, LM; Lieberman, JA; McEvoy, JP; Nussbaum, AM; Perkins, DO; Ring, KD; Rosenheck, RA; Stroup, TS; Swartz, MS, 2011)		0.77
" on days 1 and 8, and flexible dosing [25-100 mg eq."( A randomized trial of paliperidone palmitate and risperidone long-acting injectable in schizophrenia.
Eerdekens, M; Fleischhacker, WW; Gassmann-Mayer, C; Gopal, S; Hough, D; Lane, R; Lim, P; Remmerie, B, 2012)		0.63
" Sarsasapogenin at a dosage of 200 mg per day added to a flexible dosage of risperidone at 2-4 mg per day is safe and well tolerated by patients with negative symptoms dominated schizophrenia."( A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of traditional Chinese medicine sarsasapogenin added to risperidone in patients with negative symptoms dominated schizophrenia.
Chen, C; Li, GJ; Li, X; Xiao, SF; Xue, HB; Yuan, CM; Zhang, MY, 2011)		0.82
" Administration and dosage of Trihexiphenidil (THF) was recorded."( First generation antipsychotics switch with Risperidone in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients.
Popović, I; Popović, V; Ravanić, D; Stanojević, A; Stojanović, M; Vladejić, S, 2011)		0.63
" The FGA group demonstrated that extrapyramidal syndrome (EPS) worsened under an increased dosage of anti-EPS drugs."( Risperidone and olanzapine versus another first generation antipsychotic in patients with schizophrenia inadequately responsive to first generation antipsychotics.
Chan, HY; Chen, CH; Chen, JJ; Gau, SS; Hwu, HG, 2012)		1.82
" In the patient with laryngeal dystonia these symptoms appeared after restarting risperidone treatment, in the other patient after diminishing the dosage of risperidone and adding sertindole, and in the third patient the syndrome appeared after beginning ziprasidone."( Pisa syndrome and laryngeal dystonia induced by novel antipsychotics.
Lerner, V; Miodownik, C; Witztum, E, 2011)		0.6
"There was no correlation between risperidone dosage and QTc or plasma risperidone levels and QTc."( QT prolongation of the antipsychotic risperidone is predominantly related to its 9-hydroxy metabolite paliperidone.
Fukui, N; Inoue, Y; Ono, S; Saito, M; Someya, T; Sugai, T; Suzuki, Y; Tsuneyama, N; Watanabe, J, 2012)		0.93
" Iloperidone 4-8, 10-16, and 20-24 mg/day (all dosed twice daily) were compared with placebo."( Efficacy of iloperidone in the short-term treatment of schizophrenia: a post hoc analysis of pooled patient data from four phase III, placebo- and active-controlled trials.
Citrome, L; Hochfeld, M; Meng, X; Stahl, SM, 2012)		0.38
" Propensity-stratified and propensity-weighted models as well as analyses controlling for site of care and medication dosage revealed similar patterns."( Risk of mortality among individual antipsychotics in patients with dementia.
Blow, FC; Chiang, C; Cunningham, F; Kales, HC; Kim, HM; Schneider, LS; Seyfried, LS; Valenstein, M; Zivin, K, 2012)		0.38
" A dose-response effect on impairment of balance was observed that followed the expected time course of the drug pharmacokinetics."( Influence of risperidone on balance control in young healthy individuals.
Cohen, H; Corbeil, P; Pourcher, E; Rodrigue, J; Simoneau, M, 2012)		0.75
" There was a dose-response relation for all drugs except quetiapine."( Differential risk of death in older residents in nursing homes prescribed specific antipsychotic drugs: population based cohort study.
Avorn, J; Crystal, S; Gerhard, T; Huybrechts, KF; Levin, R; Lucas, JA; Olfson, M; Schneeweiss, S, 2012)		0.38
"Due to high interindividual variability in peripheral pharmacokinetic parameters, dosing of antipsychotics relies on clinical trial and error."( Predicting plasma concentration of risperidone associated with dosage change: a population pharmacokinetic study.
Bies, RR; Mamo, DC; Mimura, M; Pollock, BG; Suzuki, T; Tsunoda, K; Uchida, H; Watanabe, K, 2012)		0.66
" In light of the known relationship between plasma drug concentration, dopamine D2 receptor occupancy, and clinical effects, our results confirm that individualized dosing with the measurement of antipsychotic plasma concentrations has the potential for bedside clinical application."( Predicting plasma concentration of risperidone associated with dosage change: a population pharmacokinetic study.
Bies, RR; Mamo, DC; Mimura, M; Pollock, BG; Suzuki, T; Tsunoda, K; Uchida, H; Watanabe, K, 2012)		0.66
" During the double-blind period, dosing was fixed at patients' final open-label dose (25 mg, 66% of patients; 37."( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess prevention of mood episodes with risperidone long-acting injectable in patients with bipolar I disorder.
Cordoba, R; Huberlant, B; Martinez, L; Montgomery, S; Schreiner, A; Sulaiman, AH; Vieta, E, 2012)		0.6
" Multiple linear regression analysis (95 samples) revealed that sex, smoking habit, and dose explained 21% of the variation in plasma total risperidone after oral dosage (dose alone only explained 11% of the variation)."( Risperidone and total 9-hydroxyrisperidone in relation to prescribed dose and other factors: data from a therapeutic drug monitoring service, 2002-2010.
Bowskill, SV; Fisher, DS; Flanagan, RJ; Handley, SA; Patel, MX, 2012)		2.02
"Risperidone therapeutic drug monitoring can help assess adherence and guide dosage even after RLAI."( Risperidone and total 9-hydroxyrisperidone in relation to prescribed dose and other factors: data from a therapeutic drug monitoring service, 2002-2010.
Bowskill, SV; Fisher, DS; Flanagan, RJ; Handley, SA; Patel, MX, 2012)		3.26
" The aim of the present study was to analyze on a single case basis the relationship between a sudden increase in suicidality, anxiety symptoms, medication dosing and clinician- and patient-rated akathisia."( The relationship of Akathisia with treatment emergent suicidality among patients with first-episode schizophrenia treated with haloperidol or risperidone.
Bauer, M; Doucette, S; Lewitzka, U; Meyer, S; Möller, HJ; Musil, R; Riedel, M; Schennach, R; Seemüller, F, 2012)		0.58
" Although paliperidone is the active metabolite of risperidone, paliperidone's route of metabolism and elimination is quite different from that for risperidone and paliperidone ER may be preferred over risperidone when liver disease, drug-drug interactions or other alterations in metabolism render the appropriate dosing of risperidone difficult to determine for an individual patient."( Oral paliperidone extended-release: chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and metabolism, clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability.
Citrome, L, 2012)		0.63
" When flexibly dosed with a mean doses of approximately 70 to 110 mg every four weeks, paliperidone palmitate appears comparable in efficacy and tolerability to risperidone long-acting injection flexibly dosed with mean doses of approximately 35 mg every two weeks."( Paliperidone palmitate for schizophrenia.
Nussbaum, AM; Stroup, TS, 2012)		0.58
" This model may aid the development of individualized risperidone dosing regimens in children and adolescents."( Population pharmacokinetic modeling of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone to estimate CYP2D6 subpopulations in children and adolescents.
Aman, MG; Bies, RR; Saldaña, SN; Sherwin, CM; Vinks, AA, 2012)		0.9
" No study addressed the issue of pre-existing/concurrent psychosocial interventions, and comorbid stimulant medication and its dosage was only partially addressed."( Atypical antipsychotics for disruptive behaviour disorders in children and youths.
Hetrick, SE; Loy, JH; Merry, SN; Stasiak, K, 2012)		0.38
" Results of the own study on the efficacy of risperidone (rispolux) in dosage 102 mg daily in patients with dementia with psychotic and behavioral disorders are presented."( [Efficasy and safety of the use of risperidone (rispoluxe) in demented patients with psychotic and behavioural disorders].
Bocharov, AV; Kondakova, VE; Tuleninov, ES, 2012)		0.92
" The RLAI group needed a lower dosage of biperiden compared with the control group, even though they had similar risperidone-equivalent daily dosages."( The influence of switching from haloperidol decanoate depot to risperidone long-acting injection on the clinical symptoms and cognitive function in schizophrenia.
Gen, K; Suzuki, H, 2012)		0.83
"All trials were industry supported, with some variability in dosage of haloperidol."( Lower rate of depressive switch following antimanic treatment with second-generation antipsychotics versus haloperidol.
Capapey, J; Colom, F; Goikolea, JM; Grande, I; Sanchez-Moreno, J; Torres, I; Undurraga, J; Valentí, M; Vieta, E, 2013)		0.39
" Risperidone accelerates the hydrolytic degradation of PLGA, presumably within the microenvironment of the drug-loaded particles, and this phenomenon must be taken into consideration in designing PLGA dosage forms of tertiary amine drugs."( Accelerated polymer biodegradation of risperidone poly(D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres.
Blasi, P; DeLuca, PP; Selmin, F, 2012)		1.56
" They responded well to the reduction in dosage or to withdrawal of the apparent causing agent."( [Medication-related oculogyric crises: a description of four cases and a review of the literature].
Campistol, J; Darling, A; Perez-Duenas, B; Poo, P, 2013)		0.39
"The results of this study suggest that switching elderly patients from risperidone to PAL may result in superior safety and patient satisfaction, and may also make it possible to reduce the dosage of biperiden."( Study of the efficacy and safety of switching from risperidone to paliperidone in elderly patients with schizophrenia.
Gen, K; Hibino, H; Inoue, Y; Matsumoto, H; Mikami, A; Mikami, K; Otomo, M; Suzuki, H, 2013)		0.87
" Subjects received either: 1) paliperidone palmitate (PP; 234 mg day 1 and 156 mg day 8 [corresponding to 150 and 100 milligram equivalents of paliperidone, respectively], both administered in deltoid muscle, followed by once-monthly flexible dosing in deltoid or gluteal muscle) and risperidone long-acting injection (RLAI)-matched placebo injections; or, 2) RLAI (25 mg, days 8 and 22; followed by biweekly flexible dosing) and PP-matched placebo injections."( Paliperidone palmitate versus risperidone long-acting injection in markedly-to-severely ill schizophrenia subjects: onset of efficacy with recommended initiation regimens.
Alphs, L; Bossie, CA; Fu, DJ; Kern Sliwa, J; Ma, YW, 2014)		0.87
"Using the recommended dosing regimens for PP and RLAI, both PP and oral risperidone (used during RLAI initiation) improved symptoms of schizophrenia in markedly-to-severely ill subjects at days 4-22."( Paliperidone palmitate versus risperidone long-acting injection in markedly-to-severely ill schizophrenia subjects: onset of efficacy with recommended initiation regimens.
Alphs, L; Bossie, CA; Fu, DJ; Kern Sliwa, J; Ma, YW, 2014)		0.92
" Data were derived from an earlier study, designed to compare efficacy and tolerability of fixed dosage of extended-release venlafaxine, mitazapine, paroxetine, and risperidone, sodium valproate, buspirone, trazodone or thyroid hormone augmenting to paroxetine in those patients."( Difference in remission in a Chinese population with anxious versus nonanxious treatment-resistant depression: a report of OPERATION study.
Cao, L; Chen, J; Fang, Y; Hong, W; Peng, D; Wu, Z; Yuan, C; Zhang, C, 2013)		0.59
" A biweekly simulation of multiple dosing revealed that Formulation C, the selected formulation, with a high load and large particle size would provide adequate initial and maintenance levels of the active moiety (Risperidone and its metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone)."( Microsphere delivery of Risperidone as an alternative to combination therapy.
D'Souza, S; DeLuca, P; Faraj, J, 2013)		0.88
" All values were more than 30 ng/mL after 11-16 h from dosing to sample collection, and the mean value was 47."( The possibility that requiring high-dose olanzapine cannot be explained by pharmacokinetics in the treatment of acute-phase schizophrenia.
Hatta, K; Hirata, T; Ito, S; Kasuya, M; Katayama, S; Kuga, H; Morikawa, F; Nakamura, H; Nakamura, M; Nakase, R; Ohnuma, T; Sawa, Y; Shirai, Y; Sudo, Y; Takebayashi, H; Usui, C, 2013)		0.39
" We conducted an 8-week, rater-blinded, randomized trial, administering flexibly dosed risperidone, yokukansan, or fluvoxamine."( Efficacy and tolerability of risperidone, yokukansan, and fluvoxamine for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a blinded, randomized trial.
Kurita, M; Nishino, S; Numata, Y; Okubo, Y; Sato, T; Takeyoshi, K; Tateno, A; Teranishi, M, 2013)		0.9
" One-third of children and adolescents had abnormal serum triglycerides and cholesterol; however, a dose-response was not demonstrated."( Metabolic changes in first-episode early-onset schizophrenia with second-generation antipsychotics.
Amminger, GP; Becker, J; O'Donoghue, B; Papageorgiou, K; Schäfer, MR, 2014)		0.4
"This was a 6-week, multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel-group, flexible dosing study."( An open-label, randomized, controlled trial of zotepine and risperidone for acutely ill, hospitalized, schizophrenic patients with symptoms of agitation.
Chan, HY; Chen, KP; Chen, YY; Cheng, JS; Lin, AS; Tsai, CJ, 2013)		0.63
" In the USA, dosing tends to be expressed in mg] or oral risperidone [during initiation of risperidone long-acting injection (RLAI) days 1-28] and biweekly flexible-dose RLAI (n=173; initial injection day 8)."( Paliperidone palmitate versus oral risperidone and risperidone long-acting injection in patients with recently diagnosed schizophrenia: a tolerability and efficacy comparison.
Alphs, L; Bossie, CA; Fu, DJ; Ma, YW; Sliwa, JK, 2014)		0.92
" The time to development of Pisa syndrome, patient demographics, dosing and titration of causative medications, approach to treatment, and resolution of Pisa syndrome varied widely in these reports."( Risperidone-induced Pisa syndrome in MS: resolution with lurasidone and recurrence with Chlorpromazine.
Diefenderfer, LA; Iuppa, CA, 2013)		1.83
"The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the effects of switching from oral risperidone to flexibly dosed oral paliperidone extended-release (ER) in Brazilian adults with schizophrenia because of lack of efficacy, intolerability, or nonadherence after a minimum trial of 30 days on adequate (labeled) doses of oral risperidone, according to individual clinical judgment."( Switching from oral risperidone to flexibly dosed oral paliperidone extended-release: core symptoms, satisfaction, and quality of life in patients with stable but symptomatic schizophrenia: the RISPALI study.
Appolinário, JC; Bressan, RA; Campos, JA; de Oliveira, IR; Elkis, H; Gattaz, WF; Grabowski, HM; Henna, E; Lacerda, AL; Lawson, FL; Louzã, MR; Périco, Cde A; Quevedo, J; Rocha, FL; Ruschel, SI; Sacomani, E; Zorzetto Filho, D, 2014)		0.95
"In this 6 month (26 week) open-label extension (OLE) study, patients (5-17 years of age, who completed the previous fixed-dose, 6 week, double-blind [DB] phase) were flexibly dosed with risperidone based on body weight."( An open-label extension study of the safety and efficacy of risperidone in children and adolescents with autistic disorder.
Hough, D; Karcher, K; Kent, JM; Pandina, G; Singh, J, 2013)		0.82
" All patients were titrated on iloperidone to 6mg BID by Day 4, then flexibly dosing between 6 and 12mg BID, as needed."( A trial evaluating gradual- or immediate-switch strategies from risperidone, olanzapine, or aripiprazole to iloperidone in patients with schizophrenia.
Alva, G; Brams, M; Citrome, L; Glick, ID; Hochfeld, M; Jackson, R; Kianifard, F; Mattingly, G; Meng, X; Pestreich, L; Weiden, PJ; Winseck, A, 2014)		0.64
" Initial and maintenance dosage of RLAI were adjusted according to clinical judgment."( A prospective, open-label study to evaluate symptomatic remission in schizophrenia with risperidone long-acting injectable in Korea.
Ahn, YM; Cho, SJ; Chung, YC; Jung, IK; Kim, CY; Kim, DH; Kim, SH; Kim, YS; Lee, DG; Lee, NY; Lee, YH; Lim, WJ; Na, YS; Shin, SE; Woo, JM; Yoon, BH; Yoon, JS, 2014)		0.62
" The results indicated that the dosage of 10-90 mg/kg of RM for 2 weeks did not cause treatment-related mortality."( A 12-week subchronic intramuscular toxicity study of risperidone-loaded microspheres in rats.
Cen, X; Dong, Q; Du, G; Fu, F; Guan, X; Tian, J; Wang, W; Ye, L; Yu, X; Zhang, J; Zhu, X, 2015)		0.67
" No correlation was found between risperidone dosage and either risperidone or drug metabolite plasma levels."( CYP2D6 genotyping in paediatric patients with autism treated with risperidone: a preliminary cohort study.
Bar-Chaim, A; Benveniste-Levkovitz, P; Berkovitch, M; Britzi, M; Gabis, LV; Soback, S; Youngster, I; Zachor, DA; Ziv-Baran, T, 2014)		0.92
" The compound exhibited high peripheral and adequate brain levels upon oral dosing in rodents."( Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel polycyclic heteroarene ethers as PDE10A inhibitors: part II.
Avhad, VB; Bajpai, M; Bhateja, DK; Das, S; Gandhi, MN; Gudi, GS; Gullapalli, S; Gupta, PK; Harde, RL; Jadhav, SB; Joshi, AA; Khairatkar-Joshi, N; Mahat, MY; Marathe, MY; Shelke, DE; Thomas, A, 2014)		0.4
" However, a higher dosage of risperidone was used for treating the disorder in those taking concomitant lovastatin compared to placebo."( Lovastatin for the adjunctive treatment of schizophrenia: a preliminary randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.
Akhondzadeh, S; Berk, M; Dehbozorgi, S; Ghanizadeh, A; Rezaee, Z, 2014)		0.69
"Retrospective data were gathered including age, sex, IQ, birth weight, dosage of risperidone, urinary density, as well as existence of urinary and fecal incontinence."( Risperidone-associated urinary incontinence in patients with autistic disorder with mental retardation.
Imasaka, Y; Iwata, K; Kumazaki, H; Mimura, M; Tomoda, A; Watanabe, K, 2014)		2.07
" To address this question we have investigated the cytological and functional effects of four APs: chlorpromazine (CLP), haloperidol (HAL), risperidone (RIS) and clozapine (CLZ), at concentrations typical of high therapeutic dosage on a human brain microvascular endothelial cell (HBMEC) model of the BBB."( Adverse effects of antipsychotics on micro-vascular endothelial cells of the human blood-brain barrier.
Elmorsy, E; Elsheikha, HM; Elzalabany, LM; Smith, PA, 2014)		0.6
" On day 8, the amisulpride dosage was increased to 800 mg orally daily and his manic symptoms worsened."( Amisulpride-associated mania in a young adult with schizophrenia and cerebral disease.
Chen, CY; Chen, TY; Chuang, WC; Kuo, SC; Yeh, YW, 2014)		0.4
"In this prospective multicentre, open-label, 6-month study (Paliperidone Palmitate Flexible Dosing in Schizophrenia [PALMFlexS]), tolerability, safety and treatment response with paliperidone palmitate (PP) were explored in patients with acute symptoms of schizophrenia following switching from previously unsuccessful treatment with oral antipsychotics."( Intramuscular long-acting paliperidone palmitate in acute patients with schizophrenia unsuccessfully treated with oral antipsychotics.
Bergmans, P; Bez, Y; Carpiniello, B; Cherubin, P; Hargarter, L; Keim, S; Parellada, E; Rancans, E; Schreiner, A; Vidailhet, P, 2015)		0.42
" The mean serum PRL was higher in females in the pubertal/postpubertal stage and for risperidone dosage up 1 mg/day."( Prolactin variations during risperidone therapy in a sample of drug-naive children and adolescents.
Lamanna, AL; Margari, F; Margari, L; Matera, E; Palmieri, VO; Pastore, A; Petruzzelli, MG; Simone, M, 2015)		0.93
"The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and impact of once- versus twice-daily dosing of risperidone and olanzapine on clinical outcomes in patients with schizophrenia."( Effectiveness of different dosing regimens of risperidone and olanzapine in schizophrenia.
Agid, O; Fervaha, G; Lee, J; Remington, G; Takeuchi, H, 2015)		0.89
" Although our study suggests the prescription dosage and duration of antipsychotic treatment decreased significantly after FDA warning in 2005, the duration of treatment was still long."( Dosage and duration of antipsychotic treatment in demented outpatients with agitation or psychosis.
Chiang, HL; Hwang, TJ; Hwu, HG; Lin, YT; Shan, JC; Sheu, YH, 2015)		0.42
" The incremental dosage of olanzapine from 5 to 20 mg/day was given but failed to control her psychotic symptoms during the first week, and was therefore switched to risperidone."( Chemotherapy-induced acute psychosis in a patient with malignant germ cell tumour.
Pongpirul, K; Puangthong, U, 2015)		0.61
" However, the ideal dosing regimen for this purpose is unknown."( Adjunctive aripiprazole in the treatment of risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study.
Bian, QT; Chen, JX; Correll, C; Liu, YH; Soares, JC; Su, YA; Wang, SL; Wei, LH; Yang, FD; Zhang, RZ; Zhang, XY, 2015)		0.68
"PALMFlexS, a prospective multicentre, open-label, 6-month, phase IIIb interventional study, explored tolerability, safety and treatment response in adults (n = 231) with non-acute but symptomatic schizophrenia switching to flexibly dosed paliperidone palmitate (PP) after unsuccessful treatment with risperidone long-acting injectable therapy (RLAT) or conventional depot antipsychotics (APs)."( Paliperidone palmitate in non-acute patients with schizophrenia previously unsuccessfully treated with risperidone long-acting therapy or frequently used conventional depot antipsychotics.
Bergmans, P; Cherubin, P; Corrivetti, G; Cosar, B; Hargarter, L; Keim, S; Llorca, PM; Petralia, A; Schreiner, A, 2015)		0.81
" Patients entered the study on a stable SRI dosage and were randomized to EX/RP (N = 40), risperidone (N = 40), or placebo (N = 20)."( Augmenting serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: What moderates improvement?
Foa, EB; Rosenfield, D; Simpson, HB; Wheaton, MG, 2015)		0.64
" These results highlight the importance of a personalized dosage adjustment during risperidone treatment."( Genetics-Based Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Risperidone in a Psychiatric Cohort.
Choong, E; Conus, P; Csajka, C; Eap, CB; Guidi, M; Vandenberghe, F; von Gunten, A, 2015)		0.88
" After the dosage was titrated to 6 mg/d, she experienced generalized seizure attacks."( High-Dose Risperidone Induced Latent Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion With Seizure Presentation.
Lee, YF; Liang, CS; Tsai, CK, )		0.53
"Population pharmacokinetics can predict antipsychotic blood concentrations at a given time point prior to a dosage change."( Dopamine D2/3 Receptor Occupancy Following Dose Reduction Is Predictable With Minimal Plasma Antipsychotic Concentrations: An Open-Label Clinical Trial.
Bies, RR; Caravaggio, F; Gerretsen, P; Graff-Guerrero, A; Mamo, DC; Mar, W; Mulsant, BH; Nakajima, S; Plitman, E; Pollock, BG; Suzuki, T; Uchida, H, 2016)		0.43
"D2/3R occupancy levels can be predicted from blood drug concentrations collected prior to dosage change."( Dopamine D2/3 Receptor Occupancy Following Dose Reduction Is Predictable With Minimal Plasma Antipsychotic Concentrations: An Open-Label Clinical Trial.
Bies, RR; Caravaggio, F; Gerretsen, P; Graff-Guerrero, A; Mamo, DC; Mar, W; Mulsant, BH; Nakajima, S; Plitman, E; Pollock, BG; Suzuki, T; Uchida, H, 2016)		0.43
" Concomitant armodafinil and risperidone use may necessitate risperidone dosage adjustment, particularly when starting or stopping coadministration of the two drugs."( Evaluation of potential pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction between armodafinil and risperidone in healthy adults.
Bond, M; Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2015)		0.93
" The problem of low exposure of 18b was effectively addressed by its conversion to an acetate prodrug 25b, which upon oral dosing resulted in an improved pharmacokinetic profile (Cmax = 359 ng."( Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of 5,6-Disubstituted Pyridin-2(1H)-one Derivatives as Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) Antagonists.
Bajpai, M; Dahale, DH; Gudi, GS; Gullapalli, S; Gupta, PK; Jadhav, SB; Khairatkar-Joshi, N; Kummari, S; Lingam, VS; Mindhe, AS; Pattem, R; Rathi, VE; Sapalya, RS; Shah, DM; Shingote, YB; Thakur, RR; Thomas, A, 2015)		0.42
" Thus, antipsychotic dose and dosing interval should be optimized for each patient."( [Optimal Antipsychotic Dose and Dosing Interval in the Treatment of Schizophrenia].
Takeuchi, H, 2015)		0.42
" Moreover, available tools that guide dosing in neuropsychiatric pediatric patients are scant, leading to the possibility of reduced efficacy and/or increased risks of toxicity."( Therapeutic drug monitoring of second-generation antipsychotics in pediatric patients: an observational study in real-life settings.
Auricchio, F; Baldelli, S; Bernardini, R; Bertella, S; Bravaccio, C; Capuano, A; Carnovale, C; Cattaneo, D; Clementi, E; Ferrajolo, C; Fucile, S; Guastella, G; Mani, E; Molteni, M; Pascotto, A; Pisano, S; Pozzi, M; Radice, S; Rafaniello, C; Riccio, MP; Rizzo, R; Rossi, F; Scuderi, MG; Sperandeo, S; Sportiello, L; Villa, L, 2016)		0.43
" The design was employed to understand the influence of the critical excipient combinations on the production of OD-mini-tablets and thus guarantee the feasibility of obtaining products with dosage form uniformity."( Risperidone oral disintegrating mini-tablets: A robust-product for pediatrics.
Abdelbary, MF; Ahmed, TA; Ali, BE; Aljaeid, BM; El-Say, KM; Zidan, AS, 2015)		1.86
" Analyses were conducted assuming pooled dosing from randomised clinical trials included in the MTCs."( Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Aripiprazole Once-Monthly for the Treatment of Schizophrenia in the UK.
Beillat, M; Robinson, P; Sapin, C; Tempest, M; Treur, M, 2015)		0.42
" Age, gender, years of education, total intracranial volume, apolipoprotein E genotype, dosage of risperidone, the baseline scores on the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination, and the baseline psychotic and nonpsychotic symptoms scores on the K-NPI were measured as covariates of no interest."( Gray matter volumes and treatment response of psychotic symptoms to risperidone in antipsychotic-naïve Alzheimer's disease patients.
Chung, YI; Jeong, HJ; Kim, HJ; Kim, JH; Kim, TH; Kim, YH; Lee, BD; Lee, YM; Moon, E; Mun, CW; Park, JM, 2016)		0.89
" The dosage of risperidone and paliperidone were maintained; and aripiprazole was maintained at 5mg/day during the 8-week study period."( Add-on effects of a low-dose aripiprazole in resolving hyperprolactinemia induced by risperidone or paliperidone.
Guo, Q; Li, C; Ouyang, Q; Qiao, Y; Shen, W; Sheng, J; Wen, H; Yang, F; Zhu, S, 2016)		1.01
" NMS occurs most often during the first week of treatment or after increasing the dosage of the neuroleptic medication."( [Case report: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and diagnostic difficulties].
Khouri, C; Logerot, S; Mallaret, M; Planès, S; Villier, C, 2016)		0.43
" The daily dosage of RIS did not differ between groups."( Risperidone-induced extrapyramidal side effects: is the need for anticholinergics the consequence of high plasma concentrations?
Gründer, G; Haen, E; Hiemke, C; Lammertz, SE; Paulzen, M; Schoretsanitis, G; Schruers, KR; Stegmann, B; Veselinovic, T, 2016)		1.88
"The median daily dosage of RIS did not differ between the groups (p=0."( Pharmacokinetic considerations in the treatment of hypertension in risperidone-medicated patients - thinking of clinically relevant CYP2D6 interactions.
Gründer, G; Haen, E; Lammertz, SE; Paulzen, M; Schoretsanitis, G; Schruers, KR; Stegmann, B; Walther, S, 2016)		0.67
" Higher RIS dosage has a tendency to produce higher RIS plasma levels."( Development and Validation of Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Risperidone and 9-Hydroxyrisperidone in Pediatric Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorders.
Hongkaew, Y; Limsila, P; Nakorn, CN; Ngamsamut, N; Nuntamool, N; Prommas, S; Puangpetch, A; Sukasem, C; Vanwong, N, 2016)		0.64
" This open-label, parallel-group study was performed to compare finger-stick-based capillary with corresponding venous plasma concentrations for risperidone, paliperidone, quetiapine, olanzapine, and aripiprazole and their major metabolites after repeated dosing in patients with schizophrenia or related illnesses."( Comparison of Capillary and Venous Plasma Drug Concentrations After Repeated Administration of Risperidone, Paliperidone, Quetiapine, Olanzapine, or Aripiprazole.
Ariyawansa, J; De Meulder, M; Remmerie, B; Savitz, A, 2016)		0.85
" Daily dosage of risperidone did not differ between responders and non-responders."( Clinical response in a risperidone-medicated naturalistic sample: patients' characteristics and dose-dependent pharmacokinetic patterns.
Gründer, G; Haen, E; Hiemke, C; Paulzen, M; Schoretsanitis, G; Stegmann, B; Unterecker, S, 2017)		1.11
" Then we re-administered decreased dosage of lithium 600 mg/day and risperidone 3 mg/day, and the similar episode occurred again 3 days later."( Neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity caused by combined use of lithium and risperidone: a case report and literature review.
Hsu, CW; Lee, CY; Lee, Y; Lin, PY, 2016)		0.9
"Daily dosage of risperidone differed significantly with smokers receiving higher doses than patients in the control group (p=0."( Effect of smoking on risperidone pharmacokinetics - A multifactorial approach to better predict the influence on drug metabolism.
Gründer, G; Haen, E; Hiemke, C; Paulzen, M; Schoretsanitis, G; Stegmann, B, 2017)		1.12
" Prolactin levels could assist in the determination of appropriate antipsychotic dosing to minimize adverse effects."( Threshold of Dopamine D2/3 Receptor Occupancy for Hyperprolactinemia in Older Patients With Schizophrenia.
Caravaggio, F; Chung, JK; Gerretsen, P; Graff-Guerrero, A; Iwata, Y; Mamo, DC; Mar, W; Mulsant, BH; Nakajima, S; Plitman, E; Pollock, BG; Rajji, TK; Suzuki, T; Uchida, H, 2016)		0.43
" Groups were matched for demographic characteristics and daily dosage of RIS."( Cytochrome P450-mediated interaction between perazine and risperidone: implications for antipsychotic polypharmacy.
Gründer, G; Haen, E; Hiemke, C; Lammertz, SE; Paulzen, M; Schoretsanitis, G; Stegmann, B, 2017)		0.7
"The mean concentrations of glucose, insulin, prolactin and leptin and HOMA-IR significantly rose with risperidone dosage (all P<0."( Impact of risperidone on leptin and insulin in children and adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders.
Hongkaew, Y; Intachak, B; Kroll, MH; Limsila, P; Ngamsamut, N; Puangpetch, A; Srisawasdi, P; Sukasem, C; Vanavanan, S; Vanwong, N, 2017)		1.07
" inverted U) association between changes in dentate gyrus/CA4 volume and cumulative antipsychotic dosage between the scans."( Hippocampal subregion volume changes associated with antipsychotic treatment in first-episode psychosis.
Gallego, JA; Malhotra, AK; Rhindress, K; Robinson, DG; Szeszko, PR; Wellington, R, 2017)		0.46
" The finding of a non-linear relationship between changes in dentate gyrus/CA4 subregion volume and antipsychotic exposure may provide new avenues into understanding dosing strategies for therapeutic interventions relevant to neurobiological models of hippocampal dysfunction in psychosis."( Hippocampal subregion volume changes associated with antipsychotic treatment in first-episode psychosis.
Gallego, JA; Malhotra, AK; Rhindress, K; Robinson, DG; Szeszko, PR; Wellington, R, 2017)		0.46
" In a naturalistic cohort of chronic psychiatric inpatients, we demonstrated that clinicians adjust R dosage by CYP2D6 activity, despite being blinded to the genotype, which we described as an "intuitive pharmacogenetic" process."( Intuitive pharmacogenetic dosing of risperidone according to CYP2D6 phenotype extrapolated from genotype in a cohort of first episode psychosis patients.
Bernardo, M; Bioque, M; Bobes, J; Castro-Fornieles, J; Corripio, I; Gassó, P; González-Pinto, A; Lafuente, A; Llerena, A; Lobo, A; Mas, S; Olmeda, MS; Rodriguez-Jimenez, R; Saiz-Ruiz, J; Torra, M; Usall, J; Vieta, E, 2017)		0.73
"Second-generation long-acting injectable therapies (SGA-LAIs) may reduce health care resource utilization (HRU) and health care costs compared with daily oral atypical antipsychotics (OAAs) in patients with schizophrenia due to reduced dosing frequency, delivery/monitoring by a health care provider, and improved adherence."( Treatment Patterns, Health Care Resource Utilization, and Spending in Medicaid Beneficiaries Initiating Second-generation Long-acting Injectable Agents Versus Oral Atypical Antipsychotics.
Emond, B; Joshi, K; Kamstra, R; Lafeuille, MH; Lefebvre, P; Pilon, D; Tandon, N, 2017)		0.46
"Clinicians tend to be more cautious with dosing of risperidone to geriatric patients in the ED."( Risperidone in the Emergency Setting is Associated with More Hypotension in Elderly Patients.
Castillo, EM; Hopper, A; Nordstrom, K; Porter, A; Vilke, GM; Wilson, MP, 2017)		2.15
" Based upon the patient's history and the dosing time line of the medications, we propose that an interaction between the clozapine and residual risperidone was responsible for the development of the acute buccal dystonia."( An Unexpected Circumstance: Acute Dystonic Reaction in the Setting of Clozapine Administration.
Ahmed, I; Kaplan, AM; Pitts, WB, 2019)		0.71
" Active moiety achieved therapeutic levels by 2 h after dose, and the levels were maintained throughout the 4-week dosing period."( A phase II study to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of Risperidone ISM multiple intramuscular injections once every 4 weeks in patients with schizophrenia.
Anta, L; Ayani, I; Gutierro, I; Litman, RE; Llaudó, J; Martínez, J, 2018)		0.71
" We sought to determine the change in cognitive function and symptomatology after reducing risperidone or olanzapine dosage in stable schizophrenic patients."( Dose reduction of risperidone and olanzapine can improve cognitive function and negative symptoms in stable schizophrenic patients: A single-blinded, 52-week, randomized controlled study.
Cui, H; Li, D; Li, G; Ning, Y; Zhou, Y, 2018)		1.04
" The duration of each adequate antipsychotic treatment at an optimal dosage was 4 weeks or more."( Predictors of remission during acute treatment of first-episode schizophrenia patients involuntarily hospitalized and treated with algorithm-based pharmacotherapy: Secondary analysis of an observational study.
Sakamoto, S; Sato, K; Takaki, M; Yamada, N; Yoshimura, B, 2019)		0.51
" There were no differences in first-line antipsychotics, dosage of antipsychotics at time of response and adherence rates to algorithm-based pharmacotherapy between remitters and non-remitters."( Predictors of remission during acute treatment of first-episode schizophrenia patients involuntarily hospitalized and treated with algorithm-based pharmacotherapy: Secondary analysis of an observational study.
Sakamoto, S; Sato, K; Takaki, M; Yamada, N; Yoshimura, B, 2019)		0.51
" We report a boy with autism-spectrum disorder, who developed frequent penile erections after an increase in risperidone dosage for a month."( Frequent Penile Erection in a Boy With Autism-spectrum Disorder: Case Report.
Bejrananda, T; Thongseiratch, T, 2018)		0.69
"We assessed the dosage strengths of paliperidone palmitate 1-month (PP1M) long-acting injectable resulting in similar steady-state (SS) exposures to the dosage strengths of oral risperidone using pharmacokinetic (PK) simulations."( Maintenance dose conversion between oral risperidone and paliperidone palmitate 1 month: Practical guidance based on pharmacokinetic simulations.
Gopal, S; Kern Sliwa, J; Kim, E; Mathews, M; Ravenstijn, P; Russu, A; Singh, A, 2018)		0.94
" However, it is not known whether intermittent dosing would produce similar deleterious effects."( Spontaneous recovery after controlled cortical impact injury is not impeded by intermittent administration of the antipsychotic drug risperidone.
Bao, GC; Besagar, S; Bondi, CO; Carlson, LJ; Kline, AE; Leary, JB; Radabaugh, HL, 2018)		0.68
"Risperidone is applied in oral dosage formulations in the treatment of mental diseases."( Formulation of delivery systems with risperidone based on biodegradable terpolymers.
Borecka, A; Janeczek, H; Kasperczyk, J; Sobota, M; Turek, A, 2018)		2.2
"5% of the baseline dosage every 2 weeks."( Changes in Health-Related Quality of Life in People With Intellectual Disabilities Who Discontinue Long-Term Used Antipsychotic Drugs for Challenging Behaviors.
de Kuijper, G; Hoekstra, PJ; Ramerman, L, 2019)		0.51
" Hence, a different dosing strategy is required among smoking and nonsmoking patients."( Analysis of smoking behavior on the pharmacokinetics of antidepressants and antipsychotics: evidence for the role of alternative pathways apart from CYP1A2.
Deckert, J; Hommers, LG; Menke, A; Samanski, L; Scherf-Clavel, M; Unterecker, S, 2019)		0.51
" Upon decreasing the dosage of risperidone, the cystoid macular edema resolved and visual acuity markedly improved."( Risperidone-related bilateral cystoid macular edema: a case report.
Gelman, R; Kozlova, A; McCanna, CD, 2019)		2.24
"During a period of inflammation in patients taking quetiapine, according to our results, attention in dosing strategies is required to prevent toxic plasma concentrations."( Pathological Concentration of C-reactive Protein is Correlated to Increased Concentrations of Quetiapine, But Not of Risperidone, Olanzapine and Aripiprazole in a Naturalistic Setting.
Deckert, J; Menke, A; Scherf-Clavel, M; Unterecker, S; Weidner, A, 2020)		0.77
" Pre-emptive CYP2D6 genotyping would be valuable for individualising risperidone and aripiprazole dosing and treatment optimisation."( Effect of CYP2D6 genotype on exposure and efficacy of risperidone and aripiprazole: a retrospective, cohort study.
Haslemo, T; Ingelman-Sundberg, M; Jukic, MM; Molden, E; Smith, RL, 2019)		1
" We report that low-dose risperidone treatment results in global immunosuppression in mice, observed following 5 days of dosing and exacerbated with longer term drug treatment (4 weeks)."( The antipsychotic medication, risperidone, causes global immunosuppression in healthy mice.
Barlow, D; Beauchemin, M; Houseknecht, KL; May, M; Vary, C, 2019)		1.11
"Modeling dose-response relationships of drugs is essential to understanding their safety effects on patients under realistic circumstances."( Bayesian Meta-analysis of Multiple Continuous Treatments with Individual Participant-Level Data: An Application to Antipsychotic Drugs.
Horvitz-Lennon, M; Normand, ST; Spertus, J, 2019)		0.51
" Resveratrol dosage was 250 mg twice per day from the beginning of the study."( Resveratrol as adjunctive therapy in treatment of irritability in children with autism: A double-blind and placebo-controlled randomized trial.
Akhondzadeh, S; Hendouei, F; Mohammadi, MR; Rezaei, F; Sanjari Moghaddam, H; Taslimi, N, 2020)		0.56
" Particularly, impact associated with dosage has been barely studied."( Effects of long-term antipsychotics treatment on body weight: A population-based cohort study.
Bazo-Alvarez, JC; Carpenter, JR; Hayes, JF; Morris, TP; Petersen, I, 2020)		0.56
"The dose-response relationships of antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia are not well defined, but such information would be important for decision making by clinicians."( Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Antipsychotic Drugs for Acute Schizophrenia.
Crippa, A; Davis, JM; Leucht, S; Orsini, N; Patel, MX; Siafis, S, 2020)		0.56
" Dose-response curves were constructed with random-effects dose-response meta-analyses and a spline model."( Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Antipsychotic Drugs for Acute Schizophrenia.
Crippa, A; Davis, JM; Leucht, S; Orsini, N; Patel, MX; Siafis, S, 2020)		0.56
" For some drugs, higher than currently licensed doses might be tested in further trials, because their dose-response curves did not plateau."( Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Antipsychotic Drugs for Acute Schizophrenia.
Crippa, A; Davis, JM; Leucht, S; Orsini, N; Patel, MX; Siafis, S, 2020)		0.56
"This short report provides guidance for antipsychotic medication dosing to improve early intervention outcomes."( Early behavioral and developmental interventions in ADNP-syndrome: A case report of SWI/SNF-related neurodevelopmental syndrome.
Hopkin, R; Pedapati, E; Shillington, A; Suhrie, K, 2020)		0.56
" We used the Generalized Propensity Score method to evaluate the dose-response risk of Parkinsonism associated with SGAs."( Comparative risk of Parkinsonism associated with olanzapine, risperidone and quetiapine in older adults-a propensity score matched cohort study.
Chyou, TY; Nishtala, PS; Nishtala, R, 2020)		0.8
" Effect sizes between groups were pooled and stratified by single or multiple dosing regimens."( CYP2D6 Genetic Polymorphisms and Risperidone Pharmacokinetics: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Allen, JD; Bishop, JR; Brown, SJ; de Leon, J; Eum, S; Lee, AM; Shan, Y; Zhang, L, 2020)		0.84
" The results from the literature underline the necessity of caution and patient monitoring when risperidone dosing is modified during methylphenidate therapy."( Movement disorders and use of risperidone and methylphenidate: a review of case reports and an analysis of the WHO database in pharmacovigilance.
Burden, AM; Stämpfli, D; Weiler, S, 2021)		1.13
" Regression and dose-response models were utilized to identify the threshold dose (maximum daily dose)."( Discontinuation of antipsychotics treatment for elderly patients within a specialized behavioural unit: a retrospective review.
Gao, RL; Lim, KS; Luthra, AS, 2021)		0.62
"Lithium was given for mood stabilization and decreased dosage of prior antidepressant medication."( Manic episode in patient with bipolar disorder and recent multiple sclerosis diagnosis: A case report.
Wichser, L; Yang, S, 2020)		0.56
"Proteinoid NPs enhance RSP delivery and may potentially increase drug efficiency by reducing dosage and side effects."( Designed proteinoid polymers and nanoparticles encapsulating risperidone for enhanced antipsychotic activity.
Einat, H; Grinberg, I; Lugasi, L; Margel, S; Okun, E; Rudnick-Glick, S, 2020)		0.8
"In Iran, the most important challenges these patients faced with are as follows: the absence of a specific referral center, patients resort to self-treatment or traditional methods, and lack of a certain duration and dosage of antipsychotic for these cases."( A comprehensive entomological survey and evaluation of the efficacy of different therapies on a suspected delusional parasitosis case.
Soltan-Alinejad, P; Soltani, A; Turki, H; Vahedi, M, 2021)		0.62
"25 mg/day (85 years, MMSE of 5), to 1 mg/day (75 years, MMSE of 15), with alternate day dosing required for those with slower drug clearance."( Towards safer risperidone prescribing in Alzheimer's disease.
Bertrand, J; Bies, R; Bramon, E; Howard, R; Liu, KY; Otani, Y; Ozer, M; Pollock, BG; Reeves, S; Uchida, H; Yoshida, K, 2021)		0.98
" Additional prospective studies with accurate dosage information are needed to validate our findings."( Occurrence of metabolic diseases associated with antipsychotic use among Korean patients with schizophrenia.
Kim, BH; Kim, E; Kim, S; Kuk, S; Lee, W; Park, SI, 2021)		0.62
" Dosing strategies, discontinuation considerations, and side effects are discussed."( The Psychopharmacology Algorithm Project at the Harvard South Shore Program: An update on management of behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia.
Chen, A; Cloutier, A; Copeli, F; Metzger, E; Osser, DN, 2021)		0.62
" Avoiding amisulpride and warning against increasing the dosage in renal failure is the only recommendation by drug manufacturers and clinical guidelines."( Antipsychotics and hemodialysis: A systematic review.
Atlani, MK; Chaudhary, P; Sutar, R, 2021)		0.62
"Findings of the review reveals modest evidence favoring multiple dosing regimens of oral aripiprazole, ziprasidone, olanzapine, and risperidone."( Antipsychotics and hemodialysis: A systematic review.
Atlani, MK; Chaudhary, P; Sutar, R, 2021)		0.83
" However, its bitter taste and dose adjustment of liquid dosage forms are a main hurdle for patient acceptance."( Novel risperidone orally disintegrating minitablets for pediatric use: patient acceptance and dose adjustment.
Abdallaha, OY; Bebawy, G; Sokar, M, 2021)		1.1
" Atypical antipsychotic dosages were standardized using a defined daily dose, and the cumulative dosage was calculated."( Atypical Antipsychotics Augmentation in Patients with Depressive Disorder and Risk of Subsequent Dementia: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.
Ha, TH; Kim, DK; Kim, H; Kim, J; Kim, K; Lee, EM; Lee, H; Lewis, M; Myung, W; Won, HH, 2021)		0.62
" A cumulative dose-response relationship was observed (test for trend, p < 0."( Atypical Antipsychotics Augmentation in Patients with Depressive Disorder and Risk of Subsequent Dementia: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.
Ha, TH; Kim, DK; Kim, H; Kim, J; Kim, K; Lee, EM; Lee, H; Lewis, M; Myung, W; Won, HH, 2021)		0.62
"The data of 161 women were obtained from the Risperidone Maintenance Treatment in Schizophrenia study, including patients' characteristics, menstrual conditions, and duration and dosage of risperidone."( Menstrual Dysfunction in Women With Schizophrenia During Risperidone Maintenance Treatment.
Bo, Q; Li, T; Mao, Z; Wang, C; Xing, X; Zhou, F, )		0.64
" The participants had drug dosage adjustment based on body weight/dose (mg/kg)."( Methylphenidate decreases the EEG mu power in the right primary motor cortex in healthy adults during motor imagery and execution.
Aprigio, D; Basile, LF; Bastos, VH; Bittencourt, J; Budde, H; Cagy, M; Gongora, M; Marinho, V; Ribeiro, P; Teixeira, S; Velasques, B, 2021)		0.62
" Risperidone has weight-based dosing and a liquid dosage form available, making it a good option for use in the NICU."( Delirium in the NICU: Risk or Reality?
Liviskie, C; McPherson, C, 2021)		1.53
" The supramolecular adduct of RSP with RM-β-CD represents a valuable candidate for further research in developing new formulations with enhanced bioavailability and stability, and the results of this study allow a pertinent selection of three excipients that can be incorporated in solid dosage forms."( Risperidone/Randomly Methylated β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex-Compatibility Study with Pharmaceutical Excipients.
Barvinschi, P; Cîrcioban, D; Ledeți, A; Ledeți, I; Miclău, M; Sbârcea, L; Suciu, O; Tănase, IM; Văruţ, RM; Vlase, G, 2021)		2.06
"Antipsychotic (AP) dosing is well established in nonelderly patients with acute exacerbations of schizophrenia, but not in special populations."( Dosing antipsychotics in special populations of patients with schizophrenia: severe psychotic agitation, first psychotic episode and elderly patients.
Baloche, E; Blin, O; Bourgin-Duchesnay, J; Corruble, E; Ferreri, F; Garay, RP; Llorca, PM; Mouaffak, F; Vandel, P; Vidailhet, P, 2021)		0.62
"To investigate the relationship between patient age and the selection and dosage of antipsychotic drugs (APDs) for treatment of schizophrenia."( Antipsychotic drug treatment of schizophrenia in later life: Results from the European cross-sectional AMSP study.
Bleich, S; Dahling, V; Greiner, T; Grohmann, R; Heinze, M; Ramin, T; Schneider, M; Seifert, J; Toto, S; Zindler, T; Zolk, O, 2022)		0.72
" APD selection and dosage were related to patient age with sex as an influencing variable."( Antipsychotic drug treatment of schizophrenia in later life: Results from the European cross-sectional AMSP study.
Bleich, S; Dahling, V; Greiner, T; Grohmann, R; Heinze, M; Ramin, T; Schneider, M; Seifert, J; Toto, S; Zindler, T; Zolk, O, 2022)		0.72
" The dosage of APDs increased with age until about age 40 years, then decreased slowly at first and more steeply beyond age 55 years."( Antipsychotic drug treatment of schizophrenia in later life: Results from the European cross-sectional AMSP study.
Bleich, S; Dahling, V; Greiner, T; Grohmann, R; Heinze, M; Ramin, T; Schneider, M; Seifert, J; Toto, S; Zindler, T; Zolk, O, 2022)		0.72
"In clinical routine, age has a significant impact on selection and dosing of APDs."( Antipsychotic drug treatment of schizophrenia in later life: Results from the European cross-sectional AMSP study.
Bleich, S; Dahling, V; Greiner, T; Grohmann, R; Heinze, M; Ramin, T; Schneider, M; Seifert, J; Toto, S; Zindler, T; Zolk, O, 2022)		0.72
" Previous studies have related more frequent dosing to poor medication adherence."( Time to Rehospitalization for Different Oral Risperidone Dosing Frequencies in Patients With Schizophrenia: A 17-Year Retrospective Cohort Study.
Chan, HY; Lin, CH; Wang, XY, )		0.39
"There were 1504 patients grouped by daily dosing frequency of oral risperidone."( Time to Rehospitalization for Different Oral Risperidone Dosing Frequencies in Patients With Schizophrenia: A 17-Year Retrospective Cohort Study.
Chan, HY; Lin, CH; Wang, XY, )		0.63
"Risperidone and aripiprazole with no dosage restrictions."( Risperidone and aripiprazole for autism spectrum disorder in children: an overview of systematic reviews.
Chen, MH; Escobar Liquitay, CM; Fieiras, C; Franco, JVA; Madrid, E; Meza, N; Rojas, V, 2023)		3.8
" A population pharmacokinetic (PPK) modeling and simulation approach was implemented to identify TV-46000 doses and dosing schedules for clinical development that would provide the best balance between clinical efficacy and safety."( Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulation of TV-46000: A Long-Acting Injectable Formulation of Risperidone.
Elgart, A; Gomeni, R; Harary, E; Kalmanczhelyi, A; Lamson, M; Levi, M; Loupe, P; Merenlender Wagner, A; Perlstein, I; Spiegelstein, O; Tiver, R, 2022)		0.94
" For 25 years, this author has focused on a circumscribed type of precision medicine: personalized dosing using pharmacokinetic mechanisms to stratified patients."( Precision psychiatry: The complexity of personalizing antipsychotic dosing.
de Leon, J, 2022)		0.72
"Twenty-eight patients were consecutively recruited and treated with SRI (drug(s) and doses previously administered), SGA (risperidone median dosage 1 mg/day in 14 cases, aripiprazole median dosage 3 mg/day in 14 cases) and CBT/ERP (median hours 32."( Serotonin reuptake inhibitor-cognitive behavioural therapy-second generation antipsychotic combination for severe treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. A prospective observational study.
Balestrini, V; Cieri, L; Di Spigno, D; Iommi, M; Necci, R; Orazi, F; Salvati, L; Tundo, A, 2022)		0.93
" Despite no statistically significant differences between groups regarding clinical efficacy, aripiprazole required higher chlorpromazine equivalent dosage (χ 2 = 2."( Aripiprazole vs Risperidone Head-to-Head Effectiveness in First-Episode Non-Affective-Psychosis: A 3-Month Randomized, Flexible-Dose, Open-Label Clinical Trial.
Ayesa-Arriola, R; Crespo-Facorro, B; Garrido-Sánchez, L; Gómez-Revuelta, M; Juncal-Ruiz, M; Mayoral-Van Son, J; Ortiz-García de la Foz, V; Pelayo-Terán, JM; Ruiz-Veguilla, M; Vázquez-Bourgon, J, 2022)		1.07
"The effects of antipsychotic drugs are dose-dependent, which is particularly true for their efficacy, each antipsychotic having a specific dose-response curve."( Comorbidities and the right dose: antipsychotics.
Azorin, JM; Simon, N; Torrents, R, )		0.13
"Factors liable to impact antipsychotic dosage are numerous and their subsequent effects often hard to predict, due to multilevel interactions and compensatory phenomena."( Comorbidities and the right dose: antipsychotics.
Azorin, JM; Simon, N; Torrents, R, )		0.13
" ISM® technology applied to risperidone allows therapeutic levels of the active moiety to be achieved within 2 h of intramuscular administration without the need for loading doses or oral supplementation, leading to a constant release over the whole dosing period."( Risperidone ISM as a New Option in the Clinical Management of Schizophrenia: A Narrative Review.
Álamo, C, 2022)		2.46
" In the TDM group, physicians will receive dosing advice based on plasma levels of risperidone and aripiprazole and its metabolites at 4 and 10 weeks."( The effect of therapeutic drug monitoring of risperidone and aripiprazole on weight gain in children and adolescents: the SPACe 2: STAR (trial) protocol of an international multicentre randomised controlled trial.
de Winter, BCM; Dierckx, B; Hermans, RA; Hillegers, MHJ; Kloosterboer, SM; Koch, BCP; Liang, K; Ringeling, LT, 2022)		1.21
" Our constructed PBPK model can predict risperidone and paliperidone pharmacokinetics in pregnant and neonatal populations, which could help with precision dosing using the PBPK model-informed approach in special populations."( Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model to investigate the effect of pregnancy on risperidone and paliperidone pharmacokinetics: Application to a pregnant woman and her neonate.
Fujioka, K; Fujiwara, N; Horai, T; Iijima, K; Imafuku, H; Ito, T; Mahdy, WYB; Omura, T; Otsuka, I; Yamamoto, K; Yano, I, 2023)		1.4
" In the two studies, estimated increased risks of breast cancer were disconcertingly high (up to 62%), but a third recent study found only a weak dose-response association."( Association between long-term use of prolactin-elevating antipsychotics in women and the risk of breast cancer: What are the clinical implications?
Copolov, DL; Hope, JD; Keks, NA, 2023)		0.91
"The study design included 3 phases of treatment: an oral run-in to establish tolerability to risperidone (1 week), lead-in treatment with flexibly dosed PP1M to identify a stable dose (17 weeks) and maintenance treatment with PP3M (24 weeks)."( Feasibility study to evaluate capabilities for conducting psychiatric clinical research within the Rwandan mental healthcare system.
Abraham, E; Alphs, L; Bizoza, R; Damascene Iyamuremye, J; Hooker, E; Kayiteshonga, Y; Keenan, A; Mancevski, B; Schotte, A; Smith-Swintosky, V; Turkoz, I, 2023)		1.13
" We applied one-stage random-effects dose-response meta-analyses using restricted cubic splines to model the dose-response relationships."( Antipsychotic-induced akathisia in adults with acute schizophrenia: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.
Burschinski, A; Davis, JM; Leucht, S; Priller, J; Schneider-Thoma, J; Siafis, S; Wang, D; Wu, H, 2023)		0.91
"The LAI landscape has evolved significantly in the last decade with more formulations available, longer dosing intervals, and extended indications."( Switching to long-acting injectable antipsychotics: pharmacological considerations and practical approaches.
Correll, CU; Højlund, M, )		0.13
" However, only the max dosage (4 mg) of risperidone showed meaningful improvement in increasing mechanical allodynia."( The effect of risperidone on behavioral reactions and gene expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in neuropathic pain model induced by chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve in rat.
Banafshe, HR; Haddad Kashani, H; Haghighat Lari, MM; Seyed Hosseini, E, 2023)		1.54
" This is the first reported case where 1 mg/day dosage of risperidone in nursing mother was associated with acute adverse effects such as respiratory depression in her neonate."( Risperidone-induced respiratory depression in a neonate through breast milk.
Appikatla, MB; Babu, TA; Pasi, R, )		1.82
" We extracted the following data: author, year, country, diagnostic criteria, sample size, course of treatment, dosage and outcomes."( Efficacy and safety of blonanserin versus risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Deng, SW; Hong, B; Jiang, WL; Li, BH; Sun, DW; Xu, Q; Yang, HB, 2023)		1.17
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (7)

RoleDescription
serotonergic antagonistDrugs that bind to but do not activate serotonin receptors, thereby blocking the actions of serotonin or serotonergic agonists.
alpha-adrenergic antagonistAn agent that binds to but does not activate alpha-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous alpha-adrenergic agonists. alpha-Adrenergic antagonists are used in the treatment of hypertension, vasospasm, peripheral vascular disease, shock, and pheochromocytoma.
H1-receptor antagonistH1-receptor antagonists are the drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H1 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous histamine.
second generation antipsychoticAntipsychotic drugs which can have different modes of action but which tend to be less likely than first generation antipsychotics to cause extrapyramidal motor control disabilities such as body rigidity or Parkinson's disease-type movements.
dopaminergic antagonistA drug that binds to but does not activate dopamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists.
psychotropic drugA loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function.
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitorAny EC 3.4.21.* (serine endopeptidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (4)

ClassDescription
pyridopyrimidineAny organic heterobicyclic compound consisting of a pyridine ring ortho-fused at any position to a pyrimidine ring.
organofluorine compoundAn organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.
heteroarylpiperidine
1,2-benzoxazolesCompounds based on a fused 1,2-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton, with the O atom positioned adjacent to one of the positions of ring fusion.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (96)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3AHomo sapiens (human)Potency89.12510.631035.7641100.0000AID504339
acetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)Potency12.09800.002541.796015,848.9004AID1347395; AID1347398
thioredoxin reductaseRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency15.00300.100020.879379.4328AID588453
TDP1 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency24.80330.000811.382244.6684AID686978; AID686979
AR proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency30.04740.000221.22318,912.5098AID1259243; AID1259247
Smad3Homo sapiens (human)Potency15.84890.00527.809829.0929AID588855
thyroid stimulating hormone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency7.94330.001318.074339.8107AID926
EWS/FLI fusion proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency33.17340.001310.157742.8575AID1259252
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency14.25050.001530.607315,848.9004AID1224848; AID1224849; AID1259403
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency18.52070.000229.305416,493.5996AID1259244; AID1259248; AID743080; AID743091
cytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)Potency2.75400.00108.379861.1304AID1645840
thyroid stimulating hormone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency29.84930.001628.015177.1139AID1259385
cytochrome P450 2D6 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency5.55280.00207.533739.8107AID891
peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency75.686323.934123.934123.9341AID1967
cytochrome P450 2C19 precursorHomo sapiens (human)Potency1.58490.00255.840031.6228AID899
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform dHomo sapiens (human)Potency3.81460.01789.637444.6684AID588834
transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency3.98110.794321.275750.1187AID624246
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency26.60110.000627.21521,122.0200AID743202; AID743219
peripheral myelin protein 22Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency32.19680.005612.367736.1254AID624032
survival motor neuron protein isoform dHomo sapiens (human)Potency1.25890.125912.234435.4813AID1458
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency15.18610.00106.000935.4813AID943; AID944
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunitMus musculus (house mouse)Potency21.13170.001557.789015,848.9004AID1259244
Glutamate receptor 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency21.13170.001551.739315,848.9004AID1259244
Spike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirusPotency39.81070.009610.525035.4813AID1479145
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Solute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)11.00000.40003.10009.7000AID721751
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.63154.45319.3000AID1473740
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.20005.677410.0000AID1473741
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1FHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)34.20000.00032.63119.0000AID1207767
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)IC50 (µMol)0.01500.00011.00768.7800AID625218
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)Ki0.04940.00000.887110.0000AID5836; AID625218
Bile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)92.75000.11007.190310.0000AID1443980; AID1449628; AID1473738
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)Ki5.00000.00000.690210.0000AID141100
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)Ki5.00000.00000.79519.1201AID141100
Cytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.22400.00011.41629.9000AID599884
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.31840.00010.532610.0000AID1169862; AID1393366; AID1724108; AID1762056; AID298481; AID342783; AID3657; AID4442
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.00270.00040.629810.0000AID4782; AID4803; AID4812; AID5061
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.01900.00020.667710.0000AID1335641; AID1409483; AID1704720; AID5246
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)Ki5.00000.00000.72926.9183AID141100
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.00970.00001.44217.3470AID625201
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.01020.00010.807410.0000AID1724111; AID238989; AID36197; AID36199; AID625201
Cytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)5.27340.00002.015110.0000AID625249
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)Ki4.26670.00000.59729.1201AID141100; AID141174; AID342774
Angiotensin-converting enzymeOryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit)IC50 (µMol)4.19010.00001.612910.0000AID625171
Angiotensin-converting enzymeOryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit)Ki3.43280.00042.03378.6606AID625171
D(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.01670.00000.74728.0000AID1462313; AID61049; AID625253
D(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.00380.00000.651810.0000AID1062948; AID1169860; AID1393368; AID1691230; AID1724107; AID1762054; AID239052; AID298478; AID342777; AID439064; AID625253; AID63060; AID63070; AID63971; AID64327; AID714109
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2ARattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.09910.00040.908610.0000AID4782; AID4803; AID4812; AID5061; AID5479; AID750648
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2ARattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.00030.00010.601710.0000AID1335644; AID1409481; AID1704718; AID410335; AID5246; AID5324; AID5328; AID5337; AID5504; AID5522
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.01870.00010.949010.0000AID1335646; AID1409484; AID1704719; AID238991; AID298478; AID36016; AID3657; AID37455
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.02600.00001.23808.1590AID625202
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.00710.00020.725710.0000AID36197; AID36199; AID625202
Beta-1 adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki22.00000.00000.667310.0000AID40406
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.00960.00001.47257.8980AID625203
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.00350.00030.483410.0000AID238990; AID36197; AID36199; AID625203
DRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.06030.00010.610010.0000AID238855; AID410331; AID61499
D(3) dopamine receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.03190.00010.25675.8000AID1409486
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1ARattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.79900.00031.38338.4000AID625190
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1ARattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.36900.00010.739610.0000AID1335643; AID1409480; AID1704717; AID3992; AID4357; AID625190
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.00370.00000.929610.0000AID750653
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)55.00000.00011.01049.9280AID1403798; AID1659273
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)Ki5.00000.00000.54057.7600AID141100
D(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.47900.00031.84739.2250AID625252
D(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.32180.00010.836310.0000AID342775; AID439068; AID625252; AID63345; AID63347
D(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.01060.00000.436210.0000AID298480; AID342779; AID61808; AID63524; AID63537; AID65954
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.00370.00000.970810.0000AID750653
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.01440.00000.937510.0000AID35637; AID750653
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.01870.00000.575110.0000AID1335646; AID1409484; AID1704719; AID238991; AID298478; AID36016; AID3657; AID37455
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporterRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.03100.00030.37088.1600AID64984
Histamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1.48300.02202.298710.0000AID625270
Histamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki1.45800.00062.197310.0000AID625270
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.01000.00020.75688.8970AID625200
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.00530.00000.360910.0000AID1682829; AID1724114; AID36113; AID36116; AID36122; AID625200
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.00160.00010.88018.8500AID1462315; AID1570293; AID625192
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.00040.00000.385510.0000AID1062949; AID1152668; AID1169863; AID1393364; AID1570286; AID1691231; AID1724109; AID1762057; AID239010; AID298482; AID308685; AID342784; AID439066; AID5197; AID5199; AID5363; AID625192
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.00570.00011.03029.0000AID1301294; AID1373837; AID1403795; AID1462318; AID1659274; AID625218
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.02710.00010.954910.0000AID1169864; AID1724113; AID1762058; AID239069; AID298485; AID308686; AID342781; AID439070; AID5614; AID5616; AID5831; AID5835; AID5836; AID5951; AID599883; AID625218
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.79900.00051.48357.8000AID625190
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.45700.00031.29679.2440AID625190
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.00270.00040.615610.0000AID4782; AID4803; AID4812; AID5061
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.00020.00020.590910.0000AID5246
Histamine H1 receptorCavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)Ki0.03760.00261.783210.0000AID1335645; AID1704721
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)Ki1.40000.00000.70488.1930AID342787
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7 Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.02100.00000.14803.1800AID1704722; AID6648
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C Mus musculus (house mouse)IC50 (µMol)0.00150.00150.01480.0280AID5020
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.00190.00030.380610.0000AID1393367; AID239149; AID298487
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.01050.00020.56145.4000AID1301292; AID1373835; AID1403797; AID1462316; AID1659265
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.00500.00000.272610.0000AID1682829; AID1724114; AID1762060; AID36113; AID36116; AID36122
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AMus musculus (house mouse)IC50 (µMol)0.00150.00150.01480.0280AID5020
Histamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.45150.00000.44365.1768AID1301293; AID1373836; AID1403796; AID1462317; AID1659275; AID625269
Histamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.03090.00000.511010.0000AID1682828; AID1724112; AID1762061; AID239091; AID342782; AID625269; AID87242; AID87244
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.00530.00000.471310.0000AID1682829; AID1724114; AID36113; AID36116; AID36122
D(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.02400.00011.01788.7960AID625254
D(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.01320.00000.602010.0000AID1169861; AID1762055; AID239150; AID298479; AID342778; AID410333; AID439069; AID625254; AID64984; AID65121; AID65785
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.02300.00011.18738.9125AID625217
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.01750.00030.769310.0000AID298483; AID625217
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.01750.00000.965010.0000AID1335646; AID1409484; AID1704719; AID238991; AID298478; AID36016; AID3657; AID36890; AID37455
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)Ki1.21240.00020.522910.0000AID1335640; AID1393365; AID1409485; AID1704723; AID1724110; AID1762059; AID342773; AID599884
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.03300.00100.01630.0330AID599883
D(2) dopamine receptorMus musculus (house mouse)IC50 (µMol)0.02300.00090.47332.4310AID61049
D(2) dopamine receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.01540.00010.54948.4000AID61388; AID64264; AID64296
D(2) dopamine receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.00480.00000.437510.0000AID1335642; AID1704716; AID239086; AID410332; AID63804; AID63811; AID63822; AID65243; AID65402; AID65713; AID750653
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)34.20000.00032.59559.0000AID1207767
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BMus musculus (house mouse)IC50 (µMol)0.00150.00150.01480.0280AID5020
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.63030.00091.901410.0000AID1207230; AID1301295; AID1403799; AID1409487; AID1462319; AID161281; AID1659272; AID1704724; AID1762063; AID222148; AID240820; AID243188; AID397743; AID408340; AID420668; AID576612; AID625171; AID750648
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)Ki2.17640.00211.840710.0000AID410338; AID625171
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)34.20000.00032.63119.0000AID1207767
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)79.60000.00032.25459.6000AID1207698; AID1207767
Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)102.00000.00033.64849.2000AID1207171
TransporterRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki28.00000.00010.76295.5000AID342786
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AMus musculus (house mouse)IC50 (µMol)0.43000.00210.35812.0000AID3960
Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 3 Bos taurus (cattle)IC50 (µMol)4.19010.10482.83988.3173AID625171
Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 3 Bos taurus (cattle)Ki3.43280.08582.95428.6606AID625171
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 2Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)291.00000.16003.95718.6000AID721752
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00002.41006.343310.0000AID1473739
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1.60000.01002.765610.0000AID721754
TransporterRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki5.45400.00010.866710.0000AID238962
Histamine H3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki1.10550.00010.33998.5110AID1762062
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
AlbuminRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Kd43.80001.47006.53179.3100AID1215123
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)10.00000.00010.25718.0000AID1462314
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)Kd0.39810.00010.95285.0119AID438555
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.32000.32001.45774.2000AID1203550
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)Km12.40000.01403.717210.0000AID681619
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (524)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic processSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
organic cation transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic cation transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
serotonin transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
body fluid secretionSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
organic cation transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
quaternary ammonium group transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
amine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
putrescine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
spermidine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
choline transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
epinephrine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
histamine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
serotonin uptakeSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
histamine uptakeSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine uptakeSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
thiamine transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
purine-containing compound transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid import across plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptakeSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
L-arginine import across plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
export across plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
L-alpha-amino acid transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
spermidine transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
L-arginine transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
cellular detoxificationSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrierSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin secretionMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
cilium assemblyMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
platelet degranulationMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
urate transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
export across plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
visual perceptionVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1FHomo sapiens (human)
detection of light stimulus involved in visual perceptionVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1FHomo sapiens (human)
calcium ion import across plasma membraneVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1FHomo sapiens (human)
fatty acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid biosynthetic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stressBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compoundBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
protein ubiquitinationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid signaling pathwayBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cholesterol homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to estrogenBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
lipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bile acid secretionBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system developmentMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart contractionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
response to virusMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of smooth muscle contractionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of locomotionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycleATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipid translocationATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
terpenoid transportATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of response to osmotic stressATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
transepithelial transportATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
stem cell proliferationATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
ceramide translocationATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
export across plasma membraneATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of anion channel activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
carboxylic acid transmembrane transportATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic detoxification by transmembrane export across the plasma membraneATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrierATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of chloride transportATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
lipid hydroxylationCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
lipid metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
steroid catabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
cholesterol metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
androgen metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
alkaloid catabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
monoterpenoid metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
calcitriol biosynthetic process from calciolCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic catabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin D metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin D catabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
retinol metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
aflatoxin metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative demethylationCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral fear response5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of serotonin secretion5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of vasoconstriction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
exploration behavior5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine metabolic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin metabolic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of hormone secretion5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of behavior5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
gastric acid secretionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine transportMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
transmission of nerve impulseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of phosphatidylinositol dephosphorylationMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokine productionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
DNA replicationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transductionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Rho protein signal transductionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
female pregnancyAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of norepinephrine secretionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of vasoconstrictionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
actin cytoskeleton organizationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
platelet activationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell migrationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of protein kinase activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of protein kinase B activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of epinephrine secretionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hormone stimulusAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor transactivationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
vasodilationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
glucose homeostasisAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
fear responseAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of potassium ion transportAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAP kinase activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosisAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin secretionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intestinal absorptionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
thermoceptionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of lipid catabolic processAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysisAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of calcium ion transportAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulusAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of uterine smooth muscle contractionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of wound healingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
cholesterol metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
coumarin metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
alkaloid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
alkaloid catabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
monoterpenoid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
isoquinoline alkaloid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic catabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
retinol metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of bindingCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative demethylationCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cellular organofluorine metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of monoatomic ion transportMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system developmentMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of locomotionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
saliva secretionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
cognitionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potentialMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of glial cell proliferationMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intracellular protein transportMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
temperature homeostasisD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxiaD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein phosphorylationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to amphetamineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nervous system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressureD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rateD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of sodium ion transportD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor internalizationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuroblast proliferationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of receptor internalizationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
autophagyD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuron-neuron synaptic transmissionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuroblast proliferationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
axonogenesisD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synapse assemblyD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of smellD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
long-term memoryD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
grooming behaviorD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
locomotory behaviorD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adult walking behaviorD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein localizationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
associative learningD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
visual learningD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to light stimulusD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to toxic substanceD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to iron ionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to inactivityD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Wnt signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
striatum developmentD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
orbitofrontal cortex developmentD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron migrationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenohypophysis developmentD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell migrationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
peristalsisD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
auditory behaviorD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergicD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokinesisD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
circadian regulation of gene expressionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of dopamine secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to histamineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to nicotineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of urine volumeD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of renal sodium excretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of multicellular organism growthD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to cocaineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleepD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine metabolic processD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
drinking behaviorD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of potassium ion transportD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to morphineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
pigmentationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transductionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of blood pressureD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of innate immune responseD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IID(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
acid secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to ethanolD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticityD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to axon injuryD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
branching morphogenesis of a nerveD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell proliferationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosolD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of synapse structural plasticityD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transductionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergicD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potentialD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of growth hormone secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
prepulse inhibitionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascadeD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behaviorD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cellular response to hypoxiaD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor productionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
hyaloid vascular plexus regressionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuron migrationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentrationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of adenylate cyclase activityD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activityD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
MAPK cascadeAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
angiogenesisAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle contractionAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell-cell signalingAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
female pregnancyAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of norepinephrine secretionAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
platelet activationAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of protein kinase B activityAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of epinephrine secretionAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor transactivationAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron differentiationAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of blood pressureAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of uterine smooth muscle contractionAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of smooth muscle contractionAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell-cell signalingAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of norepinephrine secretionAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of vasoconstrictionAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
platelet activationAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of protein kinase B activityAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of epinephrine secretionAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor transactivationAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron differentiationAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin secretionAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
calcium-mediated signalingMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
smooth muscle contractionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, cholinergicMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system developmentMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of insulin secretionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
protein modification processMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of smooth muscle contractionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
saliva secretionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
ion channel modulating, G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated ion channel signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of smooth muscle contractionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
temperature homeostasisD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
conditioned taste aversionD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral fear responseD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein phosphorylationD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, dopaminergicD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to amphetamineD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein import into nucleusD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of adenylate cyclase activityD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synapse assemblyD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
memoryD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
mating behaviorD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
grooming behaviorD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adult walking behaviorD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
visual learningD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
astrocyte developmentD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine transportD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
transmission of nerve impulseD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal action potentialD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dentate gyrus developmentD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
striatum developmentD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron migrationD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell migrationD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
peristalsisD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
operant conditioningD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, glutamatergicD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine metabolic processD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
vasodilationD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine metabolic processD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
maternal behaviorD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of potassium ion transportD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
glucose importD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
habituationD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sensitizationD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaineD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosolD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergicD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
prepulse inhibitionD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
long-term synaptic potentiationD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
long-term synaptic depressionD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to catecholamine stimulusD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
modification of postsynaptic structureD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron migrationD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAP kinase activityD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral fear responseD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, dopaminergicD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to amphetamineD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasisD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adult locomotory behaviorD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of sodium:proton antiporter activityD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of kinase activityD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to histamineD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
social behaviorD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine metabolic processD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine metabolic processD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
fear responseD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of circadian rhythmD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAP kinase activityD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaineD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to ethanolD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
rhythmic processD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid secretionD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein secretionD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
inhibitory postsynaptic potentialD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor internalizationD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activityD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting serotonin receptor signaling pathwayD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
startle responseGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potentialGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
startle responseGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange by nervous system processGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transportGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transportGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
muscle contractionGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide signaling pathwayGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
acrosome reactionGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
visual perceptionGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
adult walking behaviorGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal action potentialGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular process controlling postureGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transmission of nerve impulseGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, glycinergicGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
righting reflexGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potentialGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
inhibitory postsynaptic potentialGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to amino acid stimulusGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to zinc ionGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ethanolGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
response to alcoholGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynaptic membrane potentialGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transportGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of acrosome reactionGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potentialGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
gastric acid secretionHistamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
immune responseHistamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vasoconstrictionHistamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathwayHistamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionHistamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerHistamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferationAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuron-glial cell signalingAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell-cell signalingAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentrationAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vasoconstrictionAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
temperature homeostasis5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
glycolytic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasis5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
activation of phospholipase C activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
memory5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine secretion5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
artery smooth muscle contraction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of heat generation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of potassium ion transport5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
protein localization to cytoskeleton5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of fat cell differentiation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of glycolytic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vasoconstriction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
symbiont entry into host cell5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
sensitization5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaine5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of inflammatory response5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of platelet aggregation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA biosynthetic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral fear response5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasis5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
locomotory behavior5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
feeding behavior5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
cGMP-mediated signaling5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of nervous system process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of appetite5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of fat cell differentiation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of calcium-mediated signaling5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
monoamine transportSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxiaSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transportSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to nutrientSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
memorySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
circadian rhythmSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to toxic substanceSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of serotonin secretionSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferationSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergicSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to estradiolSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
social behaviorSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
vasoconstrictionSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
sperm ejaculationSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuron differentiationSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell cycleSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of organ growthSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaineSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
enteric nervous system developmentSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
brain morphogenesisSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin uptakeSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarizationSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
platelet aggregationSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to retinoic acidSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to cGMPSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of thalamus sizeSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
conditioned place preferenceSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
amino acid transportSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
smooth muscle contraction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
circadian rhythm5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
blood circulation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
vasoconstriction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
MAPK cascadeAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of heart rate involved in baroreceptor response to increased systemic arterial blood pressureAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine-epinephrine vasoconstriction involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressureAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of heart rate by epinephrine-norepinephrineAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by epinephrine-norepinephrineAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
apoptotic processAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
smooth muscle contractionAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
signal transductionAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of phospholipase C activityAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentrationAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adult heart developmentAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to hormoneAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of autophagyAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophyAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergicAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular signal transductionAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of action potentialAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vasoconstrictionAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of smooth muscle contractionAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transport into cytosolAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle contractionAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell developmentAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascadeAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein kinase C signalingAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
pilomotor reflexAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuron-glial cell signalingAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell-cell signalingAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
inflammatory responseHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
memoryHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
visual learningHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of vascular permeabilityHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vasoconstrictionHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic plasticityHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to histamineHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathwayHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of vasoconstrictionAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular signal transductionAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of cardiac muscle contractionAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuron-glial cell signalingAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell-cell signalingAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentrationAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, dopaminergicD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor internalizationD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasisD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
learning or memoryD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
learningD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
locomotory behaviorD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
visual learningD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine secretionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokinesisD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
circadian regulation of gene expressionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to histamineD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
social behaviorD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to cocaineD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine metabolic processD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to morphineD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of blood pressureD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitotic nuclear divisionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
acid secretionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaineD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiationD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid secretionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein secretionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
musculoskeletal movement, spinal reflex actionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transductionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
prepulse inhibitionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of adenylate cyclase activityD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activityD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of potassium ion transportD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentrationD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergicD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neural crest cell migration5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokine production5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor internalization5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
heart morphogenesis5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle hypertrophy5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasis5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
activation of phospholipase C activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
protein kinase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
neural crest cell differentiation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
intestine smooth muscle contraction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
phosphorylation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
calcium-mediated signaling5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
cGMP-mediated signaling5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
vasoconstriction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAP kinase activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
embryonic morphogenesis5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of behavior5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell division5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
ERK1 and ERK2 cascade5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
protein kinase C signaling5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to temperature stimulus5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
cerebral cortex cell migration5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of TOR signaling5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transportVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of soundVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activityVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of calcium ion transportVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarizationVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion importVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transmembrane transportVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contractionVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potentialVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during SA node cell action potentialVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rate by cardiac conductionVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activityVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transportVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion import across plasma membraneVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rate by cardiac conductionPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rate by hormonePotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potentialPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion homeostasisPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle contractionPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane repolarizationPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarizationPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulusPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion transmembrane transportPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potentialPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
membrane repolarizationPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during action potentialPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
membrane repolarization during action potentialPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
membrane repolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potentialPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rate by cardiac conductionPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion export across plasma membranePotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potentialPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transportPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transportPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transportPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of potassium ion export across plasma membranePotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion import across plasma membranePotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
skeletal system developmentVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
extraocular skeletal muscle developmentVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transportVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
muscle contractionVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
striated muscle contractionVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum organizationVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
myoblast fusionVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular junction developmentVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
skeletal muscle adaptationVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of muscle contractionVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
skeletal muscle fiber developmentVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosolVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transmembrane transportVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to caffeineVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
calcium ion import across plasma membraneVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
immune system developmentVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentrationVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
heart developmentVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ionVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
embryonic forelimb morphogenesisVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
camera-type eye developmentVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activityVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of muscle contractionVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transport into cytosolVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
cardiac conductionVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channelVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transmembrane transportVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contractionVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potentialVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during AV node cell action potentialVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conductionVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rate by cardiac conductionVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potentialVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during atrial cardiac muscle cell action potentialVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
calcium ion import across plasma membraneVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rateSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cardiac conduction system developmentSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cardiac ventricle developmentSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
brainstem developmentSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transportSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of sodium ion transportSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
response to denervation involved in regulation of muscle adaptationSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
telencephalon developmentSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cerebellum developmentSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
odontogenesis of dentin-containing toothSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferationSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarizationSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle contractionSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarizationSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane depolarizationSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarizationSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane depolarizationSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to calcium ionSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contractionSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of cardiac muscle cell contractionSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
atrial cardiac muscle cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
SA node cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
AV node cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
bundle of His cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during AV node cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during SA node cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during Purkinje myocyte cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during bundle of His cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
AV node cell to bundle of His cell communicationSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rate by cardiac conductionSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during atrial cardiac muscle cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
organic cation transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 2Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 2Homo sapiens (human)
proton transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 2Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic detoxification by transmembrane export across the plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 2Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
heme catabolic processCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transepithelial transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrierCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
organic cation transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
putrescine transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
thiamine transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid import across plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-arginine import across plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-alpha-amino acid transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
proton transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-arginine transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic detoxification by transmembrane export across the plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter secretionHistamine H3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathwayHistamine H3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerHistamine H3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionHistamine H3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayHistamine H3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (156)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
amine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
organic cation transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
pyrimidine nucleoside transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
choline transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
thiamine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
putrescine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
efflux transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
spermidine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
quaternary ammonium group transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
toxin transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
L-arginine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
icosanoid transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
urate transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
purine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
efflux transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated calcium channel activityVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1FHomo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1FHomo sapiens (human)
high voltage-gated calcium channel activityVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1FHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
arrestin family protein bindingMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
efflux transmembrane transporter activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase bindingATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
carboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylcholine floppase activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylethanolamine flippase activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
ceramide floppase activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
floppase activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
steroid bindingCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion bindingCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
steroid hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
oxygen bindingCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
heme bindingCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin D3 25-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
caffeine oxidase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
quinine 3-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
testosterone 6-beta-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 23-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 8,9 epoxidase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 14,15 epoxidase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
aromatase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen 16-alpha-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen 2-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
protein binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
receptor-receptor interaction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
alpha2-adrenergic receptor activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein kinase bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha-1B adrenergic receptor bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha-2C adrenergic receptor bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
thioesterase bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
heterotrimeric G-protein bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epinephrine bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion bindingCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activityCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygenCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
heme bindingCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 8,9 epoxidase activityCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activityCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 14,15 epoxidase activityCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gi/GoD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G-protein alpha-subunit bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
heterotrimeric G-protein bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
ionotropic glutamate receptor bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
heterocyclic compound bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activityD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha2-adrenergic receptor activityAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epinephrine bindingAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha2-adrenergic receptor activityAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha-2A adrenergic receptor bindingAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epinephrine bindingAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activityAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine bindingMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via GsD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G-protein alpha-subunit bindingD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activityD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
heterotrimeric G-protein bindingD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine bindingD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
arrestin family protein bindingD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activityD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gi/GoD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activityD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
potassium channel regulator activityD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
SH3 domain bindingD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine bindingD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epinephrine bindingD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine bindingD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activityD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin bindingD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
transmembrane signaling receptor activityGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
glycine bindingGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellularly glycine-gated chloride channel activityGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
taurine bindingGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potentialGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potentialGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activityGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activityGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory extracellular ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activityGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
histamine receptor activityHistamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityHistamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activityHistamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha1-adrenergic receptor activityAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Gq/11-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
virus receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
protein binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
protein tyrosine kinase activator activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
1-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
Gq/11-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
protein binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
1-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
integrin bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
monoatomic cation channel activitySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin:sodium:chloride symporter activitySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
monoamine transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
antiporter activitySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
syntaxin-1 bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
cocaine bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
nitric-oxide synthase bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
actin filament bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
protein binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
alpha1-adrenergic receptor activityAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
histamine receptor activityHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activityHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha1-adrenergic receptor activityAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gi/GoD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activityD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Gq/11-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
G-protein alpha-subunit binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
GTPase activator activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
protein binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
histamine receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
high voltage-gated calcium channel activityVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated calcium channel activityVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
calcium channel activityVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
ankyrin bindingVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
alpha-actinin bindingVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potentialVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved SA node cell action potentialVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region bindingPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
inward rectifier potassium channel activityPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated potassium channel activityPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
delayed rectifier potassium channel activityPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase bindingPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
C3HC4-type RING finger domain bindingPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarizationPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
scaffold protein bindingPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarizationPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated calcium channel activityVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
calmodulin bindingVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
high voltage-gated calcium channel activityVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
small molecule bindingVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activityVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
high voltage-gated calcium channel activityVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potentialVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated calcium channel activityVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
calmodulin bindingVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
high voltage-gated calcium channel activityVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
alpha-actinin bindingVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potentialVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in AV node cell action potentialVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel activitySodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
calmodulin bindingSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
fibroblast growth factor bindingSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
protein kinase bindingSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
protein domain specific bindingSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
ankyrin bindingSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase bindingSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter bindingSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
nitric-oxide synthase bindingSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in AV node cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in bundle of His cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in Purkinje myocyte action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in SA node cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
scaffold protein bindingSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
organic cation transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 2Homo sapiens (human)
antiporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 2Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 2Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 2Homo sapiens (human)
polyspecific organic cation:proton antiporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
organic cation transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
thiamine transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
antiporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
putrescine transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-arginine transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
polyspecific organic cation:proton antiporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
histamine receptor activityHistamine H3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activityHistamine H3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityHistamine H3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (91)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
presynapseSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
platelet dense granule membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
external side of apical plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
photoreceptor outer segmentVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1FHomo sapiens (human)
membraneVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1FHomo sapiens (human)
perikaryonVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1FHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated calcium channel complexVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1FHomo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
asymmetric synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
symmetric synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
axon terminusMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
cholinergic synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
external side of apical plasma membraneATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
synapse5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
dendrite5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
axon terminusAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic active zone membraneAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopaminergic synapseAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membraneAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapseAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor complexAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
axon terminusMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
cholinergic synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
acrosomal vesicleD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
ciliumD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
lateral plasma membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endocytic vesicleD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
axonD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dendriteD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicle membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sperm flagellumD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dendritic spineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
perikaryonD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
axon terminusD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
ciliary membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
non-motile ciliumD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopaminergic synapseD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapseD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor complexD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
ciliumD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dendritic spineD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
ciliary membraneD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
non-motile ciliumD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapseD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor complexD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
centrosomeD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
membraneD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
postsynapseD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dendriteD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membraneGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
perikaryonGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
synapseGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
inhibitory synapseGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
glycinergic synapseGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complexGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complexGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
synapseGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneHistamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synapseHistamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneHistamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dendriteHistamine H2 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neurofilament5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
caveola5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
axon5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic vesicle5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
dendritic shaft5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
cell body fiber5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapse5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor complex5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
dendrite5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
synapse5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor complex5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
dendrite5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
focal adhesionSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
endosome membraneSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
endomembrane systemSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
membrane raftSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
synapseSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
serotonergic synapseSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
synapseSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi network membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
synapse5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
caveolaAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear membraneAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synapseHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dendriteHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneHistamine H1 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
caveolaAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear membraneAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synapseD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
synapse5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor complex5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
dendrite5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
cilium5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
synapse5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
virion membraneSpike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
plasma membraneVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
Z discVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated calcium channel complexVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
L-type voltage-gated calcium channel complexVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membranePotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfacePotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated potassium channel complexPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
inward rectifier potassium channel complexPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membranePotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
sarcoplasmic reticulumVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
T-tubuleVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
I bandVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
L-type voltage-gated calcium channel complexVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated calcium channel complexVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1SHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic densityVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
membraneVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
Z discVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
dendriteVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
perikaryonVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membraneVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
L-type voltage-gated calcium channel complexVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated calcium channel complexVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1CHomo sapiens (human)
caveolaSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
nucleolusSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
caveolaSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
intercalated discSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
membraneSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
lateral plasma membraneSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
Z discSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
T-tubuleSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sarcolemmaSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel complexSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 2Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 2Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneHistamine H3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynapseHistamine H3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneHistamine H3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synapseHistamine H3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dendriteHistamine H3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (788)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID63366In vitro affinity against Dopamine receptor D1; No data2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-30, Volume: 43, Issue:24
Conformationally constrained butyrophenones with affinity for dopamine (D(1), D(2), D(4)) and serotonin (5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2B), 5-HT(2C)) receptors: synthesis of aminomethylbenzo[b]furanones and their evaluation as antipsychotics.
AID1079945Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID420669Lipophilicity, log D at pH 7.02009European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 44, Issue:5
GRIND-based 3D-QSAR and CoMFA to investigate topics dominated by hydrophobic interactions: the case of hERG K+ channel blockers.
AID1393367Displacement of [3H]-5-CT from human 5-HT7R expressed in HEK293 cell membranes after 1 hr at 37 degC by microbeta counting method
AID298491Displacement of [3H]4-DAMP from human M4 receptor expressed in CHO cells2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-18, Volume: 50, Issue:21
Principal component analysis differentiates the receptor binding profiles of three antipsychotic drug candidates from current antipsychotic drugs.
AID141153Binding affinity measured at the Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor by the inhibition of [3H]-pyrilamine binding to guinea pig cerebellum using unlabeled Triprolidine for nonspecific binding.1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-31, Volume: 41, Issue:27
7-[3-(1-piperidinyl)propoxy]chromenones as potential atypical antipsychotics. 2. Pharmacological profile of 7-[3-[4-(6-fluoro-1, 2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]propoxy]-3-(hydroxymeth yl)chromen -4-one (abaperidone, FI-8602).
AID1462315Antagonist activity at 5-HT2A receptor (unknown origin) after 10 mins by calcium 5 dye based FLIPR assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Synthesis and biological investigation of tetrahydropyridopyrimidinone derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID5485Inhibition of [3H]ketanserin binding to rat frontal cortex membrane 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-31, Volume: 41, Issue:27
7-[3-(1-piperidinyl)propoxy]chromenones as potential atypical antipsychotics. 2. Pharmacological profile of 7-[3-[4-(6-fluoro-1, 2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]propoxy]-3-(hydroxymeth yl)chromen -4-one (abaperidone, FI-8602).
AID1332853Toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as cataleptogenic effect by measuring time spent in cataleptic position at 1 to 10 mg/kg, po measured after 0.5 to 2 hrs2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of novel N-(trans-4-(2-(4-(benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)cyclohexyl)amides as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID177887Inhibition of apomorphine-induced stereotypy in rats.1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-31, Volume: 41, Issue:27
7-[3-(1-piperidinyl)propoxy]chromenones as potential atypical antipsychotics. 2. Pharmacological profile of 7-[3-[4-(6-fluoro-1, 2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]propoxy]-3-(hydroxymeth yl)chromen -4-one (abaperidone, FI-8602).
AID4782Binding affinity towards serotonin 5-HT2 receptor was determined in rat cortex using [3H]spiperone as ligand1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-27, Volume: 39, Issue:20
Structure-activity relationships of a series of novel (piperazinylbutyl)thiazolidinone antipsychotic agents related to 3-[4-[4-(6-fluorobenzo[b]thien-3-yl)-1-piperazinyl]butyl]-2,5,5- trimethyl-4-thiazolidinone maleate.
AID1256663Displacement of [3H]spiperone from dopaminergic D2 receptor in rat striatum homogenates after 60 mins by liquid scintillation counting2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 25, Issue:22
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-substituted benzoxazole derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID1071727Displacement of [3H]7-OH-DPA from dopamine D3 receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat olfactory tubercle homogenate after 60 mins by liquid scintillation counting2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-03, Volume: 74Synthesis and evaluation of new coumarin derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotics.
AID238991Inhibition of [3H]prazosin binding to rat Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
Discovery of new tetracyclic tetrahydrofuran derivatives as potential broad-spectrum psychotropic agents.
AID540211Fraction unbound in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1462319Inhibition of human ERG2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Synthesis and biological investigation of tetrahydropyridopyrimidinone derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID420787Antagonist activity at human 5HT3A receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of serotonin-induced inward Na+ current at >= 10 uM2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 44, Issue:6
Molecular properties of psychopharmacological drugs determining non-competitive inhibition of 5-HT3A receptors.
AID1762059Binding affinity to 5-HT6 receptor (unknown origin)2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 40Discovery of a new class of multi-target heterocycle piperidine derivatives as potential antipsychotics with pro-cognitive effect.
AID298480Displacement of [3H]spiperone from human dopamine D4.4 receptor expressed in CHO cells2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-18, Volume: 50, Issue:21
Principal component analysis differentiates the receptor binding profiles of three antipsychotic drug candidates from current antipsychotic drugs.
AID625281Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625286Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID63822In vitro ability to displace [3H]spiperone binding from dopamine receptor D2 in rat striatal membrane.1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-29, Volume: 42, Issue:15
Conformationally constrained butyrophenones with mixed dopaminergic (D(2)) and serotoninergic (5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2C)) affinities: synthesis, pharmacology, 3D-QSAR, and molecular modeling of (aminoalkyl)benzo- and -thienocycloalkanones as putative atypical an
AID1301294Antagonistic activity at 5-HT2c receptor (unknown origin) after 10 mins by FLIPR assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 26, Issue:13
Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and biological evaluation of a series of benzamides as potential multireceptor antipsychotics.
AID239010Inhibition of [125I]R91150 binding to human 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
Discovery of new tetracyclic tetrahydrofuran derivatives as potential broad-spectrum psychotropic agents.
AID1393368Displacement of [3H]-raclopride from human D2LR expressed in HEK293 cell membranes after 1 hr at 37 degC by microbeta counting method
AID176734Dose (administered orally) inhibiting apomorphine-induced stereotypy in rats1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 39, Issue:1
3-Benzisothiazolylpiperazine derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID1762072Toxicity in mouse assessed as effect on serum prolactin level at 0.05 to 1.35 mg/kg administered for 28 days2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 40Discovery of a new class of multi-target heterocycle piperidine derivatives as potential antipsychotics with pro-cognitive effect.
AID1301295Inhibition of human ERG after 10 mins2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 26, Issue:13
Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and biological evaluation of a series of benzamides as potential multireceptor antipsychotics.
AID1335641Displacement of [3H]mesulergine from 5-HT2C receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat cerebral cortex incubated for 15 mins in presence of spiperone by liquid scintillation counting analysis2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 124Synthesis and biological evaluation of new 6-hydroxypyridazinone benzisoxazoles: Potential multi-receptor-targeting atypical antipsychotics.
AID3730Binding affinity towards serotonin 5-HT1A receptor was determined in rat hippocampus using [3H]8-OH-DPAT as ligand1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-27, Volume: 39, Issue:20
Structure-activity relationships of a series of novel (piperazinylbutyl)thiazolidinone antipsychotic agents related to 3-[4-[4-(6-fluorobenzo[b]thien-3-yl)-1-piperazinyl]butyl]-2,5,5- trimethyl-4-thiazolidinone maleate.
AID1724111Binding affinity to alpha2 adrenergic receptor (unknown origin)2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 30, Issue:20
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-amide substituted derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID1762071Chronic toxicity in mouse assessed as change in body weight at 0.05 to 1.35 mg/kg administered for 28 days2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 40Discovery of a new class of multi-target heterocycle piperidine derivatives as potential antipsychotics with pro-cognitive effect.
AID1210227Total brain to plasma partition coefficient of the compound in wild type Sprague-Dawley rat expressing Abcb1a at 5 mg/kg/day administered through continuous minipump treatment for 3 days2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 40, Issue:3
Species comparison of in vivo P-glycoprotein-mediated brain efflux using mdr1a-deficient rats and mice.
AID410135Inhibition of dopamine D2 receptor-mediated apomorphine-induced cage climbing behavior in Swiss albino mouse at 10 mg/kg measured on 20 mins2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 18, Issue:23
Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of N-2-(4-(4-(2-substitutedthiazol-4-yl) piperazin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)acetamides as novel atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID1335651Therapeutic index, ratio of ED50 for induction of catalepsy in po dosed Chinese Kun Ming mouse to ED50 for inhibition of apomorphine-induced climbing behavior in po dosed Chinese Kun Ming mouse2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 124Synthesis and biological evaluation of new 6-hydroxypyridazinone benzisoxazoles: Potential multi-receptor-targeting atypical antipsychotics.
AID36122The compound was tested against Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor for percent displacement of radioligand at 10e-6 M1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-26, Volume: 42, Issue:17
N-Substituted (2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)methylamine derivatives as D(2) antagonists/5-HT(1A) partial agonists with potential as atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID5836In vitro ability to displace [3H]mesulergine binding from 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor from bovine choroid plexus.1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-29, Volume: 42, Issue:15
Conformationally constrained butyrophenones with mixed dopaminergic (D(2)) and serotoninergic (5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2C)) affinities: synthesis, pharmacology, 3D-QSAR, and molecular modeling of (aminoalkyl)benzo- and -thienocycloalkanones as putative atypical an
AID1209294AUC(0 to 1 hr) in cynomolgus monkey brain at 0.1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID1704750Toxicity in po dosed Kunming mouse assessed as catalepsy
AID239069Inhibition of [3H]mesulergine binding to human 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
Discovery of new tetracyclic tetrahydrofuran derivatives as potential broad-spectrum psychotropic agents.
AID298490Displacement of [3H]pirenzepine from human M1 receptor expressed in CHO cells2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-18, Volume: 50, Issue:21
Principal component analysis differentiates the receptor binding profiles of three antipsychotic drug candidates from current antipsychotic drugs.
AID1677164In vivo receptor occupancy at human dopamine D2 receptor in schizophrenia patient brain at 10 mCi, iv by PET scanning
AID588219FDA HLAED, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID1462314Agonist activity at 5-HT1A receptor (unknown origin) after 60 mins by Ultra lance cAMP assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Synthesis and biological investigation of tetrahydropyridopyrimidinone derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID5197Binding affinity towards human serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 47, Issue:6
Selective optimization of side activities: another way for drug discovery.
AID588216FDA HLAED, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID705400Antipsychotic activity in sc dosed rat by conditioned avoidance response test2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-13, Volume: 55, Issue:17
Current landscape of phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibition.
AID308686Displacement of [3H]mesulergine human cloned serotonin 5HT2C receptor2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 17, Issue:17
Synthesis and binding affinity of new pyrazole and isoxazole derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotics.
AID438555Binding affinity to 5HT1A receptor2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Physical binding pocket induction for affinity prediction.
AID29359Ionization constant (pKa)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID1462321Metabolic stability in human liver microsomes assessed as parent compound remaining at 2 uM after 60 mins in presence of NADPH by LC-MS/MS analysis2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Synthesis and biological investigation of tetrahydropyridopyrimidinone derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID750655Displacement of [3H]prazosin from alpha-1 adrenergic receptor in rat cerebral cortex after 60 mins by liquid scintillation counting analysis2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-13, Volume: 56, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological investigation of coumarin piperazine (piperidine) derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID1335646Displacement of [3H]prazosin from adrenergic alpha1 receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat cerebral cortex incubated for 60 mins by liquid scintillation counting analysis2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 124Synthesis and biological evaluation of new 6-hydroxypyridazinone benzisoxazoles: Potential multi-receptor-targeting atypical antipsychotics.
AID521220Inhibition of neurosphere proliferation of mouse neural precursor cells by MTT assay2007Nature chemical biology, May, Volume: 3, Issue:5
Chemical genetics reveals a complex functional ground state of neural stem cells.
AID36199Binding affinity towards human alpha-2 adrenergic receptor2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 47, Issue:6
Selective optimization of side activities: another way for drug discovery.
AID408340Inhibition of human ERG expressed in CHO cells by whole cell patch clamp technique2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 16, Issue:11
Support vector machines classification of hERG liabilities based on atom types.
AID625284Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID176251Intracranial self stimulation in rat was determined after 1 hr of intraperitoneal administration of the compound1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-31, Volume: 38, Issue:7
3-[[(Aryloxy)alkyl]piperidinyl]-1,2-benzisoxazoles as D2/5-HT2 antagonists with potential atypical antipsychotic activity: antipsychotic profile of iloperidone (HP 873).
AID1210170Unbound brain to plasma partition coefficient of the compound in wild type Sprague-Dawley rat expressing Abcb1a at 5 mg/kg/day administered through continuous minipump treatment for 3 days2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 40, Issue:3
Species comparison of in vivo P-glycoprotein-mediated brain efflux using mdr1a-deficient rats and mice.
AID342777Binding affinity to human cloned dopamine D2 receptor2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Identification of a butyrophenone analog as a potential atypical antipsychotic agent: 4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)butan-1-one.
AID410136Inhibition of dopamine D2 receptor-mediated apomorphine-induced cage climbing behavior in Swiss albino mouse at 10 mg/kg measured on 30 mins2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 18, Issue:23
Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of N-2-(4-(4-(2-substitutedthiazol-4-yl) piperazin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)acetamides as novel atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID1211445Equilibration rate constant in Wistar rat brain extracellular fluid at 3 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10
Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain.
AID1211430Uptake clearance in Wistar rat brain extracellular fluid at 3 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10
Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain.
AID61623Binding affinity to the dopamine receptor D2L in rat brain membranes1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-26, Volume: 42, Issue:17
N-Substituted (2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)methylamine derivatives as D(2) antagonists/5-HT(1A) partial agonists with potential as atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID1210226Total drug level in wild type Sprague-Dawley rat brain expressing Abcb1a at 5 mg/kg/day administered through continuous minipump treatment for 3 days by UPLC-MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 40, Issue:3
Species comparison of in vivo P-glycoprotein-mediated brain efflux using mdr1a-deficient rats and mice.
AID1403799Inhibition of human ERG by auomated patch clamp assay
AID301868Selectivity ratio of pKi for rat brain 5HT2A receptor to pKi for rat brain dopamine D2 receptor2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 15, Issue:23
Rational design, synthesis and evaluation of (6aR( *),11bS( *))-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-{7-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl]1,2,3,4,6,6a,7,11b,12,12a(RS)-decahydropyrazino[2',1':6,1]pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}-butan-1-one as a potential neuroleptic agent.
AID176735Dose (administered orally) inhibiting spontaneous locomotor behavior in rats1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 39, Issue:1
3-Benzisothiazolylpiperazine derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID1079944Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID1256676Toxicity in po dosed Chinese Kun Ming mouse assessed as induction of catalepsy by measuring immobility score of 30 seconds administered 30 mins before first assessment2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 25, Issue:22
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-substituted benzoxazole derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID1335648Inhibition of MK-801 induced hyperactivity in po dosed Chinese Kun Ming mouse administered for 60 mins followed by MK-801 challenge and measured for 90 mins2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 124Synthesis and biological evaluation of new 6-hydroxypyridazinone benzisoxazoles: Potential multi-receptor-targeting atypical antipsychotics.
AID1211409Cmax in Wistar rat extracellular fluid at 3 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10
Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain.
AID1256670Displacement of [3H]mesulergine from 5-HT2C receptor in rat cerebral cortex homogenates after 60 mins by liquid scintillation counting2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 25, Issue:22
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-substituted benzoxazole derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID1704747Antipsychotic activity in Kunming mouse assessed as inhibition of apomorphine-induced climbing behavior administered orally 30 mins prior to apomorphine challenge and measured for 10 to 30 mins
AID593483Displacement of [3H]-Spiperone from human dopamine D2L receptor expressed in CHO cells at 4 times IC50 for 5 mins measured after 60 mins by topcount scintillation counting2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 19, Issue:7
Molecular properties affecting fast dissociation from the D2 receptor.
AID1691231Antagonist activity at 5HT2A receptor (unknown origin)2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 193Discovery of aryl-piperidine derivatives as potential antipsychotic agents using molecular hybridization strategy.
AID750624Antipsychotic activity in po dosed mouse assessed as reduction in apomorphine-induced climbing behavior administered for 30 mins prior to apomorphine-challenge measured at 10 to 30 mins post-dose2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-13, Volume: 56, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological investigation of coumarin piperazine (piperidine) derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID180343The compound was measured at a dose 10 times the ED50 value for CAR block for production of catalepsy in the rat via oral administration.1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-07, Volume: 35, Issue:3
Pyrrole mannich bases as potential antipsychotic agents.
AID1079931Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID1071729Displacement of [3H]Ketanserin from 5HT2A receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat brain cortex homogenate after 30 mins by liquid scintillation counting2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-03, Volume: 74Synthesis and evaluation of new coumarin derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotics.
AID1211460Unbound Tmax in Wistar rat plasma at 3 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10
Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain.
AID343685Ratio of drug level in brain to blood in Wistar rat2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-10, Volume: 51, Issue:13
Toward prediction of alkane/water partition coefficients.
AID87242Binding affinity towards human histamine H1 receptor2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 47, Issue:6
Selective optimization of side activities: another way for drug discovery.
AID1079936Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID1409509Antipsychotic activity in po dosed Kunming mouse assessed as reduction in apomorphine-induced climbing pretreated for 30 mins followed by apomorphine injection measured at 10 to 30 mins post dose2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-21, Volume: 61, Issue:22
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fused Tricyclic Heterocycle Piperazine (Piperidine) Derivatives As Potential Multireceptor Atypical Antipsychotics.
AID1203550Potentiation of human GlyR-alpha1 expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes assessed as induction of glycine-activated currents after 1 to 4 days by two-electrode voltage clamp assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-09, Volume: 58, Issue:7
Ensemble-based virtual screening for cannabinoid-like potentiators of the human glycine receptor α1 for the treatment of pain.
AID1203552Modulation of human alpha7 nAChR expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes assessed as effect on acetylcholine-induced currents at 10 uM after 1 to 4 days by two-electrode voltage clamp assay relative to control2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-09, Volume: 58, Issue:7
Ensemble-based virtual screening for cannabinoid-like potentiators of the human glycine receptor α1 for the treatment of pain.
AID1570294Competitive antagonist activity at human D2S receptor expressed in CHOK1 cells assessed as quinpirole mediated inhibition of forskolin induced cAMP accumulation by measuring parallel rightward shifts of quinpirole concentration-response curves incubated f
AID28235Unbound fraction (plasma)2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-20, Volume: 45, Issue:13
Prediction of volume of distribution values in humans for neutral and basic drugs using physicochemical measurements and plasma protein binding data.
AID176733Dose (administered orally) inhibiting amphetamine-induced locomotor behavior in rats1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 39, Issue:1
3-Benzisothiazolylpiperazine derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID1704716Displacement of [3H]spiperone from D2 receptor in rat striatum measured after 15 mins by liquid scintillation counting method
AID36730Its affinity towards alpha-1 receptor using [3H]WB-4101 as radioligand in whole brain minus cerebellum1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 37, Issue:15
Benzisoxazole- and benzisothiazole-3-carboxamides as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID22293Delta logD (logD6.5 - logD7.4)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID229631Selectivity ratio for serotonin 5-HT2C to that of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors2004Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-09, Volume: 14, Issue:3
Chemoenzymatic synthesis and binding affinity of novel (R)- and (S)-3-aminomethyl-1-tetralones, potential atypical antipsychotics.
AID1335650Induction of catalepsy in po dosed Chinese Kun Ming mouse assessed as increase in unwanted extrapyramidal motor disturbances measured for 60 seconds2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 124Synthesis and biological evaluation of new 6-hydroxypyridazinone benzisoxazoles: Potential multi-receptor-targeting atypical antipsychotics.
AID1210175Unbound brain to plasma partition coefficient of the compound in mdr1a-deficient rat at 5 mg/kg/day administered through continuous minipump treatment for 3 days2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 40, Issue:3
Species comparison of in vivo P-glycoprotein-mediated brain efflux using mdr1a-deficient rats and mice.
AID229447Selectivity ratio between serotonin 5-HT2A and dopamine D2 receptors was determined; nd=Not determined2004Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-09, Volume: 14, Issue:3
Chemoenzymatic synthesis and binding affinity of novel (R)- and (S)-3-aminomethyl-1-tetralones, potential atypical antipsychotics.
AID298492Displacement of [3H]prazosin from adrenergic alpha1 receptor in rat cerebral cortex2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-18, Volume: 50, Issue:21
Principal component analysis differentiates the receptor binding profiles of three antipsychotic drug candidates from current antipsychotic drugs.
AID1204337Displacement of [3H]LSD from human recombinant 5-HT2A receptor expressed in CHOK1 cells assessed as total radioligand binding at 1 uM incubated for 60 mins by microbeta plate reader based method2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 97Structure-activity relationships and molecular studies of novel arylpiperazinylalkyl purine-2,4-diones and purine-2,4,8-triones with antidepressant and anxiolytic-like activity.
AID1659265Antagonist activity at alpha-1a adrenergic receptor (unknown origin)2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological investigation of triazolopyridinone derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID176802In vivo activity administered intraperitoneally was determined by induction of catalepsy in rat1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 34, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of substituted N-alkoxyimides and -amides as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID588218FDA HLAED, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID1209293AUC(0 to 2 hrs) in Beagle dog brain at 0.1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID5053Compound was tested for the inhibition of quipazine induced head twitches in rats1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-20, Volume: 35, Issue:6
Noncataleptogenic, centrally acting dopamine D-2 and serotonin 5-HT2 antagonists within a series of 3-substituted 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indoles.
AID5504Ability to inhibit the binding of iodine-125-labelled lysergic acid diethylamide([125I]-LSD) to the S-2A serotonin receptor.1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-17, Volume: 38, Issue:4
Binding of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene and dibenz[b,f]oxepin analogues of clozapine to dopamine and serotonin receptors.
AID243188Inhibition of human voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv11.1 (ERG K+ channel) in open state2005Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 15, Issue:6
A two-state homology model of the hERG K+ channel: application to ligand binding.
AID5328Displacement of [3H]-ketanserin from rat brain 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 39, Issue:1
3-Benzisothiazolylpiperazine derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID1403795Antagonist activity at 5-HT2C receptor (unknown origin) after 10 mins by calcium 5 dye based FLIPR assay
AID1079934Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID1570293Antagonist activity at human 5HT2A receptor expressed in CHOK1 cells assessed as inhibition of 5-HT induced inositol phosphate production incubated for 24 hrs followed by 5-HT addition by HTRF assay
AID1462322Antipsychotic activity in PCP-induced hyperactivity ICR mouse model assessed as inhibition of hyper-locomotion administered ig incubated for 10 mins followed by PCP challenge measured after 10 mins for 75 mins2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Synthesis and biological investigation of tetrahydropyridopyrimidinone derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID1704719Displacement of [3H]prazosin from rat cerebral cortex alpha1 adrenergic receptor measured after 60 mins by liquid scintillation counting method
AID113872Intraperitoneal effective dose required for inhibition of apomorphine-induced climbing in mice1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-27, Volume: 39, Issue:20
Structure-activity relationships of a series of novel (piperazinylbutyl)thiazolidinone antipsychotic agents related to 3-[4-[4-(6-fluorobenzo[b]thien-3-yl)-1-piperazinyl]butyl]-2,5,5- trimethyl-4-thiazolidinone maleate.
AID1764402Unbound brain-to-plasma concentration ratio in P-gp knock out Sprague-Dawley rat2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-11, Volume: 64, Issue:5
Development of an
AID1211427Unbound volume of distribution in Wistar rat brain at 3 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10
Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain.
AID374353Cytotoxicity against human WI38 cells assessed as reduction in cellular DNA level preincubated for 2 hrs before viral infection measured after 7 days by real time PCR assay2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12
BK Virus replication in vitro: limited effect of drugs interfering with viral uptake and intracellular transport.
AID1393369Selectivity index, ratio of pKi for 5-HT2AR to pKi for human D2LR
AID1079949Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID1393364Displacement of [3H]-ketanserin from human 5-HT2AR expressed in CHO-K1 cell membranes after 1.5 hrs by microbeta counting method
AID439067Ratio of pKi for human cloned dopamine D2 receptor to pKi for human cloned 5HT2A receptor2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21
Synthesis and binding affinity of potential atypical antipsychotics with the tetrahydroquinazolinone motif.
AID1079947Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID1071726Displacement of [3H]mepyramine from histamine H1 receptor in guinea pig cerebellum homogenate after 60 mins by liquid scintillation counting2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-03, Volume: 74Synthesis and evaluation of new coumarin derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotics.
AID750628Toxicity in mouse assessed as weight gain at 0.06 to 0.16 mg/kg, po for 28 days2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-13, Volume: 56, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological investigation of coumarin piperazine (piperidine) derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID1207697Inhibition of L-type calcium channel measured using whole-cell patch clamp in guinea pig ventricular myocytes2012Journal of applied toxicology : JAT, Oct, Volume: 32, Issue:10
Predictive model for L-type channel inhibition: multichannel block in QT prolongation risk assessment.
AID65121Binding affinity towards human dopamine receptor D32001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 44, Issue:4
Current and novel approaches to the drug treatment of schizophrenia.
AID1724115Antipsychotic activity in po dosed mouse assessed as suppression of apomorphine-induced climbing behaviour2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 30, Issue:20
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-amide substituted derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID439070Displacement of [3H]mesulergine from human 5HT2C receptor2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21
Synthesis and binding affinity of potential atypical antipsychotics with the tetrahydroquinazolinone motif.
AID1062949Displacement of [3H]ketanserin from human 5-HT2A receptor2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 71Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of aminoalkyl-tetralones and tetralols as dual dopamine/serotonin ligands.
AID1409480Displacement of [3H]-8-OH-DPAT from serotonin 5-HT1A receptor in rat brain cortex homogenates incubated for 30 mins by liquid scintillation counting2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-21, Volume: 61, Issue:22
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fused Tricyclic Heterocycle Piperazine (Piperidine) Derivatives As Potential Multireceptor Atypical Antipsychotics.
AID5479In vitro affinity towards 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor using [3H]spiroperidol as radioligand in cortex1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 37, Issue:15
Benzisoxazole- and benzisothiazole-3-carboxamides as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID1211795Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1
Comparison of cryopreserved HepaRG cells with cryopreserved human hepatocytes for prediction of clearance for 26 drugs.
AID231369Ratio representing inhibitory activity against catalepsy to inhibitory activity against amphetamine-induced locomotor behavior in rats1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 39, Issue:1
3-Benzisothiazolylpiperazine derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID4803Compound was measured for affinity at 5-hydroxytryptamine 2 receptor in rat cortical by [3H]spiroperidol displacement.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 34, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of substituted N-alkoxyimides and -amides as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID330561Displacement of [3H]mepyramine from H1R in rat brain2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Feb-27, Volume: 104, Issue:9
From the Cover: Antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain mediated by histamine H1 receptor-linked activation of hypothalamic AMP-kinase.
AID1762064Antipsychotic activity in po dosed mouse assessed as suppression of apomorphine-induced climbing behaviour2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 40Discovery of a new class of multi-target heterocycle piperidine derivatives as potential antipsychotics with pro-cognitive effect.
AID1210218Percentage unbound in Crl:NMRI(Han) mouse plasma at 1 uM after 5 hrs by equilibrium dialysis method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 40, Issue:3
Species comparison of in vivo P-glycoprotein-mediated brain efflux using mdr1a-deficient rats and mice.
AID395329Dissociation constant, pKa by mass spectrometry2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-26, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Relationship between brain tissue partitioning and microemulsion retention factors of CNS drugs.
AID750649Displacement of [3H]mepyramine from histamine H1 receptor in guinea pig cerebellum after 60 mins by liquid scintillation counting analysis2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-13, Volume: 56, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological investigation of coumarin piperazine (piperidine) derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID182841Activity administered intraperitoneally was determined by social interaction of rat at 0.5 uM1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 34, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of substituted N-alkoxyimides and -amides as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID65402Compound was evaluated for its binding affinity with Dopamine receptor D2 using membranes prepared from rat striatum1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-04, Volume: 41, Issue:12
Orally active benzamide antipsychotic agents with affinity for dopamine D2, serotonin 5-HT1A, and adrenergic alpha1 receptors.
AID63537Binding affinity towards human dopamine receptor D42001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 44, Issue:4
Current and novel approaches to the drug treatment of schizophrenia.
AID298486Displacement of [3H]LSD from human 5HT6 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-18, Volume: 50, Issue:21
Principal component analysis differentiates the receptor binding profiles of three antipsychotic drug candidates from current antipsychotic drugs.
AID239149Inhibition of [3H]5-HT binding to human 5-hydroxytryptamine 7 receptor2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
Discovery of new tetracyclic tetrahydrofuran derivatives as potential broad-spectrum psychotropic agents.
AID1211439Ratio of unbound AUC in extracellular fluid to unbound AUC in plasma of Wistar rat at 3 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10
Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain.
AID5835Inhibitory constant was determined on 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor of Bovine choroid plexus2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-03, Volume: 45, Issue:1
New serotonin 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2B), and 5-HT(2C) receptor antagonists: synthesis, pharmacology, 3D-QSAR, and molecular modeling of (aminoalkyl)benzo and heterocycloalkanones.
AID1079948Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID1207171Inhibition of sodium current measured using whole-cell patch clamp experiments in HEK-293 cells stably transfected with hNaV1.5 cDNA2011Cardiovascular research, Jul-01, Volume: 91, Issue:1
Simulation of multiple ion channel block provides improved early prediction of compounds' clinical torsadogenic risk.
AID714109Displacement of [3H]methylspiperone from human low affinity Dopamine D2S receptor by competition binding assay2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-26, Volume: 55, Issue:22
Systematic in vivo screening of a series of 1-propyl-4-arylpiperidines against dopaminergic and serotonergic properties in rat brain: a scaffold-jumping approach.
AID781328pKa (acid-base dissociation constant) as determined by Luan ref: Pharm. Res. 20052014Pharmaceutical research, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4
Comparison of the accuracy of experimental and predicted pKa values of basic and acidic compounds.
AID1209374Unbound fraction in Beagle dog brain at 0.1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID1207261Effective free therapeutic plasma concentration (EFTPC): the concentration of unbound compund in the blood plasma at therapeutic dose (mean of range)2011Cardiovascular research, Jul-01, Volume: 91, Issue:1
Simulation of multiple ion channel block provides improved early prediction of compounds' clinical torsadogenic risk.
AID113690Inhibition of p-chloroamphetamine-induced hyperactivity in mice.1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-31, Volume: 41, Issue:27
7-[3-(1-piperidinyl)propoxy]chromenones as potential atypical antipsychotics. 2. Pharmacological profile of 7-[3-[4-(6-fluoro-1, 2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]propoxy]-3-(hydroxymeth yl)chromen -4-one (abaperidone, FI-8602).
AID168345Social interaction of rats was determined after 1 hr of intraperitoneal administration at 0.5 mg/kg1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-31, Volume: 38, Issue:7
3-[[(Aryloxy)alkyl]piperidinyl]-1,2-benzisoxazoles as D2/5-HT2 antagonists with potential atypical antipsychotic activity: antipsychotic profile of iloperidone (HP 873).
AID1462318Antagonist activity at 5-HT2C receptor (unknown origin) after 10 mins by calcium 5 dye based FLIPR assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Synthesis and biological investigation of tetrahydropyridopyrimidinone derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID63345Binding affinity against dopamine receptor D12001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 44, Issue:4
Current and novel approaches to the drug treatment of schizophrenia.
AID439064Displacement of [3H]spiperone from human cloned dopamine D2 receptor2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21
Synthesis and binding affinity of potential atypical antipsychotics with the tetrahydroquinazolinone motif.
AID588217FDA HLAED, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID197397compound was tested for antipsychotic activity by conditioned avoidance response(CAR) assay in rats with a pretreatment period of 30 min upon intra peritoneal administration at a concentration of 5 mg/kg.1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-04, Volume: 41, Issue:12
Orally active benzamide antipsychotic agents with affinity for dopamine D2, serotonin 5-HT1A, and adrenergic alpha1 receptors.
AID1211451Fraction unbound in Wistar rat plasma at 3 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10
Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain.
AID1704720Displacement of [3H]mesulergine from rat cerebral cortex 5HT2C receptor measured after 15 mins by liquid scintillation counting method
AID65713Displacement of [3H]NPA from rat brain Dopamine receptor D21996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 39, Issue:1
3-Benzisothiazolylpiperazine derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID240820Inhibitory concentration against IKr potassium channel2004Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-20, Volume: 14, Issue:18
The pharmacophore hypotheses of I(Kr) potassium channel blockers: novel class III antiarrhythmic agents.
AID141100Binding affinity towards human muscarinic receptor2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 47, Issue:6
Selective optimization of side activities: another way for drug discovery.
AID1474167Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID247009In vivo effective dose to inhibit apomorphine induced agitation in rats upon subcutaneous administration2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
Discovery of new tetracyclic tetrahydrofuran derivatives as potential broad-spectrum psychotropic agents.
AID1724110Binding affinity to 5HT6 receptor (unknown origin)2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 30, Issue:20
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-amide substituted derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID230009Ratio of Ki value towards dopamine D2L receptor to that of D-4 receptor.1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-17, Volume: 38, Issue:4
Binding of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene and dibenz[b,f]oxepin analogues of clozapine to dopamine and serotonin receptors.
AID1169864Binding affinity to 5HT2C receptor (unknown origin)2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-26, Volume: 57, Issue:22
Targeting dopamine D3 and serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors for developing effective antipsychotics: synthesis, biological characterization, and behavioral studies.
AID444054Oral bioavailability in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID1443980Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in fall armyworm sf9 cell plasma membrane vesicles assessed as reduction in vesicle-associated [3H]-taurocholate transport preincubated for 10 mins prior to ATP addition measured after 15 mins in presence of [3H]-tauroch2010Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Dec, Volume: 118, Issue:2
Interference with bile salt export pump function is a susceptibility factor for human liver injury in drug development.
AID64264Compound was tested for the inhibition of [3H]spiperone binding to dopamine receptor D21992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-20, Volume: 35, Issue:6
Noncataleptogenic, centrally acting dopamine D-2 and serotonin 5-HT2 antagonists within a series of 3-substituted 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indoles.
AID5020Inhibitory activity against serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2 receptor from mice.1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-22, Volume: 39, Issue:24
Synthesis and evaluation of heterocyclic carboxamides as potential antipsychotic agents.
AID681118TP_TRANSPORTER: transepithelial transport in Caco-2 cells2003International journal of pharmaceutics, Sep-16, Volume: 263, Issue:1-2
Caco-2 permeability, P-glycoprotein transport ratios and brain penetration of heterocyclic drugs.
AID1335643Displacement of [3H]8-OH-DPAT from 5-HT1A receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat cerebral cortex incubated for 30 mins by liquid scintillation counting analysis2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 124Synthesis and biological evaluation of new 6-hydroxypyridazinone benzisoxazoles: Potential multi-receptor-targeting atypical antipsychotics.
AID176457Pole climb avoiding activity in rats was determined after 1 hr of intraperitoneal administration of the compound1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-31, Volume: 38, Issue:7
3-[[(Aryloxy)alkyl]piperidinyl]-1,2-benzisoxazoles as D2/5-HT2 antagonists with potential atypical antipsychotic activity: antipsychotic profile of iloperidone (HP 873).
AID1724121Therapeutic index, ratio of ED50 for induction of catalepsy in po dosed mouse to ED50 for antipsychotic activity in po dosed mouse assessed as reduction in MK-801-induced hyperlocomotor activity2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 30, Issue:20
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-amide substituted derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID61536Binding affinity towards Dopamine receptor D2 was determined in rat striatum using [3H]- spiperone as radioligand1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-27, Volume: 39, Issue:20
Structure-activity relationships of a series of novel (piperazinylbutyl)thiazolidinone antipsychotic agents related to 3-[4-[4-(6-fluorobenzo[b]thien-3-yl)-1-piperazinyl]butyl]-2,5,5- trimethyl-4-thiazolidinone maleate.
AID1209320Ratio of unbound drug level in brain to plasma in Beagle dog at 0.1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID227557In vitro ability to displace [3H]ketanserin from 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor in rat brain1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 39, Issue:1
3-Benzisothiazolylpiperazine derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID61388Affinity for dopamine receptor D2 binding sites by its ability to displace [3H]spiperone from rat striatum.1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-31, Volume: 38, Issue:7
3-[[(Aryloxy)alkyl]piperidinyl]-1,2-benzisoxazoles as D2/5-HT2 antagonists with potential atypical antipsychotic activity: antipsychotic profile of iloperidone (HP 873).
AID1724108Binding affinity to 5HT1A receptor (unknown origin)2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 30, Issue:20
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-amide substituted derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID1071723Antipsychotic activity in po dosed Kunming mouse assessed as reduction in MK801-induced hyperactivity compound administered 30 mins prior to MK801 challenge measured for 90 mins post challenge2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-03, Volume: 74Synthesis and evaluation of new coumarin derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotics.
AID1209389AUC(0 to infinity) in Sprague-Dawley rat plasma at 1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID750651Displacement of [3H]ketanserin from 5HT2A receptor in rat cerebral cortex after 15 mins by liquid scintillation counting analysis2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-13, Volume: 56, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological investigation of coumarin piperazine (piperidine) derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID410332Displacement of [3H]spiperone from dopamine D2 receptor in CRL:CD(SD)BR-COBS rat striatum by scintillation spectrometry2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-08, Volume: 52, Issue:1
Discovery of a new class of potential multifunctional atypical antipsychotic agents targeting dopamine D3 and serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors: design, synthesis, and effects on behavior.
AID5331Inhibitory constant on 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor of Rat frontal cortex2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-03, Volume: 45, Issue:1
New serotonin 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2B), and 5-HT(2C) receptor antagonists: synthesis, pharmacology, 3D-QSAR, and molecular modeling of (aminoalkyl)benzo and heterocycloalkanones.
AID230011Ratio of Ki value towards dopamine D2L receptor to that of serotonin S-2A receptor.1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-17, Volume: 38, Issue:4
Binding of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene and dibenz[b,f]oxepin analogues of clozapine to dopamine and serotonin receptors.
AID65087Binding affinity measured at the Dopamine receptor D2 by the inhibition of [3H]methylspiperone binding to rat striatum using unlabeled haloperidol for nonspecific binding.1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-31, Volume: 41, Issue:27
7-[3-(1-piperidinyl)propoxy]chromenones as potential atypical antipsychotics. 2. Pharmacological profile of 7-[3-[4-(6-fluoro-1, 2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]propoxy]-3-(hydroxymeth yl)chromen -4-one (abaperidone, FI-8602).
AID298493Displacement of [3H]RX 821002 from adrenergic alpha-2 receptor in rat cerebral cortex2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-18, Volume: 50, Issue:21
Principal component analysis differentiates the receptor binding profiles of three antipsychotic drug candidates from current antipsychotic drugs.
AID750652Displacement of [3H]8-OH-DPAT from 5HT1A receptor in rat cerebral cortex after 30 mins by liquid scintillation counting analysis2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-13, Volume: 56, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological investigation of coumarin piperazine (piperidine) derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID65785Binding affinity towards human Dopamine receptor D32004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 47, Issue:6
Selective optimization of side activities: another way for drug discovery.
AID524794Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum GB4 after 72 hrs by SYBR green assay2009Nature chemical biology, Oct, Volume: 5, Issue:10
Genetic mapping of targets mediating differential chemical phenotypes in Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1079943Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID36890Binding affinity measured at the Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor by the inhibition of [3H]prazosin binding to rat cortex using unlabeled WB-4101 for nonspecific binding.1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-31, Volume: 41, Issue:27
7-[3-(1-piperidinyl)propoxy]chromenones as potential atypical antipsychotics. 2. Pharmacological profile of 7-[3-[4-(6-fluoro-1, 2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]propoxy]-3-(hydroxymeth yl)chromen -4-one (abaperidone, FI-8602).
AID625287Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID176805In vivo activity administered intraperitoneally was determined by pole climb escape failures in rat1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 34, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of substituted N-alkoxyimides and -amides as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID1255777Antipsychotic activity in Sprague Dawley rat psychosis model assessed as inhibition of 0.2 mg/kg dizocilpine-induced hyperlocomotion at 1 mg/kg, ip administered 30 mins prior to dizocilpine challenge measured every 5 mins for 1 hr starting from the 15th m2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-22, Volume: 58, Issue:20
Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of 5,6-Disubstituted Pyridin-2(1H)-one Derivatives as Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) Antagonists.
AID246918In vivo effective dose to inhibit tryptamine-induced bilateral convulsions in rats2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
Discovery of new tetracyclic tetrahydrofuran derivatives as potential broad-spectrum psychotropic agents.
AID231370Ratio representing inhibitory activity against spontaneous locomotor behavior to inhibitory activity against amphetamine-induced stereotypy in rats1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 39, Issue:1
3-Benzisothiazolylpiperazine derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID230492Relative receptor binding affinities for dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT21996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-22, Volume: 39, Issue:24
Synthesis and evaluation of heterocyclic carboxamides as potential antipsychotic agents.
AID298482Displacement of [3H]ketanserin from human 5HT2A receptor expressed in CHO cells2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-18, Volume: 50, Issue:21
Principal component analysis differentiates the receptor binding profiles of three antipsychotic drug candidates from current antipsychotic drugs.
AID5246Affinity for 5-hydroxytryptamine 2 receptor1998Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-21, Volume: 8, Issue:8
Azepinoindole derivatives with high affinity for brain dopamine and serotonin receptors.
AID1336516Anti-psychotic activity in C57Bl/6J mouse assessed as inhibition of PCP-induced hyperlocomotion at 0.056 mg/kg, sc pretreated for 30 mins followed by PCP challenge measured for 2 hrs
AID576612Inhibition of human ERG2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 46, Issue:2
Predicting hERG activities of compounds from their 3D structures: development and evaluation of a global descriptors based QSAR model.
AID87244Binding affinity towards human H1 receptor2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 44, Issue:4
Current and novel approaches to the drug treatment of schizophrenia.
AID1659267Cytotoxicity against human HEK293 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological investigation of triazolopyridinone derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID28236Unbound fraction (tissues)2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-20, Volume: 45, Issue:13
Prediction of volume of distribution values in humans for neutral and basic drugs using physicochemical measurements and plasma protein binding data.
AID1211797Intrinsic clearance in cryopreserved human hepatocytes cells assessed per 10'6 cells by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1
Comparison of cryopreserved HepaRG cells with cryopreserved human hepatocytes for prediction of clearance for 26 drugs.
AID1393474Toxicity in ip dosed Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as induction of catalepsy measured every 30 mins up to 240 mins by bar test
AID1210190Total brain to plasma partition coefficient of the compound in wild type Crl:CF1 mouse expressing Abcb1a mutant at 4 mg/kg/day administered through continuous minipump treatment for 3 days2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 40, Issue:3
Species comparison of in vivo P-glycoprotein-mediated brain efflux using mdr1a-deficient rats and mice.
AID1210188Total plasma concentration in wild type Crl:CF1 mouse expressing Abcb1a mutant at 4 mg/kg/day administered through continuous minipump treatment for 3 days by UPLC-MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 40, Issue:3
Species comparison of in vivo P-glycoprotein-mediated brain efflux using mdr1a-deficient rats and mice.
AID1211296Unbound fraction in plasma (unknown origin) under normal atmospheric condition at pH 7.72 after 6 hrs by equilibrium dialysis method2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 39, Issue:3
Control and measurement of plasma pH in equilibrium dialysis: influence on drug plasma protein binding.
AID178872Compound was tested for the inhibition of quipazine-induced head twitches 24 hours after subcutaneous administration1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-20, Volume: 35, Issue:6
Noncataleptogenic, centrally acting dopamine D-2 and serotonin 5-HT2 antagonists within a series of 3-substituted 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indoles.
AID1409485Displacement of [3H]-lysergic acid diethylamide from human serotonin 5-HT6 receptor expressed in CHO cell membranes incubated for 30 mins by liquid scintillation counting2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-21, Volume: 61, Issue:22
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fused Tricyclic Heterocycle Piperazine (Piperidine) Derivatives As Potential Multireceptor Atypical Antipsychotics.
AID1211295Unbound fraction in plasma (unknown origin) at pH 7.63 after 6 hrs by equilibrium dialysis method in presence of 5% CO22011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 39, Issue:3
Control and measurement of plasma pH in equilibrium dialysis: influence on drug plasma protein binding.
AID1210165Unbound brain to plasma partition coefficient of the compound in mdr1a-deficient mouse at 4 mg/kg/day administered through continuous minipump treatment for 3 days2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 40, Issue:3
Species comparison of in vivo P-glycoprotein-mediated brain efflux using mdr1a-deficient rats and mice.
AID180551The compound was tested in vivo for induction of catalepsy in rat after ip administration1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-26, Volume: 42, Issue:17
N-Substituted (2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)methylamine derivatives as D(2) antagonists/5-HT(1A) partial agonists with potential as atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID1473740Inhibition of human MRP3 overexpressed in Sf9 insect cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 10 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1704717Displacement of [3H](+)8-OH-DPAT from rat cerebral cortex 5HT1A receptor measured after 30 mins by liquid scintillation counting method
AID225180Dose required to induce 50% maximum catalepsy in rat1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-19, Volume: 39, Issue:15
7-[3-(1-piperidinyl)propoxy]chromenones as potential atypical antipsychotics.
AID1169863Binding affinity to 5HT2A receptor (unknown origin)2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-26, Volume: 57, Issue:22
Targeting dopamine D3 and serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors for developing effective antipsychotics: synthesis, biological characterization, and behavioral studies.
AID588211Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in humans2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1209328AUC(0 to 1 hr) in cynomolgus monkey plasma at 0.1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID1079939Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID1079933Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID222148K+ channel blocking activity in human embryonic kidney cells expressing HERG Kv11.12002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-29, Volume: 45, Issue:18
Toward a pharmacophore for drugs inducing the long QT syndrome: insights from a CoMFA study of HERG K(+) channel blockers.
AID1256665Displacement of [3H]ketanserine from 5-HT2A receptor in rat cerebral cortex homogenates after 60 mins by liquid scintillation counting2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 25, Issue:22
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-substituted benzoxazole derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID714108Displacement of [3H]7-OH-DPAT from human high affinity Dopamine D2S receptor by competition binding assay2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-26, Volume: 55, Issue:22
Systematic in vivo screening of a series of 1-propyl-4-arylpiperidines against dopaminergic and serotonergic properties in rat brain: a scaffold-jumping approach.
AID1762062Binding affinity to histamine H3 receptor (unknown origin)2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 40Discovery of a new class of multi-target heterocycle piperidine derivatives as potential antipsychotics with pro-cognitive effect.
AID3699The binding affinity was measured on serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 1 receptor in rat brain tissue1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-07, Volume: 35, Issue:3
Pyrrole mannich bases as potential antipsychotic agents.
AID1409510Antipsychotic activity in po dosed Kunming mouse assessed as reduction in MK-801-induced hyperactivity pretreated for 60 mins followed by MK-801 challenge measured for 90 mins2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-21, Volume: 61, Issue:22
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fused Tricyclic Heterocycle Piperazine (Piperidine) Derivatives As Potential Multireceptor Atypical Antipsychotics.
AID5199Binding affinity for human 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 44, Issue:4
Current and novel approaches to the drug treatment of schizophrenia.
AID298032Acid dissociation constant, pKa of the compound2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-20, Volume: 50, Issue:19
High-throughput screening of drug-brain tissue binding and in silico prediction for assessment of central nervous system drug delivery.
AID61046Compound was tested in vivo for methyl phenidate-induced gnawing behavior antagonistic activity against dopamine receptor D2 in mice1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-20, Volume: 35, Issue:6
Noncataleptogenic, centrally acting dopamine D-2 and serotonin 5-HT2 antagonists within a series of 3-substituted 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indoles.
AID3743Affinity for 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor labeled with [3H]8-OH-DPAT radioligand in hippocampus tissue1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 34, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of substituted N-alkoxyimides and -amides as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID397743Inhibition of human ERG channel2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 52, Issue:14
Side chain flexibilities in the human ether-a-go-go related gene potassium channel (hERG) together with matched-pair binding studies suggest a new binding mode for channel blockers.
AID5061Affinity for 5-hydroxytryptamine 2 receptor binding sites by its ability to displace [3H]spiperone from rat frontal cortex.1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-31, Volume: 38, Issue:7
3-[[(Aryloxy)alkyl]piperidinyl]-1,2-benzisoxazoles as D2/5-HT2 antagonists with potential atypical antipsychotic activity: antipsychotic profile of iloperidone (HP 873).
AID1393366Displacement of [3H]-8-OH-DPAT from human 5-HT1AR expressed in HEK293 cell membranes after 1 hr by microbeta counting method
AID1079941Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID246985Effective dose for antagonistic activity against m-chlorophenyl-piperazine induced anxiety in rats2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
Discovery of new tetracyclic tetrahydrofuran derivatives as potential broad-spectrum psychotropic agents.
AID4442Binding affinity for 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor determined using [3H]8-OH-DPAT as radioligand2001Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-03, Volume: 11, Issue:17
New 1-aryl-4-(biarylmethylene)piperazines as potential atypical antipsychotics sharing dopamine D(2)-receptor and serotonin 5-HT(1A)-receptor affinities.
AID63060Binding affinity towards human Dopamine receptor D22004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 47, Issue:6
Selective optimization of side activities: another way for drug discovery.
AID1704718Displacement of [3H]ketanserin from rat cerebral cortex 5HT2A receptor measured after 15 mins by liquid scintillation counting method
AID714094Reduction in spontaneous locomotor activity in Sprague-Dawley rat at 2.4 umol/kg, sc measured after 15 to 60 mins relative to saline-treated control2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-26, Volume: 55, Issue:22
Systematic in vivo screening of a series of 1-propyl-4-arylpiperidines against dopaminergic and serotonergic properties in rat brain: a scaffold-jumping approach.
AID1409481Displacement of [3H]-ketanserine from serotonin 5-HT2A receptor in rat brain cortex homogenates incubated for 30 mins by liquid scintillation counting2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-21, Volume: 61, Issue:22
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fused Tricyclic Heterocycle Piperazine (Piperidine) Derivatives As Potential Multireceptor Atypical Antipsychotics.
AID1373837Antagonistic activity at 5-HT2c receptor (unknown origin) after 10 mins by FLIPR assay2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 28, Issue:4
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of novel pyridinecarboxamides as potential multi-receptor antipsychotic drugs.
AID238962Inhibition of [3H]nisoxetine binding to rat Norepinephrine transporter2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
Discovery of new tetracyclic tetrahydrofuran derivatives as potential broad-spectrum psychotropic agents.
AID177715In vivo suppression of the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) in rats after po administration of the compound2001Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-03, Volume: 11, Issue:17
New 1-aryl-4-(biarylmethylene)piperazines as potential atypical antipsychotics sharing dopamine D(2)-receptor and serotonin 5-HT(1A)-receptor affinities.
AID1210225Total plasma concentration in wild type Sprague-Dawley rat expressing Abcb1a at 5 mg/kg/day administered through continuous minipump treatment for 3 days by UPLC-MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 40, Issue:3
Species comparison of in vivo P-glycoprotein-mediated brain efflux using mdr1a-deficient rats and mice.
AID705395Antipsychotic activity in sc dosed rat assessed as reversal of MK801-induced prepulse inhibition deficit2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-13, Volume: 55, Issue:17
Current landscape of phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibition.
AID444051Total clearance in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID1209373Unbound fraction in Beagle dog plasma at 0.1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID1409482Displacement of [3H]-mepyramine from histamine H1 receptor in guinea pig cerebellum homogenates incubated for 60 mins by liquid scintillation counting2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-21, Volume: 61, Issue:22
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fused Tricyclic Heterocycle Piperazine (Piperidine) Derivatives As Potential Multireceptor Atypical Antipsychotics.
AID1409528Cognitive enhancing effect in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as effect on total exploration time for familiar objects in acquisition trial at 0.2 mg/kg, po administered 1 hr measured for 3 mins by novel object recognition test2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-21, Volume: 61, Issue:22
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fused Tricyclic Heterocycle Piperazine (Piperidine) Derivatives As Potential Multireceptor Atypical Antipsychotics.
AID342781Binding affinity to human cloned 5HT2C receptor2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Identification of a butyrophenone analog as a potential atypical antipsychotic agent: 4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)butan-1-one.
AID342787Binding affinity to human SERT2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Identification of a butyrophenone analog as a potential atypical antipsychotic agent: 4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)butan-1-one.
AID410142Inhibition of dopamine D2 receptor-mediated apomorphine-induced cage climbing behavior in Swiss albino mouse at 10 mg/kg2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 18, Issue:23
Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of N-2-(4-(4-(2-substitutedthiazol-4-yl) piperazin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)acetamides as novel atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID1222793Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5
Which metabolites circulate?
AID1578090Unbound brain-to-plasma concentration ratio in rat2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 182Practical approaches to evaluating and optimizing brain exposure in early drug discovery.
AID1762067Antipsychotic activity in po dosed rat assessed as suppression in conditioned avoidance response by CAR test2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 40Discovery of a new class of multi-target heterocycle piperidine derivatives as potential antipsychotics with pro-cognitive effect.
AID238855Inhibition of [3H]SCH-23390 binding to rat Dopamine receptor D12005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
Discovery of new tetracyclic tetrahydrofuran derivatives as potential broad-spectrum psychotropic agents.
AID1762056Binding affinity to 5-HT1A receptor (unknown origin)2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 40Discovery of a new class of multi-target heterocycle piperidine derivatives as potential antipsychotics with pro-cognitive effect.
AID36116Binding affinity towards human alpha-1 adrenergic receptor2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 44, Issue:4
Current and novel approaches to the drug treatment of schizophrenia.
AID721754Inhibition of human MATE1-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 1.5 mins by fluorescence assay2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 56, Issue:3
Discovery of potent, selective multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter 1 (MATE1, SLC47A1) inhibitors through prescription drug profiling and computational modeling.
AID141174Binding affinity towards human M1 receptor.2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 44, Issue:4
Current and novel approaches to the drug treatment of schizophrenia.
AID524796Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum W2 after 72 hrs by SYBR green assay2009Nature chemical biology, Oct, Volume: 5, Issue:10
Genetic mapping of targets mediating differential chemical phenotypes in Plasmodium falciparum.
AID588215FDA HLAED, alkaline phosphatase increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID239091Inhibition of [3H]pyrilamine binding to human Histamine H1 receptor 2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
Discovery of new tetracyclic tetrahydrofuran derivatives as potential broad-spectrum psychotropic agents.
AID1393481Effect on failure incidence during conditioned avoidance response test in Sprague-Dawley rat at 0.3 mg/kg, ip administered 60 mins prior to testing
AID227559Relative binding affinity for dopamine D2 and alpha receptors1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 39, Issue:1
3-Benzisothiazolylpiperazine derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID110213Ability to inhibit apomorphine-induced climbing behavior in mice.1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-31, Volume: 38, Issue:7
3-[[(Aryloxy)alkyl]piperidinyl]-1,2-benzisoxazoles as D2/5-HT2 antagonists with potential atypical antipsychotic activity: antipsychotic profile of iloperidone (HP 873).
AID177506In vivo inhibition of apomorphine induced stereotypy in rat by the compound administered intraperitoneally1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 34, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of substituted N-alkoxyimides and -amides as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID1677163In vivo receptor occupancy at human dopamine D1 receptor in schizophrenia patient brain at 10 mCi, iv by PET scanning
AID750646Toxicity in rat assessed as QT interval prolongation at 30 mg/kg, po by electrophysiology assay2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-13, Volume: 56, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological investigation of coumarin piperazine (piperidine) derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID1210189Total drug level in wild type Crl:CF1 mouse brain expressing Abcb1a mutant at 4 mg/kg/day administered through continuous minipump treatment for 3 days by UPLC-MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 40, Issue:3
Species comparison of in vivo P-glycoprotein-mediated brain efflux using mdr1a-deficient rats and mice.
AID420668Inhibition of human ERG in MCF7 cells2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 44, Issue:5
GRIND-based 3D-QSAR and CoMFA to investigate topics dominated by hydrophobic interactions: the case of hERG K+ channel blockers.
AID750619Therapeutic Index, ratio of ED50 for catalepsy in mouse to ED50 for antipsychotic activity in po dosed mouse assessed as reduction in MK-801-induced hyperactivity2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-13, Volume: 56, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological investigation of coumarin piperazine (piperidine) derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID588214FDA HLAED, liver enzyme composite activity2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID1373836Antagonistic activity at histamine 1 receptor (unknown origin) after 10 mins by FLIPR assay2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 28, Issue:4
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of novel pyridinecarboxamides as potential multi-receptor antipsychotic drugs.
AID225491Compound was tested for antagonist activity against apomorphine-induced mouse climbing(intraperitoneally - ip). using in vivo method1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-22, Volume: 39, Issue:24
Synthesis and evaluation of heterocyclic carboxamides as potential antipsychotic agents.
AID439068Displacement of [3H]SCH23390 from human dopamine D1 receptor2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21
Synthesis and binding affinity of potential atypical antipsychotics with the tetrahydroquinazolinone motif.
AID8002Observed volume of distribution2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-26, Volume: 47, Issue:5
Prediction of human volume of distribution values for neutral and basic drugs. 2. Extended data set and leave-class-out statistics.
AID298489Displacement of [3H]paraxetine from human 5HT transporter expressed in HEK293 cells2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-18, Volume: 50, Issue:21
Principal component analysis differentiates the receptor binding profiles of three antipsychotic drug candidates from current antipsychotic drugs.
AID298479Displacement of [3H]spiperone from human dopamine D3 receptor expressed in CHO cells2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-18, Volume: 50, Issue:21
Principal component analysis differentiates the receptor binding profiles of three antipsychotic drug candidates from current antipsychotic drugs.
AID187172ED50 value for catalepsy indicates the dose required to produce a 50% of maximum catalepsy score1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-07, Volume: 35, Issue:3
Pyrrole mannich bases as potential antipsychotic agents.
AID1762058Binding affinity to 5-HT2C receptor (unknown origin)2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 40Discovery of a new class of multi-target heterocycle piperidine derivatives as potential antipsychotics with pro-cognitive effect.
AID1079935Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID1682828Binding affinity to H1 histamine receptor (unknown origin)
AID1393472Antipsychotic activity in ip dosed Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as suppression of avoidance behavior by avoiding foot shock administered 60 mins prior to test by conditioned avoidance response test
AID1211406AUC (0 to infinity) in Wistar rat extracellular fluid at 3 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10
Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain.
AID342783Binding affinity to human cloned 5HT1A receptor2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Identification of a butyrophenone analog as a potential atypical antipsychotic agent: 4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)butan-1-one.
AID246931In vivo effective dose for reversal of tryptamine-induced backward locomotion in rats2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
Discovery of new tetracyclic tetrahydrofuran derivatives as potential broad-spectrum psychotropic agents.
AID1256669Displacement of [3H]mepyramine from histamine H1 receptor in guinea pig cerebellum homogenates after 60 mins by liquid scintillation counting2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 25, Issue:22
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-substituted benzoxazole derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID308688Ratio of pKi for human 5HT2A receptor to pKi for human D2 receptor2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 17, Issue:17
Synthesis and binding affinity of new pyrazole and isoxazole derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotics.
AID410338Binding affinity to human ERG expressed in HEK293 cells by whole cell patch clamp method2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-08, Volume: 52, Issue:1
Discovery of a new class of potential multifunctional atypical antipsychotic agents targeting dopamine D3 and serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors: design, synthesis, and effects on behavior.
AID114064Oral effective dose required for inhibition of apomorphine-induced climbing in mice1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-27, Volume: 39, Issue:20
Structure-activity relationships of a series of novel (piperazinylbutyl)thiazolidinone antipsychotic agents related to 3-[4-[4-(6-fluorobenzo[b]thien-3-yl)-1-piperazinyl]butyl]-2,5,5- trimethyl-4-thiazolidinone maleate.
AID1209305Ratio of drug level in cerebrospinal fluid to unbound plasma concentration in cynomolgus monkey at 0.1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID246894In vivo effective dose for reversal of RO-4-1284 induced hypothermia in mouse2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
Discovery of new tetracyclic tetrahydrofuran derivatives as potential broad-spectrum psychotropic agents.
AID177959Antagonistic activity administered intraperitoneally on head twitches induced by 5- HTP; NT = not tested1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-31, Volume: 38, Issue:7
3-[[(Aryloxy)alkyl]piperidinyl]-1,2-benzisoxazoles as D2/5-HT2 antagonists with potential atypical antipsychotic activity: antipsychotic profile of iloperidone (HP 873).
AID425653Renal clearance in human2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15
Physicochemical determinants of human renal clearance.
AID1207698Inhibition of L-type calcium channel measured using 2-electrode voltage-clamp in human embryonic kidney cells heterologically expressing alpha-1C subunit2012Journal of applied toxicology : JAT, Oct, Volume: 32, Issue:10
Predictive model for L-type channel inhibition: multichannel block in QT prolongation risk assessment.
AID1210178Percentage unbound in Crl:NMRI(Han) mouse brain at 1 uM after 5 hrs by equilibrium dialysis method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 40, Issue:3
Species comparison of in vivo P-glycoprotein-mediated brain efflux using mdr1a-deficient rats and mice.
AID1211433Efflux clearance in Wistar rat brain extracellular fluid at 3 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10
Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain.
AID1704724Inhibition of human ERG expressed in HEK293 cells by whole-cell patch clamp method
AID29337Ionisation constant (pKa)2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-20, Volume: 45, Issue:13
Prediction of volume of distribution values in humans for neutral and basic drugs using physicochemical measurements and plasma protein binding data.
AID232560Ratio of ED50 for induction of catalepsy to ED50 for antagonism of apomorphine-induced climbing.1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-22, Volume: 39, Issue:24
Synthesis and evaluation of heterocyclic carboxamides as potential antipsychotic agents.
AID1211792Hepatic clearance in human2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1
Comparison of cryopreserved HepaRG cells with cryopreserved human hepatocytes for prediction of clearance for 26 drugs.
AID5324In vitro affinity against serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-30, Volume: 43, Issue:24
Conformationally constrained butyrophenones with affinity for dopamine (D(1), D(2), D(4)) and serotonin (5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2B), 5-HT(2C)) receptors: synthesis of aminomethylbenzo[b]furanones and their evaluation as antipsychotics.
AID444057Fraction escaping hepatic elimination in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID298031Lipophilicity, log D at pH7.42007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-20, Volume: 50, Issue:19
High-throughput screening of drug-brain tissue binding and in silico prediction for assessment of central nervous system drug delivery.
AID1462317Antagonist activity at histamine H1 receptor (unknown origin) after 10 mins by calcium 5 dye based FLIPR assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Synthesis and biological investigation of tetrahydropyridopyrimidinone derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID36016Displacement of [3H]prazosin from rat brain Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 39, Issue:1
3-Benzisothiazolylpiperazine derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID1762054Binding affinity to dopamine D2 receptor (unknown origin)2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 40Discovery of a new class of multi-target heterocycle piperidine derivatives as potential antipsychotics with pro-cognitive effect.
AID1207767Inhibition of Cav1.2 current measured using QPatch automatic path clamp system in CHO cells expressing Cav1.2, beta-2 and alpha-2/delta-1 subunits2013Scientific reports, , Volume: 3MICE models: superior to the HERG model in predicting Torsade de Pointes.
AID65954Ability to inhibit the binding of [3H]spiperone to the Dopamine receptor D4 in COS7 cells1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-17, Volume: 38, Issue:4
Binding of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene and dibenz[b,f]oxepin analogues of clozapine to dopamine and serotonin receptors.
AID1210240Total plasma concentration in mdr1a-deficient rat at 5 mg/kg/day administered through continuous minipump treatment for 3 days by UPLC-MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 40, Issue:3
Species comparison of in vivo P-glycoprotein-mediated brain efflux using mdr1a-deficient rats and mice.
AID5337In vitro ability to displace [3H]ketanserin binding from 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor in rat striatal membrane.1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-29, Volume: 42, Issue:15
Conformationally constrained butyrophenones with mixed dopaminergic (D(2)) and serotoninergic (5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2C)) affinities: synthesis, pharmacology, 3D-QSAR, and molecular modeling of (aminoalkyl)benzo- and -thienocycloalkanones as putative atypical an
AID298488Displacement of [3H]BLR-43694 from human 5HT3 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-18, Volume: 50, Issue:21
Principal component analysis differentiates the receptor binding profiles of three antipsychotic drug candidates from current antipsychotic drugs.
AID204461Binding affinity measured at the sigma receptor by the inhibition of [3H]-3-PPP binding to guinea pig cerebellum using unlabeled 3-PPP for nonspecific binding.1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-31, Volume: 41, Issue:27
7-[3-(1-piperidinyl)propoxy]chromenones as potential atypical antipsychotics. 2. Pharmacological profile of 7-[3-[4-(6-fluoro-1, 2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]propoxy]-3-(hydroxymeth yl)chromen -4-one (abaperidone, FI-8602).
AID5363Binding affinity towards serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor2004Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-09, Volume: 14, Issue:3
Chemoenzymatic synthesis and binding affinity of novel (R)- and (S)-3-aminomethyl-1-tetralones, potential atypical antipsychotics.
AID1724116Antipsychotic activity in po dosed mouse assessed as suppression in DOI-induced head twitching response2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 30, Issue:20
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-amide substituted derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID540213Half life in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID113687Inhibition of head twitches-induced by 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine in mice.1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-31, Volume: 41, Issue:27
7-[3-(1-piperidinyl)propoxy]chromenones as potential atypical antipsychotics. 2. Pharmacological profile of 7-[3-[4-(6-fluoro-1, 2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]propoxy]-3-(hydroxymeth yl)chromen -4-one (abaperidone, FI-8602).
AID1659266Cytotoxicity against human Chang cells assessed as reduction in cell viability2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological investigation of triazolopyridinone derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID1207230Inhibition of hERG K channel2011Cardiovascular research, Jul-01, Volume: 91, Issue:1
Simulation of multiple ion channel block provides improved early prediction of compounds' clinical torsadogenic risk.
AID1169861Binding affinity to dopamine D3 receptor (unknown origin)2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-26, Volume: 57, Issue:22
Targeting dopamine D3 and serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors for developing effective antipsychotics: synthesis, biological characterization, and behavioral studies.
AID705396Antipsychotic activity in sc dosed rat prepulse inhibition model2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-13, Volume: 55, Issue:17
Current landscape of phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibition.
AID750648Inhibition of human ERG expressed in HEK293 cells by electrophysiology assay2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-13, Volume: 56, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological investigation of coumarin piperazine (piperidine) derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID1393365Displacement of [3H]-LSD from human 5-HT6R expressed in HEK293 cell membranes after 1 hr at 37 degC by microbeta counting method
AID1211298Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 39, Issue:3
Control and measurement of plasma pH in equilibrium dialysis: influence on drug plasma protein binding.
AID1724113Binding affinity to 5HT2C receptor (unknown origin)2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 30, Issue:20
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-amide substituted derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID1256668Displacement of [3H]-rauwolscine from adrenergic alpha2 receptor in rat cerebral cortex homogenates after 60 mins by liquid scintillation counting2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 25, Issue:22
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-substituted benzoxazole derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID1724107Binding affinity to D2 receptor (unknown origin)2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 30, Issue:20
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-amide substituted derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID29925Volume of distribution in man (IV dose)2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-20, Volume: 45, Issue:13
Prediction of volume of distribution values in humans for neutral and basic drugs using physicochemical measurements and plasma protein binding data.
AID625280Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID588209Literature-mined public compounds from Greene et al multi-species hepatotoxicity modelling dataset2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jul-19, Volume: 23, Issue:7
Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity.
AID1211294Unbound fraction in plasma (unknown origin) at pH 7.4 after 6 hrs by equilibrium dialysis method in presence of 5% CO22011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 39, Issue:3
Control and measurement of plasma pH in equilibrium dialysis: influence on drug plasma protein binding.
AID439066Displacement of [3H]ketanserin from human cloned 5HT2A receptor2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21
Synthesis and binding affinity of potential atypical antipsychotics with the tetrahydroquinazolinone motif.
AID1071722Toxicity in po dosed Kunming mouse assessed as induction of catalepsy2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-03, Volume: 74Synthesis and evaluation of new coumarin derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotics.
AID298483Displacement of [3H]LSD from 5HT2B receptor expressed in CHO cells2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-18, Volume: 50, Issue:21
Principal component analysis differentiates the receptor binding profiles of three antipsychotic drug candidates from current antipsychotic drugs.
AID1210182Unbound brain to plasma partition coefficient of the compound in wild type Crl:CF1 mouse expressing Abcb1a mutant at 4 mg/kg/day administered through continuous minipump treatment for 3 days2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 40, Issue:3
Species comparison of in vivo P-glycoprotein-mediated brain efflux using mdr1a-deficient rats and mice.
AID1764401Ratio of drug concentration in brain to plasma of P-gp knock out Sprague-Dawley rat2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-11, Volume: 64, Issue:5
Development of an
AID750621Antipsychotic activity in po dosed rat assessed as reduction in conditioned avoidance response after 60 mins2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-13, Volume: 56, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological investigation of coumarin piperazine (piperidine) derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID467612Fraction unbound in human plasma2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 44, Issue:11
Prediction of volume of distribution values in human using immobilized artificial membrane partitioning coefficients, the fraction of compound ionized and plasma protein binding data.
AID342778Binding affinity to human cloned dopamine D3 receptor2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Identification of a butyrophenone analog as a potential atypical antipsychotic agent: 4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)butan-1-one.
AID1762066Induction of catalepsy in po dosed mouse by Horizontal grid and elevated bar test2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 40Discovery of a new class of multi-target heterocycle piperidine derivatives as potential antipsychotics with pro-cognitive effect.
AID1764398Substrate activity at P-gp (unknown origin) assessed as net efflux ratio2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-11, Volume: 64, Issue:5
Development of an
AID177133In vivo antipsychotic activity measured by the induction of catalepsy in rats after po administration.1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-31, Volume: 41, Issue:27
7-[3-(1-piperidinyl)propoxy]chromenones as potential atypical antipsychotics. 2. Pharmacological profile of 7-[3-[4-(6-fluoro-1, 2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]propoxy]-3-(hydroxymeth yl)chromen -4-one (abaperidone, FI-8602).
AID1207696Inhibition of L-type calcium channel measured using whole-cell patch clamp in guinea pig ventricular myocytes2012Journal of applied toxicology : JAT, Oct, Volume: 32, Issue:10
Predictive model for L-type channel inhibition: multichannel block in QT prolongation risk assessment.
AID714105Displacement of [3H]Ro 41-1049 from MAO-A in rat cerebral cortex by competition binding assay2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-26, Volume: 55, Issue:22
Systematic in vivo screening of a series of 1-propyl-4-arylpiperidines against dopaminergic and serotonergic properties in rat brain: a scaffold-jumping approach.
AID1210206Total plasma concentration in mdr1a-deficient mouse at 4 mg/kg/day administered through continuous minipump treatment for 3 days by UPLC-MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 40, Issue:3
Species comparison of in vivo P-glycoprotein-mediated brain efflux using mdr1a-deficient rats and mice.
AID113351In vivo effective dose for inhibition of apomorphine-induced climbing in mice after intraperitoneal administration at a dose 20 mg/kg1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 37, Issue:15
Benzisoxazole- and benzisothiazole-3-carboxamides as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID1255782Antipsychotic activity in Sprague Dawley rat assessed as inhibition of 1 mg/kg quipazine-induced head twitches at 1 mg/kg, ip administered 30 mins prior to dizocilpine challenge measured for 30 mins2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-22, Volume: 58, Issue:20
Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of 5,6-Disubstituted Pyridin-2(1H)-one Derivatives as Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) Antagonists.
AID625282Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID311524Oral bioavailability in human2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 15, Issue:24
Hologram QSAR model for the prediction of human oral bioavailability.
AID1659272Inhibition of human ERG2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological investigation of triazolopyridinone derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID1071724Antipsychotic activity in po dosed Kunming mouse assessed as reversal of apomorphine-induced cage climbing response compound administered 30 mins prior to apomorphine challenge measured for 30 mins post challenge2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-03, Volume: 74Synthesis and evaluation of new coumarin derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotics.
AID467611Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 44, Issue:11
Prediction of volume of distribution values in human using immobilized artificial membrane partitioning coefficients, the fraction of compound ionized and plasma protein binding data.
AID218904In vitro affinity towards D2 receptor using [3H]spiroperidol as radioligand in striatum1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 37, Issue:15
Benzisoxazole- and benzisothiazole-3-carboxamides as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID1079938Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID342774Binding affinity to human cloned muscarinic M1 receptor2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Identification of a butyrophenone analog as a potential atypical antipsychotic agent: 4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)butan-1-one.
AID1462324Induction of catalepsy in ig dosed ICR mouse assessed as incidence of unwanted extrapyramidal motor disturbances2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Synthesis and biological investigation of tetrahydropyridopyrimidinone derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID1409483Displacement of [3H]-mesulergine from serotonin 5-HT2C receptor in rat brain cerebral cortex homogenates incubated for 15 mins by liquid scintillation counting2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-21, Volume: 61, Issue:22
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fused Tricyclic Heterocycle Piperazine (Piperidine) Derivatives As Potential Multireceptor Atypical Antipsychotics.
AID1301291Therapeutic index, ratio of ED50 for toxicity in orally dosed mouse by catalepsy test to ED50 for antipsychotic activity in mouse2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 26, Issue:13
Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and biological evaluation of a series of benzamides as potential multireceptor antipsychotics.
AID1409484Displacement of [3H]-prazosin from alpha-1 adrenergic receptor in rat cerebral cortex homogenates incubated for 60 mins by liquid scintillation counting2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-21, Volume: 61, Issue:22
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fused Tricyclic Heterocycle Piperazine (Piperidine) Derivatives As Potential Multireceptor Atypical Antipsychotics.
AID1209313Ratio of unbound brain concentration to drug level in cerebrospinal fluid in Beagle dog at 0.1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID1335644Displacement of [3H] ketanserin from 5-HT2A receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat cerebral cortex incubated for 30 mins by liquid scintillation counting analysis2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 124Synthesis and biological evaluation of new 6-hydroxypyridazinone benzisoxazoles: Potential multi-receptor-targeting atypical antipsychotics.
AID1210208Total brain to plasma partition coefficient of the compound in mdr1a-deficient mouse at 4 mg/kg/day administered through continuous minipump treatment for 3 days2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 40, Issue:3
Species comparison of in vivo P-glycoprotein-mediated brain efflux using mdr1a-deficient rats and mice.
AID750622Toxicity in po dosed mouse assessed as induction of catalepsy2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-13, Volume: 56, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological investigation of coumarin piperazine (piperidine) derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID1209367Unbound fraction in cynomolgus monkey plasma at 0.1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID1659262Agonist activity at D2 receptor (unknown origin) relative to 10 uM dopamine2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological investigation of triazolopyridinone derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID176744Dose inhibiting conditioned avoidance response in rats after oral administration1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 39, Issue:1
3-Benzisothiazolylpiperazine derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID714104Increase in DOPAC level in sc dosed Sprague-Dawley rat striatum by HPLC analysis2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-26, Volume: 55, Issue:22
Systematic in vivo screening of a series of 1-propyl-4-arylpiperidines against dopaminergic and serotonergic properties in rat brain: a scaffold-jumping approach.
AID1058778Antipsychotic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat psychosis model assessed as inhibition of MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion at 1 mg/kg, ip administered 5 mins prior to MK-801-challenge measured after 15 mins up to 1 hr2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 23, Issue:24
Discovery of benzo[d]imidazo[5,1-b]thiazole as a new class of phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitors.
AID1409487Inhibition of human ERG expressed in HEK293 cells at -50 mV holding potential by patch clamp assay2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-21, Volume: 61, Issue:22
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fused Tricyclic Heterocycle Piperazine (Piperidine) Derivatives As Potential Multireceptor Atypical Antipsychotics.
AID239150Inhibition of [125I]iodosulpiride binding to human Dopamine receptor D32005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
Discovery of new tetracyclic tetrahydrofuran derivatives as potential broad-spectrum psychotropic agents.
AID1211457Unbound Cmax in Wistar rat plasma at 3 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10
Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain.
AID113189In vivo antipsychotic activity measured by the inhibition of apomorphine-induced climbing behavior in mice after 30 min po administration.1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-31, Volume: 41, Issue:27
7-[3-(1-piperidinyl)propoxy]chromenones as potential atypical antipsychotics. 2. Pharmacological profile of 7-[3-[4-(6-fluoro-1, 2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]propoxy]-3-(hydroxymeth yl)chromen -4-one (abaperidone, FI-8602).
AID28233Fraction ionized (pH 7.4)2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-20, Volume: 45, Issue:13
Prediction of volume of distribution values in humans for neutral and basic drugs using physicochemical measurements and plasma protein binding data.
AID1409486Displacement of [3H] 7-OH-DPAT from dopamine D3 receptor in rat olfactory tubercle homogenates after 60 mins by liquid scintillation counting2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-21, Volume: 61, Issue:22
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fused Tricyclic Heterocycle Piperazine (Piperidine) Derivatives As Potential Multireceptor Atypical Antipsychotics.
AID37475Compound was evaluated for its binding affinity with Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor using membranes prepared from rat cerebral cortex1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-04, Volume: 41, Issue:12
Orally active benzamide antipsychotic agents with affinity for dopamine D2, serotonin 5-HT1A, and adrenergic alpha1 receptors.
AID1762102Cognitive enhancement effect in rat assessed as effect on total exploration time at 0.05 to 0.3 mg/kg, po administered 1 hr prior to acquisition trial and by novel object recognition test2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 40Discovery of a new class of multi-target heterocycle piperidine derivatives as potential antipsychotics with pro-cognitive effect.
AID1209337Ratio of drug level in brain to plasma in Sprague-Dawley rat at 1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID1211791Fraction unbound in human hepatocytes2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1
Comparison of cryopreserved HepaRG cells with cryopreserved human hepatocytes for prediction of clearance for 26 drugs.
AID1403797Antagonist activity at adrenergic alpha1A receptor (unknown origin) after 10 mins by calcium 5 dye based FLIPR assay
AID1762061Binding affinity to histamine H1 receptor (unknown origin)2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 40Discovery of a new class of multi-target heterocycle piperidine derivatives as potential antipsychotics with pro-cognitive effect.
AID298494Displacement of [3H]pyrilamine from histaminergic H1 receptor guinea pig cerebellum2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-18, Volume: 50, Issue:21
Principal component analysis differentiates the receptor binding profiles of three antipsychotic drug candidates from current antipsychotic drugs.
AID1462320Metabolic stability in human liver microsomes assessed as parent compound remaining at 2 uM after 30 mins in presence of NADPH by LC-MS/MS analysis2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Synthesis and biological investigation of tetrahydropyridopyrimidinone derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID1209327AUC(0 to 2 hrs) in Beagle dog plasma at 0.1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID1210242Total brain to plasma partition coefficient of the compound in mdr1a-deficient Sprague-Dawley rat at 5 mg/kg/day administered through continuous minipump treatment for 3 days2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 40, Issue:3
Species comparison of in vivo P-glycoprotein-mediated brain efflux using mdr1a-deficient rats and mice.
AID1209332AUC(0 to 2 hrs) in Beagle dog cerebrospinal fluid at 0.1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID113686Inhibition of grooming-induced by SKF 38393 in mice.1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-31, Volume: 41, Issue:27
7-[3-(1-piperidinyl)propoxy]chromenones as potential atypical antipsychotics. 2. Pharmacological profile of 7-[3-[4-(6-fluoro-1, 2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]propoxy]-3-(hydroxymeth yl)chromen -4-one (abaperidone, FI-8602).
AID1207200Inhibition of calcium current (ICaL) measured using whole-cell patch clamp experiments in isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes2011Cardiovascular research, Jul-01, Volume: 91, Issue:1
Simulation of multiple ion channel block provides improved early prediction of compounds' clinical torsadogenic risk.
AID444052Hepatic clearance in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID5831In vitro affinity against serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine 2C) receptor2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-30, Volume: 43, Issue:24
Conformationally constrained butyrophenones with affinity for dopamine (D(1), D(2), D(4)) and serotonin (5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2B), 5-HT(2C)) receptors: synthesis of aminomethylbenzo[b]furanones and their evaluation as antipsychotics.
AID1473739Inhibition of human MRP2 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID61236Compound was tested in vivo for induction of catalepsy against dopamine receptor D2 in rats1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-20, Volume: 35, Issue:6
Noncataleptogenic, centrally acting dopamine D-2 and serotonin 5-HT2 antagonists within a series of 3-substituted 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indoles.
AID588212Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1256674Antipsychotic activity in po dosed Chinese Kun Ming mouse assessed as inhibition of apomorphine-induced climbing administered 30 mins before apomorphine challenge measured up to 30 mins2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 25, Issue:22
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-substituted benzoxazole derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID177499In vivo inhibition of amphetamine induced stereotypy in rat by the compound administered intraperitoneally; nt=Not tested1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 34, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of substituted N-alkoxyimides and -amides as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID540210Clearance in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1209311Ratio of unbound brain concentration to drug level in cerebrospinal fluid in cynomolgus monkey at 0.1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID1704751Therapeutic index, ratio of ED50 for toxicity in po dosed Kunming mouse assessed as catalepsy to ED50 for antipsychotic activity in Kunming mouse assessed as inhibition of apomorphine-induced climbing behavior
AID1255778Antipsychotic activity in Sprague Dawley rat psychosis model assessed as inhibition of 0.2 mg/kg dizocilpine-induced stereotypy at 1 mg/kg, ip administered 30 mins prior to dizocilpine challenge measured every 5 mins for 1 hr starting from the 15th min of2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-22, Volume: 58, Issue:20
Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of 5,6-Disubstituted Pyridin-2(1H)-one Derivatives as Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) Antagonists.
AID1210207Total drug level in mdr1a-deficient mouse brain at 4 mg/kg/day administered through continuous minipump treatment for 3 days by UPLC-MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 40, Issue:3
Species comparison of in vivo P-glycoprotein-mediated brain efflux using mdr1a-deficient rats and mice.
AID1691230Antagonist activity at D2 receptor (unknown origin)2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 193Discovery of aryl-piperidine derivatives as potential antipsychotic agents using molecular hybridization strategy.
AID61375Binding affinity measured at the Dopamine receptor D1 by the inhibition of [3H]SCH-23390 binding to rat striatum using unlabeled apomorphine for nonspecific binding.1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-31, Volume: 41, Issue:27
7-[3-(1-piperidinyl)propoxy]chromenones as potential atypical antipsychotics. 2. Pharmacological profile of 7-[3-[4-(6-fluoro-1, 2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]propoxy]-3-(hydroxymeth yl)chromen -4-one (abaperidone, FI-8602).
AID130881Inhibition of apomorphine induced mouse climbing, administered intraperitoneally1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 34, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of substituted N-alkoxyimides and -amides as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID1704722Displacement of [3H]5-CT from rat cerebral cortex 5HT7 receptor measured after 30 mins by liquid scintillation counting method
AID410334Displacement of [3H]8OH-DPAT from 5HT1A receptor in CRL:CD(SD)BR-COBS rat hippocampus by scintillation spectrometry2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-08, Volume: 52, Issue:1
Discovery of a new class of potential multifunctional atypical antipsychotic agents targeting dopamine D3 and serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors: design, synthesis, and effects on behavior.
AID750650Displacement of [3H]7-OH-DPAT from dopamine D3 receptor in rat olfactory tubercle after 60 mins by liquid scintillation counting analysis2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-13, Volume: 56, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological investigation of coumarin piperazine (piperidine) derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID1724114Binding affinity to alpha1 adrenergic receptor (unknown origin)2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 30, Issue:20
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-amide substituted derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID330537Increase in phospho-AMPK levels in H1RKO mouse hyphalamic slices at 500 nM after 30 mins by Western blotting2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Feb-27, Volume: 104, Issue:9
From the Cover: Antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain mediated by histamine H1 receptor-linked activation of hypothalamic AMP-kinase.
AID63811Displacement of [3H]NPA from rat brain Dopamine receptor D21996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 39, Issue:1
3-Benzisothiazolylpiperazine derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID1403798Antagonist activity at M3 receptor (unknown origin) after 10 mins by calcium 5 dye based FLIPR assay
AID5303The binding affinity was measured on 5-hydroxytryptamine 2 receptor in rat brain tissue1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-07, Volume: 35, Issue:3
Pyrrole mannich bases as potential antipsychotic agents.
AID1724119Induction of catalepsy in po dosed mouse by vertical grid and elevated bar test2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 30, Issue:20
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-amide substituted derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID714107Displacement of [3H]imipramine from human SERT expressed in CHO cells by competition binding assay2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-26, Volume: 55, Issue:22
Systematic in vivo screening of a series of 1-propyl-4-arylpiperidines against dopaminergic and serotonergic properties in rat brain: a scaffold-jumping approach.
AID374351Antiviral activity against BKV Gardner ATCC VR837 infected in human WI38 cells assessed as reduction in viral DNA level preincubated for 2 hrs before viral infection measured after 7 days by real time PCR assay2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12
BK Virus replication in vitro: limited effect of drugs interfering with viral uptake and intracellular transport.
AID1215122Percentage unbound in solid supported porcine brain membrane vesicles at 5 uM by TRANSIL assay2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Brain tissue binding of drugs: evaluation and validation of solid supported porcine brain membrane vesicles (TRANSIL) as a novel high-throughput method.
AID184416The compound was measured at a dose 10 times the ED50 value for CAR block for production of catalepsy in the rat1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-07, Volume: 35, Issue:3
Pyrrole mannich bases as potential antipsychotic agents.
AID1256677Ratio of ED50 for Chinese Kun Ming mouse assessed as induction of catalepsy to ED50 for Chinese Kun Ming mouse assessed as inhibition of apomorphine-induced climbing behaviour2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 25, Issue:22
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-substituted benzoxazole derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID225497Compound was tested for induction of catalepsy in mouse.1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-22, Volume: 39, Issue:24
Synthesis and evaluation of heterocyclic carboxamides as potential antipsychotic agents.
AID177809Compound was evaluated in vivo for its antipsychotic activity for inhibition of apomorphine-induced stereotypy in rat1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 37, Issue:15
Benzisoxazole- and benzisothiazole-3-carboxamides as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID1071728Displacement of [3H]spiperone from dopamine D2 receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat striatum homogenate after 30 mins by liquid scintillation counting2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-03, Volume: 74Synthesis and evaluation of new coumarin derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotics.
AID61049Inhibition of mouse Dopamine receptor D21996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-22, Volume: 39, Issue:24
Synthesis and evaluation of heterocyclic carboxamides as potential antipsychotic agents.
AID1724120Therapeutic index, ratio of ED50 for induction of catalepsy in po dosed mouse to ED50 for antipsychotic activity in po dosed mouse assessed as suppression of apomorphine-induced climbing2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 30, Issue:20
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-amide substituted derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID1613972Solubility of the compound in DMSO2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 164Identification of a novel DGKα inhibitor for XLP-1 therapy by virtual screening.
AID524791Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 7G8 after 72 hrs by SYBR green assay2009Nature chemical biology, Oct, Volume: 5, Issue:10
Genetic mapping of targets mediating differential chemical phenotypes in Plasmodium falciparum.
AID342782Binding affinity to human cloned histamine H1 receptor2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Identification of a butyrophenone analog as a potential atypical antipsychotic agent: 4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)butan-1-one.
AID1215124Binding affinity to Wistar rat brain lipid assessed as percentage unbound by TRANSIL assay2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Brain tissue binding of drugs: evaluation and validation of solid supported porcine brain membrane vesicles (TRANSIL) as a novel high-throughput method.
AID35637Binding affinity measured at the Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor by the inhibition of [3H]clonidine binding to rat cortex using unlabeled NAbitartrate for nonspecific binding.1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-31, Volume: 41, Issue:27
7-[3-(1-piperidinyl)propoxy]chromenones as potential atypical antipsychotics. 2. Pharmacological profile of 7-[3-[4-(6-fluoro-1, 2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]propoxy]-3-(hydroxymeth yl)chromen -4-one (abaperidone, FI-8602).
AID1473741Inhibition of human MRP4 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1079937Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID1704786Toxicity in Kunming mouse assessed as change in body weight at 0.1 to 0.3 mg/kg, po administered for 28 days measured daily during compound dosing
AID1762069Cognitive enhancement effect in rat assessed as increase in time spent in exploring novel object at 0.3 mg/kg, po administered 1 hr prior to acquisition trial by novel object recognition test2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 40Discovery of a new class of multi-target heterocycle piperidine derivatives as potential antipsychotics with pro-cognitive effect.
AID1079932Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID298485Displacement of [3H]mesulergine from 5HT2C receptor expressed in CHO cells2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-18, Volume: 50, Issue:21
Principal component analysis differentiates the receptor binding profiles of three antipsychotic drug candidates from current antipsychotic drugs.
AID3992Binding affinity measured at the 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor by the inhibition of [3H]8-OH-DPAT binding to rat cortex using unlabeled buspirone for nonspecific binding.1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-31, Volume: 41, Issue:27
7-[3-(1-piperidinyl)propoxy]chromenones as potential atypical antipsychotics. 2. Pharmacological profile of 7-[3-[4-(6-fluoro-1, 2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]propoxy]-3-(hydroxymeth yl)chromen -4-one (abaperidone, FI-8602).
AID238990Inhibition of [3H]rauwolscine binding to Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
Discovery of new tetracyclic tetrahydrofuran derivatives as potential broad-spectrum psychotropic agents.
AID5804Compound was evaluated for antagonism against serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor ) receptor; No data2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-30, Volume: 43, Issue:24
Conformationally constrained butyrophenones with affinity for dopamine (D(1), D(2), D(4)) and serotonin (5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2B), 5-HT(2C)) receptors: synthesis of aminomethylbenzo[b]furanones and their evaluation as antipsychotics.
AID1473738Inhibition of human BSEP overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-taurocholate in presence of ATP measured after 15 to 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID714084Decrease in 5-HIAA level in Sprague-Dawley rat striatum at 2.4 umol/kg, sc by HPLC analysis relative to saline-treated control2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-26, Volume: 55, Issue:22
Systematic in vivo screening of a series of 1-propyl-4-arylpiperidines against dopaminergic and serotonergic properties in rat brain: a scaffold-jumping approach.
AID65243Affinity for Dopamine receptor D21998Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-21, Volume: 8, Issue:8
Azepinoindole derivatives with high affinity for brain dopamine and serotonin receptors.
AID1762060Binding affinity to alpha1 adrenoceptor (unknown origin)2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 40Discovery of a new class of multi-target heterocycle piperidine derivatives as potential antipsychotics with pro-cognitive effect.
AID1211422Absorption rate constant in Wistar rat extracellular fluid at 3 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10
Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain.
AID721751Inhibition of human OCT2-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 3 mins by fluorescence assay2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 56, Issue:3
Discovery of potent, selective multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter 1 (MATE1, SLC47A1) inhibitors through prescription drug profiling and computational modeling.
AID1762070Cognitive enhancement effect in rat assessed as increase in novelty discrimination index at 0.3 mg/kg, po administered 1 hr prior to acquisition trial by novel object recognition test2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 40Discovery of a new class of multi-target heterocycle piperidine derivatives as potential antipsychotics with pro-cognitive effect.
AID1301292Antagonistic activity at alpha-1A adrenergic receptor (unknown origin) after 10 mins by FLIPR assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 26, Issue:13
Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and biological evaluation of a series of benzamides as potential multireceptor antipsychotics.
AID1409514Therapeutic index, ratio of ED50 for catalepsy in Kunming mouse to ED50 for MK-801-induced hyperactivity in Kunming mouse2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-21, Volume: 61, Issue:22
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fused Tricyclic Heterocycle Piperazine (Piperidine) Derivatives As Potential Multireceptor Atypical Antipsychotics.
AID1209307Ratio of drug level in cerebrospinal fluid to unbound plasma concentration in Beagle dog at 0.1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID750654Displacement of [3H]mesulergine from 5HT2C receptor in rat cerebral cortex after 15 mins by liquid scintillation counting analysis2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-13, Volume: 56, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological investigation of coumarin piperazine (piperidine) derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID132469The compound was tested for antagonistic activity against apomorphine induced climbing in the mouse, percentages are for reduction in climbing after peroral administration1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-26, Volume: 42, Issue:17
N-Substituted (2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)methylamine derivatives as D(2) antagonists/5-HT(1A) partial agonists with potential as atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID5951Binding affinity towards serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor2004Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-09, Volume: 14, Issue:3
Chemoenzymatic synthesis and binding affinity of novel (R)- and (S)-3-aminomethyl-1-tetralones, potential atypical antipsychotics.
AID750653Displacement of [3H]spiperone from dopamine D2 receptor in rat striatum after 15 mins by liquid scintillation counting analysis2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-13, Volume: 56, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological investigation of coumarin piperazine (piperidine) derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID750620Therapeutic Index, ratio of ED50 for catalepsy in mouse to ED50 for antipsychotic activity in po dosed mouse assessed as reduction in apomorphine-induced climbing behavior2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-13, Volume: 56, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological investigation of coumarin piperazine (piperidine) derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID1211796Intrinsic clearance in cryopreserved human HepaRG cells assessed per 10'6 cells by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1
Comparison of cryopreserved HepaRG cells with cryopreserved human hepatocytes for prediction of clearance for 26 drugs.
AID176254Intraperitoneal effective dose required for inhibition of apomorphine-induced stereotypy in rat1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-27, Volume: 39, Issue:20
Structure-activity relationships of a series of novel (piperazinylbutyl)thiazolidinone antipsychotic agents related to 3-[4-[4-(6-fluorobenzo[b]thien-3-yl)-1-piperazinyl]butyl]-2,5,5- trimethyl-4-thiazolidinone maleate.
AID7783Unbound fraction (plasma)2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-26, Volume: 47, Issue:5
Prediction of human volume of distribution values for neutral and basic drugs. 2. Extended data set and leave-class-out statistics.
AID1209301Ratio of drug level in brain to plasma in Beagle dog at 0.1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID63804Affinity against Dopamine receptor D22000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-30, Volume: 43, Issue:24
Conformationally constrained butyrophenones with affinity for dopamine (D(1), D(2), D(4)) and serotonin (5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2B), 5-HT(2C)) receptors: synthesis of aminomethylbenzo[b]furanones and their evaluation as antipsychotics.
AID1210215Percentage unbound in Sprague-Dawley rat plasma at 1 uM after 5 hrs by equilibrium dialysis method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 40, Issue:3
Species comparison of in vivo P-glycoprotein-mediated brain efflux using mdr1a-deficient rats and mice.
AID1215120Binding affinity to Wistar rat brain lipid by TRANSIL assay2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Brain tissue binding of drugs: evaluation and validation of solid supported porcine brain membrane vesicles (TRANSIL) as a novel high-throughput method.
AID1704752Therapeutic index, ratio of ED50 for toxicity in po dosed Kunming mouse assessed as catalepsy to ED50 for antipsychotic activity in Kunming mouse assessed as inhibition of MK801-induced locomotor activity
AID1071720Therapeutic index, ratio of ED50 for induction of catalepsy to ED50 for antipsychotic activity in po dosed Kunming mouse assessed as reduction in MK801-induced hyperactivity2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-03, Volume: 74Synthesis and evaluation of new coumarin derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotics.
AID1462325Therapeutic index, ratio of ED50 for induction of catalepsy in ig dosed ICR mouse to ED50 for inhibition of PCP-induced hyper-locomotion in ig dosed ICR mouse2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Synthesis and biological investigation of tetrahydropyridopyrimidinone derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID625285Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID524792Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum D10 after 72 hrs by SYBR green assay2009Nature chemical biology, Oct, Volume: 5, Issue:10
Genetic mapping of targets mediating differential chemical phenotypes in Plasmodium falciparum.
AID35277Displacement of [3H]prazosin from Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor in rat brain1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 39, Issue:1
3-Benzisothiazolylpiperazine derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID705397Antipsychotic activity in sc dosed rat assessed as decrease in amphetamine-induced spontaneous locomotor activity2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-13, Volume: 55, Issue:17
Current landscape of phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibition.
AID1393475Reversal of ketamine-induced cognitive flexibility in ip dosed Sprague-Dawley rat administered 30 mins prior to ketamine administration by attentional set-shifting test
AID315816Antagonist activity at human recombinant 5HT2B receptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as increase in calcium levels2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
2-Alkyl-4-aryl-pyrimidine fused heterocycles as selective 5-HT2A antagonists.
AID444050Fraction unbound in human plasma2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID246883In vivo effective dose for reversal of tryptamine-induced cyanosis in rats2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
Discovery of new tetracyclic tetrahydrofuran derivatives as potential broad-spectrum psychotropic agents.
AID1682829Binding affinity to adrenergic alpha1 receptor (unknown origin)
AID5616Binding affinity towards human 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 44, Issue:4
Current and novel approaches to the drug treatment of schizophrenia.
AID1210216Percentage unbound in Sprague-Dawley rat brain at 1 uM after 5 hrs by equilibrium dialysis method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 40, Issue:3
Species comparison of in vivo P-glycoprotein-mediated brain efflux using mdr1a-deficient rats and mice.
AID1181679Antipsychotic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat prepulse inhibition deficit model assessed as reversal of MK-801-induced effect at 1 mg/kg, ip administered 20 mins prior to MK-801 challenge relative to vehicle-treated control2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 24, Issue:15
Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel polycyclic heteroarene ethers as PDE10A inhibitors: part II.
AID1209381AUC(0 to 2 hrs) in Sprague-Dawley rat plasma at 1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID1071730Displacement of [3H]8-OH-DPAT from 5HT1A receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat brain cortex homogenate after 30 mins by liquid scintillation counting2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-03, Volume: 74Synthesis and evaluation of new coumarin derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotics.
AID178920Effective dose required for antipsychotic activity was evaluated by rat CAR assay1998Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-21, Volume: 8, Issue:8
Azepinoindole derivatives with high affinity for brain dopamine and serotonin receptors.
AID342786Binding affinity to rat NET2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Identification of a butyrophenone analog as a potential atypical antipsychotic agent: 4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)butan-1-one.
AID1209353Ratio of unbound brain concentration to drug level in cerebrospinal fluid in Sprague-Dawley rat at 1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID37455Affinity for alpha-1 adrenergic receptor1998Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-21, Volume: 8, Issue:8
Azepinoindole derivatives with high affinity for brain dopamine and serotonin receptors.
AID410331Displacement of [3H]SCH23390 from dopamine D1 receptor in CRL:CD(SD)BR-COBS rat striatum by scintillation spectrometry2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-08, Volume: 52, Issue:1
Discovery of a new class of potential multifunctional atypical antipsychotic agents targeting dopamine D3 and serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors: design, synthesis, and effects on behavior.
AID1462313Antagonist activity at dopamine D2 receptor (unknown origin) after 60 mins by Ultra lance cAMP assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Synthesis and biological investigation of tetrahydropyridopyrimidinone derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID1762055Binding affinity to dopamine D3 receptor (unknown origin)2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 40Discovery of a new class of multi-target heterocycle piperidine derivatives as potential antipsychotics with pro-cognitive effect.
AID239086Inhibitory constant against dopamine D2 receptor using 0.2 nM [3H]-spiperone2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-13, Volume: 48, Issue:1
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 1-aralkyl-4-benzylpiperidine and 1-aralkyl-4-benzylpiperazine derivatives as potent sigma ligands.
AID40406Binding affinity measured at the Beta-1 adrenergic receptor by the inhibition of [3H]DHA binding to rat cortex using unlabeled isoprenalin for nonspecific binding.1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-31, Volume: 41, Issue:27
7-[3-(1-piperidinyl)propoxy]chromenones as potential atypical antipsychotics. 2. Pharmacological profile of 7-[3-[4-(6-fluoro-1, 2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]propoxy]-3-(hydroxymeth yl)chromen -4-one (abaperidone, FI-8602).
AID386623Inhibition of 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium uptake at human OCT1 expressed in HEK293 cells at 100 uM by confocal microscopy2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-09, Volume: 51, Issue:19
Structural requirements for drug inhibition of the liver specific human organic cation transport protein 1.
AID1409512Antipsychotic activity in po dosed Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as reduction in conditioned avoidance response measured at 90 mins post single dose2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-21, Volume: 61, Issue:22
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fused Tricyclic Heterocycle Piperazine (Piperidine) Derivatives As Potential Multireceptor Atypical Antipsychotics.
AID410336Displacement of [3H]mesulergine from 5HT2C receptor in CRL:(HA) BR albino guinea pig cortex by scintillation spectrometry2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-08, Volume: 52, Issue:1
Discovery of a new class of potential multifunctional atypical antipsychotic agents targeting dopamine D3 and serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors: design, synthesis, and effects on behavior.
AID1570286Displacement of [3H]ketanserin from human 5HT2A receptor expressed in HEK293 cell membranes measured after 30 mins
AID3657Binding affinity towards human 5-hydroxytryptamine 1 receptor2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 44, Issue:4
Current and novel approaches to the drug treatment of schizophrenia.
AID625288Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID176804In vivo activity administered intraperitoneally was determined by pole climb avoidance in rat1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 34, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of substituted N-alkoxyimides and -amides as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID239249Binding constant measured against Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor in human prostate; ++:moderately active2005Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 15, Issue:3
Pharmacophore identification of alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor antagonists.
AID395324Lipophilicity, log D at pH 7.4 by liquid chromatography2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-26, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Relationship between brain tissue partitioning and microemulsion retention factors of CNS drugs.
AID1724112Binding affinity to H1 receptor (unknown origin)2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 30, Issue:20
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-amide substituted derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID176458Pole climb escape failures of rats was determined after 1 hr of intraperitoneal administration of the compound1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-31, Volume: 38, Issue:7
3-[[(Aryloxy)alkyl]piperidinyl]-1,2-benzisoxazoles as D2/5-HT2 antagonists with potential atypical antipsychotic activity: antipsychotic profile of iloperidone (HP 873).
AID1474166Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID342779Binding affinity to human cloned dopamine D4 receptor2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Identification of a butyrophenone analog as a potential atypical antipsychotic agent: 4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)butan-1-one.
AID539464Solubility of the compound in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at 600 uM at pH 7.4 after 24 hrs by LC/MS/MS analysis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 20, Issue:24
Experimental solubility profiling of marketed CNS drugs, exploring solubility limit of CNS discovery candidate.
AID1215121Fraction unbound in Wistar rat brain homogenate at 5 uM after 5 hrs by equilibrium dialysis method2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Brain tissue binding of drugs: evaluation and validation of solid supported porcine brain membrane vesicles (TRANSIL) as a novel high-throughput method.
AID1409511Induction of catalepsy in po dosed Kunming mouse measured after 60 secs2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-21, Volume: 61, Issue:22
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fused Tricyclic Heterocycle Piperazine (Piperidine) Derivatives As Potential Multireceptor Atypical Antipsychotics.
AID1373835Antagonistic activity at alpha-1A adrenergic receptor (unknown origin) after 10 mins by FLIPR assay2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 28, Issue:4
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of novel pyridinecarboxamides as potential multi-receptor antipsychotic drugs.
AID35427The binding affinity was measured on adrenergic alpha-1 receptor in rat brain tissue1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-07, Volume: 35, Issue:3
Pyrrole mannich bases as potential antipsychotic agents.
AID1211454Unbound AUC (0 to infinity) in Wistar rat plasma at 3 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10
Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain.
AID176743Dose inducing catalepsy in rats after oral administration1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 39, Issue:1
3-Benzisothiazolylpiperazine derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID410333Displacement of [3H]7OH-DPAT from dopamine D3 receptor expressed in Sf9 cells by scintillation spectrometry2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-08, Volume: 52, Issue:1
Discovery of a new class of potential multifunctional atypical antipsychotic agents targeting dopamine D3 and serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors: design, synthesis, and effects on behavior.
AID540212Mean residence time in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1659273Antagonist activity at muscarinic M3 receptor (unknown origin)2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological investigation of triazolopyridinone derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID444055Fraction absorbed in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID63971Binding affinity for dopamine receptor D2 determined using [3H]spiperone2001Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-03, Volume: 11, Issue:17
New 1-aryl-4-(biarylmethylene)piperazines as potential atypical antipsychotics sharing dopamine D(2)-receptor and serotonin 5-HT(1A)-receptor affinities.
AID750656Displacement of [3H]rauwolscine from alpha-2 adrenergic receptor in rat cerebral cortex after 60 mins by liquid scintillation counting analysis2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-13, Volume: 56, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological investigation of coumarin piperazine (piperidine) derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID342775Binding affinity to human cloned dopamine D1 receptor2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Identification of a butyrophenone analog as a potential atypical antipsychotic agent: 4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)butan-1-one.
AID1209345Ratio of drug level in cerebrospinal fluid to unbound plasma concentration in Sprague-Dawley rat at 1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID1301293Antagonistic activity at histamine1 receptor (unknown origin) after 10 mins by FLIPR assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 26, Issue:13
Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and biological evaluation of a series of benzamides as potential multireceptor antipsychotics.
AID1762086Therapeutic index, ratio of ED50 for induction of catalepsy in po dosed mouse to ED50 for antipsychotic activity in po dosed mouse assessed as suppression of apomorphine-induced climbing2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 40Discovery of a new class of multi-target heterocycle piperidine derivatives as potential antipsychotics with pro-cognitive effect.
AID64327Ability to inhibit the binding of [3H]spiperone to the Dopamine receptor D2L in COS7 cells1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-17, Volume: 38, Issue:4
Binding of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene and dibenz[b,f]oxepin analogues of clozapine to dopamine and serotonin receptors.
AID1209421AUC(0 to infinity) in Sprague-Dawley rat brain at 1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID63347Binding affinity towards human Dopamine receptor D12004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 47, Issue:6
Selective optimization of side activities: another way for drug discovery.
AID61808Binding affinity towards human dopamine-4.2 receptor2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 47, Issue:6
Selective optimization of side activities: another way for drug discovery.
AID503306Antiproliferative activity against human PC3 cells at 2 uM after 120 hrs by MTT assay relative to DMSO2006Nature chemical biology, Jun, Volume: 2, Issue:6
Identifying off-target effects and hidden phenotypes of drugs in human cells.
AID1393473Reversal of ketamine-induced working social withdrawal in ip dosed Sprague-Dawley rat pretreated for 60 mins followed by ketamine administration
AID4357The compound was tested binding affinity against 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor from rat brain using [3H]8-OH-DPAT as radioligand at 10e-6 M.1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-26, Volume: 42, Issue:17
N-Substituted (2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)methylamine derivatives as D(2) antagonists/5-HT(1A) partial agonists with potential as atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID1659274Antagonist activity at 5-HT2C receptor (unknown origin)2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological investigation of triazolopyridinone derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID1256667Displacement of [3H]prazosin from adrenergic alpha1 receptor in rat cerebral cortex homogenates after 60 mins by liquid scintillation counting2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 25, Issue:22
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-substituted benzoxazole derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID625290Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID410335Displacement of [3H]ketanserin from 5HT2A receptor in CRL:CD(SD)BR-COBS rat cortex by scintillation spectrometry2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-08, Volume: 52, Issue:1
Discovery of a new class of potential multifunctional atypical antipsychotic agents targeting dopamine D3 and serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors: design, synthesis, and effects on behavior.
AID1462316Antagonist activity at adrenergic alpha1A receptor (unknown origin) after 10 mins by calcium 5 dye based FLIPR assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Synthesis and biological investigation of tetrahydropyridopyrimidinone derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID63524Binding affinity measured at the Dopamine receptor D4 by the inhibition of [3H]spiperone binding to human recombinant CHO cells using unlabeled haloperidol for nonspecific binding.1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-31, Volume: 41, Issue:27
7-[3-(1-piperidinyl)propoxy]chromenones as potential atypical antipsychotics. 2. Pharmacological profile of 7-[3-[4-(6-fluoro-1, 2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]propoxy]-3-(hydroxymeth yl)chromen -4-one (abaperidone, FI-8602).
AID63070Binding affinity towards human D2 dopamine receptor.2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 44, Issue:4
Current and novel approaches to the drug treatment of schizophrenia.
AID1209317Ratio of unbound drug level in brain to plasma in cynomolgus monkey at 0.1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID588213Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in non-rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1823847Anti-antidepressant like activity in Wistar rat assessed as reduction in locomotor activity by measuring total immobility time by Forced swim test
AID410141Toxic cataleptic effect against Swiss albino mouse2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 18, Issue:23
Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of N-2-(4-(4-(2-substitutedthiazol-4-yl) piperazin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)acetamides as novel atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID161281Inhibition of human Potassium channel HERG expressed in mammalian cells2003Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-18, Volume: 13, Issue:16
Prediction of hERG potassium channel affinity by traditional and hologram qSAR methods.
AID177555Ability to block apomorphine-induced stereotypy in rats.1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-31, Volume: 38, Issue:7
3-[[(Aryloxy)alkyl]piperidinyl]-1,2-benzisoxazoles as D2/5-HT2 antagonists with potential atypical antipsychotic activity: antipsychotic profile of iloperidone (HP 873).
AID342773Binding affinity to human cloned 5HT6 receptor2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Identification of a butyrophenone analog as a potential atypical antipsychotic agent: 4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)butan-1-one.
AID444058Volume of distribution at steady state in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID301866Displacement of [3H]spiperone from dopamine D2 receptor in rat brain2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 15, Issue:23
Rational design, synthesis and evaluation of (6aR( *),11bS( *))-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-{7-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl]1,2,3,4,6,6a,7,11b,12,12a(RS)-decahydropyrazino[2',1':6,1]pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}-butan-1-one as a potential neuroleptic agent.
AID1659275Antagonist activity at H1 receptor (unknown origin)2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological investigation of triazolopyridinone derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID1409479Displacement of [3H]-spiperone from dopamine D2 receptor in rat striatum homogenates after 30 mins by liquid scintillation counting2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-21, Volume: 61, Issue:22
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fused Tricyclic Heterocycle Piperazine (Piperidine) Derivatives As Potential Multireceptor Atypical Antipsychotics.
AID395325Lipophilicity, log P by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-26, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Relationship between brain tissue partitioning and microemulsion retention factors of CNS drugs.
AID750623Antipsychotic activity in po dosed mouse assessed as reduction in MK-801-induced hyperactivity administered for 30 mins prior to MK-801-challenge measured after 90 mins2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-13, Volume: 56, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological investigation of coumarin piperazine (piperidine) derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID625291Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID180925The percentage production of catalepsy in rat at a dose of 4 mg/kg ip.1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-07, Volume: 35, Issue:3
Pyrrole mannich bases as potential antipsychotic agents.
AID177721Induction of catalepsy in rats was determined after 1 hr of intraperitoneal administration of the compound1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-31, Volume: 38, Issue:7
3-[[(Aryloxy)alkyl]piperidinyl]-1,2-benzisoxazoles as D2/5-HT2 antagonists with potential atypical antipsychotic activity: antipsychotic profile of iloperidone (HP 873).
AID225495Compound was tested for antagonist activity against apomorphine-induced mouse stereotypy(per orally - po). using in vivo method1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-22, Volume: 39, Issue:24
Synthesis and evaluation of heterocyclic carboxamides as potential antipsychotic agents.
AID65902The binding affinity was measured on dopamine receptor D2 in rat brain tissue1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-07, Volume: 35, Issue:3
Pyrrole mannich bases as potential antipsychotic agents.
AID1335652Therapeutic index, ratio of ED50 for induction of catalepsy in po dosed Chinese Kun Ming mouse to ED50 for inhibition of MK-801 induced hyperactivity in po dosed Chinese Kun Ming mouse2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 124Synthesis and biological evaluation of new 6-hydroxypyridazinone benzisoxazoles: Potential multi-receptor-targeting atypical antipsychotics.
AID1211442Ratio of steady state drug level in extracellular fluid to unbound drug level in plasma of Wistar rat at 3 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10
Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain.
AID1079942Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID1704721Displacement of [3H]pyrilamine from guinea pig cerebellum histamine H1 receptor measured after 60 mins by liquid scintillation counting method
AID29811Oral bioavailability in human2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID3656In vitro affinity towards 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor using [3H]8-OH-DPAT as radioligand in hippocampus1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 37, Issue:15
Benzisoxazole- and benzisothiazole-3-carboxamides as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID1211448Equilibration half life in Wistar rat brain extracellular fluid at 3 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10
Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain.
AID439069Displacement of [3H]spiperone from human dopamine D3 receptor2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21
Synthesis and binding affinity of potential atypical antipsychotics with the tetrahydroquinazolinone motif.
AID1211798Intrinsic clearance in human using well stirred liver model by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1
Comparison of cryopreserved HepaRG cells with cryopreserved human hepatocytes for prediction of clearance for 26 drugs.
AID1209413AUC(0 to 2 hrs) in Sprague-Dawley rat brain at 1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID1724123Memory enhancement effect in rat assessed as increase in total exploratory time for novel objects at 0.1 mg/kg, po administered 1 hr prior to acquisition trial and measured after 24 hrs by novel object recognition test2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 30, Issue:20
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-amide substituted derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID1762057Binding affinity to 5-HT2A receptor (unknown origin)2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 40Discovery of a new class of multi-target heterocycle piperidine derivatives as potential antipsychotics with pro-cognitive effect.
AID1071721Therapeutic index, ratio of ED50 for induction of catalepsy to ED50 for antipsychotic activity in po dosed Kunming mouse assessed as reversal of apomorphine-induced cage climbing response2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-03, Volume: 74Synthesis and evaluation of new coumarin derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotics.
AID1062948Displacement of [3H]spiperone from human D2 receptor2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 71Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of aminoalkyl-tetralones and tetralols as dual dopamine/serotonin ligands.
AID1209298Ratio of drug level in brain to plasma in cynomolgus monkey at 0.1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID1764400Unbound brain concentration in P-gp knock out Sprague-Dawley rat at 5 mg/ml/kg, po measured upto 4 hrs by LC-MS analysis2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-11, Volume: 64, Issue:5
Development of an
AID3960Inhibitory activity against serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor from mice.1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-22, Volume: 39, Issue:24
Synthesis and evaluation of heterocyclic carboxamides as potential antipsychotic agents.
AID61562Compound was measured for affinity at dopamine receptor D2 labeled with [3H]spiroperidol radioligand in striatum tissue1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 34, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of substituted N-alkoxyimides and -amides as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID1704753Therapeutic index, ratio of ED50 for toxicity in po dosed Kunming mouse assessed as catalepsy to ED50 for antipsychotic activity in Kunming mouse assessed as inhibition of DOI-induced head twitch
AID721752Inhibition of human MATE2K-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 1.5 mins by fluorescence assay2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 56, Issue:3
Discovery of potent, selective multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter 1 (MATE1, SLC47A1) inhibitors through prescription drug profiling and computational modeling.
AID1215126Ratio of fraction unbound in Wistar rat brain homogenate at 5 uM after 5 hrs by equilibrium dialysis method to fraction unbound in solid supported porcine brain membrane vesicles at 5 uM by TRANSIL assay2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Brain tissue binding of drugs: evaluation and validation of solid supported porcine brain membrane vesicles (TRANSIL) as a novel high-throughput method.
AID63996Binding affinity towards dopamine D2 receptor was determined; nd=Not determined2004Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-09, Volume: 14, Issue:3
Chemoenzymatic synthesis and binding affinity of novel (R)- and (S)-3-aminomethyl-1-tetralones, potential atypical antipsychotics.
AID1823851Sedative activity in ip dosed Wistar rat assessed as effect on spontaneous locomotor activity measured for 10 mins by social interaction test
AID1335640Displacement of [3H]lysergic acid diethylamide from human recombinant 5-HT6 receptor expressed in CHO cell membranes for 30 mins by liquid scintillation counting analysis2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 124Synthesis and biological evaluation of new 6-hydroxypyridazinone benzisoxazoles: Potential multi-receptor-targeting atypical antipsychotics.
AID1211794Fraction unbound in blood (not specified)2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1
Comparison of cryopreserved HepaRG cells with cryopreserved human hepatocytes for prediction of clearance for 26 drugs.
AID729702Antipsychotic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat schizophrenia model assessed as inhibition of PCP-induced prepulse inhibition at 0.5 mg/kg, ip administered 10 mins prior testing monitored for 5 mins2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 21, Issue:4
Asymmetric total synthesis and identification of tetrahydroprotoberberine derivatives as new antipsychotic agents possessing a dopamine D(1), D(2) and serotonin 5-HT(1A) multi-action profile.
AID524790Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 after 72 hrs by SYBR green assay2009Nature chemical biology, Oct, Volume: 5, Issue:10
Genetic mapping of targets mediating differential chemical phenotypes in Plasmodium falciparum.
AID599884Displacement of [3H]5-LSD from human 5HT6 receptor expressed in human HeLa cells2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 20, Issue:18
Novel 7-phenylsulfanyl-1,2,3,4,10,10a-hexahydro-pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles as dual serotonin 5-HT2C and 5-HT6 receptor ligands.
AID1256666Displacement of [3H]-5-CT from 5-HT7 receptor in rat hypothalamus homogenates after 120 mins by liquid scintillation counting2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 25, Issue:22
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-substituted benzoxazole derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID1704748Antipsychotic activity in Kunming mouse assessed as inhibition of MK801-induced locomotor activity administered orally 30 mins prior to MK801 challenge and measured for 90 mins
AID425652Total body clearance in human2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15
Physicochemical determinants of human renal clearance.
AID410138Inhibition of 5HT2A receptor-mediated quipazine-induced head twitches in Swiss albino mouse at 10 mg/kg2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 18, Issue:23
Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of N-2-(4-(4-(2-substitutedthiazol-4-yl) piperazin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)acetamides as novel atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID1169862Binding affinity to 5HT1A receptor (unknown origin)2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-26, Volume: 57, Issue:22
Targeting dopamine D3 and serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors for developing effective antipsychotics: synthesis, biological characterization, and behavioral studies.
AID1724117Antipsychotic activity in po dosed mouse assessed as reduction in MK-801-induced hyperlocomotor activity2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 30, Issue:20
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-amide substituted derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID1409518Induction of serum prolactin levels in Kunming mouse at 0.03 to 0.27 mg/kg, po administered for 28 days measured at 180 mins post last dose by EIA2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-21, Volume: 61, Issue:22
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fused Tricyclic Heterocycle Piperazine (Piperidine) Derivatives As Potential Multireceptor Atypical Antipsychotics.
AID1764399Unbound plasma concentration in P-gp knock out Sprague-Dawley rat at 5 mg/ml/kg, po measured upto 4 hrs by LC-MS analysis2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-11, Volume: 64, Issue:5
Development of an
AID1255779Antipsychotic activity in Sprague Dawley rat psychosis model assessed as inhibition of 0.2 mg/kg dizocilpine-induced ataxia at 1 mg/kg, ip administered 30 mins prior to dizocilpine challenge measured every 5 mins for 1 hr starting from the 15th min of pos2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-22, Volume: 58, Issue:20
Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of 5,6-Disubstituted Pyridin-2(1H)-one Derivatives as Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) Antagonists.
AID1256675Antipsychotic activity in po dosed Chinese Kun Ming mouse assessed as inhibition of DOI-induced head twitch administered 60 mins before DOI challenge measured up to 15 mins2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 25, Issue:22
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-substituted benzoxazole derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID1211416Central volume of distribution in Wistar rat extracellular fluid at 3 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10
Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain.
AID1301290Toxicity in ig dosed mouse assessed as induction of catalepsy by horizontal bar method2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 26, Issue:13
Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and biological evaluation of a series of benzamides as potential multireceptor antipsychotics.
AID298478Displacement of [3H]spiperone from human dopamine D2 receptor short form expressed in CHO cells2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-18, Volume: 50, Issue:21
Principal component analysis differentiates the receptor binding profiles of three antipsychotic drug candidates from current antipsychotic drugs.
AID1209368Unbound fraction in cynomolgus monkey brain at 0.1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID1209405AUC(0 to infinity) in Sprague-Dawley rat cerebrospinal fluid at 1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID29423HPLC capacity factor (k')2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-20, Volume: 45, Issue:13
Prediction of volume of distribution values in humans for neutral and basic drugs using physicochemical measurements and plasma protein binding data.
AID625279Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID301867Displacement of [3H]ketanserin from 5HT2A receptor in rat brain2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 15, Issue:23
Rational design, synthesis and evaluation of (6aR( *),11bS( *))-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-{7-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl]1,2,3,4,6,6a,7,11b,12,12a(RS)-decahydropyrazino[2',1':6,1]pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-yl}-butan-1-one as a potential neuroleptic agent.
AID239052Inhibition of [3H]-spiperone binding to human Dopamine receptor D22005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
Discovery of new tetracyclic tetrahydrofuran derivatives as potential broad-spectrum psychotropic agents.
AID342784Binding affinity to human cloned 5HT2A receptor2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Identification of a butyrophenone analog as a potential atypical antipsychotic agent: 4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)butan-1-one.
AID1762063Inhibition of human ERG by automated patch method relative to control2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 40Discovery of a new class of multi-target heterocycle piperidine derivatives as potential antipsychotics with pro-cognitive effect.
AID298481Displacement of [3H]8-OH-DPAT from human 5HT1A receptor expressed in CHO cells2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-18, Volume: 50, Issue:21
Principal component analysis differentiates the receptor binding profiles of three antipsychotic drug candidates from current antipsychotic drugs.
AID1704749Antipsychotic activity in Kunming mouse assessed as inhibition of DOI-induced head twitch administered orally 60 mins prior to DOI challenge incubated for 5 mins and measured for 15 mins
AID1762087Therapeutic index, ratio of ED50 for induction of catalepsy in po dosed mouse to ED50 for antipsychotic activity in po dosed mouse assessed as reduction in MK-801-induced hyperlocomotor activity2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 40Discovery of a new class of multi-target heterocycle piperidine derivatives as potential antipsychotics with pro-cognitive effect.
AID4812Inhibition of [3H]ketanserin binding to dopamine 5-hydroxytryptamine 2 receptor1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-20, Volume: 35, Issue:6
Noncataleptogenic, centrally acting dopamine D-2 and serotonin 5-HT2 antagonists within a series of 3-substituted 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indoles.
AID223306Effective dose administered in catalepsy test in mice(in vivo) value in parentheses represents 95% confidence limit2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-30, Volume: 43, Issue:24
Conformationally constrained butyrophenones with affinity for dopamine (D(1), D(2), D(4)) and serotonin (5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2B), 5-HT(2C)) receptors: synthesis of aminomethylbenzo[b]furanones and their evaluation as antipsychotics.
AID1079946Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID1215123Binding affinity to Wistar rat serum albumin2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Brain tissue binding of drugs: evaluation and validation of solid supported porcine brain membrane vesicles (TRANSIL) as a novel high-throughput method.
AID1724109Binding affinity to 5HT2A receptor (unknown origin)2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 30, Issue:20
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-amide substituted derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID524795Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum HB3 after 72 hrs by SYBR green assay2009Nature chemical biology, Oct, Volume: 5, Issue:10
Genetic mapping of targets mediating differential chemical phenotypes in Plasmodium falciparum.
AID315817Antagonist activity at human recombinant 5HT2C receptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as increase in calcium levels2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
2-Alkyl-4-aryl-pyrimidine fused heterocycles as selective 5-HT2A antagonists.
AID238989Inhibition of [3H]rauwolscine binding to Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 48, Issue:6
Discovery of new tetracyclic tetrahydrofuran derivatives as potential broad-spectrum psychotropic agents.
AID315815Antagonist activity at human recombinant 5HT2A receptor expressed in mouse NIH3T3 cells assessed as increase in calcium levels2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
2-Alkyl-4-aryl-pyrimidine fused heterocycles as selective 5-HT2A antagonists.
AID112509In vivo Antipsychotic activity was quantified by inhibition of apomorphine-induced climbing(CL 95%) by mice1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-29, Volume: 42, Issue:15
Conformationally constrained butyrophenones with mixed dopaminergic (D(2)) and serotoninergic (5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2C)) affinities: synthesis, pharmacology, 3D-QSAR, and molecular modeling of (aminoalkyl)benzo- and -thienocycloalkanones as putative atypical an
AID1776498Antidepressant activity in ICR mouse aassessed as inhibition of apomorphine-induced climbing behaviour at 10 mg/kg, ip administered prior to APO challenge and measured after 30 mins2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-13, Volume: 64, Issue:9
Discovery of Novel and Potent
AID1409513Therapeutic index, ratio of ED50 for catalepsy in Kunming mouse to ED50 for apomorphine-induced climbing in Kunming mouse2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-21, Volume: 61, Issue:22
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fused Tricyclic Heterocycle Piperazine (Piperidine) Derivatives As Potential Multireceptor Atypical Antipsychotics.
AID1211297Drug recovery in plasma (unknown origin)2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 39, Issue:3
Control and measurement of plasma pH in equilibrium dialysis: influence on drug plasma protein binding.
AID410143Ratio of inhibition of quipazine-induced head twitches to inhibition of apomorphine-induced cage climbing behavior in Swiss albino mouse at 10 mg/kg2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 18, Issue:23
Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of N-2-(4-(4-(2-substitutedthiazol-4-yl) piperazin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)acetamides as novel atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID1169860Binding affinity to dopamine D2 receptor (unknown origin)2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-26, Volume: 57, Issue:22
Targeting dopamine D3 and serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors for developing effective antipsychotics: synthesis, biological characterization, and behavioral studies.
AID1211436Ratio of uptake clearance to efflux clearance in Wistar rat brain extracellular fluid at 3 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10
Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain.
AID1211412Tmax in Wistar rat extracellular fluid at 3 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10
Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain.
AID705399Antipsychotic activity in sc dosed rat assessed as decrease in spontaneous locomotor activity2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-13, Volume: 55, Issue:17
Current landscape of phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibition.
AID130711In vivo inhibition of the apomorphine-induced climbing behavior in mice2001Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-03, Volume: 11, Issue:17
New 1-aryl-4-(biarylmethylene)piperazines as potential atypical antipsychotics sharing dopamine D(2)-receptor and serotonin 5-HT(1A)-receptor affinities.
AID235066The binding affinity was measured on alpha-1 adrenergic receptor in rat brain tissue1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-07, Volume: 35, Issue:3
Pyrrole mannich bases as potential antipsychotic agents.
AID225492Compound was tested for antagonist activity against apomorphine-induced mouse climbing(per orally - po). using in vivo method1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-22, Volume: 39, Issue:24
Synthesis and evaluation of heterocyclic carboxamides as potential antipsychotic agents.
AID444053Renal clearance in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID588210Human drug-induced liver injury (DILI) modelling dataset from Ekins et al2010Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Dec, Volume: 38, Issue:12
A predictive ligand-based Bayesian model for human drug-induced liver injury.
AID1079940Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID4061Compound was evaluated for its binding affinity with 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor using membranes prepared from rat cerebral cortex1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-04, Volume: 41, Issue:12
Orally active benzamide antipsychotic agents with affinity for dopamine D2, serotonin 5-HT1A, and adrenergic alpha1 receptors.
AID1203551Potentiation of human GlyR-alpha1 expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes assessed as induction of glycine-activated currents at 10 uM after 1 to 4 days by two-electrode voltage clamp assay relative to control2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-09, Volume: 58, Issue:7
Ensemble-based virtual screening for cannabinoid-like potentiators of the human glycine receptor α1 for the treatment of pain.
AID298487Displacement of [3H]LSD from human 5HT7 receptor expressed in CHO cells2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-18, Volume: 50, Issue:21
Principal component analysis differentiates the receptor binding profiles of three antipsychotic drug candidates from current antipsychotic drugs.
AID625292Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID444056Fraction escaping gut-wall elimination in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID625283Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1204338Displacement of [3H]LSD from human recombinant 5-HT2A receptor expressed in CHOK1 cells assessed as total radioligand binding at 1.66 x 10'-7 M incubated for 60 mins by microbeta plate reader based method2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 97Structure-activity relationships and molecular studies of novel arylpiperazinylalkyl purine-2,4-diones and purine-2,4,8-triones with antidepressant and anxiolytic-like activity.
AID36197Binding affinity towards human alpha-2 adrenergic receptor2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 44, Issue:4
Current and novel approaches to the drug treatment of schizophrenia.
AID410134Inhibition of dopamine D2 receptor-mediated apomorphine-induced cage climbing behavior in Swiss albino mouse at 10 mg/kg measured on 10 mins2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 18, Issue:23
Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of N-2-(4-(4-(2-substitutedthiazol-4-yl) piperazin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)acetamides as novel atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID599883Displacement of [3H]mesulergine from human 5HT2C receptor in human tsA201 cells2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 20, Issue:18
Novel 7-phenylsulfanyl-1,2,3,4,10,10a-hexahydro-pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles as dual serotonin 5-HT2C and 5-HT6 receptor ligands.
AID5573Relative binding affinity for D2 receptor and 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor, ratio of Ki1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 39, Issue:1
3-Benzisothiazolylpiperazine derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID1659261Agonist activity at D2 receptor (unknown origin)2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological investigation of triazolopyridinone derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID1704723Displacement of [3H]lysergic acid diethylamide from human recombinant 5HT6 receptor stably expressed in CHO cell membranes measured after 30 mins by liquid scintillation counting method
AID1403796Antagonist activity at histamine H1 receptor (unknown origin) after 10 mins by calcium 5 dye based FLIPR assay
AID61499Affinity for Dopamine receptor D11998Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-21, Volume: 8, Issue:8
Azepinoindole derivatives with high affinity for brain dopamine and serotonin receptors.
AID1209397AUC(0 to 2 hrs) in Sprague-Dawley rat cerebrospinal fluid at 1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID1724118Antipsychotic activity in po dosed rat assessed as suppression in conditioned avoidance response measured after 90 mins by CAR test2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 30, Issue:20
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-amide substituted derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID6648Binding affinity towards rat 5-hydroxytryptamine 7 receptor2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-03, Volume: 46, Issue:14
Higher-end serotonin receptors: 5-HT(5), 5-HT(6), and 5-HT(7).
AID1578087Brain to plasma partition coefficient, Kp of the compound in rat2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 182Practical approaches to evaluating and optimizing brain exposure in early drug discovery.
AID714089Increase in DOPAC level in Sprague-Dawley rat striatum at 2.4 umol/kg, sc by HPLC analysis relative to saline-treated control2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-26, Volume: 55, Issue:22
Systematic in vivo screening of a series of 1-propyl-4-arylpiperidines against dopaminergic and serotonergic properties in rat brain: a scaffold-jumping approach.
AID232554Ratio of ED50 for antagonism of apomorphine-induced stereotypy to ED50 for antagonism of apomorphine-induced climbing.1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-22, Volume: 39, Issue:24
Synthesis and evaluation of heterocyclic carboxamides as potential antipsychotic agents.
AID395327Dissociation constant, pKa by capillary electrophoresis2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-26, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Relationship between brain tissue partitioning and microemulsion retention factors of CNS drugs.
AID1210241Total drug level in mdr1a-deficient rat brain at 5 mg/kg/day administered through continuous minipump treatment for 3 days by UPLC-MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 40, Issue:3
Species comparison of in vivo P-glycoprotein-mediated brain efflux using mdr1a-deficient rats and mice.
AID64296Inhibition of [3H]methylspiperone binding to rat striatal membrane Dopamine receptor D21998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-31, Volume: 41, Issue:27
7-[3-(1-piperidinyl)propoxy]chromenones as potential atypical antipsychotics. 2. Pharmacological profile of 7-[3-[4-(6-fluoro-1, 2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]propoxy]-3-(hydroxymeth yl)chromen -4-one (abaperidone, FI-8602).
AID1409516Induction of weight gain in Kunming mouse at 0.03 to 0.27 mg/kg, po administered for 28 days measured every day during compound dosing2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-21, Volume: 61, Issue:22
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fused Tricyclic Heterocycle Piperazine (Piperidine) Derivatives As Potential Multireceptor Atypical Antipsychotics.
AID1211419Systemic clearance in Wistar rat extracellular fluid at 3 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10
Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain.
AID1335645Displacement of [3H]mepyramine from histamine H1 receptor in guinea pig cerebellum incubated for 60 mins by liquid scintillation counting analysis2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 124Synthesis and biological evaluation of new 6-hydroxypyridazinone benzisoxazoles: Potential multi-receptor-targeting atypical antipsychotics.
AID1301289Antipsychotic activity in ig dosed mouse assessed as inhibition of PCP-induced hyperactivity2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 26, Issue:13
Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and biological evaluation of a series of benzamides as potential multireceptor antipsychotics.
AID308685Displacement of [3H]ketanserin human cloned serotonin 5HT2A receptor2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 17, Issue:17
Synthesis and binding affinity of new pyrazole and isoxazole derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotics.
AID410140Toxic cataleptic effect in Swiss albino mouse assessed as maximum average cataleptic time2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 18, Issue:23
Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of N-2-(4-(4-(2-substitutedthiazol-4-yl) piperazin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)acetamides as novel atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID1211293Unbound fraction in plasma (unknown origin) under normal atmospheric condition at pH 7.22 after 6 hrs by equilibrium dialysis method2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 39, Issue:3
Control and measurement of plasma pH in equilibrium dialysis: influence on drug plasma protein binding.
AID1209361Ratio of unbound drug level in brain to plasma in Sprague-Dawley rat at 1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID1449628Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in baculovirus transfected fall armyworm Sf21 cell membranes vesicles assessed as reduction in ATP-dependent [3H]-taurocholate transport into vesicles incubated for 5 mins by Topcount based rapid filtration method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Dec, Volume: 40, Issue:12
Mitigating the inhibition of human bile salt export pump by drugs: opportunities provided by physicochemical property modulation, in silico modeling, and structural modification.
AID467613Volume of distribution at steady state in human2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 44, Issue:11
Prediction of volume of distribution values in human using immobilized artificial membrane partitioning coefficients, the fraction of compound ionized and plasma protein binding data.
AID540209Volume of distribution at steady state in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID410139Inhibition of 5HT2A receptor-mediated quipazine-induced head twitches in Swiss albino mouse at 0.6 mg/kg, ip2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 18, Issue:23
Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of N-2-(4-(4-(2-substitutedthiazol-4-yl) piperazin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl)acetamides as novel atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID225182Inhibition of apomorphine-induced climbing behavior in mice, after peroral administration1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-19, Volume: 39, Issue:15
7-[3-(1-piperidinyl)propoxy]chromenones as potential atypical antipsychotics.
AID1203549Potentiation of human GlyR-alpha1 expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes assessed as induction of glycine-activated currents at 1 uM after 1 to 4 days by two-electrode voltage clamp assay relative to control2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-09, Volume: 58, Issue:7
Ensemble-based virtual screening for cannabinoid-like potentiators of the human glycine receptor α1 for the treatment of pain.
AID64984Binding affinity measured at the Dopamine receptor D3 by the inhibition of [3H]YM-09151-2 binding to human recombinant CCL 1.3 cells using unlabeled 7-OH-DPAT for nonspecific binding.1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-31, Volume: 41, Issue:27
7-[3-(1-piperidinyl)propoxy]chromenones as potential atypical antipsychotics. 2. Pharmacological profile of 7-[3-[4-(6-fluoro-1, 2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]propoxy]-3-(hydroxymeth yl)chromen -4-one (abaperidone, FI-8602).
AID419436Lipophilicity, log P of the compound2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 19, Issue:11
Synthesis and evaluation of 1-(quinoliloxypropyl)-4-aryl piperazines for atypical antipsychotic effect.
AID1570292Antagonist activity at human 5HT2A receptor expressed in CHOK1 cells assessed as maximal inhibition of 5-HT induced inositol phosphate production incubated for 24 hrs followed by 5-HT addition by HTRF assay relative to control
AID625289Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1570291Agonist activity at human 5HT1A receptor expressed in HEK293 cell membranes assessed as maximal inhibition of forskolin induced cAMP production incubated for 24 hrs followed by forskolin addition by HTRF assay relative to control
AID1335649Inhibition of apomorphine-induced climbing behavior in po dosed Chinese Kun Ming mouse administered for 30 mins followed by apomorphine challenge and measured for 10 to 30 mins2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 124Synthesis and biological evaluation of new 6-hydroxypyridazinone benzisoxazoles: Potential multi-receptor-targeting atypical antipsychotics.
AID1256678Ratio of ED50 for Chinese Kun Ming mouse assessed as induction of catalepsy to ED50 for Chinese Kun Ming mouse assessed as inhibition of DOI-induced head twitch2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 25, Issue:22
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-substituted benzoxazole derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID705398Antipsychotic activity in sc dosed rat assessed as decrease in phencyclidine-induced locomotor activity2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-13, Volume: 55, Issue:17
Current landscape of phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibition.
AID1704774Effect on total exploration time in Sprague-Dawley rat at 0.2 mg/kg, po measured after 1 hr by novel object recognition test
AID681619TP_TRANSPORTER: ATP hydrolysis in membranes from MDR1-expressing insect cells2002Life sciences, May-31, Volume: 71, Issue:2
In vitro P-glycoprotein affinity for atypical and conventional antipsychotics.
AID750625Toxicity in mouse assessed as effect on serum prolactin level at 0.02 to 0.16 mg/kg, po for 28 days measured 180 mins after last treatment by enzyme immunoassay2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-13, Volume: 56, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological investigation of coumarin piperazine (piperidine) derivatives as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics.
AID65920In vitro affinity against Dopamine receptor D4; No data2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-30, Volume: 43, Issue:24
Conformationally constrained butyrophenones with affinity for dopamine (D(1), D(2), D(4)) and serotonin (5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2B), 5-HT(2C)) receptors: synthesis of aminomethylbenzo[b]furanones and their evaluation as antipsychotics.
AID1823849Antipsychotic activity in ip dosed Wistar rat assessed as induction of MK801-induced hyperlocomotor activity by measuring minimum effective dose measured for 15 mins
AID26304Partition coefficient (logD6.5)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID1062947Selectivity ratio of pKi for human 5-HT2A receptor to pKi for human D2 receptor2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 71Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of aminoalkyl-tetralones and tetralols as dual dopamine/serotonin ligands.
AID225181Inhibition of apomorphine-induced climbing behavior in mice, after Intraperitoneal administration1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-19, Volume: 39, Issue:15
7-[3-(1-piperidinyl)propoxy]chromenones as potential atypical antipsychotics.
AID26362Ionization constant (pKa)2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-26, Volume: 47, Issue:5
Prediction of human volume of distribution values for neutral and basic drugs. 2. Extended data set and leave-class-out statistics.
AID229516Ratio of IC50 value against dopamine receptor D2 to that of 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor.1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-31, Volume: 38, Issue:7
3-[[(Aryloxy)alkyl]piperidinyl]-1,2-benzisoxazoles as D2/5-HT2 antagonists with potential atypical antipsychotic activity: antipsychotic profile of iloperidone (HP 873).
AID1256664Displacement of [3H]8-OH-DPAT from 5-HT1A receptor in rat cerebral cortex homogenates after 60 mins by liquid scintillation counting2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 25, Issue:22
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of piperidine (piperazine)-substituted benzoxazole derivatives as multi-target antipsychotics.
AID3688Affinity for 5-hydroxytryptamine 1 receptor1998Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-21, Volume: 8, Issue:8
Azepinoindole derivatives with high affinity for brain dopamine and serotonin receptors.
AID5614Binding affinity towards human serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 47, Issue:6
Selective optimization of side activities: another way for drug discovery.
AID36113Binding affinity towards human alpha-1 adrenergic receptor2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 47, Issue:6
Selective optimization of side activities: another way for drug discovery.
AID1762065Antipsychotic activity in po dosed mouse assessed as reduction in MK-801-induced hyperlocomotor activity2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 40Discovery of a new class of multi-target heterocycle piperidine derivatives as potential antipsychotics with pro-cognitive effect.
AID176803In vivo activity administered intraperitoneally was determined by intracranial self stimulation in rat1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 34, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of substituted N-alkoxyimides and -amides as potential atypical antipsychotic agents.
AID112508In vivo Antipsychotic activity was quantified by induction of catalepsy in mice1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-29, Volume: 42, Issue:15
Conformationally constrained butyrophenones with mixed dopaminergic (D(2)) and serotoninergic (5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2C)) affinities: synthesis, pharmacology, 3D-QSAR, and molecular modeling of (aminoalkyl)benzo- and -thienocycloalkanones as putative atypical an
AID197749Inhibition of apomorphine-induced stereotypy in Rat, after peroral administration1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-19, Volume: 39, Issue:15
7-[3-(1-piperidinyl)propoxy]chromenones as potential atypical antipsychotics.
AID233511Ratio of pKi of 5-HT2A receptor to that of D2 receptor2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-30, Volume: 43, Issue:24
Conformationally constrained butyrophenones with affinity for dopamine (D(1), D(2), D(4)) and serotonin (5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2B), 5-HT(2C)) receptors: synthesis of aminomethylbenzo[b]furanones and their evaluation as antipsychotics.
AID1152668Displacement of [3H]ketanserin from human recombinant 5-HT2A receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cell membrane after 60 mins by liquid scintillation counting analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 57, Issue:11
Novel arylsulfonamide derivatives with 5-HT₆/5-HT₇ receptor antagonism targeting behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.
AID1335642Displacement of [3H]spiperone from dopamine D2 receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat striatum incubated for 30 mins by liquid scintillation counting analysis2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 124Synthesis and biological evaluation of new 6-hydroxypyridazinone benzisoxazoles: Potential multi-receptor-targeting atypical antipsychotics.
AID1209288AUC(0 to 1 hr) in cynomolgus monkey cerebrospinal fluid at 0.1 mg/kg, sc by LC-MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 40, Issue:11
An evaluation of using rat-derived single-dose neuropharmacokinetic parameters to project accurately large animal unbound brain drug concentrations.
AID5522Binding affinity measured at the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor by the inhibition of [3H]ketanserin binding to rat cortex using unlabeled mianserin for nonspecific binding.1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-31, Volume: 41, Issue:27
7-[3-(1-piperidinyl)propoxy]chromenones as potential atypical antipsychotics. 2. Pharmacological profile of 7-[3-[4-(6-fluoro-1, 2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-piperidin-1-yl]propoxy]-3-(hydroxymeth yl)chromen -4-one (abaperidone, FI-8602).
AID19424Partition coefficient (logD7.4)2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-19, Volume: 44, Issue:15
ElogD(oct): a tool for lipophilicity determination in drug discovery. 2. Basic and neutral compounds.
AID223305Effective dose administered in apomorphine induced climbing test in mice (in vivo)value in parentheses represents 95% confidence limit2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-30, Volume: 43, Issue:24
Conformationally constrained butyrophenones with affinity for dopamine (D(1), D(2), D(4)) and serotonin (5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2B), 5-HT(2C)) receptors: synthesis of aminomethylbenzo[b]furanones and their evaluation as antipsychotics.
AID504812Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID504810Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347424RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347425Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347407qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID588519A screen for compounds that inhibit viral RNA polymerase binding and polymerization activities2011Antiviral research, Sep, Volume: 91, Issue:3
High-throughput screening identification of poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors.
AID540299A screen for compounds that inhibit the MenB enzyme of Mycobacterium tuberculosis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 20, Issue:21
Synthesis and SAR studies of 1,4-benzoxazine MenB inhibitors: novel antibacterial agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1345235Rat 5-HT7 receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors)1994The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Mar, Volume: 268, Issue:3
Binding of typical and atypical antipsychotic agents to 5-hydroxytryptamine-6 and 5-hydroxytryptamine-7 receptors.
AID624231Antagonists at Human 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor 5-HT1D1996Molecular pharmacology, Dec, Volume: 50, Issue:6
Alniditan, a new 5-hydroxytryptamine1D agonist and migraine-abortive agent: ligand-binding properties of human 5-hydroxytryptamine1D alpha, human 5-hydroxytryptamine1D beta, and calf 5-hydroxytryptamine1D receptors investigated with [3H]5-hydroxytryptamin
AID1345615Human 5-HT1A receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors)1996Psychopharmacology, Mar, Volume: 124, Issue:1-2
Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding.
AID624223Antagonists at Human 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor 5-HT2A2003Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, Mar, Volume: 28, Issue:3
H1-histamine receptor affinity predicts short-term weight gain for typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs.
AID1346739Human 5-HT1F receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors)1996Psychopharmacology, Mar, Volume: 124, Issue:1-2
Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding.
AID1346264Human 5-HT1B receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors)2009Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Asenapine: a novel psychopharmacologic agent with a unique human receptor signature.
AID1346528Human 5-HT1D receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors)1996Molecular pharmacology, Dec, Volume: 50, Issue:6
Alniditan, a new 5-hydroxytryptamine1D agonist and migraine-abortive agent: ligand-binding properties of human 5-hydroxytryptamine1D alpha, human 5-hydroxytryptamine1D beta, and calf 5-hydroxytryptamine1D receptors investigated with [3H]5-hydroxytryptamin
AID1346919Rat 5-HT2A receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors)1998The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Jul, Volume: 286, Issue:1
Creation of a constitutively activated state of the 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptor by site-directed mutagenesis: inverse agonist activity of antipsychotic drugs.
AID1259419Human 5-HT2A receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors)1996Psychopharmacology, Mar, Volume: 124, Issue:1-2
Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding.
AID1345615Human 5-HT1A receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors)1998European journal of pharmacology, Aug-21, Volume: 355, Issue:2-3
Agonist and antagonist actions of antipsychotic agents at 5-HT1A receptors: a [35S]GTPgammaS binding study.
AID1346603Human 5-ht1e receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors)1996Psychopharmacology, Mar, Volume: 124, Issue:1-2
Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding.
AID1346893Human 5-HT2C receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors)2000The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Oct, Volume: 295, Issue:1
Inverse agonist activity of atypical antipsychotic drugs at human 5-hydroxytryptamine2C receptors.
AID624232Antagonists at Human 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor 5-ht1e1996Psychopharmacology, Mar, Volume: 124, Issue:1-2
Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding.
AID1346037Human H1 receptor (Histamine receptors)2003Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, Mar, Volume: 28, Issue:3
H1-histamine receptor affinity predicts short-term weight gain for typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs.
AID624222Antagonists at Rat 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor 5-HT2A1998The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Jul, Volume: 286, Issue:1
Creation of a constitutively activated state of the 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptor by site-directed mutagenesis: inverse agonist activity of antipsychotic drugs.
AID1345971Human alpha1D-adrenoceptor (Adrenoceptors)2001Japanese journal of pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 86, Issue:2
Affinity of serotonin receptor antagonists and agonists to recombinant and native alpha1-adrenoceptor subtypes.
AID1345235Rat 5-HT7 receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors)1996European journal of pharmacology, Dec-19, Volume: 317, Issue:2-3
Iloperidone binding to human and rat dopamine and 5-HT receptors.
AID1346264Human 5-HT1B receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors)1998British journal of pharmacology, Apr, Volume: 123, Issue:8
Agonistic properties of alniditan, sumatriptan and dihydroergotamine on human 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors expressed in various mammalian cell lines.
AID1346000Human alpha1B-adrenoceptor (Adrenoceptors)2001Japanese journal of pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 86, Issue:2
Affinity of serotonin receptor antagonists and agonists to recombinant and native alpha1-adrenoceptor subtypes.
AID624215Antagonists at Human 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor 5-HT1A1996Psychopharmacology, Mar, Volume: 124, Issue:1-2
Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding.
AID624226Antagonists at Human 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor 5-HT1F1996Psychopharmacology, Mar, Volume: 124, Issue:1-2
Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding.
AID1345291Human 5-HT7 receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors)1998British journal of pharmacology, Jul, Volume: 124, Issue:6
Functional characterisation of the human cloned 5-HT7 receptor (long form); antagonist profile of SB-258719.
AID624223Antagonists at Human 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor 5-HT2A1996Psychopharmacology, Mar, Volume: 124, Issue:1-2
Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding.
AID624223Antagonists at Human 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor 5-HT2A2002European journal of pharmacology, Aug-16, Volume: 450, Issue:1
A comparison of the receptor binding and HERG channel affinities for a series of antipsychotic drugs.
AID624217Antagonists at Rat 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor 5-HT1A1996European journal of pharmacology, Dec-19, Volume: 317, Issue:2-3
Iloperidone binding to human and rat dopamine and 5-HT receptors.
AID1345602Rat 5-HT1A receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors)1996European journal of pharmacology, Dec-19, Volume: 317, Issue:2-3
Iloperidone binding to human and rat dopamine and 5-HT receptors.
AID1345908Human alpha1A-adrenoceptor (Adrenoceptors)2001Japanese journal of pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 86, Issue:2
Affinity of serotonin receptor antagonists and agonists to recombinant and native alpha1-adrenoceptor subtypes.
AID1345170Human 5-HT6 receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors)1996Journal of neurochemistry, Jan, Volume: 66, Issue:1
Cloning, characterization, and chromosomal localization of a human 5-HT6 serotonin receptor.
AID1346037Human H1 receptor (Histamine receptors)1996Psychopharmacology, Mar, Volume: 124, Issue:1-2
Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding.
AID624215Antagonists at Human 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor 5-HT1A1998European journal of pharmacology, Aug-21, Volume: 355, Issue:2-3
Agonist and antagonist actions of antipsychotic agents at 5-HT1A receptors: a [35S]GTPgammaS binding study.
AID1345154Rat 5-HT6 receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors)1994The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Mar, Volume: 268, Issue:3
Binding of typical and atypical antipsychotic agents to 5-hydroxytryptamine-6 and 5-hydroxytryptamine-7 receptors.
AID1346893Human 5-HT2C receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors)2003Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, Mar, Volume: 28, Issue:3
H1-histamine receptor affinity predicts short-term weight gain for typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs.
AID1345291Human 5-HT7 receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors)2005Psychopharmacology, May, Volume: 179, Issue:2
Stable expression of constitutively activated mutant h5HT6 and h5HT7 serotonin receptors: inverse agonist activity of antipsychotic drugs.
AID1345788Human D2 receptor (Dopamine receptors)1998Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, Feb, Volume: 18, Issue:2
Do novel antipsychotics have similar pharmacological characteristics? A review of the evidence.
AID1259419Human 5-HT2A receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors)2002European journal of pharmacology, Aug-16, Volume: 450, Issue:1
A comparison of the receptor binding and HERG channel affinities for a series of antipsychotic drugs.
AID1345154Rat 5-HT6 receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors)1996European journal of pharmacology, Dec-19, Volume: 317, Issue:2-3
Iloperidone binding to human and rat dopamine and 5-HT receptors.
AID1346528Human 5-HT1D receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors)1996Psychopharmacology, Mar, Volume: 124, Issue:1-2
Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding.
AID624231Antagonists at Human 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor 5-HT1D1996Psychopharmacology, Mar, Volume: 124, Issue:1-2
Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding.
AID1346264Human 5-HT1B receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors)1996Psychopharmacology, Mar, Volume: 124, Issue:1-2
Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding.
AID1345833Human D3 receptor (Dopamine receptors)1995The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Nov, Volume: 275, Issue:2
Functional correlates of dopamine D3 receptor activation in the rat in vivo and their modulation by the selective antagonist, (+)-S 14297: 1. Activation of postsynaptic D3 receptors mediates hypothermia, whereas blockade of D2 receptors elicits prolactin
AID1259419Human 5-HT2A receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors)2003Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, Mar, Volume: 28, Issue:3
H1-histamine receptor affinity predicts short-term weight gain for typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
AID493017Wombat Data for BeliefDocking1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-22, Volume: 39, Issue:24
Synthesis and evaluation of heterocyclic carboxamides as potential antipsychotic agents.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (6,447)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19908 (0.12)18.7374
1990's903 (14.01)18.2507
2000's2754 (42.72)29.6817
2010's2258 (35.02)24.3611
2020's524 (8.13)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 124.68

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index124.68 (24.57)
Research Supply Index9.04 (2.92)
Research Growth Index6.91 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index232.87 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (124.68)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials1,505 (21.74%)5.53%
Reviews825 (11.92%)6.00%
Case Studies1,376 (19.87%)4.05%
Observational58 (0.84%)0.25%
Other3,160 (45.64%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (451)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Post Marketing Study of Escitalopram Versus Risperidone for the Treatment of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms Amongst Alzheimer's Disease Patients [NCT01119638]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-04-30Completed
Effects of NMDA Receptor Antagonism on Cognitive Processes in Healthy Volunteers and Its Reversal by a Dopamine Antagonist: Comparison to Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT01140620]Phase 487 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-06-30Completed
Risperidone Effects On Frontal And Temporal Cortical Function In Schizophrenia Patients Undergoing FMRI Cognitive Task Performance [NCT01234454]34 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-01-31Completed
Optimizing Response in Psychosis Study [NCT00314327]Phase 41 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-04-30Terminated(stopped due to Recruitment for the study was limited.)
Research and Evaluation of Antipsychotic Treatment in Community Behavioral Health Organizations [NCT01181960]1,066 participants (Actual)Observational2010-08-31Completed
A 6-month, Randomised, Double-blind, Parallel-group, Risperidone-controlled, Fixed-dose Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of Zicronapine in Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT01295372]Phase 3160 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-04-30Completed
Open Flexible-dose Randomized Study of the Effectiveness of Second Generation Antipsychotics in First Episode Psychosis Patients: A 1-year Follow-up [NCT02532491]Phase 4200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-05-31Enrolling by invitation
Pragmatic Randomized Trial of Risperdal Consta Versus Oral Atypical Antipsychotics in Poorly Adherent Subjects With Schizophrenia in a Routine Care Setting [NCT00256997]Phase 4167 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-01-31Terminated(stopped due to Inability to recruit number of planned patients)
Clinical Study to Assess the Treatment of Schizophrenia With Paliperidone Palmitate in Rwandan Healthcare Settings [NCT04940039]Phase 493 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-07-22Active, not recruiting
Therapeutic Issues for Autism Spectrum Disorders: a Clinical Trial [NCT03887754]Phase 280 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Completed
A Double Blind Pilot Trial to Evaluate Efficacy Trends and Safety of Risperidone and Olanzapine as add-on Therapy to Serotonin Type Antidepressants in Subjects With Treatment Resistant Depression (TRD) [NCT01282632]Phase 1/Phase 242 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-08-31Completed
A Twelve-Month, Prospective, Randomized, Active-Controlled, Open-Label, Flexible-Dose Study of Paliperidone Palmitate Compared With Oral Antipsychotic Treatment in Adults With Schizophrenia Who Have Been Recently Discharged From an Inpatient Psychiatric H [NCT01193166]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Withdrawn(stopped due to This study was stopped due to an internal reconsideration of priorities of the product portfolio.)
A Multicentre, 8-week, Single-arm, Open-label, Pragmatic Trial to Explore Acceptance and Performance of Using a Digital Medicine System With Healthcare Professionals and Adult Subjects With Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder, or First Episode Psychos [NCT03568500]Phase 444 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-05-21Completed
Single Dose Two-way Crossover Fed Bioequivalence Study of Risperidone 1 mg ODT Tablets in Healthy Volunteers [NCT01222923]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-10-31Completed
Phase I Clinical Trial. Study of the Impact of Pharmacogenetic Markers in Predicting the Appearance of Extrapyramidal Symptomatology After the Treatment With Typical vs. Atypical Antipsychotics, in Healthy Volunteers [NCT01259973]Phase 124 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-02-28Enrolling by invitation
Comparative, Randomized, Single-Dose, 2-way Crossover Bioavailability Study of Dr.Reddy's Laboratories Ltd. and Janssen Pharmaceutica Products, LP. (Risperdal M-TABTM)1 mg Risperidone Orally Disintegrating Tablets in Healthy Adult Male Volunteers Under Fa [NCT01155921]Phase 136 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-08-31Completed
Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Intramuscular Injections of Risperidone ISM® in Patients With Acute Exacerbation of Schizophrenia [NCT03160521]Phase 3438 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-02Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Risperidone Extended-Release Injectable Suspension (TV-46000) for Subcutaneous Use as Maintenance Treatment in Adult and Adolescent Pat [NCT03503318]Phase 3544 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-04-27Completed
Evaluation of the Effects of Sequential Multiple-Dose Regimens of Cariprazine on Cardiac Repolarization in Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT01376076]Phase 1129 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-06-30Completed
Comparison of Aripiprazole Versus Risperidone on Brain Morphology Using MRI [NCT02334904]60 participants (Anticipated)Observational2014-07-31Recruiting
A Phase IIa, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of MK-8189 Using Risperidone as an Active Control in Subjects Experiencing an Acute Episode of Schizophrenia [NCT03055338]Phase 2224 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-08Completed
An Open-Label, One-Sequence Study to Evaluate the Steady- State Comparative Bioavailability of Intramuscular Risperidone ISM® and EU Risperdal® (Sourced From Germany) [NCT05179525]Phase 180 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-03-09Completed
An Observational Drug Utilization Study of SYCREST^® (Asenapine) in the United Kingdom [NCT01498770]42 participants (Actual)Observational2013-04-01Completed
A Pilot-Study in Rwandan Health Care Settings to Examine the Feasibility of a Large Pragmatic Clinical Study to Assess the Value of Paliperidone Palmitate in Rwanda [NCT03713658]Phase 434 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-10-18Completed
Biomarkers in Autism of Aripiprazole and Risperidone Treatment [NCT01333072]Phase 480 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
A Randomized, Open-Label, Parallel-Group Study to Assess the Relative Bioavailability of LY03004 and Risperdal® Consta® at 25 mg Following Multiple Intramuscular Injections in Stable Patients With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder [NCT02091388]Phase 1108 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-30Completed
Interventional, Randomized, Double-blind, Active-controlled Study of the Efficacy of Lu AF35700 in Patients With Early-in-disease or Late-in-disease Treatment-resistant Schizophrenia [NCT03230864]Phase 3119 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-20Terminated(stopped due to New data; the study was terminated based on new efficacy data from another study)
Efficacy and Safety of Risperidone and Trazodone Monotherapy and Combination Therapy in Critically Ill Patients With Delirium: A Four-arm Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Pilot Study [NCT02118688]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Lack of enrollment)
Liquid Risperidone in the Treatment of Acute Agitation in Psychiatrically Hospitalized Children [NCT00790075]Phase 424 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-01-31Completed
Effectiveness of Antipsychotic Drugs to Treat Psychosis Syndrome: an Open Label, Controlled Study [NCT02137616]300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-06-30Recruiting
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) for First-episode Schizophrenia Patients:A Double-blinded , Randomized and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)Study [NCT01370291]Phase 360 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-06-30Recruiting
Comparative, Randomized, Single-Dose, 2-way Crossover Bioavailability Study of Dr.Reddy's Laboratories Ltd. and Janssen Pharmaceutica Products, LP. (Risperdal M-TABTM)1 mg Risperidone Orally Disintegrating Tablets in Healthy Adult Male Volunteers Under Fe [NCT01155934]Phase 136 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-08-31Completed
Neurocognitive Effectiveness in Treatment of First-episode Non-affective Psychosis: a Randomized Comparison of Aripiprazole and Risperidone Over 3 Years [NCT03883204]Phase 4115 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-01-01Enrolling by invitation
Evaluation of Negative Symptoms and Cognitive Function After Administration of Antipsychotics in Healthy Volunteer: a Double-blind, Randomized Trial of a Single Dose of Placebo, Haloperidol, Amisulpride, Risperidone and Aripiprazole [NCT01185418]80 participants (Actual)Observational2009-03-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study to Explore the Efficacy and Safety of Risperidone Long-acting Intramuscular Injectable in the Prevention of Mood Episodes in Bipolar 1 Disorder, With Open-label Extension [NCT00132678]Phase 3559 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-02-28Completed
A Double-blind, Placebo Controlled Trial of Risperidone for the Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa [NCT00140426]Phase 441 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-08-31Completed
CSP #555 - Long-Acting Injectable Risperidone in the Treatment of Schizophrenia [NCT00132314]Phase 3382 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-09-30Completed
The Effect of MS14 in Association With Risperidone in Treatment of Schizophrenia: A Double Blind Randomized Control Trial [NCT01083381]Phase 250 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-02-28Recruiting
EFFECT OF RISPERIDONE vs ARIPIPRAZOLE ON OXIDATIVE STRESS IN PATIENTS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL [NCT05868720]42 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-07-01Not yet recruiting
A Randomized, Open-Label Pharmacokinetic Study of LY03004 Compared to Risperdal® Consta® Following a Single Intramuscular Injection at 25 mg or 50 mg in Stable Patients With Schizophrenia and/or Schizoaffective Disorder [NCT02186769]Phase 116 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-07-31Completed
A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Prevention of Relapse of the Symptoms of Schizoaffective Disorder [NCT02221635]540 participants (Anticipated)Observational2013-03-31Recruiting
Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of RGH-188 in the Acute Exacerbation of Schizophrenia [NCT00694707]Phase 2732 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-06-30Completed
Comparative Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Gluteal and Deltoid Intramuscular Injection of Long-Acting Injectable Risperidone in Subjects With Chronic Stable Schizophrenia [NCT00843687]Phase 3188 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-09-30Completed
A Randomized, Multi-site, Parallel-group, Rater-blind Study Comparing Response With Aripiprazole Once Monthly and Standard of Care Oral Antipsychotics in Non-adherent Outpatients With Schizophrenia Identified Using the Brief Adherence Rating Scale [NCT02282085]Phase 4200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-12-31Recruiting
Neuroendocrine, Metabolite Substrates, Clinical Symptoms and Cognitive Function in Schizophrenia [NCT02423096]200 participants (Anticipated)Observational [Patient Registry]2013-12-31Recruiting
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Parallel-group Fixed-dose Study of the Effect on Weight of Bifeprunox Versus Risperidone in the Treatment of Outpatients With Schizophrenia. [NCT00366704]Phase 3400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-11-30Terminated
The Relationship Between the Efficacy of Lumateperone and Central Glutamate and Dopaminergic Metabolism: A Comparison With Risperidone in First Episode Psychosis [NCT05890768]Phase 435 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-05-11Recruiting
An Open-Label, One-Sequence Study to Evaluate the Steady-State Comparative Bioavailability of Intramuscular Risperidone ISM® and Oral Risperidone [NCT03527186]Phase 181 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-07-09Completed
A Long-Term, Open-Label, Multicenter Study of LY2140023 Compared to Atypical Antipsychotic Standard of Care in Patients With DSM-IV-TR Schizophrenia [NCT01129674]Phase 2/Phase 31,210 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-06-30Terminated(stopped due to The decision to stop the trial was based on efficacy results in the overall schizophrenia participant population.)
Evaluation of the Necessity of Long-term Pharmacological Treatment With Antipsychotics for the Prevention of Relapse in Long-term Stabilized Schizophrenic Patients: a Randomized, Single-blind, Longitudinal Trial [NCT02307396]Phase 421 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-01Completed
A Long-Term, Phase 2, Multicenter, Randomized, Open-Label Comparative Safety Study of LY2140023 Versus Atypical Antipsychotic Standard of Care in Patients With DSM-IV-TR Schizophrenia [NCT00845026]Phase 2261 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-03-31Completed
CSP #504 - Risperidone Treatment for Military Service Related Chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [NCT00099983]Phase 2296 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-10-31Completed
Risperidone ISM® Effectiveness in Schizophrenia Patients Hospitalised Due to A Relapse: a Prospective Non-interventional Evaluation (RESHAPE Study) [NCT05480046]1,200 participants (Anticipated)Observational2022-10-18Recruiting
Phase I, Open-Label, Randomized, Parallel Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of One Intramuscular Injection of Risperidone ISM® at Different Dose Strengths in Subjects With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder [NCT01788774]Phase 136 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Completed
Single Dose Two-way Crossover Fasted Bioequivalence Study of Risperidone 1 mg ODT Tablets in Healthy Volunteers [NCT01222975]44 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-10-31Completed
The Characteristics of Treatment Resistant Schizophrenia From the Illness Onset [NCT06128408]300 participants (Anticipated)Observational2023-12-01Not yet recruiting
A Phase II Study to Assess the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of VAL401 in the Treatment of Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) After Failure of at Least One Prior Chemotherapeutic Regimen [NCT02875340]Phase 28 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-10-31Completed
A Prospective, Matched-Control, Randomized, Open-Label, Flexible-Dose, Study in Subjects With Recent-Onset Schizophrenia or Schizophreniform Disorder to Compare Disease Progression and Disease Modification Following Treatment With Paliperidone Palmitate L [NCT02431702]Phase 3337 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-08Completed
Efficacy of Treatment With Pramipexole or Risperidone in Patients With Refractory Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD): Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05401019]Phase 252 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-06-30Not yet recruiting
Mirror-image Study Exploring Relapse and Resource Utilization of Paliperidone Palmitate and Risperidone Long-acting Injection in Vitalité Health Network Patients [NCT03390712]328 participants (Anticipated)Observational2018-01-02Enrolling by invitation
Continuation Electroconvulsive Therapy Associated With Pharmacotherapy Versus Pharmacotherapy Alone for Relapse Prevention in Major Depression. A Clinical, Controlled, Prospective and Randomized Trial [NCT01305707]Phase 4104 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-07-31Terminated(stopped due to Difficulties in recruiting)
Identification of Multi-modal Bio-markers for Early Diagnosis and Treatment Prediction in Schizophrenia Individuals [NCT03790085]Early Phase 12,700 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-09-01Recruiting
Risperidone in the Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Autistic Disorder: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Efficacy and Safety, Followed by an Open-Label Extension Study of Safety [NCT00576732]Phase 496 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-12-31Completed
Discontinuation of Antipsychotics and Antidepressants Among Patients With Dementia and BPSD Living in Nursing Homes - a 24 Weeks Double Blind RCT. [NCT00594269]Phase 4149 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-08-31Completed
A Randomized, Open-label, Active-controlled Study to Evaluate Social Functioning of Long Acting Injectable Risperidone and Oral Risperidone in the Treatment of Subjects With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder [NCT00992407]Phase 475 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-12-31Completed
Risperidone and Zotepine in the Treatment of Delirium [NCT00622011]Phase 45 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Terminated(stopped due to inadequate participant)
Comparative Study of Recommended Treatment for Schizophrenia Guideline Treatment vs Treatment as Usual in Child Psychiatric Hospital: Effect on Adherence, Efficacy on Symptoms, and Global Function [NCT02573701]91 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-31Completed
[NCT00629252]14 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Terminated(stopped due to Not enough subjects have been recruited in the expected period.)
Nicotinic Receptors and Schizophrenia [NCT02538081]Phase 1/Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-08-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Withdrawn)
A Pilot Study of Three-Week, Randomised, Open Comparison in Schizophrenic In-patients Treated With Quetiapine Prolong or Oral Risperidone at Flexible Dose [NCT00660595]Phase 329 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Terminated(stopped due to To difficult to recruit patients in the acute setting)
Assessment of the Inter-patient Variability in Clinical Response and Correlated Genetic Variations in Substance Use Disorders [NCT05833399]200 participants (Anticipated)Observational2022-11-28Recruiting
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multi-center Study to Assess the Antipsychotic Efficacy of ITI-007 in Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT01499563]Phase 2335 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Completed
Effectiveness of 6 Antipsychotic Drugs in the Treatment of Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Inpatients With Schizophrenia: a Randomized Double-blind Study [NCT02192723]550 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Completed
Cannabidiol as a Different Type of an Antipsychotic: Drug Delivery and Interaction Study With Approved Antipsychotics in Vivo [NCT02051387]Phase 174 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
The Assessment of Efficacy and Tolerability of Methylphenidate vs. Risperidone in the Treatment of Children and Adolescents With ADHD and Disruptive Disorders [NCT02063945]Phase 45 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-02-01Terminated(stopped due to Major difficulties recruiting participants)
Open-Label Pharmacokinetic Study to Evaluate the Steady-State Venous and Capillary Plasma Concentrations of Five Antipsychotics: Aripiprazole, Olanzapine, Paliperidone, Quetiapine and Risperidone [NCT02087579]Phase 1305 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-02-28Completed
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Multiple Dose Study of Weight Associated Parameters: SEP-363856 vs Prior Antipsychotic (PA) Standard of Care in Subjects With Schizophrenia Suffering From Metabolic Dysregulation [NCT05542264]Phase 160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-11-15Recruiting
Does Psilocybin Require Psychedelic Effects to Treat Depression? A 4-Week, Double-Blind, Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05710237]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-07-01Recruiting
The Effectiveness of Supplementing Supported Employment With Behavioral Skills Training [NCT00183625]Phase 4107 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-06-30Completed
Interventions to Test the Alpha7 Nicotinic Receptor Model in Schizophrenia [NCT00509067]Phase 243 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-11-30Completed
Bioequivalence Study of Risperidone 1 mg Tablets of Torrent Pharmaceuticals Limited., India and Risperdal® (Risperidone) 1 mg Tablets of Janssen Pharmaceutical Products, LP, USA, in Healthy Human Adult Subjects, Under Fed Conditions [NCT00939926]Phase 10 participants InterventionalCompleted
Tropisetron With Risperidone for Schizophrenia [NCT00435370]Phase 3179 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-11-30Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Clozapine Versus Olanzapine, Quetiapine or Risperidone in Treatment Resistant Bipolar Disorder [NCT02562287]Phase 454 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-10-31Recruiting
A Comparative Study of the Steady-state Pharmacokinetics of Risperidone and Topiramate on Monotherapy and During Combination Therapy in Patients With Bipolar or Schizoaffective Disorder [NCT00986336]Phase 156 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-02-28Completed
A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo and Active Controlled Parallel Group Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Risperidone Long-acting Injectable (LAI) for the Prevention of Mood Episodes in the Treatment of Subjects With Bipolar I Disorder [NCT00391222]Phase 3585 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-11-30Completed
Observational, Non-interventional Registry to Assess Medication Usage Patterns in Clinical Routine Practice, in Subjects Receiving Antipsychotic Treatment With Risperidone Long Acting Injectable (Gluteal or Deltoid) or Oral Antipsychotics [NCT01026285]1,085 participants (Actual)Observational2009-06-30Completed
Placebo Controlled Trial of Valproate and Risperidone in Young Children With Bipolar Disorders [NCT00221403]Phase 346 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-09-30Completed
A Multicenter, Open Label, Flexible-dose, Parallel-group Evaluation of the Cataractogenic Potential of Quetiapine Fumarate (Seroquel) and Risperidone (Risperdal) in the Long Term Treatment of Participants With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder [NCT00206102]Phase 41,098 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-09-30Completed
A Prospective, Randomized, Active-controlled, Rater-blinded Study of the Prevention of Relapse Comparing Paliperidone Palmitate With Oral Risperidone in Adults With Recently-Diagnosed Schizophrenia Who Are at High Risk of Relapse [NCT00946985]Phase 4163 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-30Terminated(stopped due to The recruitment rate for the study was inadequate to achieve its enrollment goals.)
A Randomized, Open-Label, Parallel Group Comparative Study of Paliperidone Palmitate (50, 100, 150 mg eq) and Risperidone LAI (25, 37.5, or 50 mg) in Subjects With Schizophrenia [NCT00604279]Phase 3452 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
Contrasting the Brain Effects of Risperidone and Invega With fMRI and PET Scanning [NCT00937261]Phase 496 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-07-31Recruiting
A Six Week, Multicenter, Double Blind, Double-Dummy, Parallel, Comparative Study To Compare The Efficacy, Safety And Tolerability Of Ziprasidone With Risperidone In The Treatment Of Chinese Subjects With Acute Exacerbation Of Schizophrenia [NCT00645372]Phase 3242 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-07-31Completed
A One-Year Randomized, Prospective, Parallel, Open Comparison of Subjective Well-being in Schizophrenic Out-patients Treated With Quetiapine XR (SEROQUEL XR™) or Oral Risperidone at Flexible Dose in a Naturalistic Setting [NCT00600756]Phase 3798 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Risperidone and Olanzapine for the Schizophrenic Patients With Neuroleptic-Induced Tardive Dyskinesia [NCT00621998]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-07-31Completed
Multiple-dosing Study of Long Acting Injectable of Risperidone in Schizophrenic Patients [NCT00653406]Phase 1/Phase 229 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-11-30Completed
Effectiveness of Antipsychotic Combination With Psychosocial Intervention on Outcome of Patients With Schizophrenia:One-Year Follow up. [NCT00654576]Phase 41,400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-02-28Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Open-Label, Single-Dose Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of RBP-7000 Using Poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) Polymer of Two Different Molecular Weights (Low and High Molecular Weights as Test Treatme [NCT02687984]Phase 144 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-02-29Completed
Sertraline Alone vs. in Combination With Risperidone in the Treatment of Attenuated Positive and Negative Symptoms [NCT00169988]8 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-03-31Completed
A Randomized, Multicenter Clinical Trial to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Clozapine vs Treatment as Usual for Treatment-resistant Psychosis in Adolescents and Young Adults With Intellectual Disability. [NCT04529226]Phase 2114 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-11-26Recruiting
Interventional, Randomised, Double-blind, Parallel-group, Active-comparator, Flexible-dose Study to Compare the Effectiveness of Brexpiprazole to That of Risperidone in Adult Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT02758067]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-06-30Withdrawn(stopped due to This study was withdrawn for administrative reasons. There were no safety concerns.)
[NCT02535156]Phase 1/Phase 221 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-01-31Completed
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety Profile of Understudied Drugs [NCT04278404]5,000 participants (Anticipated)Observational2020-03-05Recruiting
Bioequivalence Study of Risperidone 1.0 mg Tablets of Torrent Pharmaceuticals Limited., India and Risperdal® (Risperidone) 1.0 mg Tablets of Janssen Pharmaceutical Products, LP, USA, in Healthy Human Adult Subjects, Under Fasting Conditions [NCT00939497]Phase 10 participants InterventionalCompleted
Early Predictors of Poor Treatment Response in Patients With Schizophrenia Treated With Atypical Antipsychotics [NCT03730857]Phase 1111 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
A Phase 2a, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-group Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of ASP4345 as Add-on Treatment for Cognitive Impairment in Subjects With Schizophrenia on Stable Doses of Antipsychotic Medication [NCT03557931]Phase 2233 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-07-13Completed
Local Site Tolerability of Multiple Dose Treatment With Deltoid Intramuscular Injection of RISPERDAL CONSTA in Subjects With Chronic Schizophrenia. [NCT00828958]Phase 353 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-02-28Completed
Randomized, 2-Way Crossover, Bioequivalence Study of Risperidone 1 mg Tablets and Risperdal® 1 mg Tablets Administered as a 1 x 1 mg Tablets in Subjects Under Fed Conditions [NCT00829894]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-06-30Completed
Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind, Parallel-group, Confirmatory Study of SM-13496 (Lurasidone HCl) in Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT00711269]Phase 3460 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-06-27Completed
Ziprasidone Versus Risperidone In The Treatment Of Chronic Schizophrenia: A Six Months, Double Blind Randomized, Parallel Group Study [NCT00645515]Phase 3240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2003-06-30Terminated(stopped due to This study was terminated on November 20, 2003 because of poor recruitment. This study was not terminated due to safety/efficacy.)
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Hallucinations in First-Episode Schizophrenia [NCT02661347]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-02-29Withdrawn(stopped due to Difficulty in recruiting patients who met the eligibility criteria.)
Joining Forces: Integrating Psychotropic Medication Into the Care of People With Mental Disorders in a Prayer Camp in Ghana [NCT02593734]Phase 4139 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-31Completed
Sertindole Versus Risperidone Safety Outcome Study: a Randomised, Partially-blinded, Parallel-group, Active-controlled, Post-marketing Study [NCT00856583]Phase 39,809 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-07-31Completed
Non-randomized Control Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Symptomatic Drug Therapy for Mild to Moderate Huntington's Disease Patients [NCT04071639]Phase 160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-03-12Recruiting
Investigating Metabolic Side Effects of Antipsychotic Medications in Children [NCT00746252]5 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-06-30Terminated(stopped due to Due low rate of participation and lack of funding)
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Comparative Study of Flexible Doses of Paliperidone Palmitate and Flexible Doses of Risperidone Long-Acting Intramuscular Injection in Subjects With Schizophrenia [NCT00589914]Phase 31,221 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-03-31Completed
Atypical Antipsychotics and Hyperglycemic Emergencies: Multicentre, Retrospective Cohort Study of Administrative Data [NCT02582736]725,489 participants (Actual)Observational2012-04-30Completed
A Multi-center, Randomized, Open, Treatment-switching Study From Orally Administered Antipsychotic Monotherapy in the Treatment of Chronic Schizophrenic and Schizoaffective Patients [NCT00304616]Phase 4500 participants Interventional2004-10-31Completed
A 6-Week, Multicenter, Rater-blind, Randomized, Risperidone-controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Seroquel (Quetiapine Fumarate) in the Treatment of Chinese Han Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT00817648]Phase 4120 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-31Completed
Adjunctive Treatment With Divalproex or Risperidone for Aggression Refractory to Stimulant Monotherapy Among Children With ADHD [NCT00794625]Phase 4270 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-11-30Recruiting
The Consta Club: A Demonstration Project for Setting up a Consta Club in a Community Mental Health Center [NCT00845572]30 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-01-31Completed
Whole Blood and Plasma Sample Collection for the Development of Antipsychotic Immunoassays From Participants Taking Aripiprazole, Olanzapine, Paliperidone, or Risperidone [NCT02634463]Phase 181 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-11-30Completed
[NCT00633802]30 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2004-04-30Recruiting
Dopamine D2 and D3 Receptor Occupancy and Clinical Response in Older Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT00825045]14 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-12-31Active, not recruiting
An Open-label Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Efficacy of 180 mg Risperidone Subcutaneous Injection (PERSERIS) Following a Switch From 6 mg Oral Risperidone in Patients With Clinically Stable Schizophrenia [NCT03978832]Phase 469 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-06-28Completed
Randomized, 2-Way Crossover, Bioequivalence Study of Risperidone 1 mg Tablets and Risperdal 1 mg Tablets Administered as a 1 x 1 mg Tablet in Healthy Subjects Under Fasting Conditions [NCT00830349]Phase 130 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-06-30Completed
A Phase IIa, Double-blind, Double-Dummy, Placebo-controlled, Active-controlled, Randomized, Parallel-Group Study to Assess the Efficacy, Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of AZD8529 in Adult Schizophrenia Patients [NCT00921804]Phase 2296 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-30Completed
Comparative Efficacy of Amisulpride vs Risperidone on Cognitive Functions in Patients With Chronic Schizophrenia [NCT00761670]Phase 437 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Completed
The Psychiatric and Cognitive Phenotypes in Velocardiofacial Syndrome (VCFS), Williams Syndrome (WS)and Fragile X Syndrome Characterization, Treatment and Examining the Connection to Developmental and Molecular Factors [NCT00768820]Phase 4400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2001-05-31Recruiting
Metabolic Effects of Antipsychotics in Children [NCT00205699]Phase 4144 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-04-30Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Risperidone-Referenced, Parallel-Group, Adaptive-Design Study of the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Vabicaserin (SCA-136) in Subjects With Acute Exacerbations of Schizophrenia [NCT00563706]Phase 2199 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-12-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Risperidone-Reference, Parallel-Group, Safety, and Tolerability Study of Vabicaserin (SCA-136) in Japanese Subjects With Acute Exacerbation of Schizophrenia [NCT00768612]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-11-30Withdrawn
Risperidone Pharmacokinetics in Children With Pervasive Developmental Disorder [NCT00147394]Phase 1100 participants Interventional2001-12-31Completed
Use, Effects and Side-effects of Second-generation Antipsychotics in a Naturalistic Setting. [NCT00932529]Phase 4226 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-02-28Completed
Does Risperidone Consta Reduce Relapse and Rehospitalization in Bipolar Disorder? [NCT00571688]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-11-30Completed
Sequenced Atypical Antipsychotics Therapy With Intensive or Basic Psychosocial Intervention for First-episode Schizophrenia: An Effectiveness Study [NCT01057849]600 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-09-30Recruiting
A Phase I, Open Label, Single Center, Single Ascending Dose Study of the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetic Profile of RBP-7000 at Low, Medium, and High Doses [NCT02768649]Phase 145 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-04-30Completed
A Blinded-initiation Study of Medication Satisfaction in Subjects With Schizophrenia Treated With Paliperidone ER After Suboptimal Response to Oral Risperidone [NCT00535132]Phase 4201 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-10-31Completed
A 12-Month Randomized, Open-Label Study of Caregiver Psycho-education and Skills Training in Patients Recently Diagnosed With Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder, or Schizophreniform Disorder and Receiving Paliperidone Palmitate or Oral Antipsychotic [NCT02600741]296 participants (Actual)Observational2015-07-24Completed
A Phase 2B Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo- and Active-Controlled Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of MK-8189 in Participants Experiencing an Acute Episode of Schizophrenia [NCT04624243]Phase 2500 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-12-15Recruiting
Pharmacological Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Severe Mood Dysregulation. An Open Trial With Risperidone. [NCT00825552]20 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-01-31Enrolling by invitation
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Risperidone Versus Risperidone Combined With Low Dose of Haloperidol in the Treatment of Schizophrenic Disorder [NCT00998608]Phase 488 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-08-31Terminated(stopped due to terminated)
Phase 4 Study of Efficacy and Safety of Tandospirone Combined With Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs to Improve Cognitive Function in Schizophrenia [NCT02040883]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-02-28Not yet recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Risperidone Oral Solution Combination Clonazepam Versus Haloperidol IM Injection for Treatment of Acute Psychotic Agitation in Schizophrenia [NCT00859872]Phase 4198 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-08-31Completed
Efficacy of Risperidone in the Management of Suicidality in Major Depressive Disorder [NCT00167154]Phase 330 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-06-30Completed
Prospective Double-Blind Randomized Comparison Study of Improvement in Negative Symptoms With Risperidone vs Risperidone +Citalopram Combination Therapy in Schizophrenia--a Clinical Study [NCT00893256]Phase 448 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-12-31Completed
Open-Label Comparative Study of Risperidone Versus Olanzapine for Mania in Preschool Children 4 to 6 Years of Age With Bipolar Spectrum Disorder [NCT00181935]Phase 440 participants Interventional2001-03-31Completed
[NCT00182013]Phase 4106 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-06-30Completed
Single-Dose, Open-Label Pilot Study to Explore the Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of a Gluteal Intramuscular Injection of a 4-Week Long-Acting Injectable Formulation of Risperidone in Patients With Chronic Stable Schizophrenia [NCT00821600]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-31Completed
High Dose Risperidone Consta for Patients With Schizophrenia With Unsatisfactory Response to Standard Dose Risperidone or Long-Acting Injectable [NCT00539071]Phase 4160 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-31Completed
Paliperidone ER Versus Risperidone for Neurocognitive Function in Patients With Schizophrenia: a Randomized, Open-label, Controlled Trial [NCT00827840]Phase 458 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-11-30Completed
The Metabolic Syndrome in Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT00338949]Phase 477 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-06-30Completed
A Relative Bioavailability Study of Two Risperidone 1 mg Tablet Formulations Under Fed Conditions [NCT01064271]Phase 126 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-10-31Completed
Effect on Efficacy, Safety and Quality of Life by Long-Term Treatment of Long-Acting Risperidone Microspheres in Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT00269919]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-08-31Completed
Antipsychotic Discontinuation in Alzheimer's Disease [NCT00417482]Phase 4180 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-08-31Completed
Predicting Response to Risperidone Treatment Through Identification of Early-onset of Antipsychotic Drug Action in Schizophrenia. [NCT00337662]Phase 4628 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
A 16-Week, Multicenter, Randomized, Open-label Study to Assess the Effects of Aripiprazole Versus Other Atypical Antipsychotics in the Treatment of Schizophrenic Patients With Metabolic Syndrome [NCT00508157]Phase 4125 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-11-30Terminated(stopped due to Slow Accrual)
A Relative Bioavailability Study of Two Risperidone 1 mg Tablet Formulations Under Fasting Conditions [NCT01064232]Phase 130 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-10-31Completed
A 2-year, Prospective, Blinded-rater, Open-label, Active-controlled, Multicenter, Randomized Study of Long-term Efficacy and Effectiveness Comparing Risperdal® Consta® and Abilify® (Aripiprazole) in Adults With Schizophrenia [NCT00299702]Phase 4355 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-02-28Completed
A Comparative Study of New Medications for Psychosis in Adolescents [NCT00222495]30 participants Interventional2002-08-31Completed
Prospective Cytochrome P450 Genotyping and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Psychosis [NCT01878513]88 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-23Completed
Maintenance of Clinical Response With Risperidone Long Acting Injectable (R-LAI) in Patients With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder [NCT01888107]Phase 3347 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-01-31Completed
An Exploratory Analysis of Immune and Inflammatory Response Associated With Clozapine Versus Non-Clozapine Antipsychotics in Individuals With Treatment-resistant Schizophrenia [NCT05741502]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-16Recruiting
Risperidone Monotherapy in the Treatment of PTSD in Women Survivors of Domestic Abuse and Rape Trauma: a Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT00208182]Phase 420 participants Interventional2001-07-31Completed
Divalproex ER vs. Risperidone for Bipolar Disorder With Comorbid Substance Use Disorder [NCT00203528]Phase 430 participants Interventional2004-01-31Completed
Effects of Classical and Atypical Antipsychotics on Dopamine Receptor Binding of 123I-epidepride, Cognition, Startle Response and Extrapyramidal Side-effects in Drug-naive First-episode Schizophrenic Patients [NCT00206960]56 participants (Actual)Interventional1998-01-31Completed
A Phase 2, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Comparator Study of 2 Doses of LY2140023 Versus Placebo in Patients With DSM-IV-TR Schizophrenia [NCT01086748]Phase 2880 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-03-31Completed
A Parallel-Group Comparative Open-Label Study of Long-Acting Injectible Risperidone Versus Risperidone Tablets in Patients With Schizophrenia. [NCT00240708]Phase 3205 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-06-30Completed
A Multicenter, Open-Label Study to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of Risperidone as Adjunctive Therapy to Mood Stabilizers in the Long-term Treatment of Bipolar Mania [NCT00216554]Phase 4118 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-09-30Completed
Treatment Success in Patients Requiring Treatment Change From Olanzapine to Risperidone Long Acting Injectable (TRESOR) [NCT00216632]Phase 499 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-03-31Completed
Risperidone Depot (Microspheres) in the Treatment of Subjects With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder - an Open Label Follow up Trial of RIS-INT-57 and RIS-INT-61. [NCT00558298]Phase 3811 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-02-29Completed
A Randomized, Open-label Trial of RISPERDAL® CONSTA™ Versus Oral Antipsychotic Care in Subjects With Bipolar Disorder [NCT00246246]Phase 348 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-01-31Completed
The Efficacy And Safety Of Risperidone In The Treatment Of Adolescents With Schizophrenia: A Six-Month Open-Label Study. [NCT00246285]Phase 3381 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-04-30Completed
Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Long-acting Risperidone Microspheres in Patients With Schizophrenia or Other Psychotic Disorders When Switching From Typical Antipsychotic (Oral/Depot) or Atypical Oral Other Than Risperidone [NCT00563017]30 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2004-10-31Recruiting
A Randomized, Open-Label, Single Dose, Cross-over Study of Gastric Emptying Rate: SEP-363856 vs Prior Antipsychotic Standard of Care in Subjects With Schizophrenia [NCT05402111]Phase 131 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-06-13Completed
Atypical Antipsychotics for Continuation and Maintenance Treatment After an Acute Manic Episode [NCT01977300]Phase 3159 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-01-31Completed
Comparison of Oral Risperdal in Combination With Oral Lorazepam vs Standard Care Including Initial Conventional Neuroleptic IM Treatment, in Acute Schizophrenic Patients [NCT00249171]Phase 4226 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-06-30Completed
A Comparison of Risperidone and Haloperidol for Prevention of Relapse in Subjects With Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorders [NCT00253110]Phase 4396 participants (Actual)Interventional1996-05-31Completed
Reducing the Abuse Liability of Prescription Opioids [NCT04587115]Early Phase 115 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-16Completed
Safety and Efficacy of Seroquel in First Episode Schizophrenia [NCT00254241]Phase 480 participants Interventional2002-05-31Completed
Clozapine-Augmentation With Ziprasidone or Risperidone, a Randomized, Prospective Trial [NCT00224315]Phase 424 participants Interventional2003-11-30Completed
Cannabidiol for Treatment of Non-affective Psychosis and Cannabis Use [NCT04105231]Phase 2130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-01Recruiting
Assessment of Incidence of Adverse Events in a Naive Pediatric Population Treated With an (Typical and Atypical) Antipsychotic Drug Over 12 Months Follow-up [NCT02007928]200 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Completed
Bioequivalence Test for Risperdal OD Tab. 2mg of Janssen Korea [NCT02012049]Phase 136 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-08-31Completed
A SINGLE-CENTER, RANDOMIZED, INVESTIGATOR/SUBJECT-BLIND, MULTIPLE-DOSE, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED, PARALLEL STUDY TO INVESTIGATE THE SAFETY, TOLERABILITY AND PHARMACOKINETICS OF RO5545965 IN PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA ON RISPERIDONE. [NCT02019329]Phase 132 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-31Completed
Risperidone and Behavioral Therapy in Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Autistic Disorder [NCT00080145]124 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-02-29Completed
The Effect of Sertindole and Risperidone on Endophenotypic Markers of Schizophrenia, a Comparative Study [NCT02021201]Phase 41 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Terminated(stopped due to No suitable patients could be recruited in the available time period)
Glutamate, Brain Connectivity and Duration of Untreated Psychosis [NCT02034253]134 participants (Actual)Observational2014-01-31Completed
[NCT00006195]0 participants InterventionalRecruiting
Risperidone for the Treatment of Huntington's Disease Chorea [NCT04201834]Phase 212 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-08-13Suspended(stopped due to Temporarily on pause due to updating protocol and other study measurements and design)
A Six-week, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group, Multi-center, Phase II Study to Determine the Efficacy, Tolerability and Safety of Low and High Non-overlapping Dose Ranges of BL-1020 Compared to Placebo and Risperidone [NCT00567710]Phase 2360 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-07-31Completed
Insulin Sensitivity in Patients With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder Treated With Olanzapine and Risperidone [NCT00190749]Phase 4130 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-10-31Completed
A Random Assignment,Parallel Group, Open Label Comparison of Clinical Outcomes and Resource Utilization Among Bipolar Disorder Patients Receiving Either Long Acting Injectable Risperidone Microspheres (Risperdal Consta® ) or Other Second Generation Oral A [NCT00177164]Phase 350 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-11-30Completed
Longitudinal Comparative Effectiveness of Bipolar Disorder Therapies [NCT02893371]1,037,352 participants (Actual)Observational2016-09-30Completed
Comparison of Single-Dose Plasma and Blood Concentrations of Aripiprazole, Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Paliperidone and Risperidone After Capillary and Venous Blood Sample Collection [NCT01607762]Phase 131 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-02-29Completed
Comparison of Quetiapine Extended-Release (Seroquel XR™) and Risperidone in the Treatment of Depressive Symptoms, in Schizophrenic or Schizoaffective Patients: A Randomized, Open Label, Flexible-dose, Parallel Group, Non Inferiority, 12-week Study [NCT00640562]Phase 3216 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
A Six-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel Group Extension Study To Evaluate The Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, And Efficacy Of Low And High Doses Of Bl-1020 Compared To Risperidone [NCT00722176]Phase 2220 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-06-30Completed
Risperidone Long Acting: A Healthcare Resource Utilization Pilot Study [NCT00272597]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-09-30Completed
A Randomized Double-blind Trial of Aripiprazole and Risperidone in Schizophrenia: An Evaluation of Neuroimaging, Neuropsychological, and Pharmacogenomic Markers of Differential Treatment Response [NCT00712270]Phase 421 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-04-30Terminated(stopped due to Study terminated due to failure to meet sufficient enrollment for valid analysis)
A Phase 2, Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized, Parallel Group, 4-week Inpatient Study To Evaluate The Safety And Efficacy Of Two Fixed Doses Of Pf-02545920 Compared To Placebo In The Treatment Of Acute Exacerbation Of Schizophrenia Using Risperidone As [NCT01175135]Phase 2259 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-10-31Completed
A Fifteen-month, Prospective, Randomized, Active-controlled, Open-label, Flexible Dose Study of Paliperidone Palmitate Compared With Oral Antipsychotic Treatment in Delaying Time to Treatment Failure in Adults With Schizophrenia Who Have Been Incarcerated [NCT01157351]Phase 4450 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Completed
A Bioequivalence Study Comparing a Single Oral Intake of a 4mg Orally-disintegrating Tablet With a 4mg Conventional Risperdal Tablet in Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT00645502]Phase 140 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-06-30Completed
The Role of miR-30 Family Dysregulation in Response to Antipsychotic Treatment [NCT02650102]Phase 1/Phase 2200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-01-31Recruiting
Phase IV Study of General Clinical Research Center Of the Jinan Mental Hospital(TAIWAN) [NCT00626613]Phase 40 participants InterventionalActive, not recruiting
Pharmacogenetics of Risperidone in Children With Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) [NCT00166595]Phase 1/Phase 2100 participants Interventional2003-02-28Completed
Treatment of Geriatric Bipolar Mood Disorders: A Pilot Study [NCT00177567]Phase 460 participants Interventional2001-07-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Risperidone for the Treatment of Schizophrenia in Adolescents [NCT00088075]Phase 3160 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-08-31Completed
Risperidone (Risperdal) Augmentation in Depressed Partial Responders to SRI Treatment [NCT00178854]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-05-31Withdrawn(stopped due to failed recruitment efforts)
A Double-Blind Study Comparing Adjunctive Risperidone Versus Placebo in Major Depressive Disorder That Is Not Responding to Standard Therapy [NCT00095134]Phase 3630 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-10-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Add-On Study To Assess The Differential Sensitivity Of 2 Spatial Working Memory Tests (The Groton Maze Learning Test [GMLT] And The Motor Delayed Response Test [MDR]) In Non-Agitated, Antipsychotic Drug-Naive First-Ep [NCT00174200]20 participants Interventional2004-12-31Completed
Efficacy of Risperidone Versus Haloperidol in the Treatment of Aggression and Hostility in Psychotic Inmates [NCT00203775]0 participants Interventional2002-07-31Terminated
Risperidone Maintenance Treatment for Relapse Prevention in Schizophrenia [NCT00848432]Phase 4404 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-12-31Completed
Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder With Psychotic Features With Risperidone Monotherapy; Risperidone and Sertraline; or Haloperidol and Sertraline [NCT00174590]Phase 330 participants Interventional2001-09-30Terminated
A 16-Week, Randomized, Controlled Trial of the Effect of Aripiprazole Versus Standard of Care on Non-HDL Cholesterol Among Patients With Schizophrenia and Bipolar I Disorder Who Have Pre-existing Metabolic Syndrome [NCT00857818]Phase 364 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-04-30Terminated(stopped due to Slow Accrual)
The Treatment Efficacy of Combination Atypical Antipsychotics With Sertraline in Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT04076371]1,640 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
Risperidone in the Treatment of Psychotic-like and Deficit Symptoms of Schizotypal Personality Disorder [NCT00158028]25 participants (Actual)Interventional1995-11-30Completed
A Prospective, Open-Label Study to Evaluate Symptomatic Remission in Schizophrenia With Long Acting Risperidone Microspheres (Risperdal Consta) [NCT00216528]Phase 4527 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-07-31Completed
Placebo-Controlled Trial of Risperidone Augmentation for SSRI-Resistant Civilian PTSD [NCT00215241]Phase 2/Phase 380 participants Interventional2004-04-30Completed
Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Long-acting Risperidone Microspheres in Patients With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorders, Who is Receiving Psychiatric Home-care Treatment, When Switching From Typical Depot or Oral Antipsychotics to Long-actin [NCT00526877]Phase 431 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-07-31Completed
Phase 1 Study of Insulin Sensitivity, Adjusted β-Cell Function and Adiponectin Among Lean Drug-naïve Schizophrenic Subjects Treated With Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs [NCT00528359]36 participants (Actual)Observational2005-10-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo- and Active-Controlled, Multi-Center Study to Assess the Antipsychotic Efficacy of ITI-007 After 6 Weeks of Treatment in Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT02469155]Phase 3696 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-06-30Completed
Glucose and Lipid Metabolism on Antipsychotic Medication [NCT00515723]96 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-09-30Completed
Early Versus Late Initiation of Treatment With Risperdal Consta in Subjects With Schizophrenia After an Acute Episode [NCT00216671]Phase 4220 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-11-30Completed
An Open-Label, Multiple Dose, Safety and Pharmacokinetic Trial With Injectable ZX003 (Risperidone-SABER®) Compared to Risperdal® Consta® in Patients With Chronic, Stable Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder [NCT02411526]Phase 160 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-28Completed
Risperidone for the Treatment of Cocaine Dependence [NCT00000342]Phase 20 participants Interventional1996-07-31Completed
CONSTATRE: Risperdal Consta Trial Of Relapse Prevention And Effectiveness [NCT00216476]Phase 3753 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-10-31Completed
A Biological Basis of Therapy for Negative Symptom Spectrum Disorders: Risperdal Effect on Frontal Metabolism in Asperger's Disorder [NCT00352196]Phase 423 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-11-30Completed
Risperdal Safety Protocol Evaluation Consta Treatment; A Post Authorization Safety Survey With RISPERDAL CONSTA TM [NCT00458367]5,296 participants (Actual)Observational2002-06-30Completed
Discontinuation of Antipsychotics and Antidepressants Among Patients With Dementia and BPSD Living in Nursing Homes - an Open Study. [NCT00433121]Phase 424 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-09-30Completed
Serotonin/Dopamine Antagonism of Cocaine Effect [NCT00000309]Phase 20 participants Interventional1994-08-31Terminated(stopped due to Unable to recruit adequate number of subjects)
Managing Acute Schizophrenia, a Double Blind Comparison Between Two Atypical Antipsychotics - Olanzapine and Risperidone [NCT00485498]Phase 4122 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-04-30Completed
BMI-2002 Study: Evaluation of Functionality and Evolution of Body Weight of Psychotic Patients With a High Body Mass Index [NCT00511628]1,717 participants (Actual)Observational2001-07-31Terminated(stopped due to Due to the achievement of minimum required sample size and new changes in local regulations.)
Aggressiveness and Agitation of Acute Psychotic Patients: Influence in Safety and Effectiveness of Risperidone Treatment [NCT00515489]1,882 participants (Actual)Observational2001-11-30Terminated(stopped due to Due to the achievement of minimum required sample size and new changes in local regulations.)
"Re-examining Maintenance Antipsychotic Treatment in Schizophrenia: Extended Antipsychotic Dosing" [NCT04478838]Phase 4120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-06-06Recruiting
The Efficacy And Safety Of Flexible Dose Ranges Of Risperidone Versus Placebo Or Haloperidol In The Treatment Of Manic Episodes Associated With Bipolar I Disorder. [NCT00253162]Phase 3439 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-03-31Completed
Pediatric Trials Network Long-term Antipsychotic Pediatric Safety Trial (LAPS) NICHD-2016-LAP01 Phase 4 Trial [NCT03522168]509 participants (Actual)Observational2019-01-10Active, not recruiting
Metabolic Profile and Anthropometric Changes in Schizophrenia [NCT00534183]2,006 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-06-30Completed
The Optimal Treatment for Treatment-resistant Schizophrenia [NCT02926976]150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-11-30Recruiting
"The Therapeutic Window of the Atypical Antipsychotic Paliperidone Extended Release (ER)-A Positron Emission Tomography Study With [18F]Fallypride as the Radiotracer" [NCT00934635]Phase 42 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-30Terminated
Risperidone Depot (Microspheres) vs. Placebo in the Treatment of Subjects With Schizophrenia [NCT00253136]Phase 3458 participants (Actual)Interventional1999-11-30Completed
Placebo-Controlled Study of Risperidone for the Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Autism and Negative Behavioral Symptoms [NCT00005014]Phase 3101 participants (Actual)Interventional1997-10-31Completed
Assessment and Treatment of Impulsivity and Thought Process Disorder in Patients With Active Suicidal Ideation and Depression. [NCT01770600]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-30Withdrawn(stopped due to never initiated, did different study)
Differences in Cognitive Function Due to Acute Sedative Effects of Risperidone and Quetiapine in Stable Bipolar I Out-Patients. [NCT00097032]Phase 330 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-10-31Completed
An Open-label Study of the Efficacy and Safety of RISPERDAL Long-acting Microspheres (RISPERDAL CONSTA) Administered Once Monthly in Adults With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder [NCT00236353]Phase 386 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-05-31Completed
Risperidone in the Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Conduct and Other Disruptive Behavior Disorders - an Open Label Follow-up Trial of CR002020 [NCT00236470]Phase 3232 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-01-31Completed
An Open-label Evaluation of the Utility of the RISPERDAL CONSTA Treatment Guidebook During Transition of Adult Patients With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder to RISPERDAL CONSTA (Risperidone) Treatment Over Three Months in the Community Mental He [NCT00236548]Phase 31 participants (Actual)InterventionalCompleted
An Open Label, Long Term Trial of Risperidone Long Acting Microspheres in the Treatment of Patients Diagnosed With Schizophrenia [NCT00236587]Phase 3100 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-11-30Completed
Severe Aberrant Behavior Among Persons With Mental Retardation. Project III: Behavioral Selectivity of Atypical Neuroleptic Drugs: Effects on Cognitive and Social Behaviors [NCT00065273]Phase 350 participants Interventional1998-07-31Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Naturalistic, Open-Label Study Between Aripiprazole and Standard of Care in the Management of Community-Treated Schizophrenic Patients (Schizophrenia Trial of Aripiprazole - STAR) [NCT00237913]Phase 3700 participants Interventional2004-07-31Completed
Metabolic Effects of Newer Antipsychotics in Older Patients [NCT00245206]Phase 4406 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-08-31Completed
Risperidone in the Treatment of Behavioral Disturbances in Demented Patients: an International, Multicenter, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind, Parallel-group Trial Using Haloperidol as Internal Reference [NCT00249145]Phase 3349 participants (Actual)Interventional1995-04-30Completed
Risperidone Depot (Microspheres) vs. Risperidone Tablets - a Non-inferiority, Efficacy Trial in Subjects With Schizophrenia [NCT00249223]Phase 3641 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-01-31Completed
The Safety And Efficacy Of Risperidone Versus Placebo In Conduct Disorder In Mild, Moderate And Borderline Mentally Retarded Children Aged 5 To 12 Years [NCT00250354]Phase 3110 participants (Actual)Interventional1997-09-30Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Risperidone for Treatment of Behavioral Disturbances in Subjects With Dementia [NCT00253123]Phase 3626 participants (Actual)InterventionalCompleted
Efficacy And Safety Of Risperidone In The Treatment Of Children With Autistic Disorder And Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders: A Canadian, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study [NCT00261508]Phase 380 participants (Actual)Interventional1999-08-31Completed
Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Intramuscular Injections of Risperidone ISM® in Patients With Acute Exacerbation of Schizophrenia: Open Label Extension (PRISMA-3_OLE) [NCT03870880]Phase 3215 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-08-25Completed
Continuation Pharmacotherapy for Agitation of Dementia [NCT00073658]Phase 2137 participants Interventional2000-01-31Completed
A Parallel Study to Investigate Dopaminergic D2 and Serotoninergic 5HT2A Receptor Occupancy at Stable Plasma Concentrations of SB-773812 After Repeated Doses in Schizophrenic Patients. Relationship With Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy Readouts. [NCT00269035]Phase 195 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-06-21Completed
International Study of Improving Treatment for the Most Severely Ill With Schizophrenia [NCT00272584]Phase 4100 participants Interventional2001-06-30Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Risperidone Monotherapy in Ambulatory Bipolar Disorder With Concurrent Moderately Severe Anxiety and Lifetime Panic or Generalized Anxiety Disorder [NCT00277654]Phase 3111 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-02-29Completed
Research on the Effectiveness of Risperidone in Bipolar Disorder in Adolescents and Children (REACH): A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Risperidone for the Treatment of Acute Mania in Bipolar I Disorder [NCT00076115]Phase 313 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-12-31Completed
An Open-Label Trial of Long-Acting Injectable Risperidone in the Treatment of Methamphetamine Dependence [NCT00284206]Phase 220 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-01-31Completed
Risperidone Augmentation in Patients With Schizophrenia Partially Responsive to Clozapine [NCT00289861]Phase 424 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-02-28Completed
A Double-blind, Randomized, Prospective Study to Evaluate Adjunctive Risperidone Versus Adjunctive Placebo in Generalized Anxiety Disorder Sub-optimally Responsive to Standard Psychotropic Therapy [NCT00086112]Phase 3301 participants (Actual)InterventionalCompleted
A Randomized, Open Label, Balanced, Two-Treatment, Two-Period, Two-Sequence, Single Dose, Crossover, Bioequivalence Study of Risperidone Tablet 1 mg With Risperdal® 1 mg in Normal, Healthy, Adult, Human Subjects Under Fasting Condition [NCT01722201]Phase 148 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Completed
Effects of Risperidone on Cognitive-Motor Performance and Motor Movements in Chronically Medicated Children [NCT00399698]Phase 330 participants Interventional1999-05-31Completed
Efficacy of Quetiapine Compared to Risperidone on Negative Symptoms and Cognition With Regard to Underlying Neurobiological Mechanisms and Brain Activation. [NCT00305422]Phase 345 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-11-30Completed
A Multi-centre Comparative Study to Evaluate the Anti-aggression Effect and Safety of Zotepine Versus Risperidone in Aggressive Schizophrenic Patients of Acute Ward [NCT00418873]Phase 439 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-03-31Terminated(stopped due to Study was stopped due to difficulty in patient enrollment)
A 52-wk Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Multicenter Study of Relapse Following Transition From Oral Antipsychotic Medication to 2 Different Doses (25 or 50 mg Every 2 Wks) of Risperidone Long-acting Microspheres (Risperdal� CONSTA�) in Adults With [NCT00297388]Phase 340 participants (Actual)InterventionalCompleted
Risperidone Augmentation for Treatment-Resistant Aggression in ADHD [NCT00297739]Phase 425 participants Interventional2003-01-31Completed
A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of the Effectiveness and Safety of RISPERDAL CONSTA Augmentation in Adult Patients With Frequently-relapsing Bipolar Disorder [NCT00094926]Phase 3275 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-05-31Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial Study of Risperidone and Olanzapine for the Schizophrenic Patients With Neuroleptic-Induced Acute Dystonia or Parkinsonism [NCT00331825]Phase 470 participants Interventional2000-07-31Completed
A Multicenter, Open-Label, Parallel-Group, Randomized, Flexible Dose Study To Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Switching From Existing Atypical Antipsychotics to Bifeprunox in Subjects With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder [NCT00347425]Phase 3286 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-12-31Completed
A Multicenter, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized, Parallel Group Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of a Fixed-Dose of Talnetant Versus Placebo Versus Risperidone in Subjects With Schizophrenia [NCT00103727]Phase 2282 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-12-31Completed
The Cognitive Effects of Risperidone and Olanzapine [NCT00108368]Phase 40 participants Interventional2003-10-31Completed
Comparison of Cognitive Functions of Schizophrenic Patients Treated With Sertindole Versus Risperidone [NCT00480844]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-10-31Recruiting
Is Premorbid Functioning a Predictor of Outcome in Patients With Early Onset Psychosis Treated With Risperdal Consta? [NCT00369239]Phase 4303 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-03-31Completed
Risperidone Depot (Microspheres) in the Treatment of Subjects With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder - an Open-label Follow-up Trial of RIS-INT-62 and RIS-INT-85. [NCT00495118]Phase 3314 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-10-31Completed
Randomized, Open Label, 8-Week Study of Quetiapine and Risperidone on Quality of Life in Female With Schizophrenia [NCT00498004]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-08-31Terminated(stopped due to difficult to recruit subject)
One Year Maintenance Treatment With Low Dose Haloperidol vs. Risperidone in First-Episode Schizophrenia [NCT00159081]Phase 4159 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-11-30Completed
Efficacy of Risperidone Consta for Improving Ability to Benefit From Skills Training in Schizophrenia [NCT00148083]Phase 35 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-09-30Completed
Stimulant and Risperidone in Children With Severe Physical Aggression [NCT00796302]Phase 4168 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-08-31Completed
Evaluation of Growth, Sexual Maturation, and Prolactin-Related Adverse Events in the Pediatric Population Exposed to Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs [NCT01050582]Phase 4244 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-31Completed
Tolerability, Safety, And Efficacy Of Ziprasidone (80 - 160 Mg/D) Versus Olanzapine (10 - 20 Mg/D), Risperidone (4 - 8 Mg/D) Or Quetiapine (300 - 750 Mg/D) In Pretreated Patients With Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder Or Schizophreniform Disorders - [NCT00159770]Phase 3290 participants Interventional2001-11-30Completed
[NCT00161018]Phase 3150 participants Interventional2003-11-30Completed
Seroquel (Quetiapine) Therapy for Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorders and Comorbid Cocaine and/or Amphetamine Abuse/Dependence: A Comparative Study With Risperidone [NCT00208143]Phase 420 participants Interventional2003-11-30Completed
A Comparison Study of Combined ECT and Risperidone Versus ECT Alone for Treatment Resistant Depression. [NCT00203723]Phase 445 participants Interventional2005-03-31Terminated
Effective Measurement of Risperidone Treatment Outcome for Persons With Borderline Personality Disorder: The UAB Borderline Rating Scale (BRS) [NCT00204347]Phase 420 participants Interventional2003-07-31Completed
A Single-blind Trial of Risperidone vs. Paroxetine for Treatment of Panic Attacks [NCT00206765]Phase 290 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2003-01-31Terminated
Effectiveness of Atypical Vs Conventional Antipsychotics [NCT00237861]Phase 40 participants InterventionalCompleted
[NCT00215579]Phase 464 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-04-30Completed
Risperidone Versus Haloperidol Versus Placebo in the Treatment of Chronic Schizophrenia [NCT00249132]Phase 3523 participants (Actual)InterventionalCompleted
The Safety And Efficacy Of Risperdal� (Risperidone) Versus Placebo Versus Haloperidol As Add-On Therapy To Mood Stabilizers In The Treatment Of The Manic Phase Of Bipolar Disorder [NCT00253149]Phase 3158 participants (Actual)InterventionalCompleted
Different Safety Profile of Risperidone and Paliperidone Extended-release: a Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial With Healthy Volunteers [NCT01284959]Phase 434 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-06-30Completed
A Single-Blind Trial of Risperidone vs. Paroxetine for Treatment of Panic Attacks [NCT00457106]90 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2002-06-30Completed
Antipsychotic Polypharmacy in Schizophrenia [NCT00493233]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-11-30Completed
A Pilot, Open-Label, Non-Randomized, Single Ascending Dose, Safety and Pharmacokinetic Trial With Injectable Risperidone-SABER and the DosePro Delivery System in Patients With Chronic, Stable Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder [NCT01592110]Phase 140 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-31Completed
Risperidone for Treatment of Cocaine Dependence in Outpatients [NCT00000347]Phase 20 participants Interventional1997-07-31Completed
Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) [NCT00012558]5,000 participants Interventional1998-09-30Completed
Comparative Effectiveness of Antipsychotic Medications in Patients With Schizophrenia (CATIE Schizophrenia Trial) [NCT00014001]Phase 41,600 participants Interventional2000-12-31Completed
Efficacy And Safety Of A Flexible Dose Of Risperidone Versus Placebo In The Treatment Of Psychosis Of Alzheimer's Disease. [NCT00034762]Phase 3473 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-12-31Completed
Specific Interventions for Agitation in Alzheimer's Disease [NCT00018291]0 participants Interventional2001-01-31Completed
Treatment and Outcome of Early Onset Bipolar Disorder [NCT00048802]Phase 440 participants Interventional2002-08-31Completed
A Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Effect of Risperidone Extended-Release Injectable Suspension (TV-46000) for Subcutaneous Use as Maintenance Treatment in Adult and Adolescent Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT03893825]Phase 3336 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-04-17Completed
Comparative Effectiveness of Antipsychotic Medications in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease (CATIE Alzheimer's Disease Trial) [NCT00015548]450 participants Interventional2001-03-31Completed
Measurement of Risperidone and 9-Hydroxyrisperidone in Plasma and Saliva [NCT00395499]19 participants Observational2001-05-31Completed
The Efficacy and Safety of Risperidone in Adolescents With Schizophrenia: a Comparison of Two Dose Ranges of Risperidone [NCT00034749]Phase 3279 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-04-30Completed
[NCT00034905]Phase 40 participants Interventional2001-07-31Completed
The Minimal Effective Dose of Antipsychotic Medication in Older Patients With Schizophrenia: a PET Study. [NCT00716755]45 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-31Completed
Antipsychotic Response to Clozapine in B-SNIP Biotype-1 (Clozapine) [NCT04580134]Phase 4524 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-03-01Recruiting
Psychopharmacologic Aspects of Motor Slowing in Schizophrenia [NCT00018668]Phase 40 participants Interventional2000-10-31Completed
Olanzapine Versus Active Comparator in the Treatment of Bipolar I Disorder, Manic or Mixed [NCT00034580]Phase 4326 participants Interventional2001-08-31Completed
Open-Label Trial Exploring A Switching Regimen From Oral Neuroleptics, Other Than Risperidone, To Risperidone Depot Microspheres [NCT00034775]Phase 3141 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-08-31Completed
Efficacy and Tolerability of Olanzapine, Quetiapine and Risperidone in the Treatment of First Episode Psychosis: A Randomized Double Blind 52-Week Comparison [NCT00034892]Phase 30 participants Interventional2002-03-31Completed
Developmental Processes in Schizophrenic Disorders: Improving and Predicting Work Outcome in Recent-Onset Schizophrenia [NCT00203788]Phase 487 participants (Actual)Interventional1999-05-31Completed
Glucose Regulation During Risperidone and Olanzapine Treatment [NCT00205738]120 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-07-31Completed
Maximizing Treatment Outcome in OCD [NCT00389493]100 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-10-31Completed
Randomized Comparison of Monotherapy (Risperidone, Quetiapine, or Olanzapine) Versus Combination Therapy (Risperidone, Quetiapine, or Olanzapine + Divalproex)in the Management of Dementia With Agitation: A Pilot Comparison of Two Standard Therapies [NCT00208819]Phase 450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2003-09-30Completed
A Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Depakote ER Plus an Atypical Antipsychotic Vs. an Atypical Antipsychotic Alone in the Treatment of Schizophrenia [NCT00073164]Phase 2400 participants Interventional2003-07-31Completed
Risperidone Depot (Microspheres) in the Treatment of Subjects With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder [NCT00210691]Phase 3273 participants (Actual)Interventional1999-12-31Completed
An Open-label Trial of Risperidone Long-acting Injectable in the Treatment of Subjects With Recent Onset Psychosis [NCT00216580]Phase 350 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-02-29Completed
A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Maintenance Effect of Risperidone Augmentation of SSRI Monotherapy in Young and Older Adult Patients With Unipolar Treatment-Resistant Depression [NCT00044681]Phase 3258 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-10-31Completed
Placebo-Controlled Trial of Risperidone Augmentation for SSRI-Resistant Civilian PTSD [NCT00133822]Phase 1/Phase 265 participants Interventional2004-04-30Completed
A Multicenter, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized, Parallel Group Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of a Fixed-Dose of Talnetant Versus Placebo Versus Risperidone in Subjects With Schizophrenia [NCT00049946]Phase 2231 participants Interventional2002-10-31Completed
Optimization of Acute Treatment in First Episode Schizophrenic Patients by New Pharmacological Treatments [NCT00157378]Phase 4300 participants Interventional2000-11-30Active, not recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Risperidone Monotherapy in Ambulatory Bipolar Disorder With Current at Least Moderately Severe Anxiety and Lifetime Panic Disorder or Generalized Anxiety Disorder [NCT00167479]Phase 460 participants Interventional2003-09-30Completed
Risperidone Augmentation Therapy in Patients Who Have Failed or Only Partially Responded to an Adequate Trial of Antidepressant [NCT00174577]Phase 384 participants Interventional2003-02-28Active, not recruiting
Effects of Risperidone and Olanzapine on Weight Gain, Physical Health, and Outcome in a Community Sample of Severity and Persistently Ill Patients [NCT00179062]300 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-02-29Completed
A Randomized, Double Blind Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Two Atypical Antipsychotics vs. Placebo in Patients With an Acute Exacerbation of Either Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder [NCT00061802]Phase 4225 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-06-30Completed
Preventing Relapse: Oral Antipsychotics Compared To Injectables: Evaluating Efficacy (PROACTIVE) [NCT00330863]Phase 4357 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
Preventing Morbidity in First Episode Schizophrenia, Part II [NCT00320671]Phase 4198 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-12-31Completed
A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Effects of Risperdal Consta on Brain Reward Circuitry, Craving and Cocaine Use in Active Cocaine Dependence [NCT00385801]Phase 231 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-09-30Completed
Pharmacogenomics in Autism Treatment [NCT00584701]Phase 2/Phase 349 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
Clozapine Vs. Risperidone for People With First Episode Schizophrenia and Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder [NCT00573287]14 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-06-30Completed
An Open-Label Randomized Trial Comparing Risperdal Consta With Oral Antipsychotic Care in the Treatment of Early Psychosis [NCT00246259]Phase 477 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-10-31Completed
Clozapine for Cannabis Use Disorder in Schizophrenia [NCT01639872]Phase 449 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-05-01Completed
Open-Label Study in Stable Schizophrenia Patients to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Switching From Oral Risperidone to Risperidone Implant (DLP-114) [NCT04418466]Phase 1/Phase 228 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-04-01Completed
A Multiple Dose Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Risperidone Extended Release Capsules in Subjects With Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder [NCT04567524]Phase 234 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-08-13Completed
Neuroleptic Induced Movement Disorders in Older Patients [NCT00255879]Phase 1250 participants Interventional1999-01-31Completed
A Randomized Control Trial Comparing Quetiapine to Risperidone in Bipolar Disorder Outpatients With Current Stimulant Dependence [NCT00227123]96 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-10-31Completed
A Six-month, Double-blind, Randomized, International, Multicenter Trial to Evaluate the Glucoregulatory Effects of Risperidone and Olanzapine in Subjects With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder [NCT00236379]Phase 459 participants (Actual)InterventionalCompleted
Randomized, Multi-center, Open Label Trial Comparing Risperidone Depot (Microspheres) and Olanzapine Tablets in Patients With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder [NCT00236457]Phase 3629 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-11-30Completed
Risperidone in the Prevention of Relapse: a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial in Children and Adolescents With Conduct and Other Disruptive Behavior Disorders. [NCT00236444]Phase 3375 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-12-31Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Aripiprazole in the Treatment of Acutely Relapsed Patients With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder With Risperidone as an Active Control [NCT00283179]Phase 383 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-03-31Completed
The SOURCE Study: Schizophrenia Outcomes-utilization, Relapse, and Clinical Evaluation: a Prospective 2-year Observational Study of Patients With Schizophrenia Who Initiate Treatment With Injectable Risperidone Long-acting Microspheres (RISPERDAL CONSTA) [NCT00246194]532 participants (Actual)Observational2004-09-30Completed
An Open-label Study Evaluating the Maintenance of Clinical Effect in Adults With Schizophrenia Switched From RISPERDAL® Tablets (Risperidone) to an Equivalent Dose of a Rapidly-dissolving Tablet Formulation of Risperdone [NCT00246272]Phase 382 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-10-31Completed
Risperidone in the Treatment of Chronic Schizophrenic Patients: an International Multicentre Double-blind Parallel-group Comparative Study Versus Haloperidol. [NCT00249119]Phase 31,579 participants (Actual)InterventionalCompleted
Risperidone in the Treatment of Behavioural and Psychological Signs and Symptoms in Dementia (BPSSD): a Multicentre, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Parallel-group Trial [NCT00249158]Phase 3344 participants (Actual)Interventional1998-03-31Completed
The Efficacy And Safety Of Flexible Dosage Ranges Of Risperidone Versus Placebo In The Treatment Of Manic Or Mixed Episodes Associated With Bipolar I Disorder [NCT00249236]Phase 3291 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-03-31Completed
The Safety And Efficacy Of Risperdal� (Risperidone) Versus Placebo As Add-On Therapy To Mood Stabilizers In The Treatment Of The Manic Phase Of Bipolar Disorder [NCT00250367]Phase 3151 participants (Actual)Interventional1997-10-31Completed
Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of JK6476 (Risperidone) in Patients With Hallucinations and Delusions Associated With Alzheimer's Disease [NCT00287742]Phase 333 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-03-31Terminated(stopped due to A decision was made to discontinue the study due to a change in the strategic direction of the company.)
Independent Investigator Grant Study-Comparative Effects of Chronic Treatment With Olanzapine and Risperidone on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism [NCT00287820]Phase 446 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2004-02-29Completed
Prospective Trial of Risperdal (Risperidone) Following Psychological Therapy for Challenging Behaviour in Learning Disabled Children [NCT00254930]Phase 319 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-09-30Completed
The Efficacy And Safety Of Flexible Dosage Ranges Of Risperidone Versus Placebo In The Treatment Of Manic Episodes Associated With Bipolar I Disorder. [NCT00257075]Phase 3267 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-12-31Completed
Risperidone Plus Mood Stabilizer in the Treatment of Mixed Mania [NCT00294255]Phase 445 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-03-31Completed
The Safety And Efficacy Of Risperidone Versus Placebo In Conduct Disorder and Other Disruptive Behavior Disorders In Mild, Moderate And Borderline Mentally Retarded Children Aged 5 To 12 Years [NCT00266552]Phase 3118 participants (Actual)InterventionalCompleted
Functional Brain Imaging and Employment in First-Episode Psychotic Patients Treated With Risperdal [NCT00314613]Phase 430 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-04-30Terminated
Electronic Schizophrenia Treatment Adherence Registry(e-STAR): An Observational, International Study to Evaluate Treatment Adherence in Schizophrenia With Long Acting Risperidone Microspheres [NCT00294008]230 participants (Actual)Observational2004-12-31Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, 16 Week Study of Aripiprazole Used as Dual Therapy in the Treatment of Patients With Chronic Stable Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder Demonstrating an Inadequate Response to Quetiapine o [NCT00325689]Phase 4323 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-07-31Completed
Identification and Treatment of the Liability to Develop Schizophrenia [NCT00305474]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2003-12-31Recruiting
Risperidone Alone Vs. Risperidone Plus Valproate in the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia and Hostility [NCT00308360]Phase 446 participants Interventional1999-09-30Completed
The Effects of Risperdal Consta on Health Care Utilization Costs in Chronically Ill Schizophrenic Patients [NCT00313391]Phase 40 participants Interventional2005-12-31Completed
Evaluation of the Effects of Psychological and Pharmacological Treatment of Psycho-stimulant and Cannabis-dependent Users in Kfar Izun in Israel [NCT01510015]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-01-31Not yet recruiting
A Randomized, Open Label, Balanced, Two-Treatment, Two-Period, Two-Sequence, Single Dose, Crossover, Bioequivalence Study of Risperidone Tablet 1 mg With Risperdal® 1 mg in Normal, Healthy, Adult, Human Subjects Under Fed Condition [NCT01618760]Phase 148 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled, Multicenter Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety Study of Iloperidone Virus Risperidone to Treat Schizophrenia [NCT01623713]Phase 2260 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Completed
A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study, Followed by an Open-label Extension Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Risperidone (R064766) in Children and Adolescents With Irritability Associated With Autistic Disorder [NCT01624675]Phase 339 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Risperidone in Long-acting Microspheres in Patients With Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform or Schizoaffective Disorders Diagnosed According to the DSM-IV Criteria, After Switching Treatment With Any Antipsychotic Therapy [NCT01855074]Phase 480 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-11-30Completed
[NCT03007303]30 participants (Anticipated)Observational [Patient Registry]2016-06-30Recruiting
Early Phase II Trials for Cocaine Medication Development [NCT00000317]Phase 231 participants (Actual)Interventional1996-08-31Completed
A Single-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Two-period Crossover Study to Investigate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamic Effects of the Combination of Multiple Doses of RO5285119 With a Single Dose of Risperidone in Healthy Sub [NCT01708616]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Completed
A Longitudinal Comparison of Aripiprazole vs. Higher Metabolic Risk Antipsychotic Drugs on Adiposity Using MRI [NCT01739127]83 participants (Actual)Observational2012-11-30Completed
[NCT01742390]Phase 4120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-02-28Recruiting
Randomized Multicentric Open-label Phase III Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of Continual Treatment Versus Discontinuation Based in the Presence of Prodromes in a First Episode of Non-affective Psychosis. [NCT01765829]Phase 3104 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-11-30Recruiting
A Multiple-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind Study of Comparison of Risperidone and Aripiprazole for Treatment [NCT01813643]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-31Terminated(stopped due to Effects of aripiprazole was not obvious and showed adverse reaction obviously)
A Multiple-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind Study of Comparison of Paliperidone and Risperidone for Treatment of Patirnts With Methamphetamine-Associated Psychosis [NCT01822730]Phase 4120 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-02-28Completed
Atypical Antipsychotics Influence on the Safety of the Heart and Monitoring Indicators Model Building [NCT04446234]Phase 4350 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-05-31Not yet recruiting
A Randomized, Double-blinded, Double-dummy, Parallel-controlled and Multicenter Study to Investigate Blonanserin in Treatment of Schizophrenia When Compared With Risperidone [NCT01516424]Phase 3267 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-02-29Completed
Cost- Effectiveness and Quality of Life Assessment in Bipolar Disorder Depressive Episode [NCT02918097]Phase 478 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Completed
Correlation Between Cognitive Function and Relapse of Schizophrenia Regarding Dose Reduction in Patients Undergoing High-dose Antipsychotic Therapy [NCT03019887]139 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-04-30Completed
Reducing the Abuse Liability of Prescription Opioids in Recreational Drug Users: A Pilot Study [NCT03837860]Early Phase 13 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-04-01Terminated(stopped due to PI leaving institution)
A Randomized, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Parallel-group and Multicenter Study to Investigate Lurasidone in Treatment of Schizophrenia Compared With Risperidone [NCT02002832]Phase 3388 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-12-31Completed
Study in Stabilized Schizophrenic Patients to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics of Risperidone and 9-Hydroxy (OH)-Risperidone When Risperidone is Administered From a Polyurethane Implant [NCT02658357]Phase 266 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-10-31Completed
A Randomized Open-Label, Rater Blinded Assessment of Optimal Treatment Change Strategy to Risperidone for Patients Intolerant of Olanzapine [NCT00378183]Phase 4120 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-02-28Completed
Risperidone Treatment in Dually-Diagnosed Individuals [NCT00000267]Phase 20 participants InterventionalCompleted
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled,Phase 2/3 Study to Determine the Short-Term (6-Week) and Long-Term (6 Month) Cognitive and Anti-Psychotic Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of CYP-1020 Compared to Risperidone in Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT01363349]Phase 2/Phase 3269 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-05-31Terminated(stopped due to pre-planned interim analysis of the Phase II/III CLARITY trial of BL-1020 indicate that the trial would not meet the pre-specified primary efficacy endpoint.)
Infusion Laboratory: Protocol 3 (Risperidone) [NCT00000339]Phase 113 participants Interventional1996-06-30Active, not recruiting
Risk of Breakthrough Symptoms On Antipsychotic Maintenance Medication When Remitted Patients Are Treated With Long-Acting Injectable Medications [NCT05473741]180 participants (Anticipated)Observational2023-01-09Recruiting
Biomarkers of Conversion Risk and Treatment Response in Early-Stage Schizophrenia [NCT03323437]Phase 447 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-09-15Completed
Randomized Double Blind Comparison of Applied Behavioral Analysis Versus ABA and Risperidone [NCT00374764]60 participants Interventional2000-07-31Completed
A One Year, Open-label, Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Risperidone Implants as a Maintenance Treatment in Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT02773576]Phase 3140 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-04-30Completed
Serotonin/Dopamine Antagonism of Cocaine Effect [NCT00000310]Phase 20 participants Interventional1996-01-31Terminated
Clozapine Treatment of Schizophrenic Patients [NCT00056498]Phase 465 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-12-31Completed
Efficacy of Interpersonal Psychotherapy in Treatment Resistant Depression [NCT01896349]74 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-04-30Recruiting
Treatment of Schizophrenia and Related Disorders in Children and Adolescents [NCT00053703]Phase 4116 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-02-28Completed
Detecting Which Patients With Schizophrenia Will Improve With Omega-3 Treatment [NCT01786239]50 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-05-31Completed
"Observational Study on the Effect of Switch to Lurasidone or Other Antipsychothics on Metabolic and Weight Changes in Subjects With Schizophrenia" [NCT04312503]95 participants (Actual)Observational2020-07-13Completed
An Open-label, Prospective, Randomized and Comparative Study of Patient Satisfaction Between Continued Administration of Previous Antipsychotics Versus Switched Administration to Paliperidone ER in Non-satisfied Patients With Previous Antipsychotic Drug [NCT01592201]Phase 413 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-31Terminated(stopped due to This study was early terminated due to insufficient enrollment required for hypothesis testing.)
Evaluation of Predictability of the Initial Response to a Low Dose of Risperidone on the Middle Term Efficiency in Anxious Subjects [NCT03227562]Phase 3120 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-09-01Terminated(stopped due to not enough patient)
Clinical and Cognitive Effects of Paliperidone Palmitate vs. Oral Risperidone in First-Episode Schizophrenia [NCT01451736]Phase 4146 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-31Completed
Controlled Trial of Risperidone and Divalproex Sodium With MRI Assessment of Affected Circuitry in Pre and Post Treatment in Pediatric Bipolar [NCT00176202]Phase 365 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-04-30Completed
Neurocognitive Effects of Ziprasidone: Relationship to Working Memory and Dopamine Blockade [NCT00225498]35 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-06-30Completed
Preventing Morbidity in First-Episode Schizophrenia [NCT00000374]Phase 4125 participants (Actual)Interventional1998-09-30Completed
A Sequential and Parallel Cohort Design to Test the Clinical Utility of Antipsychotic Medication Levels in Plasma as Determined by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry [NCT02462473]Phase 29 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-31Terminated(stopped due to Due to poor enrollment sponsor terminated early after enrolling 9 in Cohort 1 and no enrollment in Cohorts 2 and 3.)
[NCT00004393]Phase 250 participants Interventional1997-07-31Completed
Clinical Observation of the Efficacy and Safety of Risperidone Long-Acting Injection (Risperdal Consta) in the Treatment of Schizophrenia in China [NCT01894984]640 participants (Actual)Observational2007-01-31Terminated(stopped due to The study was terminated because of high dropout rate.)
A Multi-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind Study, Comparing With Risperidone, to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Aripiprazole in the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT00202007]Phase 2240 participants Interventional2005-02-28Completed
Investigation of the NMDA Receptor System in Man as a Potential Surrogate Marker for Deficit Syndrome in Schizophrenia: a [123]I-CNS 1261 Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPET) Study [NCT00364429]Phase 155 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-07-31Terminated(stopped due to terminated)
Developing a Single Patient Open-label Trial Tapering Algorithm for Antipsychotics in Long-Term Care - A Pilot Study [NCT02958800]20 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-12-31Recruiting
A Prospective Study of the Clinical Outcome Following Treatment Discontinuation After Remission in First-Episode Schizophrenia [NCT00378092]Phase 433 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-04-30Completed
Risperidone Long-Acting for Alcohol and Schizophrenia Treatment (R-LAST) [NCT00130923]Phase 495 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-09-30Completed
Developmental Processes in Schizophrenic Disorders: Cognitive Remediation, Medication Adherence, and Work Outcome in Recent-Onset Schizophrenia [NCT00333177]Phase 492 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-03-31Completed
A Single-Dose, Randomized, Open-Label, Two-Treatment, Two-Period, Two-Cohort, Crossover Study to Assess the Bioequivalence of Xian Risperdal Tablets Under Fasting and Fed Conditions in Chinese Healthy Subjects Compared With Gurabo Risperdal Tablets [NCT03220867]Phase 10 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-12-11Withdrawn(stopped due to CFDA announced Xi'An Risperdal as reference drug, no need for this BE trial from both scientific and ethical perspective.)
Study of add-on Ramelteon Therapy on Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Disruption in Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT03075657]Phase 4120 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-05-01Completed
Interventional, Randomised, Double-blind, Active-controlled, Fixed-dose Study of Lu AF35700 in Patients With Treatment-resistant Schizophrenia [NCT02717195]Phase 31,098 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-04-30Completed
A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of RBP-7000 as a Treatment in Subjects With Acute Schizophrenia Over 8 Weeks (2 Subcutaneous Doses) [NCT02109562]Phase 3354 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-04-30Completed
Efficacy of Hydroxyzine Versus Treatment as Usual for Panic Disorder: An Eight-Week, Open Label, Pilot, Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT05737511]Phase 480 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-30Not yet recruiting
A Phase 2A, Open-Label, Multiple Ascending Dose Study of the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Primary Pharmacodynamic Markers of Efficacy of 60mg, 90mg, and 120mg of Risperidone in RBP-7000 Subcutaneous Injections in Subjects With Clinically St [NCT01677377]Phase 245 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-08-31Completed
1/2-MC4R Genotype and Pediatric Antipsychotic Drug- Induced Weight Gain [NCT01844700]Phase 414 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-31Terminated(stopped due to very slow recruitment, no sufficient results)
Risperidone Treatment In Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder And High Levels of Repetitive Behavior [NCT01171937]Phase 241 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Completed
Pharmacovigilance in Gerontopsychiatric Patients [NCT02374567]Phase 3407 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Terminated
Open Flexible-dose Randomized Study of the Effectiveness of Second Generation Antipsychotics in First Episode Psychosis Patients: A 3-year Follow-up [NCT03090503]Phase 4200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-06-30Enrolling by invitation
Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Effectiveness of Lurasidone in Subjects With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder: A Randomized, Active Comparator-Controlled Trial [NCT00641745]Phase 3629 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-31Completed
Alcoholism and Schizophrenia: A Translational Approach to Treatment [NCT01411085]Phase 212 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Completed
An Open-Label Study of Oral Antipsychotics Replacement by Prolonged Release Risperidone (Risperdal Consta) in Schizophrenic Subjects With Bad Adhesion to the Treatment [NCT01726335]Phase 453 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-01-31Completed
Acute D2 Receptor Blockade Induced Neuronal Network Changes in Human Volunteers [NCT01931059]11 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-31Completed
Multicenter, Open-label, Two-arm, Parallel-design, Repeat-dose Clinical Trial to Evaluate the PK, Safety, and Tolerability of Four Intramuscular Injections of Risperidone ISM® 75 mg, at 28 Day Intervals in Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT02086786]Phase 270 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-31Completed
A Multi Dose, Open-Label, Parallel-Group Study to Evaluate the PK and Safety/Tolerability of Long-Acting Oral Risperidone (LYN-005) in Participants With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder [NCT05779241]Phase 390 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-04-30Recruiting
Striatal Connectivity and Clinical Outcome in Psychosis [NCT02822092]170 participants (Anticipated)Observational2016-07-31Recruiting
Actigraphic Analysis of Treatment Response in a Six Year Old Girl With Kabuki Syndrome [NCT00723580]1 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
Locus Coeruleus Neuroimaging of Antipsychotic/Modafinil Interactions on Cognition in Schizophrenia [NCT01913327]Phase 44 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Terminated(stopped due to Insufficient Funds and Inadequate Subject Recruitment)
Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Antipsychotics in Children 2: Studying TDM in an RCT [NCT05146245]Phase 4140 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-12-01Recruiting
Effects of Risperdal Consta Versus Oral Antipsychotic Medication on Clinical and Functional Outcome and Neurocognition in First-episode Schizophrenia [NCT00330551]Phase 4126 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-03-31Completed
Metabolic Signatures and Biomarkers in First Episode and Recurrent Patients With Schizophrenia in Comparison to Healthy Controls [NCT00466310]Phase 171 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-02-28Completed
Clinical Management of Metabolic Problems in Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT00423878]Phase 4215 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-01-31Completed
Improving Metabolic Parameters of Antipsychotic Child Treatment (IMPACT) [NCT00806234]Phase 4127 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
Effects of Modulation of the Dopaminergic System Using Risperidone on Memory and Executive Processes in Individuals With 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome [NCT04639960]16 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-09-29Terminated(stopped due to Difficulties in recruitment of participants and end of funding)
A Research in Pharmacogenomics and Accurate Medication of Risperidone [NCT03302364]800 participants (Anticipated)Observational [Patient Registry]2017-10-22Recruiting
Pragmatic Trial Comparing Weight Gain in Children With Autism Taking Risperidone Versus Aripiprazole [NCT04903353]Phase 4350 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-02-01Recruiting
A Phase II, Multi-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel Group, Placebo-Controlled Trial of the Efficacy and the Safety of RO6889450 (Ralmitaront) vs Placebo in Patients With an Acute Exacerbation of Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder [NCT04512066]Phase 2287 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-09-08Completed
Placebo Controlled Trial of Valproate Versus Risperidone in Young Children With Bipolar Disorder [NCT02456454]Phase 346 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-01-31Completed
A Randomized, Open-Label, Study To Evaluate The Effect of Oral Paliperidone Extended-Release and Oral Risperidone Immediate-Release on Selected Cognitive Domains in Clinically Stable Subjects With Schizophrenia [NCT01670071]Phase 417 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Terminated(stopped due to The study was terminated due to insufficient sample size and protocol compliance issue.)
Clinical Psychopharmacology Division Institute of Mental Health, Peking University [NCT03148509]Phase 4300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-06-01Not yet recruiting
Estimating the Optimal Dynamic Antipsychotic Treatment Regime: Sequential Multiple-assignment Randomized Clinical Antipsychotic Trials in Chinese Patients With First-episode Psychosis. [NCT03510325]Phase 41,260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-10-01Not yet recruiting
Comparable Efficacy of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Pharmacological Treatments in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder [NCT05491720]Phase 145 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-08-15Completed
A 4-week, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Mifepristone in the Prevention of Risperidone-induced Weight Gain in Healthy Male Volunteers [NCT00698022]Phase 176 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-11-30Completed
Long-Term Extension Study of MP-214 in Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT01626872]Phase 2/Phase 3254 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of MP-214 in Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT01625000]Phase 2/Phase 3512 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Completed
A Long-term Study of MP-214 in Patients With Chronic Phase or Elderly Schizophrenia [NCT01625897]Phase 2/Phase 3125 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Completed
Double-blind,Double-simulation,Risperidone-controlled,Multicentre Clinical Trial of Iloperidone in Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT02453893]Phase 3288 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-11-30Recruiting
Treatment of Early Age Mania (TEAM) Study [NCT00057681]Phase 3379 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-02-28Completed
Effectiveness of Switching Antipsychotic Medications [NCT00044655]Phase 4219 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-07-31Completed
An Open-Label, Long-Term Safety and Tolerability Study of RBP-7000 in the Treatment of Subjects With Schizophrenia [NCT02203838]Phase 3500 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-06-30Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00044655 (1) [back to overview]Number Who Discontinued Medication Within First 6 Study Months
NCT00053703 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in PANSS Positive Symptom Subscale Score at 8 Weeks.
NCT00053703 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in PANSS Negative Symptom Subscale at Week 8
NCT00053703 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Body Mass Index Change, kg/m2, at Week 8
NCT00053703 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Barnes Akathisia Scale at Week 8
NCT00053703 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Weight at Week 8
NCT00053703 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score at 8 Weeks
NCT00056498 (3) [back to overview]Neuropsychological Testing - Overall Composite Z-score
NCT00056498 (3) [back to overview]Positive Symptom Item Scores by Week and Treatment Group
NCT00056498 (3) [back to overview]Negative Symptom Total Score by Week and Treatment Group
NCT00057681 (3) [back to overview]Modified Side Effects Form for Children and Adolescents
NCT00057681 (3) [back to overview]K-SADS Mania Rating Scale
NCT00057681 (3) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impressions-Bipolar Mania Improvement
NCT00099983 (1) [back to overview]Change in CAPS Score From Baseline to Week 24
NCT00130923 (6) [back to overview]Change Over Time in Frequency of Heavy Drinking Days (Used to Evaluate Treatment Efficacy)
NCT00130923 (6) [back to overview]Average Over Time of Positive and Negative Symptoms (Used to Evaluate Treatment Efficacy)
NCT00130923 (6) [back to overview]Average Over Time of Severity of Illness and Global Improvement (Used to Evaluate Treatment Efficacy)
NCT00130923 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Medication Adherence
NCT00130923 (6) [back to overview]Average Over Time of Frequency of Drinking Days (Used to Evaluate Treatment Efficacy)
NCT00130923 (6) [back to overview]Average Over Time of Global Functioning (Used to Evaluate Treatment Efficacy)
NCT00132314 (2) [back to overview]Hazard Ratio for Hospitalization
NCT00132314 (2) [back to overview]Hospitalization-free Survival - Time to Event
NCT00132678 (3) [back to overview]Change in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)
NCT00132678 (3) [back to overview]Change in Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) Scores.
NCT00132678 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Had a Mood Relapse.
NCT00140426 (13) [back to overview]Time to Reach 90% Ideal Body Weight (IBW) and Maintain for 1 Month, Stratified by >=80% at Start of Study
NCT00140426 (13) [back to overview]Time to Reach 90% IBW and Maintain for 1 Month, Stratified by IBW <80% at Start of Study
NCT00140426 (13) [back to overview]Hazard Ratio for Time to Reaching Ease Of Eating Level 3 From Start of Study (Normal Eating Behavior)
NCT00140426 (13) [back to overview]Color A Person Test (CAPT)
NCT00140426 (13) [back to overview]Change in Ratings of Anxiety Symptoms on the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC)
NCT00140426 (13) [back to overview]Change in Prolactin Levels
NCT00140426 (13) [back to overview]Change in Leptin Levels
NCT00140426 (13) [back to overview]Change in Eating Disorder Inventory-2 Drive for Thinness Subscale (DT)
NCT00140426 (13) [back to overview]Change in Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI)-2 Score for Body Dissatisfaction (BD)
NCT00140426 (13) [back to overview]Body Image Software (BIS) - Point of Subjective Equality (PSE)
NCT00140426 (13) [back to overview]Body Image Software (BIS): Average Desired Thinness
NCT00140426 (13) [back to overview]Body Image Software (BIS): Average Distortion
NCT00140426 (13) [back to overview]Body Image Software (BIS) - Difference Limen (DL)
NCT00176202 (4) [back to overview]Child Depression Rating Scale- Revised (CDRS-R)
NCT00176202 (4) [back to overview]Child Mania Rating Scale (CMRS)
NCT00176202 (4) [back to overview]Clinical Global Improvement in Bipolar Disorder Overall (CGI-BP Overall)
NCT00176202 (4) [back to overview]Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS)
NCT00177164 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Hyperlipidemia
NCT00177164 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment - Emergent Hyperglycemia
NCT00177164 (4) [back to overview]BMI
NCT00177164 (4) [back to overview]Evaluate the Number of Clinical Events (Pooled) Occurring Between 3-15 Months Following a Switch/Stabilization of the Antipsychotic Agents Among Patients Who Receive Either Risperidal Consta or One of the 4 Marketed 2nd Generation Antipsychotic Agents.
NCT00183625 (2) [back to overview]Total Weeks Worked
NCT00183625 (2) [back to overview]Body Mass Index
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Pairwise Correlations Between Changes in Normalized Insulin Sensitivity Index at Low Insulin Phase and Changes in Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale Scores.
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Pairwise Correlations Between Changes in Normalized Insulin Sensitivity Index at Low Insulin Phase and Changes in Body Mass Index (BMI)
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Pairwise Correlations Between Changes in Normalized Insulin Sensitivity Index at Low Insulin Phase and Changes in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale Scores.
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Pairwise Correlations Between Changes in Normalized Insulin Sensitivity Index at Low Insulin Phase and Changes in Clinical Global Impression - Severity of Illness Scale Scores.
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Pairwise Correlations Between Changes in Normalized Insulin Sensitivity Index at Low Insulin Phase and Changes in Subcutaneous Fat Area.
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Pairwise Correlations Between Changes in Normalized Insulin Sensitivity Index at Low Insulin Phase and Changes in Visceral Fat Area.
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Pairwise Correlations Between Changes in Normalized Insulin Sensitivity Index at Low Insulin Phase and Changes in Waist Circumference.
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Pairwise Correlations Between Changes in Normalized Insulin Sensitivity Index at Low Insulin Phase and Changes in Weight.
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Pairwise Correlations Between Changes in Normalized Insulin Sensitivity Index at Low Insulin Phase and Changes in Ratio of Visceral Fat Area to the Subcutaneous Fat Area.
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Scores
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Body Mass Index
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) Scores
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Clinical Global Impression - Severity of Illness Scores
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Eating Behavior Assessment Scale Scores
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Fasting Lipid Parameters Including Direct Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Fasting Lipid Parameters Including High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Fasting Lipid Parameters Including Lipoprotein Subclasses
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Fasting Lipid Parameters Including Total Cholesterol
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Fasting Lipid Parameters Including Triglycerides
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Simpson Angus Scale Scores
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Subcutaneous Fat Area
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in the Ratio of the Visceral Fat Area to the Subcutaneous Fat Area
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Visceral Fat Area
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Waist Circumference
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Weight
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Change in Baseline to Last Observation In Normalized Insulin Sensitivity Index at Low Insulin Phase Using Change in Weight as a Covariate
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Pairwise Correlations Between Between Changes in Normalized Insulin Sensitivity Index at Low Insulin Phase and Changes in Eating Behavior Assessment Scale Scores.
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Pairwise Correlations Between Changes in Normalized Insulin Sensitivity Index at Low Insulin Phase and Changes in the Simpson Angus Scale Scores.
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Pairwise Correlation Between Changes in Normalized Insulin Sensitivity Index at Low Insulin Phase and Changes in Barnes Akathisia Scale Scores.
NCT00190749 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale Scores
NCT00205699 (6) [back to overview]Change in MRI-measured Subcutaneous Abdominal Fat
NCT00205699 (6) [back to overview]Change in Insulin-stimulated Glucose Rate of Disappearance (Glucose Rd)
NCT00205699 (6) [back to overview]Change in Insulin-stimulated Glucose Rate of Appearance (Glucose Ra)
NCT00205699 (6) [back to overview]Change in DEXA % Body Fat
NCT00205699 (6) [back to overview]Change in Insulin-stimulated Glycerol Rate of Appearance (Glycerol Ra)
NCT00205699 (6) [back to overview]Change in MRI-measured Visceral Abdominal Fat
NCT00206102 (15) [back to overview]Change in the PANSS Psychopathology Subscale Score
NCT00206102 (15) [back to overview]Change in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score
NCT00206102 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Potential Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS)
NCT00206102 (15) [back to overview]Number of Relapses of Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder
NCT00206102 (15) [back to overview]Presence of a Cortical (C) Type of Cataractogenic Potential Events in Participants as Assessed and Agreed by 2 Independent, Treatment-masked Ophthalmologists Using the Lens Opacities Classification System II (LOCS II ) Grading Scale
NCT00206102 (15) [back to overview]Change in Personal Evaluation of Transitions in Treatment (PETiT) Total Score
NCT00206102 (15) [back to overview]Presence of a Nuclear Opalescence (N) Type of Cataractogenic Potential Events in Participants as Assessed and Agreed by 2 Independent, Treatment-masked Ophthalmologists Using the LOCS II Grading Scale
NCT00206102 (15) [back to overview]Presence of a Posterior Subcapsular (P) Type Cataractogenic Potential Events in Participants as Assessed and Agreed by 2 Independent, Treatment-masked Ophthalmologists Using the LOCS II Grading Scale
NCT00206102 (15) [back to overview]Change in the Clinical Global Impression - Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Score
NCT00206102 (15) [back to overview]Change in Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS) Total Score
NCT00206102 (15) [back to overview]Change in the PANSS Negative Subscale Score
NCT00206102 (15) [back to overview]Change in the PANSS Positive Subscale Score
NCT00206102 (15) [back to overview]Change in Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Global Score
NCT00206102 (15) [back to overview]Change in Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Total Score
NCT00206102 (15) [back to overview]Change in Health-related Quality of Life as Measured by Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire - Short Form (Q-LES-Q SF) Total Score
NCT00216476 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Score
NCT00216476 (5) [back to overview]Mean Relapse Free Period (Exploratory/Aripiprazole)
NCT00216476 (5) [back to overview]Mean Relapse Free Period(Risperidone LAI Versus Quetiapine)
NCT00216476 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Short-Form Health Survey 12 (SF-12) Scores
NCT00216476 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) Score
NCT00216671 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in PANSS Total Score at Week 12
NCT00216671 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in PANSS Total Score at Week 6
NCT00216671 (6) [back to overview]Change in Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score From Baseline to Endpoint
NCT00216671 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)
NCT00216671 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Quality of Life Questionnaire SF-12
NCT00216671 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Clinical Global Impression - Severity (CGI-S)
NCT00221403 (1) [back to overview]YMRS
NCT00225498 (1) [back to overview]Working Memory
NCT00246259 (15) [back to overview]Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS)
NCT00246259 (15) [back to overview]Time to Relapse
NCT00246259 (15) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Relapse
NCT00246259 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Standardized Mental Component Scale Score in Short Form 36 (SF-36) at Week 104 or LRV
NCT00246259 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI-10) Score at Week 104 or LRV
NCT00246259 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Cognitive Assessment Using Trail A
NCT00246259 (15) [back to overview]Total Words Score Over Time
NCT00246259 (15) [back to overview]Simpson Angus Scale (SAS)
NCT00246259 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Cognitive Assessments Using Trail B
NCT00246259 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) at Week 104 or LRV
NCT00246259 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS) at Week 104 or LRV
NCT00246259 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 104 or Last Reported Visit (LRV)
NCT00246259 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Calgary Depression Symptom Scale (CDSS) Score at Week 104 or LRV
NCT00246259 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) Total Score at Week 104 or LRV
NCT00246259 (15) [back to overview]Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Global Clinical Assessment
NCT00256997 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Experienced a Clinical Exacerbation From Month 3 Post-Randomization
NCT00256997 (9) [back to overview]Time to First Clinical Exacerbation
NCT00256997 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Assessment of Quality of Life (AQoL) Score at Month 24
NCT00256997 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP) Total Score at Month 24
NCT00256997 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) - Total Score at Month 24
NCT00256997 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C)
NCT00256997 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S)
NCT00256997 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Response to Resource Utilization Questionnaire (RUQ)
NCT00256997 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Experienced a Clinical Exacerbation
NCT00269919 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Drug Attitude Inventory-10 (DAI-10) Item Scale Score at Week 96
NCT00269919 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Score at Week 96
NCT00269919 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in NCFT: Controlled Oral Word Association Test at Week 96
NCT00269919 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in NCFT: Memory Quotient (MQ) at Week 96
NCT00269919 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) Score at Week 96
NCT00269919 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in World Health Organization (WHO)-Quality of Life (QOL) at Week 96
NCT00269919 (14) [back to overview]Total Drug Induced Extra-Pyramidal Symptoms Scale (DIEPSS) Score
NCT00269919 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in NCFT: Trail Making Test (TMT)-Time at Week 96
NCT00269919 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in NCFT: TMT-Error at Week 96
NCT00269919 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Neurocognitive Function Test (NCFT): General Intelligence (Korean-Wechsler Adults Intelligence Scale [K-WAIS]) at Week 96
NCT00269919 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Score at Week 96
NCT00269919 (14) [back to overview]Liverpool University Neuroleptic Side Effect Rating Scale (LUNSERS) Score
NCT00269919 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in NCFT: Rey Kim Memory Test- Korean-Rey Complex Figure Test (K-RCFT) at Week 96
NCT00269919 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in NCFT: Rey Kim Memory Test-Korean Auditory Verbal Learning Test (KAVLT) at Week 96
NCT00299702 (2) [back to overview]Time in Remission
NCT00299702 (2) [back to overview]Time to Relapse
NCT00320671 (1) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants That Responded to Treatment
NCT00330551 (8) [back to overview]Medication Adherence
NCT00330551 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Had an Exacerbation or Relapse of Psychotic Symptoms
NCT00330551 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Returned to Work or School (SAS Work Section)
NCT00330551 (8) [back to overview]Retention in Treatment
NCT00330551 (8) [back to overview]Number of Weeks Maintaining Work or School (SAS)
NCT00330551 (8) [back to overview]Awareness of Illness, as Assessed by the Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder-Revised (SUMD-R)
NCT00330551 (8) [back to overview]Change in Global Functioning Scale: Role
NCT00330551 (8) [back to overview]MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) Overall Composite T Score
NCT00330863 (3) [back to overview]Number of Patients Discontinuing From the Study
NCT00330863 (3) [back to overview]Side Effects and Metabolic Measures
NCT00330863 (3) [back to overview]Substantial Clinical Deterioration Measured by Psychotic Symptoms
NCT00333177 (10) [back to overview]Work Behavior Inventory (WBI) Quality of Work/School Performance
NCT00333177 (10) [back to overview]Work/School Functioning (Global Functioning Scale: Role)
NCT00333177 (10) [back to overview]Work/School Functioning (Global Functioning Scale: Role)
NCT00333177 (10) [back to overview]Retention in Treatment
NCT00333177 (10) [back to overview]Maintenance of Work/School Attendance
NCT00333177 (10) [back to overview]Exacerbation or Relapse of Psychotic Symptoms
NCT00333177 (10) [back to overview]Change in Motivation for Work/School
NCT00333177 (10) [back to overview]Awareness of Illness, as Assessed by the Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder, Revised Version (SUMD-R)
NCT00333177 (10) [back to overview]Average Medication Non-adherence
NCT00333177 (10) [back to overview]Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)
NCT00337662 (18) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 10 Week Endpoint in Extrapyramidal Symptoms as Measured by the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS)- Non-Global Total Score
NCT00337662 (18) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 10 Week Endpoint in Extrapyramidal Symptoms as Measured by the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale - Total Score
NCT00337662 (18) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 10 Week Endpoint in Extrapyramidal Symptoms as Measured by the Modified Simpson-Angus Scale
NCT00337662 (18) [back to overview]Changes From Study Period II Baseline (Week 0) to Weeks 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score in Early Onset Response and Not Early Onset Response-Risperidone Patients
NCT00337662 (18) [back to overview]Changes From Study Period III Baseline (Week 2) to Weeks 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Total Score in Not Early Onset Response-Risperidone and Not Early Onset Response-Olanzapine Patients
NCT00337662 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants in the Not Early Onset-Risperidone and Not Early Onset-Olanzapine Groups Who Show a 50% or Greater Reduction in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Total Score From Baseline or Meet 'a Priori' Specified Criteria for Remission
NCT00337662 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Psychiatric Hospitalizations in the Early Onset and Not Early Onset-Risperidone Groups
NCT00337662 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Abnormal Fasting Laboratory Analytes Reported in >=2% of All Participants
NCT00337662 (18) [back to overview]The Number of Participants in the Early Onset (EO) and Not Early Onset-Risperidone (NEO-RIS) Groups Who Show a 20% or Greater Reduction in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score
NCT00337662 (18) [back to overview]Vital Signs - Mean Change From Baseline to 10 Week Endpoint in Body Mass Index
NCT00337662 (18) [back to overview]Vital Signs - Change From Baseline to 10 Week Endpoint in Standing Mean Arterial Pressure
NCT00337662 (18) [back to overview]Vital Signs - Change From Baseline to 10 Week Endpoint in Standing Diastolic Blood Pressure
NCT00337662 (18) [back to overview]The Number of Participants in the Not Early Onset-Risperidone (NEO-RIS) and Not Early Onset-Olanzapine (NEO-OLZ) Groups Who Show a 20% or Greater Reduction in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score
NCT00337662 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants in the Early Onset and Not Early Onset-Risperidone Groups Who Show a 50% or Greater Reduction in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score From Baseline or Meet 'a Priori' Specified Criteria for Remission
NCT00337662 (18) [back to overview]Vital Signs - Mean Change From Baseline to 10 Week Endpoint in Body Weight
NCT00337662 (18) [back to overview]Vital Signs - Mean Change From Baseline to 10 Week Endpoint in Standing Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT00337662 (18) [back to overview]Vital Signs - Mean Change From Baseline to 10 Week Endpoint in Standing Pulse Rate
NCT00337662 (18) [back to overview]Vital Signs - Mean Change From Baseline to 10 Week Endpoint in Sitting Pulse Rate
NCT00338949 (2) [back to overview]Change in Visceral Fat Mass From Baseline to Week 26
NCT00338949 (2) [back to overview]Change in Insulin Sensitivity Index From Baseline to Week 26 ((1/mU/L) x 1/Min)
NCT00385801 (2) [back to overview]Cocaine Craving
NCT00385801 (2) [back to overview]Cocaine Use by Quantitative Urine Samples
NCT00389493 (5) [back to overview]Score on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS)
NCT00389493 (5) [back to overview]Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire-Short Form
NCT00389493 (5) [back to overview]Social Adjustment Scale-SR
NCT00389493 (5) [back to overview]Brown Assessment of Beliefs (BABS)
NCT00389493 (5) [back to overview]Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (Ham-D)
NCT00391222 (7) [back to overview]Time to Early Study Discontinuation for Any Reason
NCT00391222 (7) [back to overview]Change From Double-blind Baseline to Endpoint in Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS)
NCT00391222 (7) [back to overview]Change From Double-blind Baseline to Endpoint in Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)
NCT00391222 (7) [back to overview]Time to Recurrence of an Elevated Mood (Hypomanic, Manic, or Mixed) Episode
NCT00391222 (7) [back to overview]Time to Recurrence of a Mood Episode (Risperidone LAI Versus Placebo)
NCT00391222 (7) [back to overview]Time to Recurrence of a Mood Episode (Exploratory/Olanzapine)
NCT00391222 (7) [back to overview]Time to Recurrence of a Depressive Episode
NCT00417482 (8) [back to overview]AIMS
NCT00417482 (8) [back to overview]Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE)
NCT00417482 (8) [back to overview]Weight
NCT00417482 (8) [back to overview]Treatment Emergent Symptoms Scale (TESS)
NCT00417482 (8) [back to overview]Relapse by Study Week 48
NCT00417482 (8) [back to overview]Relapse by Study Week 32
NCT00417482 (8) [back to overview]Physical Self-Maintenance Scale (PSMS)
NCT00417482 (8) [back to overview]Extrapyramidal Signs (EPS)
NCT00423878 (2) [back to overview]Efficacy Failure, Defined as Psychiatric Hospitalization, a 25 Percent Increase From Baseline on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale or Substantial Clinical Deterioration on the Clinical Global Impressions-Change (CGI-C)
NCT00423878 (2) [back to overview]Change in Non-HDL Cholesterol Level for Patients Assigned to Stay and Patients Assigned to Switch Over 24 Weeks
NCT00435370 (1) [back to overview]Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Cognition Domains
NCT00466310 (1) [back to overview]Total Plasmalogen Levels in the Lipid Profile
NCT00508157 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants Remaining on Metabolic Syndrome at Week 16
NCT00508157 (2) [back to overview]Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Fasting Non-high Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol at Week 16
NCT00509067 (3) [back to overview]Negative Symptoms Measured on Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00509067 (3) [back to overview]MATRICS Verbal Learning and Memory
NCT00509067 (3) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression
NCT00515723 (2) [back to overview]Clamp Derived Insulin Sensitivity (mg/kg/Min)
NCT00515723 (2) [back to overview]DEXA Total Fat
NCT00535132 (15) [back to overview]Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) Score Change From Baseline to the Week 6 Endpoint.
NCT00535132 (15) [back to overview]Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) Score Change From Baseline to Week 2 (Observed).
NCT00535132 (15) [back to overview]Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) Score Change From Baseline to Week 4 (Observed).
NCT00535132 (15) [back to overview]Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) Score Change From Baseline to Week 6 (Observed).
NCT00535132 (15) [back to overview]Modified COVI Anxiety Scale (m-COVI) Change From Baseline to the Week 6 Endpoint
NCT00535132 (15) [back to overview]Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) Change From Baseline to the Week 6 Endpoint
NCT00535132 (15) [back to overview]Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score Change From Baseline to Week 6 Endpoint
NCT00535132 (15) [back to overview]Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) Mental Health Composite Score Change From Baseline to the Week 6 Endpoint
NCT00535132 (15) [back to overview]Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) Physical Health Composite Score Change From Baseline to the Week 6 Endpoint
NCT00535132 (15) [back to overview]Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) - Categorical Summary - Dichotomized Categories - Week 2 (Observed).
NCT00535132 (15) [back to overview]Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) - Categorical Summary - Dichotomized Categories - Week 4 (Observed).
NCT00535132 (15) [back to overview]Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) - Categorical Summary - Dichotomized Categories - Week 6 (Observed).
NCT00535132 (15) [back to overview]Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) - Categorical Summary - Dichotomized Categories - Week 6 LOCF.
NCT00535132 (15) [back to overview]Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM) Global Satisfaction Score Change From Baseline to the Week 6 Endpoint
NCT00535132 (15) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression - Severity (CGI-S) Change From Baseline to Week 6 Endpoint
NCT00563706 (2) [back to overview]Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Baseline
NCT00563706 (2) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Day 28
NCT00571688 (1) [back to overview]Number of Relapse-related Events Normalized to Unit Time
NCT00573287 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants Demonstrating Improvement in Psychiatric Symptoms Using the BPRS, CGIS, and SANS at 24 Weeks
NCT00573287 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants Demonstrating Improvement in Substance Use
NCT00576732 (8) [back to overview]Change in Clinical Global Impression Severity (CGI-S)
NCT00576732 (8) [back to overview]Change in Aberrant Behavior Checklist Irritability (ABC-I) Subscale
NCT00576732 (8) [back to overview]Change in Insulin Resistance (IR) at 6 Weeks
NCT00576732 (8) [back to overview]Change in Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) at 6 Weeks
NCT00576732 (8) [back to overview]Change in Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) at 6 Months
NCT00576732 (8) [back to overview]Change in Insulin Resistance (IR) at 6 Months
NCT00576732 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Had at Least 25% Improvement in ABC-I
NCT00576732 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Had Clinical Global Impression Change Ratings of Much or Very Much Improved.
NCT00584701 (2) [back to overview]Exon Expression Positively or Negatively Correlated With Percentage Improvement in ABC-I
NCT00584701 (2) [back to overview]Percent Change of ABC - Irritability Subscale Score
NCT00589914 (3) [back to overview]The Change From Baseline in the PSP Score
NCT00589914 (3) [back to overview]Change in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score for Schizophrenia
NCT00589914 (3) [back to overview]The Change From Baseline for the CGI-S Score
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]The Remission Rate in Both the Quetiapine XR Group and the Risperidone Group at Month 12 in the ITT Population
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]The Safety and Tolerability of Quetiapine XR vs Risperidone by Evaluating the Number of Participants at Month 12 in Safety Population With Individual Symptoms Assessed by the Modified Udvalg for Kliniske Undersogelser, Side Effect Rating Scale: Neurologic
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]The Effect of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone Regarding Health Economics Outcomes by Evaluating the Time Between First Study Drug Intake and First Hospitalization for Patients With 1 Hospitalization in the ITT Population
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]The Safety and Tolerability of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone by Evaluating the Number of Participants With a Treatment-emergent Adverse Event (TEAEs) at Month 12 in the Safety Population
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]The Effect of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone Regarding Health Economics Outcomes by Evaluating the Mean Number of Lost School/Work Days at Month 12 in the ITT Population
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]The Effect of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone by Evaluating the Relapse Rate at Month 12 in the ITT Population
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]The Effect of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone at Month 12 in the ITT Population on Core Schizophrenic and Depressive Symptoms by Evaluating the Change From Baseline in the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Total Score
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]The Effect of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone at Month 12 in the ITT Population on Core Schizophrenic and Depressive Symptoms by Evaluating the Change From Baseline in CGI-SCH Overall Severity Score (Improved).
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]The Safety and Tolerability of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone by Evaluating the Number of Participants Who Had at Least 1 Extra-pyramidal TEAE at Month 12 in the Safety Population
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Subjective Well-Being Under Neuroleptic Treatment Scale (SWN-K) Subscale Score: Mental Functioning at Month 12 in the ITT Population.
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]The Effect of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone at Month 12 in the ITT Population on Core Schizophrenic and Depressive Symptoms by Evaluating the Change From Baseline in CGI-SCH Overall Severity Score
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]The Compliance of Patients Taking Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone at Month 12 by Evaluating the Number of Participants Who Returned Study Drug at Month 12 in the ITT Population
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]Responder Rate at Month 6 in the Per Protocol Population Using the Subjective Well-being Under Neuroleptics Scale, Short Version (SWN-K) Total Score
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]The Effect of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone Regarding Health Economics Outcomes by Evaluating the Participants With at Least 1 Hospitalization Due to Psychiatric Disorders at Month 12 in the ITT Population
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants Using Antidepressants at Month 12 in the ITT Population
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]Evaluation of Effect of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone on the Health-related Quality of Life of Patients With Schizophrenia by Evaluating the Change From Baseline in EQ-5D(Euro Quality of Life-5 Dimension) Index Score at Month 12 in the ITT Population.
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Subjective Well-Being Under Neuroleptic Treatment Scale (SWN-K) Total Score at Month 12 in the Per Protocol Population
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]To Evaluate the Effect of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone at Month 12 in the ITT Population Regarding Health Economics Outcomes by Evaluating the Functional Improvement Rate of the Modified Vocational Status Index/ Location Code Index: Stable State
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]The Safety and Tolerability of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone by Evaluating the Number of Participants Who Discontinued the Study Because of an TEAE at Month 12 in the Safety Population
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]The Safety and Tolerability of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone by Evaluating the Number of Participants at Month 12 in the Safety Population With Individual Symptoms Assessed by the Modified UKU: Sexual Dysfunction in Men
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]The Safety and Tolerability of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone by Evaluating the Number of Participants Who Had at Least 1 Cardiac TEAE at Month 12 in the Safety Population
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Subjective Well-Being Under Neuroleptic Treatment Scale (SWN-K) Subscale Score: Social Integration at Month 12 in the ITT Population.
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Subjective Well-Being Under Neuroleptic Treatment Scale (SWN-K) Total Score at Month 12 in the Intent-to-Treat (ITT) Population
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Subjective Well-Being Under Neuroleptic Treatment Scale (SWN-K) Subscale Score: Self-control at Month 12 in the ITT Population.
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Subjective Well-Being Under Neuroleptic Treatment Scale (SWN-K) Subscale Score: Physical Functioning at Month 12 in the ITT Population.
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]The Effect of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone Regarding Health Economics Outcomes by Evaluating the Number of Participants Using Other Psychotropic Medications at Month 12 in the ITT Population
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Subjective Well-Being Under Neuroleptic Treatment Scale (SWN-K) Subscale Score: Emotional Regulation at Month 12 in the ITT Population.
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]Number of Subjects Who Had an Unscheduled Visits Due to Worsening of Schizophrenia, Dose Change, or Adverse Event at Month 12 in the ITT Population
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]The Safety and Tolerability of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone by Evaluating the Number of Participants at Month 12 in the Safety Population With Individual Symptoms Assessed by the Modified UKU: Hyperprolactinaemia in Women
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]The Safety and Tolerability of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone by Evaluating the Number of Extra-pyramidal Events at Month 12 in the Safety Population
NCT00600756 (31) [back to overview]The Safety and Tolerability of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone by Evaluating the Mean Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Prolactin Levels in the Safety Population
NCT00604279 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Responded to PANSS Total Score at Day 92 or Early Withdrawal
NCT00604279 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Day 92 or Early Withdrawal
NCT00604279 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Personal and Social Performance (PSP) Score at Day 92 or Early Withdrawal
NCT00604279 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) Score at Day 92 or Early Withdrawal
NCT00604279 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Sleep Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Score at Day 92 or Early Withdrawal
NCT00640562 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 of HAM-D Score
NCT00640562 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 of Drug Attitude Inventory 10 Item Scale (DAI 10) Score
NCT00640562 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 of Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Score.
NCT00640562 (11) [back to overview]Concomitant Use of Antidepressive Drugs From Baseline to Week 12
NCT00640562 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Simpson Angus Scale (SAS) Total Score to Week 12 as an Indication of Neurological Side Effects Section
NCT00640562 (11) [back to overview]Concomitant Use of Antidepressive Drugs From Baseline to Week 12
NCT00640562 (11) [back to overview]Change From Screening Visit to Week 12 of Prolactin Live
NCT00640562 (11) [back to overview]CGI- Global Improvement Mean Score at Week 12
NCT00640562 (11) [back to overview]Body Mass Index (BMI) at Week 12
NCT00640562 (11) [back to overview]- Change From Baseline to Week 12 of Clinical Global Impression (CGI- Severity of Illness) Score
NCT00640562 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 of PANSS Score
NCT00641745 (1) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events.
NCT00694707 (2) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 6 in the PANSS Total Score
NCT00694707 (2) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 6 in the CGI-S Score
NCT00698022 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Body Weight
NCT00698022 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With One or More Adverse Events
NCT00698022 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With <5% and <7% Increase From Baseline in Body Weight
NCT00698022 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Discontinued From the Study Due to an Adverse Event
NCT00711269 (7) [back to overview]Proportion of Participants With TEAEs Leading to Discontinuation
NCT00711269 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the PANSS Negative Subscales at Week 6
NCT00711269 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the PANSS General Psychopathology Subscales at Week 6 (LOCF)
NCT00711269 (7) [back to overview]Proportion of Participants With Treatment-emergent Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)
NCT00711269 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the PANSS Positive Subscales at Week 6 (LOCF)
NCT00711269 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 6 (LOCF)
NCT00711269 (7) [back to overview]Proportion of Participants With Treatment-emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)
NCT00712270 (1) [back to overview]QTc Measurement
NCT00723580 (1) [back to overview]Actigraphic Measurement of Treatment Conditions
NCT00746252 (1) [back to overview]Weight Gain
NCT00796302 (4) [back to overview]NCBRF-TIQ D-Total Score
NCT00796302 (4) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impressions Scale for Severity of Illness
NCT00796302 (4) [back to overview]Antisocial Behavior Scale - Reactive Aggression Subscale
NCT00796302 (4) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impressions Scale for Improvement
NCT00806234 (4) [back to overview]Body Mass Index (BMI) Z-score Change
NCT00806234 (4) [back to overview]Change in Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol Level
NCT00806234 (4) [back to overview]Change in Whole Body Insulin Sensitivity Index
NCT00806234 (4) [back to overview]Triglyceride Levels
NCT00845026 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Pulse Rate at 52 Weeks Endpoint
NCT00845026 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Changes in QT Intervals Electrocardiograms (ECGs)
NCT00845026 (26) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Remission (Rate of Remission) at Week 24 Endpoint
NCT00845026 (26) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Response (Rate of Response) at 6 and 24 Weeks Endpoints
NCT00845026 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Change in Neurological Examination
NCT00845026 (26) [back to overview]Time to Discontinuation Due to Adverse Event (AE)
NCT00845026 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Suicidal Behaviors and Ideations Baseline Through 52 Weeks
NCT00845026 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Shift From Baseline to Maximum Post-Baseline Grading in Electroencephalograms (EEGs)
NCT00845026 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB): Overall Composite T-Score at 52 Weeks Endpoint
NCT00845026 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in EuroQoL Questionnaire-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) at 52 Weeks Endpoint
NCT00845026 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Blood Pressure (BP) at 52 Weeks Endpoint
NCT00845026 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression Severity Scale (CGI-S) at 52 Weeks Endpoint
NCT00845026 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Potentially Clinical Significant Change in Lipids Level
NCT00845026 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Barnes Akathisia Scale (BAS) Global Score at 52 Weeks Endpoint
NCT00845026 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in 16-Item Negative Symptoms Assessment (NSA-16) Total Score at 52 Weeks Endpoint
NCT00845026 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Weight at 52 Weeks Endpoint
NCT00845026 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in University of California-San Diego (UCSD) Performance-Based Skills Assessment-B (UPSA-B) Total Score at 52 Weeks Endpoint
NCT00845026 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Subjective Well-Being Under Neuroleptic Treatment-Short Form (SWN-S) Total Score at 52 Weeks Endpoint
NCT00845026 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS) Total Score at 52 Weeks Endpoint
NCT00845026 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) at 52 Weeks Endpoint
NCT00845026 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Personal and Social Performance (PSP) at 52 Weeks Endpoint
NCT00845026 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Number of Psychiatric Visits at 24 Weeks Endpoint
NCT00845026 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Potentially Clinical Significant Change in Fasting Glucose Level
NCT00845026 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) Total Score at 52 Weeks Endpoint
NCT00845026 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Total Score at 52 Weeks Endpoint
NCT00845026 (26) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Relapse (Rate of Relapse)
NCT00856583 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Hospitalisations, Excluding Hospitalisations Related to the Primary Psychiatric Disease
NCT00856583 (12) [back to overview]Cause-specific Mortality: Number of Participants With Completed Suicides - MedDRA
NCT00856583 (12) [back to overview]Cause-specific Mortality: Number of Participants With Completed Suicides - ISC
NCT00856583 (12) [back to overview]Cause-specific Mortality: Number of Participants With Cardiac Deaths - ISC
NCT00856583 (12) [back to overview]Cause-specific Mortality: Number of Participants With Cardiac Deaths - MedDRA
NCT00856583 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Suicide Attempts (Fatal and Non-fatal) - MedDRA
NCT00856583 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants With All-cause Mortality
NCT00856583 (12) [back to overview]Second Primary Outcome: Number of Participants With Cardiac Events, Including Arrhythmias, Requiring Hospitalisation
NCT00856583 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Suicide Attempts (Fatal and Non-fatal) - ISC
NCT00856583 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Discontinuation of Treatment for Any Reason Other Than Study Closure
NCT00856583 (12) [back to overview]Cause-specific Mortality: Number of Participants With Other Than Cardiac Deaths and Completed Suicides - MedDRA
NCT00856583 (12) [back to overview]Cause-specific Mortality: Number of Participants With Other Than Cardiac Deaths and Completed Suicides - ISC
NCT00857818 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Death, Serious Adverse Events (SAEs), Adverse Events (AEs) Leading to Discontinuation, and 1 or More AEs
NCT00857818 (3) [back to overview]Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Fasting Non-high Density Lipoprotein (Non-HDL) Cholesterol Levels
NCT00857818 (3) [back to overview]Mean Baseline Fasting Non-HDL Levels
NCT00934635 (1) [back to overview]Percentage of Paliperidone or Risperidone Dopamine D2 Receptor Occupancies
NCT00992407 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Score at Week 52
NCT00992407 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Score at Week 52
NCT00992407 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale (CGI-S) Score at Week 52
NCT00992407 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Continuous Performance Task (CPT) Based on Neurocognitive Function Test (NCFT) at Week 52
NCT00992407 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Personal and Social Performance (PSP) Scale Score at Week 52
NCT00992407 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Number of Outpatient Clinic Visits at Week 52
NCT00992407 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Trail Making Test Based on Neurocognitive Function Test (NCFT) at Week 52
NCT00992407 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Total Outpatients and Inpatients Hours at Week 52
NCT00992407 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Theory of Mind (TOM) Scale Score at Week 52
NCT00992407 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Social Functioning Scale (SFS) Score at Week 52
NCT00992407 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Simpson and Angus Rating Scale (SAS) Score at Week 52
NCT00992407 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Verbal Working Memory (VWM) Response Based on Neurocognitive Function Test (NCFT) at Week 52
NCT00992407 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Travelling Fee for Outpatients, Hospitalization Travelling Fee and Salary Paid a Participant Before Being Ill at Week 52
NCT00992407 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Test Score at Week 52
NCT00992407 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Working Memory Based on Neurocognitive Function Test (NCFT) at Week 52
NCT00992407 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder (SUMD) Score at Week 52
NCT00992407 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Psychosocial Well-being Index (PWI) Score at Week 52
NCT00992407 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Members for Outpatients, Members Visiting Inpatients, Affected Members and Visiting Inpatients at Week 52
NCT00992407 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Emotional & Social Functioning Scale (SFS) Score at Week 52
NCT00992407 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Drug Attitude Inventory-10 (DAI-10) Score at Week 52
NCT00992407 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Days of Hospitalization, Number of Days Affected by Participants and Family, at Week 52
NCT00992407 (22) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Score at Week 52
NCT01050582 (3) [back to overview]Height (cm) Z-score at Study Visit
NCT01050582 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Retrospectively Reported Potentially Prolactin-Related Adverse Events
NCT01050582 (3) [back to overview]Age (Years) at Current Tanner Stage
NCT01157351 (6) [back to overview]Time to First Treatment Failure
NCT01157351 (6) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants in Each Event Category of First Treatment Failure
NCT01157351 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression - Severity (CGI-S) Score During Overall Treatment Duration
NCT01157351 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Personal and Social Performance (PSP) Total Score During Overall Treatment Duration
NCT01157351 (6) [back to overview]Time to First Psychiatric Hospitalization
NCT01157351 (6) [back to overview]Time to First Psychiatric Hospitalization or Arrest/Incarceration
NCT01175135 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Response to Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS)
NCT01175135 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Findings in Vital Signs and Electrocardiogram (ECG)
NCT01175135 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Laboratory Test Abnormalities for Fasting Insulin, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Hemoglobin Type A1c (HbA1c) and Prolactin
NCT01175135 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Laboratory Test Abnormalities
NCT01175135 (19) [back to overview]Proportion of Participants With Dystonia Adverse Events
NCT01175135 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Abdominal Girth at Week 4
NCT01175135 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Week 4
NCT01175135 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Score at Week 4
NCT01175135 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression - Severity (CGI-S) Score at Week 4
NCT01175135 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale-Abbreviated (ESRS-A) Parameter Scores at Week 4
NCT01175135 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Abnormal White Blood Cell (WBC) Count and Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC)
NCT01175135 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 4
NCT01175135 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) - Positive, Negative, and General Subscales Score at Week 4
NCT01175135 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) - Marder Factors Score at Week 4
NCT01175135 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) - Derived Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) Core Score at Week 4
NCT01175135 (19) [back to overview]Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM) Score
NCT01175135 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Changes in Physical Examinations
NCT01175135 (19) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression - Improvement (CGI-I) Score
NCT01175135 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Movement Disorder Burden Score for Dystonia (MDBS-D) at Week 4
NCT01284959 (7) [back to overview]Assessment of Adverse Events by Objective Rating Scales and Self Report Scales
NCT01284959 (7) [back to overview]Assessment of Adverse Events by Objective Rating Scales and Self Report Scales
NCT01284959 (7) [back to overview]Assessment of Cognitive Functioning-1
NCT01284959 (7) [back to overview]Assessment of Cognitive Functioning-2
NCT01284959 (7) [back to overview]Assessment of Cognitive Functioning-3
NCT01284959 (7) [back to overview]Assessment of Negative Symptoms and Neuroleptic Induced Deficit Syndromes by Objective Rating Scales
NCT01284959 (7) [back to overview]Symptoms Assessment by Objective Rating Scales
NCT01333072 (1) [back to overview]Changes in the Irritability Subscale of the Larger ABC (Abberent Behavior Checklist) That Occur From Baseline to 10 Weeks
NCT01363349 (1) [back to overview]Cognition
NCT01411085 (1) [back to overview]Timeline Followback Assessing Number of Drinks Per Week
NCT01516424 (1) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) Total Score at Week 8
NCT01625000 (2) [back to overview]Change in the Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) Score at Week 6
NCT01625000 (2) [back to overview]Change in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 6
NCT01625897 (1) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability
NCT01626872 (1) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability
NCT01639872 (2) [back to overview]Average Over Time of Frequency of Cannabis Use
NCT01639872 (2) [back to overview]Average Over Time of Intensity of Cannabis Use (Used to Evaluate Treatment Efficacy)
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Total Risperidone PK: Percent Fluctuation Over the Secondary Peak
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Total Risperidone PK: Percent Fluctuation Over the PK Profile
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Total Risperidone PK: Minimum Plasma Concentration (Cmin) Over the Secondary Peak
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Total Risperidone PK: Minimum Plasma Concentration (Cmin) Over the PK Profile
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Total Risperidone PK: Maximum Plasma Concentration Over the Secondary Peak (Cmax)
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Risperidone PK: Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) During Initial Peak
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Total Risperidone PK: Average Plasma Concentration Over the Secondary Peak (Cavg, Day 2-29)
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Total Risperidone PK: Average Plasma Concentration (Cavg) Over the PK Profile
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Total Risperidone PK: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Time Zero to Time Tau (Where Tau=28 Days) (AUCtau)
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Total Risperidone PK: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Time Zero to 24 Hours (AUC0-24)
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Total Risperidone PK: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Day 2-29 Post Injection (AUC Day 2-29)
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Risperidone PK: Time of the Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) Over the Secondary Peak
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Risperidone PK: Time of the Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) Over the PK Profile
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Risperidone PK: Time of Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) During Initial Peak
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Risperidone PK: Swing Over the Secondary Peak
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Risperidone PK: Swing Over the PK Profile
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Risperidone PK: Percent Fluctuation Over the Secondary Peak
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Risperidone PK: Percent Fluctuation Over the PK Profile
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Risperidone PK: Minimum Plasma Concentration (Cmin) Over the Secondary Peak
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Risperidone PK: Minimum Plasma Concentration (Cmin) Over the PK Profile
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Risperidone PK: Maximum Plasma Concentration Over the Secondary Peak (Cmax)
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Risperidone PK: Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) Over the PK Profile
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Average Plasma Concentration (Cavg) Over the PK Profile
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Time Zero to Time Tau (Where Tau=28 Days) (AUCtau)
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Time Zero to 24 Hours (AUC0-24)
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Day 2-29 Post Injection (AUC Day 2-29)
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Total Risperidone PK: Accumulation Index Between Injections 1 and 3 In Terms of Maximum Plasma Concentrations (Rac(Cmax))
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Total Risperidone PK: Accumulation Index Between Injections 1 and 3 In Terms of Area Under the Plasma Concentration Curve (Rac(AUC))
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Risperidone PK: Accumulation Index Between Injections 1 and 3 In Terms of Maximum Plasma Concentrations (Rac(Cmax))
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Risperidone PK: Accumulation Index Between Injections 1 and 3 In Terms of Area Under the Plasma Concentration Curve (Rac(AUC))
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Accumulation Index Between Injections 1 and 3 In Terms of Maximum Plasma Concentrations (Rac(Cmax))
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) During Initial Peak
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) Over the PK Profile
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Maximum Plasma Concentration Over the Secondary Peak (Cmax)
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Minimum Plasma Concentration (Cmin) Over the PK Profile
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Minimum Plasma Concentration (Cmin) Over the Secondary Peak
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Percent Fluctuation Over the PK Profile
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Percent Fluctuation Over the Secondary Peak
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Swing Over the PK Profile
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Average Plasma Concentration Over the Secondary Peak (Cavg, Day 2-29)
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Swing Over the Secondary Peak
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Accumulation Index Between Injections 1 and 3 In Terms of Area Under the Plasma Concentration Curve (Rac(AUC))
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Total Risperidone PK: Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) During Initial Peak
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Summary of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAE)
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Total Risperidone PK: Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) Over the PK Profile
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Total Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS) Score at Baseline and Days 28, 56, 84 and 106
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Total Risperidone PK: Time of the Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) Over the Secondary Peak
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Time of Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) During Initial Peak
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Time of the Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) Over the PK Profile
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Time of the Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) Over the Secondary Peak
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Scores (Severity of Illness and Global Improvement) at Baseline and Days 28, 56, 84 and 106
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Global Assessment of the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) for Tardive Dyskinesia at Baseline and Days 28, 56, 84 and 106
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Global Clinical Assessment of Akathisia Using the Barnes Akathisia Scale (BAS) at Baseline and Days 28, 56, 84 and 106
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Participants With Suicidal Ideation or Behavior as Identified Using the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) Score at Baseline and Days 28, 56, 84 and 106
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Scores at Baseline and Days 28, 56, 84 and 106
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Risperidone PK: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Day 2-29 Post Injection (AUC Day 2-29)
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Risperidone PK: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Time Zero to 24 Hours (AUC0-24)
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Risperidone PK: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Time Zero to Time Tau (Where Tau=28 Days) (AUCtau)
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Risperidone PK: Average Plasma Concentration (Cavg) Over the PK Profile
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Total Risperidone PK: Time of the Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) Over the PK Profile
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Total Risperidone PK: Time of Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) During Initial Peak
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Total Risperidone PK: Swing Over the Secondary Peak
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Total Risperidone PK: Swing Over the PK Profile
NCT01677377 (64) [back to overview]Risperidone PK: Average Plasma Concentration Over the Secondary Peak (Cavg, Day 2-29)
NCT01726335 (13) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) - Disease Severity Score
NCT01726335 (13) [back to overview]Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 4
NCT01726335 (13) [back to overview]Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 50
NCT01726335 (13) [back to overview]Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 8
NCT01726335 (13) [back to overview]Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI-10)
NCT01726335 (13) [back to overview]Extrapyramidal Symptoms Rating Scale (ESRS) Total Score
NCT01726335 (13) [back to overview]Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Scale Score
NCT01726335 (13) [back to overview]Personal and Social Performance (PSP) Scale Score
NCT01726335 (13) [back to overview]Short Form-36 (SF-36) - Quality of Life
NCT01726335 (13) [back to overview]Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 24
NCT01726335 (13) [back to overview]Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 2
NCT01726335 (13) [back to overview]Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 38
NCT01726335 (13) [back to overview]Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 16
NCT01786239 (1) [back to overview]Treatment Response
NCT01844700 (4) [back to overview]BMI Z-scores
NCT01844700 (4) [back to overview]Percent Weight Change Compared to Baseline Weight
NCT01844700 (4) [back to overview]Weight Change
NCT01844700 (4) [back to overview]BMI Percentile
NCT01855074 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 26
NCT01855074 (6) [back to overview]Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Score
NCT01855074 (6) [back to overview]Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS) Score
NCT01855074 (6) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) - Disease Severity Score
NCT01855074 (6) [back to overview]Patient Satisfaction With Treatment
NCT01855074 (6) [back to overview]Short Form-36 (SF-36) - Quality of Life Score
NCT01894984 (6) [back to overview]Total Personal and Social Performance (PSP) Score
NCT01894984 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Reasons for Discontinuation From Study Treatment
NCT01894984 (6) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Relapse at Week 24
NCT01894984 (6) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Attaining Remission Criteria
NCT01894984 (6) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impressions-Severity (CGI-S) Score
NCT01894984 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 24
NCT01931059 (3) [back to overview]Feedback-based Probabilistic Classification Task
NCT01931059 (3) [back to overview]Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status
NCT01931059 (3) [back to overview]Simpson-Angus Extrapyramidal Side Effects Scale
NCT02002832 (2) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 6 in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Scores.
NCT02002832 (2) [back to overview]Mean Clinical Global Impression Scale-Improvement (CGI-I) Score at Week 6.
NCT02086786 (10) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC∞) for Active Moiety
NCT02086786 (10) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve to the Last Quantified Concentration (AUClast) for Active Moiety
NCT02086786 (10) [back to overview]PTF for Active Moiety
NCT02086786 (10) [back to overview]Accumulation Ratio (RA) for Active Moiety
NCT02086786 (10) [back to overview]Trough Plasma Concentration (Cmin) for Active Moiety
NCT02086786 (10) [back to overview]Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score
NCT02086786 (10) [back to overview]Time to Peak Concentration (Tmax) for Active Moiety
NCT02086786 (10) [back to overview]Peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax) for Active Moiety
NCT02086786 (10) [back to overview]AUCτ for Active Moiety
NCT02086786 (10) [back to overview]Terminal Half-life (t1/2) for Active Moiety
NCT02109562 (3) [back to overview]Mixed Model for Repeated Measures (MMRM) Analysis of Change From Baseline to End of Treatment in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score
NCT02109562 (3) [back to overview]Mixed Model for Repeated Measures (MMRM) Analysis of Change From Baseline to End of Treatment in Clinical Global Impression - Severity Scale (CGI-S)
NCT02109562 (3) [back to overview]Summary of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAE)
NCT02203838 (6) [back to overview]Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAE)
NCT02203838 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression - Severity Scores (CGI-S) to Days 29, 169 and End of Study
NCT02203838 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Subscale Scores to End of Study
NCT02203838 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score to Days 29, 169 and End of Study
NCT02203838 (6) [back to overview]Participants With Injection Site-Related Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)
NCT02203838 (6) [back to overview]Participants With Markedly Abnormal Weight Gain Anytime During the Study as Compared to Baseline
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 2 (Disease Progression): Change From Baseline in Visual Learning Score: MCCB Domain
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 2 (Disease Progression): Change From Baseline in Verbal Learning Score: MCCB Domain
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 2 (Disease Progression): Change From Baseline in Speed of Processing Score: MCCB Domain
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 2 (Disease Progression): Change From Baseline in Social Cognition Score: MCCB Domain
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 2 (Disease Progression): Change From Baseline in Reasoning and Problem Solving: MCCB Domain
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 2 (Disease Progression): Change From Baseline in Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) Total Score
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 2 (Disease Progression): Change From Baseline in Functioning as Measured by the Personal and Social Performance (PSP) Total Score
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 2 (Disease Progression): Change From Baseline in Cognition as Measured by the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) Composite Score
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 2 (Disease Progression): Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression Severity (CGI-S) Score
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 2 (Disease Progression): Change From Baseline in Attention/Vigilance Score: MCCB Domain
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 2 (Disease Progression): Change From Baseline in Adjusted Intracortical Myelin (ICM) Fraction Score as Measured by Inversion Recovery (IR) and Spin Echo Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 3 (EDP): Number of Participants With Change From Baseline in Severity of Psychotic Symptoms, as Measured by CRDPSS
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 2 (Disease Progression): Number of Participants With Change From Baseline in Severity of Psychotic Symptoms, as Measured by Clinician-Rated Dimensions of Psychosis Symptom Severity Scale (CRDPSS)
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part-2 (Disease Progression): Time to First Treatment Failure
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 3 (Extended Disease Progression [EDP]): Change From Baseline in Cognition as Measured by the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) Composite Score
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 3 (EDP): Time to First Treatment Failure
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 3 (EDP): Change From Baseline in Working Memory Score: MCCB Domain
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 3 (EDP): Change From Baseline in Visual Learning Score: MCCB Domain
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 3 (EDP): Change From Baseline in Verbal Learning Score: MCCB Domain
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 3 (EDP): Change From Baseline in Speed of Processing Score: MCCB Domain
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 3 (EDP): Change From Baseline in Social Cognition Score: MCCB Domain
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 3 (EDP): Change From Baseline in Reasoning and Problem Solving: MCCB Domain
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 3 (EDP): Change From Baseline in Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) Score
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 3 (EDP): Change From Baseline in Functioning as Measured by the Personal and Social Performance (PSP) Total Score
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 3 (EDP): Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression Severity (CGI-S) Score
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 3 (EDP): Change From Baseline in Attention/Vigilance Score: MCCB Domain
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 3 (EDP): Change From Baseline in Adjusted Intracortical Myelin Fraction Score as Measured by Inversion Recovery (IR) and Spin Echo Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 3 (Disease Modification): Personal and Social Performance (PSP) Total Observed Score
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 3 (Disease Modification): Change From Baseline in Cognition as Measured by the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) Composite Score
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 3 (Disease Modification): Change From Baseline in Adjusted Intracortical Myelin Fraction Score as Measured by Inversion Recovery (IR) and Spin Echo Magnetic Resonance Imaging (SE MRI)
NCT02431702 (31) [back to overview]Part 2 (Disease Progression): Change From Baseline in Working Memory Score: MCCB Domain
NCT02462473 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Medication Treatment Modifications (MTM)
NCT02462473 (8) [back to overview]Adherence to Antipsychotic Medication as Assessed by Brief Adherence Rating Scale (BARS) at Week 0 and 12
NCT02462473 (8) [back to overview]Clinician's Rating Scale of Adherence (CRS) Score at Week 0 and 12
NCT02462473 (8) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) Score at Week 0 and 12
NCT02462473 (8) [back to overview]Dimensions of Psychosis Symptom Severity Scale (DPSS) Total Score at Week 0 and 12
NCT02462473 (8) [back to overview]Antipsychotic Medication Plasma Levels (AMPL) During the Active Assessment Phase at Week 12
NCT02462473 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Factors Considered in Clinical Decision as Assessed by Clinical Assessment of the Schizophrenia Patient (CASP)
NCT02462473 (8) [back to overview]Patient Satisfaction Survey (PSS) Total Score at Week 0 and 12
NCT02717195 (8) [back to overview]Response at Week 10, Defined as ≥50% Reduction in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score From Randomization
NCT02717195 (8) [back to overview]Change From Randomization to Week 10 in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score
NCT02717195 (8) [back to overview]Response at Week 10, Defined as ≥40% Reduction in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score From Randomization
NCT02717195 (8) [back to overview]Response at Week 10, Defined as ≥30% Reduction in PANSS Total Score From Randomization
NCT02717195 (8) [back to overview]Response at Week 10, Defined as ≥20% Reduction in PANSS Total Score, PANSS (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) Total Score ≤70, CGI-S (Clinical Global Impression Scale - Severity of Illness) Score <4
NCT02717195 (8) [back to overview]Change From Randomization to Week 10 in PSP Total Personal and Social Performance (PSP) Total Score
NCT02717195 (8) [back to overview]Change From Randomization to Week 10 in Global Clinical Impression - Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Score
NCT02717195 (8) [back to overview]Response at Week 10, Defined as ≥20% Reduction in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score From Randomization
NCT02875340 (8) [back to overview]Overall Survival
NCT02875340 (8) [back to overview]Peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax)
NCT02875340 (8) [back to overview]Plasma VAL401 Half-life (t 1/2)
NCT02875340 (8) [back to overview]Progression-free Survival (PFS)
NCT02875340 (8) [back to overview]Trough Plasma Concentration (Cmin)
NCT02875340 (8) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Disease Control
NCT02875340 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants Reporting Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events
NCT02875340 (8) [back to overview]Patient Quality of Life During VAL401 Treatment
NCT02918097 (3) [back to overview]"Number of Participants With Response to Treatment"
NCT02918097 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Remission to Treatment
NCT02918097 (3) [back to overview]Quality of Life Instrument Scores
NCT03019887 (1) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Relapse
NCT03055338 (4) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean (LSM) Change From Baseline in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 4
NCT03055338 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Experiencing an Adverse Event (AE)
NCT03055338 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Discontinuing Study Treatment Due to an Adverse Event
NCT03055338 (4) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean (LSM) Change From Baseline in the Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Score at Week 4
NCT03160521 (11) [back to overview]PSP Total Score From Baseline at Each Post-baseline Assessment Time Point
NCT03160521 (11) [back to overview]Plasma PK Parameters
NCT03160521 (11) [back to overview]PANSS Total Score Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint
NCT03160521 (11) [back to overview]PANSS Response Rate at Endpoint
NCT03160521 (11) [back to overview]PANSS Positive Subscale Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint
NCT03160521 (11) [back to overview]SWN-20 Total Score From Baseline at Each Post-baseline Assessment Time Point
NCT03160521 (11) [back to overview]PANSS General Psychopathology Subscale Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint
NCT03160521 (11) [back to overview]Overall Response Rate at Endpoint
NCT03160521 (11) [back to overview]CGI-S Total Score Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint
NCT03160521 (11) [back to overview]CGI-I Score Mean at Endpoint
NCT03160521 (11) [back to overview]PANSS Negative Subscale Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint
NCT03230864 (5) [back to overview]Change From Randomization to Week 8 in Global Clinical Impression - Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Score
NCT03230864 (5) [back to overview]Change From Randomization to Week 8 in 16-item Negative Symptom Assessment (NSA-16 Total) Score
NCT03230864 (5) [back to overview]Response
NCT03230864 (5) [back to overview]Change From Randomization to Week 8 in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score
NCT03230864 (5) [back to overview]Change From Randomization to Week 8 in PANSS Marder Negative Factor Score
NCT03503318 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Maintain Stability at the Endpoint
NCT03503318 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants Achieving Remission at the Endpoint
NCT03503318 (17) [back to overview]Plasma Concentration of Risperidone, 9-OH-risperidone, and Total Active Moiety (Sum of Risperidone and 9-OH-risperidone)
NCT03503318 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants Reporting Suicidal Behavior and Suicidal Ideation Using Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) at Baseline and Post-Baseline
NCT03503318 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Total Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Score at the End of Treatment
NCT03503318 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Total Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Score at the End of Treatment
NCT03503318 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS) Mean Score at the End of Treatment
NCT03503318 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale (SQLS) Total Score at the Endpoint and End of Treatment
NCT03503318 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Drug Attitudes Inventory 10-item Version (DAI-10) Total Score at the Endpoint and End of Treatment
NCT03503318 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Suicidality (CGI-SS) Score at the End of Treatment
NCT03503318 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Score at the End of Treatment
NCT03503318 (17) [back to overview]Time to Impending Relapse (Number of Participants With Impending Relapse) in the Adolescent Participants
NCT03503318 (17) [back to overview]Time to Impending Relapse (Number of Participants With Impending Relapse) for Intent-to-treat [ITT] Analysis Set
NCT03503318 (17) [back to overview]Time to Impending Relapse (Number of Participants With Impending Relapse) for Extended ITT [eITT] Analysis Set
NCT03503318 (17) [back to overview]Proportion of Participants With Impending Relapse
NCT03503318 (17) [back to overview]Observed Rate of Impending Relapse (Number of Participants With Impending Relapse) at the Endpoint
NCT03503318 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)
NCT03557931 (8) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12/EoT in University of California San Diego Performance-based Skills Assessment-2 Extended Range (UPSA-2-ER) Total Score
NCT03557931 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Differences in Simpson Angus Scale (SAS) Values
NCT03557931 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Differences in Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Values
NCT03557931 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Differences in Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Values
NCT03557931 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Event (AE)
NCT03557931 (8) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12/End of Treatment (EoT) in Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) Neurocognitive Composite Score
NCT03557931 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Differences in Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) Values
NCT03557931 (8) [back to overview]Concentration at Trough Level (Ctrough) for ASP4345
NCT03568500 (2) [back to overview]Percentage Of Days With Good Patch Coverage
NCT03568500 (2) [back to overview]Participant Adherence
NCT03870880 (11) [back to overview]PANSS Negative Subscale Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint
NCT03870880 (11) [back to overview]PANSS General Psychopathology Subscale Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint
NCT03870880 (11) [back to overview]Clinician Global Impression - Improvement (CGI-I) Score
NCT03870880 (11) [back to overview]TEAEs Leading to Study Drug Discontinuation
NCT03870880 (11) [back to overview]Overall Response Rate at Endpoint
NCT03870880 (11) [back to overview]Clinician Global Impression - Severity (CGI-S) Total Score Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint
NCT03870880 (11) [back to overview]PANSS Positive Subscale Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint
NCT03870880 (11) [back to overview]Patients With Treatment-related TEAEs
NCT03870880 (11) [back to overview]Patients With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)
NCT03870880 (11) [back to overview]Relapse Rate
NCT03870880 (11) [back to overview]PANSS Total Score Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint
NCT03893825 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With SAEs
NCT03893825 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs)
NCT03893825 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Were Withdrawn From the Treatment
NCT03978832 (19) [back to overview]Percent Fluctuation in Concentration Over the Dosing Interval
NCT03978832 (19) [back to overview]Maximum Plasma Concentration Over the Dosing Interval
NCT03978832 (19) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS)-Change
NCT03978832 (19) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Illness Scale (CGI-S)
NCT03978832 (19) [back to overview]Average Plasma Concentration (Cavg) Over the Dosing Interval of Risperidone, 9-OH and Total Active Moiety
NCT03978832 (19) [back to overview]Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve Over the Dosing Interval
NCT03978832 (19) [back to overview]The Number of Participants With TEAEs as Assessed by Local Injection Site*
NCT03978832 (19) [back to overview]The Number of Participants With TEAEs as Assessed by Changes in ECG
NCT03978832 (19) [back to overview]The Number of Participants With TEAEs as Assessed by Changes in Body Weight
NCT03978832 (19) [back to overview]Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT03978832 (19) [back to overview]The Number of Participants With TEAEs as Assessed by Changes in Laboratory Testing
NCT03978832 (19) [back to overview]Trough Plasma Concentration
NCT03978832 (19) [back to overview]Minimum Plasma Concentration Over the Dosing Interval
NCT03978832 (19) [back to overview]Assessment of Local Injection Site Tolerability*
NCT03978832 (19) [back to overview]Safety as Measured by Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) Scores
NCT03978832 (19) [back to overview]The Number of Participants With TEAEs as Assessed by Changes in Vital Signs
NCT03978832 (19) [back to overview]Time to Occurrence of Maximum Concentration
NCT03978832 (19) [back to overview]The Number of Participants With TEAEs as Assessed by Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) of Anti-psychotic Drug Treatment
NCT03978832 (19) [back to overview]Steady-state Average Plasma Concentration (Cavg,ss) of Risperidone and Total Active Moiety
NCT04512066 (12) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 4
NCT04512066 (12) [back to overview]PANSS Total Score at Week 12
NCT04512066 (12) [back to overview]Plasma Concentration of RO6889450
NCT04512066 (12) [back to overview]Plasma Concentration of RO6889450
NCT04512066 (12) [back to overview]Proportion of Participants With at Least 20% or 50% Improvement From Baseline in the PANSS Total Score
NCT04512066 (12) [back to overview]Proportion of Participants With at Least 20% or 50% Improvement in the PANSS Total Score up to Week 12
NCT04512066 (12) [back to overview]Participants Ready for Discharge From First Randomized Treatment Intake to Readiness for Discharge as Assessed by the Readiness for Discharge Questionnaire (RDQ) at 4-Week Treatment
NCT04512066 (12) [back to overview]CGI-I up to Week 12
NCT04512066 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in PANSS Factor Scores at Week 4
NCT04512066 (12) [back to overview]CGI-S up to Week 12
NCT04512066 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression Severity (CGI-S) Scores
NCT04512066 (12) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression - Improvement (CGI-I) Scores
NCT04567524 (12) [back to overview]PK of 9-Hydroxyrisperidone (Cmax).
NCT04567524 (12) [back to overview]PK of Risperidone (Cmax).
NCT04567524 (12) [back to overview]Active Moiety PK (AUC0-24, AUC0-168)
NCT04567524 (12) [back to overview]Active Moiety PK (AUC0-24, AUC0-168)
NCT04567524 (12) [back to overview]PK of 9-Hydroxyrisperidone (AUC0-24h, AUC0-168h).
NCT04567524 (12) [back to overview]Participants With at Least One Treatment Emergent Adverse Event (TEAE).
NCT04567524 (12) [back to overview]Active Moiety Tmax
NCT04567524 (12) [back to overview]PK of 9-Hydroxyrisperidone (AUC0-24h, AUC0-168h).
NCT04567524 (12) [back to overview]PK of Risperidone (AUC0-24h, AUC0-168).
NCT04567524 (12) [back to overview]PK of Risperidone (AUC0-24h, AUC0-168).
NCT04567524 (12) [back to overview]Total Number of Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs).
NCT04567524 (12) [back to overview]Active Moiety PK (Cmax)

Number Who Discontinued Medication Within First 6 Study Months

(NCT00044655)
Timeframe: Measured at Six Months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Stay11
Switch23

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Change From Baseline in PANSS Positive Symptom Subscale Score at 8 Weeks.

The PANSS (described above) includes 7 items that reflect positive psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. As are all items within the PANSS, items are categorically rated by the clinician between 0 - no symptoms to 7 extreme symptoms. The minimal score is 0 reflecting no positive symptoms to 49 reflecting that all items were extreme. Higher scores reflect more severe symptoms. Scores above 18 are usually clinically significant. (NCT00053703)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Olanzapine-8.9
Risperidone-8.4
Molindone-8.8

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Change From Baseline in PANSS Negative Symptom Subscale at Week 8

The PANSS (described above) includes 7 items that reflect negative psychotic symptoms such as amotivation and social withdrawal. As are all items within the PANSS, items are categorically rated by the clinician between 0 - no symptoms to 7 extreme symptoms. The minimal score is 0 reflecting no positive symptoms to 49 reflecting that all items were extreme. Higher scores reflect more severe symptoms. Scores above 18 are usually clinically significant. (NCT00053703)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Olanzapine-5.3
Risperidone-5.1
Molindone-5.8

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Change From Baseline in Body Mass Index Change, kg/m2, at Week 8

Change from baseline in Body Mass Index Change, kg/m2, at week 8, last observation was carried forward for individuals who withdrew from treatment early. (NCT00053703)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionkg/m2 (Mean)
Olanzapine1.27
Risperidone2.20
Molindone0.15

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Change From Baseline in Barnes Akathisia Scale at Week 8

Barnes Akathisia Scale is a clinician rated scale which considers information based on observation of the participant as well as participant report. The scale includes 3 items rated between 0- none to 3 severe and 1 summary item rated between 0 none to 5 severe. All items are summed to obtain the total score. The minimal total score is 0 and the maximal score is 14 with higher scores reflecting more severe akathisia. A score of 4 or more is clinically significant. (NCT00053703)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Olanzapine0.19
Risperidone0.41
Molindone1.23

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Change From Baseline in Weight at Week 8

change in weight from baseline to week 8 in kg (NCT00053703)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

InterventionKg (Mean)
Olanzapine6.12
Risperidone3.64
Molindone0.34

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Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score at 8 Weeks

Assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale in which a clinician rates various psychotic symptoms on the basis of observation of the participant, interview with the participant, and review of all other available information including informant reports. The scale consists of 30 items which are rated categorically between 1 - no symptoms to 7 - extreme symptoms. The minimal score is 0 and the maximal score is 210, with higher scores reflecting more symptoms. Typically scores > that 60 are considered clinically significant. (NCT00053703)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Olanzapine-26.6
Risperidone-23.7
Molindone-27.0

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Neuropsychological Testing - Overall Composite Z-score

The neuropsychological testing measured attention, executive function/problem solving, motor speed, processing speed/response generation, and verbal, visual, and working memory. The individual test raw scores were converted to z-scores and an overall composite z-score was computed from the average of the individual test z-scores. Z-scores range from -3 standard deviations up to +3 standard deviations. Higher scores indicate better test performance. (NCT00056498)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

,
Interventionz-score (Mean)
BaselineWeek 16
Placebo-0.030.07
Risperidone0.020.12

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Positive Symptom Item Scores by Week and Treatment Group

"The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) positive symptom items are: conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, unusual thought content, and suspiciousness. The total score is calculated by adding the scores for each item. Each scale ranges from 1=Not Present to 7=Very Severe. The minimum score is 4 and the maximum score is 28. A higher score indicates a more severe positive symptom rating. A mixed model for unbalanced repeated measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), in which follow-up symptom score = baseline symptom score + treatment + week + treatment x week, and week is treated as a categorical, rather than a continuous measure. The treatment term estimates the average across weeks of the week-specific group differences, and is used as the main test for treatment effects on symptom change." (NCT00056498)
Timeframe: Baseline and every two weeks for 16 weeks.

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 0Week 2Week 4Week 6Week 8Week 10Week 12Week 14Week 16Change Score
Placebo15.515.114.414.714.914.915.314.214.1-1.5
Risperidone15.514.613.313.913.513.913.813.413.2-2.6

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Negative Symptom Total Score by Week and Treatment Group

The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) total score, minus the global items, inappropriate affect, poverty of content of speech, and attention items, used to measure negative symptoms. SANS total score range = 0-85. Higher scores indicate more severe negative symptoms. A mixed model for unbalanced repeated measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), in which follow-up symptom score = baseline symptom score + treatment + week + treatment x week, and week is treated as a categorical, rather than a continuous measure. The treatment term estimates the average across weeks of the week-specific group differences, and is used as the main test for treatment effects on symptom change. (NCT00056498)
Timeframe: Baseline and every two weeks for 16 weeks.

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 0Week 2Week 4Week 6Week 8Week 10Week 12Week 14Week 16Change Score
Placebo33.034.032.933.034.033.132.434.434.41.1
Risperidone32.330.829.831.230.430.631.631.731.3-2.6

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Modified Side Effects Form for Children and Adolescents

The Modified Side Effects Form for Children and Adolescents includes 62 potential side effects, with measures of frequency and severity for each item. Frequencies are 0=not present, 1=1-2 days, 2=3-4 days, 3=5-7 days. Severity scores are 0=not present, 1=mild (does not interfere with functioning), 2=moderate (some interference with functioning), 3=severe (functioning is significantly impaired because of side effects). Items for cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, central nervous system, ocular, mouth and nose, genito urinary, dermatology, musculo-skeletal, and other side effects are included. For analyses, side effects that were reported at any frequency and a severity of 2 or greater were considered present. (NCT00057681)
Timeframe: Measured at Week 8

Interventionside effects at week 8 (Mean)
Randomized Medication - Lithium5.11
Randomized Medication - Divalproex Sodium4.95
Randomized Medication - Risperidone3.70

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K-SADS Mania Rating Scale

The K-SADS Mania Rating Scale (KMRS) is comprised of 15 items modified from WASH-U-KSADS items. The individual items are scored on a 1-6 severity scale and then these item scores are summed to create an overall KMRS score. Guidelines for interpretation are as follows: 0-11 = no or minimal mania, 12-17 = mild mania, 18-25 = moderate mania, 26+ = marked or worse mania. The maximum possible score is 64. (NCT00057681)
Timeframe: Measured at Week 8

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Randomized Medication - Lithium24.06
Randomized Medication - Divalproex Sodium26.31
Randomized Medication - Risperidone14.58

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Clinical Global Impressions-Bipolar Mania Improvement

The Clinical Global Impressions-Bipolar (CGI-BP) assessment instrument measured improvement in mania, depression, and overall bipolar illness. The primary outcome measure was mania improvement, which measured the change in mania from baseline. Scores were 1=very much improved, 2=much improved, 3=minimally improved, 4=no change, 5=minimally worse, 6=much worse, 7=very much worse. (NCT00057681)
Timeframe: Measured at Week 8

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Randomized Medication - Lithium2.49
Randomized Medication - Divalproex Sodium2.73
Randomized Medication - Risperidone1.70

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Change in CAPS Score From Baseline to Week 24

The primary outcome measure for this study was the total score on the 34-item Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). This study was the intent-to-treat analysis of the improvement in PTSD symptoms from baseline to week-24 follow-up as measured by the CAPS. Total score range for the CAPS is 0-136 with higher values representing a worse outcome. This study was powered initially to detect a 9-point difference between the treatment groups in the CAPS change score. (NCT00099983)
Timeframe: 24 Weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Risperidone-16.3
Sugar Pill-12.5

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Change Over Time in Frequency of Heavy Drinking Days (Used to Evaluate Treatment Efficacy)

Frequency of heavy drinking days is obtained each week retrospectively as the number of heavy drinking days during the prior week (assessed by the Timeline Followback Scale). A heavy drinking day is defined as 4 or more drinks per day for a female and 5 or more drinks per day for a male. Mixed models are used to obtain estimates of efficacy from the partial data provided by each subject while adherent to assigned treatment (under the 'missing at random' assumption). The 'explanatory' estimands (target of the mixed model estimation) are defined in terms of population quantities that would have occurred had all subjects remained on assigned treatment throughout the study. The point estimate for each arm is reported under Number. (NCT00130923)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionheavy drinking days per week (Number)
Risperidone Long Acting Injectable (LAI)-.11
Oral Risperidone Aka Risperal.68

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Average Over Time of Positive and Negative Symptoms (Used to Evaluate Treatment Efficacy)

A rater assesses positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia using a 30-item scale (Positive and Negative Symptom Score) Scores range from 30 to 210, where higher values represent a worse outcome. Mixed models are used to obtain estimates of efficacy from the partial data provided by each subject while adherent to assigned treatment (under the 'missing at random' assumption). The 'explanatory' estimands (target of the mixed model estimation) are defined in terms of population quantities that would have occurred had all subjects remained on assigned treatment throughout the study. The point estimate for each arm is reported under Number. (NCT00130923)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionordinal severity of symptoms (Number)
Risperidone Long Acting Injectable (LAI)78.2
Oral Risperidone Aka Risperdal75.5

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Average Over Time of Severity of Illness and Global Improvement (Used to Evaluate Treatment Efficacy)

A rater assesses the severity of illness and global impression using a scale from 1 to 7 (Clinical Global Impression), where higher values represent a worse outcome. Mixed models are used to obtain estimates of efficacy from the partial data provided by each subject while adherent to assigned treatment (under the 'missing at random' assumption). The 'explanatory' estimands (target of the mixed model estimation) are defined in terms of population quantities that would have occurred had all subjects remained on assigned treatment throughout the study. The point estimate for each arm is reported under Number. (NCT00130923)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionordinal unit of severity (Number)
Risperidone Long Acting Injectable (LAI)4.02
Oral Risperidone Aka Risperal3.96

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Number of Participants With Medication Adherence

Number of participants with medication adherence (defined as taking medication at least 75% of the days in the treatment period). (NCT00130923)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Risperidone Long Acting Injectable (LAI)43
Oral Risperidone Aka Risperdal28

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Average Over Time of Frequency of Drinking Days (Used to Evaluate Treatment Efficacy)

Frequency of drinking days is obtained each week retrospectively as the number of drinking days during the prior week (assessed using the Timeline Followback). Mixed models are used to obtain estimates of efficacy from the partial data provided by each subject while adherent to assigned treatment (under the 'missing at random' assumption). The 'explanatory' estimands (target of the mixed model estimation) are defined in terms of population quantities that would have occurred had all subjects remained on assigned treatment throughout the study. The point estimate for each arm is reported under Number. (NCT00130923)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventiondrinking days per week (Number)
Risperidone Long Acting Injectable (LAI)2.84
Oral Risperidone Aka Risperdal3.46

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Average Over Time of Global Functioning (Used to Evaluate Treatment Efficacy)

A rater assesses social, occupational and psychological functioning on a hypothetical continuum of mental health - illness (using Global Assessment of Functioning); scores range from 100 to 1, where higher values represent a better outcome. Mixed models are used to obtain estimates of efficacy from the partial data provided by each subject while adherent to assigned treatment (under the 'missing at random' assumption). The 'explanatory' estimands (target of the mixed model estimation) are defined in terms of population quantities that would have occurred had all subjects remained on assigned treatment throughout the study. The point estimate for each arm is reported under Number. (NCT00130923)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionordinal severity of impairment (Number)
Risperidone Long Acting Injectable (LAI)50.8
Oral Risperidone Aka Risperdal49.9

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Hazard Ratio for Hospitalization

Hazard ratio of LAI versus Oral for psychiatric hospitalization (in both VA and non-VA hospitals), after randomization up to 24 months, obtained from a Cox proportional hazards model. (NCT00132314)
Timeframe: 24 months

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Patients with psychiatric hospitalizationPatients without psychiatric hospitalization
Injectable Risperidone72115
Oral Antipsychotic81101

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Hospitalization-free Survival - Time to Event

A hospitalization-free survival was defined as the time from the date of randomization to the time of a psychiatric hospitalization (in both VA and non-VA hospitals) or, in the case of patients who were hospitalized at randomization, the time from the date of discharge from the initial stay to subsequent hospitalization. Patients without an event were censored at 24 months after the date of randomization. (NCT00132314)
Timeframe: From randomization until date of first re-hospitalization, assessed up to 24 months

Interventionyears (Median)
Injectable RisperidoneNA
Oral Antipsychotic1.97

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Change in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)

Measure of depression; score range 0 to 60 (lower score = less severity) (NCT00132678)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (last observation carried forward) of 24 month Double-Blind Period IV

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
RISPERDAL CONSTA2.8
Placebo4.9

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Change in Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) Scores.

Measure of mania; score range 0 to 60 (lower score = less severity) (NCT00132678)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (last observation carried forward) of 24 month Double-Blind Period IV

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
RISPERDAL CONSTA2.9
Placebo9.1

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Number of Participants Who Had a Mood Relapse.

"Mood Relapse was defined as:~The subject met DSM-IV criteria for a manic, hypomanic, mixed, or depressive episode; or, the subject needed treatment intervention with any mood stabilizer, antipsychotic medication (other than study drug), benzodiazepine (beyond the dosage allowed), or antidepressant medication; or the subject required hospitalization for any bipolar mood episode; or the subject had a YMRS or MADRS score >12 or a CGI-S score >4; or a dose increase, or supplementation with oral risperidone or another antipsychotic or mood stabilizer, was needed in the opinion of the investigator." (NCT00132678)
Timeframe: 24 months

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
RelapsedNot Relapsed
Placebo7659
RISPERDAL CONSTA4298

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Time to Reach 90% Ideal Body Weight (IBW) and Maintain for 1 Month, Stratified by >=80% at Start of Study

The mean survival time and its standard error were underestimated because the largest observation was censored and the estimation was restricted to the largest event time. These estimates were produced using Kaplan-Meier probabilities. This was measured weekly from 0-18 weeks. (NCT00140426)
Timeframe: weekly

Interventionweeks (Mean)
Placebo10.7
Risperidone8.1

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Time to Reach 90% IBW and Maintain for 1 Month, Stratified by IBW <80% at Start of Study

The mean survival time and its standard error were underestimated because the largest observation was censored and the estimation was restricted to the largest event time. These estimates were produced using Kaplan-Meier probabilities. (NCT00140426)
Timeframe: 0 - 18 weeks

Interventionweeks (Mean)
Placebo10.1
Risperidone12.9

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Hazard Ratio for Time to Reaching Ease Of Eating Level 3 From Start of Study (Normal Eating Behavior)

"The Ease of Eating Scale (EOES) is a 14 item scale which measures Food avoidance behaviors (FABs). The scale is rated by staff observing a subject eating a meal or snack. 0 = normal eating behavior, maximum score 28.~Higher scores indicate more food avoidance behaviors, such as taking small bites, taking > 30 seconds between bites (slow eating), etc.~EOE was completed for each meal a subject ate in the program and scores were averaged for each week in the study and entered in the data base.~Change in EOES score was calculated by evaluating change over time. This measure was only used in Phase 1 of the study, for days the subjects were in the treatment program." (NCT00140426)
Timeframe: weekly up to study endpoint: reaching target weight and maintaining for 1 month

Interventionhazard ratio (Number)
Placebo0.85
Risperidone1

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Color A Person Test (CAPT)

"Color A Person Test (CAPT) - Subjects color an outlined image of a body to indicate body dissatisfaction (red (5)= very dissatisfied, Yellow, dissatisfied, black, neutral, green satisfied, blue very satisfied (1). The outline is divided into16 sections for scoring. The CAPT was completed at baseline and monthly during study participation.~Total CAPT scores were calculated by adding the total score and dividing by 16. Score range is 1-5. Lower scores indicate less body dissatisfaction.~Change in the CAPT score during the study was calculated using an estimate of change in score between week 0 and week 7 derived from the mixed effect model across all time points." (NCT00140426)
Timeframe: monthly

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Risperidone or Placebo0.03
Risperidone0.22

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Change in Ratings of Anxiety Symptoms on the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC)

"The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) is a self report measure completed by the subject that measures anxiety symptoms.~Higher scores indicate greater anxiety. A score of over 50 is significant for anxiety~Change in MASC scores was calculated using an estimate of change in score between week 0 and week 7 derived from the mixed effect model across all time points." (NCT00140426)
Timeframe: monthly to study end point

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo7.41
Risperidone7.87

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Change in Prolactin Levels

Prolactin serum blood levels, measured in nanograms / ml (NCT00140426)
Timeframe: week 0 and week 7

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Placebo-5.18
Risperidone38.27

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Change in Leptin Levels

Leptin levels were measured by serum blood draws, results reports in nanograms / ml (ng/ml). (NCT00140426)
Timeframe: Week 0 and week 7

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Placebo0.88
Risperidone3.27

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Change in Eating Disorder Inventory-2 Drive for Thinness Subscale (DT)

"Eating Disorder Inventory -2 - Subscale : Drive for Thinness Subscale (DT). Lower scores are better on this scale and indicate less cognitive focus on drive for thinness.~The EDI 2 is a 91 item scale with 8 subscales - (Drive for thinness, Bulimia, body dissatisfaction, ineffectiveness, perfection, interpersonal distrust, interoceptive awareness and maturity fears.). The DT subscale was used for this outcome. Respondents rate each item as usually , often, sometimes, rarely or never. Subscale scores are computed by summing all item scores for each subscale. There are 7 items in the DT subscale (questions 1,7,11,16,25,32 and 49). the subscale score range is 0-21. The EDI-2 was completed by subjects at baseline and then monthly during study participation (range 0 -18 weeks). Change in the DT subscale score was calculated using an estimate of change in score between week 0 and week 7 derived from the mixed effect model across all time points." (NCT00140426)
Timeframe: month

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo1.36
Risperidone3.93

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Change in Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI)-2 Score for Body Dissatisfaction (BD)

"change in Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) 2-score for Body Dissatisfaction (BD).~Lower scores are better on this scale. Higher scores indicate the subject has greater body dissatisfaction. BD is one of the 8 subscales of the EDI-2. 9 of the 91 questions in the EDI-2 scale constitute this subscale. The score range is 0-27. Subjects completed the EDI-2 at baseline and monthly during study participation (range 0 to 18 weeks). Change in the BD subscale score during the study was calculated using an estimate of change in score between week 0 and week 7 derived from the mixed effect model across all time points." (NCT00140426)
Timeframe: monthly

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo0.82
Risperidone2.67

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Body Image Software (BIS) - Point of Subjective Equality (PSE)

"Body Image Software (BIS) - the subject adjusts a digital image of themselves on the computer to their desired image, and also completes a task that determines their perception of their current image. Accuracy is measured by a smaller score between desired image and actual image.~Change in BIS -PSE was calculated using an estimate of change in score between week 0 and week 7 derived from the mixed effect model across all time points.~There are no identifiable minimum/maximum values as there would be in a questionnaire scale. Interpreting the PSE is how it compares to a PSE = 0, which is no distortion in body size." (NCT00140426)
Timeframe: monthly

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Risperidone or Placebo-0.32
Risperidone-2.18

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Body Image Software (BIS): Average Desired Thinness

"Body Image Software (BIS) - the subject adjusts a digital image of themselves on the computer to their desired image. The BIS program calculates the difference between their actual image, and how much they have adjusted the image to represent their desired image. Accuracy is measured by a smaller score between desired image and actual image.~Change in BIS - Average Desired Thinness score was calculated using an estimate of change in score between week 0 and week 7 derived from the mixed effect model across all time points.~There are no identifiable minimum/maximum values as there would be in a questionnaire scale. . There are no subscales." (NCT00140426)
Timeframe: monthly

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Risperidone or Placebo1.88
Risperidone-1.42

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Body Image Software (BIS): Average Distortion

"Body Image Software (BIS) - the subject adjusts a digital image of themselves on the computer using the direction to adjust their image to how they see themselves right now, this determines their perception of their current image. Accuracy is measured by a smaller score between desired image and actual image.~Change in the BIS Average Distortion score during the study was calculated using an estimate of change in score between week 0 and week 7 derived from the mixed effect model across all time points.~There are no identifiable minimum/maximum values as there would be in a questionnaire scale. There are no subscales. The BIS program calculates the difference between their actual image and the size of the image they have adjusted the digital image to based on their perception of how they see themselves right now" (NCT00140426)
Timeframe: monthly

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Risperidone or Placebo-0.22
Risperidone1.40

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Body Image Software (BIS) - Difference Limen (DL)

"Body Image Software (BIS) - the subject adjusts a digital image of themselves on the computer to their desired image, and also completes a task that determines their perception of their current image. Accuracy is measured by a smaller score between desired image and actual image.~Change in BIS-DL was calculated using an estimate of change in score between week 0 and week 7 derived from the mixed effect model across all time points.~There are no identifiable minimum/maximum values as there would be in a questionnaire scale. There are no subscales. Interpreting the DL occurs by referencing it to DL= 0, which would reflect a total inability to detect size differences, which has never occurred in studies using the BIS program." (NCT00140426)
Timeframe: monthly

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Risperidone or Placebo-0.19
Risperidone-1.16

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Child Depression Rating Scale- Revised (CDRS-R)

Response for depressive symptoms was defined as a score less than 40 on the CDRS-R. Range is 18 to 120. Score 18 is normal and higher score signifies depression. The Children's Depression Rating Scale (CDRS) is a 16-item measure used to determine the severity of depression in children 6-18 years of age. Items are measured on 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-point scales. The mean and standard deviation are measured in this study to illustrate outcome at baseline and when the subject ended the study. (NCT00176202)
Timeframe: Six week study with assessment at baseline and end of the study (at the end of 6 weeks or earlier if they ended the study before 6 week end point).

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineLast Observation Carried Forward (p<.01)
Divalproex40.7635.76
Risperidone41.7225.88

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Child Mania Rating Scale (CMRS)

Child Mania rating scale is a parent rated measure to screen for symptoms of mania. It includes 21 items reflecting the DSM-IV criteria for a manic episode. Each item is answered on a four-point Likert type scale anchored by 0 (Never/Rare), 1 (Sometimes), 2 (Often), and 3 (Very Often). Maximum score possible is 63. Score higher than 20 is considered clinically significant, and this is a dimensional score of manic severity. (NCT00176202)
Timeframe: Six week study with assessment at baseline and end of the study (at the end of 6 weeks or earlier if they ended the study before 6 week end point).

,
Interventionunits on scale (Mean)
BaselineLOCF
Divalproex Sodium28.019.20
Risperidone30.8416.35

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Clinical Global Improvement in Bipolar Disorder Overall (CGI-BP Overall)

Severity of Illness and Global Improvement are rated on a 7-point scale by the clinician. In addition to rating the overall illness with the CGI-BP, severity and improvement are considered on various other dimensions such as mania, depression, attention deficit/hyperactivity, psychosis, aggression and sleep difficulties. Score of 1, 2 and 3 would mean there is clinically observed symptom improvement where 1 is the best outcome than 2 or 3. The point 4 is the point where the subject presents at baseline of that specific individual. If they become worse on clinical symptoms, they are rated as 5, 6 or 7 where 7 is worse than 5. (NCT00176202)
Timeframe: Six week study with assessment at baseline and end of the study (at the end of 6 weeks or earlier if they ended the study before 6 week end point).

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineLOCF
Divalproex Sodium4.372.97
Risperidone4.802.77

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Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS)

This measure has 11 items. The purpose of each item is to rate the severity of that abnormality in the patient. A severity rating is assigned to each of the eleven items, based on the patient's subjective report of his or her condition over the previous forty-eight hours and the clinician's behavioral observations during the interview, with the emphasis on the latter. There are four items that are graded on a 0 to 8 scale (irritability, speech, thought content, and disruptive/aggressive behavior), while the remaining seven items are graded on a 0 to 4 scale. Total score of zero to 60 is possible, zero being normal and 60 being severe, 12 serving as a cut off point for illness if equal or above. There are several ways to show change in outcome. We show the mean and standard deviation at week 0 and 6. (NCT00176202)
Timeframe: Six week study with assessment at baseline and end of the study (at the end of 6 weeks or earlier if they ended the study before 6 week end point).

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineLast observation carried forward (LOCF)
Divalproex25.0915.24
Risperidone30.5910.22

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Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Hyperlipidemia

Number of participants with Hyperlipidemia as determined by safety labs (NCT00177164)
Timeframe: from baseline to end of 15 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Risperidone LAI0
Oral AAP0

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Number of Participants With Treatment - Emergent Hyperglycemia

Number of participants with hyperglycemia based on safety labs (NCT00177164)
Timeframe: from baseline to end of 15 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Risperidone LAI0
Oral AAP0

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BMI

BMI at baseline and at end of 15 months for Risperidone LAI and oral AAP groups (NCT00177164)
Timeframe: baseline to end of 15 months

,
Interventionkg / m^2 (Mean)
BaselineFinal
Oral AAP29.8632.0
Risperidone LAI31.0532.27

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Evaluate the Number of Clinical Events (Pooled) Occurring Between 3-15 Months Following a Switch/Stabilization of the Antipsychotic Agents Among Patients Who Receive Either Risperidal Consta or One of the 4 Marketed 2nd Generation Antipsychotic Agents.

(NCT00177164)
Timeframe: Upto 15 months

InterventionNumber of clinical events (Mean)
Risperidone LAI0.86
Oral AAP1.61

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Total Weeks Worked

(NCT00183625)
Timeframe: 24 months

InterventionWeeks (Mean)
Individual Placement and Support (IPS)51.53
Individual Placement and Support With Workplace Fundamentals41.37

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Body Mass Index

Intent was to compare medication and not work group conditions. This was initially assessed at baseline and includes total time on either risperidone or olanzapine up to 18 months. (NCT00183625)
Timeframe: First 18 months of study

Interventionkg/m^2 (Least Squares Mean)
Risperidone Treatment29.21
Olanzapine Treatment30.4

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Pairwise Correlations Between Changes in Normalized Insulin Sensitivity Index at Low Insulin Phase and Changes in Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale Scores.

Normalized insulin sensitivity index (Mffm/I) at low insulin phase-pairwise correlations between changes in Mffm/I and changes in Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale scores (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventioncorrelation (Number)
Olanzapine0.001
Risperidone-0.134

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Pairwise Correlations Between Changes in Normalized Insulin Sensitivity Index at Low Insulin Phase and Changes in Body Mass Index (BMI)

Normalized insulin sensitivity index (Mffm/I) at low insulin phase-pairwise correlations between changes in Mffm/I and changes in BMI (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventioncorrelation (Number)
Olanzapine-0.182
Risperidone-0.195

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Pairwise Correlations Between Changes in Normalized Insulin Sensitivity Index at Low Insulin Phase and Changes in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale Scores.

Normalized insulin senstivity index (Mffm/I) at low insulin phase-pairwise correlations between changes in Mffm/I and changes in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventioncorrelation (Number)
Olanzapine0.035
Risperidone0.066

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Pairwise Correlations Between Changes in Normalized Insulin Sensitivity Index at Low Insulin Phase and Changes in Clinical Global Impression - Severity of Illness Scale Scores.

Normalized insulin sensitivity index (Mffm/I) at low insulin phase-pairwise correlations between changes in Mffm/I and changes in Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Illness scale scores (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventioncorrelation (Number)
Olanzapine0.068
Risperidone0.234

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Pairwise Correlations Between Changes in Normalized Insulin Sensitivity Index at Low Insulin Phase and Changes in Subcutaneous Fat Area.

Normalized insulin sensitivity index (Mffm/I) at low insulin phase-pairwise correlations between changes in Mffm/I and changes in subcutaneous fat area (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventioncorrelation (Number)
Olanzapine-0.043
Risperidone-0.085

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Pairwise Correlations Between Changes in Normalized Insulin Sensitivity Index at Low Insulin Phase and Changes in Visceral Fat Area.

Normalized insulin sensitivity index (Mffm/I) at low insulin phase-pairwise correlations between changes in Mffm/I and changes in visceral fat area (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventioncorrelation (Number)
Olanzapine-0.048
Risperidone-0.057

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Pairwise Correlations Between Changes in Normalized Insulin Sensitivity Index at Low Insulin Phase and Changes in Waist Circumference.

Normalized insulin sensitivity index (Mffm/I) at low insulin phase-pairwise correlations between changes in Mffm/I and changes in waist circumference (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventioncorrelation (Number)
Olanzapine-0.206
Risperidone-0.263

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Pairwise Correlations Between Changes in Normalized Insulin Sensitivity Index at Low Insulin Phase and Changes in Weight.

Normalized insulin sensitivity index (Mffm/I) at low insulin phase-pairwise correlations between changes in Mffm/I and changes in weight (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventioncorrelation (Number)
Olanzapine-0.212
Risperidone-0.188

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Pairwise Correlations Between Changes in Normalized Insulin Sensitivity Index at Low Insulin Phase and Changes in Ratio of Visceral Fat Area to the Subcutaneous Fat Area.

Normalized insulin sensitivity index (Mffm/I) at low insulin phase-pairwise correlations between changes in ratio of visceral far area to subcutaneous fat area (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventioncorrelation (Number)
Olanzapine-0.055
Risperidone0.101

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Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Scores

The BARS is a 4-item instrument that evaluates akathisia associated with use of antipsychotic medications. Item 4 is the Global clinical assessment and is rated 0 to 5 (0 = absent, 5 = severe). The other 3 items (related to objective and subjective assessments) are not used for these analyses. (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange to last observation
Olanzapine0.240.02
Risperidone0.36-0.02

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Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Body Mass Index

Within-and Between-Treatment Group changes in Body Mass Index from baseline to last observation carried forward. (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

,
Interventionkilograms per square meter (kg/m2) (Mean)
BaselineChange to Last Observation
Olanzapine28.961.02
Risperidone28.790.39

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Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) Scores

Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) is an 18-item clinician-administered scale used to assess the degree of severity of a subject's general psychopathological symptoms. Item scores range from 0 (not present) to 6 (extremely severe). Total Scores range from 0 to 108; Positive Subscale Scores range from 0 to 24. Negative Subscale Scores range from 0 to 18. Anxiety-Depression Subscale Scores range from 0 to 24. (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Total Score BaselineTotal Score Change to Last ObservationPositive Subscale Score BaselinePositive Subscale Score Change to Last ObservationNegative Subscale Score BaselineNegative Subscale Score Change to Last ObservationAnxiety-Depression BaselineAnxiety-Depression Change to Last Observation
Olanzapine13.32-1.985.22-0.822.32-0.384.33-0.78
Risperidone13.96-1.485.27-1.201.88-0.023.73-0.32

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Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Clinical Global Impression - Severity of Illness Scores

Measures severity of illness at the time of assessment. Scores range from 1 (normal, not at all ill) to 7 (among the most extremely ill patients. (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange to last observation
Olanzapine3.65-0.22
Risperidone3.61-0.23

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Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Eating Behavior Assessment Scale Scores

Eating Behavior Assessment Scale is a 9-item self-rated tool used to evaluate appetite and eating behaviors. Item scores range from 0 (never) to 4 (always). (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Item 1 Baseline (How Hungry?)Item 1 Change to Last ObservationItem 2 Baseline (How Strong Appetite?)Item 2 Change to Last ObservationItem 3 Baseline (Craved Sweets or Other Carbos?)Item 3 Change to Last ObservationItem 4 Baseline (Craved Fatty Foods?)Item 4 Change to Last ObservationItem 5 Baseline (Felt Full After Meal?)Item 5 Change to Last ObservationItem 6 Baseline(Excessive Food to Feel Satisfied?)Item 6 Change to Last ObservationItem 7 Baseline (Thinking About Food?)Item 7 Change to Last ObservationItem 8 Baseline (Overeating?)Item 8 Change to Last ObservationItem 9 Baseline (Feel Eating is Out of Control?)Item 9 Change to Last Observation
Olanzapine1.420.251.540.171.000.190.800.312.59-0.170.860.170.900.120.420.170.100.25
Risperidone1.320.421.320.380.830.360.740.252.550.000.790.280.770.130.530.150.260.11

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Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Fasting Lipid Parameters Including Direct Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

Fasting lipid parameters including Direct LDL, change from baseline to last observation carried forward. (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

,
Interventionmillimoles per Liter (mmol/L) (Mean)
BaselineChange to last observation
Olanzapine3.18-0.03
Risperidone3.11-0.02

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Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Fasting Lipid Parameters Including High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

Fasting lipid parameters including HDL change from baseline to last observation carried forward. (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

,
Interventionmillimoles per Liter (mmol/L) (Mean)
BaselineChange to last observation
Olanzapine1.080.06
Risperidone1.180.05

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Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Fasting Lipid Parameters Including Lipoprotein Subclasses

Changes in lipid parameters and subclass lipoproteins last observation carried forward (LOCF) mean change from baseline. HDL=High Density Lipoprotein, IDL=Intermdiate Density Lipoprotein, LDL=Low Density Lipoprotein, VLDL=Very Low Density Lipoprotein. (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks.

,
Interventionnanomoles per Liter (nmol/L) (Mean)
HDL particles, total, baselineHDL particles, total, change to last observationIDL, baselineIDL, change to last observationMedium small LDL, baselineMedium small LDL, change to last observationSmall LDL, baselineSmall LDL, change to last observationVery small LDL, baselineVery small LDL, change to last observationVLDL mean particle size, baselineVLDL mean particle size, change to last observ.
Olanzapine28.391.7153.1821.40175.1535.70878.68128.55703.6392.7551.214.09
Risperidone29.81-1.0952.56-2.69197.00-11.47977.84-74.09780.78-62.5051.051.80

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Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Fasting Lipid Parameters Including Total Cholesterol

Fasting lipid parameters including total cholesterol, change from baseline to last observation carried forward. (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

,
Interventionmillimoles per Liter (mmol/L) (Mean)
BaselineChange to Last Observation
Olanzapine4.910.18
Risperidone4.970.01

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Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Fasting Lipid Parameters Including Triglycerides

Changes in fasting lipid parameters including triglycerides last observation carried forward (LOCF) mean change from baseline (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

,
Interventionmillimoles per Liter (mmol/L) (Mean)
BaselineChange to Last Observation
Olanzapine1.680.34
Risperidone1.55-0.10

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Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Simpson Angus Scale Scores

Measures neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism. Total score of Simpson Angus Scale consists of the sum of 10 items rated on a 5-point severity scale where 0=normal and 4=extreme. The total score ranges from 0 to 40. (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange to last observation
Olanzapine1.13-0.06
Risperidone0.940.30

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Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Subcutaneous Fat Area

Subcutaneous fat area change from baseline to last observation carried forward, all randomized patients, double-blind treatment period (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

,
Interventionsquare centimeters (cm2) (Mean)
BaselineChange to last observation
Olanzapine281.074.94
Risperidone317.1635.15

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Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in the Ratio of the Visceral Fat Area to the Subcutaneous Fat Area

Ratio of the visceral fat area to the subcutaneous fat area change from baseline to last observation carried forward, all randomized patients, double-blind treatment period (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

,
Interventionratio in square centimeters (cm2) (Mean)
BaselineChange to last observation
Olanzapine0.410.01
Risperidone0.430.00

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Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Visceral Fat Area

Visceral fat area change from baseline to last observation carried forward, all randomized patients, double-blind treatment period (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

,
Interventionsquare centimeters (cm2) (Mean)
BaselineChange to Last Observation
Olanzapine101.464.70
Risperidone102.178.70

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Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Waist Circumference

Waist circumference change from baseline to last observation carried forward. (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

,
Interventioncentimeters (Mean)
BaselineChange to Last Observation
Olanzapine99.132.38
Risperidone98.490.17

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Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Weight

Weight change from baseline to last visit (last observation carried forward) (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

,
Interventionkilograms (Mean)
BaselineChange to Last Observation
Olanzapine85.932.98
Risperidone86.551.23

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Change in Baseline to Last Observation In Normalized Insulin Sensitivity Index at Low Insulin Phase Using Change in Weight as a Covariate

Normalized insulin sensitivity index (Mffm/I) was defined as the ratio of whole body glucose disposal rate normalized to fat-free mass (Mffm) divided by the plasma insulin concentration (I) during steady-state conditions of the clamp procedure. Units:[(mg glucose)*min*mL] / [(kg fat free body mass)*(micro IU insulin)] (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

,
InterventionMffm/I (Mean)
BaselineChange to Last Observation
Olanzapine0.1664-0.0149
Risperidone0.1937-0.0327

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Pairwise Correlations Between Between Changes in Normalized Insulin Sensitivity Index at Low Insulin Phase and Changes in Eating Behavior Assessment Scale Scores.

Normalized insulin sensitivity index (Mffm/I) at low insulin phase-pairwise correlations between changes in Mffm/I and changes in Eating Behavior Assessment Scale scores (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,
Interventioncorrelation (Number)
Item 1: How Hungry?Item 2: How Strong Appetite?Item 3: Craved Sweets or Other Carbohydrates?Item 4: Craved Fatty Foods?Item 5: Felt Full or Satisfied After Meal?Item 6:Excessive Amount of Food to Feel Satisfied?Item 7: Thinking About Food?Item 8: Overeating?Item 9: Feel Eating is Out of Control?
Olanzapine-0.137-0.137-0.009-0.068-0.1170.134-0.172-0.032-0.075
Risperidone-0.371-0.2690.035-0.184-0.0600.0670.045-0.165-0.354

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Pairwise Correlations Between Changes in Normalized Insulin Sensitivity Index at Low Insulin Phase and Changes in the Simpson Angus Scale Scores.

Normalized insulin sensitivity index (Mffm/I) at low insulin phase-pairwise correlations between changes in the Simpson Angus Scale scores (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventioncorrelation (Number)
Olanzapine0.184
Risperidone0.249

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Pairwise Correlation Between Changes in Normalized Insulin Sensitivity Index at Low Insulin Phase and Changes in Barnes Akathisia Scale Scores.

Normalized insulin sensitivity index (Mffm/I) at low insulin phase-pairwise correlations between changes in Mffm/I and changes in Barnes Akathisia scores (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventioncorrelation (Number)
Olanzapine-0.120
Risperidone0.006

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Change From Baseline to 12 Week Endpoint in Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale Scores

A 12-item instrument assesses observed abnormal movements in different parts of body. Seven items are scored in a 5-point scale (0 = none/normal, 4 = severe) which evaluates abnormal movements in 3 main anatomic areas (orofacial area, extremities, and trunk). Total scores range from 0 to 28. Five collected elements are not used in this total. (NCT00190749)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange to last observation
Olanzapine0.480.04
Risperidone0.530.04

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Change in MRI-measured Subcutaneous Abdominal Fat

This study hypothesized that antipsychotic treatment would increase subcutaneous abdominal fat, as measured by abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with larger adverse effects for olanzapine. (NCT00205699)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

InterventionChange in cm-squared (Mean)
Risperidone18.21
Olanzapine34.27
Aripiprazole15.84

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Change in Insulin-stimulated Glucose Rate of Disappearance (Glucose Rd)

This study hypothesized that antipsychotic treatment would decrease insulin sensitivity at muscle, as measured by the insulin-stimulated rate of disappearance of glucose (glucose Rd), with larger adverse effects for olanzapine. (NCT00205699)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of % change (Mean)
Risperidone2.30
Olanzapine-29.34
Aripiprazole-30.26

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Change in Insulin-stimulated Glucose Rate of Appearance (Glucose Ra)

This study hypothesized that antipsychotic treatment would decrease hepatic insulin sensitivity, as measured by the rate of appearance of glucose (glucose Ra), with larger adverse effects for olanzapine. (NCT00205699)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of % change (Mean)
Risperidone-2.50
Olanzapine-6.57
Aripiprazole-3.27

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Change in DEXA % Body Fat

This study hypothesized that antipsychotic treatment would increase percent total body fat, as measured by whole body dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), with larger adverse effects for olanzapine. (NCT00205699)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercent body fat (Mean)
Risperidone1.81
Olanzapine4.12
Aripiprazole1.66

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Change in Insulin-stimulated Glycerol Rate of Appearance (Glycerol Ra)

This study hypothesized that antipsychotic treatment would decrease insulin sensitivity at adipose tissue, as measured by the insulin-stimulated rate of disappearance of glycerol (glycerol Ra), with larger adverse effects for olanzapine. (NCT00205699)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of % change (Mean)
Risperidone-3.65
Olanzapine-8.29
Aripiprazole1.70

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Change in MRI-measured Visceral Abdominal Fat

This study hypothesized that antipsychotic treatment would increase visceral abdominal fat, as measured by abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with larger adverse effects for olanzapine. (NCT00205699)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

InterventionChange in cm-squared (Mean)
Risperidone6.85
Olanzapine10.73
Aripiprazole12.04

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Change in the PANSS Psychopathology Subscale Score

"PANSS psychopathology subscale score equals sum of the 16-items scores(range:16-112). Each item has ( 1-7 units),1= absent psychosis symptom, 7= extreme symptom degree.Change in PANSS psychopathology subscale:score at month 24 minus score at randomization. Alleviation of general psychopathology symptoms are indicated by a negative change score." (NCT00206102)
Timeframe: Randomization to Month 24

Interventionunits on scale (Mean)
Quetiapine Fumarate-4.2
Risperidone-4.4

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Change in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score

"PANSS total score equals sum of the 30-items scores (range: 30-210). Each item has ( 1-7 units), 1 indicates absent psychosis symptom, and 7 - extreme symptom degree. Change in PANSS total score : total score at month 24 minus total score at randomization.Alleviation of psychotic symptoms are indicated by a negative change in PANSS total score." (NCT00206102)
Timeframe: Randomization to Month 24

Interventionunits on scale (Mean)
Quetiapine Fumarate-9.1
Risperidone-8.6

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Number of Participants With Potential Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS)

Number of participants with adverse events potentially associated with EPS collected by MedDRA Preferred Terms as akathisia, bradykinesia, drooling, dyskinesia, dystonia, extrapyramidal disorder, grimacing, muscle rigidity, parkinsonism, restlessness, tardive dyskinesia, tremor (NCT00206102)
Timeframe: From start of the study treatment to last dose plus 30 days

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Quetiapine Fumarate73
Risperidone106

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Number of Relapses of Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder

Relapse is defined as a hospital stay for psychiatric symptoms or a 2-point increase from baseline in the CGI severity score. CGI-S score ranges from 0-7 with 0 = Not Assessed, 1 = Normal, not at all and 7 = Among the most extremely ill subjects. (NCT00206102)
Timeframe: At Month 24

InterventionRelapses (Number)
Quetiapine Fumarate24
Risperidone33

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Presence of a Cortical (C) Type of Cataractogenic Potential Events in Participants as Assessed and Agreed by 2 Independent, Treatment-masked Ophthalmologists Using the Lens Opacities Classification System II (LOCS II ) Grading Scale

Presence of C type of cataractogenic potential event in participant was defined if any LOCS II grades of 2, 3, 4, 5 (with any grade of 0, trace,1 at randomization) assessed and agreed by 2 independent, treatment-masked ophthalmologists at any post-randomization assessment in one or both eyes. 0= no cataract; 5 is worst. There are no subscales. 0 is the best, 5 is the worst. (NCT00206102)
Timeframe: Randomization to Month 24

InterventionParticipants with C type event (Number)
Quetiapine Fumarate2
Risperidone8

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Change in Personal Evaluation of Transitions in Treatment (PETiT) Total Score

PETiT total score is the sum of the 30 items of PETiT questionnaire(range:0-60) on subjects perceived well-being, adherence, tolerability, satisfaction with treatment. Each item is rated by participant with a 3 point frequency scale:2=often, 1=sometimes, 0=never.Change in PETiT total score: total score at month 24 minus total score at randomization (NCT00206102)
Timeframe: Randomization to Month 24

Interventionunits on scale (Mean)
Quetiapine Fumarate1.2
Risperidone0.9

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Presence of a Nuclear Opalescence (N) Type of Cataractogenic Potential Events in Participants as Assessed and Agreed by 2 Independent, Treatment-masked Ophthalmologists Using the LOCS II Grading Scale

Presence of N type of cataractogenic potential event in Participants was defined if any LOCS II grades of 2, 3, 4 (with grade at rand equals 0,1), or if the LOCS II grades of 3,or 4 (with grade at randomization=2) assessed and agreed by 2 independent, treatment-masked ophthalmologists at any post-randomization assessment in one or both eyes. 0 is the best, 4 is the worst. (NCT00206102)
Timeframe: Randomization to Month 24

InterventionParticipants with N type event (Number)
Quetiapine Fumarate0
Risperidone2

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Presence of a Posterior Subcapsular (P) Type Cataractogenic Potential Events in Participants as Assessed and Agreed by 2 Independent, Treatment-masked Ophthalmologists Using the LOCS II Grading Scale

Presence of P type of cataractogenic potential event in participant was defined if any LOCS II grades of 1, 2, 3 , 4 (with grade=0 at randomization) assessed and agreed by 2 independent, treatment-masked ophthalmologists at any post-randomization assessment in one or both eyes. 0 is the best, 4 is the worst. (NCT00206102)
Timeframe: Randomization to Month 24

InterventionParticipants with P type event (Number)
Quetiapine Fumarate4
Risperidone7

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Change in the Clinical Global Impression - Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Score

CGI-S score is accessed on a seven-graded scale ranging from most extremely ill/ very much worse (7) to normal/very much improved (1) , 1 is best. Change : score at month 24 minus score at randomization. (NCT00206102)
Timeframe: Randomization to Month 24

Interventionunits on scale (Mean)
Quetiapine Fumarate-0.7
Risperidone-0.5

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Change in Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS) Total Score

SAS total score is the sum of the 10 individual-item scores (range:0-40), with the score for each item ranging from 0 to 4, higher scores indicate greater severity of Parkinsonian symptoms. Change : total score at month 24 minus total score at randomization. Increase in Change of total score indicates an increase in extrapyramidal motor symptoms. (NCT00206102)
Timeframe: Randomization to Month 24

Interventionunits on scale (Mean)
Quetiapine Fumarate-0.7
Risperidone-0.4

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Change in the PANSS Negative Subscale Score

"PANSS Negative subscale score equals sum of the 7-items scores(range:7-49). Each item has ( 1-7 units), 1 indicates absent psychosis symptom, and 7 - extreme symptom degree. Change in PANSS Negative subscale score:score at month 24 minus score at randomization. Alleviation of negative psychotic symptoms are indicated by a negative change score." (NCT00206102)
Timeframe: Randomization to Month 24

Interventionunits on scale (Mean)
Quetiapine Fumarate-2.2
Risperidone-1.5

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Change in the PANSS Positive Subscale Score

"PANSS Positive subscale score equals sum of the 7-items scores(range:7-49). Each item has ( 1-7 units), 1 indicates absent psychosis symptom, and 7 - extreme symptom degree." (NCT00206102)
Timeframe: Randomization to Month 24

Interventionunits on scale (Mean)
Quetiapine Fumarate-2.7
Risperidone-2.8

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Change in Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Global Score

BARS global score is the 4th individual-item score on the BARS scale, the Global Assessment of Akathisia, with the score ranging from 0 (no evidence of akathisia) to 5 (severe akathisia). Change : score at month 24 minus score at randomization. Increase in Change of BARS global score indicates an increase in akathisia. (NCT00206102)
Timeframe: Randomization to Month 24

Interventionunits of scale (Mean)
Quetiapine Fumarate-0.1
Risperidone0.1

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Change in Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Total Score

AIMS total score is the sum of the 10 individual-item scores(range:0-40), with the score for each item ranging from 0 to 4. Change : total score at month 24 minus total score at randomization. Increase in Change of total score indicates an increase in abnormal voluntary movements. The lower score means lower intensity of abnormal voluntary Movements. 0 is best, 4 is worst. Increase in Change of total score indicates an increase in abnormal voluntary Movements. (NCT00206102)
Timeframe: Randomization to Month 24

Interventionunits on scale (Mean)
Quetiapine Fumarate-0.2
Risperidone0.1

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Change in Health-related Quality of Life as Measured by Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire - Short Form (Q-LES-Q SF) Total Score

Q-LES-Q total score is the sum of the 16 times of Q-LES-Q SF(range:16-80).Each item has a 5 point satisfaction level scale:from 1=very poor(worst value) to 5=very good(best).Larger values indicate a higher perceived quality of life enjoyment and satisfaction.Change in Q-LES-Q total score:total score at month 24 minus total score at randomization (NCT00206102)
Timeframe: Randomization to Month 24

Interventionunits on scale (Mean)
Quetiapine Fumarate2.4
Risperidone2.7

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Score

"The neuropsychiatric symptoms of schizophrenia were assessed by means of the 30-item PANSS scale. The PANSS scale provides a total score (sum of the scores of all 30 items) and scores for 3 subscales, i.e., the positive subscale (7 items), the negative subscale (7 items), and the general psychopathology subscale (16 items).~Each item of the scale is to be scored on a scale of 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme)." (NCT00216476)
Timeframe: Assessed at each visit from the moment the subject was randomized to a treatment arm (baseline visit) until the end of treatment (Week 104 or earlier)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Risperidone LAI-9.3
Quetiapine-1.1
Aripiprazole-7.7

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Mean Relapse Free Period (Exploratory/Aripiprazole)

As for risperidone and quetiapine, relapse was defined as meeting any of the predefined criteria (adapted from Csernansky et al., 2002) on 2 consecutive evaluations during treatment, 3 to 5 days apart. Since aripiprazole was new on the market at the time the study was conducted, this aripiprazole analysis was exploratory. (NCT00216476)
Timeframe: Assessed at each visit from the moment the subject was randomized to a treatment arm (baseline visit) until the end of treatment (Week 104 or earlier)

Interventiondays (Mean)
Aripiprazole314

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Mean Relapse Free Period(Risperidone LAI Versus Quetiapine)

Relapse was defined as meeting any of the predefined criteria (adapted from Csernansky et al., 2002) on 2 consecutive evaluations during treatment, 3 to 5 days apart. The relapse rate in each treatment arm was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. (NCT00216476)
Timeframe: Assessed at each visit from the moment the subject was randomized to a treatment arm (baseline visit) until the end of treatment (Week 104 or earlier)

Interventiondays (Mean)
Risperidone LAI607
Quetiapine533

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Short-Form Health Survey 12 (SF-12) Scores

Quality of life was assessed by means of the 12-item SF-12® survey. Two parameters, i.e., PCS (physical component summary) and MCS (mental component summary) were calculated. Both components scores range from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating better QOL. (NCT00216476)
Timeframe: Assessed at the moment the subject was randomized to a treatment arm (baseline visit) and after 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of treatment

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
PCS scoreMCS score
Aripiprazole2.44.9
Quetiapine1.02.7
Risperidone LAI2.13.2

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) Score

The 7-point CGI scale of Severity (CGI-S) was used to assess the severity of a subject's psychotic condition (0= normal, not at all ill, 1= borderline, etc. and 6= among the most extremely ill subjects). (NCT00216476)
Timeframe: Assessed at each visit from the moment the subject was randomized to a treatment arm (baseline visit) until the end of treatment (Month 24 or earlier)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Risperidone LAI-0.3
Quetiapine0.1
Aripiprazole-0.1

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Change From Baseline in PANSS Total Score at Week 12

The PANSS is a specific scale for the measurement of the symptoms of schizophrenia. Symptoms of schizophrenia will be assessed using the 30-item PANSS scale. Each item of the scale is to be scored on a scale of 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme). The total score can range from 30 to 210. (NCT00216671)
Timeframe: at baseline and Week 12.

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Early Initiation of Treatment-35.84
Late Initiation of Treatment-34.49

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Change From Baseline in PANSS Total Score at Week 6

The PANSS is a specific scale for the measurement of the symptoms of schizophrenia. Symptoms of schizophrenia will be assessed using the 30-item PANSS scale. Each item of the scale is to be scored on a scale of 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme). The total score can range from 30 to 210. (NCT00216671)
Timeframe: at baseline and Week 6.

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Early Initiation of Treatment-27.48
Late Initiation of Treatment-27.96

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Change in Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score From Baseline to Endpoint

The PANSS is a specific scale for the measurement of the symptoms of schizophrenia. Symptoms of schizophrenia will be assessed using the 30-item PANSS scale. Each item of the scale is to be scored on a scale of 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme).The total score can range from 30 to 210. (NCT00216671)
Timeframe: at baseline and Week 26 or at premature discontinuation

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Early Initiation of Treatment-38.37
Late Initiation of Treatment-37.24

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)

Overall psychological, social, and occupational functioning is rated on a scale of mental health-illness from 1 being the worst functioning to 100 being the best. Impairment in functioning due to physical (or environmental) limitations must not be included in the rating. (NCT00216671)
Timeframe: at baseline and endpoint (week 26 or at premature discontinuation).

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Early Initiation of Treatment19.65
Late Initiation of Treatment18.72

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Quality of Life Questionnaire SF-12

Short Form Health Survey: A generic dual-ie, mental and physical health-scale measure of quality of life. This is a 12-item subset of the SF-36 survey that measures the same 8 domains of health. As a brief, reliable measure of overall health status, the SF-12 is the instrument of choice in large population health surveys and has been used extensively as a screening tool. SF-12 will be filled in by the patient. The scores range from 0 to 100, where a zero score indicates the lowest level of health measured by the scales and 100 indicates the highest level of health. (NCT00216671)
Timeframe: at baseline, Weeks 6, 12, and endpoint (week 26 or at premature discontinuation).

,
Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Physical Component Summary (PCS)Mental Component Summary (MCS)
Early Initiation of Treatment2.763.25
Late Initiation of Treatment1.752.96

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Clinical Global Impression - Severity (CGI-S)

The CGI-S rating scale is used to rate the severity of a subject's psychotic condition on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (not ill) to 7 (extremely severe). This scale permits a global evaluation of the subject's condition at a given time. (NCT00216671)
Timeframe: at baseline and endpoint (week 26 or at premature discontinuation).

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Early Initiation of Treatment-1.91
Late Initiation of Treatment-2.03

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YMRS

Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) total scores change from baseline by treatment group. The YMRS total score ranges from 0 to 60 where higher scores indicate more severe mania, thus, a negative change (or decrease) from baseline indicates a reduction (or improvement) in manic symptoms. (NCT00221403)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Valproate (VPA)10
Risperidone18.82
Placebo4.29

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Working Memory

"California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) trials 1 through 5 is a well established neuropsychological test of working memory. The maximum score is 80 which reflects a better outcome and the minimum score is 0 which reflects a worse outcome.~The only meaningful analyses with adequate statistical power that could be reported were of the 10 schizophrenia patients who met nonresponse criteria to ziprasidone. The overall enrollment of 35 subjects was insufficient to perform the originally planned analyses in a statistically valid manner." (NCT00225498)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Ziprasidone44.8

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Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS)

The AIMS is a 12-item scale to provide a numeric measure to the observed abnormal movements in different parts of the body. Information is collected after a brief neurological examination and is scored on a 5-point scale (0=none, 4=severe). Ten items are scored in a 5-point scale (0 = none/normal, 4 = severe) which evaluates abnormal movements in three main anatomic areas (orofacial area, extremities, and trunk). Two items are yes/no questions regarding dental status. Total scores range from 0 to 42 with higher values indicating more severity. (NCT00246259)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 104 or LRV

,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (n=42,35)Week 104 (n=35,29)
Oral Antipsychotic0.80.7
Risperidone Long-acting Injection (LAI)1.10.7

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Time to Relapse

"Time to relapse was calculated from the start of the maintenance phase to date of relapse according to Csernansky: Psychiatric hospitalization; increased level of psychiatric care from start of maintenance period and 25 percent increase in total PANSS score from first maintenance visit, or 10 points increase where PANSS at start of maintenance period was 40 or less; deliberate self-injury, suicidal or homicidal ideation; violent to others; property damage; or substantial clinical deterioration, defined as Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) score of 6 (much worse)." (NCT00246259)
Timeframe: Week 10 (post-stability) up to Week 104 or LRV

InterventionWeeks (Mean)
Risperidone Long-acting Injection (LAI)80.5
Oral Antipsychotic79.5

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Percentage of Participants With Relapse

"Relapse was defined according to Csernansky: Psychiatric hospitalization; increased level of psychiatric care from start of maintenance period and 25 percent increase in total PANSS score from first maintenance visit, or 10 points increase where PANSS at start of maintenance period was 40 or less; deliberate self-injury, suicidal or homicidal ideation; violent to others; property damage; or substantial clinical deterioration, defined as CGI-C score of 6 (much worse)." (NCT00246259)
Timeframe: Week 10 (post-stability) up to Week 104 or LRV

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Risperidone Long-acting Injection (LAI)34.4
Oral Antipsychotic16.1

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Change From Baseline in Standardized Mental Component Scale Score in Short Form 36 (SF-36) at Week 104 or LRV

The SF-36 is a survey of participant health. It calculates two standardized scales: the standardized mental component scale and the standardized physical component scale. The standardized scales are calculated as weighted sums of the 8 scores, which are: vitality, physical functioning, bodily pain, general health perceptions, physical role functioning, emotional role functioning, social role functioning, and mental health. Each item is scored on a 0-100 range; and standardized mental component scale score is calculated as weighted average of individual item scores on a 0-100 range, where 100 signify highest level of functioning. The change from baseline in mental component scale score was reported. (NCT00246259)
Timeframe: Up to Week 104 or LRV

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Risperidone Long-acting Injection (LAI)0.6
Oral Antipsychotic4.7

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Change From Baseline in Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI-10) Score at Week 104 or LRV

The DAI, a 10-item scale to assess how the attitude of schizophrenia participants toward their medications may affect compliance. Respondents indicate 'true' or 'false' for each item. An overall calculated score ranged from -10 to 10, where a positive score indicated a positive subjective response (compliant), a negative score indicated non-compliance. Change: score at observation minus score at baseline. (NCT00246259)
Timeframe: Up to Week 104 or LRV

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Risperidone Long-acting Injection (LAI)-0.1
Oral Antipsychotic-0.2

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Number of Participants With Cognitive Assessment Using Trail A

Cognitive assessments were done using Trail test A which measured variety of functions, including motor speed, visual scanning, attention and visual motor integration. Participants must connect numbered circles in a variety of orders. (NCT00246259)
Timeframe: Week -2, 104 or LRV

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Week -2 (0-26 seconds)Week -2 (27-39 seconds)Week -2 (40-51 seconds)Week -2 (52+ seconds)Week -2 (Not reported)Week 104 (0-26 seconds)Week 104 (27-39 seconds)Week 104 (40-51 seconds)Week 104 (52+ seconds)Week 104 (Not reported)
Oral Antipsychotic149462167327
Risperidone Long-acting Injection (LAI)13166611594212

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Total Words Score Over Time

Controlled Word Association Test (COWAT) was used to assess verbal fluency. Participants are given 3 different letters of the alphabet and asked to say as many words beginning with each letter within a controlled time. Participants are then asked to identify as many words as possible in 3 different categories (animals, fruits and vegetables) within a specified period of time. The total score is a sum of all three categories scores. The total score ranges from 0-90, the higher the score the higher the verbal fluency. (NCT00246259)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 104 or LRV

,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (n=40, 31)Week 104 or LRV (n=30, 28)
Oral Antipsychotic59.965.4
Risperidone Long-acting Injection (LAI)62.463.1

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Simpson Angus Scale (SAS)

The SAS is a 10-item scale used to measure the symptoms of parkinsonism (slow movements) or parkinsonian side-effects related to the use of antipsychotic medications. The 10 items are rated on a 5-point scale (0=complete absence, 4=extreme presence) after a brief neurological examination and observation of the participants' gait (slow, shuffling walk). Total score is sum of individual item scores (range 0 to 40); higher score indicates more affected. (NCT00246259)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 104 or LRV

,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (n=42,34)Week 104 (n=34,29)
Oral Antipsychotic1.21.0
Risperidone Long-acting Injection (LAI)1.11.0

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Number of Participants With Cognitive Assessments Using Trail B

Cognitive assessments were done using Trail test B, which measured variety of functions, including motor speed, visual scanning, attention and visual motor integration. In Trail B, 2 sets of circles contain numbers and letters, and the participant must connect them in alternating order. Trail B is also a measure of executive functions as it requires planning and decision-making. (NCT00246259)
Timeframe: Week -2, 104 or LRV

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Week -2 (0-65 Seconds)Week -2 (66-85 seconds)Week -2 (86-120 seconds)Week -2 (121+ seconds)Week -2 (Not reported)Week 104 (0-65 seconds)Week 104 (66-85 seconds)Week 104 (86-120 seconds)Week 104 (121+ seconds)Week 104 (Not reported)
Oral Antipsychotic1253132164537
Risperidone Long-acting Injection (LAI)1788811774212

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Change From Baseline in Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) at Week 104 or LRV

Co-morbid symptoms of mania are evaluated by change in YMRS Score which is an 11-item scale to assess symptoms of mania, Four items are rated on a scale from 0 (symptom not present) to 8 (symptom extremely severe). The remaining items are rated on a scale from 0 (symptom not present) to 4 (symptom extremely severe). The YMRS total score ranges from 0 (the least) to 60 (the worst). (NCT00246259)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 104 or LRV

,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (n=42,35)Change at Week 104 or LRV (n=34,28)
Oral Antipsychotic4.3-1.5
Risperidone Long-acting Injection (LAI)4.0-1.1

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Change From Baseline in Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS) at Week 104 or LRV

The SOFAS focused exclusively on participants' level of social and occupational functioning. The SOFAS is a 100 point single item scale that rates functioning of a participant. The scale values range from 1=most impaired to 100=healthiest individual. The scale also includes a rating point of 0=missing information. (NCT00246259)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 104 or LRV

,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (n=42, 35)Change at Week 104 or LRV (n=34, 28)
Oral Antipsychotic49.59.5
Risperidone Long-acting Injection (LAI)53.44.6

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Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 104 or Last Reported Visit (LRV)

The PANSS provides a total score (sum of the scores of all 30 items) and scores for 3 subscales, the positive subscale (7 items), the negative subscale (7 items), and the general psychopathology subscale (16 items), each rated on a 7-point scale that ranges from 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme). The PANSS total score consists of the sum of all 30 PANSS items and ranges from 30 to 210. Higher scores indicate worsening. (NCT00246259)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 104 or LRV

,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (n=42, 35)Change at Week 104 or LRV (n=42, 34)
Oral Antipsychotic79.7-17.7
Risperidone Long-acting Injection (LAI)80.6-18.1

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Change From Baseline in Calgary Depression Symptom Scale (CDSS) Score at Week 104 or LRV

Co-morbid depressive symptoms are evaluated by change in CDSS Score which was developed to assess symptoms of depression in participants with schizophrenia (psychiatric disorder with symptoms of emotional instability, detachment from reality, often with delusions and hallucinations, and withdrawal into the self). It consists of 9 items, each scored from 0 (absent) to 3 (severe). The total score is a sum of the scores of each item and may range from 0 to 27. Higher score more severe pathology. Data presented here represents the change from baseline to endpoint. (NCT00246259)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 104 or LRV

,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (n=42, 35)Change at Week 104 or LRV (n=34, 28)
Oral Antipsychotic3.5-1.0
Risperidone Long-acting Injection (LAI)3.70.1

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Change From Baseline Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) Total Score at Week 104 or LRV

The HAM-A is a 14-item scale designed to measure anxiety in individuals. Each question reflects a symptom of anxiety and physical as well as mental symptoms are represented. The answers range from 0 which signifies a complete lack of that symptom to 4, which indicates a very severe show of anxiety with that symptom. Total score ranges from 0 to 56. Lower score indicates less affected. (NCT00246259)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 104 or LRV

,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (n=42, 35)Change at Week 104 or LRV (n=34, 28)
Oral Antipsychotic7.3-2.9
Risperidone Long-acting Injection (LAI)7.2-0.8

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Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Global Clinical Assessment

The BARS evaluates akathisia (feeling of restlessness) associated with the use of antipsychotic medications, including an objective and a subjective component plus a global impression. Components are rated on a scale of 0 (normal or absence of restlessness)-3 (intense restlessness) and 0 (absent)-5 (severe akathisia) for the global clinical assessment. Number of participants in each global clinical assessment scale are reported. (NCT00246259)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 104 or LRV

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Baseline: Absent (n=42,35)Baseline: Questionable (n=42,35)Baseline: Mild Akathisia (n=42,35)Baseline: Moderate Akathisia (n=42,35)Baseline: Marked Akathisia (n=42,35)Week 104: Absent (n=35,29)Week 104: Questionable (n=35,29)Week 104: Mild Akathisia (n=35,29)Week 104: Moderate Akathisia (n=35,29)Week 104: Marked Akathisia (n=35,29)
Oral Antipsychotic218600252200
Risperidone Long-acting Injection (LAI)2911200217610

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Percentage of Participants Who Experienced a Clinical Exacerbation From Month 3 Post-Randomization

Clinical exacerbation is defined as hospitalization because of participant's schizophrenia (psychiatric disorder with symptoms of emotional instability, detachment from reality, delusions, hallucinations, and self withdrawal) or requiring change from current antipsychotic or initiation of adjunctive antipsychotic, 2-point worsening in Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S) or emergency room visit, deliberate self-injury, emergence of clinically significant suicidal ideation, utilization of treatment team services, violent behavior, requiring an increase in dose of existing antipsychotic as a result of poor symptom control. (NCT00256997)
Timeframe: Month 3 up to Month 24

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Risperidone Long-Acting Injection (LAI)48.1
Oral Atypical Antipsychotic43.0

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Time to First Clinical Exacerbation

Time to first clinical exacerbation was calculated over the entire trial duration wherein clinical exacerbation is defined as hospitalization because of participant's schizophrenia or requiring change from current antipsychotic or initiation of an adjunctive antipsychotic, 2-point worsening in CGI-S or emergency room visit, deliberate self-injury, emergence of clinically significant suicidal ideation, utilization of treatment team services, violent behavior, requiring an increase in dose of existing antipsychotic as a result of poor symptom control. (NCT00256997)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Month 24

InterventionMonths (Mean)
Risperidone Long-acting Injection (LAI)10.4
Oral Atypical Antipsychotic11.2

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Change From Baseline in Assessment of Quality of Life (AQoL) Score at Month 24

"AQoL is defined as an Australian-developed participant delivered quality of life (QoL) instrument consisting of 15-questions in 5 scales measuring illness, independence, social relationships, physical senses and psychological well-being. Each of the 5 scales is calculated based on the answers to 3 questions. Each question is given an answer dependent utility score (0 [worst] to 1 [best] and then these scores are combined using a multiplicative model to get the normalized scale score value, each scale ranging between 0.0 (representing death) and 1.0 (representing full health). The scores for independent living, social relationships, physical senses and psychological well-being are combined to obtain the QoL utility score which refers to the value of a health state to the respondent where the lower boundary is -0.04 (representing QoL state worse than death), 0.00 (death equivalent QoL state) and to 1.00 (best possible QoL state)." (NCT00256997)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24

,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline: Illness score (n=79,84)Change at Month 24: Illness score (n=64,67)Baseline: Daily activity score(n=79,83)Change at Month 24: Daily activity score(n=64,67)Baseline: Social score (n=79,83)Change at Month 24: Social score (n=64,66)Baseline: Physical score (n=79,83)Change at Month 24: Physical score (n=64,67)Baseline: Psychological score (n=79,83)Change at Month 24: Psychological score (64,67)
Oral Atypical Antipsychotic0.3590.0350.872-0.0380.6130.0250.9160.0200.8630.023
Risperidone Long-acting Injection (LAI)0.3960.0910.8110.0510.6080.0600.8720.0650.8630.015

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Change From Baseline in Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP) Total Score at Month 24

The PSP is 100-point validated clinician-rated scale that assesses degree of difficulty in 4 areas of functioning: socially useful activities, personal and social relationships, self-care, disturbing and aggressive behaviors rated on 6-point scale (1=absent to 6=very severe).Total transformed score from 1 to 100 is generated from raw score based on clinical interpretation of scores generated in 4 areas of functioning, with higher transformed score indicating better function. Total score is divided into 3 levels: 71-100 (mild difficulty); 31-70 (marked difficulty) and 1-30 (severe difficulty). (NCT00256997)
Timeframe: Baseline and End of Study (Month 24 or Early Termination [ET])

,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline: (n=79, 84)Change at Month 24/ET: (n=67,68)
Oral Atypical Antipsychotic55.08.4
Risperidone Long-acting Injection (LAI)54.25.2

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Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) - Total Score at Month 24

The PANSS is a 30-item scale designed to assess various symptoms of schizophrenia (psychiatric disorder with symptoms of emotional instability, detachment from reality, often with delusions and hallucinations, and withdrawal into the self) including delusions, grandiosity, blunted affect, poor attention, and poor impulse control. The 30 symptoms are rated on a 7-point scale that ranges from 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme psychopathology). The PANSS total score consists of the sum of all 30 PANSS items and ranges from 30 to 210, higher scores indicate worsening. (NCT00256997)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24

,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (n=79, 85)Change at Month 24: Total score (n=67, 67)
Oral Atypical Antipsychotic76.5-12.4
Risperidone Long-acting Injection (LAI)77.6-9.6

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Number of Participants With Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C)

The CGI-C is a assessment of change in global clinical status, defined as a sense of well-being and ability to function in daily activities. CGI-C scores range from 1 (very much improved) through to 7 (very much worse). Higher scores indicate worsening. (NCT00256997)
Timeframe: End of Study (Month 24 or Early Withdrawal [EW])

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Month 24/EW:At least minimally improved(n= 67,68)Month 24/EW: No change or worse (n=67,68)
Oral Atypical Antipsychotic3830
Risperidone Long-acting Injection (LAI)4819

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Number of Participants With Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S)

The CGI-S rating scale is used to rate the severity of a patient's psychotic condition on a 7-point scale. It is rated as follows: 1=Normal, not at all ill, 2=Borderline mentally ill, 3=Mildly ill, 4=Moderately ill, 5=Markedly ill, 6=Severely ill, and 7=Among the most extremely ill. Higher scores indicate worsening. (NCT00256997)
Timeframe: Baseline and End of Study (Month 24 or Early Withdrawal [EW])

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Baseline: Mild or better (n=79, 85)Baseline: Moderate, marked and severe (n=79, 85)Month 24/EW: Mild or better (n=67, 68)Month 24/EW:Moderate,marked and severe (n=67, 68)
Oral Atypical Antipsychotic26593929
Risperidone Long-acting Injection (LAI)18613631

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Number of Participants With Response to Resource Utilization Questionnaire (RUQ)

This questionnaire included questions asked to participants about any hospitalizations, visits to the emergency room or any other psychiatric treatment received in the previous month. Also the participants and/or primary health care contact or caregiver (or other modality to obtain accurate information) were telephoned on a monthly basis (1 month post Visit 2 through to end of study [Visit 6, Month 24]) by a member of the investigational staff and the resource utilization assessment was conducted over the phone. (NCT00256997)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Month 24

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Emergency room visits (total reports)Hospital admissions (total reports)Family doctor visits (total reports)Psychologist doctor visit (total reports)Social worker (total reports)Occupational therapist (total reports)Phychiatric day care (total reports)Phychiatrist (total reports)Visit by a home care nurse (total reports)Psychiatric nurse (total reports)Suicide/crisis services (total reports)Outpatient clinic (total reports)
Oral Atypical Antipsychotic29325813443013788581336
Risperidone Long-acting Injection (LAI)324259144328197415621331

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Percentage of Participants Who Experienced a Clinical Exacerbation

Clinical exacerbation is defined as hospitalization because of participant's schizophrenia or requiring change from current antipsychotic or initiation of an adjunctive antipsychotic, 2-point worsening in CGI-S or emergency room visit, deliberate self-injury, emergence of clinically significant suicidal ideation, utilization of treatment team services, violent behavior, requiring an increase in dose of existing antipsychotic as a result of poor symptom control. (NCT00256997)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Month 24

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Risperidone Long-acting Injection (LAI)54.4
Oral Atypical Antipsychotic54.7

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Change From Baseline in Drug Attitude Inventory-10 (DAI-10) Item Scale Score at Week 96

The DAI-10 is a 10-item questionnaire to assess 1) subjective experience of medication and 2) attitudes and beliefs toward neuroleptics which may influence medication compliance in schizophrenia participants. It is the binary scale assessing the participant's subjective response. A 'compliant' response is scored as +1; a dysphoric response is scored as -1. A positive sum of items indicates a positive subjective response (SR); a negative sum of scores indicates a negative SR (non-compliant). The final score for each person at each time is the positive score minus the negative score. (NCT00269919)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 96

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange at Week 96
Risperidone Long-Acting Injection (RLAI)-0.220.28

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Change From Baseline in Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Score at Week 96

GAF is a 100-point tool rating overall psychological, social and occupational functioning of adults. The higher score range (91-100) refers to a superior functioning in a wide range of activities, and absence of symptoms. The lower score range (1-10) refers to persistent danger of severely hurting self or others; or persistent inability to maintain minimum personal hygiene; or serious suicidal act with clear expectation of death. Lower scores indicate worsening. (NCT00269919)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 96

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange at Week 96
Risperidone Long-Acting Injection (RLAI)44.328.86

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Change From Baseline in NCFT: Controlled Oral Word Association Test at Week 96

The Controlled Oral Word Associated Test is a measure of verbal fluency, which requires participants to generate words orally that begin with a given letter of the alphabet. Participants are given 1 min to name as many words as possible. Performance was calculated by the number of words generated in the 1-min period. This measure, requiring rapid and organized word retrieval, is a sensitive indicator of brain dysfunction. (NCT00269919)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 96

InterventionWords generated per min (Mean)
Baseline: corrected responseChange at Week 96: corrected response
Risperidone Long-Acting Injection (RLAI)10.250.00

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Change From Baseline in NCFT: Memory Quotient (MQ) at Week 96

MQ was obtained by adding up the results of verbal memory and visual memory test. The memory quotient will include learning curve, memory retention, retrieval efficiency, drawing/memory consistency, verbal/visual memory consistency and intelligence/memory consistency. The highest MQ is 160, which indicates excellent memory. (NCT00269919)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 96

InterventionMQ (Mean)
BaselineChange at Week 96
Risperidone Long-Acting Injection (RLAI)93.7110.70

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Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) Score at Week 96

The CGI-S rating scale is used to rate the severity of a participant's psychotic condition on a 7-point scale. It is rated as follows: 1=Normal, not at all ill, 2=Borderline mentally ill, 3=Mildly ill, 4=Moderately ill, 5=Markedly ill, 6=Severely ill, and 7=Among the most extremely ill. Higher scores indicate worsening. (NCT00269919)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 96

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange at Week 96
Risperidone Long-Acting Injection (RLAI)4.62-0.89

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Change From Baseline in World Health Organization (WHO)-Quality of Life (QOL) at Week 96

The WHOQOL-BREF is a 26-item, self-report questionnaire and short version of WHOQOL-100, consisting of 4 domains: physical health (7 items), psychological health (6 items), social relationships (3 items), and environmental health (8 items); it also contains QOL and general health items. Domain scores are scaled in a positive direction (i.e. higher scores denote higher quality of life). The mean score of items within each domain is used to calculate the domain score. Each individual item of the WHOQOL-BREF is scored from 1=not at all to 5=completely on a response scale, which is stipulated as a 5-point ordinal scale. The scores are then transformed linearly to a scale of 0 (the worse quality of life) to 100 (the worse quality of life). (NCT00269919)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 96

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange at Week 96
Risperidone Long-Acting Injection (RLAI)71.222.06

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Total Drug Induced Extra-Pyramidal Symptoms Scale (DIEPSS) Score

A scale used to assess the extrapyramidal symptoms attributable to antipsychotics. It consists of 9 items (8 to assess individual symptoms and 1 to assess global severity). Each item is assessed from 0 (none, normal) to 4 (severe). The total score is the sum of the 8 item scores, for a total range of 0 (normal) to 32 (severe). The items for the assessment of individual symptoms are classified into 4 categories of parkinsonism, akathisia, dystonia and dyskinesia. (NCT00269919)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 96

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 96 (n=12)
Risperidone Long-Acting Injection (RLAI)4.132.50

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Change From Baseline in NCFT: Trail Making Test (TMT)-Time at Week 96

TMT is attention, mental flexibility, visual search, motor function measure test. Test is divided into A and B types. Participants using a pencil or connect numbers in sequence (A-type), in turn, alternating between numbers and letters must be connected (B-type). The test measures the response time. (NCT00269919)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 96

InterventionSeconds (Mean)
Baseline: Trail A-timeChange at Week 96: Trail A-timeBaseline: Trail B-timeChange at Week 96: Trail B-time
Risperidone Long-Acting Injection (RLAI)39.83-3.1896.03-16.0

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Change From Baseline in NCFT: TMT-Error at Week 96

TMT is attention, mental flexibility, visual search, motor function measure test. Test is divided into A and B types. Participants using a pencil or connect numbers in sequence (A-type), in turn, alternating between numbers and letters must be connected (B-type). The test measures the the number of errors. (NCT00269919)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 96

InterventionErrors (Mean)
Baseline: Trail A-errorChange at Week 96: Trail A-errorBaseline: Trail B-errorChange at Week 96: Trail B-error
Risperidone Long-Acting Injection (RLAI)0.110.000.68-1.11

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Change From Baseline in Neurocognitive Function Test (NCFT): General Intelligence (Korean-Wechsler Adults Intelligence Scale [K-WAIS]) at Week 96

The K-WAIS is a Korean version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). It is an intelligence test that assess 3 general areas of intelligence quotients (IQ): verbal IQ, performance IQ and full-scale IQ (FSIQ). The verbal IQ includes: Digit Span, Vocabulary, and Arithmetic; performance IQ includes: Picture Arrangement and Block Design; and FSIQ is an IQ assessed by measuring an individual's overall level of general cognitive and intellectual functioning. The highest FSIQ is 160. The greater the quotient, higher the level of intelligence. (NCT00269919)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 96

InterventionIntelligence quotient (IQ) (Mean)
Baseline: GI, Digit Span (n=28)Change at Week 96: GI, Digit span (n=28)Baseline: GI, Vocabulary (n=29)Change at Week 96: GI, Vocabulary (n=29)Baseline: GI, Arithmetic (n=29)Change at Week 96: GI, Arithmetic (n=29)Baseline: GI, Picture arrange (n=29)Change at Week 96: GI, Picture arrange (n=29)Baseline: GI, Block Design (n=29)Change at Week 96: GI, Block Design (n=29)Baseline: GI, FSIQ (n=29)Change at Week 96: GI, FSIQ (n=29)
Risperidone Long-Acting Injection (RLAI)11.391.3612.281.1810.001.1810.102.3611.590.82106.0710.64

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Change From Baseline in Total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Score at Week 96

The PANSS is a 30-item scale consisting of 3 subscales, the positive subscale (7 items), the negative subscale (7 items), and the general psychopathology subscale (16 items) and it is designed to assess various symptoms of schizophrenia including delusions, grandiosity, blunted affect, poor attention, and poor impulse control. The 30 items are rated on a 7-point scale that ranges from 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme). The PANSS total score consists of the sum of all 30 PANSS items and ranges from 30 (absent) to 210 (extreme ill). Higher scores indicate worsening. (NCT00269919)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 96

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange at Week 96
Risperidone Long-Acting Injection (RLAI)73.0018.24

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Liverpool University Neuroleptic Side Effect Rating Scale (LUNSERS) Score

"The LUNSERS is a self-report measure of antipsychotic side effects. It consists of 51 questions, 41 questions on side effects and 10 questions are of red herrings to validate the results. Each question is rated on a 4-point scale, where 0=not at all; and 4=very much. The total neuroleptic side effect score is the sum of the scores for the side effects items (i.e. all items excluding the red herrings). Total side effects score ranges from 0 to 164, where 0 to 40=low side effect rating, 41 to 80=medium side effect rating and greater than 81=high side effect rating." (NCT00269919)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 96

InterventionUnit on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 96 (n=13)
Risperidone Long-Acting Injection (RLAI)101.3276.54

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Change From Baseline in NCFT: Rey Kim Memory Test- Korean-Rey Complex Figure Test (K-RCFT) at Week 96

The RCFT is a neuropsychological assessment designed to evaluate visual memory in participants. The RCFT is useful in evaluating the spatial perception and visual memory. The RCFT consists of 3 test conditions: Copy, Immediate Recall and Delayed Recall. At the first step, participants are given the RCFT stimulus card, and then asked to draw the same figure. Subsequently, they are instructed to draw what they remembered. Then, after a delay of 30 min, they are required to draw the same figure once again, a score of 2 points for each drawn element (a complete straight line or a circle) remembered correctly. The total score is the sum of points scored for each correctly drawn element and it ranges from 0 to 36. The maximum score indicates excellent visual memory. (NCT00269919)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 96

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline: copyChange at Week 96: copyBaseline: immediate recallChange at Week 96: immediate recallBaseline: delayed recallChange at Week 96: delayed recall
Risperidone Long-Acting Injection (RLAI)15.11-0.108.752.209.181.70

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Change From Baseline in NCFT: Rey Kim Memory Test-Korean Auditory Verbal Learning Test (KAVLT) at Week 96

The KAVLT is a neuropsychological assessment designed to evaluate verbal memory in participants. The KAVLT is useful in evaluating the nature and severity of memory dysfunction and to track changes in memory function over time. The test is designed as a list-learning paradigm in which the participants hears a list of 15 words, and are asked to recall as many words from the list as possible. This procedure is carried out a total of 5 times. Then a second list of 15 words is presented, allowing the participants only 1 attempt to recall. Immediately following this, the participants are asked to remember as many words as possible from the first list. KAVLT consists of 2 test conditions: Delayed Recall and Delayed Recognition. The upper limit for 'words recalled' is 15, which represents better episodic memory. (NCT00269919)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 96

InterventionWords recalled (Mean)
Baseline: Trial 1 (n=27)Change at Week 96: Trial 1 (n=27)Baseline: Trial 2 (n=28)Change at Week 96: Trial 2 (n=28)Baseline: Trial 3 (n=28)Change at Week 96: Trial 3 (n=28)Baseline: Trial 4 (n=28)Change at Week 96: Trial 4 (n=28)Baseline: Trial 5 (n=28)Change at Week 96: Trial 5 (n=28)Baseline: delayed recall (n=28)Change at Week 96: delayed recall (n=28)Baseline: delayed recognition (n=28)Change at Week 96: delayed recognition (n=28)
Risperidone Long-Acting Injection (RLAI)9.812.308.711.607.962.408.390.908.501.508.502.909.211.50

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Time in Remission

Time in remission for an individual subject was defined as the length of time (in days) that the remission criteria were maintained during the trial. Remission was defined as the simultaneous attainment of a score of 3 (mild), 2 (minimal), or 1 (absent) for all the following individual items from Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): delusions (P1), concept disorganization (P2), hallucinatory behavior (P3), unusual thought content (G9), mannerisms and posturing (G5), blunted affect (N1), passive/apathetic social withdrawal (N4), and lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation (N6). (NCT00299702)
Timeframe: Day 1 to last PANSS measurement

Interventiondays (Mean)
Risperdal Consta373.5
Abilify356.7

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Time to Relapse

Time to relapse was defined as the number of days from the date of first dose to the date of relapse, as determined by the Relapse Monitoring Board. (NCT00299702)
Timeframe: Day 1 to relapse

Interventiondays (Median)
Risperdal Consta131
Abilify113

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Percentage of Participants That Responded to Treatment

Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale-Anchored (BPRS-A) 4 items on this scale were examined to determine subjects responder status: Items 4. Conceptual Disorganization 8. Grandiosity 12. Hallucinations and 15. Unusual Thought Content. Scores range from-7 (not assessed) to 7 (very severe) Subjects with scores of 3 or less on all 4 items for 2 consecutive visits are deemed responders, subjects with 4 or greater and any of the aforementioned items for 2 consecutive study visits are non responders. Additionally, the subjects response on the Clinical Global Impressions Scale. A Clinical Global Improvement CGI) rating of much or very much improved on 2 consecutive ratings were deemed a responder. Percentages and confidence intervals were used to report response outcome. Response status was assessed throughout the duration of the study; a participant can be deemed a responder any time between weeks 1-week 12. The possible range for this outcome is a score of 4 to 28 (NCT00320671)
Timeframe: this outcome was assessed throughout the study.

Interventionpercentage of response (Number)
Percentage of Participants That Reposonded to Aripiprazole62.8
Percentage of Participants That Reposonded to Risperidone56.8

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Medication Adherence

5-point scale (1 = best adherence, 5= nonadherent) based on pill counts, MEMS cap readings, plasma assays, and psychiatrist judgments for oral risperidone and timing of injections for long-acting injectable risperidone averaged over study participation (NCT00330551)
Timeframe: Measured weekly throughout study participation, averaged over study participation

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Long-acting Injectable Risperidone1.1
Oral Risperidone1.9

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Number of Participants Who Had an Exacerbation or Relapse of Psychotic Symptoms

Dichotomous measure: Presence of any of three psychotic relapse or exacerbation categories scored from the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) occurring any time after randomization and until end of study participation (up to 12 mos.). (NCT00330551)
Timeframe: Occurrence after randomization and until end of study participation (up to 12 mos.)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Long-acting Injectable Risperidone2
Oral Risperidone14

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Number of Participants Who Returned to Work or School (SAS Work Section)

The Social Adjustment Scale records the return to work or school and the number of weeks in work or school during each 3-month period. For this outcome, outcome as dichotomized as 0 if an individual did not return to work or school and 1 if they did return to competitive work or regular school enrollment. (NCT00330551)
Timeframe: Measured from Baseline to Month 12

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Long-acting Injectable Risperidone29
Oral Risperidone29

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Retention in Treatment

Number of days on the randomized medication before being switched to a different antipsychotic medication or dropping out of the medication trial. Possible range is 0 to 365, with higher numbers indicating better retention in treatment. (NCT00330551)
Timeframe: From baseline to 12 months

Interventiondays (Mean)
Long-acting Injectable Risperidone307.6
Oral Risperidone270.7

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Number of Weeks Maintaining Work or School (SAS)

Measured as the number of weeks in which a participant has competitive employment or attends regular school courses. Possible range is 0 to 52 weeks. (NCT00330551)
Timeframe: Cumulative total measured from Baseline to Month 12

Interventionweeks (Mean)
Long-acting Injectable Risperidone26.7
Oral Risperidone21.1

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Awareness of Illness, as Assessed by the Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder-Revised (SUMD-R)

Rating scale based on clinician's interview of patient to determine level of lack of awareness of having a mental disorder. Range is from 1 (Aware) to 5 (Unaware), so lower scores indicate better outcome. (NCT00330551)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 months

InterventionChange scores on 5-point rating scale (Mean)
Long-acting Injectable Risperidone.07
Oral Risperidone-.24

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Change in Global Functioning Scale: Role

10-point scale of work/school functioning. Scale range is from 1 (extreme role dysfunction) to 10 (superior role functioning). Measured by subtracting the baseline rating from the rating at 12 months. (NCT00330551)
Timeframe: Measured at Baseline and Month 12

InterventionChanges on a 10-point scale (Mean)
Long-acting Injectable Risperidone1.5
Oral Risperidone1.2

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MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) Overall Composite T Score

The MCCB Overall Composite T score is computed by the MCCB Computer Scoring Program from the raw scores for 10 individual cognitive tests. The mean for the general population of comparable age and sex is 50 with a standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate better cognitive functioning. The outcome measure was the change from baseline to 12 months, calculated as 12-month T score minus baseline T score. Higher values indicate better outcome. (NCT00330551)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and 12 months

InterventionChange score: change in T scores (Mean)
Long-acting Injectable Risperidone3.5
Oral Risperidone4.4

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Number of Patients Discontinuing From the Study

(NCT00330863)
Timeframe: Measured throughout study up to 30 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Injectable81
Oral80

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Side Effects and Metabolic Measures

The highest severity of each of 24 adverse event (AE) that was assessed.over the 30 month study period. The mean severity on a scale of 1 (none) to 4 very severe symptom was recorded at each biweekly visit. Results for each variable are summarized over time so that each subject has a single mean severity rating for each AE. There is no named scale. Each of the side effects measured is named in ways that are clear to medical readers e.g anorexia. The range is 1 none to 4 very severe. Therefore, a higher scale score is worse. (NCT00330863)
Timeframe: Measured throughout study up to 30 months

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Bruising easilyRashUrticaria (hives, itching)Blurred visionsedation/drowsinessRestlessnessInsomniaMalaise (weakness, fatigue)StiffnessTremorDizzinessHeadacheFeverSore ThroatDry MouthHypersalivationEnuresisConstipationDiarrheaAnorexia (loss of appetite)NauseaVomitingMenstrual IrregularityBreast tenderness/galactorrhea
Injectable1.431.531.601.762.342.482.382.222.011.771.821.991.271.642.361.761.631.751.651.891.781.481.621.39
Oral1.481.441.711.912.532.432.362.141.971.751.781.891.241.572.251.841.561.641.681.691.721.511.551.32

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Substantial Clinical Deterioration Measured by Psychotic Symptoms

Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) psychosis cluster. Score range is based on the score range for individual items rather than the factor total because is factors have different numbers of items. Score range is 1 -7 where 1 + no symptomatology and 7 = very severe symptoms. (NCT00330863)
Timeframe: Measured throughout study up to 30 months

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Injectable1.8
Oral2.0

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Work Behavior Inventory (WBI) Quality of Work/School Performance

Change in rating on quality of work/school performance based on patient, employer, and/or teacher reports. The Quality of Work rating at baseline was subtracted from the same rating at 12 mos. Higher scores are better outcome. (NCT00333177)
Timeframe: Baseline to 1 year

Interventionscore on a rating scale (Mean)
CT - RLAI-6.5
HBT - RLAI8.8
CT - Oral Ris-3.4
HBT - Oral Ris0.0

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Work/School Functioning (Global Functioning Scale: Role)

Changes in role functioning from baseline to 12 months. Ratings on a 10-point scale with 10 being best. (NCT00333177)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 months

InterventionChanges on a 10-point scale (Mean)
CT - RLAI2.70
HBT - RLAI1.69
CT - Oral Ris2.43
HBT - Oral Ris0.18

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Work/School Functioning (Global Functioning Scale: Role)

Change in role functioning from baseline to the 6 month point (rated on a scale from 1= Extreme Role Dysfunction to 10 = Superior Role Functioning) is presented here. (NCT00333177)
Timeframe: Baseline to 6 months

InterventionChanges on a 10-point scale (Mean)
CT - RLAI2.90
HBT - RLAI0.92
CT - Oral Ris1.27
HBT - Oral Ris-0.82

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Retention in Treatment

Days after randomization that a participant continued to receive at least the assigned CT or HBT psychosocial treatment. If a participant needed to end the assigned medication condition (RLAI vs. Oral Ris), they continued in the psychosocial treatment so this outcome focused on the days in the assigned psychosocial treatment. Possible range is 1 to 365, with higher being a better outcome. (NCT00333177)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventiondays (Mean)
CT - RLAI359.7
HBT - RLAI352.2
CT - Oral Ris332.4
HBT - Oral Ris348.3

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Maintenance of Work/School Attendance

Modified Work Section of the Social Adjustment Scale (SAS) was used to calculate the total number of weeks in school or competitive work. Range of possible values is 0 to 52, with higher numbers being better outcome. (NCT00333177)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionweeks (Mean)
CT - RLAI35.4
HBT - RLAI24.4
CT - Oral Ris26.7
HBT - Oral Ris12.0

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Exacerbation or Relapse of Psychotic Symptoms

Dichotomous measure: Presence of any of 3 psychotic relapse or exacerbation categories scored from the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) occurring after randomization and until end of study participation (up to 12 months post baseline). BPRS was administered every two weeks throughout study participation. (NCT00333177)
Timeframe: Occurence after randomization and until end of study participation (up to 12 mos.)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
RLAI2
Oral Ris10

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Change in Motivation for Work/School

The Work Motivation scale is a factor score from the Work Personality Profile. The Work Personality Profile is a set of ratings based on interviewing the participant. Scores at each occasion can range from 8 to 32, with higher indicating better motivation. Scores reported here are changes from baseline to 12 months, which could range from -24 to 24 with higher being better. (NCT00333177)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 months

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
CT - RLAI3.7
HBT - RLAI1.2
CT - Oral Ris-2.4
HBT - Oral Ris-1.9

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Awareness of Illness, as Assessed by the Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder, Revised Version (SUMD-R)

Rating scale based on clinician's interview of patient to determine level of lack of awareness of having a mental disorder. Range is from 1 (Aware) to 5 (Unaware), so lower scores indicate better outcome. (NCT00333177)
Timeframe: 12 months after randomization

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
CT - RLAI1.25
HBT - RLAI3.29
CT - Oral Ris2.00
HBT - Oral Ris3.75

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Average Medication Non-adherence

5-point scale (1 = best adherence, 5= nonadherent) based on pill counts, Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS) cap readings, plasma assays, and psychiatrist judgements for oral risperidone and timing of injections for long-acting injectable risperidone. Averaged over medication study participation. (NCT00333177)
Timeframe: Averaged over study participation (up to 12 months)

Interventionunits on a 5-point scale (Mean)
RLAI1.0
Oral Ris1.9

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Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)

Values presented here are the changes in MCCB Overall Composite T scores from baseline to 12 months, with higher values representing better outcome. Raw test scores are used to generate T-scores and then the seven MCCB domains are combined to generate an Overall Composite T score. MCCB Overall Composite T scores have a mean in the general population of 50 with a standard deviation of 10. Thus, a positive change of 5 T scores is an improvement of half a standard deviation. (NCT00333177)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and 12 months

InterventionT scores (Mean)
CT - RLAI6.7
HBT - RLAI0.9
CT - Oral Ris3.9
HBT - Oral Ris5.9

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Mean Change From Baseline to 10 Week Endpoint in Extrapyramidal Symptoms as Measured by the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS)- Non-Global Total Score

A 12-item instrument assesses observed abnormal movements in different parts of body. Ten items are scored in a 5-point scale (0 = none/normal, 4 = severe) which evaluates abnormal movements in three main anatomic areas (orofacial area, extremities, and trunk). Two items are yes/no questions regarding dentures. Total scores range from 0 to 42. (NCT00337662)
Timeframe: Week 2 to Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
NEO-OLZ-0.38
NEO-RIS0.11
EO-RIS-0.16

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Mean Change From Baseline to 10 Week Endpoint in Extrapyramidal Symptoms as Measured by the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale - Total Score

Evaluates akathisia associated with use of antipsychotic medications, includes objective and subjective component plus global impression rating for overall disorder. Components rated on scale of 0 to 3 for objective and subjective items and 0 to 5 for global clinical assessment, for total score of 0 (absence of akathisia) to 11 (severe akathisia). (NCT00337662)
Timeframe: Week 2 to Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
NEO-OLZ-0.31
NEO-RIS-0.13
EO-RIS-0.24

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Mean Change From Baseline to 10 Week Endpoint in Extrapyramidal Symptoms as Measured by the Modified Simpson-Angus Scale

Measures neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism. Total score consists of the sum of 10 items: 7 items (items 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10) rated on a 4-point severity scale where 0=normal and 4=extreme, and 3 items (items 2, 5, 6) rated on a 2-point severity scale where 0=normal and 2=definitely abnormal/present. The total score ranges from 0 to 34. (NCT00337662)
Timeframe: Week 2 to Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
NEO-OLZ-0.06
NEO-RIS-0.03
EO-RIS-0.02

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Changes From Study Period II Baseline (Week 0) to Weeks 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score in Early Onset Response and Not Early Onset Response-Risperidone Patients

Assesses positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and general psychopathology specifically associated with schizophrenia. Scale consists of 30 items. Each item is rated on a scale from 1 (symptom not present) to 7 (symptoms extremely severe). Sum of 30 items is PANSS total score and ranges from 30 to 210. Change = time point - single-blind baseline (Week 0). (NCT00337662)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Change from Week 0 to Week 3Change from Week 0 to Week 4Change from Week 0 to Week 6Change from Week 0 to Week 8Change from Week 0 to Week 12
EO-RIS-30.80-32.53-32.90-34.10-35.09
NEO-RIS-11.90-14.81-16.23-18.10-18.62

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Changes From Study Period III Baseline (Week 2) to Weeks 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Total Score in Not Early Onset Response-Risperidone and Not Early Onset Response-Olanzapine Patients

Assesses positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and general psychopathology specifically associated with schizophrenia. Scale consists of 30 items. Each item is rated on a scale from 1 (symptom not present) to 7 (symptoms extremely severe). Sum of 30 items is PANSS total score and ranges from 30 to 210. Change = time point - double-blind baseline (Week 2). (NCT00337662)
Timeframe: Weeks 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Change from Week 2 to Week 3Change from Week 2 to Week 4Change from Week 2 to Week 6Change from Week 2 to Week 8Change from Week 2 to Week 12
NEO-OLZ-5.85-9.67-13.06-14.73-17.02
NEO-RIS-6.94-9.82-11.25-13.13-13.53

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Number of Participants in the Not Early Onset-Risperidone and Not Early Onset-Olanzapine Groups Who Show a 50% or Greater Reduction in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Total Score From Baseline or Meet 'a Priori' Specified Criteria for Remission

'a priori' specified criteria for remission defined as a score of 3 (mild), 2 (minimal), or 1 (absent) on all of the following 8 PANSS items: delusions, conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, unusual thought content, mannerisms and posturing, blunted effect, passive/apathetic withdrawal, lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation. (NCT00337662)
Timeframe: Week 2 to Week 12

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
>=50% Reduction - Yes>=50% Reduction - No
NEO-OLZ67112
NEO-RIS67122

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Number of Participants With Psychiatric Hospitalizations in the Early Onset and Not Early Onset-Risperidone Groups

Psychiatric Hospitalizations were measured by the Modified Schizophrenia Care and Assessment Program Health Questionnaire (SCAP-HQ) from which it could be determined the number of patients with a psychiatric episode that required an overnight stay in a hospital. (NCT00337662)
Timeframe: Week 2 to Week 12

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Required overnight stay in hospital: YesRequired overnight stay in hospital: No
EO-RIS10127
NEO-RIS9175

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Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Abnormal Fasting Laboratory Analytes Reported in >=2% of All Participants

Number of participants who experienced abnormal fasting laboratory values at any time during Study Period III. Laboratory reference ranges are dependent on the patient's gender, origin, and age. (NCT00337662)
Timeframe: Week 2 to Week 12

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Low total bilirubinHigh creatine phosphokinaseHigh creatinineHigh hemoglobin A1cLow sodiumHigh prolactin
EO-RIS253247
NEO-OLZ562647
NEO-RIS314748

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The Number of Participants in the Early Onset (EO) and Not Early Onset-Risperidone (NEO-RIS) Groups Who Show a 20% or Greater Reduction in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score

The number of participants who experienced a 20% or greater reduction in their PANSS Total score during the 12 weeks they were on risperidone. (NCT00337662)
Timeframe: Week 0 to Week 12

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
>=20% Reduction - Yes>=20% Reduction - No
EO-RIS11919
NEO-RIS9495

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Vital Signs - Mean Change From Baseline to 10 Week Endpoint in Body Mass Index

Body mass index is an estimate of body fat based on body weight divided by height squared. Change = Endpoint minus baseline. (NCT00337662)
Timeframe: Week 2 to Week 12

,,
Interventionkilogram per square meter (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline
EO-RIS31.130.10
NEO-OLZ29.970.63
NEO-RIS31.050.43

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Vital Signs - Change From Baseline to 10 Week Endpoint in Standing Mean Arterial Pressure

Change from Study Period III baseline to endpoint in standing mean arterial pressure. Change = Endpoint minus baseline. (NCT00337662)
Timeframe: Week 2 and Week 12

,,
Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline
EO-RIS94.60-1.94
NEO-OLZ93.530.68
NEO-RIS93.81-0.58

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Vital Signs - Change From Baseline to 10 Week Endpoint in Standing Diastolic Blood Pressure

Change from Study Period III baseline to endpoint in standing blood pressure. Change = Endpoint minus baseline. (NCT00337662)
Timeframe: Week 2 and Week 12

,,
Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline
EO-RIS80.29-1.73
NEO-OLZ78.691.01
NEO-RIS78.57-0.20

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The Number of Participants in the Not Early Onset-Risperidone (NEO-RIS) and Not Early Onset-Olanzapine (NEO-OLZ) Groups Who Show a 20% or Greater Reduction in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score

The number of not early onset participants who experienced a 20% or greater reduction in PANSS Total Score at any time during the 12 weeks of combined Study Period II and Study Period III. (NCT00337662)
Timeframe: Week 0 to Week 12

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
>=20% Reduction - Yes>=20% Reduction - No
NEO-OLZ9485
NEO-RIS9495

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Number of Participants in the Early Onset and Not Early Onset-Risperidone Groups Who Show a 50% or Greater Reduction in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score From Baseline or Meet 'a Priori' Specified Criteria for Remission

'a priori' specified criteria for remission defined as a score of 3 (mild), 2 (minimal), or 1 (absent) on all of the following 8 PANSS items: delusions, conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, unusual thought content, mannerisms and posturing, blunted effect, passive/apathetic withdrawal, lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation. (NCT00337662)
Timeframe: Week 0 to Week 12

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
>=50% Reduction - Yes>=50% Reduction - No
EO-RIS8751
NEO-RIS67122

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Vital Signs - Mean Change From Baseline to 10 Week Endpoint in Body Weight

Change from Study Period III baseline to endpoint in body weight. Change = Endpoint minus baseline. (NCT00337662)
Timeframe: Week 2 and Week 12

,,
Interventionkilograms (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline
EO-RIS90.670.30
NEO-OLZ88.281.85
NEO-RIS90.251.29

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Vital Signs - Mean Change From Baseline to 10 Week Endpoint in Standing Systolic Blood Pressure

Change from Study Period III baseline to endpoint in standing systolic blood pressure. Change = Endpoint minus baseline. (NCT00337662)
Timeframe: Week 2 and Week 12

,,
Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline
EO-RIS123.20-2.36
NEO-OLZ123.200.01
NEO-RIS124.30-1.35

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Vital Signs - Mean Change From Baseline to 10 Week Endpoint in Standing Pulse Rate

Change from Study Period III baseline to endpoint in standing pulse rate. Change = Endpoint minus baseline. (NCT00337662)
Timeframe: Week 2 and Week 12

,,
Interventionbeats per minute (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline
EO-RIS82.39-0.56
NEO-OLZ85.57-1.13
NEO-RIS85.32-2.05

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Vital Signs - Mean Change From Baseline to 10 Week Endpoint in Sitting Pulse Rate

Changes from Study Period III baseline to endpoint in sitting pulse rate. Change = Endpoint minus baseline. (NCT00337662)
Timeframe: Week 2 and Week 12

,,
Interventionbeats per minute (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline
EO-RIS77.90-0.94
NEO-OLZ80.49-0.98
NEO-RIS80.84-2.52

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Change in Visceral Fat Mass From Baseline to Week 26

CT measured change in visceral fat mass from baseline to week 26 (mm^3) (NCT00338949)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 26

Interventionmm^3 (Mean)
Control315
Switch392

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Change in Insulin Sensitivity Index From Baseline to Week 26 ((1/mU/L) x 1/Min)

As measured by frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance testing (units: 1/mU/L) x 1/Min) (NCT00338949)
Timeframe: Measured at Baseline and Week 26

Intervention(1/mU/L) x 1/Min (Mean)
Control0.072
Switch0.407

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Cocaine Craving

The University of Minnesota Cocaine Craving Scale was performed to assess cocaine craving. The scale contains 1 continuous scale for intensity and 2 categorical scales for frequency and duration of craving episodes. The continuous scale for craving intensity ranges from 0 (no craving at all in the past week) to 10 (a great deal of craving in the past week) (NCT00385801)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
PlaceboNA
RisperidoneNA

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Cocaine Use by Quantitative Urine Samples

After randomization, participants provided urine samples every week for the first 3 weeks and then every 2 weeks for 8 weeks, up to 7 samples per participant. The average visits with cocaine negative urine samples per participant are reported below (NCT00385801)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionvisit with negative UBE (Mean)
Placebo1.81
Risperidone Consta0.87

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Score on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS)

Y-BOCS ranges from 0-40, with 0 meaning no symptoms and higher numbers meaning greater symptom severity (NCT00389493)
Timeframe: Week 0 and Week 8

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Y-BOCS score at Week 0Y-BOCS score at Week 8
Treatment With Exposure/Response Prevention27.213.0
Treatment With Pill Placebo25.923.1
Treatment With Risperidone26.122.6

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Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire-Short Form

QLESQ ranges from 14-70, with higher scores meaning more enjoyment and satisfaction with quality of life (NCT00389493)
Timeframe: Week 0 and Week 8

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
QLESQ-SF Week 0QLESQ-SF Week 8
Treatment With Exposure/Response Prevention57.870.2
Treatment With Pill Placebo56.162.6
Treatment With Risperidone52.355.1

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Social Adjustment Scale-SR

SAS-SR yields a mean score between 1 and 5; the higher the score, the more severe the social adjustment problems (NCT00389493)
Timeframe: Week 0 and Week 8

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
SAS-SR at Week 0SAS-SR at Week 8
Treatment With Exposure/Response Prevention2.31.9
Treatment With Pill Placebo2.22.1
Treatment With Risperidone2.32.2

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Brown Assessment of Beliefs (BABS)

"Scale ranges from 0 to 24 where 0 is beliefs are false and 24 is convinced beliefs = reality" (NCT00389493)
Timeframe: Week 0 and Week 8

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 0Week 8
Treatment With Exposure/Response Prevention6.12.4
Treatment With Pill Placebo5.34.3
Treatment With Risperidone5.74.5

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Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (Ham-D)

Ham-D ranges from 0=no symptoms to 52 with higher numbers indicating more severe depression (NCT00389493)
Timeframe: Week 0 and Week 8

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Ham-D at Week 0Ham-D at Week 8
Treatment With Exposure/Response Prevention7.87.8
Treatment With Pill Placebo7.77.7
Treatment With Risperidone9.88.0

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Time to Early Study Discontinuation for Any Reason

The robustness of the primary outcome analysis was tested by means of a sensitivity analysis: patients who discontinued the study during Period III for any reason were analyzed as having a recurrence of a mood episode at the time of their study discontinuation. The same survival analysis method as for the primary outcome was applied. (NCT00391222)
Timeframe: Assessed at every visit from the moment of randomization to a treatment arm (baseline Period III) until the end of treatment (Month 21 or earlier)

Interventiondays (Mean)
Risperidone LAI252.45
Placebo236.14
Olanzapine365.64

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Change From Double-blind Baseline to Endpoint in Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS)

The 11-item YMRS was administered by an adequately trained clinician who did not provide psychotherapy or psycho-education to the patient. A severity rating was assigned to each of the items, based on the patient's subjective report of his or her condition over the previous 7 days or since the last visit (whichever was shorter) and the clinician's behavioral observations during the interview, with emphasis on the latter. The total YMRS score included the score of all 11 items ranging from 0 to 60, a higher score indicating a more severe condition. (NCT00391222)
Timeframe: Assessed at every visit from the moment of randomization to a treatment arm (baseline Period III) until the end of treatment (Month 21 or earlier)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Risperidone LAI2.9
Placebo8.0
Olanzapine1.7

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Change From Double-blind Baseline to Endpoint in Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)

The MADRS was assessed by an adequately trained clinician who did not provide psychotherapy or psycho-education to the patient. The scale consists of 10 items that cover all of the core depressive symptoms. Each item is scored from 0 to 6 and a total score is calculated by adding the scores of all 10 items. For each individual item as well as for the total score, a higher score represents a more severe condition. (NCT00391222)
Timeframe: Assessed at every visit from the moment of randomization to a treatment arm (baseline Period III) until the end of treatment (Month 21 or earlier)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Risperidone LAI5.1
Placebo6.1
Olanzapine2.0

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Time to Recurrence of an Elevated Mood (Hypomanic, Manic, or Mixed) Episode

Recurrences were classified as elevated mood or depressive by the investigator based on the patient's data at the time of the event. Time to recurrence of an elevated mood episode was estimated by means of the same survival analysis method as for the primary outcome. (NCT00391222)
Timeframe: Assessed at every visit from the moment of randomization to a treatment arm (baseline Period III) until the end of treatment (Month 21 or earlier)

Interventiondays (Mean)
Risperidone LAI357.41
Placebo323.14
Olanzapine448.03

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Time to Recurrence of a Mood Episode (Risperidone LAI Versus Placebo)

Recurrence was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and defined as meeting any of the following: DSM-IV-TR criteria for a hypomanic, manic, mixed, or depressive episode; in need of mood stabilizer, antipsychotic medication, benzodiazepine or antidepressant; requiring hospitalization for mood episode; either Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) >12 or Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) >12 combined with Clinical Global Impression - Severity (CGI-S) >=4; in need of increase in study medication dose or supplementation with oral risperidone or another antipsychotic or mood stabilizer. (NCT00391222)
Timeframe: Assessed at every visit from the moment of randomization to a treatment arm (baseline Period III) until the end of treatment (Month 21 or earlier)

Interventiondays (Mean)
Risperidone LAI293.39
Placebo270.47

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Time to Recurrence of a Mood Episode (Exploratory/Olanzapine)

Recurrence was defined as for the risperidone LAI and placebo arms (meeting any of 5 criteria). Since the study was designed to compare the efficacy of risperidone LAI versus placebo, this olanzapine analysis was exploratory in nature. (NCT00391222)
Timeframe: Assessed at every visit from the moment of randomization to a treatment arm (baseline Period III) until the end of treatment (Month 21 or earlier)

Interventiondays (Mean)
Olanzapine414.04

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Time to Recurrence of a Depressive Episode

Recurrences were classified as elevated mood or depressive by the investigator based on the patient's data at the time of the event. Time to recurrence of a depressive episode was estimated by means of the same survival analysis method as for the primary outcome. (NCT00391222)
Timeframe: Assessed at every visit from the moment of randomization to a treatment arm (baseline Period III) until the end of treatment (Month 21 or earlier)

Interventiondays (Mean)
Risperidone LAI213.86
Placebo300.20
Olanzapine356.11

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AIMS

The Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) assesses signs of tardive dyskinesia, a movement disorder that can occur with prolonged use of antipsychotic medication. The AIMS score ranges from 0 to 35, with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms. For each subject, the change in AIMS score between week 16 and randomization was calculated by subtraction, so that a positive value indicates an increase in AIMS over time. (NCT00417482)
Timeframe: Phase B, weeks 1-16 (study weeks 16-32)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo0.03
Risperidone0.24

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Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE)

The MMSE assesses cognition. Scores range from 0-30, with higher scores indicating better cognition. For each subject, the change in MMSE between week 16 and baseline (randomization) was calculated by subtraction, so that a positive value indicates an increase in MMSE over time. (NCT00417482)
Timeframe: Phase B, weeks 1-16 (study weeks 16-32)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-0.13
Risperidone-0.77

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Weight

For each subject, the change in weight in pounds between week 16 and randomization was calculated by subtraction, so that a positive value indicates an increase in weight over time. (NCT00417482)
Timeframe: Phase B, weeks 1-16 (study weeks 16-32)

Interventionpounds (Mean)
Placebo0.32
Risperidone0.73

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Treatment Emergent Symptoms Scale (TESS)

The Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS) assesses 26 somatic symptoms. Total scores range from 0-26, with a score of 0 or 1 for each item. Higher scores indicate more somatic symptoms. For each subject, the change in TESS between week 16 and baseline (randomization) was calculated by subtraction, so that a positive value indicates an increase in TESS over time. (NCT00417482)
Timeframe: Phase B, weeks 1-16 (study weeks 16-32)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo0.18
Risperidone0.21

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Relapse by Study Week 48

Same definition and criteria as the primary outcome (NCT00417482)
Timeframe: 16-32 weeks in Phase B (32-48 weeks in study)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Arm 1: Risperidone - Risperidone2
Arm 2: Risperidone - Placebo13

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Relapse by Study Week 32

"A relapse occurred in Phase B (post-randomization) if both of the following criteria were met:~Increase in the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) core score of 30% or more OR a 5-point increase from the baseline NPI score at the end of Phase A~A score of 6 (much worse) or 7 (very much worse) on the Clinical Global Impression-Change (CGI-C) at any visit." (NCT00417482)
Timeframe: 0-16 weeks in Phase B (16-32 weeks in study)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Phase B Arm 1: Risperidone-Risperidone15
Phase B Arm 2: Risperidone -Placebo8
Phase B Arm 3: Placebo-Placebo24

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Physical Self-Maintenance Scale (PSMS)

Physical Self-Maintenance Scale, which ranges from 1 to 30, with higher scores indicating WORSE functioning. For each subject, the change in PSMS between week 16 and randomization was calculated by subtraction, so that a positive value indicates an increase in PSMS (worse functioning) over time. (NCT00417482)
Timeframe: Phase B, weeks 1-16 (study weeks 16-32)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo0.18
Risperidone0.80

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Extrapyramidal Signs (EPS)

Extrapyramidal signs, also known as Parkinsonian signs, refer to signs of tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia (slowed movement) that are seen in Parkinson's disease. Assessment of extrapyramidal signs (EPS) were made with the use of the Simpson-Angus scale (which ranges from 1-40) with higher scores indicating more extrapyramidal signs. For each subject, the change in EPS between week 16 and baseline (randomization) was calculated by subtraction, so that a positive value indicates an increase in EPS over time. (NCT00417482)
Timeframe: Phase B, weeks 1-16 (study weeks 16-32)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-0.20
Risperidone0.34

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Efficacy Failure, Defined as Psychiatric Hospitalization, a 25 Percent Increase From Baseline on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale or Substantial Clinical Deterioration on the Clinical Global Impressions-Change (CGI-C)

(NCT00423878)
Timeframe: Measured at Month 6

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Switch Group22
Stay Group18

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Change in Non-HDL Cholesterol Level for Patients Assigned to Stay and Patients Assigned to Switch Over 24 Weeks

Change in non-HDL cholesterol measured at baseline and every 4 weeks for 24 weeks. The efficacy analysis corresponded to a comparison of change in non-HDL cholesterol from baseline to 24 weeks between treatment groups (stay versus switch). Repeated measurements mixed effects linear models were fit for the primary analysis. (NCT00423878)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionmg/dL non-HDL cholesterol (Least Squares Mean)
Switch Group-20.2
Stay Group-10.8

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Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Cognition Domains

"The following 8 scales are combined into a single index that is normalized with a mean score of 100 and a standard deviation of 10. Higher scores are considered better cognitive performance. No subscales scores are reported and a final standardized score is reported as the average of the standardized scores on each of these scales. Here is the listing of component scales that were translated into Chinese and used for this study:~Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS): Symbol-Coding Trail Making Test: Part A Attention/Vigilance Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs (CPT-IP)* Wechsler Memory Scale®-3rd Ed. (WMS®-III): Spatial Span + Letter-Number Span Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised™ (HVLT-R™) Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R™) Neuropsychological Assessment Battery® (NAB®): Mazes~Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT™):" (NCT00435370)
Timeframe: end of 12 wk treatment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Tropisetron96
Placebo95

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Total Plasmalogen Levels in the Lipid Profile

Plasmalogens are a subclass of glycerophospholipids and ubiquitous constituents of cellular membranes and serum lipoproteins. Several neurological disorders show decreased level of plasmalogens. (NCT00466310)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionnmoles/gram (Mean)
First Episode Schizophrenics57.65
Recurrent Episode Schizophrenics59.57
Healthy Volunteers75

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Number of Participants Remaining on Metabolic Syndrome at Week 16

Metabolic syndrome is defined as the presence of at least 3 out of the following Adult Treatment Panel III-A (ATP III-A) criteria (all of which are to be assessed at the same visit): waist >102 cm in males, >88 cm in females; blood pressure (BP) systolic BP ≥130 or diastolic BP ≥85 mm Hg; fasting HDL <40 mg/dL in males, <50 mg/dL in females; fasting triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL; fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL, and/or the start of a treatment for any of the parameters of metabolic syndrome during the course of the study. (NCT00508157)
Timeframe: Week 16

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Control Group22
Aripiprazole16

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Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Fasting Non-high Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol at Week 16

Non-HDL cholesterol was calculated as fasting Total Cholesterol minus fasting HDL Cholesterol. (NCT00508157)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 16

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Control Group10.06
Aripiprazole-2.3

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Negative Symptoms Measured on Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

The score for each subject was the sum of the ratings for five items on the negative-symptom subscale of the PANSS: 1) blunted affect, 2) emotional withdrawal, 3) poor rapport, 4) passive/apathetic social withdrawal, and 5) lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation. Each item (symptom) is rated on a scale from 1 = absence of negative symptom to 7 = extreme negative symptom. The sum of the ratings for the five items range from 5 to 35, with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms. The primary outcome measure is the mean of the sum of these ratings across subjects. (NCT00509067)
Timeframe: Measured at Baseline and Weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 4Week 8Week 12Week 16
Galantamine/CDP Choline17.6317.0613.9314.9313.93
Placebos for Galantamine/CDP Choline18.2917.0817.2617.3216.05

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MATRICS Verbal Learning and Memory

The measure of verbal learning and memory is the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test. The score for each subject is the sum of the total number of words recalled correctly for Trials 1, 2, and 3. The measure is the mean of these scores at baseline, Week 8, and Week 16. (NCT00509067)
Timeframe: Measured at Baseline and Weeks 8 and 16

,
Interventionraw scores (Mean)
BaselineWeek 8Week 16
Galantamine and CDP-choline Group20.521.823.0
Placebo Group20.621.220.4

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Clinical Global Impression

The score for each subject was the mean rating on the severity item. The score of the item ranged from 1 (normal) to 7 (among most severely ill). (NCT00509067)
Timeframe: Measured at Baseline and Weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 4Week 8Week 12Week 16
Galantamine and CDP-choline Group4.3243.673.873.8
Placebo Group4.383.924.0443.68

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Clamp Derived Insulin Sensitivity (mg/kg/Min)

This study hypothesized that antipsychotic treatment would decrease insulin sensitivity, with larger adverse effects for olanzapine. Insulin sensitivity describes how sensitive the body is to the effects of insulin. (NCT00515723)
Timeframe: The relevant time points include baseline and week 12.

,,,,
Interventionmg/kg/min (Mean)
BaselineWeek 12
Olanzapine4.393.62
Quetiapine5.285.08
Risperidone5.535.01
Total4.824.50
Ziprasidone4.334.45

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DEXA Total Fat

This study hypothesized that antipsychotic treatment would increase total body fat, as measured by whole body dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), with larger adverse effects for olanzapine. (NCT00515723)
Timeframe: The relevant time points include baseline, week 6 and week 12.

,,,,
Interventionkilograms of body fat (Mean)
Baseline6 Weeks12 Weeks
Olanzapine32.2434.3835.45
Quetiapine28.8329.6030.10
Risperidone27.6628.2929.23
Total30.2531.0531.52
Ziprasidone31.6031.1830.66

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Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) Score Change From Baseline to the Week 6 Endpoint.

The MSQ is a 7-point, verbally administered, Likert-type scale rated as follows: 1=Extremely Dissatisfied, 2=Very Dissatisfied, 3=Somewhat Dissatisfied, 4=Neither Satisfied Nor Dissatisfied, 5=Somewhat Satisfied, 6=Very Satisfied, 7=Extremely Satisfied. Worst value is 1 (Extremely Dissatisfied) and best value is 7 (Extremely Satisfied). (NCT00535132)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline in MSQ Score at Week 6 Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF)

InterventionPoints on a scale (Mean)
PALI ER Immediate Initiation2.5
PALI ER Delayed Initiation2.3
Overall2.4

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Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) Score Change From Baseline to Week 2 (Observed).

The MSQ is a 7-point, verbally administered, Likert-type scale rated as follows: 1=Extremely Dissatisfied, 2=Very Dissatisfied, 3=Somewhat Dissatisfied, 4=Neither Satisfied Nor Dissatisfied, 5=Somewhat Satisfied, 6=Very Satisfied, 7=Extremely Satisfied. Worst value is 1 (Extremely Dissatisfied) and best value is 7 (Extremely Satisfied). (NCT00535132)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline in MSQ Score at Week 2

InterventionPoints on a scale (Mean)
PALI ER Immediate Initiation2.0
PALI ER Delayed Initiation1.6
Overall1.8

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Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) Score Change From Baseline to Week 4 (Observed).

The MSQ is a 7-point, verbally administered, Likert-type scale rated as follows: 1=Extremely Dissatisfied, 2=Very Dissatisfied, 3=Somewhat Dissatisfied, 4=Neither Satisfied Nor Dissatisfied, 5=Somewhat Satisfied, 6=Very Satisfied, 7=Extremely Satisfied. Worst value is 1 (Extremely Dissatisfied) and best value is 7 (Extremely Satisfied). (NCT00535132)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline in MSQ Score at Week 4

InterventionPoints on a scale (Mean)
PALI ER Immediate Initiation2.4
PALI ER Delayed Initiation2.1
Overall2.3

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Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) Score Change From Baseline to Week 6 (Observed).

The MSQ is a 7-point, verbally administered, Likert-type scale rated as follows: 1=Extremely Dissatisfied, 2=Very Dissatisfied, 3=Somewhat Dissatisfied, 4=Neither Satisfied Nor Dissatisfied, 5=Somewhat Satisfied, 6=Very Satisfied, 7=Extremely Satisfied. Worst value is 1 (Extremely Dissatisfied) and best value is 7 (Extremely Satisfied). (NCT00535132)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline in MSQ Score at Week 6

InterventionPoints on a scale (Mean)
PALI ER Immediate Initiation2.5
PALI ER Delayed Initiation2.4
Overall2.5

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Modified COVI Anxiety Scale (m-COVI) Change From Baseline to the Week 6 Endpoint

The standard COVI Anxiety Scale is an investigator-assessed measure of the severity of anxiety symptoms on 4 items: verbal report, behavior, somatic symptoms, and relationship to study drug. Each dimension is assessed in 5 to 10 minutes using a 5-point scale as follows: 1=Not at all, 2=Somewhat, 3=Moderately, 4=Considerably, to 5=Very much. For this study, the standard COVI Anxiety Scale was modified to improve psychometric properties by incorporating anchor points for symptom severity, frequency, and duration and for functional impairment. Worst value is 20 and best value is 4. (NCT00535132)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to Week 6 LOCF

InterventionPoints on a scale (Mean)
PALI ER Immediate Initiation-1.4
PALI ER Delayed Initiation-1.3
Overall-1.3

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Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) Change From Baseline to the Week 6 Endpoint

The PSQI is a 2-part questionnaire that assesses sleep quality and disturbances in seven domains: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction. Each domain is rated on a 4-point scale as follows: 0=Not during the past month, 1=Less than once a week, 2=Once or twice a week, 3=Three or more times a week. Total scores range from zero to 21; increasing scores indicate poorer sleep quality and total scores greater than 5 suggest significant sleep disturbance. (NCT00535132)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to Week 6 LOCF

InterventionPoints on a scale (Mean)
PALI ER Immediate Initiation-2.3
PALI ER Delayed Initiation-2.2
Overall-2.3

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Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score Change From Baseline to Week 6 Endpoint

The PANSS is a 30-item scale designed to capture numerous symptoms of schizophrenia, including delusions, grandiosity, blunted affect, poor attention, and poor impulse control. The 30 symptoms are rated on a 7-point scale as follows: 1=Absent, 2=Minimal, 3=Mild,4=Moderate, 5=Moderate Severe, 6=Severe, 7=Extreme. This scale has been shown to be sensitive to changes associated with medication treatment. In addition to a total score, this assessment yields separate scores along a Positive Syndrome, a Negative Syndrome, and a General Psychopathology Scales. Worst value is 210, best value is 30. (NCT00535132)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to Week 6 LOCF

InterventionPoints on a scale (Mean)
PALI ER Immediate Initiation-13.5
PALI ER Delayed Initiation-12.3
Overall-12.9

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Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) Mental Health Composite Score Change From Baseline to the Week 6 Endpoint

The SF-36 is a well-validated and widely used quality-of-life instrument employed in numerous disease states, including schizophrenia. It is a self-administered survey that measures eight domains of health including: physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health (role-physical), bodily pain, general health perceptions, vitality, social functioning, role limitations due to emotional problems (role-emotional) and general mental health. Scoring of the SF-36 was based on the SF-36 Manual and Interpretation Guide. Worst value is 0 and best value is 100. (NCT00535132)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to Week 6 LOCF

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
PALI ER Immediate Initiation6.7
PALI ER Delayed Initiation7.2
Overall7.0

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Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) Physical Health Composite Score Change From Baseline to the Week 6 Endpoint

The SF-36 is a well-validated and widely used quality-of-life instrument employed in numerous disease states, including schizophrenia. It is a self-administered survey that measures eight domains of health including: physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health (role-physical), bodily pain, general health perceptions, vitality, social functioning, role limitations due to emotional problems (role-emotional) and general mental health. Scoring of the SF-36 was based on the SF-36 Manual and Interpretation Guide. Worst value is 0 and best value is 100. (NCT00535132)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to Week 6 LOCF

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
PALI ER Immediate Initiation0.8
PALI ER Delayed Initiation2.1
Overall1.5

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Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) - Categorical Summary - Dichotomized Categories - Week 2 (Observed).

The MSQ is a 7-point, verbally administered, Likert-type scale rated as follows: 1=Extremely Dissatisfied, 2=Very Dissatisfied, 3=Somewhat Dissatisfied, 4=Neither Satisfied Nor Dissatisfied, 5=Somewhat Satisfied, 6=Very Satisfied, 7=Extremely Satisfied. Worst value is 1 (Extremely Dissatisfied) and best value is 7 (Extremely Satisfied). (NCT00535132)
Timeframe: Week 2

,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Satisfied (score 5-7)Dissatisfied (score 1-4)
Overall10682
PALI ER Delayed Initiation4352
PALI ER Immediate Initiation6330

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Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) - Categorical Summary - Dichotomized Categories - Week 4 (Observed).

The MSQ is a 7-point, verbally administered, Likert-type scale rated as follows: 1=Extremely Dissatisfied, 2=Very Dissatisfied, 3=Somewhat Dissatisfied, 4=Neither Satisfied Nor Dissatisfied, 5=Somewhat Satisfied, 6=Very Satisfied, 7=Extremely Satisfied. Worst value is 1 (Extremely Dissatisfied) and best value is 7 (Extremely Satisfied). (NCT00535132)
Timeframe: Week 4

,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Satisfied (score 5-7)Dissatisfied (score 1-4)
Overall13941
PALI ER Delayed Initiation6427
PALI ER Immediate Initiation7514

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Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) - Categorical Summary - Dichotomized Categories - Week 6 (Observed).

The MSQ is a 7-point, verbally administered, Likert-type scale rated as follows: 1=Extremely Dissatisfied, 2=Very Dissatisfied, 3=Somewhat Dissatisfied, 4=Neither Satisfied Nor Dissatisfied, 5=Somewhat Satisfied, 6=Very Satisfied, 7=Extremely Satisfied. Worst value is 1 (Extremely Dissatisfied) and best value is 7 (Extremely Satisfied). (NCT00535132)
Timeframe: Week 6

,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Satisfied (score 5-7)Dissatisfied (score 1-4)
Overall14824
PALI ER Delayed Initiation7116
PALI ER Immediate Initiation778

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Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) - Categorical Summary - Dichotomized Categories - Week 6 LOCF.

The MSQ is a 7-point, verbally administered, Likert-type scale rated as follows: 1=Extremely Dissatisfied, 2=Very Dissatisfied, 3=Somewhat Dissatisfied, 4=Neither Satisfied Nor Dissatisfied, 5=Somewhat Satisfied, 6=Very Satisfied, 7=Extremely Satisfied. Worst value is 1 (Extremely Dissatisfied) and best value is 7 (Extremely Satisfied). (NCT00535132)
Timeframe: Week 6 LOCF

,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Satisfied (score 5-7)Dissatisfied (score 1-4)
Overall15833
PALI ER Delayed Initiation7521
PALI ER Immediate Initiation8312

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Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM) Global Satisfaction Score Change From Baseline to the Week 6 Endpoint

"The TSQM is a 14-item subject-assessed evaluation of treatment medication including 4 factors, Effectiveness (items 1-3), Side Effects (items 4-8), Convenience (items 9-11)and Global Satisfaction (items 12-14). Item 14 states taking all things into account, how satisfied or dissatisfied are you with this medication? and utilizes the following responses on a 7-point Likert scale: 1=Extremely Dissatisfied, 2=Very Dissatisfied, 3=Somewhat Dissatisfied, 4=Neither Satisfied Nor Dissatisfied, 5=Somewhat Satisfied, 6=Very Satisfied, 7=Extremely Satisfied. Worst value is 0 and best value is 100." (NCT00535132)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to Week 6 LOCF

InterventionPoints on a scale (Mean)
PALI ER Immediate Initiation30.2
PALI ER Delayed Initiation26.4
Overall28.3

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Clinical Global Impression - Severity (CGI-S) Change From Baseline to Week 6 Endpoint

"The CGI-S rating scale is a 7 point global assessment that measures the clinician's impression of the severity of illness exhibited by a subject. A rating of 1 is equivalent to Normal, not at all ill and a rating of 7 is equivalent to Among the most extremely ill subjects. Worst value is 7 and best value is 1." (NCT00535132)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to Week 6 LOCF

InterventionPoints on a scale (Mean)
PALI ER Immediate Initiation-0.8
PALI ER Delayed Initiation-0.8
Overall-0.8

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Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Baseline

PANSS assesses the positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and general psychopathology specifically associated with schizophrenia. The scale consists of 30 items. Each item is rated on a scale from 1 (symptom not present) to 7 (symptoms extremely severe). The sum of the 30 items is defined as the PANSS total score and ranges from 30 to 210; higher score indicates greater severity. (NCT00563706)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo94.74
Vabicaserin 50 mg94.24
Vabicaserin 100 mg96.88
Vabicaserin 150 mg101.33
Vabicaserin 200 mg93.06
Vabicaserin 300 mg94.39
Vabicaserin 400 mg92.83
Vabicaserin 600 mg95.54
Risperidone91.43

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Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Day 28

PANSS assesses the positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and general psychopathology specifically associated with schizophrenia. The scale consists of 30 items. Each item is rated on a scale from 1 (symptom not present) to 7 (symptoms extremely severe). The sum of the 30 items is defined as the PANSS total score and ranges from 30 to 210; higher score indicates greater severity. (NCT00563706)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 28

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-17.03
Vabicaserin 50 mg-4.72
Vabicaserin 100 mg-10.26
Vabicaserin 150 mg-5.41
Vabicaserin 200 mg-13.42
Vabicaserin 300 mg-6.13
Vabicaserin 400 mg-13.84
Vabicaserin 600 mg-7.30
Risperidone-15.59

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Number of Participants Demonstrating Improvement in Psychiatric Symptoms Using the BPRS, CGIS, and SANS at 24 Weeks

"Based on the small sample size, it was not possible to test the differences between the two groups for statistical significance. Data on psychiatric symptoms were gathered using Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS; weekly), Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGIS; weekly) and Schedule for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS; bi-weekly). At the end of the study, graphs were plotted showing severity of symptoms and rated as Improved, Unchanged, or Worse by a pair of expert judges. Raters were instructed to rate the graph Improved or Worsened if it appeared to be >20% better or worse and to rate it Unchanged if there was little or no change (less than ~20%)." (NCT00573287)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
BPRSSANSCGIS
Clozapine441
Risperidone322

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Number of Participants Demonstrating Improvement in Substance Use

"Based on the small sample size, it was not possible to test the differences between the two groups for statistical significance. Data on cannabis use were gathered weekly using the Timeline Follow-back (TLFB) method. At the end of the study, graphs were plotted showing days of cannabis use per week and rated as Improved, Unchanged, or Worse by a pair of expert judges. Raters were instructed to rate the graph Improved or Worsened if it appeared to be >20% better or worse and to rate it Unchanged if there was little or no change (less than ~20%)." (NCT00573287)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Clozapine3
Risperidone3

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Change in Clinical Global Impression Severity (CGI-S)

"Investigator evaluation of severity of illness and functional impairment on a 7-point scale (1=not ill, 2=very mild, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=marked, 6=severe, 7=extremely severe)." (NCT00576732)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-0.3
Risperidone Low Dose-0.4
Risperidone High Dose-1.0

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Change in Aberrant Behavior Checklist Irritability (ABC-I) Subscale

Measure of irritability symptoms of autism. Score range 0 to 45 (lower score = lesser severity). (NCT00576732)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-3.5
Risperidone Low Dose-7.4
Risperidone High Dose-12.4

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Change in Insulin Resistance (IR) at 6 Weeks

Insulin resistance calculated using the homeostatic model assessment 1 (HOMA1)formula: fasting glucose (mmol/L) times fasting insulin (uU/L) divided by 22.5. HOMA-IR is a widely used clinical tool for estimating insulin resistance based upon the balance between glucose output and insulin secretion. Normal values should be close to 1, while an increase indicates a decrease in insulin sensitivity (or increase in insulin resistance), a potential predictor for the development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. (NCT00576732)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo0.36
Risperidone Low Dose-0.10
Risperidone High Dose0.45

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Change in Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) at 6 Weeks

(NCT00576732)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo-0.4
Risperidone Low Dose-0.1
Risperidone High Dose-0.3

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Change in Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) at 6 Months

(NCT00576732)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 months

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Placebo/RIS4.0
Ris Low Dose/RIS3.5
Ris High Dose/RIS2.3

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Change in Insulin Resistance (IR) at 6 Months

Insulin resistance calculated using the homeostatic model assessment 1 (HOMA1) formula: fasting glucose (mmol/L) times fasting insulin (uU/L) divided by 22.5. HOMA-IR is a widely used clinical tool for estimating insulin resistance based upon the balance between glucose output and insulin secretion. Normal values should be close to 1, while an increase indicates a decrease in insulin sensitivity (or increase in insulin resistance), a potential predictor for the development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. (NCT00576732)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 months

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo/RIS0.09
Ris Low Dose/RIS0.36
Ris High Dose/RIS0.75

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Number of Participants Who Had at Least 25% Improvement in ABC-I

ABC-I is a measure of irritability symptoms of autism with score range 0 to 45 (lower score = lesser severity). (NCT00576732)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo14
Risperidone Low Dose15
Risperidone High Dose24

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Number of Participants Who Had Clinical Global Impression Change Ratings of Much or Very Much Improved.

"Investigator impression of change over time from double-blind baseline on a 7-point scale (1=very much improved, 2=much improved, 3=minimally improved, 4=no change, 5=minimally worse, 6=much worse, 7=very much worse)." (NCT00576732)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo5
Risperidone Low Dose5
Risperidone High Dose19

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Exon Expression Positively or Negatively Correlated With Percentage Improvement in ABC-I

"Affymetrix GeneChip Human Exon 1.0 ST Arrays (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA) were used to obtain gene expression values. Raw data (Affymetrix.CEL files) was imported into Partek Genomics Suite 6.4 (Partek, St Louis, MO, USA). Probe summarization and probe set normalization were performed using robust multichip average, which included background correction, quantile normalization, log2 transformation and median polish probe set summarization.~Exons in genes correlated with percentage improvement on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist Irritability subscale were identified." (NCT00584701)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 Weeks

InterventionNumber of Correlated Genes (Number)
Risperidone5

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Percent Change of ABC - Irritability Subscale Score

"Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Irritability (ABC-I)subscale: measure of assessing changes in symptoms of irritability in children with autism (survey that was normed on a developmentally delayed population of children and adults and is usually completed by a parent or caregiver. There are 45 items that are rated on a 4-point scale from no problem to major problem. ABC-I scores ranges from 0 (best) to 45 (worst). A negative change signifies improvement.~We measured percent change of ABC-I scores from 8 weeks after risperidone treatment compared to baseline." (NCT00584701)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks

Interventionpercent change in scores (Mean)
Active Risperidone-44.5

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The Change From Baseline in the PSP Score

The PSP scale is used to assess the degree of dysfunction a patient exhibits over a 7-day period within 4 domains of behavior: socially useful activities, personal and social relationships, self-care, and disturbing and aggressive behavior. The results of the assessment are converted to a numeric score. A score between 71 and 100 indicates a mild degree of difficulty; a score between 31 and 70 indicates a moderate degree of dysfunction, and a patient with a score of 30 or less has functioning so poor he or she requires intensive supervision. (NCT00589914)
Timeframe: Baseline to the last postrandomization assessment in the double-blind treatment period (approximately 13 weeks)

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
R0926708.5
RISPERDAL CONSTA8.8

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Change in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score for Schizophrenia

The PANSS scale is used to assess the neuropsychiatric symptoms of schizophrenia. The 30-item PANSS scale provides a total score (sum of the scores of all 30 items) and scores for 3 subscales, the positive subscale (7 items), the negative subscale (7 items),and the general psychopathology subscale (16 items), each item rated on a scale of 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme). (NCT00589914)
Timeframe: Baseline to the last postrandomization assessment in the double-blind treatment period (approximately 13 weeks)

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
R092670-18.6
RISPERDAL CONSTA-17.9

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The Change From Baseline for the CGI-S Score

The CGI-S rating scale is used to rate the severity of a patient's psychotic condition on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (not ill) to 7 (extremely severe). This scale permits a global evaluation of the patient's condition at a given time. A qualified rater administered the CGI-S. (NCT00589914)
Timeframe: Baseline to the last postrandomization assessment in the double-blind treatment period (approximately 13 weeks)]

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
R092670-0.9
RISPERDAL CONSTA-0.9

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The Remission Rate in Both the Quetiapine XR Group and the Risperidone Group at Month 12 in the ITT Population

Remission was defined as a SWN-K total score greater than or equal to 80. The reported population is participants who showed remission over, time from baseline to Month 12 (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Quetiapine XR139
Risperidone128

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The Safety and Tolerability of Quetiapine XR vs Risperidone by Evaluating the Number of Participants at Month 12 in Safety Population With Individual Symptoms Assessed by the Modified Udvalg for Kliniske Undersogelser, Side Effect Rating Scale: Neurologic

Symptoms are graded according to degree (not present to severe) and causal relationship (improbable, possible, probable). An individual AE is defined as an AE with a worse degree compared with Baseline and with a possible or probable relationship to study drug. (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Quetiapine XR4
Risperidone20

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The Effect of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone Regarding Health Economics Outcomes by Evaluating the Time Between First Study Drug Intake and First Hospitalization for Patients With 1 Hospitalization in the ITT Population

(NCT00600756)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionDays (Mean)
Quetiapine XR144.3
Risperidone152.8

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The Safety and Tolerability of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone by Evaluating the Number of Participants With a Treatment-emergent Adverse Event (TEAEs) at Month 12 in the Safety Population

Treatment-emergent adverse events are defined as adverse events that occurred after the first intake of the study medication (or on the same day). (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Quetiapine XR238
Risperidone258

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The Effect of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone Regarding Health Economics Outcomes by Evaluating the Mean Number of Lost School/Work Days at Month 12 in the ITT Population

"Workers and students are defined from the modified vocational status index excluding subjects Retired or Unemployed, whether or not expected to work." (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionDays (Mean)
Quetiapine XR10
Risperidone6.7

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The Effect of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone by Evaluating the Relapse Rate at Month 12 in the ITT Population

Relapse is defined as at least one increase of greater than or equal to 2 points on the CGI-SCH overall severity score during the treatment period or at least one hospitalization due to psychiatric disorders during the treatment period. (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Quetiapine XR43
Risperidone31

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The Effect of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone at Month 12 in the ITT Population on Core Schizophrenic and Depressive Symptoms by Evaluating the Change From Baseline in the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Total Score

The CDSS total score is the sum of 9 questions and ranges from 0 to 27. The higher the score, the more severe are the symptoms. (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionScores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Quetiapine XR-4.7
Risperidone-3.7

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The Effect of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone at Month 12 in the ITT Population on Core Schizophrenic and Depressive Symptoms by Evaluating the Change From Baseline in CGI-SCH Overall Severity Score (Improved).

For the CGI-SCH overall severity of illness, the score ranged from 1 (normal, not ill) to 7 (among the most severely ill). CGI-SCH score was divided into 3 classes: worsening (change score>0), stable (change score=0) and improved (change score<0). Change from baseline in CGI-SCH overall severity of illness in number of participants with CGI-SCH overall severity score improvement. (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Quetiapine XR176
Risperidone178

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The Safety and Tolerability of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone by Evaluating the Number of Participants Who Had at Least 1 Extra-pyramidal TEAE at Month 12 in the Safety Population

Treatment-emergent adverse events are defined as adverse events that occurred after the first intake of the study medication (or on the same day). (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Quetiapine XR38
Risperidone83

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Change From Baseline in the Subjective Well-Being Under Neuroleptic Treatment Scale (SWN-K) Subscale Score: Mental Functioning at Month 12 in the ITT Population.

The SWN-K total score is the sum of 5 subscores (4 questions each): physical functioning, social integration, mental functioning, self-control, and emotional regulation. The subscores are rated using a 6-point scale (the higher the grade, the better the response). Possible subscores range from 4 to 24. (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 months

InterventionScores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Quetiapine XR4.9
Risperidone3.9

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The Effect of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone at Month 12 in the ITT Population on Core Schizophrenic and Depressive Symptoms by Evaluating the Change From Baseline in CGI-SCH Overall Severity Score

For the CGI-SCH (Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia severity of illness scale) overall severity of illness, the score ranged from 1 (normal, not ill) to 7 (among the most severely ill). Change from baseline in CGI-SCH score was divided into 3 classes: worsening (change score>0), stable (change score=0) and improved (change score<0). (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Quetiapine XR3.8
Risperidone3.9

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The Compliance of Patients Taking Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone at Month 12 by Evaluating the Number of Participants Who Returned Study Drug at Month 12 in the ITT Population

(NCT00600756)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Quetiapine XR270
Risperidone249

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Responder Rate at Month 6 in the Per Protocol Population Using the Subjective Well-being Under Neuroleptics Scale, Short Version (SWN-K) Total Score

The SWN-K is comprised of 20 questions, rated on a 6-point scale from 1 (not at all) to 6 (very much). Scores range from 20 to 120, with higher scores implying higher subjective well-being. A responder is defined as a subject with an increase of 10 points or 20% from baseline in SWN-K total score (non-inferiority limit of -9.7% in responder rate) (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Quetiapine XR136
Risperidone158

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The Effect of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone Regarding Health Economics Outcomes by Evaluating the Participants With at Least 1 Hospitalization Due to Psychiatric Disorders at Month 12 in the ITT Population

All hospitalizations due to psychiatric disorders during the study (i.e. from Visit 1 to Termination date + 30 days) in inpatients units, in emergency wards, and in day clinics. (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Quetiapine XR37
Risperidone21

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Number of Participants Using Antidepressants at Month 12 in the ITT Population

"The number of participants who were taking at least 1 antidepressant at Month 12. Antidepressants are all concomitant medications classified in the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical(ATC)Subgroup N06-Antidepressants." (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Quetiapine XR72
Risperidone63

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Change From Baseline in Mean Subjective Well-Being Under Neuroleptic Treatment Scale (SWN-K) Total Score at Month 12 in the Per Protocol Population

The SWN-K is comprised of 20 questions, each of which is rated using a 6-point scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 6 (very much). Possible scores range from 20 to 120, with higher scores implying higher subjective well-being. (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

InterventionScores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Quetiapine XR23.2
Risperidone21.1

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To Evaluate the Effect of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone at Month 12 in the ITT Population Regarding Health Economics Outcomes by Evaluating the Functional Improvement Rate of the Modified Vocational Status Index/ Location Code Index: Stable State

Stable State was defined as having the same status in occupational and residential status as at Baseline. (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionParticipants with stable state (Number)
Quetiapine XR160
Risperidone171

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The Safety and Tolerability of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone by Evaluating the Number of Participants Who Discontinued the Study Because of an TEAE at Month 12 in the Safety Population

Treatment-emergent adverse events are defined as adverse events that occurred after the first intake of the study medication (or on the same day). (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Quetiapine XR57
Risperidone48

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The Safety and Tolerability of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone by Evaluating the Number of Participants at Month 12 in the Safety Population With Individual Symptoms Assessed by the Modified UKU: Sexual Dysfunction in Men

Symptoms are graded according to degree (not present to severe) and causal relationship (improbable, possible, probable). Sexual dysfunction in men is defined as number of men who show the individual adverse event (AE) sexual dysfunction. An individual AE sexual dysfunction is defined as an AE with a worse degree of sexual dysfunction compared with baseline and with a possible or probable relationship to study drug. (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: Month 12

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Quetiapine XR9
Risperidone13

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The Safety and Tolerability of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone by Evaluating the Number of Participants Who Had at Least 1 Cardiac TEAE at Month 12 in the Safety Population

Treatment-emergent adverse events are defined as adverse events that occurred after the first intake of the study medication (or on the same day). (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Quetiapine XR22
Risperidone17

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Change From Baseline in the Subjective Well-Being Under Neuroleptic Treatment Scale (SWN-K) Subscale Score: Social Integration at Month 12 in the ITT Population.

The SWN-K total score is the sum of 5 subscores (4 questions each): physical functioning, social integration, mental functioning, self-control, and emotional regulation. The subscores are rated using a 6-point scale (the higher the grade, the better the response). Possible subscores range from 4 to 24. (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 months

InterventionScores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Quetiapine XR4.6
Risperidone4.0

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Change From Baseline in Mean Subjective Well-Being Under Neuroleptic Treatment Scale (SWN-K) Total Score at Month 12 in the Intent-to-Treat (ITT) Population

The SWN-K is comprised of 20 questions, each of which is rated using a 6-point scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 6 (very much). Possible scores range from 20 to 120, with higher scores implying higher subjective well-being. (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

InterventionScores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Quetiapine XR22.7
Risperidone19.4

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Change From Baseline in the Subjective Well-Being Under Neuroleptic Treatment Scale (SWN-K) Subscale Score: Self-control at Month 12 in the ITT Population.

The SWN-K total score is the sum of 5 subscores (4 questions each): physical functioning, social integration, mental functioning, self-control, and emotional regulation. The subscores are rated using a 6-point scale (the higher the grade, the better the response). Possible subscores range from 4 to 24. (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 months

InterventionScores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Quetiapine XR4.1
Risperidone3.8

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Change From Baseline in the Subjective Well-Being Under Neuroleptic Treatment Scale (SWN-K) Subscale Score: Physical Functioning at Month 12 in the ITT Population.

The SWN-K total score is the sum of 5 subscores (4 questions each): physical functioning, social integration, mental functioning, self-control, and emotional regulation. The subscores are rated using a 6-point scale (the higher the grade, the better the response). Possible subscores range from 4 to 24. (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 months

InterventionScores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Quetiapine XR4.9
Risperidone4.0

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The Effect of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone Regarding Health Economics Outcomes by Evaluating the Number of Participants Using Other Psychotropic Medications at Month 12 in the ITT Population

Other psychotropic medications include antiepileptics, anti-parkinson drugs, antipsychotics, and antidepressants. (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Quetiapine XR138
Risperidone141

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Change From Baseline in the Subjective Well-Being Under Neuroleptic Treatment Scale (SWN-K) Subscale Score: Emotional Regulation at Month 12 in the ITT Population.

The SWN-K total score is the sum of 5 subscores (4 questions each): physical functioning, social integration, mental functioning, self-control, and emotional regulation. The subscores are rated using a 6-point scale (the higher the grade, the better the response). Possible subscores range from 4 to 24. (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 months

InterventionScores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Quetiapine XR4.5
Risperidone3.9

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Number of Subjects Who Had an Unscheduled Visits Due to Worsening of Schizophrenia, Dose Change, or Adverse Event at Month 12 in the ITT Population

Unscheduled visits due to worsening of schizophrenia, dose change or adverse event including the hospitalizations due to psychiatric disorders during the study (i.e. from Visit 1 to Termination date + 30 days) in inpatients units, in emergency wards and in day clinics. (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: Month 12

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Quetiapine XR94
Risperidone70

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The Safety and Tolerability of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone by Evaluating the Number of Participants at Month 12 in the Safety Population With Individual Symptoms Assessed by the Modified UKU: Hyperprolactinaemia in Women

Symptoms are graded according to degree (not present to severe) and causal relationship (improbable, possible, probable). Hyperprolactinaemia in women is defined as number of women who show the individual adverse event (AE) hyperprolactinaemia. An individual AE Hyperprolactinaemia is defined as an AE with a worse degree of hyperprolactinaemia compared with baseline and with a possible or probable relationship to study drug. (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: Month 12

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Quetiapine XR0
Risperidone10

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The Safety and Tolerability of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone by Evaluating the Number of Extra-pyramidal Events at Month 12 in the Safety Population

Extra-pyramidal events include tremor, hypokinesia, muscle rigidity, hyperkinesia, and extrapyramidal disorder. (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionEvents (Number)
Quetiapine XR51
Risperidone112

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The Safety and Tolerability of Quetiapine XR Versus Risperidone by Evaluating the Mean Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Prolactin Levels in the Safety Population

The normal range for men is 0 to 14, and for women is 0 to 24. (NCT00600756)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Quetiapine XR-7.735
Risperidone15.990

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Percentage of Participants Who Responded to PANSS Total Score at Day 92 or Early Withdrawal

A responder is defined as a participant who improved from baseline in the PANSS total score by 30 percent or more. (NCT00604279)
Timeframe: Day 92 or early withdrawal

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Paliperidone Palmitate70.7
Risperidone Long Acting Injection (LAI)78.4

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Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Day 92 or Early Withdrawal

The PANSS provides a total score (sum of the scores of all 30 items) and scores for 3 subscales, the positive subscale (7 items), the negative subscale (7 items), and the general psychopathology subscale (16 items), each rated on a 7-point scale that ranges from 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme). The PANSS total score consists of the sum of all 30 PANSS items and ranges from 30 (absent) to 210 (extreme psychopathology). Higher change scores indicate worsening. (NCT00604279)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 92 or early withdrawal

,
InterventionUnits on scale (Mean)
BaselineChange at Day 92 or Early Withdrawal
Paliperidone Palmitate82.1-23.6
Risperidone Long Acting Injection (LAI)84.4-26.9

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Change From Baseline in Personal and Social Performance (PSP) Score at Day 92 or Early Withdrawal

This PSP assesses the degree of a participant's dysfunction within 4 domains of behavior: socially useful activities, personal and social relationships, self-care, and disturbing and aggressive behavior. The score ranges from 1 to 100, divided into 10 equal intervals to rate the degree of difficulty (1, absent to 4, very severe) in each of the 4 domains. Based on the four domains there will be one total score. Participants with a score of 71 to 100 have a mild degree of difficulty; from 31 to 70, varying degrees of disability; <= 30, functioning so poorly as to require intensive supervision. (NCT00604279)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 92 or early withdrawal

,
InterventionUnits on scale (Mean)
BaselineChange at Day 92 or Early Withdrawal
Paliperidone Palmitate47.816.8
Risperidone Long Acting Injection (LAI)45.318.6

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Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) Score at Day 92 or Early Withdrawal

"The CGI-S rating scale is a 7 point global assessment that measures the clinician's impression of the severity of illness exhibited by a participant. A rating of 1 is equivalent to Normal, not at all ill and a rating of 7 is equivalent to Among the most extremely ill participants. Higher change scores indicate worsening." (NCT00604279)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 92 or early withdrawal

,
InterventionUnits on scale (Mean)
BaselineChange at Day 92 or Early Withdrawal
Paliperidone Palmitate4.9-1.5
Risperidone Long Acting Injection (LAI)5.0-1.7

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Change From Baseline in the Sleep Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Score at Day 92 or Early Withdrawal

The self-administered sleep VAS scale (0-100 millimeter [mm]) rates quality of sleep (QoS) and daytime drowsiness (DD). Participants indicate mark on the scale to represent how well they have slept in the previous 7 days, score ranges from 0 mm (very badly) to 100 mm (very well); and how often they have felt drowsy within the previous 7 days, from 0 mm (not at all) to 100 mm (all the time). (NCT00604279)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 92 or early withdrawal

,
Interventionmillimeter (mm) (Mean)
QoS, BaselineQoS, Change at Day 92 or Early WithdrawalDD, BaselineDD, Change at Day 92 or Early Withdrawal
Paliperidone Palmitate64.18.229.9-4.1
Risperidone Long Acting Injection (LAI)66.610.029.6-4.9

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Change From Baseline to Week 12 of HAM-D Score

21-item scale for depression. Symptoms are rated finely (on a 5-point scale: absent; doubtful or trivial; mild: moderate severe) or coarsely (on a 3- point scale: absent; doubtful or mild; obvious, distinct, or severe).Total score range 0- 66, higher values represent worse outcome.Number of participants refers to valid for efficacy per protocol. Change:total score at week 12 minus total score at baseline. (NCT00640562)
Timeframe: 12 weeks from baseline to last visit

InterventionScore on scale (Mean)
Seroquel XR-29.83
Risperidone-23.02

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Change From Baseline to Week 12 of Drug Attitude Inventory 10 Item Scale (DAI 10) Score

These items are presented as self-report statements with which the patient agrees or disagrees. Each response is scored as +1 if correct or -1 if incorrect. The final score is the grand total of the positive and negative points. A positive score means a positive subjective response. A negative total score means a negative subjective response (NCT00640562)
Timeframe: 12 week from baseline to last visit

Interventionscore on scale (Least Squares Mean)
Seroquel XR86.38
Risperidone76.64

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Change From Baseline to Week 12 of Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Score.

"The CDSS scale is used to assess the level of depression in schizophrenia and to estimate the severity of depressive symptoms.~CDSS has 9 items rated on four-point scale: 0=absent; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe. Anchor point descriptions are provided to aid differentiation between each item score. The first eight items are rated on basis of patients' responses to questions; the 9 item is based on clinician's assessment.~The sum score is derived by adding the point score of all items (from 0 to 27 points); total score 4-5 is considered for minor depression and 6-7 score for major depression." (NCT00640562)
Timeframe: 12 week from baseline to last visit

InterventionScore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Seroquel XR7.31
Risperidone5.53

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Concomitant Use of Antidepressive Drugs From Baseline to Week 12

Number of concomitant users of antidepressive drugs during the study; the number of participants analyzed refers to safety population, that is to overall participants excluding 6 participants who did not assume any study drug administration (NCT00640562)
Timeframe: 12 week from baseline to last visi

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Seroquel XR12
Risperidone11

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Change From Baseline in the Simpson Angus Scale (SAS) Total Score to Week 12 as an Indication of Neurological Side Effects Section

"Extrapyramidal Side Effects (EPS) will be assessed using the Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS; Simpson GN et al 1970) . The CRF is source data for these assessments and day 0 is considered as baseline.~The SAS scale, containing 10 items, will be rated on a five-point scale where 0 is normal and 4 are severe symptoms. Min score =0, max score 40~Change from start of treatment (day 0) will be calculated as the visit score minus the score at start of treatment for each of the neurological assessments." (NCT00640562)
Timeframe: 12 weeks from baseline to last visit

Interventionscore on scale (Mean)
Seroquel XR2.74
Risperidone3.88

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Concomitant Use of Antidepressive Drugs From Baseline to Week 12

Number of concomitant users of antidepressive drugs during the study; the number of participants analyzed refers to ITT/safety population, that is to overall participants excluding the 6 participants who did not assume any study drug administration (NCT00640562)
Timeframe: Change of drug use from baseline to last visi

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Seroquel XR14
Risperidone17

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Change From Screening Visit to Week 12 of Prolactin Live

Plasma prolactin live was drawn prior to morning meal at the screening visit at the last visit (NCT00640562)
Timeframe: 12 week from screening visit to last visit

InterventionKG (Least Squares Mean)
Seroquel XR61.20
Risperidone90.80

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CGI- Global Improvement Mean Score at Week 12

"The CGI-S subset ranges from 1 to 7 such that a score of 1 indicates normal, not at all ill, while a score of 7 indicates among the most extremely ill of patients. The change from start of treatment (baseline V2) in the Severity of Illness will be calculated by subtracting the score at start of treatment (baseline V2) from the following visits" (NCT00640562)
Timeframe: 12week: descriptive statistic of CGI by visit and treatment

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Seroquel XR91
Risperidone88

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Body Mass Index (BMI) at Week 12

Patient weight and height have been be collected in order to assess the Body Mass Index (BMI). The mean BMI values reported are assessed after 12 weeks of treatment. (NCT00640562)
Timeframe: 12 week

InterventionKg/m^2 (Mean)
Seroquel XR29.07
Risperidone28.80

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- Change From Baseline to Week 12 of Clinical Global Impression (CGI- Severity of Illness) Score

"The CGI-S subset ranges from 1 to 7 such that a score of 1 indicates normal, not at all ill, while a score of 7 indicates among the most extremely ill of patients. The change from start of treatment (baseline V2) in the Severity of Illness will be calculated by subtracting the score at start of treatment (baseline V2) from the following visits" (NCT00640562)
Timeframe: 12 weeks from baseline to last visit

InterventionScore on scale (Least Squares Mean)
Seroquel XR-1.50
Risperidone-1.04

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Change From Baseline to Week 12 of PANSS Score

30-item scale where each symptom is rated on a severity ranging from 1-7. Symptoms are categorized into 7 items referring to positive, 7 items referring to negative and 16 general psychotic. Total score range 30- 210, higher values represent worse outcome. Number of participants analyzed refers to valid for efficacy per protocol population. (NCT00640562)
Timeframe: 12 weeks from baseline to last visit

Interventionscore on scale (Mean)
Seroquel XR102.26
Risperidone100.51

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events.

(NCT00641745)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Lurasidone395
Risperidone189

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Change From Baseline to Week 6 in the PANSS Total Score

The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) is a 30-item rating scale that assesses the positive and negative symptoms of individuals with schizophrenia. Responses to the 30 items are based on a structured clinical interview with the patient and on supporting clinical information obtained from family, hospital staff, or other reliable informants. Of the 30 psychiatric parameters measured by the scale, 7 assess positive symptoms (eg, delusions, grandiosity); 7 assess negative symptoms (eg, blunted affect, emotional withdrawal); and 16 assess general psychopathology (eg, poor attention, active social avoidance). Each item is scored on a 7-point scale (1 = absent, 2 = minimal, 3 = mild, 4 = moderate, 5 = moderately severe, 6 = severe, and 7 = extreme). The PANSS total score can range from 30 to 210. A higher score indicates worse symptoms. A negative change score indicates improvement. (NCT00694707)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 6

,,,,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange at Week 6
Cariprazine 1.5 mg97.1-17.3
Cariprazine 3.0 mg97.2-18.7
Cariprazine 4.5 mg96.7-20.2
Placebo97.3-9.5
Risperidone 4.0 mg98.1-25.3

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Change From Baseline to Week 6 in the CGI-S Score

The Clinical Global Impressions-Severity (CGI-S) scale is a 7-point scale that measures the overall severity of the illness compared with the severity of illness in other patients the Investigator has observed. The Investigator assesses the severity of the patient's illness as one of the following: 1 = Normal, not at all ill; 2 = Borderline ill; 3 = Mildly ill; 4 = Moderately ill; 5 = Markedly ill; 6 = Severely ill; 7 = Among the most extremely ill patients. The CGI-S score can range from 1 to 7. A higher score indicates more severe illness. A negative change score indicates improvement. (NCT00694707)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 6

,,,,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange at Week 6
Cariprazine 1.5 mg4.7-0.9
Cariprazine 3.0 mg4.9-1.1
Cariprazine 4.5 mg4.8-1.2
Placebo4.9-0.6
Risperidone 4.0 mg4.8-1.4

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Change From Baseline in Body Weight

(NCT00698022)
Timeframe: Baseline and 28 days

Interventionkilograms (Mean)
Mifepristone Plus Risperidone2.32
Risperidone Plus Mifepristone-matched Placebo4.23
Risperidone-matched Placebo Plus Mifepristone2.87

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Percentage of Participants With One or More Adverse Events

(NCT00698022)
Timeframe: Up to 28 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Mifepristone Plus Risperidone29
Risperidone Plus Mifepristone-matched Placebo27
Risperidone-matched Placebo Plus Mifepristone13

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Percentage of Participants With <5% and <7% Increase From Baseline in Body Weight

(NCT00698022)
Timeframe: Baseline and 28 days

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
<5% increase in body weight<7% increase in body weight
Mifepristone Plus Risperidone913
Risperidone Plus Mifepristone-matched Placebo310
Risperidone-matched Placebo Plus Mifepristone811

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Percentage of Participants Discontinued From the Study Due to an Adverse Event

(NCT00698022)
Timeframe: Up to 28 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Mifepristone Plus Risperidone5
Risperidone Plus Mifepristone-matched Placebo4
Risperidone-matched Placebo Plus Mifepristone1

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Proportion of Participants With TEAEs Leading to Discontinuation

(NCT00711269)
Timeframe: From Baseline to up to 8 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
SM-13496 (Lurasidone HCl) 40-mg Group18
SM-13496 (Lurasidone HCl) 80-mg Group18
Placebo Group27
Risperidone Group7

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Change From Baseline in the PANSS Negative Subscales at Week 6

The PANSS is comprised of 30 items and three subscales. The Negative subscale contains seven questions to assess blunted effect, emotional withdrawal, poor rapport, passive/apathetic social withdrawal, lack of motivation, and similar symptoms. An anchored Likert scale from 1-7, where values of 2 and above indicate the presence of progressively more severe symptoms, is used to score each item. The PANSS Negative subscale score is the sum of all 7 items and ranges from 7 through 49. A higher score is associated with greater illness severity. (NCT00711269)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6 (LOCF)

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
SM-13496 (Lurasidone HCl) 40-mg Group-1.6
SM-13496 (Lurasidone HCl) 80-mg Group-1.7
Placebo Group-0.9
Risperidone Group-1.7

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Change From Baseline in the PANSS General Psychopathology Subscales at Week 6 (LOCF)

The PANSS is comprised of 30 items and three subscales. The General Psychopathology subscale addresses other 16 symptoms such as anxiety, somatic concern, and disorientation. An anchored Likert scale from 1-7, where values of 2 and above indicate the presence of progressively more severe symptoms, is used to score each item. The PANSS General Psychopathology subscale score is the sum of all 16 items and ranges from 16 through 112. A higher score is associated with greater illness severity. (NCT00711269)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6 (LOCF)

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
SM-13496 (Lurasidone HCl) 40-mg Group-2.4
SM-13496 (Lurasidone HCl) 80-mg Group-1.2
Placebo Group-1.0
Risperidone Group-2.6

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Proportion of Participants With Treatment-emergent Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)

Proportion of participants with treatment-emergent adverse events. An adverse event was considered serious if it met one or more of the following criteria: Resulted in death; Was life-threatening (i.e., a patient was at immediate risk of death at the time of the event, not an event where occurrence in a more severe form might have caused death); Required in-patient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization; Resulted in persistent or significant disability/incapacity; Was a congenital anomaly/birth defect; Was considered to be an important medical event. (NCT00711269)
Timeframe: From Baseline to up to 8 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
SM-13496 (Lurasidone HCl) 40-mg Group8
SM-13496 (Lurasidone HCl) 80-mg Group7
Placebo Group10
Risperidone Group2

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Change From Baseline in the PANSS Positive Subscales at Week 6 (LOCF)

The PANSS is comprised of 30 items and three subscales. The Positive subscale contains seven questions to assess delusions, conceptual disorganization, hallucinations behavior, excitement, grandiosity, suspiciousness/persecution, and hostility. An anchored Likert scale from 1-7, where values of 2 and above indicate the presence of progressively more severe symptoms, is used to score each item. The PANSS Positive subscale score is the sum of all 7 items and ranges from 7 through 49. A higher score is associated with greater illness severity. (NCT00711269)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6 (LOCF)

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
SM-13496 (Lurasidone HCl) 40-mg Group-2.0
SM-13496 (Lurasidone HCl) 80-mg Group-1.4
Placebo Group-0.6
Risperidone Group-2.9

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Change From Baseline in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 6 (LOCF)

The PANSS is an interview-based measure of the severity of psychopathology in adults with psychotic disorders. The measure is comprised of 30 items and three subscales: the Positive subscale contains seven questions to assess delusions, conceptual disorganization, hallucinations behavior, excitement, grandiosity, suspiciousness/persecution, and hostility; the Negative subscale contains seven questions to assess blunted effect, emotional withdrawal, poor rapport, passive/apathetic social withdrawal, lack of motivation, and similar symptoms; and the General Psychopathology subscale addresses other symptoms such as anxiety, somatic concern, and disorientation. An anchored Likert scale from 1-7, where values of 2 and above indicate the presence of progressively more severe symptoms, is used to score each item. The PANSS total score is the sum of all 30 items and ranges from 30 through 210. A higher score is associated with greater illness severity. (NCT00711269)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6 [Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF)]

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
SM-13496 (Lurasidone HCl) 40-mg Group-6.1
SM-13496 (Lurasidone HCl) 80-mg Group-4.3
Placebo Group-2.5
Risperidone Group-7.1

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Proportion of Participants With Treatment-emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)

Proportion of participants with treatment-emergent adverse events. An adverse event was defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a study participant who was taking a medicinal (investigational) product. Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were defined as adverse events with a start date on or after the date of the first dose through the end of follow-up, or adverse events occurring before the date of first dose and worsening during the treatment or follow-up period. (NCT00711269)
Timeframe: From Baseline to up to 8 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
SM-13496 (Lurasidone HCl) 40-mg Group105
SM-13496 (Lurasidone HCl) 80-mg Group103
Placebo Group101
Risperidone Group53

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QTc Measurement

Information regarding the Outcome Measure being a Primary or Secondary, is unavailable. (NCT00712270)
Timeframe:

Interventionmilliseconds (Mean)
QTc Pre-treatment for Entire Study Population381
QTc Post-treat for Entire Study Population389

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Actigraphic Measurement of Treatment Conditions

The child's impulsivity and inability to sleep represented a significant symptom and risk factor. Impulsivity and sleep will be actigraphically assessed by treatment conditions. (NCT00723580)
Timeframe: May 12- July 14, 2010

Interventionactivity (Mean)
Baseline No Medication Midnight to 1:00 AMrisperidone .5 mg t.i.d. Midnight to 1:00 AM
Actigraphic (Activity Count) Measurement of Sleep and Activity55.029.94

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Weight Gain

Weight gain from baseline to last observation up to 12 weeks. Last observation carried to 12 weeks. (NCT00746252)
Timeframe: These measurements are done biweekly from baseline up until 12 weeks

Interventionpounds (Mean)
Risperidone8.5
Aripiprazole6.65

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NCBRF-TIQ D-Total Score

"Parent ratings of aggression and hostility on the Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form-Typical IQ (NCBRF-TIQ) D-Total Score. The NCBRF provides 1 prosocial subscale (Positive/Social) and 6 problem behavior subscales (Conduct Problem, Oppositional Behavior, Hyperactive, Inattentive, Overly Sensitive, and Withdrawn/Dysphoric). The NCBRF has excellent internal consistency, distinguishes between controls and subjects with DBDs. Conduct Problem and Oppositional Behavior subscales map closely to DSM-IV-TR symptoms of CD and ODD; they were scored together to form a variable called the D-Total.~For the NCBRF D-Total, higher scores reflect worse behavior. Each subscale is scored by taking the rating (0 [did not occur or was not a problem] to 3 [occurred a lot or was a very severe problem]) for all component items. The D-Total score was computed by adding the 6 scores from the Oppositional subscale and the 10 items from the Conduct Problem subscale. Thus D-Total scores could range from 0-69." (NCT00796302)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and Weeks 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 3Week 4Week 5Week 6Week 7Week 8Week 9
Augmented (Stimulant + PMT + Risperidone)42.125.917.112.113.813.011.710.7
Basic (Stimulant + PMT + Placebo)43.524.922.420.120.716.817.817.8

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Clinical Global Impressions Scale for Severity of Illness

Using this clinician rating scale the severity of the illness is scored from 1= normal to 7= extremely ill. This scale was used at baseline and Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, & 9. Only endpoint (week 9 or subject's last visit) Clinical Global Impressions Scale for Severity of Illness scores are reported below. (NCT00796302)
Timeframe: Measured at endpoint visit

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Normal/Borderline/Mildly ill at endpointModerately/Markedly/Severely ill at endpoint
Augmented (Stimulant + PMT + Risperidone)5622
Basic (Stimulant + PMT + Placebo)4934

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Antisocial Behavior Scale - Reactive Aggression Subscale

The Antisocial Behavior Scale (ABS) is a 28-item scale that contains 10 Proactive Aggression items and six Reactive Aggression items. Each item is rated on a 3-point scale, ranging from 1 (Never) to 3 (Very often). Thus, scores on the Reactive Aggression subscale can range from 6 through 18; with higher scores indicating more reactive aggression. (NCT00796302)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and Week 9

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 9
Augmented (Stimulant + PMT + Risperidone)15.511.0
Basic (Stimulant + PMT + Placebo)15.912.3

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Clinical Global Impressions Scale for Improvement

"Using this clinician rating scale the patient's improvement is scored on a 7-point scale which ranges from very much improved (1), through no change (4), to very much worse (7). This scale was used at baseline and Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, & 9. Only endpoint (week 9 or subject's last visit) Clinical Global Impressions Scale for Improvement scores are reported below." (NCT00796302)
Timeframe: Measured at endpoint visit

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Much or very much improved at endpointMinimally improved at endpointUnchanged or worse at endpoint
Augmented (Stimulant + PMT + Risperidone)63116
Basic (Stimulant + PMT + Placebo)58223

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Body Mass Index (BMI) Z-score Change

(NCT00806234)
Timeframe: Change from baseline to 24 weeks

InterventionZ Score (Least Squares Mean)
Healthy Lifestyle Information0.040
Switch Treatment + Healthy Lifestyle Instruction-0.112
Metformin Treatment + Healthy Lifestyle Instruction-0.088

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Change in Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol Level

(NCT00806234)
Timeframe: From Baseline to Week 24

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Healthy Lifestyle Information3.6
Switch Treatment + Healthy Lifestyle Instruction-8.1
Metformin Treatment + Healthy Lifestyle Instruction-4.1

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Change in Whole Body Insulin Sensitivity Index

(NCT00806234)
Timeframe: Change from baseline to 24 weeks

InterventionmU/L (Least Squares Mean)
Healthy Lifestyle Information0.74
Switch Treatment + Healthy Lifestyle Instruction0.42
Metformin Treatment + Healthy Lifestyle Instruction-0.34

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Triglyceride Levels

(NCT00806234)
Timeframe: Change from baseline to 24 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Healthy Lifestyle Information0.2
Switch Treatment + Healthy Lifestyle Instruction16.6
Metformin Treatment + Healthy Lifestyle Instruction14.7

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Change From Baseline in Pulse Rate at 52 Weeks Endpoint

LS Mean of change from baseline in pulse rate is from a MMRM model which includes the effects of treatment, gender, investigative site, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, baseline value and baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT00845026)
Timeframe: Baseline, 52 weeks

,
Interventionbeats per minute (bpm) (Least Squares Mean)
Supine PulseStanding Pulse
LY2140023-1.62-2.16
Standard-of-Care (SOC)-2.44-2.41

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Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Changes in QT Intervals Electrocardiograms (ECGs)

"A potentially clinically significant QT interval (high) is defined as a value meeting the criteria of (> 450 millisecond [ms]) at anytime during the active treatment phase, provided it does not meet the criteria at baseline.~(analysis for Study Period III only)" (NCT00845026)
Timeframe: Baseline through 24 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
LY21400233
Standard-of-Care (SOC)4

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Percentage of Participants With Remission (Rate of Remission) at Week 24 Endpoint

Remission is defined as endpoint score of mild or better (≤3) for each of the following PANSS items: delusions, conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, social withdrawal, blunted affect, lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation, mannerisms and posturing, and unusual thought content. PANSS assesses the positive and negative symptoms and general psychopathology specifically associated with schizophrenia. The scale consists of 30 items. Each item is rated from 1 (symptom not present) to 7 (extremely severe). The sum of the 30 items is the PANSS total score and ranges 30 - 210. (Analysis for Study Period III only) (NCT00845026)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
LY214002315.0
Standard-of-Care (SOC)22.7

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Percentage of Participants With Response (Rate of Response) at 6 and 24 Weeks Endpoints

Response is defined as reduction ≥ 30% from baseline on PANSS Total Score (Each PANSS item transformed to a 0-6 scale first). PANSS assesses the positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and general psychopathology specifically associated with schizophrenia. The scale consists of 30 items. Each item is rated on an original scale from 1 (symptom not present) to 7 (symptoms extremely severe). The sum of the 30 items is defined as the PANSS total score and ranges from 30 to 210. Higher scores indicate greater severity of illness. (Analysis for Study Period III only) (NCT00845026)
Timeframe: 6 and 24 weeks

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
6 weeks24 weeks
LY214002335.026.7
Standard-of-Care (SOC)31.337.5

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Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Change in Neurological Examination

An increase in score from baseline was considered a treatment-emergent change, unless stated otherwise. Tremor: 0 (absent) - 3 (interferes with motor function); Nystagmus: 0 (absent) - 3 (present on forward gaze); Reflexes: 0 (absent) - 4 (clonic) with normal being a score 2, decrease or increase in score was considered change. Finger-nose and gait tests: 0 (normal) - 1(abnormal); Romberg's sign: (0) absent - (1) present; Muscular strength: 0 (no contraction)-5 (full/normal resistance), decrease in score was considered change; Myoclonic jerks: 0 (absent) - 3 (frequent). (NCT00845026)
Timeframe: Baseline through 52 weeks

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
TremorNystagmusIncreased reflexesDecreased reflexesAbnormal finger-nose testRomberg's signAbnormal GaitDecreased muscle strengthMyoclonus
LY2140023161792020471
Standard-of-Care (SOC)2312628011110

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Time to Discontinuation Due to Adverse Event (AE)

(NCT00845026)
Timeframe: Baseline through 24 weeks

Interventiondays (Mean)
LY214002393.02
Standard-of-Care (SOC)116.86

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Number of Participants With Suicidal Behaviors and Ideations Baseline Through 52 Weeks

"Columbia Suicide Rating Scale (C-SSRS): scale capturing occurrence, severity, and frequency of suicide-related thoughts and behaviors. Number of participants with suicidal behaviors and ideations are provided. Suicidal behavior: a yes answer to any of 5 suicidal behavior questions: preparatory acts or behavior, aborted attempt, interrupted attempt, actual attempt, and completed suicide. Suicidal ideation: a yes answer to any one of 5 suicidal ideation questions, which includes wish to be dead, and 4 different categories of active suicidal ideation. There are no scores on a scale reported, rather, number of patients who reported yes as described above." (NCT00845026)
Timeframe: Baseline through 52 weeks

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Suicidal ideationSuicidal behavior/acts
LY214002380
Standard-of-Care (SOC)162

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Number of Participants With Shift From Baseline to Maximum Post-Baseline Grading in Electroencephalograms (EEGs)

EEG scoring by a central neurologist is done by the following definitions: E0=Normal; E1(within normal)=fewer than 3 focal abnormalities or non-epileptiform abnormalities; E2(questionably epileptiform)=3-10 focal discharges and/or 1-10 multifocal or generalized discharges; E3=(clearly epileptiform)= Sharp/slow complex, runs of epileptiform abnormalities, greater than 10 total epileptiform discharges; and E4= seizure. Decreased= maximum (max) post-baseline (PB) EEG grading< baseline EEG grading; Increased= max PB EEG grading> baseline EEG grading; Same=no change from baseline to max PB result. (NCT00845026)
Timeframe: Baseline through 52 weeks

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
DecreasedSameIncreased
LY2140023117418
Standard-of-Care (SOC)87733

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Change From Baseline in Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB): Overall Composite T-Score at 52 Weeks Endpoint

The MCCB assesses cognitive function in 7 domains important in schizophrenia. The MCCB overall composite score is calculated by summing age- and gender-corrected T-scores of all the domains and then standardizing the sum to a T-score, where the mean is 50 and a standard deviation is 10. A higher score indicates better performance. LS Mean of change from baseline is from a MMRM model which includes the effects of treatment, gender, investigative site, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, baseline score and baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT00845026)
Timeframe: Baseline, 52 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
LY21400235.29
Standard-of-Care (SOC)8.19

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Change From Baseline in EuroQoL Questionnaire-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) at 52 Weeks Endpoint

The EQ-5D is a quality-of-life (QoL) instrument with 2 parts: a health status profile and a visual analog scale (VAS). The profile rates patients' health state in 5 domains and each of them ranges 1-3. The outcomes on the 5 domains are mapped to an index with range 0-1. The higher score indicates a better health state. The VAS is used to indicate the patient's health status with range 0=worst and 100=best. LS means are from a MMRM model with the effects of treatment, gender, investigator site, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, baseline score and baseline score by-visit interaction. (NCT00845026)
Timeframe: Baseline, 52 weeks

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Visual Analog Scale (n=107, 120)Index Score (n=107, 119)
LY21400234.830.03
Standard-of-Care (SOC)12.840.10

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Change From Baseline in Blood Pressure (BP) at 52 Weeks Endpoint

Least Square (LS) Mean of change from baseline in BP is from a mixed model repeated measures (MMRM) model which includes the effects of treatment, gender, investigative site, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, baseline value and baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT00845026)
Timeframe: Baseline, 52 weeks

,
Interventionmillimeters of mercury (mmHg) (Least Squares Mean)
Supine Diastolic BPStanding Diastolic BPSupine Systolic BPStanding Systolic BP
LY21400232.495.572.844.65
Standard-of-Care (SOC)0.871.103.471.93

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Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression Severity Scale (CGI-S) at 52 Weeks Endpoint

The CGI-S scale measures severity of illness at the time of assessment compared with start of treatment. Scores range from 1 (normal, not at all ill) to 7 (among the most extremely ill patients). LS Mean of change from baseline is from a MMRM model which includes the effects of treatment, gender, investigative site, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, baseline score and baseline-by-visit interaction. Higher CGI-S score means worse symptoms. (NCT00845026)
Timeframe: Baseline, 52 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
LY2140023-0.27
Standard-of-Care (SOC)-0.81

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Number of Participants With Potentially Clinical Significant Change in Lipids Level

Treatment-emergent changes in lab results on lipids level were analyzed using the American Diabetes Association (ADA 2001) and National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP ATP III) guidelines. Total cholesterol Normal to High is <200 mg/dL at baseline and ≥240 mg/dL post-baseline. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol Normal to High is <100 mg/dL at baseline and ≥160 mg/dL post-baseline. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol Normal to Low is ≥40 mg/dL at baseline and <40 mg/dL post-baseline. Triglycerides Normal to High is <150 mg/dL at baseline and ≥200 mg/dL post-baseline. (NCT00845026)
Timeframe: Baseline through 52 weeks

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Total cholesterol Normal to High (n=56, 59)LDL cholesterol Normal to High (n=20, 22)HDL cholesterol Normal to Low (n=74, 91)Triglycerides Normal to High (n=58, 77)
LY214002330167
Standard-of-Care (SOC)602321

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Change From Baseline in Barnes Akathisia Scale (BAS) Global Score at 52 Weeks Endpoint

The BAS rates drug induced akathisia symptoms. Akathisia is rated on a 4-point scale, with 0 being no akathisia and 3 being severe akathisia. A global clinical assessment of akathisia is then scored on a 6-point scale, with 0 being no evidence of akathisia and 5 being severe akathisia. LS mean of change from baseline in BAS global score is from a MMRM model which includes the effects of treatment, gender, investigative site, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, baseline and baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT00845026)
Timeframe: Baseline, 52 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
LY2140023-0.06
Standard-of-Care (SOC)-0.08

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Change From Baseline in 16-Item Negative Symptoms Assessment (NSA-16) Total Score at 52 Weeks Endpoint

"The NSA-16 is used to rate behaviors (not psychopathology) associated with negative symptoms of schizophrenia and rates patients on 16 anchors, each of which is rated 1 to 6. The total score is their sum and ranges from 16 to 96. Higher scores indicate greater severity of illness. LS Mean of change from baseline is from a MMRM model which includes treatment, gender, investigative site, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, baseline score and baseline-by-visit interaction." (NCT00845026)
Timeframe: Baseline, 52 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
LY2140023-2.86
Standard-of-Care (SOC)-7.81

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Change From Baseline in Weight at 52 Weeks Endpoint

LS Mean of change from baseline in weight is from a MMRM model which includes the effects of treatment, gender, investigative site, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, baseline weight and baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT00845026)
Timeframe: Baseline, 52 weeks

Interventionkilogram (kg) (Least Squares Mean)
LY2140023-4.76
Standard-of-Care (SOC)3.88

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Change From Baseline in University of California-San Diego (UCSD) Performance-Based Skills Assessment-B (UPSA-B) Total Score at 52 Weeks Endpoint

The UPSA-B is a performance-based assessment of improvement in functional capacity. Patients are asked to role-play tasks in 2 areas of functioning: communication and finances. Scores are assigned for each of the 2 subscales and a provided formulae is used to calculated an UPSA-B Total Score (range = 0-100). The higher score indicates a better performance. LS mean of change from baseline is from a MMRM model which includes the effects of treatment, gender, investigator site, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, baseline score and baseline score by-visit interaction. (NCT00845026)
Timeframe: Baseline, 52 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
LY214002311.82
Standard-of-Care (SOC)12.84

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Change From Baseline in Subjective Well-Being Under Neuroleptic Treatment-Short Form (SWN-S) Total Score at 52 Weeks Endpoint

Measures subjective well-being for previous 7 days. 20 items covering 5 health domains (subscales) (4 items each): emotional regulation, self-control, mental functioning, social integration, and physical functioning. Individual scores range from 1 (not at all) to 6 (very much). Subscale scores range from 4 to 24. Total score ranges from 20 to 120. LS mean of change from baseline is from a MMRM model which includes the effects of treatment, gender, investigator site, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, baseline score and baseline score by-visit interaction. (NCT00845026)
Timeframe: Baseline, 52 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
LY21400231.11
Standard-of-Care (SOC)4.15

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Change From Baseline in Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS) Total Score at 52 Weeks Endpoint

The SAS is used to measure Parkinsonian type symptoms in patients exposed to antipsychotics. The scale consists of 10 items each rated on a 5-point scale, with 0 meaning complete absence of the condition and 4 meaning the presence of the condition in extreme form. The range of possible total score is 0-40. LS Mean of change from baseline in the SAS total score is from a MMRM model which includes the effects of treatment, gender, investigative site, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, baseline and baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT00845026)
Timeframe: Baseline, 52 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
LY2140023-0.87
Standard-of-Care (SOC)-0.82

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Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) at 52 Weeks Endpoint

Assesses the positive and negative symptoms and general psychopathology associated with schizophrenia. The scale consists of 30 items. Each item is rated on a scale from 1 (symptom not present) to 7 (symptoms extremely severe). The sum of the 30 items is defined as the PANSS total score and ranges from 30 to 210. LS Mean of change from baseline is from a mixed model repeated measures (MMRM) model which includes the effects of treatment, gender, investigative site, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, baseline score and baseline-by-visit interaction. Higher PANSS scores mean worse symptoms. (NCT00845026)
Timeframe: Baseline, 52 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
LY2140023-4.54
Standard-of-Care (SOC)-21.47

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Change From Baseline in Personal and Social Performance (PSP) at 52 Weeks Endpoint

The Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scale is a 100-point, single-item, clinician-rated scale to assess 4 domains of functioning, including personal and social relationships, socially useful activities, self care, and disturbing and aggressive behaviors. Score ranges from 1-100. The higher score indicates a better health state. LS Mean of changes from baseline is from a MMRM model which includes the effects of treatment, gender, investigator site, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, baseline score and baseline score by-visit interaction. (NCT00845026)
Timeframe: Baseline, 52 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
LY21400236.47
Standard-of-Care (SOC)10.71

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Change From Baseline in Number of Psychiatric Visits at 24 Weeks Endpoint

Change in number of psychiatric visits between the 6 months prior to the active treatment phase and psychiatric visits reported during the active treatment phase was summarized. Treatment groups were compared on change using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model. The model has baseline as a covariate, and investigative site, gender, and treatment as fixed effects. (Analysis for Study Period III only) (NCT00845026)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 weeks

Interventionvisits (Least Squares Mean)
LY2140023-2.60
Standard-of-Care (SOC)-2.95

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Number of Participants With Potentially Clinical Significant Change in Fasting Glucose Level

Treatment-emergent changes in lab results on fasting glucose were analyzed using the American Diabetes Association (ADA 2001) and National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP ATP III) guidelines. Glucose Normal to High is <100 milligram/deciliter (mg/dL) at baseline and ≥126mg/dL post-baseline. (NCT00845026)
Timeframe: Baseline through 52 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
LY21400238
Standard-of-Care (SOC)13

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Change From Baseline in Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) Total Score at 52 Weeks Endpoint

The MADRS is a rating scale for severity of depressive mood symptoms. The MADRS has a 10-item checklist. Items are rated on a scale of 0-6, for a total score range of 0 (low severity of depressive symptoms) to 60 (high severity of depressive symptoms). LS Mean of changes from baseline is from a MMRM model which includes the effects of treatment, gender, investigative site, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, baseline score and baseline-by-visit interaction. Higher MADRS scores mean worse symptoms. (NCT00845026)
Timeframe: Baseline, 52 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
LY21400232.72
Standard-of-Care (SOC)-2.82

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Change From Baseline in Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Total Score at 52 Weeks Endpoint

The AIMS is a 12-item scale designed to record the occurrence of dyskinetic movements. Items 1 to 10 are rated 0 - 4, with 0 being no dyskinetic movements and 4 being severe dyskinetic movements. Items 11 and 12 are yes/no questions regarding the dental condition of a subject. The total score is the sum of items 1-7 and ranges from 0-28. LS means of change from baseline in the AIMS total score is from a MMRM model which includes the effects of treatment, gender, investigative site, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, baseline and baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT00845026)
Timeframe: Baseline, 52 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
LY21400230.13
Standard-of-Care (SOC)-0.23

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Percentage of Participants With Relapse (Rate of Relapse)

Relapse is defined as an increase in at least one PANSS positive item to a score>5 and an absolute increase of ≥2 points on that item post randomization , or hospitalization for any psychiatric condition, or active suicidal ideation or suicidal behavior as captured by the C-SSRS. PANSS assesses the positive and negative symptoms and general psychopathology specifically associated with schizophrenia. The scale consists of 30 items. Each item is rated from 1 (symptom not present) to 7 (symptoms extremely severe). The sum of the 30 items is defined as the PANSS total score and ranges from 30-210. (NCT00845026)
Timeframe: Baseline through 52 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
LY214002326.2
Standard-of-Care (SOC)16.8

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Cause-specific Mortality: Number of Participants With Completed Suicides - MedDRA

The analysis was based on all deaths from the WRT+30 days period using the classification based upon MedDRA terminology, that is, as reported by the investigator (NCT00856583)
Timeframe: As study design allowed patients to continue study drug until the study was closed, many patients were followed for several years, with an overall median time period of approximately 14 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Sertindole13
Risperidone21

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Cause-specific Mortality: Number of Participants With Completed Suicides - ISC

"The analysis was based on all deaths from the WRT+30 days period using the classification performed by the ISC.~The ISC reviewed and classified those adverse events which resulted in death or hospitalisation or were possible suicide attempts and this review was blinded to exposure. The definition of cardiac death was intentionally wide; sudden or unexplained deaths were assumed to be cardiac if there was no non-cardiac explanation. To ensure consistent evaluation and classification, the ISC decided a priori to classify all instances of self harm as possible suicide." (NCT00856583)
Timeframe: As study design allowed patients to continue study drug until the study was closed, many patients were followed for several years, with an overall median time period of approximately 14 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Sertindole14
Risperidone21

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Cause-specific Mortality: Number of Participants With Cardiac Deaths - ISC

"The analysis was based on all deaths from the WRT+30 days period using the classification performed by the ISC.~The ISC reviewed and classified those adverse events which resulted in death or hospitalisation or were possible suicide attempts and this review was blinded to exposure. The definition of cardiac death was intentionally wide; sudden or unexplained deaths were assumed to be cardiac if there was no non-cardiac explanation. To ensure consistent evaluation and classification, the ISC decided a priori to classify all instances of self harm as possible suicide." (NCT00856583)
Timeframe: As study design allowed patients to continue study drug until the study was closed, many patients were followed for several years, with an overall median time period of approximately 14 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Sertindole31
Risperidone12

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Cause-specific Mortality: Number of Participants With Cardiac Deaths - MedDRA

The analysis was based on all deaths from the WRT+30 days period using the classification based upon the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) terminology, that is, as reported by the investigator (NCT00856583)
Timeframe: As study design allowed patients to continue study drug until the study was closed, many patients were followed for several years, with an overall median time period of approximately 14 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Sertindole17
Risperidone8

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Number of Participants With Suicide Attempts (Fatal and Non-fatal) - MedDRA

The analysis was based on all suicides and suicide attempts from the WRT+30 days period using the classification based upon MedDRA terminology, that is, as reported by the investigator (NCT00856583)
Timeframe: As study design allowed patients to continue study drug until the study was closed, many patients were followed for several years, with an overall median time period of approximately 14 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Sertindole43
Risperidone65

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Number of Participants With All-cause Mortality

The analysis was based on all deaths from the Whole Randomised Treatment (WRT)+30 days period and the Only Randomised Treatment (ORT) period, respectively (NCT00856583)
Timeframe: As study design allowed patients to continue study drug until the study was closed, many patients were followed for several years, with an overall median time period of approximately 14 months

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Number of deaths (WRT+30 days)Number of deaths (ORT)
Risperidone6144
Sertindole6440

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Second Primary Outcome: Number of Participants With Cardiac Events, Including Arrhythmias, Requiring Hospitalisation

Second primary endpoint: a serious adverse event where the patient was hospitalised and for which the Independent Safety Committee (ISC) classified the event as a cardiac event with documented arrhythmia. The analysis of this outcome was not performed due to low number of events. The presented analysis is a replacement analysis using all cardiac events, including arrhythmias, that required hospitalisation (NCT00856583)
Timeframe: As study design allowed patients to continue study drug until the study was closed, many patients were followed for several years, with an overall median time period of approximately 14 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Sertindole10
Risperidone6

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Number of Participants With Suicide Attempts (Fatal and Non-fatal) - ISC

"The analysis was based on all suicides and suicide attempts from the WRT+30 days period using the classification performed by the ISC.~The ISC reviewed and classified those adverse events which resulted in death or hospitalisation or were possible suicide attempts and this review was blinded to exposure. The definition of cardiac death was intentionally wide; sudden or unexplained deaths were assumed to be cardiac if there was no non-cardiac explanation. To ensure consistent evaluation and classification, the ISC decided a priori to classify all instances of self harm as possible suicide." (NCT00856583)
Timeframe: As study design allowed patients to continue study drug until the study was closed, many patients were followed for several years, with an overall median time period of approximately 14 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Sertindole68
Risperidone76

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Number of Participants With Discontinuation of Treatment for Any Reason Other Than Study Closure

The analysis was based on time from start of study drug until stop of study drug for any reason other than sponsor closure of the study (NCT00856583)
Timeframe: As study design allowed patients to continue study drug until the study was closed, many patients were followed for several years, with an overall median time period of approximately 14 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Sertindole3136
Risperidone2597

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Cause-specific Mortality: Number of Participants With Other Than Cardiac Deaths and Completed Suicides - MedDRA

The analysis was based on all deaths from the WRT+30 days period using the classification based upon MedDRA terminology, that is, as reported by the investigator (NCT00856583)
Timeframe: As study design allowed patients to continue study drug until the study was closed, many patients were followed for several years, with an overall median time period of approximately 14 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Sertindole34
Risperidone32

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Cause-specific Mortality: Number of Participants With Other Than Cardiac Deaths and Completed Suicides - ISC

"The analysis was based on all deaths from the WRT+30 days period using the classification performed by the ISC.~The ISC reviewed and classified those adverse events which resulted in death or hospitalisation or were possible suicide attempts and this review was blinded to exposure. The definition of cardiac death was intentionally wide; sudden or unexplained deaths were assumed to be cardiac if there was no non-cardiac explanation. To ensure consistent evaluation and classification, the ISC decided a priori to classify all instances of self harm as possible suicide." (NCT00856583)
Timeframe: As study design allowed patients to continue study drug until the study was closed, many patients were followed for several years, with an overall median time period of approximately 14 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Sertindole19
Risperidone28

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Number of Participants With Death, Serious Adverse Events (SAEs), Adverse Events (AEs) Leading to Discontinuation, and 1 or More AEs

AE=any new untoward medical event or worsening of a preexisting medical condition that may or may not be causally related to treatment. SAE=any untoward medical occurrence that at any dose results in death; is life-threatening, a congenital anomaly/birth defect, or an important medical event; requires or prolongs inpatient hospitalization, or results in persistent or significant incapacity or drug dependency or abuse. (NCT00857818)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 16, continuously

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
DeathsSAEsAEs leading to discontinuation1 or more AEs
Aripiprazole02311
Control Group (Olanzapine, Risperidone, or Quetiapine)0006

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Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Fasting Non-high Density Lipoprotein (Non-HDL) Cholesterol Levels

Based on Last Observation Carried Forward data. Non-HDL cholesterol is defined as the difference between total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. Fasting non-HDL cholesterol is defined as the measured fasting HDL cholesterol level subtracted from the measured fasting total cholesterol level. (NCT00857818)
Timeframe: Baseline to Weeks 4, 8, and 16

,
InterventionPercentage of change (Mean)
Week 4Week 8Week 16
Aripiprazole-7.54-18.45-14.72
Control Group (Olanzapine, Risperidone, or Quetiapine)0.19-4.44-2.47

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Mean Baseline Fasting Non-HDL Levels

(NCT00857818)
Timeframe: At baseline (Day 1)

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Aripiprazole176.07
Control Group (Olanzapine, Risperidone, or Quetiapine)167.14

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Percentage of Paliperidone or Risperidone Dopamine D2 Receptor Occupancies

(NCT00934635)
Timeframe: Visit 3 (on day 3)

Interventionpercentage (Number)
Paliperidone ER 9 mg Tablet Followed by PET Scan in 2 Hours0
Control0

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Change From Baseline in Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Score at Week 52

The AIMS rates the severity of involuntary movements from 0 (none) to 4 (severe), including facial and oral movements, extremity movements, trunk movements, global and judgments, and 2 additional items concerning dental status (yes/no). A total score (ranging from 0 to 28) will be calculated as the sum of items 1 to 7. (NCT00992407)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Baseline (n=20,25)Change at Week 52 (n=19,20)
Risperidone Long Acting Injectables00
Risperidone Tablets00

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Change From Baseline in Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Score at Week 52

The BARS includes an objective rating, 2 subjective ratings of symptoms of akathisia (awareness of restlessness and reported distress related to restlessness: ranging from 0 to 3), and a global clinical rating of akathisia (GCRA), ranging from 0 (absent) to 5 (severe). The global rating score, that is scored separately, is the most relevant measure of severity of akathisia. Higher scores denote worsening akathisia. (NCT00992407)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Restlessness total score: Baseline(n=20,25)GCRA: Baseline(n=20,25)Restlessness total score:Change at Week52(n=19,22)GCRA: Change at Week 52(n=19,22)
Risperidone Long Acting Injectables0.800.40-0.160.05
Risperidone Tablets0.400.320.00-0.09

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Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale (CGI-S) Score at Week 52

"The CGI rating scale is a 7-point global assessment that measures the clinician's impression of the severity of illness exhibited by a participant. A rating of 1 is equivalent to Normal, not at all ill and a rating of 7 is equivalent to Among the most extremely ill participants. Higher scores indicate worsening." (NCT00992407)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange at Week 52
Risperidone Long Acting Injectables3.4-0.6
Risperidone Tablet2.8-0.7

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Change From Baseline in Continuous Performance Task (CPT) Based on Neurocognitive Function Test (NCFT) at Week 52

The NCFT is neuropsychological test which measures psychological functions. The CPT assessed CPT (Omissions) and CPT (Commissions). Omission errors indicate the number of times the target was presented, but the participant did not respond/click the mouse. High omission rates indicate that the participant is either not paying attention (distractibility) to stimuli or has a sluggish response. Commission errors indicate the number of times the participant responded but no target was presented. A fast reaction time and high commission error rate points to difficulties with impulsivity. A slow reaction time with high commission and omission errors indicates inattention in general. (NCT00992407)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

,
InterventionErrors (Mean)
CPT (Omissions):Baseline (n=11,15)CPT (Comissions):Baseline (n=11,15)CPT (Omissions):Change at Week 52 (n=7,12)CPT (Comissions):Change at Week 52 (n=7,12)
Risperidone Long Acting Injectables11.017.41.6-3.9
Risperidone Tablets14.229.3-12.2-0.6

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Change From Baseline in Personal and Social Performance (PSP) Scale Score at Week 52

The PSP assesses degree of participant's dysfunction within 4 domains of behavior, socially useful activities, personal and social relationships, self-care, and disturbing and aggressive behavior. The score ranges from 1 to 100, divided into 10 equal intervals to rate degree of difficulty (1=absent to 6=very severe) in each of 4 domains. Based on the 4 domains there will be one total score. Participants with a score of 71 to 100 have a mild degree of difficulty; from 31 to 70, varying degrees of disability; less than or equal to 30, functioning so poorly as to require intensive supervision. (NCT00992407)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange at Week 52
Risperidone Long Acting Injectables50.655.35
Risperidone Tablets58.715.96

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Change From Baseline in Number of Outpatient Clinic Visits at Week 52

Healthcare economics questionnaire consists of 13-Questions, which measured disease burden on participant; out of which 1 question is related to number of outpatient clinic visits. Mean-calculations were done for all questions. Higher value indicates more disease burden. Change from Baseline is the value at Week 52 minus value at Baseline. (NCT00992407)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

,
Interventionnumber of visits (Mean)
Outpatient clinic visits:Baseline(n=13,20)Outpatient clinic visits:Change at Week 52(n=7,14)
Risperidone Long Acting Injectables4.72.4
Risperidone Tablets4.41.1

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Change From Baseline in Trail Making Test Based on Neurocognitive Function Test (NCFT) at Week 52

The NCFT is neuropsychological test which measures psychological functions. The Trail Making Test is composed of two Parts, A and B. Part A consists of 25 circles printed on a sheet of paper. Each circle contains a number from 1 to 25. The participant's task is to connect the circles with a pencil line as quickly as possible, beginning with the number 1 and proceeding in numerical sequence. Part B consists of 25 circles numbered from 1 to 13 and lettered from A to L. The task in Part B is to connect the circles, in sequence, alternating between numbers and letters. Here, mean number of seconds are represented required to complete each Part. (NCT00992407)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

,
InterventionSeconds (Mean)
Trail A Making Test:Baseline (n=11,15)Trail B Making Test:Baseline (n=11,15)Trail A Making Test:Change at Week 52 (n=7,12)Trail B Making Test:Change at Week 52 (n=7,12)
Risperidone Long Acting Injectables52.6146.05.9-32.3
Risperidone Tablets50.7147.3-7.8-19.5

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Change From Baseline in Total Outpatients and Inpatients Hours at Week 52

Healthcare economics questionnaire consists of 13-Questions, which measured disease burden on participant; out of which 2 questions are related to total outpatients and inpatients hours. Total outpatients hours and total inpatient hours indicate the total hours spent by outpatients and inpatients respectively at Investigator site.Mean-calculations were done for all questions. Higher value indicates more disease burden. Change from Baseline is the value at Week 52 minus value at Baseline. (NCT00992407)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

,
Interventionhours (Mean)
Total outpatients hours:Baseline(n=9,13)Total inpatient hours:Baseline(n=5,8)Total outpatients hours:Change at Week 52(n=4,9)Total inpatient hours:Change at Week 52(n=0,3)
Risperidone Long Acting Injectables1.71.40.10.0
Risperidone Tablets1.61.4-0.2-1.0

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Change From Baseline in Theory of Mind (TOM) Scale Score at Week 52

The TOM scale is used to assess the ability of participant to infer other's mental states. It includes recognition that other individuals experience thoughts, feelings, intentions, and desires. It is measured by cartoon task, score ranging from 0-30 and stork task which includes stork task set A (false belief), stork task set B (double bluff, white lie, persuasion, misunderstanding), and physical story, score ranging from 0-12, 0-26 and 0-24 respectively. Higher score indicates improvement. (NCT00992407)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Cartoon task:Baseline (n=11,13)Stork Task Set A: Baseline (n=9,12)Stork Task Set B: Baseline (n=11,14)Cartoon task:Change at Week 52(n=7,11)Stork Task Set A:Change at Week 52(n=7,11)Stork Task Set B:Change at Week 52(n=4,8)Physical story: Baseline (n=11,14)Physical story:Change at Week 52(n=7,11)
Risperidone Long Acting Injectables13.86.014.25.01.01.012.01.4
Risperidone Tablets18.56.615.52.70.81.513.62.1

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Change From Baseline in Social Functioning Scale (SFS) Score at Week 52

Social Functioning Scale (SFS) scores from 0 to 223 wherein, following categories were involved: Social Engagement (Score Range 0-15); Interpersonal Communication (Score Range 0-9); Recreational Activities (Score Range 0-45); Social Activities (Score Range 0-66; Independence Competence (Score Range 0-39); Independence Performance (Score Range 0-39); Occupational Activity (Score Range 0-10). Total score is sum of all sub scores and higher score indicates better level of social functioning. (NCT00992407)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (n=16, 23)Change at Week 52 (n=4,14)
Risperidone Long Acting Injectables99.62.3
Risperidone Tablets103.59.6

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Change From Baseline in Simpson and Angus Rating Scale (SAS) Score at Week 52

The SAS rates 10 items from 0 (normal) to 4 (extreme), including gait, arm dropping, shoulder shaking, elbow rigidity, wrist rigidity, leg pendulousness, head rotation, Glabellar tap, tremor and salivation. The SAS global score is the average score (total sum of items score divided by the number of items) and ranges between 0 and 4, where the higher score denotes more severe condition of extra pyramidal symptoms. (NCT00992407)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Baseline (n=20,25)Change at Week 52 (n=19,22)
Risperidone Long Acting Injectables00
Risperidone Tablets00

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Change From Baseline in Verbal Working Memory (VWM) Response Based on Neurocognitive Function Test (NCFT) at Week 52

The NCFT is neuropsychological test which measures psychological functions. The VWM was measured by Korean-Wechsler Adults Intelligence Scale (K-WAIS), which consists of two subscales, the Verbal scale (6 subtests) and the Performance scale (5 subtests). The verbal tests were: information, comprehension, arithmetic, digit span, similarities, and vocabulary. Arithmetic and Digit Span test of Verbal WAIS scales was conducted. Arithmetic test (arithmetic questions were asked orally) involved calculations that measured concentration while manipulating mental mathematical problems. Digit span test (children were asked to repeat the orally given sequences of numbers either as heard or in reverse order) measured attention, concentration, and mental control. Here, mean number of correct responses in limited time period are reported for arithmetic (calculation) and Digit span. Increase in number of correct response indicates improvement. (NCT00992407)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

,
InterventionCorrect responses (Mean)
VWM (Calculation):Baseline (n=11,14)VWM (Numbers):Baseline (n=11,14)VWM (Calculation):Change at Week 52 (n=7,12)VWM (Numbers):Change at Week 52 (n=7,12)
Risperidone Long Acting Injectables7.511.62.01.3
Risperidone Tablets9.311.81.02.3

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Change From Baseline in Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Test Score at Week 52

The GAF is a 100-point tool rating overall psychological, social and occupational functioning of adults. The higher score range (91 to 100) refers to a superior functioning in a wide range of activities, and absence of symptoms. The lower score range (1 to 10) refers to persistent danger of severely hurting self or others; or persistent inability to maintain minimum personal hygiene; or serious suicidal act with clear expectation of death. (NCT00992407)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (n=17,24)Change at Week 52 (n=8,17)
Risperidone Long Acting Injectables58.35.4
Risperidone Tablets63.45.7

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Change From Baseline in Working Memory Based on Neurocognitive Function Test (NCFT) at Week 52

The NCFT is neuropsychological test which measures psychological functions. Working memory was assessed using Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) which measured verbal fluency and is a sub-test of the multilingual aphasia examination. The COWAT uses the three letter set of C, F, and L to assess phonemic fluency. Individuals are given 1 minute to name as many words as possible beginning with one of the letters. The procedure is then repeated for the remaining two letters. More words indicate improvement. (NCT00992407)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

,
InterventionWords (Mean)
WM (Digital Span):Baseline (n=10,12)WM (Coris Block): Baseline (n=8,13)WM (Digital Span):Change at Week 52 (n=6,10)WM (Coris Block): Change at Week 52 (n=5,9)
Risperidone Long Acting Injectables11.610.51.04.6
Risperidone Tablets14.314.90.5-0.7

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Change From Baseline in Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder (SUMD) Score at Week 52

The SUMD scale is a semi-structured scale that assesses participant's awareness of and insight into their illness, that is, the present level of insight. SUMD total score ranges from 0-27, with higher scores indicating poorer insight. The scale consists of nine items score ranging from 1 to 3, with higher scores indicating poorer insight. Score for each item is summed to produce the total score. (NCT00992407)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (n=17,24)Change at Week 52 (n=6,17)
Risperidone Long Acting Injectables12.1-4.8
Risperidone Tablets10.6-3.5

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Change From Baseline in Psychosocial Well-being Index (PWI) Score at Week 52

Psychosocial Well-being Index (PWI) is a questionnaire about how the participant feels and how the things had been going with them. Total score ranges from 0 to 135, where lower score indicates worsening. (NCT00992407)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (n=16,22)Change at Week 52 (n=9,18)
Risperidone Long Acting Injectables93.810.7
Risperidone Tablets96.00.7

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Change From Baseline in Members for Outpatients, Members Visiting Inpatients, Affected Members and Visiting Inpatients at Week 52

Healthcare economics questionnaire consists of 13-Questions, which measured disease burden on participant; out of which 4 questions are related to number of members for outpatients, number of members visiting inpatients, number of affected members and number of visiting inpatients. Mean-calculations were done for all questions. Higher value indicates more disease burden. Change from Baseline is the value at Week 52 minus value at Baseline. (NCT00992407)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

,
Interventionparticipants (Mean)
Members for outpatients:Baseline(n=13,16)Members visiting inpatients (MVI):Baseline(n=6,9)Affected members:Baseline(n=11,14)Visiting inpatients:Baseline(n=7,8)Members for outpatients:Change at Week 52(n=8,13)MVI:Change at Week52(n=0,3)Affected members:Change at Week52(n=4,10)Visiting inpatients:Change at Week52(n=0,3)
Risperidone Long Acting Injectables0.82.20.66.0-0.30-0.30
Risperidone Tablets0.72.90.76.1-0.3-2.7-0.4-5.0

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Change From Baseline in Emotional & Social Functioning Scale (SFS) Score at Week 52

For emotional and SFS, mean scores of neuroticism-extroversion-openness (NEO) personality test, relationship style questionnaire (RSQ), state-trait anger expression inventory (STAXI), positive affect and negative affect schedule (PANAS), emotional intelligence (EI), beck depression inventory (BDI), and beck anxiety inventory (BAI) scales were calculated. Score ranges for each category as:60-300 for NEO, 30-150 for RSQ, 20-80 for STAXI, 20-100 for PANAS, 8-172 for EI, 0-63 for BDI and BAI. Higher score indicates improvement. (NCT00992407)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
NEO personality test: Baseline (n=16,21)EI: Baseline (n=16,21)RSQ: Baseline (n=16,21)STAXI: Baseline (n=16,21)PANAS: Baseline (n=16,21)BDI: Baseline (n=16,21)BAI: Baseline (n=16,21)NEO personality test:Change at Week 52 (n=9,17)RSQ: Change at Week 52 (n=9,17)STAXI:Change at Week 52 (n=9,17)PANAS: Change at Week 52 (n=9,17)EI: Change at Week 52 (n=9,17)BDI:Change at Week 52 (n=9,17)BAI: Change at Week 52 (n=9,17)
Risperidone Long Acting Injectables178.7151.484.137.455.114.817.9-1.1-4.10.3-2.82.21.70.9
Risperidone Tablets173.7152.987.131.751.016.915.32.2-8.5-0.2-2.82.4-6.3-3.9

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Change From Baseline in Drug Attitude Inventory-10 (DAI-10) Score at Week 52

The DAI-10 is a 10-item questionnaire to assess 1) subjective experience of drug and 2) attitudes and beliefs toward neuroleptics which may influence compliance in schizophrenia participants. Score ranges from (-) 10 to 10. It is the binary scale assessing the participant's subjective response. A 'compliant' response is scored as +1; a dysphoric response is scored as -1. A positive sum of items indicates a positive subjective response (SR); a negative sum of scores indicates a negative SR (non-compliant). (NCT00992407)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (n=15,18)Change at Week 52 (n=7,15)
Risperidone Injection4.1-4.7
Risperidone Tablet5.0-1.1

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Change From Baseline in Days of Hospitalization, Number of Days Affected by Participants and Family, at Week 52

Healthcare economics questionnaire consists of 13-Questions, which measured disease burden on participant; out of which 3 questions are related to days of hospitalization, number of days affected by participants and family per participant within reporting interval score. Mean-calculations were done for all questions. Change from Baseline is the value at Week 52 minus value at Baseline. (NCT00992407)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

,
Interventiondays (Mean)
Hospitalization days:Baseline(n=11,18)Days affected:Baseline(n=8,11)Family affected days:Baseline(n=9,12)Hospitalization days:Change at Week 52(n=3,12)Days affected:Change at Week 52(n=3,10)Family affected days:Change at Week 52(n=4,10)
Risperidone Long Acting Injectables19.434.02.9-14.0-30.0-0.3
Risperidone Tablets9.824.32.0-10.0-25.3-1.5

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Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Score at Week 52

The PANSS is a 30-item scale designed to assess various symptoms of schizophrenia including delusions, grandiosity, blunted affect, poor attention, and poor impulse control. The 30 symptoms are rated on a 7-point scale that ranges from 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme psychopathology). The PANSS total score consists of the sum of all 30 PANSS items and ranges from 30 to 210. Higher scores indicate worsening. (NCT00992407)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange at Week 52
Risperidone Long Acting Injectables78.0-11.7
Risperidone Tablets69.5-13.0

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Height (cm) Z-score at Study Visit

Height (cm) measured at the study visit was converted to a Z-score based on the US Center for Disease Control 2000 growth charts for US subjects and European growth charts for ex-US subjects. A z-score indicates how many standard deviations a subject is away from the expected height for the subject's age and gender. (NCT01050582)
Timeframe: One single study visit, approximately one week after informed consent has been obtained

Interventionz-score (Mean)
Risperidone0.40
Other Atypical Antipsychotics0.09

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Age (Years) at Current Tanner Stage

Tanner stage is an evaluation of pubertal development with values ranging from 1 (pre-pubertal) to 5 (adult). A standardized, validated tool containing standardized pictures and written descriptions of the stages of pubic hair development, breast development for girls, and genital development for boys was used by physicians to make their assessment. (NCT01050582)
Timeframe: One single study visit, approximately one week after informed consent has been obtained

,
Interventionyears (Mean)
Tanner Stage 1Tanner Stage 2Tanner Stage 3Tanner Stage 4Tanner Stage 5
Other Atypical Antipsychotics10.311.212.215.015.0
Risperidone10.211.313.114.915.1

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Time to First Treatment Failure

Time to first treatment failure was the time from participant randomization to the first treatment failure, which was a composite endpoint consisting of any of the following events: arrest/incarceration, psychiatric hospitalization, discontinuation of antipsychotic treatment due to safety or tolerability, treatment supplementation with another antipsychotic due to inadequate efficacy, discontinuation of antipsychotic treatment due to inadequate efficacy, increase in level of psychiatric services to prevent imminent psychiatric hospitalization, suicide. A Treatment Failure Event Monitoring Board (EMB), blinded to individual participant treatment assignment, determined the occurrence and date of the first treatment failure event. (NCT01157351)
Timeframe: From date of randomization up to Month 15

InterventionDays (Median)
Paliperidone Palmitate416
Oral Antipsychotics226

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Percentage of Participants in Each Event Category of First Treatment Failure

First treatment failure was a composite endpoint consisting of any of the following events: arrest/incarceration, psychiatric hospitalization, discontinuation (D/C) of antipsychotic treatment due to safety or tolerability, treatment supplementation with another antipsychotic due to inadequate efficacy, discontinuation of antipsychotic treatment due to inadequate efficacy, increase in level of psychiatric services to prevent imminent psychiatric hospitalization, suicide. A Treatment Failure Event Monitoring Board (EMB), blinded to individual participant treatment assignment, determined the occurrence and date of the first treatment failure event. Percentage of participants who experienced treatment failure due to any event and for each specific category of event were assessed. (NCT01157351)
Timeframe: From date of randomization up to Month 15

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Treatment Failure Due to Any EventArrest/incarcerationPsychiatric hospitalizationD/C due to safety/tolerabilityTreatment supplementationD/C due to inadequate efficacyIncrease in level of psychiatric servicesSuicide
Oral Antipsychotics53.729.411.93.72.84.11.80
Paliperidone Palmitate39.821.28.06.62.20.41.30

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Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression - Severity (CGI-S) Score During Overall Treatment Duration

The CGI-S rating scale was a 7-point global assessment of symptom severity with scores determined by clinician as follows: 1=Not ill, 2=Very Mild, 3= Mild, 4= Moderate, 5= Marked, 6= Severe, and 7= Extremely Severe. The higher the score the worse the illness. (NCT01157351)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Month 15

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Paliperidone Palmitate-0.48
Oral Antipsychotics-0.43

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Change From Baseline in Personal and Social Performance (PSP) Total Score During Overall Treatment Duration

The PSP score assesses the degree of difficulty a participant exhibit over a 1 month period within 4 domains of behavior: a) socially useful activities, b) personal and social relationships, c) self-care, and d) disturbing and aggressive behavior. The investigators rate participants' degree of difficulty in each of the 4 domains using a 6-point Likert scale (from 0=absent to 5=very severe). The domain ratings were then transformed to PSP total score ranging from 1 to 100. Higher PSP total scores denote better functioning. A score between 71 and 100 represents normal to mild degree of dysfunction; a score between 31 and 70 represents varying degree of difficulty; and a score <=30 represents poor function that requires intensive supervision. (NCT01157351)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Month 15

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Paliperidone Palmitate5.75
Oral Antipsychotics5.36

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Time to First Psychiatric Hospitalization

"A time-to parameter looking only at 1 component event of treatment failure: psychiatric hospitalization. Time to first psychiatric hospitalization was admission date of the psychiatric hospitalization recorded in the Assessment of Treatment Failure - Psychiatric Hospitalization." (NCT01157351)
Timeframe: From date of randomization up to Month 15

InterventionDays (Median)
Paliperidone PalmitateNA
Oral AntipsychoticsNA

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Time to First Psychiatric Hospitalization or Arrest/Incarceration

A time to parameter looking only at 2 component events of treatment failure: arrest or incarceration, and psychiatric hospitalization. An arrest was defined as the taking of a participant into custody by legal authority, for any reason. Incarceration was defined as involuntary confinement by an officer of the law. Psychiatric hospitalization was an inpatient psychiatric hospitalization that occurred due to the participant's clinically significant worsening of symptoms of schizophrenia. (NCT01157351)
Timeframe: From date of randomization up to Month 15

InterventionDays (Median)
Paliperidone PalmitateNA
Oral Antipsychotics274

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Number of Participants With Response to Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS)

"Data relevant to the assessment of suicidality is mapped to the Columbia Classification Algorithm of Suicide Assessment (C-CASA) event codes. C-SSRS assesses whether participant experiences following: suicide attempt (Event code 2) (Response of Yes on actual attempt), preparatory acts toward imminent suicidal behavior (Event code 3) (Yes on aborted attempt, interrupted attempt, preparatory acts or behavior), suicidal ideation (Event code 4) (Yes on wish to be dead, non-specific active suicidal thoughts, active suicidal ideation with methods without intent to act/some intent to act without specific plan or with specific plan and intent), self-injurious behavior, no suicidal intent (Event code 7) (Yes on Has participant engaged in non-suicidal self-injurious behavior). Number of participants with Yes response for above mentioned categories are assessed. Baseline is defined as the Week 0 measurement." (NCT01175135)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 1, 2, 3, 4, Follow-up (FU) (7 to 10 days after administration of last dose of study medication)

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Baseline: Event code 2Baseline: Event code 3Baseline: Event code 4Baseline: Event code 7Week 1: Event code 2Week 1: Event code 3Week 1: Event code 4Week 1: Event code 7Week 2: Event code 2Week 2: Event code 3Week 2: Event code 4Week 2: Event code 7Week 3: Event code 2Week 3: Event code 3Week 3: Event code 4Week 3: Event code 7Week 4: Event code 2Week 4: Event code 3Week 4: Event code 4Week 4: Event code 7FU: Event code 2FU: Event code 3FU: Event code 4FU: Event code 7
PF-02545920 15 mg104101400030002000300000
PF-02545920 5 mg111000000010000000300010
Placebo123000000010001000000000
Risperidone 3 mg001000000000000000100010

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Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Findings in Vital Signs and Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Clinically significant findings based on investigator's discretion were assessed in vital sign parameters (including pulse rate, blood pressure and body temperature) and ECG parameters (including respiratory rate, heart rate, PR interval, QRS interval, QT interval, QT corrected using Bazett's correction [QTcB] interval, and QT corrected using Fridericia's correction [QTcF]). (NCT01175135)
Timeframe: Baseline up to end of study (7 to 10 days after administration of last dose of study medication)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
PF-02545920 5 mg0
PF-02545920 15 mg0
Risperidone 3 mg0
Placebo0

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Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Laboratory Test Abnormalities for Fasting Insulin, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Hemoglobin Type A1c (HbA1c) and Prolactin

Clinically significant findings based on investigator's discretion were assessed in laboratory parameters (including fasting insulin, high-density lipoprotein [HDL], low-density lipoprotein [LDL], Cholesterol, Triglycerides, glycosylated hemoglobin type A1c [HbA1c] and Prolactin). (NCT01175135)
Timeframe: Day 1 up to Week 4

Interventionparticipants (Number)
PF-02545920 5 mg0
PF-02545920 15 mg0
Risperidone 3 mg0
Placebo0

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Number of Participants With Laboratory Test Abnormalities

Criteria for abnormality:hematology: hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count: less than(<) 0.8*lower limit of normal (LLN); mean corpuscular volume; mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration: <0.9*LLN,>1.1*upper limit of normal (ULN); platelets: <0.5*LLN,>1.75*ULN, white blood cell count: <0.6*LLN, >1.5*ULN; lymphocytes, total neutrophils: <0.8*LLN, >1.2*ULN; eosinophils, basophils, monocytes: >1.2*ULN; coagulation: activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin, prothrombin international ratio: >1.1*ULN; liver function: bilirubin: >1.5*ULN; aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase: >3.0*ULN; protein, albumin: <0.8*LLN>1.2*ULN; renal function:blood urea nitrogen,creatinine: >1.3*ULN; uric acid: >1.2*ULN; electrolytes: sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, bicarbonate: <0.9*LLN,>1.1*ULN; urinalysis: pH<4.5, >8; glucose, protein, blood, ketones, urobilinogen, bilirubin, nitrite; Other(glucose: <0.6*LLN,>1.5*ULN) (NCT01175135)
Timeframe: Screening up to end of study (7 to 10 days after administration of last dose of study medication)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
PF-02545920 5 mg55
PF-02545920 15 mg58
Risperidone 3 mg34
Placebo56

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Proportion of Participants With Dystonia Adverse Events

Participants were assessed for presence of symptoms for any one of the following: dystonia, oromandibular dystonia, and oculogyric crisis. (NCT01175135)
Timeframe: Baseline up to end of study (7 to 10 days after administration of last dose of study medication)

Interventionproportion of participants (Number)
PF-02545920 5 mg0.01
PF-02545920 15 mg0.08
Risperidone 3 mg0.00
Placebo0.04

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Change From Baseline in Abdominal Girth at Week 4

(NCT01175135)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4

,,,
Interventioncentimeter (cm) (Mean)
BaselineChange at Week 4
PF-02545920 15 mg97.20.70
PF-02545920 5 mg96.50.71
Placebo93.50.74
Risperidone 3 mg95.63.33

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Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Week 4

(NCT01175135)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4

,,,
Interventionkilogram (kg) (Mean)
BaselineChange at Week 4
PF-02545920 15 mg87.5-1.23
PF-02545920 5 mg86.10.18
Placebo84.31.04
Risperidone 3 mg83.92.69

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Change From Baseline in Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Score at Week 4

GAF is a 100-point, clinician rated single item scale that rates the severity of illness-related impairment in psychological, social and occupational functioning of participants on a hypothetical continuum of mental illness to mental health. The scale values range from 1 to 100 with lower score indicating greater severity of illness and is divided into 10 equal intervals (descriptors): from 1-10 (persistent danger of hurting self - serious suicidal acting with clear expectations of death) to 91-100 (superior functioning - no symptoms). Each descriptor has a nine-point range to allow for some variability of severity within the descriptor. (NCT01175135)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange at Week 4
PF-02545920 15 mg38.56.9
PF-02545920 5 mg38.46.3
Placebo38.26.3
Risperidone 3 mg38.77.7

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Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression - Severity (CGI-S) Score at Week 4

"CGI-S: 7-point clinician rated scale to assess severity of participant's current illness state. Clinician responded to a question Considering your total clinical experience with this particular population, how mentally ill is your patient at this time? on the following scores: 1 (normal - not ill at all), 2 (borderline mentally ill), 3 (mildly ill), 4 (moderately ill), 5 (markedly ill), 6 (severely ill), 7 (among the most severely ill participants). Higher score = more affected." (NCT01175135)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange at Week 4
PF-02545920 15 mg5.0-0.7
PF-02545920 5 mg5.0-0.7
Placebo5.0-0.6
Risperidone 3 mg4.9-0.8

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Change From Baseline in Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale-Abbreviated (ESRS-A) Parameter Scores at Week 4

ESRS-A is a clinician rated scale consisting of 24 items to assess severity of extra-pyramidal symptoms for following parameters: parkinsonism (10 items), dystonia (6 items), dyskinesia (6 items) and akathisia (2 items). Each item is scored on a 6-point Likert scale (0=absent, 1=minimal, 2=mild, 3=moderate, 4=severe, 5=extreme). Total score for a parameter is average of individual item scores included under the parameter, ranging from 0 to 5, with higher score = more affected. (NCT01175135)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline: ParkinsonismBaseline: DystoniaBaseline: DyskinesiaBaseline: AkathisiaChange at Week 4: ParkinsonismChange at Week 4: DystoniaChange at Week 4: DyskinesiaChange at Week 4: Akathisia
PF-02545920 15 mg0.5000.0000.0950.0680.0860.2070.2070.328
PF-02545920 5 mg0.2570.0950.1220.1620.1430.0000.0160.032
Placebo0.4730.0270.1350.243-0.1900.032-0.032-0.095
Risperidone 3 mg0.1940.0000.1940.111-0.0380.0000.0380.154

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Number of Participants With Abnormal White Blood Cell (WBC) Count and Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC)

Pre-defined criteria was established for WBC Count (less than 0.6 times the lower limit of normal) and absolute neutrophil count (less than 0.8 times the lower limit of normal) to define the values that would be identified as abnormal. (NCT01175135)
Timeframe: Day 1 up to Week 4

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
WBCANC
PF-02545920 15 mg06
PF-02545920 5 mg06
Placebo08
Risperidone 3 mg00

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Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 4

PANSS assesses the positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and general psychopathology specifically associated with schizophrenia. The scale consists of 30 items. Each item is rated on a scale from 1 (symptom not present) to 7 (symptoms extremely severe). The sum of the 30 items is defined as the PANSS total score and ranges from 30 to 210; higher score indicates greater severity. (NCT01175135)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange at Week 4
PF-02545920 15 mg97.7-13.8
PF-02545920 5 mg98.1-15.3
Placebo97.2-12.6
Risperidone 3 mg97.4-17.9

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Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) - Positive, Negative, and General Subscales Score at Week 4

PANSS - positive, negative, and general subscales assesses positive, negative and general psychopathological symptoms associated with schizophrenia respectively. Seven (7) items each make up the positive scale (for example; delusions, conceptual disorganization, and hallucinatory behavior) and negative scale (for example; blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, poor rapport, passive/apathetic social withdrawal) and 16 items make up the general scale (for example; somatic concern, anxiety, guilt feelings, mannerisms and posturing, motor retardation, uncooperativeness, disorientation, poor impulse control, pre-occupation). Each item is rated on a 7-point Likert scale from 1 (symptom not present) to 7 (symptoms extremely severe). Total scores range for positive as well as negative subscale is 7 to 49 and for general subscale is 16 to 112; higher subscale score indicates greater severity. (NCT01175135)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline: Positive ScoreBaseline: Negative ScoreBaseline: General ScoreChange at Week 4: Positive ScoreChange at Week 4: Negative ScoreChange at Week 4: General Score
PF-02545920 15 mg26.123.448.2-4.5-2.2-7.1
PF-02545920 5 mg26.923.447.9-5.0-2.7-7.5
Placebo26.823.247.2-4.5-1.5-6.6
Risperidone 3 mg26.624.046.8-6.7-2.7-8.6

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Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) - Marder Factors Score at Week 4

PANSS is a 30-item scale to assess the neuropsychiatric symptoms of schizophrenia. The symptoms are rated on a 7-point scale from 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme psychopathology). PANSS Marder positive symptoms subscale consists of 8 items with total score equal to sum of 8 items ranging from 8-56; Marder negative symptoms subscale and Marder disorganized thoughts (Dis. Thought) subscale, each consists of 7 items with total score equal to sum of 7 items each, ranging from 7-49, Marder uncontrolled hostility/excitement (Uncon. Hos/Exc) subscale and Marder anxiety/depression (Anx/Dep) subscale, each consists of 4 items with total score equal to sum of 4 items each ranging from 4-28. Higher subscale score indicates greater severity. (NCT01175135)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline: Positive scoreBaseline: Negative ScoreBaseline: Dis. Thought ScoreBaseline: Uncon. Hos/Exc ScoreBaseline: Anx/Dep ScoreChange at Week 4: Positive scoreChange at Week 4: Negative ScoreChange at Week 4:Dis. Thought ScoreChange at Week 4:Uncon.Hos/ExcScoreChange at Week 4: Anx/DepScore
PF-02545920 15 mg30.623.321.09.813.0-5.0-2.9-2.3-0.9-2.6
PF-02545920 5 mg30.923.020.410.413.5-5.5-3.0-2.5-1.2-2.9
Placebo31.023.020.310.012.9-4.6-2.3-1.9-1.0-2.9
Risperidone 3 mg30.322.921.310.612.4-6.2-2.5-3.0-2.4-3.8

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Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) - Derived Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) Core Score at Week 4

PANSS is a 30-item scale to assess the neuropsychiatric symptoms of schizophrenia. PANSS derived BPRS is an 18-item clinician rated scale which assesses symptoms such as hostility, suspiciousness, hallucinations, grandiosity, and a number of other psychiatric symptoms. Items scored on a 7-point scale (1=not present and 7=extremely severe), with higher score indicating greater severity of symptom. BPRS core score consists of 4 items (Conceptual disorganization, Hallucinatory behavior, Suspiciousness/persecution, Unusual thought content) with total score equal to sum of the 4 items, ranging from 4 to 28, with higher score indicating greater severity. (NCT01175135)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange at Week 4
PF-02545920 15 mg17.3-3.4
PF-02545920 5 mg17.4-3.7
Placebo17.3-3.2
Risperidone 3 mg17.2-4.7

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Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM) Score

TSQM assesses the participant's level of satisfaction with study medication. It consists of a 14-item questionnaire which comprises of 3 specific scales (effectiveness, side effects, convenience) and 1 global satisfaction scale. Effectiveness, convenience and global satisfaction scale are rated on a 7-point scale (0= Extremely Dissatisfied, 1= Very Dissatisfied, 2= Dissatisfied, 3= Somewhat Satisfied, 4= Satisfied, 5= Very Satisfied, 6= Extremely Satisfied) and side effects are rated on a 5-point scale (0= Extremely Dissatisfied, 1=Very Dissatisfied, 2= Somewhat Dissatisfied, 3= Slightly Dissatisfied, 4= Not at all Dissatisfied). Scale scores are transformed into scores ranging from 0 to 100, with a higher score indicating more satisfaction. (NCT01175135)
Timeframe: Week 4

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
EffectivenessSide-EffectsConvenienceGlobal Satisfaction
PF-02545920 15 mg51.9079.2068.3751.02
PF-02545920 5 mg53.6886.4370.4656.84
Placebo53.7087.4166.8349.48
Risperidone 3 mg63.3787.3075.6966.07

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Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Changes in Physical Examinations

Clinically significant findings in physical examinations based on investigator's discretion were assessed. Screening was the 7 day time (from Day -8 to Day -2) before dosing on Day 1. Number of participants with clinically significant changes in physical examinations compared to screening was assessed. (NCT01175135)
Timeframe: Screening, Week 4

Interventionparticipants (Number)
PF-02545920 5 mg0
PF-02545920 15 mg0
Risperidone 3 mg0
Placebo0

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Clinical Global Impression - Improvement (CGI-I) Score

"CGI-I: 7-point clinician rated scale ranging from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). Clinician responded to a question: Compared to your subject's condition at the beginning of treatment, how much has your subject changed? Compared to Baseline (Day 1), improvement was defined as score of 1 (very much improved), 2 (much improved), or 3 (minimally improved) on the scale. Higher score = more affected." (NCT01175135)
Timeframe: Week 4

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
PF-02545920 5 mg3.1
PF-02545920 15 mg3.3
Risperidone 3 mg2.7
Placebo3.2

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Change From Baseline in Movement Disorder Burden Score for Dystonia (MDBS-D) at Week 4

MDBS-D score reflects the numbers and durations of movement disorder adverse events for dystonia, the severity of the events, required treatment, and the total number of days the participant received study treatment. MDBS-D score = (S * D * C)/TTD; where S= Movement Disorder Severity Score for Dystonia (possible values: 1 [mild]; 2 [moderate]; 3 [severe]), D=adverse event duration (in days), C=concomitant medication factor (C=1.5 if an anti-cholinergic or beta blocker is used for the treatment of a movement disorder; C=1 if no concomitant medication is used), TTD=total treatment days for the participant. Value for MDBS score may range from zero to infinity. A higher MDBS-D score indicates a greater movement disorder adverse event liability compared to baseline. (NCT01175135)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
PF-02545920 5 mg0.0019
PF-02545920 15 mg0.0163
Risperidone 3 mg0.0000
Placebo0.0126

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Assessment of Adverse Events by Objective Rating Scales and Self Report Scales

"DIEPSS(Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale), VAS(Visual analog scale);mental sedation (alert-drowsy, muzzy-clear headed, mentally slow-quick witted, attentive-dreamy), physical sedation (strong-feeble, well coordinated-clumsy, lethargic-energetic, incompetent-proficient), tranquilization (calm-excited, contented-discontented, troubled-tranquil, tense-relaxed), and other types of feelings (happy-sad, antagonistic-amicable, interested-bored, withdrawn-gregarious) Minimum of VAS(Mental sedation score,Physical sedation score,Total score) is 0, Maximum is 10.~VAS-total score is average of all subscale scores. Minimum of DIEPSS is 0, Maximum is 4. The higher number is worse outcome. The score ranges are for subscale score. This outcome measure is reporting a change between baseline and 2hr after third medication." (NCT01284959)
Timeframe: baseline and 2hr after third medication

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
VAS-Total scoreVAS-Mental sedation scoreVAS-Physical sedation scoreDIEPSS-Bradykinesia score
Paliperidone ER4.114.784.080.20
Placebo3.353.853.230.08
Risperidone5.416.055.780.60

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Assessment of Adverse Events by Objective Rating Scales and Self Report Scales

DIEPSS(Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale), VAS(Visual analog scale);mental sedation (alert-drowsy, muzzy-clear headed, mentally slow-quick witted, attentive-dreamy), physical sedation (strong-feeble, well coordinated-clumsy, lethargic-energetic, incompetent-proficient), tranquilization (calm-excited, contented-discontented, troubled-tranquil, tense-relaxed), and other types of feelings (happy-sad, antagonistic-amicable, interested-bored, withdrawn-gregarious) Minimum of VAS is 0, Maximum is 10 Minimum of DIEPSS is 0, Maximum is 4 The higher number is worse outcome. The score ranges are for subscale score. This outcome measure is reporting a change between baseline and 50hr after third medication. (NCT01284959)
Timeframe: baseline and 50hr after third medication

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
VAS-Total scoreVAS-Mental sedation scoreVAS-Physical sedation scoreDIEPSS-Bradykinesia score
Paliperidone ER3.423.603.350.10
Placebo3.744.213.690
Risperidone6.156.536.250.25

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Assessment of Cognitive Functioning-1

"CNT(Computerized Neuro-Cognitive Function Test System); The tests included a word fluency test. All of the assessments except the CNT were conducted immediately prior to administration of the medication and at 2 (for risperidone and placebo) or 24 h (for paliperidone ER) after the first and third administrations of the study medications.~Minimum of Wisconsin card sorting test-Category completed is 0, Maximum is 6, the lower number is worse outcome.~Minimum of Wisconsin card sorting test-Perseverative response and Trials to complete is 0, Maximum is 128, the lower number is worse outcome.~Minimum of Wisconsin card sorting test-Perseverative error is 0, Maximum is 128, the higher number is worse outcome.~Minimum of Word-fluency test is 0 and no maximum value, the higher number is better outcome.~The score ranges are for subscale score. This outcome measure is reporting a change between baseline and 50hr after third medication." (NCT01284959)
Timeframe: baseline and 50hr after third medication

,,
Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Word-fluency test-AnimalWord-fluency test-Stationery"Word-fluency test-ㄱ""Word-fluency test-ㅅ""Word-fluency test-ㅇ"
Paliperidone ER23.5023.6017.1016.4016.70
Placebo25.4226.0019.7518.2517.17
Risperidone22.2222.5617.4417.4416.11

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Assessment of Cognitive Functioning-2

"CNT(Computerized Neuro-Cognitive Function Test System); The tests included the Stroop test, Trail-Making Test B (TMT B). All of the assessments except the CNT were conducted immediately prior to administration of the medication and at 2 (for risperidone and placebo) or 24 h (for paliperidone ER) after the first and third administrations of the study medications Minimum of Stroop test is 0, no maximum limit, the higher number is worse outcome.~Minimum of Trail making test B is 0 and no maximum limit, the higher number is worse outcome.~The score ranges are for subscale score. This outcome measure is reporting a change between baseline and 50hr after third medication." (NCT01284959)
Timeframe: baseline and 50hr after third medication

,,
Interventionmilliseconds (Mean)
Stroop test-ColorStroop test-Word-colorStroop test-Interference scoreTrail making test B
Paliperidone ER12.6818.315.6331.10
Placebo13.0917.534.4428.42
Risperidone15.4021.846.4329.78

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Assessment of Cognitive Functioning-3

"CNT(Computerized Neuro-Cognitive Function Test System); The tests included Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test (WCST). All of the assessments except the CNT were conducted immediately prior to administration of the medication and at 2 (for risperidone and placebo) or 24 h (for paliperidone ER) after the first and third administrations of the study medications.~Minimum of Wisconsin card sorting test-Category completed is 0, Maximum is 6, the lower number is worse outcome.~Minimum of Wisconsin card sorting test-Perseverative response and Trials to complete is 0, Maximum is 128, the lower number is worse outcome.~Minimum of Wisconsin card sorting test-Trials to complete first category trials is 0, Maximum is 128 and minimum of Wisconsin card sorting test-Perseverative error is 0, Maximum is 128, the higher number is worse outcome.~The score ranges are for subscale score. This outcome measure is reporting a change between baseline and 50hr after th" (NCT01284959)
Timeframe: baseline and 50hr after third medication

,,
Interventiontrials (Mean)
Wisconsin card sorting test-Category completedWisconsin card sorting test-Perseverative responseWisconsin card sorting test-Perseverative errorWCST-Trials to complete first category trials
Paliperidone ER6.0010.106.5012.10
Placebo6.0013.089.6711.75
Risperidone6.0014.1110.0014.00

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Assessment of Negative Symptoms and Neuroleptic Induced Deficit Syndromes by Objective Rating Scales

"SANS(Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms), NIDSS(Neuroleptic induced Deficit Syndrome Scale) In NIDSS, the average of number 1 to 5 is blunted affect, the average of number 16 to 20 is avolition, the average of number 6 to 15 is cognition, the average of all score is total.~Minimum of NIDSS(avolition, blunted affect, cognition, total) is -3, maximum is +3.(subscale score and total) '+' is better outcome, '-' is worse outcome. Minimum of SANS-Global score for alogia and blunted affect is 0, Maximum of SANS-Global score for alogia and blunted affect is 5 The higher number is worse outcome. The zeros are measured and Calcuated value This outcome measure is reporting a change between baseline and 2hr after third medication." (NCT01284959)
Timeframe: baseline and 2hr after third medication

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
NIDSS-AvolitionNIDSS-Blunted AffectNIDSS-CognitionNIDSS-TotalSANS-Global score for alogiaSANS-Global score for blunted affect
Paliperidone ER-0.66-0.24-0.38-0.4200.10
Placebo-0.280.020.02-0.0600
Risperidone-1.30-0.70-0.54-0.770.670.67

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Symptoms Assessment by Objective Rating Scales

SANS(Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms), NIDSS(Neuroleptic induced Deficit Syndrome Scale) Minimum of NIDSS is -3, maximum of NIDSS is +3. '+' is better outcome, '-' is worse outcome. Minimum of SNAS-Global score is 0, Maximum of SNAS-Global score is 5 The higher number is worse outcome. The zeros are measured and Calcuated value. The score ranges are for subscale score. This outcome measure is reporting a change between baseline and 50hr after third medication. (NCT01284959)
Timeframe: baseline and 50hr after third medication

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
NIDSS-AvolitionNIDSS-Blunted AffectNIDSS-CognitionNIDSS-TotalSANS-Global score for alogiaSANS-Global score for blunted affect
Paliperidone ER0.140.040.280.1900
Placebo-0.37-0.27-0.26-0.2900
Risperidone-0.85-0.70-0.66-0.720.130.25

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Changes in the Irritability Subscale of the Larger ABC (Abberent Behavior Checklist) That Occur From Baseline to 10 Weeks

"Multi-center, blinded clinical trial to evaluate biomarkers as predictors of efficacy and safety in children with autistic disorder to risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic drug and aripiprazole, an antipsychotic having a unique clinical and receptor-binding profile.~The major outcome measure was the score on the Irritability subscale of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC-I) . The ABC has 58 items describing some aspect of behavior and the Irritability sub-scale has 15 items, each completed by a parent or caregiver under the supervision of an investigator. Scores on each item range from 0 = no problem and 3 = severe problem (range of total scores 0 to 45). A fall in scores indicates behavioral improvement." (NCT01333072)
Timeframe: baseline to 10 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Risperidone12.7
Aripiprazole14.1

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Cognition

To evaluate the cognitive benefits of treatment with CYP-1020 (formerly known as BL-1020) compared to risperidone after 6 weeks of treatment in patients experiencing acute exacerbation of schizophrenia. Assessed by calculating difference between CYP-1020 and Risperidone on mean change from baseline to Week 6 endpoint on MATRICS Consensus Cognition Battery (MCCB) normative composite score. MCCB is a neuropsychological test battery that comprises 10 measures of 7 different cognitive areas including speed of processing, verbal learning, memory-verbal and non verbal reasoning and problem solving, visual learning, social cognition, attention/vigilance.The study was terminated after the interim analysis. MCBB total score ranges from -50 to 150. Change from Baseline by Visit (LOCF)Higher score means better cognitive functioning. (NCT01363349)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks

,
InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
MCCB Baseline ScoreMCCB Week 6 Score
CYP-10208.713.5
Risperidone8.212.5

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Timeline Followback Assessing Number of Drinks Per Week

Alcohol/other substance use (including tobacco) will be assessed primarily by weekly self-report using the Timeline Followback (TLFB) method enhanced by procedures to strengthen the reliability and validity of this measure. It involves asking participants to retrospectively estimate their alcohol and other substance use. (NCT01411085)
Timeframe: Weekly for 14 weeks, using data from last 8 weeks

InterventionDrinks per week (Mean)
Risperidone + Desipramine35.9

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Change From Baseline in PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) Total Score at Week 8

Mean change in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total score from baseline to Week 8 at the end of treatment. PANSS is an interview-based measure of the severity of psychopathology in adults with psychotic disorders. It have 30 evaluation items, which include 7 positive sub-scale, 7 negative sub-scale and 16 general psychopathology sub-scale on a score of 1 to 7. The total score is the sum of the 30 scale items. The minimum score is 30 and the maximum score is 210. Patient with PANSS total scores<70 is the normal,but the scores>120 is more serious.Change=(Week 8 Score - Baseline score) (NCT01516424)
Timeframe: From baseline to the end of study、week 8(day 56)or before other antipsychotic taken.

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
ITT analysis: At the end of treatmentPPS analysis: At the end of treatment
Blonanserin-30.59-33.71
Risperidone-33.56-36.31

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Change in the Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) Score at Week 6

CGI-S is a 7-point scale to assess the global severity of the participant's illness. CGI-S scores range from 1 (normal, not ill at all) to 7 (extremely ill). (NCT01625000)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
MP-214 3mg-0.7
MP-214 6mg-0.8
MP-214 9mg-0.7
Risperidone 4mg-1.2
Placebo-0.6

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Change in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 6

PANSS score is a 30-item rating scale to assess both the positive and negative symptom syndromes of patients with schizophrenia. Each item is scored on a 7-point scale, from 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme). The PANSS total score of the 30 PANSS items ranges from 30 to 210. High scores indicate greater severity of symptoms. (NCT01625000)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
MP-214 3mg-10.4
MP-214 6mg-13.8
MP-214 9mg-14.0
Risperidone 4mg-20.2
Placebo-9.5

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability

(NCT01625897)
Timeframe: Up to 60 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
MP-214 1.5-9mg78
Risperidone 2-12mg42

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability

The Numbers show Subjects with at least one Adverse Event (NCT01626872)
Timeframe: Up to 60 weeks (Treatment Period (48 weeks) and Follow-up Period (12 weeks))

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
MP-214 3mg67
MP-214 6mg92
MP-214 9mg50

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Average Over Time of Frequency of Cannabis Use

Frequency of cannabis use is obtained each week retrospectively as the number of days of cannabis use during the prior week (assessed using the Timeline Followback). Mixed models are used to obtain estimates of efficacy from the partial data provided by each subject while adherent to assigned treatment (under the 'missing at random' assumption). The 'explanatory' estimands (target of the mixed model estimation) are defined in terms of population quantities that would have occurred had all subjects remained on assigned treatment throughout the study. The point estimate for each arm is reported under Number. (NCT01639872)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventiondays of cannabis use during prior week (Number)
Clozapine4.26
Risperidone4.58

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Average Over Time of Intensity of Cannabis Use (Used to Evaluate Treatment Efficacy)

Intensity of cannabis use is obtained each week retrospectively as the number of joints smoked during the prior week (assessed using the Timeline Followback). Mixed models are used to obtain estimates of efficacy from the partial data provided by each subject while adherent to assigned treatment (under the 'missing at random' assumption). The 'explanatory' estimands (target of the mixed model estimation) are defined in terms of population quantities that would have occurred had all subjects remained on assigned treatment throughout the study. The point estimate for each arm is reported under Number. (NCT01639872)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionjoints smoked during the prior week (Number)
Clozapine10.21
Risperidone10.2

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Total Risperidone PK: Percent Fluctuation Over the Secondary Peak

"Total risperidone concentration (risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone) was determined by adding risperidone concentration to risperidone-equivalent concentration (obtained from the 9-hydroxyrisperidone data). Total risperidone concentration was calculated using the molecular weights of 410 for risperidone and 426 for 9-hydroxyrisperidone:~[Total Risperidone] = [Risperidone] + (410/426) * [9-hydroxyrisperidone]~The degree of fluctuation of total risperidone plasma concentrations calculated as (Cmax - Cmin) / Cavg, expressed as a percentage.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Secondary Peak, Injection 1 (Day 2 - Day 29)~Secondary Peak, Injection 3 (Day 58 - Day 85)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 2-29, Day 58-85

,,
Interventionpercentage of average concentration (Median)
Secondary Peak, Injection 1Secondary Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg122.350101.788
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg122.042101.666
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg151.29496.489

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Total Risperidone PK: Percent Fluctuation Over the PK Profile

"Total risperidone concentration (risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone) was determined by adding risperidone concentration to risperidone-equivalent concentration (obtained from the 9-hydroxyrisperidone data). Total risperidone concentration was calculated using the molecular weights of 410 for risperidone and 426 for 9-hydroxyrisperidone:~[Total Risperidone] = [Risperidone] + (410/426) * [9-hydroxyrisperidone]~The degree of fluctuation of total risperidone plasma concentrations calculated as (Cmax - Cmin) / Cavg, expressed as a percentage.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Overall, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to Day 28)~Overall, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to Day 84)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-28, Day 57-84

,,
Interventionpercentage of average concentration (Median)
Overall, Injection 1Overall, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg151.211108.226
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg135.238102.396
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg153.386114.008

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Total Risperidone PK: Minimum Plasma Concentration (Cmin) Over the Secondary Peak

"Total risperidone concentration (risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone) was determined by adding risperidone concentration to risperidone-equivalent concentration (obtained from the 9-hydroxyrisperidone data). Total risperidone concentration was calculated using the molecular weights of 410 for risperidone and 426 for 9-hydroxyrisperidone:~[Total Risperidone] = [Risperidone] + (410/426) * [9-hydroxyrisperidone]~Minimum plasma concentrations determined directly from individual concentration-time data.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Secondary Peak, Injection 1 (Day 2 - Day 29)~Secondary Peak, Injection 3 (Day 58 - Day 85)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 2-29, Day 58-85

,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
Secondary Peak, Injection 1Secondary Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg4.8675.028
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg5.64210.534
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg9.15913.735

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Total Risperidone PK: Minimum Plasma Concentration (Cmin) Over the PK Profile

"Total risperidone concentration (risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone) was determined by adding risperidone concentration to risperidone-equivalent concentration (obtained from the 9-hydroxyrisperidone data). Total risperidone concentration was calculated using the molecular weights of 410 for risperidone and 426 for 9-hydroxyrisperidone:~[Total Risperidone] = [Risperidone] + (410/426) * [9-hydroxyrisperidone]~Minimum plasma concentrations determined directly from individual concentration-time data.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Overall, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to Day 28)~Overall, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to Day 84)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-28, Day 57-84

,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
Overall, Injection 1Overall, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg4.8675.028
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg5.64210.534
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg9.15911.938

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Total Risperidone PK: Maximum Plasma Concentration Over the Secondary Peak (Cmax)

"Total risperidone concentration (risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone) was determined by adding risperidone concentration to risperidone-equivalent concentration (obtained from the 9-hydroxyrisperidone data). Total risperidone concentration was calculated using the molecular weights of 410 for risperidone and 426 for 9-hydroxyrisperidone:~[Total Risperidone] = [Risperidone] + (410/426) * [9-hydroxyrisperidone]~Maximum plasma concentrations determined directly from individual concentration-time data.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Secondary Peak, Injection 1 (Day 2 - Day 29) Secondary Peak, Injection 3 (Day 58 - Day 85)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 2-29, Day 58-85

,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
Secondary Peak, Injection 1Secondary Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg16.86717.885
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg21.41530.804
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg32.23538.300

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Risperidone PK: Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) During Initial Peak

"Cmax determined directly from individual concentration-time data.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Initial Peak, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to 24 hours after injection)~Initial Peak, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to 24 hours after injection)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-2, Day 57-58

,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
Initial Peak, Injection 1Initial Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg6.2804.955
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg5.4606.680
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg6.4707.145

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Total Risperidone PK: Average Plasma Concentration Over the Secondary Peak (Cavg, Day 2-29)

"Total risperidone concentration (risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone) was determined by adding risperidone concentration to risperidone-equivalent concentration (obtained from the 9-hydroxyrisperidone data). Total risperidone concentration was calculated using the molecular weights of 410 for risperidone and 426 for 9-hydroxyrisperidone:~[Total Risperidone] = [Risperidone] + (410/426) * [9-hydroxyrisperidone]~The average of plasma concentrations in the plateau, calculated as AUC Day 2-29/time~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Secondary Peak, Injection 1 (Day 2 - Day 29)~Secondary Peak, Injection 3 (Day 58 - Day 85)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 2-29, Day 58-85

,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
Secondary Peak, Injection 1Secondary Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg9.54812.710
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg11.93716.958
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg15.43423.896

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Total Risperidone PK: Average Plasma Concentration (Cavg) Over the PK Profile

"Total risperidone concentration (risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone) was determined by adding risperidone concentration to risperidone-equivalent concentration (obtained from the 9-hydroxyrisperidone data). Total risperidone concentration was calculated using the molecular weights of 410 for risperidone and 426 for 9-hydroxyrisperidone:~[Total Risperidone] = [Risperidone] + (410/426) * [9-hydroxyrisperidone]~The average of plasma concentrations calculated as AUCtau/ tau (tau = 28 days)~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Overall, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to Day 28)~Overall, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to Day 84)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-28, Day 57-84

,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
Overall, Injection 1Overall, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg9.68212.749
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg12.34216.440
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg18.74223.784

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Total Risperidone PK: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Time Zero to Time Tau (Where Tau=28 Days) (AUCtau)

"Total risperidone concentration (risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone) was determined by adding risperidone concentration to risperidone-equivalent concentration (obtained from the 9-hydroxyrisperidone data). Total risperidone concentration was calculated using the molecular weights of 410 for risperidone and 426 for 9-hydroxyrisperidone:~[Total Risperidone] = [Risperidone] + (410/426) * [9-hydroxyrisperidone]~AUCtau calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Overall, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to Day 28)~Overall, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to Day 84)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-28, Day 57-84

,,
Interventionhr*ng/mL (Median)
Overall, Injection 1Overall, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg6506.08567.1
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg8293.811047.7
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg12594.715982.6

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Total Risperidone PK: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Time Zero to 24 Hours (AUC0-24)

"Total risperidone concentration (risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone) was determined by adding risperidone concentration to risperidone-equivalent concentration (obtained from the 9-hydroxyrisperidone data). Total risperidone concentration was calculated using the molecular weights of 410 for risperidone and 426 for 9-hydroxyrisperidone:~[Total Risperidone] = [Risperidone] + (410/426) * [9-hydroxyrisperidone]~AUC0-24 calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Initial Peak, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to 24 hours after injection)~Initial Peak, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to 24 hours after injection)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-2, Day 57-58

,,
Interventionhr*ng/mL (Median)
Initial Peak, Injection 1Initial Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg335.4276.5
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg437.5415.1
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg466.2497.5

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Total Risperidone PK: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Day 2-29 Post Injection (AUC Day 2-29)

"Total risperidone concentration (risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone) was determined by adding risperidone concentration to risperidone-equivalent concentration (obtained from the 9-hydroxyrisperidone data). Total risperidone concentration was calculated using the molecular weights of 410 for risperidone and 426 for 9-hydroxyrisperidone:~[Total Risperidone] = [Risperidone] + (410/426) * [9-hydroxyrisperidone]~Area under plasma concentration-time curve from 24 hours (Day 2) to the last quantifiable collection during dosing interval (28 days); calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Secondary Peak, Injection 1 (Day 2 - Day 29)~Secondary Peak, Injection 3 (Day 58 - Day 85)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 at time of study drug administration." (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 2-29, Day 58-85

,,
Interventionhr*ng/mL (Median)
Secondary Peak, Injection 1Secondary Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg6186.98236.4
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg7735.110988.6
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg10001.415484.3

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Risperidone PK: Time of the Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) Over the Secondary Peak

"Results are reported across two timeframes:~Secondary Peak, Injection 1 (Day 2 - Day 29)~Secondary Peak, Injection 3 (Day 58 - Day 85)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 2-29, Day 58-85

,,
Interventionhours (Median)
Secondary Peak, Injection 1Secondary Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg120.000204.000
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg216.000216.00
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg192.000180.000

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Risperidone PK: Time of the Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) Over the PK Profile

"Results are reported across two timeframes:~Overall, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to Day 28)~Overall, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to Day 84)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-28, Day 57-84

,,
Interventionhours (Median)
Overall, Injection 1Overall, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg6.00018.000
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg168.000192.000
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg192.000180.000

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Risperidone PK: Time of Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) During Initial Peak

"Tmax determined directly from individual concentration-time data.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Initial Peak, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to 24 hours after injection)~Initial Peak, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to 24 hours after injection)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-2, Day 57-58

,,
Interventionhours (Median)
Initial Peak, Injection 1Initial Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg6.0006.000
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg6.0006.000
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg4.0004.483

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Risperidone PK: Swing Over the Secondary Peak

"The swing of total risperidone plasma concentrations calculated as (Cmax - Cmin) / Cmin.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Secondary Peak, Injection 1 (Day 2 - Day 29)~Secondary Peak, Injection 3 (Day 58 - Day 85)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 2-29, Day 58-85

,,
Interventionratio (Median)
Secondary Peak, Injection 1Secondary Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg2.6443.736
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg2.6802.652
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg3.8132.698

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Risperidone PK: Swing Over the PK Profile

"The swing of total risperidone plasma concentrations calculated as (Cmax - Cmin) / Cmin.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Overall, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to Day 28)~Overall, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to Day 84)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-28, Day 57-84

,,
Interventionratio (Median)
Overall, Injection 1Overall, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg4.5754.077
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg4.1512.863
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg4.9383.159

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Risperidone PK: Percent Fluctuation Over the Secondary Peak

"The degree of fluctuation of total risperidone plasma concentrations calculated as (Cmax - Cmin) / Cavg, expressed as a percentage.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Secondary Peak, Injection 1 (Day 2 - Day 29)~Secondary Peak, Injection 3 (Day 58 - Day 85)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 2-29, Day 58-85

,,
Interventionpercentage of average concentration (Median)
Secondary Peak, Injection 1Secondary Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg134.805136.691
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg134.898125.387
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg141.030138.380

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Risperidone PK: Percent Fluctuation Over the PK Profile

"The degree of fluctuation of total risperidone plasma concentrations calculated as (Cmax - Cmin) / Cavg, expressed as a percentage.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Overall, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to Day 28)~Overall, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to Day 84)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-28, Day 57-84

,,
Interventionpercentage of average concentration (Median)
Overall, Injection 1Overall, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg190.745147.252
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg215.048140.688
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg173.609143.652

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Risperidone PK: Minimum Plasma Concentration (Cmin) Over the Secondary Peak

"Minimum plasma concentrations determined directly from individual concentration-time data.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Secondary Peak, Injection 1 (Day 2 - Day 29)~Secondary Peak, Injection 3 (Day 58 - Day 85)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 2-29, Day 58-85

,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
Secondary Peak, Injection 1Secondary Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg0.8291.230
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg1.0702.100
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg1.7202.415

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Risperidone PK: Minimum Plasma Concentration (Cmin) Over the PK Profile

"Minimum plasma concentrations determined directly from individual concentration-time data.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Overall, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to Day 28)~Overall, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to Day 84)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-28, Day 57-84

,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
Overall, Injection 1Overall, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg0.8291.230
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg1.0602.100
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg1.7202.415

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Risperidone PK: Maximum Plasma Concentration Over the Secondary Peak (Cmax)

"Maximum plasma concentrations determined directly from individual concentration-time data.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Secondary Peak, Injection 1 (Day 2 - Day 29) Secondary Peak, Injection 3 (Day 58 - Day 85)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 2-29, Day 58-85

,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
Secondary Peak, Injection 1Secondary Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg3.1205.220
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg5.9507.010
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg7.95012.125

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Risperidone PK: Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) Over the PK Profile

"Maximum plasma concentrations determined directly from individual concentration-time data.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Overall, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to Day 28)~Overall, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to Day 84)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-28, Day 57-84

,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
Overall, Injection 1Overall, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg6.2805.720
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg7.5207.490
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg9.27012.125

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9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Average Plasma Concentration (Cavg) Over the PK Profile

"The average of plasma concentrations calculated as AUCtau/ tau (tau = 28 days)~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Overall, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to Day 28)~Overall, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to Day 84)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-28, Day 57-84

,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
Overall, Injection 1Overall, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg7.3328.242
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg8.34412.718
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg14.67617.361

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9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Time Zero to Time Tau (Where Tau=28 Days) (AUCtau)

"AUCtau calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Overall, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to Day 28)~Overall, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to Day 84)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-28, Day 57-84

,,
Interventionhr*ng/mL (Median)
Overall, Injection 1Overall, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg4927.05538.3
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg5607.58546.7
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg9862.211666.9

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9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Time Zero to 24 Hours (AUC0-24)

"AUC0-24 calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Initial Peak, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to 24 hours after injection)~Initial Peak, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to 24 hours after injection)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-2, Day 57-58

,,
Interventionhr*ng/mL (Median)
Initial Peak, Injection 1Initial Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg237.0169.2
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg251.1263.4
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg404.8342.6

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9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Day 2-29 Post Injection (AUC Day 2-29)

"Area under plasma concentration-time curve from 24 hours (Day 2) to the last quantifiable collection during dosing interval (28 days); calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Secondary Peak, Injection 1 (Day 2 - Day 29)~Secondary Peak, Injection 3 (Day 58 - Day 85)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 2-29, Day 58-85

,,
Interventionhr*ng/mL (Median)
Secondary Peak, Injection 1Secondary Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg4696.85388.2
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg5222.98311.7
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg7891.011786.5

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Total Risperidone PK: Accumulation Index Between Injections 1 and 3 In Terms of Maximum Plasma Concentrations (Rac(Cmax))

"Total risperidone concentration (risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone) was determined by adding risperidone concentration to risperidone-equivalent concentration (obtained from the 9-hydroxyrisperidone data). Total risperidone concentration was calculated using the molecular weights of 410 for risperidone and 426 for 9-hydroxyrisperidone:~[Total Risperidone] = [Risperidone] + (410/426) * [9-hydroxyrisperidone]~Accumulation index in terms of Cmax calculated as ratio of Cmax injection 3 / injection 1.~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-28, Day 57-84

Interventionratio (Median)
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg0.976
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg1.525
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg1.105

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Total Risperidone PK: Accumulation Index Between Injections 1 and 3 In Terms of Area Under the Plasma Concentration Curve (Rac(AUC))

"Total risperidone concentration (risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone) was determined by adding risperidone concentration to risperidone-equivalent concentration (obtained from the 9-hydroxyrisperidone data). Total risperidone concentration was calculated using the molecular weights of 410 for risperidone and 426 for 9-hydroxyrisperidone:~[Total Risperidone] = [Risperidone] + (410/426) * [9-hydroxyrisperidone]~Accumulation index in terms of AUC calculated as ratio of AUCtau injection 3 / injection 1. Tau = 28 days.~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-28, Day 57-84

Interventionratio (Median)
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg1.1
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg1.6
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg1.2

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Risperidone PK: Accumulation Index Between Injections 1 and 3 In Terms of Maximum Plasma Concentrations (Rac(Cmax))

"Accumulation index in terms of Cmax calculated as ratio of Cmax injection 3 / injection 1.~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-28, Day 57-84

Interventionratio (Median)
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg1.049
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg1.214
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg1.155

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Risperidone PK: Accumulation Index Between Injections 1 and 3 In Terms of Area Under the Plasma Concentration Curve (Rac(AUC))

"Accumulation index in terms of AUC calculated as ratio of AUCtau injection 3 / injection 1. Tau = 28 days.~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-28, Day 57-84

Interventionratio (Median)
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg1.1
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg1.7
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg1.1

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9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Accumulation Index Between Injections 1 and 3 In Terms of Maximum Plasma Concentrations (Rac(Cmax))

"Accumulation index in terms of Cmax calculated as ratio of Cmax injection 3 / injection 1.~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-28, Day 57-84

Interventionratio (Median)
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg0.997
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg1.442
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg1.076

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9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) During Initial Peak

"Cmax determined directly from individual concentration-time data.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Initial Peak, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to 24 hours after injection)~Initial Peak, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to 24 hours after injection)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-2, Day 57-58

,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
Initial Peak, Injection 1Initial Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg11.1009.470
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg12.90012.900
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg17.50017.450

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9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) Over the PK Profile

"Maximum plasma concentrations determined directly from individual concentration-time data.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Overall, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to Day 28)~Overall, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to Day 84)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-28, Day 57-84

,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
Overall, Injection 1Overall, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg12.30013.450
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg15.60021.200
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg22.40029.600

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9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Maximum Plasma Concentration Over the Secondary Peak (Cmax)

"Maximum plasma concentrations determined directly from individual concentration-time data.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Secondary Peak, Injection 1 (Day 2 - Day 29) Secondary Peak, Injection 3 (Day 58 - Day 85)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 2-29, Day 58-85

,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
Secondary Peak, Injection 1Secondary Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg12.30013.450
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg15.60021.200
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg22.30029.600

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9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Minimum Plasma Concentration (Cmin) Over the PK Profile

"Minimum plasma concentrations determined directly from individual concentration-time data.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Overall, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to Day 28)~Overall, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to Day 84)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-28, Day 57-84

,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
Overall, Injection 1Overall, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg3.9404.180
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg4.2406.580
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg6.6908.365

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9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Minimum Plasma Concentration (Cmin) Over the Secondary Peak

"Minimum plasma concentrations determined directly from individual concentration-time data.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Secondary Peak, Injection 1 (Day 2 - Day 29)~Secondary Peak, Injection 3 (Day 58 - Day 85)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 2-29, Day 58-85

,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
Secondary Peak, Injection 1Secondary Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg3.9404.180
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg4.2507.660
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg7.06011.450

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9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Percent Fluctuation Over the PK Profile

"The degree of fluctuation of total risperidone plasma concentrations calculated as (Cmax - Cmin) / Cavg, expressed as a percentage.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Overall, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to Day 28)~Overall, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to Day 84)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-28, Day 57-84

,,
Interventionpercentage of average concentration (Median)
Overall, Injection 1Overall, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg120.024121.077
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg124.696106.728
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg142.828122.701

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9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Percent Fluctuation Over the Secondary Peak

"The degree of fluctuation of total risperidone plasma concentrations calculated as (Cmax - Cmin) / Cavg, expressed as a percentage.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Secondary Peak, Injection 1 (Day 2 - Day 29)~Secondary Peak, Injection 3 (Day 58 - Day 85)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 2-29, Day 58-85

,,
Interventionpercentage of average concentration (Median)
Secondary Peak, Injection 1Secondary Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg112.945106.055
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg127.274104.207
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg141.300101.956

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9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Swing Over the PK Profile

"The swing of total risperidone plasma concentrations calculated as (Cmax - Cmin) / Cmin.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Overall, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to Day 28)~Overall, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to Day 84)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-28, Day 57-84

,,
Interventionratio (Median)
Overall, Injection 1Overall, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg1.9842.901
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg2.0412.142
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg2.6332.240

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9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Average Plasma Concentration Over the Secondary Peak (Cavg, Day 2-29)

"The average of plasma concentrations in the plateau, calculated as AUC Day 2-29/time~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Secondary Peak, Injection 1 (Day 2 - Day 29)~Secondary Peak, Injection 3 (Day 58 - Day 85)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 2-29, Day 58-85

,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
Secondary Peak, Injection 1Secondary Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg7.2488.315
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg8.06012.827
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg12.17718.189

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9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Swing Over the Secondary Peak

"The swing of total risperidone plasma concentrations calculated as (Cmax - Cmin) / Cmin.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Secondary Peak, Injection 1 (Day 2 - Day 29)~Secondary Peak, Injection 3 (Day 58 - Day 85)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 2-29, Day 58-85

,,
Interventionratio (Median)
Secondary Peak, Injection 1Secondary Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg1.9362.018
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg2.0411.991
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg2.6331.595

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9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Accumulation Index Between Injections 1 and 3 In Terms of Area Under the Plasma Concentration Curve (Rac(AUC))

"Accumulation index in terms of AUC calculated as ratio of AUCtau injection 3 / injection 1. Tau = 28 days.~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-28, Day 57-84

Interventionratio (Median)
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg1.1
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg1.5
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg1.2

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Total Risperidone PK: Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) During Initial Peak

"Total risperidone concentration (risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone) was determined by adding risperidone concentration to risperidone-equivalent concentration (from the 9-hydroxyrisperidone data). Total risperidone concentration was calculated using the molecular weights of 410 for risperidone and 426 for 9-hydroxyrisperidone:~[Total Risperidone] = [Risperidone] + (410/426) * [9-hydroxyrisperidone]~Cmax determined directly from individual concentration-time data.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Initial Peak, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to 24 hours after injection)~Initial Peak, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to 24 hours after injection)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-2, Day 57-58

,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
Initial Peak, Injection 1Initial Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg16.34314.549
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg19.41516.973
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg24.40022.852

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Summary of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAE)

"An adverse event (AE) is defined as any study-related event that represents a change (positive or negative) in frequency or severity from a baseline (prestudy) event (if any), regardless of the presence of causal relationship or medical significance. Treatment-emergent adverse events are defined as any adverse event with a start date on or after the first study dose date. AEs are determined by the Investigator to be related or not related to the study drug.~A serious AE (SAE) is defined by federal regulation as any AE occurring at any dose that results in any of the following outcomes: death, life-threatening AE, hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, a persistent or significant disability/incapacity, or a congenital anomaly/birth defect. Although a subject may have had 2 or more adverse experiences the subject is counted only once in a category. The same subject may appear in different categories." (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 106

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No TEAEs1 or more TEAEsRelated TEAEsSerious TEAEsSerious, related TEAETEAE causing discontinuationDeath
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg41160000
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg411110000
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg7841000

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Total Risperidone PK: Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) Over the PK Profile

"Total risperidone concentration (risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone) was determined by adding risperidone concentration to risperidone-equivalent concentration (obtained from the 9-hydroxyrisperidone data). Total risperidone concentration was calculated using the molecular weights of 410 for risperidone and 426 for 9-hydroxyrisperidone:~[Total Risperidone] = [Risperidone] + (410/426) * [9-hydroxyrisperidone]~Maximum plasma concentrations determined directly from individual concentration-time data.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Overall, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to Day 28)~Overall, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to Day 84)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-28, Day 57-84

,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
Overall, Injection 1Overall, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg16.87817.885
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg22.82530.804
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg32.23538.300

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Total Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS) Score at Baseline and Days 28, 56, 84 and 106

The switch from oral risperidone to RBP-7000 subcutaneous injections for safety markers used SAS. The SAS is a 10-item scale used to detect the presence of drug induced parkinsonism and extrapyramidal side effects, and evaluates symptom severity. The ten items focus on rigidity rather than bradykinesia, and do not assess subjective rigidity or slowness. Items are rated for severity on a 0 to 4 scale with 0=normal and 4=extreme description of the particular side effect. The total range is 0=no side effects observed to 40 = extreme of each of the 10 side effects. (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), Days 28, 56, 84, and End of Study (Day 106 or early termination visit)

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
BaselineDay 28Day 56Day 84Day 106
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg0.00.00.00.00.0
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg0.00.00.00.00.0
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg0.00.00.00.00.0

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Total Risperidone PK: Time of the Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) Over the Secondary Peak

"Total risperidone concentration (risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone) was determined by adding risperidone concentration to risperidone-equivalent concentration (obtained from the 9-hydroxyrisperidone data). Total risperidone concentration was calculated using the molecular weights of 410 for risperidone and 426 for 9-hydroxyrisperidone:~[Total Risperidone] = [Risperidone] + (410/426) * [9-hydroxyrisperidone]~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Secondary Peak, Injection 1 (Day 2 - Day 29)~Secondary Peak, Injection 3 (Day 58 - Day 85)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 2-29, Day 58-85

,,
Interventionhours (Median)
Secondary Peak, Injection 1Secondary Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg168.000228.000
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg264.000264.067
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg192.000216.000

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9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Time of Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) During Initial Peak

"Tmax determined directly from individual concentration-time data.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Initial Peak, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to 24 hours after injection)~Initial Peak, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to 24 hours after injection)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-2, Day 57-58

,,
Interventionhours (Median)
Initial Peak, Injection 1Initial Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg4.00024.000
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg6.00024.000
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg6.00024.000

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9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Time of the Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) Over the PK Profile

"Results are reported across two timeframes:~Overall, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to Day 28)~Overall, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to Day 84)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-28, Day 57-84

,,
Interventionhours (Median)
Overall, Injection 1Overall, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg168.000216.000
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg168.000264.000
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg192.000216.000

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9-hydroxyrisperidone PK: Time of the Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) Over the Secondary Peak

"Results are reported across two timeframes:~Secondary Peak, Injection 1 (Day 2 - Day 29)~Secondary Peak, Injection 3 (Day 58 - Day 85)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 2-29, Day 58-85

,,
Interventionhours (Median)
Secondary Peak, Injection 1Secondary Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg216.000228.000
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg168.000264.000
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg216.000216.000

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Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Scores (Severity of Illness and Global Improvement) at Baseline and Days 28, 56, 84 and 106

"The switch from oral risperidone to RBP-7000 subcutaneous injections for efficacy markers used CGI scores. The CGI is used in the assessment of global illness severity and change in clinical condition over time in psychiatric patients.~Severity of illness is measured on a 7-point scale with 1=normal, not at all ill and 7=among the most extremely ill patients.~Global improvement is measured on a 7-point scale with 1=very much improved, 4=no change and 7=very much worse as compared to the severity of illness at baseline." (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), Days 28, 56, 84, and End of Study (Day 106 or early termination visit)

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Baseline: Severity of illnessDay 28: Severity of illnessDay 28: Global improvementDay 56: Severity of illnessDay 56: Global improvementDay 84: Severity of illnessDay 84: Global improvementDay 106: Severity of illnessDay 106: Global improvement
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg3.03.04.03.04.03.04.03.04.0
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg3.03.04.03.04.03.04.03.04.0
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg3.03.04.03.04.03.04.03.04.0

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Global Assessment of the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) for Tardive Dyskinesia at Baseline and Days 28, 56, 84 and 106

"The switch from oral risperidone to RBP-7000 subcutaneous injections for safety markers used AIMS. The AIMS is a scale that aids in the early detection and ongoing monitoring of tardive dyskinesia, a movement disorder that can result from long-term treatment with antipsychotic medication. By assessing the participant's body movement in specific positions requiring rotation, a psychiatrist is able to determine whether abnormal facial or body movements exist.~The total score is the sum of 7 questions assessing movement plus 3 questions representing global assessments on the overall level of involuntary movement severity, incapacitation due to involuntary movement, and patient's awareness of involuntary movement. Each of the 10 questions are scored on a 0 (none) - 4 (extremely severe) scale. Plus two dental status questions are scored on a 0 (no) - 1 (yes) scale. The total score is therefore a scale of 0 (normal) - 42 (advanced tardive dyskinesia)." (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), Days 28, 56, 84, and End of Study (Day 106 or early termination visit)

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
BaselineDay 28Day 56Day 84Day 106
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg1.01.01.00.51.0
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg0.00.00.00.00.0
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg1.01.01.01.00.5

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Global Clinical Assessment of Akathisia Using the Barnes Akathisia Scale (BAS) at Baseline and Days 28, 56, 84 and 106

The BAS is a scale that detects the presence and severity of any drug induced akathisia. The scale measures objective and subjective effects such as restlessness and awareness of restlessness, respectively. Participants are observed while seated, then while standing and engaged in neutral conversation. Symptoms observed during additional situations, such as participant behavior on the ward, may also be rated. Subjective phenomena should be elicited through direct questioning of the participant. The global clinical assessment is reported on a scale of 0 to 5, where 0 = absent and 5 = severe akathisia. (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), Days 28, 56, 84, and End of Study (Day 106 or early termination visit)

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
BaselineDay 28Day 56Day 84Day 106
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg0.00.00.00.00.0
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg0.00.00.00.00.0
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg0.00.00.00.00.0

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Participants With Suicidal Ideation or Behavior as Identified Using the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) Score at Baseline and Days 28, 56, 84 and 106

"The C-SSRS is a scale developed by the National Institute of Mental Health trial group as a counterpart to the FDA's categorization of suicidal events. It was developed by a careful review and consequent categorization of thoughts and behavior that were statistically identified as significantly related to suicidal behavior. The scale captures the occurrence, severity, and frequency of suicide-related thoughts and behaviors throughout lifetime at screening, baseline, and for the time interval since last administration for repeat administrations during a study.~This outcome reports the number of participants with suicidal ideation or behavior." (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), Days 28, 56, 84, and End of Study (Day 106 or early termination visit)

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Baseline: Suicidal ideation or behaviorDay 28: Suicidal ideation or behaviorDay 56: Suicidal ideation or behaviorDay 84: Suicidal ideation or behaviorDay 106: Suicidal ideation or behavior
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg00100
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg01000
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg01000

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Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Scores at Baseline and Days 28, 56, 84 and 106

"The switch from oral risperidone to RBP-7000 subcutaneous injections for efficacy markers used the PANSS scores. The PANSS assessment is a medical scale designed to measure symptom severity among patients with schizophrenia. Each item is rated on a scale of 1=absent to 7=extreme. PANSS consists of three components:~The General Psychopathology Scale consists of 16 questions with a total range of 16 (no schizophrenia symptoms) to 112 (extreme schizophrenia symptoms).~Both the Positive Scale and the Negative Scale consists of 7 questions with a total range of 7 (no schizophrenia symptoms) to 49 (extreme symptoms) on each scale.~The PANSS range for assuring stability was a total PANSS General Psychopathology Scale score of 70 or less, with no score of 4 on any of the 7 questions in the Positive scale." (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), Days 28, 56, 84, and End of Study (Day 106 or early termination visit)

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Baseline: General Psychopathology ScaleBaseline: Positive ScaleBaseline: Negative ScaleDay 28: General Psychopathology ScaleDay 28: Positive ScaleDay 28: Negative ScaleDay 56: General Psychopathology ScaleDay 56: Positive ScaleDay 56: Negative ScaleDay 84: General Psychopathology ScaleDay 84: Positive ScaleDay 84: Negative ScaleDay 106: General Psychopathology ScaleDay 106: Positive ScaleDay 106: Negative Scale
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg27.013.015.028.013.016.028.013.017.028.013.515.526.013.014.0
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg24.014.018.026.012.017.026.013.018.025.012.517.523.512.018.0
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg27.013.018.027.012.018.025.011.517.525.012.516.026.514.018.0

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Risperidone PK: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Day 2-29 Post Injection (AUC Day 2-29)

"Area under plasma concentration-time curve from 24 hours (Day 2) to the last quantifiable collection during dosing interval (28 days); calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Secondary Peak, Injection 1 (Day 2 - Day 29)~Secondary Peak, Injection 3 (Day 58 - Day 85)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 2-29, Day 58-85

,,
Interventionhr*ng/mL (Median)
Secondary Peak, Injection 1Secondary Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg1198.22204.6
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg1544.92494.8
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg2937.33476.6

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Risperidone PK: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Time Zero to 24 Hours (AUC0-24)

"AUC0-24 calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Initial Peak, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to 24 hours after injection)~Initial Peak, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to 24 hours after injection)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-2, Day 57-58

,,
Interventionhr*ng/mL (Median)
Initial Peak, Injection 1Initial Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg103.898.7
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg87.8107.1
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg99.5127.0

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Risperidone PK: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve From Time Zero to Time Tau (Where Tau=28 Days) (AUCtau)

"AUCtau calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Overall, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to Day 28)~Overall, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to Day 84)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-28, Day 57-84

,,
Interventionhr*ng/mL (Median)
Overall, Injection 1Overall, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg1250.92144.6
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg1663.42647.1
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg3099.43621.2

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Risperidone PK: Average Plasma Concentration (Cavg) Over the PK Profile

"The average of plasma concentrations calculated as AUCtau/ tau (tau = 28 days)~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Overall, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to Day 28)~Overall, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to Day 84)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-28, Day 57-84

,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
Overall, Injection 1Overall, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg1.8613.191
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg2.4753.939
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg4.6125.389

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Total Risperidone PK: Time of the Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) Over the PK Profile

"Total risperidone concentration (risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone) was determined by adding risperidone concentration to risperidone-equivalent concentration (obtained from the 9-hydroxyrisperidone data). Total risperidone concentration was calculated using the molecular weights of 410 for risperidone and 426 for 9-hydroxyrisperidone:~[Total Risperidone] = [Risperidone] + (410/426) * [9-hydroxyrisperidone]~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Overall, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to Day 28)~Overall, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to Day 84)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-28, Day 57-84

,,
Interventionhours (Median)
Overall, Injection 1Overall, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg168.000216.00
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg215.833264.067
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg192.000216.000

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Total Risperidone PK: Time of Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) During Initial Peak

"Total risperidone concentration (risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone) was determined by adding risperidone concentration to risperidone-equivalent concentration (from the 9-hydroxyrisperidone data). Total risperidone concentration was calculated using the molecular weights of 410 for risperidone and 426 for 9-hydroxyrisperidone:~[Total Risperidone] = [Risperidone] + (410/426) * [9-hydroxyrisperidone]~Tmax determined directly from individual concentration-time data.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Initial Peak, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to 24 hours after injection)~Initial Peak, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to 24 hours after injection)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-2, Day 57-58

,,
Interventionhours (Median)
Initial Peak, Injection 1Initial Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg6.00017.917
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg6.00024.000
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg6.00024.000

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Total Risperidone PK: Swing Over the Secondary Peak

"Total risperidone concentration (risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone) was determined by adding risperidone concentration to risperidone-equivalent concentration (obtained from the 9-hydroxyrisperidone data). Total risperidone concentration was calculated using the molecular weights of 410 for risperidone and 426 for 9-hydroxyrisperidone:~[Total Risperidone] = [Risperidone] + (410/426) * [9-hydroxyrisperidone]~The swing of total risperidone plasma concentrations calculated as (Cmax - Cmin) / Cmin.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Secondary Peak, Injection 1 (Day 2 - Day 29)~Secondary Peak, Injection 3 (Day 58 - Day 85)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 2-29, Day 58-85

,,
Interventionratio (Median)
Secondary Peak, Injection 1Secondary Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg2.0482.412
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg2.0171.914
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg2.9281.679

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Total Risperidone PK: Swing Over the PK Profile

"Total risperidone concentration (risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone) was determined by adding risperidone concentration to risperidone-equivalent concentration (obtained from the 9-hydroxyrisperidone data). Total risperidone concentration was calculated using the molecular weights of 410 for risperidone and 426 for 9-hydroxyrisperidone:~[Total Risperidone] = [Risperidone] + (410/426) * [9-hydroxyrisperidone]~The swing of total risperidone plasma concentrations calculated as (Cmax - Cmin) / Cmin.~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Overall, Injection 1 (Day 1 injection to Day 28)~Overall, Injection 3 (Day 57 injection to Day 84)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 1-28, Day 57-84

,,
Interventionratio (Median)
Overall, Injection 1Overall, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg2.5022.588
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg2.1502.052
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg2.9282.019

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Risperidone PK: Average Plasma Concentration Over the Secondary Peak (Cavg, Day 2-29)

"The average of plasma concentrations in the plateau, calculated as AUC Day 2-29/time~Results are reported across two timeframes:~Secondary Peak, Injection 1 (Day 2 - Day 29)~Secondary Peak, Injection 3 (Day 58 - Day 85)~The PK sampling schedule was:~Days 1 and 57: within 15 minutes prior to dosing, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose~Days 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 15, 18, 22, 25, 58, 60, 62, 64-68, 71, 74, 78, 81 once each day at same time of day as study drug administration" (NCT01677377)
Timeframe: Day 2-29, Day 58-85

,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
Secondary Peak, Injection 1Secondary Peak, Injection 3
Cohort 1, RBP-7000 60 mg1.8493.402
Cohort 2, RBP-7000 90 mg2.3843.850
Cohort 3, RBP-7000 120 mg4.5335.365

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Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) - Disease Severity Score

"The CGI rating scale is a 7-point global assessment that measures the clinician's impression of the severity of illness exhibited by a participant. A rating of 1 indicates to normal, not at all ill and a rating of 7 indicates among the most extremely ill participants. Higher scores indicate worsening." (NCT01726335)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 38 and 50

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 2Week 4Week 8Week 16Week 24Week 38Week 50
Risperidone Prolonged Release3.553.373.303.213.102.922.943.19

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Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 4

The PANSS is a 30-item scale designed to assess various symptoms of schizophrenia including delusions, grandiosity, blunted affect, poor attention, and poor impulse control. The 30 symptoms are rated on a 7-point scale that ranges from 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme psychopathology). The PANSS total score consists of the sum of all 30 PANSS items and ranges from 30 to 210. Higher scores indicate worsening. (NCT01726335)
Timeframe: Week 4

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Risperidone Prolonged Release53.82

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Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 50

The PANSS is a 30-item scale designed to assess various symptoms of schizophrenia including delusions, grandiosity, blunted affect, poor attention, and poor impulse control. The 30 symptoms are rated on a 7-point scale that ranges from 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme psychopathology). The PANSS total score consists of the sum of all 30 PANSS items and ranges from 30 to 210. Higher scores indicate worsening. (NCT01726335)
Timeframe: Week 50

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Risperidone Prolonged Release49.72

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Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 8

The PANSS is a 30-item scale designed to assess various symptoms of schizophrenia including delusions, grandiosity, blunted affect, poor attention, and poor impulse control. The 30 symptoms are rated on a 7-point scale that ranges from 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme psychopathology). The PANSS total score consists of the sum of all 30 PANSS items and ranges from 30 to 210. Higher scores indicate worsening. (NCT01726335)
Timeframe: Week 8

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Risperidone Prolonged Release51.28

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Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI-10)

The DAI-10 is a 10-item questionnaire to assess 1) subjective experience of drug and 2) attitudes and beliefs toward neuroleptics which may influence compliance in schizophrenia participants. It is the binary scale assessing the participant's subjective response. A 'compliant' response is scored as +1; a dysphoric response is scored as -1. A positive sum of items indicates a positive subjective response (SR); a negative sum of scores indicates a negative SR (non-compliant). The final score is the grand total of the positive and negative points. Total score ranges from (-) 10 to (+) 10, higher score indicates positive SR (compliant) and lower score indicates negative SR (non-compliant). (NCT01726335)
Timeframe: Screening, and Week 8, 24 and 50

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
ScreeningWeek 8Week 24Week 50
Risperidone Prolonged Release2.784.454.595.07

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Extrapyramidal Symptoms Rating Scale (ESRS) Total Score

The ESRS is used to assess four types of drug-induced movement disorders administered as a questionnaire. Score range from 0 to 6 (0 is absent and 6 is extremely severe). (NCT01726335)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 50

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 2Week 4Week 8Week 16Week 24Week 50
Risperidone Prolonged Release0.4600.4160.2720.2890.2710.2210.089

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Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Scale Score

The GAF scale is a 100-point tool rating overall psychological, social and occupational functioning of adults. The higher score range (91-100) refers to a superior functioning in a wide range of activities, and absence of symptoms. The lower score range (1-10) refers to persistent danger of severely hurting self or others; or persistent inability to maintain minimum personal hygiene; or serious suicidal act with clear expectation of death. (NCT01726335)
Timeframe: Screening, and Week 8, 16, 24, 38 and 50

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
ScreeningWeek 8Week 16Week 24Week 38Week 50
Risperidone Prolonged Release62.667.572.571.473.968.6

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Personal and Social Performance (PSP) Scale Score

The PSP scale assesses the degree of a participant's dysfunction (ranging from i [absent] to vi [very severe) within 4 domains of behavior: socially useful activities, personal and social relationships, self-care, disturbing and aggressive behavior. The overall score ranges from 1 to 100. Based on the 4-domains there was one total score. Participants with a score of 71 to 100 had a mild degree of difficulty; from 31 to 70, varying degrees of disability; participants with scores of 30 or less function so poorly as to require intensive supervision. (NCT01726335)
Timeframe: Screening, and Week 8, 16, 24, 38 and 50

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
ScreeningWeek 8Week 16Week 24Week 38Week 50
Risperidone Prolonged Release60.066.472.671.771.869.1

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Short Form-36 (SF-36) - Quality of Life

The SF-36 is a survey of participant health. It consists of eight scaled scores, which are the weighted sums of the questions in their section. The eight sections are: vitality, physical functioning, bodily pain, general health perceptions, physical role functioning, emotional role functioning, social role functioning, and mental health. Each item is scored on a 0-100 range so that the lowest and highest possible scores are set at 0 and 100, respectively. All items are scored so that a high score defines a more favorable health state. (NCT01726335)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 50

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Functional capacity : BaselinePhysical aspect : BaselinePain : BaselineHealth General State : BaselineVitality : BaselineSocial Aspect : BaselineEmotional Aspect : BaselineMental Health : BaselineFunctional capacity : Week 50Physical aspect : Week 50Pain : Week 50Health General State : Week 50Vitality : Week 50Social Aspect : Week 50Emotional Aspect : Week 50Mental Health : Week 50
Risperidone Prolonged Release79.248.273.760.753.856.134.958.967.952.975.462.753.159.955.056.6

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Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 24

The PANSS is a 30-item scale designed to assess various symptoms of schizophrenia including delusions, grandiosity, blunted affect, poor attention, and poor impulse control. The 30 symptoms are rated on a 7-point scale that ranges from 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme psychopathology). The PANSS total score consists of the sum of all 30 PANSS items and ranges from 30 to 210. Higher scores indicate worsening. (NCT01726335)
Timeframe: Week 24

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Risperidone Prolonged Release48.95

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Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 2

The PANSS is a 30-item scale designed to assess various symptoms of schizophrenia including delusions, grandiosity, blunted affect, poor attention, and poor impulse control. The 30 symptoms are rated on a 7-point scale that ranges from 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme psychopathology). The PANSS total score consists of the sum of all 30 PANSS items and ranges from 30 to 210. Higher scores indicate worsening. (NCT01726335)
Timeframe: Week 2

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Risperidone Prolonged Release55.53

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Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 38

The PANSS is a 30-item scale designed to assess various symptoms of schizophrenia including delusions, grandiosity, blunted affect, poor attention, and poor impulse control. The 30 symptoms are rated on a 7-point scale that ranges from 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme psychopathology). The PANSS total score consists of the sum of all 30 PANSS items and ranges from 30 to 210. Higher scores indicate worsening. (NCT01726335)
Timeframe: Week 38

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Risperidone Prolonged Release47.40

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Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 16

The PANSS is a 30-item scale designed to assess various symptoms of schizophrenia including delusions, grandiosity, blunted affect, poor attention, and poor impulse control. The 30 symptoms are rated on a 7-point scale that ranges from 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme psychopathology). The PANSS total score consists of the sum of all 30 PANSS items and ranges from 30 to 210. Higher scores indicate worsening. (NCT01726335)
Timeframe: Week 16

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Risperidone Prolonged Release50.55

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Treatment Response

The primary outcome measure will be the total Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale Score. The range of the BPRS is 0 to 126 with higher scores indicated more psychological symptoms. (NCT01786239)
Timeframe: 16 weeks

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Baseline BPRS ScoreWeek 16 BPRS Score
Omega-3 Capsules & Risperidone41.6422.5868
Placebo & Risperidone42.3827.2235

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BMI Z-scores

(NCT01844700)
Timeframe: baseline to week 12

,
InterventionBMI z-score (Mean)
baselineweek 12 (n=1, n=2)
Aripiprazole, Quetiapine, Risperidone-0.370.38
Ziprasidone-0.510.22

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Percent Weight Change Compared to Baseline Weight

(NCT01844700)
Timeframe: baseline to week 12

Interventionpercentage of weight change (Mean)
Ziprasidone11.58
Aripiprazole, Quetiapine, Risperidone5.66

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Weight Change

(NCT01844700)
Timeframe: baseline to week 12

,
Interventionlbs (Mean)
baselineweek 12 (n=1,2)
Aripiprazole, Quetiapine, Risperidone118.5141
Ziprasidone120.5151

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BMI Percentile

(NCT01844700)
Timeframe: baseline to week 12

,
InterventionBMI percentile (Mean)
baselineweek 12 (n=1, n=2)
Aripiprazole, Quetiapine, Risperidone37.6762.5
Ziprasidone3259

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Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 26

The PANSS is a 30-item scale designed to assess various symptoms of schizophrenia including delusions, grandiosity, blunted affect, poor attention, and poor impulse control. The 30 symptoms are rated on a 7-point scale that ranges from 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme psychopathology). The PANSS total score consists of the sum of all 30 PANSS items and ranges from 30 to 210, higher scores indicate worsening. Change at Week 26 score is calculated as Baseline score minus Week 26 score. (NCT01855074)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 26

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (n=78)Change at Week 26 (n=66)
Risperidone68.928.1

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Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Score

The GAF is a 100-point tool to measure overall psychological, social and occupational functioning of adults. The higher score range (91 to 100) refers to a superior functioning in a wide range of activities, and absence of symptoms. The lower score range (1 to 10) refers to persistent danger of severely hurting self or others; or persistent inability to maintain minimum personal hygiene; or serious suicidal act with clear expectation of death. (NCT01855074)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 26

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (n=78)Week 26 (n=66)
Risperidone56.569.4

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Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS) Score

An ESRS scale is used to assess the extrapyramidal symptoms attributable to antipsychotics. It consists of 8 items to assess individual symptoms and each item is assessed from 0 (none, absent) to 4 (severe). The total score is the sum of the 8 item scores, for a total range of 0 (normal) to 32 severe). The items for the assessment of individual symptoms are classified into 4 categories of parkinsonism, akathisia, dystonia and dyskinesia. (NCT01855074)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 26

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 26
Risperidone12.99.2

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Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) - Disease Severity Score

"The CGI rating scale is a 7-point global assessment that measures the clinician's impression of the severity of illness exhibited by a participant. A rating of 1 is equivalent to Normal, not at all ill and a rating of 7 is equivalent to Among the most extremely ill participants, higher scores indicate worsening." (NCT01855074)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 26

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (n=78)Week 26 (n=66)
Risperidone4.22.9

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Patient Satisfaction With Treatment

Participants' were assessed for their satisfaction with the current antipsychotic treatment on a 5-point scale/questionnaire: very good, good, reasonable, moderate or poor. (NCT01855074)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 26

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Baseline; Very good (n=78)Week 26; Very good (n=66)Baseline; Good (n=78)Week 26; Good (n=66)Baseline; Moderate (n=78)Week 26; Moderate (n=66)Baseline; Poor (n=78)Baseline; Very poor (n=78)Baseline; No available (n=78)
Risperidone216134042101911

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Short Form-36 (SF-36) - Quality of Life Score

The SF-36 is a standardized survey evaluating 8 aspects of functional health and well being: vitality, physical function, social function, physical role, emotional role, bodily pain, general health, mental health. Each item is scored on a scale ranging from 0-100 (100=highest level of functioning). (NCT01855074)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 26

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline; Physical function (n=78)Week 26; Physical function (n=66)Baseline; Physical role (n=78)Week 26; Physical role (n=66)Baseline; Body pain (n=78)Week 26; Body pain (n=66)Baseline; General health (n=78)Week 26; General health (n=66)Baseline; Vitality (n=78)Week 26; Vitality (n=66)Baseline; Social function (n=78)Week 26; Social function (n=66)Baseline; Emotional role (n=78)Week 26; Emotional role (n=66)Baseline; Mental health (n=78)Week 26; Mental health (n=66)
Risperidone78.390.541.075.486.294.751.767.851.758.649.074.132.173.250.759.9

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Total Personal and Social Performance (PSP) Score

The PSP is a clinician-rated scale that reflects social functioning in 4 domains of behavior (socially useful activities including work and study, personal and social relationships, self care, and disturbing and aggressive behaviors). The total score ranges from 1 to 100 (score of 71 to 100 will have a mild degree of difficulty; from 31 to 70, varying degrees of disability; less than or equal to 30, functioning so poorly as to require intensive supervision) divided into 10 equal intervals to rate the degree of difficulty (i=absent to vi=very severe) in each of the 4 domains. (NCT01894984)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 24
Oral Atypical Anti-psychotic52.982.3
Risperidone52.188.0

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Number of Participants With Reasons for Discontinuation From Study Treatment

Number of participants with reasons for discontinuation from study treatment is reported here because participants provided multiple reasons for discontinuation. (NCT01894984)
Timeframe: Month 6

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Physician DecisionAdverse eventLack of efficacyDiscontinuation from Treatment (more than 4 weeks)Added other anti-psychoticsChange to other anti-psychoticsLost to follow-upWithdrawal by participantOther (unspecified)
Oral Atypical Anti-psychotic11327318390106
Risperidone142410651057674128

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Percentage of Participants With Relapse at Week 24

Percentage of participants with relapse was assessed wherein relapse was defined as hospitalization due to the aggravation of psychiatric symptoms of disease condition. (NCT01894984)
Timeframe: Week 24

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Risperidone0.5
Oral Atypical Anti-psychotic1.6

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Percentage of Participants Attaining Remission Criteria

Remission is defined as a clinical status where for each core symptoms (that are, delusions, conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, mannerisms and posturing unusual thought content, blunted affect, passive or apathetic social withdrawal and lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation) were assessed at a low-mild symptom intensity level, where such absent, borderline, or mild symptoms do not influence an individual's behavior. (NCT01894984)
Timeframe: Month 6

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Risperidone46
Oral Atypical Anti-psychotic68

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Clinical Global Impressions-Severity (CGI-S) Score

"The CGI-S rating scale is a 7-point global assessment that measures the clinician's impression of the severity of illness exhibited by a participant. A rating of 1 is equivalent to Normal, not at all ill and a rating of 7 is equivalent to Among the most extremely ill participants. Higher scores indicate worsening." (NCT01894984)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 24
Oral Atypical Anti-psychotic4.62.1
Risperidone4.51.5

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Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 24

The PANSS is a 30-item scale designed to assess various symptoms of schizophrenia including delusions, grandiosity, blunted affect, poor attention, and poor impulse control. The 30 symptoms are rated on a 7-point scale that ranges from 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme psychopathology). The PANSS total score consists of the sum of all 30 PANSS items and ranges from 30 to 210. Higher scores indicate worsening. (NCT01894984)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange at Week 24
Oral Atypical Anti-psychotic72.3-38.2
Risperidone74.7-36.5

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Feedback-based Probabilistic Classification Task

On each trial, participants will view one of four images and will be asked to guess whether it belongs to Category A or B. For each participant, the four images will be randomly assigned to be stimuli S1, S2, S3 and S4 (these are abstract visual stimuli denoted with numbers (stiumulus 1, stimulus 2, etc). A different set of similar images (S5-S8; S9-S12, etc) will be used for repeated testing. On any given trial, stimuli S1 and S3 will belong to Category A with 90% probability and to Category B with 10% probability, while stimuli S2 and S4 will belong to Category B with 90% probability and to Category A with 10% probability. Stimuli S1 and S2 will be used in the reward-learning task and S3 and S4 in punishment-learning task. Two stimuli per valence will be employed in order to balance category outcome frequencies, so that one stimulus in each task will be associated with each outcome. (NCT01931059)
Timeframe: Before every MRI except the 2nd and 4th which will occur during the MRI (5 times - 3 consecutive days)

Interventionpercentage of correct response (Mean)
ON - PUNISHMENT52.86
OFF - PUNISHMENT71.43
ON - REWARD61.43
OFF - REWARD70.00

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Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status

"This will measure the subject's cognitive performance. RBANS is a well-characterized repeatable battery to measure a wide array of cognitive performance in different cognitive domains. We will use Total Score in RBANS: five index scores are computed from the RBANS (immediate memory, language, visuospatial, attention, delayed memory) that are combined to provide the Total Score. The Total Score is expressed as a standardized score normalized to a population mean of 100, with a standard deviation of 15 (possible scores 40-135). Higher scores reflect better performance. More detailed information is available: Randolph C, Tierney MC, Mohr E, Chase TN (June 1998). The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS): preliminary clinical validity. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 20 (3): 310-9. doi:10.1076/jcen.20.3.310.823. PMID 9845158.~Here we calculated the difference of T-scaled total RBANS score between risperidone day and placebo day in all participants" (NCT01931059)
Timeframe: The change of RBANS scores between placebo and treatment conditions on two consecutive days

InterventionRBANS T-Scale point difference (Mean)
Risperidone Then Placebo-1.5
Placebo Then Risperidone-0.5

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Simpson-Angus Extrapyramidal Side Effects Scale

The secondary outcome measures are the scores from side effect scales (Simpson-Angus Extrapyramidal Side Effects. It will measured in synchrony with Repeated Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status to explore if any of these measures would correlate with network changes in the brain. The Simpson-Angus scale is 0 if there is no extrapyramidal side effects, and is higher the worst the symptoms are. (NCT01931059)
Timeframe: 2 times on risperidone day and on placebo day

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Risperidone Then Placebo0
Placebo Then Risperidone0

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 6 in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Scores.

Mean change in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total score from baseline to Week 6 at the end of treatment. PANSS is an interview-based measure of the severity of psychopathology in adults with psychotic disorders. It have 30 evaluation items, which include 7 positive sub-scale, 7 negative sub-scale and 16 general psychopathology sub-scale on a score of 1 to 7. The total score is the sum of the 30 scale items. The minimum score is 30 and the maximum score is 210. Patient with PANSS total scores<70 is the normal,but the scores>120 is more serious. (NCT02002832)
Timeframe: From baseline to Week 6(day 42).

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Lurasidone Group-31.2
Risperidone Group-34.9

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Mean Clinical Global Impression Scale-Improvement (CGI-I) Score at Week 6.

"The Clinical Global Impression Scale-Improvement (CGI-I) Score is a 7 point scale that requires the clinician to assess how much the patient's illness has improved or worsened relative to baseline state at the beginning of the intervention. Response is rated as one of the following, in which higher scores indicate less improvement or worsening:~1=Very much improved, 2=Much improved, 3=Minimally improved, 4=No change, 5=Minimally worse, 6=Much worse, and 7=Very much worse." (NCT02002832)
Timeframe: From baseline to Week 6(day 42).

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Lurasidone Group2.0
Risperidone Group1.9

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Area Under the Curve Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC∞) for Active Moiety

(NCT02086786)
Timeframe: Dose 1, 2 and 3: Pre-dose; at 2, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours post-dose; 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, and 21 days post-dose. Dose 4: Pre dose; at 2, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours post-dose; at 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, 21, 25, 28, 32, 37, 42, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 days post-dose.

Interventionh*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Gluteus (Risperidone ISM)21100
Deltoid (Risperdione ISM)22700

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Area Under the Curve to the Last Quantified Concentration (AUClast) for Active Moiety

(NCT02086786)
Timeframe: Dose 1, 2 and 3: Pre-dose; at 2, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours post-dose; 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, and 21 days post-dose. Dose 4: Pre dose; at 2, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours post-dose; at 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, 21, 25, 28, 32, 37, 42, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 days post-dose.

Interventionh*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Gluteus (Risperidone ISM)21300
Deltoid (Risperdione ISM)23300

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PTF for Active Moiety

Peak to Trough Fluctuation ratio for the Active Moiety (NCT02086786)
Timeframe: Dose 1, 2 and 3: Pre-dose; at 2, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours post-dose; 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, and 21 days post-dose. Dose 4: Pre dose; at 2, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours post-dose; at 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, 21, 25, 28, 32, 37, 42, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 days post-dose.

,
InterventionRatio (Geometric Mean)
Dose 1Dose 2Dose 3
Deltoid (Risperdione ISM)1.761.881.82
Gluteus (Risperidone ISM)0.9991.891.39

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Accumulation Ratio (RA) for Active Moiety

Defined as AUC (0-28 days) after the 4th dose divided by the AUC (0-28 days) of the first dose. (NCT02086786)
Timeframe: Dose 1, 2 and 3: Pre-dose; at 2, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours post-dose; 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, and 21 days post-dose. Dose 4: Pre dose; at 2, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours post-dose; at 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, 21, 25, 28, 32, 37, 42, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 days post-dose.

InterventionRatio (Geometric Mean)
Gluteus (Risperidone ISM)1.15
Deltoid (Risperdione ISM)1.14

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Trough Plasma Concentration (Cmin) for Active Moiety

(NCT02086786)
Timeframe: Dose 1, 2 and 3: Pre-dose; at 2, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours post-dose; 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, and 21 days post-dose. Dose 4: Pre dose; at 2, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours post-dose; at 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, 21, 25, 28, 32, 37, 42, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 days post-dose.

,
Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Dose 1Dose 2Dose 3Dose 4
Deltoid (Risperdione ISM)7.08.6010.29.52
Gluteus (Risperidone ISM)11.17.869.9712.6

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Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score

"The change in PANSS score from Baseline by visit 48.~The PANSS combines 3 subscales: The positive scale (7 items), the negative scale (7 items) and the general psychopathology scale (16 items).~PANSS Items Scores: 1 = Absent, 2 = Minimal, 3 = Mild, 4 = Moderate, 5 = Moderate Severe, 6 = Severe, 7 = Extreme.~Subscales are summed to compute a total score Range for each of the subscales: Positive scale (7-49); Negative scale (7-49); General psychopathology scale (16-112) Range for the PANSS total scale: 30-210 PANSS total score ≤70: stable schizophrenia PANSS total score between >70: decompensated schizophrenia" (NCT02086786)
Timeframe: Baseline, Days 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, and 21 post Dose 1; Dose 2, 3 and 4 post dose; Days 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, and 21 post Dose 2, 3, and 4; Days 25, 28, 32, 37, 42, 60, 75, 90, and 105 post Dose 4; Day 120 post Dose 4 or early termination.

,
Interventionpoints (Mean)
Baseline (Day -1)Visit 48 (Day 120 post Dose 4)
Deltoid (Risperdione ISM)6061
Gluteus (Risperidone ISM)5859

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Time to Peak Concentration (Tmax) for Active Moiety

(NCT02086786)
Timeframe: Dose 1, 2 and 3: Pre-dose; at 2, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours post-dose; 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, and 21 days post-dose. Dose 4: Pre dose; at 2, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours post-dose; at 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, 21, 25, 28, 32, 37, 42, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 days post-dose.

,
Interventionh (Median)
Dose 1Dose 2Dose 3Dose 4
Deltoid (Risperdione ISM)48.024.024.048.0
Gluteus (Risperidone ISM)48.024.048.024.0

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Peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax) for Active Moiety

(NCT02086786)
Timeframe: Dose 1, 2 and 3: Pre-dose; at 2, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours post-dose; 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, and 21 days post-dose. Dose 4: Pre dose; at 2, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours post-dose; at 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, 21, 25, 28, 32, 37, 42, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 days post-dose.

,
Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Dose 1Dose 2Dose 3Dose 4
Deltoid (Risperdione ISM)54.161.061.057.7
Gluteus (Risperidone ISM)39.653.248.647.4

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AUCτ for Active Moiety

AUCτ is the area under the curve over the dosing interval (τ), where the dosing interval is 28 days (NCT02086786)
Timeframe: Dose 1, 2 and 3: Pre-dose; at 2, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours post-dose; 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, and 21 days post-dose. Dose 4: Pre dose; at 2, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours post-dose; at 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, 21, 25, 28, 32, 37, 42, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 days post-dose.

,
Interventionh*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Dose 1Dose 2Dose 3Dose 4
Deltoid (Risperdione ISM)16300180001820018500
Gluteus (Risperidone ISM)14100154001660017300

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Terminal Half-life (t1/2) for Active Moiety

(NCT02086786)
Timeframe: Dose 1, 2 and 3: Pre-dose; at 2, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours post-dose; 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, and 21 days post-dose. Dose 4: Pre dose; at 2, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours post-dose; at 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, 21, 25, 28, 32, 37, 42, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 days post-dose.

Interventionh (Geometric Mean)
Gluteus (Risperidone ISM)163
Deltoid (Risperdione ISM)269

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Mixed Model for Repeated Measures (MMRM) Analysis of Change From Baseline to End of Treatment in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score

"The PANSS is a 30-item scale designed to assess various symptoms of schizophrenia including delusions, grandiosity, blunted affect, poor judgement, poor attention, and poor impulse control. The 30 symptoms are rated on a 7-point scale that ranges from 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme psychopathology). The PANSS total score is the sum of all 30 PANSS items and ranges from 30 to 210, with 30 indicating absence of symptoms of schizophrenia and 210 indicating extreme ratings of all 30 symptoms. Negative change from baseline scores indicate improvements in symptoms.~Estimates (least square means and standard errors), 2-sided confidence intervals, and -1-sided P values are based on a repeated-measures linear regression model of the change from baseline score, with fixed effects for visit as a categorical variable, baseline score, treatment and treatment by visit interaction, assuming an unstructured covariance matrix." (NCT02109562)
Timeframe: Day 1 prior to treatment (Baseline), Days 15, 29, 43 and 57 or early discontinuation

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
RBP-7000 90 mg-15.367
RBP-7000 120 mg-16.456
Placebo-9.219

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Mixed Model for Repeated Measures (MMRM) Analysis of Change From Baseline to End of Treatment in Clinical Global Impression - Severity Scale (CGI-S)

"The CGI-S rating scale is a 7-point global assessment that measures the clinician's impression of the severity of illness exhibited by a participant. A rating of 1 is equivalent to Normal, not at all ill and a rating of 7 is equivalent to Among the most extremely ill participants. Negative change from baseline scores indicate improvement in the severity of illness.~Estimates (least square means and standard errors), 2-sided confidence intervals, and -1-sided P values are based on a repeated-measures linear regression model of the change from baseline score, with fixed effects for visit as a categorical variable, baseline score, treatment and treatment by visit interaction, assuming an unstructured covariance matrix." (NCT02109562)
Timeframe: Day 1 prior to treatment (Baseline), Days 15, 29, 43 and 57 or early discontinuation

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
RBP-7000 90 mg-0.868
RBP-7000 120 mg-0.914
Placebo-0.518

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Summary of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAE)

"An adverse event (AE) is defined as any study-related event that represents a change (positive or negative) in frequency or severity from a baseline (prestudy) event (if any), regardless of the presence of causal relationship or medical significance. Treatment-emergent adverse events are defined as any adverse event with a start date on or after the first study dose date. AEs are determined by the Investigator to be related or not related to the study drug.~A serious AE (SAE) is defined by federal regulation as any AE occurring at any dose that results in any of the following outcomes: death, life-threatening AE, hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, a persistent or significant disability/incapacity, or a congenital anomaly/birth defect. Although a subject may have had 2 or more adverse experiences the subject is counted only once in a category. The same subject may appear in different categories." (NCT02109562)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Week 8

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No TEAEs1 or more TEAEsRelated TEAESerious TEAESerious, related TEAETEAE causing discontinuationDeath
Placebo3781501030
RBP-7000 120 mg2691651020
RBP-7000 90 mg3481580000

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Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAE)

"An adverse event (AE) is defined as any study-related event that represents a change (positive or negative) in frequency or severity from a baseline (prestudy) event (if any), regardless of the presence of causal relationship or medical significance. Treatment-emergent adverse events are defined as any adverse event with a start date on or after the first study dose date. AEs are determined by the Investigator to be related or not related to the study drug.~A serious AE (SAE) is defined by federal regulation as any AE occurring at any dose that results in any of the following outcomes: death, life-threatening AE, hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, a persistent or significant disability/incapacity, or a congenital anomaly/birth defect. Although a subject may have had 2 or more adverse experiences the subject is counted only once in a category. The same subject may appear in different categories." (NCT02203838)
Timeframe: Day 1 up to week 52

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
1 or more TEAE>=1 TEAE related to study drug>=1 serious TEAE>=1 serious and related TEAETEAE leading to dose modificationTEAE leading to discontinuationTEAE leading to death
De Novo Participants30623225038473
Rollover Placebo211230261
Rollover RBP-7000 120 mg181230220
Rollover RBP-7000 90 mg221430130

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Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression - Severity Scores (CGI-S) to Days 29, 169 and End of Study

"The CGI-S rating scale is a 7-point global assessment that measures the clinician's impression of the severity of illness exhibited by a participant. A rating of 1 is equivalent to Normal, not at all ill and a rating of 7 is equivalent to Among the most extremely ill participants. Negative change from baseline scores indicate improvement in the severity of illness." (NCT02203838)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 0), Baseline (Day 0), Day 29, Day 169 and End of Study (approximately Week 52)

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Day 29Day 169End of Study
De Novo Participants-0.0-0.1-0.2
Rollover Placebo-0.3-0.3-1.0
Rollover RBP-7000 120 mg-0.1-0.4-0.3
Rollover RBP-7000 90 mg-0.2-0.3-0.5

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Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Subscale Scores to End of Study

"PANSS subscales:~Positive scale assesses 7 items: delusions, conceptual disorganization, hallucinations, excitement, grandiosity, suspiciousness/persecution, and hostility. Scale: 7 (absent) to 49 (extreme psychopathology)~Negative scale assesses 7 items: blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, poor rapport, passive/apathetic social withdrawal, difficulty in abstract thinking, lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation, and stereotyped thinking. Scale: 7 (absent) to 49 (extreme psychopathology)~General Psychopathology scale assesses 16 items: somatic concern, anxiety, guilt feelings, tension, mannerisms and posturing, depression, motor retardation, uncooperativeness, unusual thought content, disorientation, poor attention, lack of judgment and insight, disturbance of volition, poor impulse control, preoccupation, and active social avoidance. Scale: 16 (absent) to 112 (extreme psychopathology) Negative change from baseline scores indicate improvements." (NCT02203838)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 0), End of Study (approximately Week 52)

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Positive subscaleNegative subscaleGeneral Psychopathology subscale
De Novo Participants-1.31.3-0.4
Rollover Placebo-7.8-4.0-8.3
Rollover RBP-7000 120 mg-3.7-0.9-6.4
Rollover RBP-7000 90 mg-3.7-4.1-4.7

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Change From Baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score to Days 29, 169 and End of Study

The PANSS is a 30-item scale designed to assess various symptoms of schizophrenia including delusions, grandiosity, blunted affect, poor judgement, poor attention, and poor impulse control. The 30 symptoms are rated on a 7-point scale that ranges from 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme psychopathology). The PANSS total score is the sum of all 30 PANSS items and ranges from 30 to 210, with 30 indicating absence of symptoms of schizophrenia and 210 indicating extreme ratings of all 30 symptoms. Negative change from baseline scores indicate improvements in symptoms. (NCT02203838)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 0), Day 29, Day 169 and End of Study (approximately Week 52)

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Day 29Day 169End of Study
De Novo Participants-1.2-1.2-0.4
Rollover Placebo-4.8-8.2-20.2
Rollover RBP-7000 120 mg-2.4-9.4-10.9
Rollover RBP-7000 90 mg-8.3-10.0-12.5

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Participants With Markedly Abnormal Weight Gain Anytime During the Study as Compared to Baseline

Participants who were found to have gain >=7% and >=10% of their baseline weight at any point during the study (including unscheduled assessments) once treatment began. (NCT02203838)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 0), Treatment (Day 1 up to Week 52)

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
>=7% increase from baseline>=10% increase from baseline
De Novo Participants10667
Rollover Placebo33
Rollover RBP-7000 120 mg54
Rollover RBP-7000 90 mg42

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Part 2 (Disease Progression): Change From Baseline in Visual Learning Score: MCCB Domain

MCCB measures cognitive function across cognitive domains and is comprised of 10 independent tests assessing 7 cognitive domains (speed of processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition). A subset of the MCCB cognitive domain was used to assess visual learning score of participants. The range of visual learning score T-scores for a normal control population is between 0 to 100 with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate better cognitive functioning. (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 260

InterventionT-score (Mean)
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)1.3
Part-2: OAP1.4

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Part 2 (Disease Progression): Change From Baseline in Verbal Learning Score: MCCB Domain

MCCB measures cognitive function across cognitive domains and is comprised of 10 independent tests assessing 7 cognitive domains (speed of processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition). A subset of the MCCB cognitive domain was used to assess verbal learning score of participants. The range of verbal learning score T-scores for a normal control population is between 0 to 100 with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate better cognitive functioning. (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 260

InterventionT-score (Mean)
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)1.3
Part-2: OAP1.0

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Part 2 (Disease Progression): Change From Baseline in Speed of Processing Score: MCCB Domain

MCCB measures cognitive function across cognitive domains and is comprised of 10 independent tests assessing 7 cognitive domains (speed of processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition). A subset of the MCCB cognitive domain was used to assess speed of processing score of participants. The range of speed of processing T-scores for a normal control population is between 0 to 100 with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate better cognitive functioning. (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 260

InterventionT-score (Mean)
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)1.8
Part-2: OAP3.5

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Part 2 (Disease Progression): Change From Baseline in Social Cognition Score: MCCB Domain

MCCB measures cognitive function across cognitive domains and is comprised of 10 independent tests assessing 7 cognitive domains (speed of processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition). A subset of the MCCB cognitive domain was used to assess social cognition score of participants. The range of social cognition score T-scores for a normal control population is between 0 to 100 with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate better cognitive functioning. (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 260

InterventionT-score (Mean)
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)0.3
Part-2: OAP1.6

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Part 2 (Disease Progression): Change From Baseline in Reasoning and Problem Solving: MCCB Domain

MCCB measures cognitive function across cognitive domains and is comprised of 10 independent tests assessing 7 cognitive domains (speed of processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition). A subset of the MCCB cognitive domain was used to assess reasoning and problem solving of participants. The range of reasoning and problem solving T-scores for a normal control population is between 0 to 100 with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate better cognitive functioning. (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 260

InterventionT-score (Mean)
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)0.2
Part-2: OAP2.8

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Part 2 (Disease Progression): Change From Baseline in Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) Total Score

The Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) is a 7-point, verbally administered, Likert-type scale rated as follows: 1=Extremely Dissatisfied, 2=Very Dissatisfied, 3=Somewhat Dissatisfied, 4=Neither Satisfied Nor Dissatisfied, 5=Somewhat Satisfied, 6=Very Satisfied, 7=Extremely Satisfied. Worst value is 1 (Extremely Dissatisfied) and best value is 7 (Extremely Satisfied). Total score ranges from 1 to 7. Higher score indicate improvement. (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline and endpoint Part 2 (up to 9 Months)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)-0.2
Part-2: OAP0.1

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Part 2 (Disease Progression): Change From Baseline in Functioning as Measured by the Personal and Social Performance (PSP) Total Score

The Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scale assesses degree of a participant's dysfunction within 4 domains of behavior: 1) socially useful activities, 2) personal and social relationships, 3) self-care, and 4) disturbing and aggressive behavior. Each domain was assessed on a 6-point scale, from 1 (absent) to 6 (very severe) (1 = absent, 2 = mild, 3 = manifest, 4 = marked, 5 = severe, and 6 = very severe). PSP total score was calculated as sum of all the domain scores and ranges from 1 to 100. Participants with score of 71 to 100 have mild degree of difficulty; from 31 to 70, varying degrees of disability; less than or equal to 30, functioning so poorly as to require intensive supervision. Higher score indicate better performance. (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 9

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)2.5
Part-2: OAP2.9

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Part 2 (Disease Progression): Change From Baseline in Cognition as Measured by the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) Composite Score

The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery is an instrument that contains 10 tests to measure cognitive performance in 7 cognitive domains: speed processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition. The composite score combines the individual scores of the 10 tests and scores them on a normative scale to derive a T-score and composites scores. The range of T-scores for a normal control population is between 0 to 100 with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate better cognitive functioning. (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 9

InterventionT-score (Least Squares Mean)
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)2.0
Part-2: OAP2.8

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Part 2 (Disease Progression): Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression Severity (CGI-S) Score

"The Clinical Global Impression Severity (CGI-S) rating scale is used to rate the severity of a participant's overall clinical condition on a 7 point scale. The score ranges from 1 to 7, where 1 is equivalent to Normal, not at all ill and a rating of 7 is equivalent to Among the most extremely ill participants. Higher scores indicate worsening." (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to 9 Months of Part 2

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)-0.2
Part-2: OAP-0.3

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Part 2 (Disease Progression): Change From Baseline in Attention/Vigilance Score: MCCB Domain

MCCB measures cognitive function across cognitive domains and is comprised of 10 independent tests assessing 7 cognitive domains (speed of processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition). A subset of the MCCB cognitive domain was used to assess attention/vigilance score of participants. The range of attention/vigilance score T-scores for a normal control population is between 0 to 100 with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate better cognitive functioning. (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 260

InterventionT-score (Mean)
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)3.2
Part-2: OAP0.7

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Part 2 (Disease Progression): Change From Baseline in Adjusted Intracortical Myelin (ICM) Fraction Score as Measured by Inversion Recovery (IR) and Spin Echo Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

"The adjusted ICM fraction score is quantified as: 1. The volume of myelinated brain tissue is measured separately on co-localized IR and proton density (PD) MRI images, by outlining the boundary between gray matter and white matter on each image. 2. ICM is calculated from the difference of IR volume minus PD volume. 3. ICM is then expressed as a fraction of the total intracranial volume (ICM divided by intracranial volume). 4. The ICM fraction is then adjusted for effects of age, gender, and race/ethnicity in the sample of treated participants and healthy controls. A decrease in the adjusted ICM fraction score may be a sign of disease progression." (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 260

Interventionratio (Mean)
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)-0.001
Part-2: OAP-0.004

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Part 3 (EDP): Number of Participants With Change From Baseline in Severity of Psychotic Symptoms, as Measured by CRDPSS

The CRDPSS is an 8-item measure that assesses the severity of mental health symptoms that are important across psychotic disorders, including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, abnormal psychomotor behavior, negative symptoms. Each item on the measure is rated on a 5-point scale (0=none; 1=equivocal; 2=present, but mild; 3=present and moderate; and 4=present and severe). Total Score is taken as summation. A higher score indicates a more severe condition. Worsened or improved is defined as increase or decrease compared to baseline. (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to 18 Months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Hallucinations72513609Hallucinations72513610Delusions72513609Delusions72513610Disorganized Speech72513609Disorganized Speech72513610Abnormal Psychomotor Behavior72513609Abnormal Psychomotor Behavior72513610Negative Symptoms72513609Negative Symptoms72513610Impaired Cognition72513609Impaired Cognition72513610Mania72513609Mania72513610Depression72513609Depression72513610
WorsenedUnchangedImproved
Part 3-PP to PP3
Part 3-OAP to OAP8
Part 3-PP to PP27
Part 3-OAP to OAP29
Part 3-PP to PP11
Part 3-OAP to OAP10
Part 3-PP to PP6
Part 3-PP to PP21
Part 3-OAP to OAP20
Part 3-PP to PP14
Part 3-OAP to OAP17
Part 3-PP to PP2
Part 3-OAP to OAP36
Part 3-PP to PP12
Part 3-PP to PP4
Part 3-OAP to OAP2
Part 3-PP to PP32
Part 3-OAP to OAP37
Part 3-PP to PP5
Part 3-OAP to OAP4
Part 3-OAP to OAP22
Part 3-PP to PP19
Part 3-OAP to OAP21
Part 3-PP to PP10
Part 3-OAP to OAP9
Part 3-OAP to OAP23
Part 3-PP to PP17
Part 3-OAP to OAP15
Part 3-PP to PP0
Part 3-OAP to OAP3
Part 3-PP to PP40
Part 3-OAP to OAP39
Part 3-PP to PP1
Part 3-OAP to OAP5
Part 3-PP to PP7
Part 3-OAP to OAP6
Part 3-PP to PP26
Part 3-PP to PP8
Part 3-OAP to OAP12

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Part 2 (Disease Progression): Number of Participants With Change From Baseline in Severity of Psychotic Symptoms, as Measured by Clinician-Rated Dimensions of Psychosis Symptom Severity Scale (CRDPSS)

The CRDPSS is an 8-item measure that assesses the severity of mental health symptoms that are important across psychotic disorders, including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, abnormal psychomotor behavior, negative symptoms. Each item on the measure is rated on a 5-point scale (0=none; 1=equivocal; 2=present, but mild; 3=present and moderate; and 4=present and severe). Total Score is taken as summation. A higher score indicates a more severe condition. Worsened or improved is defined as increase or decrease compared to baseline. (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to 9 Months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Hallucinations72513608Hallucinations72513614Delusions72513614Delusions72513608Disorganized Speech72513614Disorganized Speech72513608Abnormal Psychomotor Behavior72513614Abnormal Psychomotor Behavior72513608Negative Symptoms72513608Negative Symptoms72513614Impaired Cognition72513614Impaired Cognition72513608Mania72513608Mania72513614Depression72513608Depression72513614
UnchangedImprovedWorsened
Part-2: OAP19
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)29
Part-2: OAP73
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)14
Part-2: OAP33
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)10
Part-2: OAP20
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)23
Part-2: OAP70
Part-2: OAP35
Part-2: OAP13
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)36
Part-2: OAP85
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)12
Part-2: OAP27
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)9
Part-2: OAP14
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)37
Part-2: OAP86
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)4
Part-2: OAP25
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)16
Part-2: OAP61
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)17
Part-2: OAP39
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)13
Part-2: OAP29
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)22
Part-2: OAP52
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)15
Part-2: OAP44
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)1
Part-2: OAP7
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)47
Part-2: OAP107
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)2
Part-2: OAP11
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)7
Part-2: OAP28
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)33
Part-2: OAP74
Part-2: OAP23

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Part-2 (Disease Progression): Time to First Treatment Failure

Treatment failure is defined as the time from participant's randomization to first treatment failure, which was a composite endpoint consisting of any of the following: 1) Psychiatric hospitalization due to worsening symptoms; 2) Any deliberate self-injury, suicidal ideation or behavior, homicidal ideation or violent behavior that is clinically significant and needs immediate intervention as determined by the study physician; 3) New arrest/incarceration; 4) Discontinuation of antipsychotic treatment due to inadequate efficacy as determined by the study physician; 5) Discontinuation of antipsychotic treatment due to safety or tolerability as determined by the study physician; 6) Treatment supplementation with another antipsychotic due to inadequate efficacy as determined by the study physician; 7) Increase in the level of psychiatric services in order to prevent imminent psychiatric hospitalization as determined by the study physician. (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: From Day 1 up to 9 Months

Interventiondays (Median)
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)NA
Part-2: OAPNA

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Part 3 (Extended Disease Progression [EDP]): Change From Baseline in Cognition as Measured by the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) Composite Score

The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery is an instrument that contains 10 tests to measure cognitive performance in 7 cognitive domains: speed processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition. The composite score combines the individual scores of the 10 tests and scores them on a normative scale to derive a T-score and composites scores. The range of T-scores for a normal control population is between 0 to 100 with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate better cognitive functioning. (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline and 18 Months

InterventionT-score (Mean)
Part 3-PP to PP1.6
Part 3-OAP to OAP3.2

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Part 3 (EDP): Time to First Treatment Failure

Treatment failure is defined as the time from participant's randomization to first treatment failure, which was a composite endpoint consisting of any of the following: 1) Psychiatric hospitalization due to worsening symptoms; 2) Any deliberate self-injury, suicidal ideation or behavior, homicidal ideation or violent behavior that is clinically significant and needs immediate intervention as determined by the study physician; 3) New arrest/incarceration; 4) Discontinuation of antipsychotic treatment due to inadequate efficacy as determined by the study physician; 5) Discontinuation of antipsychotic treatment due to safety or tolerability as determined by the study physician; 6) Treatment supplementation with another antipsychotic due to inadequate efficacy as determined by the study physician; 7) Increase in the level of psychiatric services in order to prevent imminent psychiatric hospitalization as determined by the study physician. (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: From Day 1 Up to 18 Months

Interventiondays (Median)
Part 3-PP to PPNA
Part 3-OAP to OAPNA

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Part 3 (EDP): Change From Baseline in Working Memory Score: MCCB Domain

MCCB measures cognitive function across cognitive domains and is comprised of 10 independent tests assessing 7 cognitive domains (speed of processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition). A subset of the MCCB cognitive domain was used to assess working memory of participants. The range of working memory score T-scores for a normal control population is between 0 to 100 with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate better cognitive functioning. (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline and 18 Months

InterventionT-score (Mean)
Part 3-PP to PP-1.7
Part 3-OAP to OAP0.7

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Part 3 (EDP): Change From Baseline in Visual Learning Score: MCCB Domain

MCCB measures cognitive function across cognitive domains and is comprised of 10 independent tests assessing 7 cognitive domains (speed of processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition). A subset of the MCCB cognitive domain was used to assess visual learning score of participants. The range of visual learning score T-scores for a normal control population is between 0 to 100 with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate better cognitive functioning. (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline and 18 Months

InterventionT-score (Mean)
Part 3-PP to PP0.2
Part 3-OAP to OAP-0.2

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Part 3 (EDP): Change From Baseline in Verbal Learning Score: MCCB Domain

MCCB measures cognitive function across cognitive domains and is comprised of 10 independent tests assessing 7 cognitive domains (speed of processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition). A subset of the MCCB cognitive domain was used to assess verbal learning score of participants. The range of verbal learning score T-scores for a normal control population is between 0 to 100 with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate better cognitive functioning. (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline and 18 Months

InterventionT-score (Mean)
Part 3-PP to PP0.3
Part 3-OAP to OAP0.8

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Part 3 (EDP): Change From Baseline in Speed of Processing Score: MCCB Domain

MCCB measures cognitive function across cognitive domains and is comprised of 10 independent tests assessing 7 cognitive domains (speed of processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition). A subset of the MCCB cognitive domain was used to assess speed of processing score of participants. The range of speed of processing score T-scores for a normal control population is between 0 to 100 with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate better cognitive functioning. (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline and 18 Months

InterventionT-score (Mean)
Part 3-PP to PP2.5
Part 3-OAP to OAP4.9

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Part 3 (EDP): Change From Baseline in Social Cognition Score: MCCB Domain

MCCB measures cognitive function across cognitive domains and is comprised of 10 independent tests assessing 7 cognitive domains (speed of processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition). A subset of the MCCB cognitive domain was used to assess social cognition score of participants. The range of social cognition score T-scores for a normal control population is between 0 to 100 with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate better cognitive functioning. (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline and 18 Months

InterventionT-score (Mean)
Part 3-PP to PP-0.2
Part 3-OAP to OAP1.4

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Part 3 (EDP): Change From Baseline in Reasoning and Problem Solving: MCCB Domain

MCCB measures cognitive function across cognitive domains and is comprised of 10 independent tests assessing 7 cognitive domains (speed of processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition). A subset of the MCCB cognitive domain was used to assess reasoning and problem solving score of participants. The range of reasoning and problem solving T-scores for a normal control population is between 0 to 100 with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate better cognitive functioning. (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline and 18 Months

InterventionT-score (Mean)
Part 3-PP to PP3.4
Part 3-OAP to OAP4.7

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Part 3 (EDP): Change From Baseline in Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) Score

The Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) is a 7-point, verbally administered, Likert-type scale rated as follows: 1=Extremely Dissatisfied, 2=Very Dissatisfied, 3=Somewhat Dissatisfied, 4=Neither Satisfied Nor Dissatisfied, 5=Somewhat Satisfied, 6=Very Satisfied, 7=Extremely Satisfied. Worst value is 1 (Extremely Dissatisfied) and best value is 7 (Extremely Satisfied). Total score ranges from 1 to 7. Higher score indicate improvement. (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to 18 Months

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Part 3-PP to PP0.3
Part 3-OAP to OAP0.4

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Part 3 (EDP): Change From Baseline in Functioning as Measured by the Personal and Social Performance (PSP) Total Score

The Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scale assesses degree of a participant's dysfunction within 4 domains of behavior: 1) socially useful activities, 2) personal and social relationships, 3) self-care, and 4) disturbing and aggressive behavior. Each domain was assessed on a 6-point scale, from 1 (absent) to 6 (very severe) (1 = absent, 2 = mild, 3 = manifest, 4 = marked, 5 = severe, and 6 = very severe). PSP total score was calculated as sum of all the domain scores and ranges from 1 to 100. Participants with score of 71 to 100 have mild degree of difficulty; from 31 to 70, varying degrees of disability; less than or equal to 30, functioning so poorly as to require intensive supervision. Higher score indicate better performance. (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline and 18 Months

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Part 3-PP to PP7.5
Part 3-OAP to OAP7.0

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Part 3 (EDP): Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression Severity (CGI-S) Score

"The Clinical Global Impression Severity (CGI-S) rating scale is used to rate the severity of a participant's overall clinical condition on a 7 point scale. The total score ranges from 1 to 7, where 1 is equivalent to Normal, not at all ill and a rating of 7 is equivalent to Among the most extremely ill participants. Higher scores indicate worsening." (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to 18 Months

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Part 3-PP to PP-0.7
Part 3-OAP to OAP-0.7

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Part 3 (EDP): Change From Baseline in Attention/Vigilance Score: MCCB Domain

MCCB measures cognitive function across cognitive domains and is comprised of 10 independent tests assessing 7 cognitive domains (speed of processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition). A subset of the MCCB cognitive domain was used to assess attention/vigilance score of participants. The range of attention/vigilance score T-scores for a normal control population is between 0 to 100 with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate better cognitive functioning. (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline and 18 Months

InterventionT-score (Mean)
Part 3-PP to PP2.4
Part 3-OAP to OAP0.7

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Part 3 (EDP): Change From Baseline in Adjusted Intracortical Myelin Fraction Score as Measured by Inversion Recovery (IR) and Spin Echo Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

"The adjusted ICM fraction score is quantified as: 1. The volume of myelinated brain tissue is measured separately on co-localized IR and proton density (PD) MRI images, by outlining the boundary between gray matter and white matter on each image. 2. ICM is calculated from the difference of IR volume minus PD volume. 3. ICM is then expressed as a fraction of the total intracranial volume (ICM divided by intracranial volume). 4. The ICM fraction is then adjusted for effects of age, gender, and race/ethnicity in the sample of treated participants and healthy controls. A decrease in the adjusted ICM fraction score may be a sign of disease progression." (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline and 18 Months

Interventionratio (Mean)
Part 3-PP to PP-0.001
Part 3-OAP to OAP-0.003

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Part 3 (Disease Modification): Personal and Social Performance (PSP) Total Observed Score

The Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scale assesses degree of a participant's dysfunction within 4 domains of behavior: 1) socially useful activities, 2) personal and social relationships, 3) self-care, and 4) disturbing and aggressive behavior. Score ranges from 1 to 100, divided into 10 equal intervals to rate degree of difficulty (1 = absent, 2 = mild, 3 = manifest, 4 = marked, 5 = severe, and 6 = very severe) in each of the 4 domains. Based on 4 domains there will be 1 transformed total score. Participants with score of 71 to 100 have mild degree of difficulty; from 31 to 70, varying degrees of disability; less than or equal to 30, functioning so poorly as to require intensive supervision. (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Month 9 of Part 3

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Part 3-PP to PP67.6
Part 3- OAP to PP (or Delayed-Start PP)66.1
Part 3-OAP to OAP66.6

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Part 3 (Disease Modification): Change From Baseline in Cognition as Measured by the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) Composite Score

The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery is an instrument that contains 10 tests to measure cognitive performance in 7 cognitive domains: speed processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition. The composite score combines the individual scores of the 10 tests and scores them on a normative scale to derive a T-score and composites scores. The range of T-scores for a normal control population is between 0 to 100 with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate better cognitive functioning. (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 260

InterventionT-score (Mean)
Part 3- PP to PP-0.7
Part 3- OAP to PP (or Delayed-Start PP)-0.2
Part 3-OAP to OAP0.5

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Part 3 (Disease Modification): Change From Baseline in Adjusted Intracortical Myelin Fraction Score as Measured by Inversion Recovery (IR) and Spin Echo Magnetic Resonance Imaging (SE MRI)

"The adjusted ICM fraction score is quantified as: 1. The volume of myelinated brain tissue is measured separately on co-localized IR and proton density (PD) MRI images, by outlining the boundary between gray matter and white matter on each image. 2. ICM is calculated from the difference of IR volume minus PD volume. 3. ICM is then expressed as a fraction of the total intracranial volume (ICM divided by intracranial volume). 4. The ICM fraction is then adjusted for effects of age, gender, and race/ethnicity in the sample of treated participants and healthy controls. A decrease in the adjusted ICM fraction score may be a sign of disease progression." (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 9 of Part 3

Interventionratio (Least Squares Mean)
Part 3-PP to PP-0.7
Part 3- OAP to PP (or Delayed-Start PP)-0.2
Part 3-OAP to OAP0.5

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Part 2 (Disease Progression): Change From Baseline in Working Memory Score: MCCB Domain

MCCB measures cognitive function across cognitive domains and is comprised of 10 independent tests assessing 7 cognitive domains (speed of processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition). A subset of the MCCB cognitive domain was used to assess working memory of participants. The range of working memory score T-scores for a normal control population is between 0 to 100 with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate better cognitive functioning. (NCT02431702)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 260

InterventionT-score (Mean)
Part-2: Paliperidone Palmitate (PP)-0.2
Part-2: OAP-0.8

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Number of Participants With Medication Treatment Modifications (MTM)

Information on MTMs derived from data collected in the clinical assessment of the schizophrenia patient (CASP) questionnaire. The CASP captured changes in medications, changes in psychosocial treatments, visit frequency, and the need for any acute interventions. The CASP comprised of 3 sections covering several parameters. The CASP captured changes in treatment options which was used to compute MTM, as well as factors in clinical decision making and the influence of antipsychotic medication plasma levels (AMPL), when they were available, on clinical decision making. (NCT02462473)
Timeframe: Up to Week 12

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Cohort 14

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Adherence to Antipsychotic Medication as Assessed by Brief Adherence Rating Scale (BARS) at Week 0 and 12

The BARS is a 4-item scale that includes 3 questions and an overall visual analog rating scale that assesses participant's knowledge about his/her medication. The key measure of adherence is the visual analog scale and assesses the percentage of doses taken by the participants in the past month (0 percent [%] - 100%). The 3 questions include: number of prescribed doses per day, number of days in the past month when the participant did not take the prescribed doses, and the number of days in the past month when the participant took less than the prescribed dose. Due to early study termination collected data was not summarized. Hence, individual data for each participant was reported. (NCT02462473)
Timeframe: Week 0, Week 12

Interventionpercent adherence (Number)
Participant 1 (Week 0)Participant 1 (Week 12)Participant 2 (Week 0)Participant 2 (Week 12)Participant 3 (Week 0)Participant 3 (Week 12)Participant 4 (Week 0)Participant 5 (Week 0)Participant 5 (Week 12)Participant 6 (Week 0)Participant 6 (Week 12)Participant 7 (Week 0)Participant 7 (Week 12)Participant 8 (Week 0)Participant 8 (Week 12)Participant 9 (Week 0)Participant 9 (Week 12)
Cohort 110010010010010010097939090969095100100100100

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Clinician's Rating Scale of Adherence (CRS) Score at Week 0 and 12

The CRS is an ordinal scale filled by the clinician. The scores range from 1 to 7 that were used to quantify the clinician's assessment of treatment adherence by the patient. Higher scores indicate greater adherence. Due to early study termination collected data was not summarized. Hence, individual data for each participant was reported. (NCT02462473)
Timeframe: Week 0, Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Number)
Participant 1 (Week 0)Participant 1 (Week 12)Participant 2 (Week 0)Participant 2 (Week 12)Participant 3 (Week 0)Participant 3 (Week 12)Participant 4 (Week 0)Participant 5 (Week 0)Participant 5 (Week 12)Participant 6 (Week 0)Participant 6 (Week 12)Participant 7 (Week 0)Participant 7 (Week 12)Participant 8 (Week 0)Participant 8 (Week 12)Participant 9 (Week 0)Participant 9 (Week 12)
Cohort 177777777777777777

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Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) Score at Week 0 and 12

Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) rating scale used to rate the severity of a participant's overall clinical condition on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (not ill) to 7 (extremely severe). Due to early study termination collected data was not summarized. Hence, individual data for each participant was reported. (NCT02462473)
Timeframe: Week 0, Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Number)
Participant 1 (Week 0)Participant 1 (Week 12)Participant 2 (Week 0)Participant 2 (Week 12)Participant 3 (Week 0)Participant 3 (Week 12)Participant 4 (Week 0)Participant 5 (Week 0)Participant 5 (Week 12)Participant 6 (Week 0)Participant 6 (Week 12)Participant 7 (Week 0)Participant 7 (Week 12)Participant 8 (Week 0)Participant 8 (Week 12)Participant 9 (Week 0)Participant 9 (Week 12)
Cohort 143434453333344333

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Dimensions of Psychosis Symptom Severity Scale (DPSS) Total Score at Week 0 and 12

The DPSS is a clinician-rated scale used to rate 8 domains commonly seen in patients with psychotic disorders. Each domain was rated on a 5-point scale (0 to 4) with anchored description of endpoints. Total score was computed by summing the scores of individual items (range of 0-32). Higher scores represent more severe condition. Due to early study termination collected data was not summarized. Hence, individual data for each participant was reported. (NCT02462473)
Timeframe: Week 0, Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Number)
Participant 1 (Week 0)Participant 1 (Week 12)Participant 2 (Week 0)Participant 2 (Week 12)Participant 3 (Week 0)Participant 3 (Week 12)Participant 4 (Week 0)Participant 5 (Week 0)Participant 5 (Week 12)Participant 6 (Week 0)Participant 6 (Week 12)Participant 7 (Week 0)Participant 7 (Week 12)Participant 8 (Week 0)Participant 8 (Week 12)Participant 9 (Week 0)Participant 9 (Week 12)
Cohort 11248288149474584446

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Antipsychotic Medication Plasma Levels (AMPL) During the Active Assessment Phase at Week 12

AMPL of the individual participant during the active assessment phase was reported. (NCT02462473)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionnanogram per milliliter (Number)
Participant 1- ARIPIPRAZOLEParticipant 1- DEHYDROARIPIPRAZOLEParticipant 2- OLANZAPINEParticipant 2- PALIPERIDONEParticipant 3- 7-OH QUETIAPINEParticipant 3-NORQUETIAPINEParticipant 3-QUETIAPINEParticipant 3-QUETIAPINE SULFOXIDEParticipant 5-7-OH QUETIAPINEParticipant 5-NORQUETIAPINEParticipant 5-QUETIAPINEParticipant 5-QUETIAPINE SULFOXIDEParticipant 6-ARIPIPRAZOLEParticipant 6-DEHYDROARIPIPRAZOLEParticipant 7-PALIPERIDONEParticipant 7-RISPERIDONEParticipant 8-ARIPIPRAZOLEParticipant 8-DEHYDROARIPIPRAZOLEParticipant 9- 7-OH QUETIAPINEParticipant 9- NORQUETIAPINEParticipant 9- PALIPERIDONEParticipant 9- QUETIAPINEParticipant 9- QUETIAPINE SULFOXIDEParticipant 9- RISPERIDONE
Cohort 1596.00139.0027.3045.1043.10660.00280.00660.007.72153.0050.30321.00464.00112.0031.0026.20168.0033.000.2002.000.1002.002.000.100

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Number of Participants With Factors Considered in Clinical Decision as Assessed by Clinical Assessment of the Schizophrenia Patient (CASP)

The CASP and data on concomitant medications and psychosocial treatments were used to evaluate the impact of AMPL results on other aspects of clinical decision making. (NCT02462473)
Timeframe: Up to Week 12

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Side Effects Of MedicationAttitude Toward TreatmentReport of Increased SymptomsReport of Decrease in SymptomsPatient Still SymptomaticPatient Ideation
Cohort 1324311

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Patient Satisfaction Survey (PSS) Total Score at Week 0 and 12

The PSS is a brief scale designed to capture a psychiatric patient's satisfaction with a clinician. The scale covers 6 domains: Trust (3 items), Communication (3 items), Exploration of Ideas/Options (2 items), Body Language (2 items), Active Listening (4 items), and Miscellaneous Items (6 items). Out of the 20 items, the first 19 are scored on a 5-point Likert Scale (1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=satisfactory, 4=agree, 5=strongly agree). The last question (6f) is a free-response question asking for input on how the clinician might improve. Sum of scores of individual items give a total score (range 9-95). Higher scores indicate greater degree of satisfaction. Due to early study termination collected data was not summarized. Hence, individual data for each participant was reported. (NCT02462473)
Timeframe: Week 0, Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Number)
Participant 1 (Week 0)Participant 1 (Week 12)Participant 2 (Week 0)Participant 2 (Week 12)Participant 3 (Week 0)Participant 3 (Week 12)Participant 4 (Week 0)Participant 5 (Week 0)Participant 5 (Week 12)Participant 6 (Week 0)Participant 6 (Week 12)Participant 7 (Week 0)Participant 7 (Week 12)Participant 8 (Week 0)Participant 8 (Week 12)Participant 9 (Week 0)Participant 9 (Week 12)
Cohort 17676525757574866647676767263727176

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Response at Week 10, Defined as ≥50% Reduction in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score From Randomization

PANSS total score administered by the investigator. It included 3 sub-scales with a total of 30 items that evaluated the Positive Symptoms subscale, the Negative Symptoms subscale, the General Psychopathology subscale. Each item is rated from 1 (symptom not present) to 7 (symptom extremely severe). PANSS total score was calculated as sum of all the items on the scale and ranged from 30 to 210. A higher score corresponded to a worse severity of schizophrenia. A reduction in score indicates improvement. (NCT02717195)
Timeframe: From Randomization to Week 10

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Double-blind Treatment (DBT) Period, Lu AF35700 10 mg10
DBT Period, Lu AF35700 20 mg4
DBT Period, Continued Treatment From PC Period6

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Change From Randomization to Week 10 in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score

PANSS total score administered by the investigator. It included 3 sub-scales with a total of 30 items that evaluated the Positive Symptoms subscale, the Negative Symptoms subscale, the General Psychopathology subscale. Each item is rated from 1 (symptom not present) to 7 (symptom extremely severe). PANSS total score was calculated as sum of all the items on the scale and ranged from 30 to 210. A higher score corresponded to a worse severity of schizophrenia. (NCT02717195)
Timeframe: From Randomization to Week 10

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Double-blind Treatment (DBT) Period, Lu AF35700 10 mg-10.01
DBT Period, Lu AF35700 20 mg-8.22
DBT Period, Continued Treatment From PC Period-9.90

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Response at Week 10, Defined as ≥40% Reduction in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score From Randomization

PANSS total score administered by the investigator. It included 3 sub-scales with a total of 30 items that evaluated the Positive Symptoms subscale, the Negative Symptoms subscale, the General Psychopathology subscale. Each item is rated from 1 (symptom not present) to 7 (symptom extremely severe). PANSS total score was calculated as sum of all the items on the scale and ranged from 30 to 210. A higher score corresponded to a worse severity of schizophrenia. A reduction in score indicates improvement. (NCT02717195)
Timeframe: From Randomization to Week 10

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Double-blind Treatment (DBT) Period, Lu AF35700 10 mg23
DBT Period, Lu AF35700 20 mg15
DBT Period, Continued Treatment From PC Period16

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Response at Week 10, Defined as ≥30% Reduction in PANSS Total Score From Randomization

Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score administered by the investigator. It included 3 sub-scales with a total of 30 items that evaluated the Positive Symptoms subscale, the Negative Symptoms subscale, the General Psychopathology subscale. Each item is rated from 1 (symptom not present) to 7 (symptom extremely severe). PANSS total score was calculated as sum of all the items on the scale and ranged from 30 to 210. A higher score corresponded to a worse severity of schizophrenia. A reduction in score indicates improvement. (NCT02717195)
Timeframe: From Randomization to Week 10

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Double-blind Treatment (DBT) Period, Lu AF35700 10 mg42
DBT Period, Lu AF35700 20 mg30
DBT Period, Continued Treatment From PC Period45

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Response at Week 10, Defined as ≥20% Reduction in PANSS Total Score, PANSS (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) Total Score ≤70, CGI-S (Clinical Global Impression Scale - Severity of Illness) Score <4

"PANSS total score administered by the investigator. It included 3 sub-scales with a total of 30 items that evaluated the Positive Symptoms subscale, the Negative Symptoms subscale, the General Psychopathology subscale. Each item is rated from 1 (symptom not present) to 7 (symptom extremely severe). PANSS total score was calculated as sum of all the items on the scale and ranged from 30 to 210. A higher score corresponded to a worse severity of schizophrenia. A reduction in score indicates improvement.~The Clinical Global Impression scale - severity of illness (CGI-S) is administered by the investigator. The patient is rated on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (Normal - not at all ill) to 7 (among the most extremely ill patients). A reduction in scale indicates improvement." (NCT02717195)
Timeframe: From Randomization to Week 10

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Double-blind Treatment (DBT) Period, Lu AF35700 10 mg21
DBT Period, Lu AF35700 20 mg18
DBT Period, Continued Treatment From PC Period12

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Change From Randomization to Week 10 in PSP Total Personal and Social Performance (PSP) Total Score

PSP is a clinician-rated scale designed and validated to measure a patient's current level of social functioning. It consists of 4 items: socially useful activities, personal and social relationships, self-care, and disturbing and aggressive behaviours. Each items were assessed on a 6-point scale, from 1 (absent) to 6 (very severe). PSP score was calculated as sum of all the items on the scale and ranged from 4 to 100. A higher score represents more severe functional impairment. (NCT02717195)
Timeframe: From Randomization to Week 10

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Double-blind Treatment (DBT) Period, Lu AF35700 10 mg4.90
DBT Period, Lu AF35700 20 mg3.23
DBT Period, Continued Treatment From PC Period3.94

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Change From Randomization to Week 10 in Global Clinical Impression - Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Score

CGI-S provides the clinician's impression of the patient's current state of mental illness. The clinician uses his or her clinical experience of this patient population to rate the severity of the patient's current mental illness on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (Normal - not at all ill) to 7 (among the most extremely ill patients). Higher scores indicate worsening. (NCT02717195)
Timeframe: From Randomization to Week 10

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Double-blind Treatment (DBT) Period, Lu AF35700 10 mg-0.59
DBT Period, Lu AF35700 20 mg-0.54
DBT Period, Continued Treatment From PC Period-0.57

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Response at Week 10, Defined as ≥20% Reduction in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score From Randomization

PANSS total score administered by the investigator. It included 3 sub-scales with a total of 30 items that evaluated the Positive Symptoms subscale, the Negative Symptoms subscale, the General Psychopathology subscale. Each item is rated from 1 (symptom not present) to 7 (symptom extremely severe). PANSS total score was calculated as sum of all the items on the scale and ranged from 30 to 210. A higher score corresponded to a worse severity of schizophrenia. A reduction in score indicates improvement. (NCT02717195)
Timeframe: From Randomization to Week 10

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Double-blind Treatment (DBT) Period, Lu AF35700 10 mg82
DBT Period, Lu AF35700 20 mg59
DBT Period, Continued Treatment From PC Period77

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Overall Survival

Defined as the time from screening to death if the patient dies within the period that the site is open (NCT02875340)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionweeks (Mean)
VAL401 Treatment - Intention to Treat Group7.8
VAL401 Treatment - Per Protocol Group10.9

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Peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax)

Assessment of Cmax in collected blood samples on Day 1 and Day 15 of Cycle 1, collected at time points: pre-dose (0h) then 10, 15, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4, 8, 10 and 24 hours after administration of VAL401. (NCT02875340)
Timeframe: 1 Day and 2 weeks

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
VAL401 Treatment - Day 130.5
VAL401 Treatment - Day 15 (2 mg)20
VAL401 Treatment - Day 15 (6 mg)102
VAL401 Treatment - Day 15 (8 mg)464

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Plasma VAL401 Half-life (t 1/2)

Assessment of plasma half-life of VAL401 (t 1/2) in collected blood samples on Day 1 and Day 15 of Cycle 1, collected at time points: pre-dose (0h) then 10, 15, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4, 8, 10 and 24 hours after administration of VAL401. (NCT02875340)
Timeframe: 1 Day and 2 weeks

Interventionhours (Mean)
VAL401 Treatment - Day 19
VAL401 Treatment - Day 15 (2 mg)26
VAL401 Treatment - Day 15 (6 mg)30
VAL401 Treatment - Day 15 (8 mg)16

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Progression-free Survival (PFS)

PFS is defined as the time from screening to disease progression (or death if the patient died before progression), with progression date nominally defined as the date the patient was withdrawn from the trial, where the Principal Investigator has determined by their professional discretion the patient has symptomatic disease progression. (NCT02875340)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionweeks (Mean)
VAL401 Treatment - Intention to Treat Group5.2
VAL401 Treatment - Per Protocol Group7.2

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Trough Plasma Concentration (Cmin)

Assessment of trough plasma concentration (Cmin) in collected blood samples on Day 1 and Day 15 of Cycle 1, collected at time points: pre-dose (0h) then 10, 15, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4, 8, 10 and 24 hours after administration of VAL401. (NCT02875340)
Timeframe: 1 Day and 2 weeks

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
VAL401 Treatment - Day 110.125
VAL401 Treatment - Day 15 (2 mg)11
VAL401 Treatment - Day 15 (6 mg)35
VAL401 Treatment - Day 15 (8 mg)111

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Number of Patients With Disease Control

"Objective tumour response rates according to RECIST 1.1 for target lesions and assessed by CT:~Complete Response (CR), Disappearance of all target lesions; Partial Response (PR), >=30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions; Progressive Disease (PD): At least a 20% increase in the sum of diameters of target lesions; Stable Disease (SD): Neither sufficient shrinkage to qualify for PR nor sufficient increase to qualify for PD." (NCT02875340)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Participants receiving mid-treatment CT scanPrimary target tumour increased by 10% or lessParticipants demonstrating Complete ResponseParticipants demonstrating Partial ResponseParticipants demonstrating Progressive diseaseParticipants demonstrating Stable Disease
VAL401 Treatment220002

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Number of Participants Reporting Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events

Ongoing evaluation of Adverse Events during treatment with VAL401. Events assessed for number of patients affected, severity of event, likelihood of event being related to the drug treatment and whether the event is an expected/known side effect of Risperidone. (NCT02875340)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Adverse Events reported72513356Serious Adverse Events Reported72513356
Number participants reporting eventsNumber participants reporting no events
VAL401 Treatment8
VAL401 Treatment0
VAL401 Treatment1
VAL401 Treatment7

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Patient Quality of Life During VAL401 Treatment

Changes in patient quality of life measured by EORTC Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL) assessment questionnaire QLQ-C30 (Cancer specific questionnaire). (NCT02875340)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
ECOG data72513356Improvement in pain72513356Improvement in Insomnia72513356Improvement in lack of appetite72513356Improvement in nausea/vomiting72513356Improvement in fatigue72513356Improvement in irritability72513356Improvement in depression72513356Improvement in anxiety72513356Improvement in diarrhoea72513356
Status maintainedNot measuredStatus deterioratedStatus improved
VAL401 Treatment4
VAL401 Treatment0
VAL401 Treatment3
VAL401 Treatment2
VAL401 Treatment1

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"Number of Participants With Response to Treatment"

"Response to treatment was defined as a 50% reduction from baseline scores in Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD)and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) scales HRSD was developed to evaluate and quantify depression.Its abbreviated version,. Scoring is based on the 17-item scale and scores of 0-7 are considered as being normal. The cutoff points are: 8-17 for mild depression,18-24 for moderate depression, and 25 or more for severe depression. The maximum score being 52 on the 17-point scale.~YMRS is is the most widely used assessment tool for manic symptoms. The scale consists of 11 items .The YMRS follows the style of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) with each item given a severity rating. There are four items that are graded on a 0 to 8 scale (irritability, speech, thought content, and disruptive/agressive behavior), while the remaining seven items are graded on a 0 to 4 scale. Scores of YMRS > 20 generates indicate mania" (NCT02918097)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Lithium Carbonate65

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Number of Participants With Remission to Treatment

The remission outcome was established as obtaining three consecutive visits with scores of values considered asymptomatic Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression(HRSD <7 points) and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS <6 points) during the trial. The subjects that were asymptomatic for at least 6-8 month were considered to be in partial remission and complete if at least 12 months without symptoms, according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). (NCT02918097)
Timeframe: 8 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Lithium Carbonate21

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Quality of Life Instrument Scores

"Quality of Life - WHOQOL -BREF instrument scores~scores 0-20 . higher scores mean a better outcome." (NCT02918097)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Lithium Carbonate10.58

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Number of Participants With Relapse

The definition of relapse is as follows 1.50% or greater increase in total DIEPSS score, 2. an increase in the total PANSS score of 25% or more from baseline, 3. deliberate self-injury, 4. emergence of clinically significant suicidal ideation, 5. violent behavior resulting in clinically significant injury to another person or property damage. (NCT03019887)
Timeframe: One year after the baseline cognitive function test or three months after the end of dose reduction, whichever came first.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Dose Reduction130

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Least Squares Mean (LSM) Change From Baseline in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 4

The LSM change from baseline at week 4 was assessed for PANSS total score. The PANSS assesses the severity of schizophrenia symptoms through a clinician-rated inventory of 30 items organized in 3 subscales: 1) positive subscale (7 items); 2) negative subscale (7 items); and 3) general psychopathology subscale (16 items). For each item, symptoms are scored from 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme) and sum to a total PANSS score (range: 30-210). Higher scores reflect more severe symptoms of schizophrenia. Further, reduced symptom severity over time is reflected by decreases in score. (NCT03055338)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4

InterventionScore on a Scale (Least Squares Mean)
MK-8189-14.6
Risperidone-17.2
Placebo-10.0

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Percentage of Participants Experiencing an Adverse Event (AE)

The percentage of participants experiencing an AE was assessed. An AE is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a participant administered a pharmaceutical product and which does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. An AE can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign, symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product or protocol-specified procedure, whether or not considered related to the medicinal product or protocol-specified procedure. Any worsening of a preexisting condition that is temporally associated with the use of the Sponsor's product, is also an AE. (NCT03055338)
Timeframe: Up to 6 weeks

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
MK-818971.1
Risperidone77.8
Placebo53.9

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Percentage of Participants Discontinuing Study Treatment Due to an Adverse Event

The percentage of participants discontinuing study treatment due to an AE was assessed. An AE is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a participant administered a pharmaceutical product and which does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. An AE can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign, symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product or protocol-specified procedure, whether or not considered related to the medicinal product or protocol-specified procedure. Any worsening of a preexisting condition that is temporally associated with the use of the Sponsor's product, is also an AE. (NCT03055338)
Timeframe: Up to 4 weeks

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
MK-81896.7
Risperidone8.9
Placebo7.9

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Least Squares Mean (LSM) Change From Baseline in the Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Score at Week 4

The LSM change from baseline at week 4 was assessed for CGI-S score. The CGI-S is a 7-point clinician-rated scale for assessing the global severity of the participant's illness. Possible CGI-S scores range from 1 (participant normal, not ill) to 7 (participant extremely ill). Further, a decrease in CGI-S score indicates reduced severity of the participant's illness. (NCT03055338)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4

InterventionScore on a Scale (Least Squares Mean)
MK-8189-0.9
Risperidone-1.0
Placebo-0.7

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PSP Total Score From Baseline at Each Post-baseline Assessment Time Point

"Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP) total score mean change from baseline at each post-baseline assessment time point.~The PSP is a 100-point single-item rating scale that is based on 4 domains: family and social functioning, self-care, work and socially useful activities, and disturbing and aggressive behaviors. Each domain is rated in 6 degrees of severity (absent, mild, manifest, marked, severe, very severe). On the PSP scale, higher scores indicate better social functioning: 71-100 indicates mild to no functional impairment; 31-70 varying degrees of disability and 1-30, minimal functioning needing intense support and/or supervision. Participants with a PSP total score of 71 to 100 were considered to have mild functional difficulty. Scores of 31 to 70 represented varying degrees of disability (31 to 70) and ratings of 1 to 30 indicated minimal functioning that required intense support and/or supervision." (NCT03160521)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline), Days 29, 57 and 85 (or the last post-baseline assessment)

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
BaselineStudy Day 29Study Day 57Study Day 85
Placebo50.4655.3757.0754.54
Risperidone ISM49.9359.0361.3360.60

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Plasma PK Parameters

"Plasma PK Parameters of Risperidone Active Moiety~Cmax values are estimated and based on the plasma level of Day 3 for each dosing Interval; Cmin are the trough levels of Day 29, which is at the end of each dosing Interval;" (NCT03160521)
Timeframe: Day 3 and Day 29 after Dose 1, 2 and 3

,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Dose 1/Estimated Cmax/Day 3Dose 1/Estimated Cmin/Day 29Dose 2/Estimated Cmax/Day 3Dose 2/Estimated Cmin/Day 29Dose 3/Estimated Cmax/Day 3Dose 3/Estimated Cmin/Day 29
Risperidone ISM 100 mg32.0026.7153.4427.2350.0926.14
Risperidone ISM 75 mg27.6119.2138.9517.4637.1620.16

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PANSS Total Score Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint

"The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) is a 30-item clinician-rated instrument for assessing the symptoms of schizophrenia.The 30 symptoms are rated on a 7-point scale that ranges from 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme psychopathology). The PANSS total score is the sum of all 30 PANSS items and ranges from 30 to 210, with 30 indicating absence of symptoms of schizophrenia and 210 indicating extreme ratings of all 30 symptoms. Negative change from baseline scores indicate improvements in symptoms whereas higher scores mean a worse outcome.~Endpoint is defined as study day 85 or the last post-baseline assessment if early discontinuation." (NCT03160521)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline) and Day 85 (or the last post-baseline assessment)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Risperidone ISM 75 mg-24.6
Risperidone ISM 100 mg-24.7
Placebo-11.0

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PANSS Response Rate at Endpoint

"The definition of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) response was a decrease from baseline in PANSS total score of ≥ 30% (improvement of symptoms).~Endpoint is defined as study day 85 or the last post-baseline double-blind assessment if early discontinuation." (NCT03160521)
Timeframe: Day 85 or the last post-baseline assessment

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Risperidone ISM 75 mg41.9
Risperidone ISM 100 mg34.9
Placebo9.1

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PANSS Positive Subscale Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint

"The PANSS consisted of three subscales that contained a total of 30 symptom constructs. For each symptom construct, severity is rated on a 7-point scale, with a score of 1 indicated the absence of symptoms and a score of 7 indicated extremely severe symptoms. In positive subscale, the 7 positive symptom constructs were: delusions, conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, excitement, grandiosity, suspiciousness/persecution, and hostility.~PANSS Positive Subscale Score ranges from 7 (absence of symptoms) to 49 (extremely severe symptoms).~Endpoint is defined as study day 85 or the last post-baseline assessment if early discontinuation." (NCT03160521)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline) and Day 85 (or the last post-baseline assessment)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Risperidone ISM 75 mg-8.0
Risperidone ISM 100 mg-8.7
Placebo-4.1

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SWN-20 Total Score From Baseline at Each Post-baseline Assessment Time Point

"20-item Subjective Well-Being Under Neuroleptics Treatment Scale (SWN-20) total score mean change from baseline at each post-baseline assessment time point.~The SWN is a 38-item instrument to measure subjective effects of neuroleptic medications in patients with schizophrenia and consists of 20 positive statements and 18 negative statements. The short form of the SWN, the 20-item SWN-20, was developed in order to allow for quick assessment of subjective side effects in a clinical setting. Like in the original SWN, with the SWN-20 the patient is asked to rate well-being items that have been identified as related to antipsychotic treatment on a 6-point scale ranging from Not at all to Very much. The SWN-20 is scored on a scale ranging from 20 to 120, with higher scores indicating better health-related quality of life (HRQL). The SWN-20 contains five 4-item subscales: mental functioning, self-control, emotional regulation, physical functioning, and social integration. Eac" (NCT03160521)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline), Days 29, 57 and 85 or the last post-baseline assessment

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
BaselineDay 29Day 57Day 85
Placebo80.2883.2386.3285.50
Risperidone ISM80.8686.9088.2689.14

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PANSS General Psychopathology Subscale Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint

"The PANSS consisted of three subscales that contained a total of 30 symptom constructs. For each symptom construct, severity is rated on a 7-point scale, with a score of 1 indicated the absence of symptoms and a score of 7 indicated extremely severe symptoms. The general psychopathology scale consists of 16 items which measure somatic concern, anxiety, guilt feelings, tension, mannerisms and posturing, depression, motor retardation, uncooperativeness, unusual thought content, disorientation, poor attention, lack of judgment and insight, disturbance of volition, poor impulse control, preoccupation and active social avoidance. PANSS General Psychopathology Subscale Score ranges from 16 (absence of symptoms) to 112 (extremely severe symptoms).~Endpoint is defined as study day 85 or the last post-baseline assessment if early discontinuation." (NCT03160521)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline) and Day 85 (or the last post-baseline assessment)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Risperidone ISM 75 mg-12.8
Risperidone ISM 100 mg-12.4
Placebo-5.6

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Overall Response Rate at Endpoint

"Overall response was defined as either PANSS total score ≥ 30% decrease from baseline, or CGI-I score of 2 (much improved) or 1 (very much improved).~Endpoint is defined as study day 85 or the last post-baseline assessment if early discontinuation." (NCT03160521)
Timeframe: Day 85 or the last post-baseline assessment

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Risperidone ISM 75 mg59.7
Risperidone ISM 100 mg54.3
Placebo20.5

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CGI-S Total Score Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint

"The Clinician Global Impression - Severity (CGI-S) score is a 7-point clinician-rated scale for assessing the global severity of the illness. A rating of 1 is equivalent to Normal, not at all ill and a rating of 7 is equivalent to Among the most extremely ill participants. Negative change from baseline scores indicate improvement in the severity of illness whereas higher scores mean a worse outcome.~Endpoint is defined as study day 85 or the last post-baseline assessment if early discontinuation." (NCT03160521)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline) and Day 85 (or the last post-baseline assessment)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Risperidone ISM 75 mg-1.3
Risperidone ISM 100 mg-1.3
Placebo-0.6

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CGI-I Score Mean at Endpoint

"The Clinical Global Impression - Improvement (CGI-I) Score consists of a single 7-point rating score total improvement, regardless of whether or not the change it is due entirely to drug treatment.~Scores are: 1, Very much improved; 2, Much improved; 3, Minimally improved; 4, No change; 5, Minimally worse; 6, Much worse; or 7, Very much worse.~Endpoint is defined as study day 85 or the last post-baseline double-blind assessment if early discontinuation." (NCT03160521)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline) and Day 85 (or the last post-baseline assessment)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Risperidone ISM 75 mg2.5
Risperidone ISM 100 mg2.5
Placebo3.3

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PANSS Negative Subscale Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint

"The PANSS consisted of three subscales: a total of 30 symptom constructs. For each symptom construct, severity was rated on a 7-point scale, with a score of 1 indicated- absence of symptoms and a score of 7 indicated- extremely severe symptoms. The PANSS negative subscale score was the sum of the rating scores for the 7 negative scale items from the PANSS panel. The 7 negative symptom constructs were: blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, poor rapport, passive apathetic withdrawal, difficulty in abstract thinking, lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation and stereotyped thinking. PANSS Negative Subscale Score ranges from 7 (absence of symptoms) to 49 (extremely severe symptoms).~Endpoint is defined as study day 85 or the last post-baseline assessment if early discontinuation." (NCT03160521)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline) and Day 85 (or the last post-baseline assessment)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Risperidone ISM 75 mg-3.8
Risperidone ISM 100 mg-3.7
Placebo-1.7

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Change From Randomization to Week 8 in Global Clinical Impression - Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Score

CGI-S provides the clinician's impression of the patient's current state of mental illness. The clinician uses his or her clinical experience of this patient population to rate the severity of the patient's current mental illness on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (normal - not at all ill) to 7 (among the most extremely ill patients). Higher scores indicate worsening (NCT03230864)
Timeframe: From Randomization to Week 8

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
DBT, Lu AF35700 10 mg-0.18
DBT, Continued Treatment-0.37

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Change From Randomization to Week 8 in 16-item Negative Symptom Assessment (NSA-16 Total) Score

The NSA-16 is a clinician-rated scale designed to assess the presence, severity, and range of negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia. The NSA-16 consists of 16 items arranged in 5 subdomains: communication dysfunction (items 1 to 4), emotional/affective dysfunction (items 5 to 7), dysfunction in sociality (items 8 to 10), motivational/hedonic dysfunction (items 11 to 14), and reduced psychomotor activity (items 15 and 16), and a Global Negative Symptom Rating. NSA-16 items are rated on a 6-point scale from 1 (behaviour is normal) to 6 (behaviour severely reduced), and a score of 9 if the item is not-rateable. The Global Negative Symptom Rating is rated from 1 (no evidence of symptoms) to 7 (extremely severe symptoms). The 16 items are summed to yield a total score ranging from 16 to 96 and the global rating ranges from 1 to 7. (NCT03230864)
Timeframe: From Randomization to Week 8

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
DBT, Lu AF35700 10 mg-2.99
DBT, Continued Treatment-3.14

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Response

Response is defined as a ≥20% reduction in PANSS total score from Randomization (NCT03230864)
Timeframe: at Week 8

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
DBT, Lu AF35700 10 mg6
DBT, Continued Treatment13

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Change From Randomization to Week 8 in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score

PANSS total score administered by the investigator. It included a total of 30 items that evaluated the Positive Symptoms subscale, the Negative Symptoms subscale, the General Psychopathology subscale. Each item is rated from 1 (symptom not present) to 7 (symptom extremely severe). PANSS total score was calculated as sum of all the items on the scale and ranged from 30 to 210. A negative score indicates an improvement compared to Randomization. (NCT03230864)
Timeframe: From Randomization to Week 8

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Double-blind Treatment (DBT) Period, Lu AF35700 10 mg-4.71
DBT, Continued Treatment From PC Period-10.19

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Change From Randomization to Week 8 in PANSS Marder Negative Factor Score

The PANSS Negative Factor score is a subset of the PANSS assessing negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The factor consist of the seven items: blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, poor rapport, passive social withdrawal, lack of spontaneity, motor retardation, and active social avoidance which are each rated on a 7-point scale, from 1=absent to 7=extreme. The PANSS Negative Factor score (7 items) range from 7 to 49 with a higher score indicating greater severity of symptoms. (NCT03230864)
Timeframe: From Randomization to Week 8

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
DBT, Lu AF35700 10 mg-1.51
DBT, Continued Treatment-1.74

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Number of Participants Who Maintain Stability at the Endpoint

Stability is defined as meeting all of the following criteria for at least 4 consecutive weeks: outpatient status; PANSS total score ≤80; minimal presence of specific psychotic symptoms on the PANSS, as measured by a score of ≤4 on each of the following items: conceptual disorganization, suspiciousness, hallucinatory behavior, and unusual thought content; Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S) score ≤4 (moderately ill); and CGI-SS score ≤2 (mildly suicidal) on Part 1 and ≤5 (minimally worsened) on Part 2. The last valid participant assessment was used as the endpoint. (NCT03503318)
Timeframe: At the endpoint (up to 108 weeks)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Placebo110
TV-46000 q1m159
TV-46000 q2m143

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Number of Participants Achieving Remission at the Endpoint

The remission was achieved for participants who did not relapse during the study and for over a period of at least 6 months preceding the endpoint, maintained scores of = 3 on each of the 8 specific PANSS items: P1 (delusions), G9 (unusual thought content), P3 (hallucinatory behavior), P2 (conceptual disorganization), G5 (mannerisms/posturing), N1 (blunted affect), N4 (social withdrawal), and N6 (lack of spontaneity). The last valid participant assessment was used as the endpoint. (NCT03503318)
Timeframe: At Endpoint (up to 108 weeks)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Placebo30
TV-46000 q1m39
TV-46000 q2m42

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Plasma Concentration of Risperidone, 9-OH-risperidone, and Total Active Moiety (Sum of Risperidone and 9-OH-risperidone)

(NCT03503318)
Timeframe: 1 hour prior to dosing at Baseline (Day 1) and at the end of treatment visit (up to 108 weeks)

,,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Risperidone at BaselineRisperidone at the End of Treatment9-OH-Risperidone at Baseline9-OH-Risperidone at the End of TreatmentTotal Active Moiety at BaselineTotal Active Moiety at the End of Treatment
Placebo4.6941.32314.9652.98219.0604.078
TV-46000 q1m6.45213.21518.47326.20224.20038.429
TV-46000 q2m5.3648.83815.18717.77819.94525.947

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Number of Participants Reporting Suicidal Behavior and Suicidal Ideation Using Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) at Baseline and Post-Baseline

"The C-SSRS is a semi-structured interview that captures the occurrence, severity, and frequency of suicide-related thoughts and behaviors. Suicidal behavior was defined as a yes answer to any of 5 suicidal behavior questions: preparatory acts or behavior, aborted attempt, interrupted attempt, actual attempt, and completed suicide. Suicidal ideation was defined as a yes answer to any one of 5 suicidal ideation questions: wish to be dead, and 4 different categories of active suicidal ideation." (NCT03503318)
Timeframe: Baseline, post-baseline (up to 108 weeks)

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Baseline: Suicidal behaviorBaseline: Suicidal ideationPost-baseline: Suicidal behaviorPost-baseline: Suicidal ideation
Placebo06312
TV-46000 q1m0517
TV-46000 q2m37112

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Change From Baseline in Total Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Score at the End of Treatment

The BARS is an instrument that assesses the severity of drug-induced akathisia. The BARS includes 3 items for rating objective restless movements, subjective restlessness, and any subjective distress associated with akathisia that were scored on a 4-point scale of 0 (normal/no distress) to 3 (constant restlessness/severe distress). Total score was the sum of scores of each item and ranged from 0-9, with higher scores indicating greater severity of akathisia. (NCT03503318)
Timeframe: Baseline, end of treatment (up to 108 weeks)

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange at the End of Treatment
Placebo0.2-0.1
TV-46000 q1m0.10.0
TV-46000 q2m0.2-0.1

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Change From Baseline in Total Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Score at the End of Treatment

The AIMS is a 14-item scale that includes assessments of orofacial movements, extremity and truncal dyskinesia, examiner's judgment of global severity, subjective measures of awareness of movements and distress, and a yes/no assessment of problems concerning teeth and/or dentures. Total AIMS score is a sum of item 1 through 7. Items 1 through 7 include facial and oral movements (Items 1-4), extremity movements (Items 5-6), and trunk movements (Item 7). Each item was rated on a 0 (no dyskinesia) to 4 (severe dyskinesia) scale. Total AIMS score for Items 1-7 ranged from 0 to 28; with higher scores indicating greater severity of the condition. (NCT03503318)
Timeframe: Baseline, end of treatment (up to 108 weeks)

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange at the End of Treatment
Placebo0.40.0
TV-46000 q1m0.50.1
TV-46000 q2m0.20.1

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Change From Baseline in Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS) Mean Score at the End of Treatment

The SAS is a 10-item instrument for the assessment of neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism. The items on the scale include measurements of hypokinesia, rigidity, glabellar reflex, tremor, and salivation. Each item was rated on a 5-point scale (0 [None/Normal] to 4 [Extreme/Severe]). The mean score was calculated by adding the individual item scores and dividing by 10. The total mean score ranged from 0-4, with a higher score indicating greater severity of symptoms. (NCT03503318)
Timeframe: Baseline, end of treatment (up to 108 weeks)

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange at the End of Treatment
Placebo0.070.04
TV-46000 q1m0.090.02
TV-46000 q2m0.060.00

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Change From Baseline in Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale (SQLS) Total Score at the Endpoint and End of Treatment

The SQLS comprises 33 items categorized in 2 domains: psychosocial feelings (20 items) and cognition and vitality (13 items). The items were scored on a 5-point scale (1 - never, 2 - rarely, 3 - sometimes, 4 - often, 5 - always). Individual domain and total scores were standardized by scoring algorithm to a 0 (best health status) to 100 (worst health status) scale, with higher scores indicating comparatively lower quality of life. The last valid participant assessment was used as the endpoint. (NCT03503318)
Timeframe: Baseline, endpoint and end of treatment (up to Week 108)

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange at the EndpointChange at the End of Treatment
Placebo34.00.9-2.3
TV-46000 q1m33.1-4.5-7.2
TV-46000 q2m34.2-4.1-7.3

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Change From Baseline in Drug Attitudes Inventory 10-item Version (DAI-10) Total Score at the Endpoint and End of Treatment

"The DAI-10 is a 10-item questionnaire to assess 1) subjective experience of drug and 2) attitudes and beliefs toward neuroleptics which may influence compliance in schizophrenia participants. The DAI-10 contains 6 items (1, 3, 4, 7, 9, and 10) that a participant who was fully adherent to the prescribed medication answered as True and 4 items (2, 5, 6, and 8) that a participant who was fully adherent to the prescribed medication answered as False. A correct answer was scored +1 and an incorrect answer was scored -1. The total score was the sum of pluses and minuses, which ranged from -10 to 10 in increments of 2. A positive total score indicated a positive subjective response (compliant) and a negative total score indicated a negative subjective response (non-compliance). Higher scores denoted better compliance. The last valid participant assessment was used as the endpoint." (NCT03503318)
Timeframe: Baseline, endpoint and end of treatment (up to Week 108)

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange at the EndpointChange at the End of Treatment
Placebo6.1-0.8-0.9
TV-46000 q1m5.80.10.3
TV-46000 q2m5.7-0.30.3

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Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Suicidality (CGI-SS) Score at the End of Treatment

The CGI-SS scale provides an overall clinician-rated assessment of the risk of suicidality. The CGI-SS consists of a 5-point scale in Part 1 (the most severe level of suicidality experience) ranging from 1 (not at all suicidal) to 5 (attempted suicide) and a 7-point scale in Part 2 (change in participant suicidality) ranging from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). (NCT03503318)
Timeframe: Baseline, end of treatment (up to 108 weeks)

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
The most severe level of suicidality experience at BaselineChange in participant suicidality at the End of Treatment
Placebo1.04.0
TV-46000 q1m1.04.0
TV-46000 q2m1.04.0

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Change From Baseline in Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Score at the End of Treatment

The CDSS is specifically designed to assess the level of depression separate from the positive, negative, and EPS in schizophrenia. This clinician-administered instrument consists of 9 items, each rated on a 4-point scale from 0 (absent) to 3 (severe) that were added together to form the total CDSS depression score of the participant. The total score ranged from 0-27, with higher scores indicating greater severity of the condition. (NCT03503318)
Timeframe: Baseline, end of treatment (up to 108 weeks)

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange at the End of Treatment
Placebo1.6-0.4
TV-46000 q1m1.3-0.3
TV-46000 q2m1.5-0.8

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Time to Impending Relapse (Number of Participants With Impending Relapse) in the Adolescent Participants

Relapse was defined as 1 or more of the following items: • CGI-I of ≥5, and - an increase of any of the 4 PANSS items: conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, suspiciousness, and unusual thought content, to a score of >4 with an absolute increase of ≥2 on specific item since randomization, or - an increase in any of the 4 individual PANSS items to a score of >4 and an absolute increase of ≥4 on combined score of 4 items since randomization; • hospitalization due to worsening of psychotic symptoms; • CGI-SS of 4 (severely suicidal) or 5 (attempted suicide) on Part 1 and/or 6 (much worse) or 7 (very much worse) on Part 2; • violent behavior resulting in clinically significant self-injury, injury to another person, or property damage. Data is presented as distribution of relapsing participants (adolescents) (number of participants with impending relapse). (NCT03503318)
Timeframe: From randomization up to 108 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
TV-46000 q2m1

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Time to Impending Relapse (Number of Participants With Impending Relapse) for Intent-to-treat [ITT] Analysis Set

Relapse was defined as 1 or more of the following items: • Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) of ≥5, and - an increase of any of the 4 Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) items: conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, suspiciousness, and unusual thought content, to a score of >4 with an absolute increase of ≥2 on specific item since randomization, or - an increase in any of the 4 individual PANSS items to a score of >4 and an absolute increase of ≥4 on combined score of 4 items since randomization; • hospitalization due to worsening of psychotic symptoms; • Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Suicidality (CGI-SS) of 4 (severely suicidal) or 5 (attempted suicide) on Part 1 and/or 6 (much worse) or 7 (very much worse) on Part 2; • violent behavior resulting in clinically significant self-injury, injury to another person, or property damage. Data is presented as distribution of relapsing participants (number of participants with impending relapse). (NCT03503318)
Timeframe: From randomization up to 108 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Placebo53
TV-46000 q1m13
TV-46000 q2m23

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Time to Impending Relapse (Number of Participants With Impending Relapse) for Extended ITT [eITT] Analysis Set

Relapse was defined as 1 or more of the following items: • CGI-I of ≥5, and - an increase of any of the 4 PANSS items: conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, suspiciousness, and unusual thought content, to a score of >4 with an absolute increase of ≥2 on specific item since randomization, or - an increase in any of the 4 individual PANSS items to a score of >4 and an absolute increase of ≥4 on combined score of 4 items since randomization; • hospitalization due to worsening of psychotic symptoms; • CGI-SS of 4 (severely suicidal) or 5 (attempted suicide) on Part 1 and/or 6 (much worse) or 7 (very much worse) on Part 2; • violent behavior resulting in clinically significant self-injury, injury to another person, or property damage. Data is presented as distribution of relapsing participants (adults and adolescents) (number of participants with impending relapse). (NCT03503318)
Timeframe: From randomization up to 108 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Placebo53
TV-46000 q1m13
TV-46000 q2m24

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Proportion of Participants With Impending Relapse

Relapse was defined as 1 or more of the following items: • CGI-I of ≥5, and - an increase of any of the 4 PANSS items: conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, suspiciousness, and unusual thought content, to a score of >4 with an absolute increase of ≥2 on specific item since randomization, or - an increase in any of the 4 individual PANSS items to a score of >4 and an absolute increase of ≥4 on combined score of 4 items since randomization; • hospitalization due to worsening of psychotic symptoms; • CGI-SS of 4 (severely suicidal) or 5 (attempted suicide) on Part 1 and/or 6 (much worse) or 7 (very much worse) on Part 2; • violent behavior resulting in clinically significant self-injury, injury to another person, or property damage. Impending relapse rate at Week 24 was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier product estimate. (NCT03503318)
Timeframe: Week 24

Interventionproportion of participants (Number)
Placebo0.28
TV-46000 q1m0.07
TV-46000 q2m0.11

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Observed Rate of Impending Relapse (Number of Participants With Impending Relapse) at the Endpoint

Relapse was defined as 1 or more of the following items: • CGI-I of ≥5, and - an increase of any of the 4 PANSS items: conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, suspiciousness, and unusual thought content, to a score of >4 with an absolute increase of ≥2 on specific item since randomization, or - an increase in any of the 4 individual PANSS items to a score of >4 and an absolute increase of ≥4 on combined score of 4 items since randomization; • hospitalization due to worsening of psychotic symptoms; • CGI-SS of 4 (severely suicidal) or 5 (attempted suicide) on Part 1 and/or 6 (much worse) or 7 (very much worse) on Part 2; • violent behavior resulting in clinically significant self-injury, injury to another person, or property damage. Observed rate of impending relapse was calculated as the number of participants who relapsed by endpoint divided by the number of participants in each treatment group, using the last valid participant assessment as the endpoint. (NCT03503318)
Timeframe: At the Endpoint (up to 108 weeks)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Placebo53
TV-46000 q1m13
TV-46000 q2m23

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Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)

An adverse event (AE) was defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a participant who received study drug without regard to possibility of causal relationship. TEAEs were defined as AEs occurring after the first dose of the study drug until 120 days after the last dose of study drug. Serious AEs were defined as death, a life-threatening AE, inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, persistent or significant disability or incapacity, a congenital anomaly or birth defect, or an important medical event that jeopardized participant and required medical intervention to prevent 1 of the outcomes listed in this definition. A summary of other non-serious AEs and all serious AEs, regardless of causality is located in Reported AE section. (NCT03503318)
Timeframe: From randomization up to 120 days after last dose of study drug (up to Week 125)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Placebo92
TV-46000 q1m111
TV-46000 q2m121

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Change From Baseline to Week 12/EoT in University of California San Diego Performance-based Skills Assessment-2 Extended Range (UPSA-2-ER) Total Score

The UPSA-2-ER assesses the functional abilities of the participant with schizophrenia in 6 domains: household management, communication, financial skills, transportation, comprehension/planning and medication management. The UPSA-2-ER total score has a range from 0 to 105. A higher score indicates less impairment. (NCT03557931)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12/EoT

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo3.11
ASP4345 50 mg3.86
ASP4345 150 mg2.56

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Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Differences in Simpson Angus Scale (SAS) Values

SAS scale consists of 10 items including 7 items that address bradykinesia-rigidity and additional single items for tremor, glabellar tap, and salivation. Each item represents a specific physical condition and is rated on a 5-point category rating scale ranging from 0 (complete absence of the condition) to 4 (the condition is present to an extreme degree).The total score is obtained by adding the scores for the 10 individual items making the maximum possible score is 40. Higher scores are indicative of more severe Parkinsonian-type symptoms. (NCT03557931)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 6 and week 12

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
BaselineWeek 6Week 12
ASP4345 150 mg000
ASP4345 50 mg000
Placebo000

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Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Differences in Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Values

BARS is used to rate observable, restless movements of drug induced akathisia and subjective awareness of restlessness and any distress associated with the akathisia. BARS consists of the following 4 items: objective assessment of akathisia symptoms, subjective assessment of the participants's awareness of inner restlessness, distress restlessness, and global clinical assessment of akathisia. First three items are rated on a 4-point scale ranging from 0 (no abnormal movements or absence of inner restlessness or no distress) to 3 (severe akathisia or awareness of intense compulsion to move most of the time or severe distress). The last item, the global clinical assessment of akathisia, is rated on a 6-point scale, ranging from 0 (no evidence of akathisia) to 5 (severe akathisia). Total BARS score ranges from 0 to 14 with a higher score representing worse results. (NCT03557931)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 6 and week 12

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
BaselineWeek 6Week 12
ASP4345 150 mg000
ASP4345 50 mg000
Placebo000

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Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Differences in Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Values

AIMS is a 14-item scale. Items 1 to 8 are rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 (no dyskinetic movements) to 4 (severe dyskinetic movements). Item 9 assesses the participant's incapacitation due to abnormal movements, and item 10 assesses the participant's awareness of the abnormal movements and associated distress. Items 9 and 10 are rated on 5-point scales ranging from 0 (none or no awareness) to 4 (severe or aware, severe distress). Items 11 to 14 are yes/no questions regarding the global judgement and dental status of the participant. The total score is the sum of the scores for the 14 items and the possible total score ranges from 0 to 44. A higher total score is indicative of more severe dyskinetic movements. (NCT03557931)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 6 and week 12

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
BaselineWeek 6Week 12
ASP4345 150 mg000
ASP4345 50 mg000
Placebo000

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Number of Participants With Adverse Event (AE)

Treatment emergent adverse event (TEAE) is defined as an AE observed after starting administration of the study drug and 28 days after the last dose of study drug. A study drug-related TEAE is defined as any TEAE with at least possible relationship to study treatment as assessed by the investigator or with missing assessment of the causal relationship. An AE can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease (new or exacerbated) temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product. Safety was assessed by AEs, which included abnormalities identified during a medical test (e.g. laboratory tests, vital signs, electrocardiogram, metabolic parameters etc.) if the abnormality induced clinical signs or symptoms, needed active intervention, interruption or discontinuation of study medication or was clinically significant. (NCT03557931)
Timeframe: Baseline up to end of study (EoS) (week 14)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
TEAEDrug-Related TEAEsSerious TEAEsDrug-Related Serious TEAE
ASP4345 150 mg281110
ASP4345 50 mg281330
Placebo451110

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Change From Baseline to Week 12/End of Treatment (EoT) in Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) Neurocognitive Composite Score

The MCCB is a cognitive battery to assess 7 domains recommended by the MATRICS initiative (i.e., working memory, verbal learning, speed of processing, attention/vigilance, visual learning, social cognition, reasoning and problem solving). The MCCB neurocognitive composite score is a standardized mean of the six domain scores (excluding social cognition). Raw scores are converted to age and sex adjusted t-scores which are standardized to normative data, and have a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10 in the general healthy population. A higher score indicates less impairment. (NCT03557931)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12/end of treatment (EoT)

InterventionT-score (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo1.15
ASP4345 50 mg1.34
ASP4345 150 mg0.87

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Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Differences in Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) Values

The C-SSRS is a questionnaire used for suicide risk assessment. Affirmative or negative responses are provided to items 1 to 5 for suicidal ideation (1. Wish to be dead, 2. Non-specific active suicidal thoughts, 3. Active suicidal ideation with any methods [not plan] without intent to act, 4. Active suicidal ideation with some intent to act, without specific plan, 5. Active suicidal ideation with specific plan and intent) and items 6 to 10 for suicide behavior (6. Preparatory acts or behavior, 7. Aborted attempt, 8. Interrupted attempt, 9. Actual attempt, 10. Completed suicide). (NCT03557931)
Timeframe: Baseline up to EoS (week 14)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo0
ASP4345 50 mg0
ASP4345 150 mg0

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Concentration at Trough Level (Ctrough) for ASP4345

Ctrough concentration for ASP4345 was reported. (NCT03557931)
Timeframe: Predose: day 7, day 14, day 21, day 42 and day 84/EoT

,
Interventionnanogram per milliliter (ng/mL) (Mean)
Day 7 Pre-doseDay 14 Pre-doseDay 21 Pre-doseDay 42 Pre-doseDay 84 Pre-dose
ASP4345 150 mg483.84428.88384.48471.78433.56
ASP4345 50 mg175.041182.903172.040207.145204.914

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Percentage Of Days With Good Patch Coverage

The DMS includes a drug-device combination of a CoE product, a wearable sensor patch, and application software (smartphone) to record activity and rest and mark events through the act of ingestion. The CoE product consists of an approved antipsychotic medication enclosed with an Ingestible Sensor Pill (miniature ingestible event marker in tablet [MIT]). The sensor patch detects and records each MIT ingestion, as well as other physiologic and behavioral data. Good patch coverage for a specific day was defined as having either at least 80% patch data available (80% of the day the patch was worn and data was collected as noted via the accelerometer channel) or the MIT was detected within the 24-hour period, for each day while the participant was in the trial. The percentage of days was calculated as the number of days with good patch coverage divided by the total number of trial days for each participant. Descriptive statistics were performed for this outcome measure. (NCT03568500)
Timeframe: Up to 8 weeks

Interventionpercentage of days (Mean)
Schizophrenia64.34
Schizoaffective Disorder62.99
First Episode Psychosis62.51
Total63.37

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Participant Adherence

The DMS includes a drug-device combination of a CoE product, a wearable sensor patch, and application software (smartphone) to record activity and rest and mark events through the act of ingestion. The CoE product consists of an approved antipsychotic medication enclosed with an Ingestible Sensor Pill (MIT). The sensor patch detects and records each MIT ingestion, as well as other physiologic and behavioral data. Participant adherence was measured as the detected MITs over the expected MITs ingested during the trial days with good patch coverage. The more the participant successfully engaged in a number of processes across the 8-week trial, the greater the measured adherence. Descriptive statistics were performed for this outcome measure. (NCT03568500)
Timeframe: Up to 8 weeks

Interventionpercentage of MITs (Mean)
Schizophrenia88.94
Schizoaffective Disorder72.29
First Episode Psychosis91.04
Total86.57

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PANSS Negative Subscale Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint

"The PANSS consisted of three subscales: a total of 30 symptom constructs. For each symptom construct, severity was rated on a 7-point scale, with a score of 1 indicated- absence of symptoms and a score of 7 indicated- extremely severe symptoms. The PANSS negative subscale score was the sum of the rating scores for the 7 negative scale items from the PANSS panel. The 7 negative symptom constructs were: blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, poor rapport, passive apathetic withdrawal, difficulty in abstract thinking, lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation and stereotyped thinking. PANSS Negative Subscale Score ranges from 7 (absence of symptoms) to 49 (extremely severe symptoms).~Endpoint is defined as study day 365 or the last post-baseline assessment if early discontinuation." (NCT03870880)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 365 (or the last post-baseline assessment)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Rollover Placebo/Risperidone ISM 75 mg-4.6
Risperidone ISM 75 mg/Risperidone ISM 75 mg-2.2
De Novo/Risperidone ISM 75 mg-0.3
Rollover Placebo/Risperidone ISM 100 mg-2.9
Risperidone ISM 100/Risperidone ISM 100-2.1
De Novo/Risperidone ISM 100 mg-0.7

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PANSS General Psychopathology Subscale Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint

"The PANSS consisted of three subscales that contained a total of 30 symptom constructs. For each symptom construct, severity is rated on a 7-point scale, with a score of 1 indicated the absence of symptoms and a score of 7 indicated extremely severe symptoms. The general psychopathology scale consists of 16 items which measure somatic concern, anxiety, guilt feelings, tension, mannerisms and posturing, depression, motor retardation, uncooperativeness, unusual thought content, disorientation, poor attention, lack of judgment and insight, disturbance of volition, poor impulse control, preoccupation and active social avoidance. PANSS General Psychopathology Subscale Score ranges from 16 (absence of symptoms) to 112 (extremely severe symptoms).~Endpoint is defined as study day 356 or the last post-baseline assessment if early discontinuation." (NCT03870880)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 365 (or the last post-baseline assessment)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Rollover Placebo/Risperidone ISM 75 mg-12.4
Rollover Risperidone ISM 75mg/Risperidone ISM 75mg-5.4
De Novo/Risperidone ISM 75mg0.2
Rollover Placebo/Risperidone ISM 100 mg-9.4
Rollover Risperidone ISM 100 mg/Risperidone ISM 100 mg-3.9
De Novo/Risperidone ISM 100 mg-2.5

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Clinician Global Impression - Improvement (CGI-I) Score

"The Clinical Global Impression - Improvement (CGI-I) is a single 7-point rating score total improvement, regardless of whether or not the change it is due entirely to drug treatment. Raters select one response based on the following question, Compared to your patient's condition at the beginning of treatment, how much has your patient changed? Scores are: 1, Very much improved; 2, Much improved; 3, Minimally improved; 4, No change; 5, Minimally worse; 6, Much worse; or 7, Very much worse.~Endpoint is defined as study day 365 or the last post-baseline assessment if early discontinuation." (NCT03870880)
Timeframe: Day 365 (or the last post-baseline assessment)

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Rollover Placebo/Risperidone ISM 75 mg2.3
Rollover Risperidone ISM 75mg/Risperidone ISM 75mg2.9
De Novo/Risperidone ISM 75mg3.7
Rollover Placebo/Risperidone ISM 100 mg2.4
Rollover Risperidone ISM 100 mg/Risperidone ISM 100 mg2.9
De Novo/Risperidone ISM 100 mg3.1

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TEAEs Leading to Study Drug Discontinuation

TEAEs which resulted in permanent study drug discontinuation (NCT03870880)
Timeframe: Up to Day 365 (or the last post-baseline assessment)

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
AkathisiaDiabetes mellitusExtrapyramidal disorderGynaecomastiaHepatic SteatosisHepatocellular injuryLibido decreasedSchizophreniaSuicidal ideationWeight increased
Risperidone ISM 100 mg1001110500
Risperidone ISM 75 mg0110001211

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Overall Response Rate at Endpoint

"Overall response was defined as either PANSS total score ≥ 30% decrease from baseline, or CGI-I score of 2 (much improved) or 1 (very much improved).~Endpoint is defined as study day 365 or the last post-baseline assessment if early discontinuation." (NCT03870880)
Timeframe: Day 365 (or the last post-baseline assessment)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Rollover Placebo/Risperidone ISM 75 mg74.1
Rollover Risperidone ISM 75mg/Risperidone ISM 75mg44.8
De Novo/Risperidone ISM 75mg9.7
Rollover Placebo/Risperidone ISM 100 mg64.3
Rollover Risperidone ISM 100 mg/Risperidone ISM 100 mg45.9
De Novo/Risperidone ISM 100 mg20.0

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Clinician Global Impression - Severity (CGI-S) Total Score Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint

"The Clinician Global Impression - Severity (CGI-S) score is a 7-point clinician-rated scale for assessing the global severity of the illness. A rating of 1 is equivalent to Normal, not at all ill and a rating of 7 is equivalent to Among the most extremely ill participants. Negative change from baseline scores indicate improvement in the severity of illness whereas higher scores mean a worse outcome.~Endpoint is defined as study day 365 or the last post-baseline assessment if early discontinuation." (NCT03870880)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 365 (or the last post-baseline assessment)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Rollover Placebo/Risperidone ISM 75 mg-1.3
Rollover Risperidone ISM 75mg/Risperidone ISM 75mg-0.5
De Novo/Risperidone ISM 75mg0.0
Rollover Placebo/Risperidone ISM 100 mg-1.0
Rollover Risperidone ISM 100 mg/Risperidone ISM 100 mg-0.3
De Novo/Risperidone ISM 100 mg-0.1

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PANSS Positive Subscale Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint

"The PANSS consisted of three subscales that contained a total of 30 symptom constructs. For each symptom construct, severity is rated on a 7-point scale, with a score of 1 indicated the absence of symptoms and a score of 7 indicated extremely severe symptoms. In positive subscale, the 7 positive symptom constructs were: delusions, conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, excitement, grandiosity, suspiciousness/persecution, and hostility.~PANSS Positive Subscale Score ranges from 7 (absence of symptoms) to 49 (extremely severe symptoms).~Endpoint is defined as study day 365 or the last post-baseline assessment if early discontinuation." (NCT03870880)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 365 (or the last post-baseline assessment)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Rollover Placebo/Risperidone ISM 75 mg-6.0
Rollover Risperidone 75 mg/Risperidone 75 mg-3.3
De Novo/Risperidone ISM 75 mg-0.6
Rollover Placebo/Risperidone ISM 100 mg-6.5
Rollover Risperidone ISM 100 mg/Risperidone ISM 100 mg-2.6
De Novo/Risperidone ISM 100 mg-1.6

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Patients With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)

"An Adverse event (AE) is any symptom, physical sign, syndrome, or disease that either emerges during the study (from the informed consent form signature) or, if present at screening, worsens during the study, regardless of the suspected cause of the event.~The treatment-emergent AEs (TEAEs) are defined as events that are newly occurring or worsening from the time of the first dose of the intramuscular study drug." (NCT03870880)
Timeframe: Up to Day 365 (or the last post-baseline assessment)

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Patients with at least one TEAEPatients with at least one treatment-related TEAEPatients with at least one serious TEAEPatients with at least one TEAE leading to treatment discontinuationPatients with at least one TEAE leading to death
Risperidone ISM 100 mg5941580
Risperidone ISM 75 mg8143671

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Relapse Rate

Relapse was defined as either increase from baseline in PANSS total score ≥30% or rehospitalization for psychotic symptoms or use of adjunctive antipsychotic medication after stabilization. (NCT03870880)
Timeframe: Day 365 (or the last post-baseline assessment)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Rollover Placebo/Risperidone ISM 75 mg11.1
Rollover Risperidone ISM 75mg/Risperidone ISM 75mg10.3
De Novo/Risperidone ISM 75mg12.9
Rollover Placebo/Risperidone ISM 100 mg0
Rollover Risperidone ISM 100 mg/Risperidone ISM 100 mg13.1
De Novo/Risperidone ISM 100 mg20.0

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PANSS Total Score Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint

"The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) is a 30-item clinician-rated instrument for assessing the symptoms of schizophrenia.The 30 symptoms are rated on a 7-point scale that ranges from 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme psychopathology). The PANSS total score is the sum of all 30 PANSS items and ranges from 30 to 210, with 30 indicating absence of symptoms of schizophrenia and 210 indicating extreme ratings of all 30 symptoms. Negative change from baseline scores indicates improvements in symptoms whereas higher scores mean a worse outcome.~Endpoint is defined as study day 365 or the last post-baseline assessment if early discontinuation." (NCT03870880)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 365 (or the last post-baseline assessment)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Rollover Placebo/Risperidone ISM 75 mg-22.9
Rollover Risperidone ISM 75mg/Risperidone ISM 75mg-11.0
De Novo/Risperidone ISM 75mg-0.8
Rollover Placebo/Risperidone ISM 100 mg-18.9
Rollover Risperidone ISM 100 mg/Risperidone ISM 100 mg-8.7
De Novo/Risperidone ISM 100 mg-4.8

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Number of Participants With SAEs

An AE was defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a participant who received study drug without regard to possibility of causal relationship. SAEs were defined as death, a life-threatening AE, inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, persistent or significant disability or incapacity, a congenital anomaly or birth defect, or an important medical event that jeopardized participant and required medical intervention to prevent 1 of the outcomes listed in this definition. A summary of other non-serious AEs and all serious AEs, regardless of causality is located in Reported AE section. The safety analysis set included all participants who received at least 1 dose of TV46000 in TV-46000-CNS-30072 study or in TV46000-CNS-30078 study. (NCT03893825)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 64

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
TV-46000 q1m8
TV-46000 q2m11

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs)

An AE was defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a participant who received study drug without regard to possibility of causal relationship. Serious adverse events (SAEs) were defined as death, a life-threatening AE, inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, persistent or significant disability or incapacity, a congenital anomaly or birth defect, or an important medical event that jeopardized participant and required medical intervention to prevent 1 of the outcomes listed in this definition. A summary of other non-serious AEs and all serious AEs, regardless of causality is located in Reported AE section. (NCT03893825)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 64

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
TV-46000 q1m64
TV-46000 q2m74

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Number of Participants Who Were Withdrawn From the Treatment

The number of participants who were withdrawn from the treatment due to any reason has been reported. The safety analysis set included all participants who received at least 1 dose of TV46000 in TV-46000-CNS-30072 study or in TV46000-CNS-30078 study. (NCT03893825)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 64

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
DeathAdverse eventWithdrawal by participantNon-compliance with study drugProtocol deviationLost-to-follow upLack of efficacyRelapseOther
TV-46000 q1m22211251311
TV-46000 q2m15250170311

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Percent Fluctuation in Concentration Over the Dosing Interval

Plasma concentration variation of risperidone, 9-OH and total active moiety over the dosing interval was measured by percent fluctuation after oral dosing and SC doses 1, 3 and 4 at steady state. (NCT03978832)
Timeframe: Calculated over the dosing interval (0-12 hours on Day -1, or 0-672 hours after Dose 1, 3 or 4)

Interventionpercentage of fluctuation (Geometric Mean)
Risperidone after oral dosingRisperidone after Dose 1Risperidone after Dose 3Risperidone after Dose 49-OH after oral dosing9-OH after Dose 19-OH after Dose 39-OH after Dose 4Total active moiety after oral dosingTotal active moiety after Dose 1Total active moiety after Dose 3Total active moiety after Dose 4
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS253.335174.653135.267190.11746.787115.645115.286116.85271.468115.113106.210118.435

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Maximum Plasma Concentration Over the Dosing Interval

Maximum observed plasma concentration of risperidone, 9-hydroxyrisperidone (9-OH) and total active moiety over the dosing interval after oral dosing and SC doses 1, 3 and 4 (NCT03978832)
Timeframe: Calculated over the dosing interval (0-12 hours on Day -1, or 0-672 hours after Dose 1, 3 or 4)

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Risperidone after oral dosingRisperidone after Dose 1Risperidone after Dose 3Risperidone after Dose 49-OH after oral dosing9-OH after Dose 19-OH after Dose 39-OH after Dose 4Total active moiety after oral dosingTotal active moiety after Dose 1Total active moiety after Dose 3Total active moiety after Dose 4
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS14.05216.74318.63529.82145.46445.28556.47652.24058.45358.31770.59777.219

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS)-Change

Significant changes from baseline in C-SSRS scores were reported as adverse events. The C-SSRS is based on a categorization of thoughts and behavior that are identified as related to suicidal behavior. The scale captures the occurrence, severity and frequency of suicide related thoughts and behaviors throughout lifetime at screening and for the time interval since last administration during a study. Responses are indicated as yes (thought or behavior did occur) or no (thought or behavior did not occur). If a yes response is received, then follow up questions are asked. The outcome of the C-SSRS is a numerical score obtained from each of the categories. Scores can range from 0-25, indicating the intensity rating, and any score greater than 0 may indicate the need for mental health intervention. Higher scores indicate greater intensity (i.e. worse outcome). (NCT03978832)
Timeframe: Screening through EOS (Day 113)

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Change in Maximum Suicidal Ideation at Dose 1/Day 8Change in Maximum Suicidal Ideation at EOSChange in Suicidal Ideation Intensity Score at Dose 1/Day 8Change in Suicidal Ideation Intensity Score at EOSChange in Maximum Suicidal Behavior at Dose 1/Day 8Change in Maximum Suicidal Behavior at EOS
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS0.00.00.00.00.00.0

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Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Illness Scale (CGI-S)

Clinical outcome (efficacy endpoint) as measured by change from baseline in CGI-S scores was measured. The CGI-S is a measurement of the total severity of illness where one question is assessed. Responses range from 0 (not assessed) to 7 (most extremely ill). (NCT03978832)
Timeframe: Baseline through EOS (Day 113)

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Change from baseline: Dose 1/Day 2Change from baseline: Dose 1/Day 8Change from baseline: Dose 1/Day 15Change from baseline: Dose 1/Day 22Change from baseline: Dose 2/Day 29Change from baseline: Dose 2/Day 50Change from baseline: Dose 3/Day 57Change from baseline: Dose 4/Day 85Change from baseline: EOS/Day 113
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS-0.10.00.00.00.00.00.10.10.0

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Average Plasma Concentration (Cavg) Over the Dosing Interval of Risperidone, 9-OH and Total Active Moiety

Average plasma concentration of risperidone, 9-hydroxyrisperidone (9-OH) and total active moiety over the dosing interval after oral dosing and SC doses 1, 3 and 4. (NCT03978832)
Timeframe: Calculated over the dosing interval (0-12 hours on Day -1, or 0-672 hours after Dose 1, 3 or 4).

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Risperidone after oral dosingRisperidone after Dose 1Risperidone after Dose 3Risperidone after Dose 49-OH after oral dosing9-OH after Dose 19-OH after Dose 39-OH after Dose 4Total active moiety after oral dosingTotal active moiety after Dose 1Total active moiety after Dose 3Total active moiety after Dose 4
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS5.0307.45410.20011.61836.06626.14833.03930.72340.82334.07744.04943.729

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Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve Over the Dosing Interval

Area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) was measured for risperidone, 9-OH and total active moiety. (NCT03978832)
Timeframe: Calculated over the dosing interval (0-12 hours on Day -1, or 0-672 hours after Dose 1, 3 or 4).

Interventionhr*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Risperidone after oral dosingRisperidone after Dose 1Risperidone after Dose 3Risperidone after Dose 49-OH after oral dosing9-OH after Dose 19-OH after Dose 39-OH after Dose 4Total active moiety after oral dosingTotal active moiety after Dose 1Total active moiety after Dose 3Total active moiety after Dose 4
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS60.3545021.1916854.8557762.268432.80117615.9722203.3120527.19489.88822955.7429602.7229217.83

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The Number of Participants With TEAEs as Assessed by Local Injection Site*

The injection site was evaluated for adverse events by observation and examination by appropriately trained personnel. (NCT03978832)
Timeframe: First injection at Day 1 until Day 120

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS1

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The Number of Participants With TEAEs as Assessed by Changes in ECG

ECGs were performed, and clinically significant changes in parameters were reported as adverse events (AE). ECGs were performed after 5 minutes of rest, and ECG parameters including QT interval, PR interval, QRS interval and heart rate was recorded. The ECG measurements were evaluated during the visit and determination of whether any abnormalities were AEs was made by the investigator or a medically qualified designee. If determined to be an AE, the measurement was repeated at appropriate intervals until the value returned to an acceptable range and the subject was clinically stable, a specific diagnosis was established, or the condition otherwise explained. (NCT03978832)
Timeframe: Time participants sign the informed consent form throughout the study until EOS (Day 113)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS0

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The Number of Participants With TEAEs as Assessed by Changes in Body Weight

Body weight, with shoes off, was measured and clinically significant changes in weight was reported as adverse events (AE). Determination of whether the changes were AEs was made by the investigator or a medically qualified designee. If determined to be an AE, the measurement was repeated at appropriate intervals until the value returned to an acceptable range and the subject was clinically stable, a specific diagnosis was established, or the condition otherwise explained. (NCT03978832)
Timeframe: Time subjects sign the informed consent form throughout the study until EOS (Day 113)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS1

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Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

"Clinical outcome (efficacy endpoint) as measured by change from baseline in PANSS scores was measured. PANSS is a medical scale designed to measure schizophrenia symptom severity utilizing a 30 item, 7-point rating scheme. The PANSS Is scored by a summation of ratings across items, with a total potential range of 7-210; higher results indicate greater severity of illness.~Only total score changes from baseline are reported here." (NCT03978832)
Timeframe: Baseline, defined as last assessment prior to first injection, through Day 113 (EOS)

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Total score change from baseline: Dose 1 Day 2Total score change from baseline: Dose 1 Day 8Total score change from baseline: Dose 1 Day 15Total score change from baseline: Dose 1 Day 22Total score change from baseline: Dose 2 Day 29Total score change from baseline: Dose 2 Day 50Total score change from baseline: Dose 3 Day 57Total score change from baseline: Dose 4 Day 85Total score change from baseline: Day 113-EOS
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS-0.20.90.7-0.4-0.9-0.5-2.9-0.91.6

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The Number of Participants With TEAEs as Assessed by Changes in Laboratory Testing

Laboratory testing was performed by the local clinical laboratory accredited by the College of American Pathologists, and clinically significant changes from baseline were reported as AEs. Subjects were expected to fast for a minimum of 8 hours prior to blood draws for all laboratory assessments except at the screening visit. Prior to entering the study, any abnormal laboratory test results were to be considered not clinically significant. Any abnormal hematology, serum chemistry or urinalysis test result after study drug intake that was determined by the investigator or a medically qualified designee to be clinically significant was reported as an AE. If determined to be an AE, the measurement was repeated at appropriate intervals until the value returned to an acceptable range or it was determined that resolution was not expected. (NCT03978832)
Timeframe: Time subjects sign the informed consent form throughout the study until end of study (EOS) visit (Day 113)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS3

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Trough Plasma Concentration

Trough (pre-dose) plasma concentrations were measured for risperidone, 9-OH and total active moiety for SC doses 1, 3 and 4 (NCT03978832)
Timeframe: Calculated over the dosing interval (0-672 hours) after Dose 1, 3 or 4.

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Risperidone after Dose 1Risperidone after dose 3Risperidone after Dose 49-OH after dose 19-OH after dose 39-OH after dose 4Total active moiety after dose 1Total active moiety after dose 3Total active moiety after dose 4
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS1.7665.0664.96633.69620.32617.98335.55325.46823.125

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Minimum Plasma Concentration Over the Dosing Interval

Minimum observed plasma concentration of risperidone, 9-hydroxyrisperidone (9-OH) and total active moiety over the dosing interval after oral dosing and SC doses 1, 3 and 4 (NCT03978832)
Timeframe: Calculated over the dosing interval (0-12 hours on Day -1, or 0-672 hours after Dose 1, 3 or 4).

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Risperidone after oral dosingRisperidone after Dose 1Risperidone after Dose 3Risperidone after Dose 49-OH after oral dosing9-OH after Dose 19-OH after Dose 39-OH after Dose 4Total active moiety after oral dosingTotal active moiety after Dose 1Total active moiety after Dose 3Total active moiety after Dose 4
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS1.0663.0174.5195.02027.70513.92216.95114.82028.32917.85222.25022.063

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Assessment of Local Injection Site Tolerability*

Injection site tolerability was measured by injection site grading for redness, induration, swelling and tenderness/pain. These were graded on a scale from 0 to 4 for severity (none, mild, moderate, severe and potentially life-threatening) (NCT03978832)
Timeframe: First injection at Day 1 until last injection administered at Day 85

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Dose 1 injection site pain grade72408348Dose 2 injection site pain grade72408348Dose 3 injection site pain grade72408348Dose 4 injection site pain grade72408348Dose 1 injection site tenderness grade72408348Dose 2 injection site tenderness grade72408348Dose 3 injection site tenderness grade72408348Dose 4 injection site tenderness grade72408348Dose 1 injection site erythema/redness grade72408348Dose 2 injection site erythema/redness grade72408348Dose 3 injection site erythema/redness grade72408348Dose 4 injection site erythema/redness grade72408348Dose 1 injection site induration/swelling grade72408348Dose 2 injection site induration/swelling grade72408348Dose 3 injection site induration/swelling grade72408348Dose 4 injection site induration/swelling grade72408348
NoneMild
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS22
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS19
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS21
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS18
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS2
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS13
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS3
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS20
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS16
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS0
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS23
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS15
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS1
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS14

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Safety as Measured by Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) Scores

Safety of treatment was measured by characterization of thoughts and behavior related to suicidal behavior. This was assessed by administration of the C-SSRS at designated visits. The scale captures the occurrence, severity and frequency of suicide related thoughts and behaviours throughout lifetime at screening and for the time interval since last administration during a study. Questions solicit the type of information needed to determine if a suicide-related thought or behavior occurred. (NCT03978832)
Timeframe: Screening through EOS (Day 113)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Any Suicidal Ideation - Lifetime72408348Any Suicidal Ideation - Past 6 months72408348Any Suicidal Ideation - EOS72408348Any Suicidal Behavior - Lifetime72408348Any Suicidal Behavior - Past 6 months72408348Any Suicidal Behavior - EOS72408348Any Suicidal Ideation or Behavior - Lifetime72408348Any Suicidal Ideation or Behavior - Past 6 months72408348Any Suicidal Ideation or Behavior - EOS72408348
YesNo
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS15
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS23
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS17
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS6
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS8
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS20
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS14
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS0

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The Number of Participants With TEAEs as Assessed by Changes in Vital Signs

Vital sign measurement was performed, including orthostatic blood pressure, and clinically significant changes were reported as adverse events (AE). Vital sign measurement also included measurement of pulse rate, oral temperature and respiratory rate. Determination of whether the changes were AEs was made by the investigator or a medically qualified designee. If determined to be an AE, the measurement was repeated at appropriate intervals until the value returned to an acceptable range and the subject was clinically stable, a specific diagnosis was established, or the condition otherwise explained. (NCT03978832)
Timeframe: Time subjects sign the informed consent form throughout the study until EOS (Day 113)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS1

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Time to Occurrence of Maximum Concentration

Time to maximal observed plasma concentration (Tmax) for risperidone, 9-OH, and total active moiety after oral dosing and SC doses 1, 3 and 4. (NCT03978832)
Timeframe: Calculated over the overall dosing interval (0-12 hours on Day -1, or 0-672 hours after Dose 1, 3 or 4).

Interventionhr (Median)
Risperidone after oral dosingRisperidone after Dose 1Risperidone after Dose 3Risperidone after Dose 49-OH after oral dosing9-OH after Dose 19-OH after Dose 39-OH after Dose 4Total active moiety after oral dosingTotal active moiety after Dose 1Total active moiety after Dose 3Total active moiety after Dose 4
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS1.0240.175143.86512.0501.990204.515182.535118.1201.010239.665182.535192.100

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The Number of Participants With TEAEs as Assessed by Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) of Anti-psychotic Drug Treatment

Safety of treatment was measured by administration of symptom questionnaires including AIMS, Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) and Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS), as well as by assessment by the investigator or suitably qualified medical designee. The AIMS is a tool that aids in early detection and ongoing monitoring of tardive dyskinesia, a movement disorder. The BARS is a 4-item scale that detects the presence and severity of any drug-induced restlessness. The SAS is a 10-item scale used to detect the presence of drug-induced Parkinsonism (movement disorder seen in Parkinson's disease) and extrapyramidal side effects and evaluates symptom severity. Extrapyramidal symptoms include involuntary or uncontrollable movements, tremors, and muscle contractions. (NCT03978832)
Timeframe: Time subjects sign the informed consent form throughout the study until EOS (Day 113)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
AkathisiaDyskinesiaParkinsonian gaitTremor
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS1211

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Steady-state Average Plasma Concentration (Cavg,ss) of Risperidone and Total Active Moiety

Cavg,ss for risperidone and total active moiety after oral and SC administration (NCT03978832)
Timeframe: 0-12 hours post-dose on Day -1, and 0-672 hours after Dose 3

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Risperidone after oral dosingRisperidone after Dose 3Total active moiety after oral dosingTotal active moiety after Dose 3
Oral Risperidone Followed by PERSERIS5.15010.20043.73044.049

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Mean Change From Baseline in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score at Week 4

The PANSS is a 30-item rating scale that evaluates positive, negative, and other symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. The Positive subscale is a 7-item scale that assesses features in schizophrenia that are not present in a normal mental state. The Negative subscale is a 7-item scale that assesses features absent in schizophrenia but present in those with a normal mental state. Items are rated on a 7-point scale, where 1 = absent and 7 = extreme, for a maximum score of 49 for each scale. The General subscale is a 16-item scale that assesses the overall severity of schizophrenia and the risk of aggression. Items are rated on the same scale, with a minimum score of 16 and a maximum score of 112. Total scores are calculated by adding subscale scores together, for a minimum score of 30 and a maximum score of 210. Higher scores indicate higher severity. (NCT04512066)
Timeframe: Week 4 (Day 28)

,,,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineDay 28
Placebo99.3888.69
Risperidone 4 mg100.0378.04
RO6889450 150 mg100.5385.18
RO6889450 45 mg98.5488.94

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PANSS Total Score at Week 12

The PANSS is a 30-item rating scale that evaluates positive, negative, and other symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. The Positive subscale is a 7-item scale that assesses features in schizophrenia that are not present in a normal mental state. The Negative subscale is a 7-item scale that assesses features absent in schizophrenia but present in those with a normal mental state. Items are rated on a 7-point scale, where 1 = absent and 7 = extreme, for a maximum score of 49 for each scale. The General subscale is a 16-item scale that assesses the overall severity of schizophrenia and the risk of aggression. Items are rated on the same scale, with a minimum score of 16 and a maximum score of 112. Total scores are calculated by adding subscale scores together, for a minimum score of 30 and a maximum score of 210. Higher scores indicate higher severity. (NCT04512066)
Timeframe: Week 12

,,,,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 12
Placebo - RO6889450 150 mg99.1276.73
Placebo - RO6889450 45 mg103.4475.10
Risperidone 4 mg100.3067.74
RO6889450 150 mg99.0079.30
RO6889450 45 mg98.6676.25

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Plasma Concentration of RO6889450

(NCT04512066)
Timeframe: Day 7 - Day 336

,
Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Day 28Day 42Day 56Day 84
Placebo - RO6889450 150 mg212.27274.58217.65165.99
Placebo - RO6889450 45 mg49.6759.9970.9977.11

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Plasma Concentration of RO6889450

(NCT04512066)
Timeframe: Day 7 - Day 336

,
Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Day 7Day 14Day 28Day 42Day 56Day 84Day 168Day 336
RO6889450 150 mg423.83463.21419.41390.65237.42265.09733.98139.71
RO6889450 45 mg99.5091.5394.57108.57108.5992.2495.394.13

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Proportion of Participants With at Least 20% or 50% Improvement From Baseline in the PANSS Total Score

The PANSS is a 30-item rating scale that evaluates positive, negative, and other symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. The Positive subscale is a 7-item scale that assesses features in schizophrenia that are not present in a normal mental state. The Negative subscale is a 7-item scale that assesses features absent in schizophrenia but present in those with a normal mental state. Items are rated on a 7-point scale, where 1 = absent and 7 = extreme, for a maximum score of 49 for each scale. The General subscale is a 16-item scale that assesses the overall severity of schizophrenia and the risk of aggression. Items are rated on the same scale, with a minimum score of 16 and a maximum score of 112. Total scores are calculated by adding subscale scores together, for a minimum score of 30 and a maximum score of 210. Higher scores indicate higher severity. (NCT04512066)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 12

,,,
InterventionProportion expressed as percentage (Number)
20% improvement - Week 120% improvement - Week 220% improvement - Week 320% improvement - Week 450% improvement - Week 150% improvement - Week 250% improvement - Week 350% improvement - Week 4
Placebo18.126.431.930.602.82.88.3
Risperidone 4 mg25.443.759.259.22.84.214.114.1
RO6889450 150 mg27.936.838.236.81.54.42.98.8
RO6889450 45 mg26.224.632.332.31.53.17.77.7

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Proportion of Participants With at Least 20% or 50% Improvement in the PANSS Total Score up to Week 12

The PANSS is a 30-item rating scale that evaluates positive, negative, and other symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. The Positive subscale is a 7-item scale that assesses features in schizophrenia that are not present in a normal mental state. The Negative subscale is a 7-item scale that assesses features absent in schizophrenia but present in those with a normal mental state. Items are rated on a 7-point scale, where 1 = absent and 7 = extreme, for a maximum score of 49 for each scale. The General subscale is a 16-item scale that assesses the overall severity of schizophrenia and the risk of aggression. Items are rated on the same scale, with a minimum score of 16 and a maximum score of 112. Total scores are calculated by adding subscale scores together, for a minimum score of 30 and a maximum score of 210. Higher scores indicate higher severity. (NCT04512066)
Timeframe: Weeks 4, 8, and 12

,,,,
InterventionProportion expressed as a percentage (Number)
Week 4Week 8Week 12
Placebo - RO6889450 150 mg36.028.028.0
Placebo - RO6889450 45 mg40.036.028.0
Risperidone 4 mg75.569.850.9
RO6889450 150 mg53.337.828.9
RO6889450 45 mg46.343.948.8

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Participants Ready for Discharge From First Randomized Treatment Intake to Readiness for Discharge as Assessed by the Readiness for Discharge Questionnaire (RDQ) at 4-Week Treatment

The RDQ is a tool used to assess inpatients with schizophrenia on their readiness for discharge from inpatient treatment. It consists of five items that assess suicidality/homicidality, control of aggression/impulsivity, activities of daily living, medication-taking, and delusions/hallucinations interfering with functioning and global status. An additional item examines the overall clinical state of the patient and the final question assesses readiness for discharge. The values reported are the proportion (expressed as a percentage) of participants in each analysis group considered ready for discharge according to the RDQ. (NCT04512066)
Timeframe: after 4-week treatment

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo88.9
RO6889450 45 mg83.1
RO6889450 150 mg89.7
Risperidone 4 mg97.2

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CGI-I up to Week 12

The CGI-I measures change from the baseline state at subsequent visits using a 7-point scale, where 1 = very much improved and 7 = very much worse. (NCT04512066)
Timeframe: Up to Week 12

,,,,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Day 7Week 12
Placebo - RO6889450 150 mg3.762.73
Placebo - RO6889450 45 mg3.542.33
Risperidone 4 mg3.382.00
RO6889450 150 mg3.562.65
RO6889450 45 mg3.542.30

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Change From Baseline in PANSS Factor Scores at Week 4

PANSS factors are modified groupings of the 30 PANSS items from the original three subscales (positive, negative, and general psychopathology). Each item is rated on a scale of 1 (absent) to 7 (most extreme). The positive symptom factor contains 8 items (score range 8-56); the negative symptom and disorganized thought/cognition factors contain 7 items (score range 7-49); the uncontrolled hostility/excitement, expressive deficit, and anxiety/depression factors contain 4 items (score range 4-28); and the avolition domain contains 3 items (score range 3-21). The negative and positive totals each have a range of 7-49 and the general total has a range of 16-112. Higher scores indicate higher symptom severity. (NCT04512066)
Timeframe: Week 4 (Day 28)

,,,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Anxiety/Depression - BaselineAnxiety/Depression - Day 28Avolition - BaselineAvolition - Day 28Disorganized thought/Cognition - BaselineDisorganized thought/Cognition - Day 28Expressive deficit - BaselineExpressive deficit - Day 28Totals general - BaselineTotals general - Day 28Negative symptom factor score - BaselineNegative symptom factor score - Day 28Totals negative - BaselineTotals negative - Day 28Positive symptom factor score - BaselinePositive symptom factor score - Day 28Totals positive - BaselineTotals positive - Day 28Uncontrolled hostility/excitement - BaselineUncontrolled hostility/excitement - Day 28
Placebo11.589.5615.9914.0421.8619.6910.8910.8148.4242.4323.5821.6324.1022.6531.4027.7226.8623.6110.9410.09
Risperidone 4 mg12.588.5016.2012.9321.4517.0710.2310.7148.8937.0723.3420.3923.6521.4531.1524.2127.4919.5211.517.86
RO6889450 150 mg11.549.0616.3813.7322.5019.4110.9010.1648.6840.4323.8120.8024.5922.5332.0326.6327.2622.2210.659.27
RO6889450 45 mg12.919.8815.8613.6721.4320.6310.3110.6948.6943.7123.0221.2723.6521.8230.6628.0626.2023.4110.529.10

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CGI-S up to Week 12

The CGI-S measures global severity of illness at a given point in time using a 7-point scale, where 1 = no symptoms and 7 = very severe symptoms. (NCT04512066)
Timeframe: Up to Week 12

,,,,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 12
Placebo - RO6889450 150 mg5.163.73
Placebo - RO6889450 45 mg5.283.33
Risperidone 4 mg5.263.06
RO6889450 150 mg5.163.90
RO6889450 45 mg5.053.56

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Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression Severity (CGI-S) Scores

The CGI-S measures global severity of illness at a given point in time using a 7-point scale, where 1 = no symptoms and 7 = very severe symptoms. (NCT04512066)
Timeframe: Week 4 (Day 28)

,,,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineDay 28
Placebo5.134.42
Risperidone 4 mg5.273.88
RO6889450 150 mg5.254.29
RO6889450 45 mg5.094.35

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Clinical Global Impression - Improvement (CGI-I) Scores

The CGI-I measures change from the baseline state at subsequent visits using a 7-point scale, where 1 = very much improved and 7 = very much worse. (NCT04512066)
Timeframe: Week 4 (Day 28)

,,,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Day 7Day 14Day 21Day 28
Placebo3.873.633.473.27
Risperidone 4 mg3.402.992.792.43
RO6889450 150 mg3.563.333.132.96
RO6889450 45 mg3.603.393.283.27

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PK of 9-Hydroxyrisperidone (Cmax).

To characterize exposure (Cmax) of 9-Hydroxyrisperidone during the switch to LYN-005. (NCT04567524)
Timeframe: Reported data was obtained following multiple dose administration of 3 weekly doses [(IR, Day-1), (ER, Week 1), ER Week 3)] of 14 or 28 mg risperidone LYN-005 capsules to assess extended release PK.

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
LYN-005 14 mg (A)20.8
LYN-005 14 mg (B)16.1
LYN-005 14 mg (C)15.6
Risperidone 2 mg (A)15.5
Risperidone 2 mg (B)17.5
Risperidone 2 mg (C)16.9
LYN-005 28 mg (A)16.0
LYN-005 28 mg (B)24.7
LYN-005 28 mg (C)22.5
Risperidone 4 mg (A)39.6
Risperidone 4 mg (B)35.7
Risperidone 4 mg (C)36.2

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PK of Risperidone (Cmax).

To characterize exposure (Cmax) of risperidone during the switch to LYN-005. (NCT04567524)
Timeframe: Reported data was obtained following multiple dose administration of 3 weekly doses [(IR, Day-1), (ER, Week 1), ER Week 3)] of 14 or 28 mg risperidone LYN-005 capsules to assess extended release PK.

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
LYN-005 14 mg (A)11.7
LYN-005 14 mg (B)4.44
LYN-005 14 mg (C)4.07
Risperidone 2 mg (A)9.97
Risperidone 2 mg (B)12.3
Risperidone 2 mg (C)15.6
LYN-005 28 mg (A)21.2
LYN-005 28 mg (B)6.87
LYN-005 28 mg (C)7.39
Risperidone 4 mg (A)17.0
Risperidone 4 mg (B)13.5
Risperidone 4 mg (C)14.0

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Active Moiety PK (AUC0-24, AUC0-168)

Active moiety AUC (risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone combined) after repeat weekly doses of LYN-005 ER capsules relative to IR risperidone tablets at 2 dose levels. (NCT04567524)
Timeframe: Reported data was obtained following multiple dose administration of 3 weekly doses [(IR, Day-1), (ER, Week 1), ER Week 3)] of 14 or 28 mg risperidone LYN-005 capsules to assess extended release PK.

,,,,,,,
Interventionh*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
AUC0-24
LYN-005 14 mg (A)377
Risperidone 4 mg (B)753
Risperidone 4 mg (C)687
LYN-005 28 mg (A)472
Risperidone 2 mg (A)301
Risperidone 2 mg (B)326
Risperidone 2 mg (C)359
Risperidone 4 mg (A)732

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Active Moiety PK (AUC0-24, AUC0-168)

Active moiety AUC (risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone combined) after repeat weekly doses of LYN-005 ER capsules relative to IR risperidone tablets at 2 dose levels. (NCT04567524)
Timeframe: Reported data was obtained following multiple dose administration of 3 weekly doses [(IR, Day-1), (ER, Week 1), ER Week 3)] of 14 or 28 mg risperidone LYN-005 capsules to assess extended release PK.

,,,
Interventionh*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
AUC0-24AUC0-168
LYN-005 14 mg (B)3611820
LYN-005 28 mg (C)5682950
LYN-005 28 mg (B)5753350
LYN-005 14 mg (C)3712120

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PK of 9-Hydroxyrisperidone (AUC0-24h, AUC0-168h).

To characterize exposure (AUC0-24h, AUC0-168h) of 9-Hydroxyrisperidone during the switch to LYN-005. (NCT04567524)
Timeframe: Reported data was obtained following multiple dose administration of 3 weekly doses [(IR, Day-1), (ER, Week 1), ER Week 3)] of 14 or 28 mg risperidone LYN-005 capsules to assess extended release PK.

,,,,,,,
Interventionh*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
AUC0-24h
LYN-005 14 mg (A)315
LYN-005 28 mg (A)268
Risperidone 2 mg (A)243
Risperidone 2 mg (B)262
Risperidone 2 mg (C)265
Risperidone 4 mg (A)641
Risperidone 4 mg (B)665
Risperidone 4 mg (C)645

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Participants With at Least One Treatment Emergent Adverse Event (TEAE).

Incidence of treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) reported as participants with at least one treatment emergent adverse event (TEAE). (NCT04567524)
Timeframe: 35 days

InterventionNumber of Participants with TEAEs (Number)
LYN-005 14mg10
LYN-005 28mg8
Overall LYN-00518
Risperidone 2 mg1
Risperidone 4 mg1
Overall Risperidone2

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Active Moiety Tmax

Active Moiety Tmax (h) (risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone combined) after repeat weekly doses of LYN-005 ER capsules relative to IR risperidone tablets at 2 dose levels. (NCT04567524)
Timeframe: Reported data was obtained following multiple dose administration of 3 weekly doses [(IR, Day-1), (ER, Week 1), ER Week 3)] of 14 or 28 mg risperidone LYN-005 capsules to assess extended release PK.

Interventionhours (Geometric Mean)
LYN-005 14 mg (A)1.9
LYN-005 14 mg (B)23.7
LYN-005 14 mg (C)23.8
Risperidone 2 mg (A)3.0
Risperidone 2 mg (B)1.5
Risperidone 2 mg (C)3.0
LYN-005 28 mg (A)1.0
LYN-005 28 mg (B)24.1
LYN-005 28 mg (C)23.8
Risperidone 4 mg (A)2.1
Risperidone 4 mg (B)4.0
Risperidone 4 mg (C)2.0

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PK of 9-Hydroxyrisperidone (AUC0-24h, AUC0-168h).

To characterize exposure (AUC0-24h, AUC0-168h) of 9-Hydroxyrisperidone during the switch to LYN-005. (NCT04567524)
Timeframe: Reported data was obtained following multiple dose administration of 3 weekly doses [(IR, Day-1), (ER, Week 1), ER Week 3)] of 14 or 28 mg risperidone LYN-005 capsules to assess extended release PK.

,,,
Interventionh*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
AUC0-24hAUC0-168h
LYN-005 14 mg (B)2681530
LYN-005 14 mg (C)3021770
LYN-005 28 mg (B)4412720
LYN-005 28 mg (C)5232090

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PK of Risperidone (AUC0-24h, AUC0-168).

To characterize exposure (AUC0-24h, AUC0-168) of risperidone during the switch to LYN-005. (NCT04567524)
Timeframe: Reported data was obtained following multiple dose administration of 3 weekly doses [(IR, Day-1), (ER, Week 1), ER Week 3)] of 14 or 28 mg risperidone LYN-005 capsules to assess extended release PK.

,,,,,,,
Interventionh*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
AUC0-24h
LYN-005 14 mg (A)54.9
LYN-005 28 mg (A)113
Risperidone 2 mg (A)43.4
Risperidone 2 mg (B)47.7
Risperidone 2 mg (C)86.2
Risperidone 4 mg (A)87.1
Risperidone 4 mg (B)82.4
Risperidone 4 mg (C)84.4

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PK of Risperidone (AUC0-24h, AUC0-168).

To characterize exposure (AUC0-24h, AUC0-168) of risperidone during the switch to LYN-005. (NCT04567524)
Timeframe: Reported data was obtained following multiple dose administration of 3 weekly doses [(IR, Day-1), (ER, Week 1), ER Week 3)] of 14 or 28 mg risperidone LYN-005 capsules to assess extended release PK.

,,,
Interventionh*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
AUC0-24hAUC0-168
LYN-005 14 mg (B)65.8227
LYN-005 14 mg (C)65.2306
LYN-005 28 mg (B)111806
LYN-005 28 mg (C)119453

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Total Number of Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs).

Incidence of treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) reported as total number of TEAEs. (NCT04567524)
Timeframe: 35 days

InterventionNumber of Experienced TEAEs (Number)
LYN-005 14mg15
LYN-005 28mg21
Overall LYN-00536
Risperidone 2 mg2
Risperidone 4 mg2
Overall Risperidone4

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Active Moiety PK (Cmax)

Active moiety Cmax (risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone combined) after repeat weekly doses of LYN-005 Extended Release (ER) capsules relative to Immediate Release (IR) risperidone tablets at 2 dose levels. (NCT04567524)
Timeframe: Reported data was obtained following multiple dose administration of 3 weekly doses [(IR, Day-1), (ER, Week 1), ER Week 3)] of 14 or 28 mg risperidone LYN-005 capsules to assess extended release PK.

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
LYN-005 14 mg (A)31.0
LYN-005 14 mg (B)20.0
LYN-005 14 mg (C)18.6
Risperidone 2 mg (A)24.8
Risperidone 2 mg (B)30.3
Risperidone 2 mg (C)31.2
LYN-005 28 mg (A)24.6
LYN-005 28 mg (B)31.2
LYN-005 28 mg (C)30.4
Risperidone 4 mg (A)54.1
Risperidone 4 mg (B)46.3
Risperidone 4 mg (C)48.8

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetylcarnitine
Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.		2.2510O-acylcarnitinehuman metabolite
ethylene dichloride
ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.4620chloroethaneshepatotoxic agent;
mutagen;
non-polar solvent
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		9.96212amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
5-hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		2.7230hydroxytryptophanhuman metabolite;
neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol
Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.		2.4620ethanediol;
glycol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
solvent;
toxin
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.4820monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetamide
acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.		2.4520acetamides;
carboximidic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		2.4720ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		2.75306-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
agmatine
Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.		2.4920guanidines;
primary amino compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allantoin
[no description available]		2.0510imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		2.520azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		3.4270acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine
[no description available]		2.110amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid		agonist;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
inhibitor;
neurotransmitter
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.110benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		3.8730amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
1-butanol
1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.		2.1110alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
carbamates
[no description available]		5.4141amino-acid anion
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		2.110monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
carnitine
[no description available]		3.6730amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
catechol
[no description available]		2.4420catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
choline
[no description available]		5.2131cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		2.4620tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.1310halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		2.0210chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		2.7230coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		3.1350monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		2.110trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-aminophenol
4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.		2.0510aminophenolallergen;
metabolite
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		7.75201aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
guaiacol
Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.		2.0710guaiacolsdisinfectant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
expectorant;
plant metabolite
taxifolin
[no description available]		2.44203'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroflavonols;
pentahydroxyflavanone;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone
phosphonoacetic acid
Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		2.4420monocarboxylic acid;
phosphonic acids		antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		3.470catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		4.5370amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
creatine
[no description available]		5.6151glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		4.792902-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl
butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.		2.0310alpha-diketoneEscherichia coli metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.4620sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		2.0510aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexachlorocyclohexane
Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.		2.4620chlorocyclohexane
glycine
[no description available]		7.75143alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		2.4520alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
histamine
[no description available]		8.360aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		2.0510elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
hydroquinone
[no description available]		2.7430benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
indole
[no description available]		2.0410indole;
polycyclic heteroarene		Escherichia coli metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		2.4520hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
kynurenine
Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.		2.0610aromatic ketone;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
substituted aniline		human metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.9940alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		10.4551cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		13.5152acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
n-acetylserotonin
N-acetylserotonin : An N-acylserotonin resulting from the formal condensation of the primary amino group of serotonin with the carboxy group of acetic acid.		2.0310acetamides;
N-acylserotonin;
phenols		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist
acetanilide
acetanilide: a phenylacetamide; use ACETANILIDES for the plural group meaning of the singular term. N-phenylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.0710acetamides;
anilide		analgesic
naphthalene
[no description available]		210naphthalenes;
ortho-fused bicyclic arene		apoptosis inhibitor;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		2.0510pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		4.4360pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine
3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidine bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position 2.		2.0610N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridine alkaloid;
pyrrolidine alkaloid
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		3.8521monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		3.8621monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
orotic acid
Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.		2.0510pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		2.4820aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		2.0610long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		2.0510phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid
phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenylacetic acids		allergen;
Aspergillus metabolite;
auxin;
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
toxin
picolinic acid
picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.		2.110pyridinemonocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite;
MALDI matrix material
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.1110propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
propionic acid
propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.		2.110saturated fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid		antifungal drug
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		4.5470monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		2.0410azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		2.0510methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine
[no description available]		2.110aminoalkylpyridine;
hydroxymethylpyridine;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
iron chelator;
mouse metabolite;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		4.5470hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		2.03102-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid
Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.		2.0310pyridinedicarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
sarcosine
cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis		14.27107N-alkylglycine zwitterion;
N-alkylglycine;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
glycine transporter 1 inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
spermine
[no description available]		2.1110polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
taurine
[no description available]		2.5220amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		4.0840primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		2.1110methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
trimethylamine
[no description available]		2.110methylamines;
tertiary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
tryptophan
[no description available]		2.110alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
aminoalkylindole;
aromatic amino acid;
polar amino acid		Daphnia magna metabolite
tryptamine
[no description available]		2.3820aminoalkylindole;
aralkylamino compound;
indole alkaloid;
tryptamines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		2.0510pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		2.4420uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		5.9371isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
catechin
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxyflavan
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.		2.0310non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidNMDA receptor antagonist
sk&f 81297
[no description available]		2.1710benzazepine
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin
7-hydroxy-2-N,N-dipropylaminotetralin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9910tetralins
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin
8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively		5.41190phenols;
tertiary amino compound;
tetralins		serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.		3.2960non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine
[no description available]		2.0310
sk&f 82958
[no description available]		2.0210benzazepine
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist		2.0310
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.		5.14140amphetamines;
dimethoxybenzene;
organoiodine compound
1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone
1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone: a CNS depressant; structure in first source		2.0310
ibotenic acid
Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.		2.7430non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidneurotoxin
gallopamil
Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.		2.0710benzenes;
organic amino compound
normetanephrine
Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.		2.0410catecholamine
n(8)-bromoacetyl-n(1)-3'-(4-indolyloxy)-2'-hydroxypropyl-1,8-diamino-4-menthane
N(8)-bromoacetyl-N(1)-3'-(4-indolyloxy)-2'-hydroxypropyl-1,8-diamino-4-menthane: structure given in first source		2.0310
sk&f-38393
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393		2.9540benzazepine;
catechols;
secondary amino compound
vanilmandelic acid
Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.		2.03102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
phenols		human metabolite
huperzine a
huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.		3.4211quinolone
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		2.0510p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-3-yl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate
[no description available]		2.0610catechin
1,10-diaminodecane
[no description available]		2.4420
1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine
1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine: structure given in first source		2.0310
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine
DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.		2.4420oxopurineadenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine
1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist		2.0310
1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline
1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline: structure in first source. isoquinoline-1,5-diol : An isoquinolinol that is isoquinoline in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by hydroxy groups.		2.0310isoquinolinolEC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
1-(1-naphthyl)piperazine
1-(1-naphthyl)piperazine: serotonin agonist; structure given in first source		3.1110N-arylpiperazine
pk 11195
PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine		2.9740aromatic amide;
isoquinolines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810piperazines
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.		5.0170monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole
1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole: an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in mouse		2.0310imidazoles
1-aminobenzotriazole
[no description available]		2.4420
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		5.0531aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
1-methylimidazole
1-methyl-1H-imidazole : A 1H-imidazole having a methyl substituent at the N-1 position.		2.0310imidazoles
edelfosine
edelfosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. edelfosine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-edelfosine.. 1-octadecyl-2-methylglycero-3-phosphocholine : A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine substituted at positions 1 and 2 by octadecyl and methyl groups respectively.		2.0310glycerophosphocholine
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one
1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.		2.4420oxadiazoloquinoxalineEC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,2'-dipyridyl
2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.		2.4420bipyridinechelator;
ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.		2.110chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
dichlorobenzene		agrochemical;
defoliant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.		2.4620dinitrophenolallergen;
antiseptic drug;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
geroprotector;
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-hydroxysaclofen
2-hydroxysaclofen: structure given in first source		2.0310organochlorine compound
2-methyl-5-ht
2-methyl-5-HT: M-receptor agonist		4.7130tryptaminesserotonergic agonist
3,4-dichloroisocoumarin
3,4-dichloroisocoumarin : A member of the class of isocoumarins that is isocoumarin substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 4. It is a serine protease inhibitor.		2.4420isocoumarins;
organochlorine compound		geroprotector;
serine protease inhibitor
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.		2.9540amphetamines;
benzodioxoles		neurotoxin
phaclofen
phaclofen: peripheral & central baclofen & GABA antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0310organophosphate oxoanion;
zwitterion
3-aminobenzamide
[no description available]		2.0310benzamides;
substituted aniline		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
3-bromo-7-nitroindazole
[no description available]		2.0310
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		2.0510ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
enprofylline
enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.		2.9640oxopurineanti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3-nitropropionic acid
3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.0310C-nitro compoundantimycobacterial drug;
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
mycotoxin;
neurotoxin
cgp 52411
4,5-dianilinophthalimide: structure given in first source. 4,5-dianilinophthalimide : Phthalimide substituted at the 4- and 5-positions by anilino groups.		2.0510phthalimidesgeroprotector;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide
4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide: inhibits ADP-ribosylation; sometimes abreviated as 4-AN;		2.4420benzoisoquinoline;
dicarboximide
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		2.7330aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		13.19196guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide
4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide: metabolite of nifuroxazide. 4-hydroxybenzohydrazide : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with hydrazine.		2.0310carbohydrazide;
phenols
4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile
4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile: structure given in first source. 4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile : A 1,2,5-oxadiazole substituted by an oxido, cyano and phenyl groups at positions 2, 3 and 4, respectively. It is a vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation.		2.44201,2,5-oxadiazole;
benzenes;
N-oxide;
nitrile		geroprotector;
nitric oxide donor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator;
vasodilator agent
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.		2.03101-pyrroline nitronesneuroprotective agent;
spin trapping reagent
phenytoin
[no description available]		5.53210imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid: potent antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated glycine binding site		2.0310quinolines
5-(n,n-hexamethylene)amiloride
5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride: inhibitor of Na+-H+ exchange; has anti-HIV-1 activity. 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the two amino hydrogens at position N-5 are replaced by a hexamethylene moiety, resulting in the formation of an azepane ring.		2.4420aromatic amine;
azepanes;
guanidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
odorant receptor antagonist;
sodium channel blocker
ethylisopropylamiloride
ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.		2.4420aromatic amine;
guanidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
neuroprotective agent;
sodium channel blocker
5-carboxamidotryptamine
5-carboxamidotryptamine: agonist of 5-HT receptor; structure given in first source		4.3560tryptamines
5-fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid
5-fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist		2.4420indolyl carboxylic acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		3.71100indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methylbufotenin
5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine : A tryptamine alkaloid that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine substituted by a methoxy group at position 5.		3.1110aromatic ether;
tertiary amino compound;
tryptamine alkaloid		hallucinogen;
plant metabolite
5-methoxytryptamine
5-Methoxytryptamine: Serotonin derivative proposed as potentiator for hypnotics and sedatives.. 5-methoxytryptamine : A member of the class of tryptamines that is the methyl ether derivative of serotonin.		3.7930aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
tryptamines		5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist;
5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor agonist;
5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor agonist;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
radiation protective agent;
serotonergic agonist
phenanthridone
phenanthridone: coal tar derivative; structure given in first source. phenanthridone : A member of the class of phenanthridines that is phenanthridine with an oxo substituent at position 6. A poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, it has been shown to exhibit immunosuppressive activity.		2.4420lactam;
phenanthridines		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
mutagen
6-chloromelatonin
[no description available]		2.0310acetamides
6-hydroxymelatonin
6-hydroxymelatonin : A member of the class of tryptamines that is melatonin with a hydroxy group substituent at position 6.		2.0310acetamides;
tryptamines		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
6-methoxytryptoline
6-methoxytryptoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0310
6-nitroso-1,2-benzopyrone
[no description available]		2.4420
7-chlorokynurenic acid
7-chlorokynurenic acid: selective antagonist at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex; structure given in first source. 7-chlorokynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinaldic acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and by a chlorine at position 7. It is a potent NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist which antagonizes the strychnine-insensitive glycine site of the NMDA receptor. It also prevents neurodegeneration produced by quinolinic acid.		2.0310organochlorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
7-nitroindazole
7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure		2.0310
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline: adenosine antagonist		2.4420
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats		2.0310oxopurine
8-phenyltheophylline
8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist		2.0310
oxyquinoline
Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.		2.0710monohydroxyquinolineantibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug;
iron chelator
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		5.27160acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
aa 861
2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
acetylenic compound;
primary alcohol		EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		5.08130aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		5.71250acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetarsol
[no description available]		2.0710acetamides;
anilide
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		4.7690monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide
Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.		2.9640acetophenones;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.8530acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
ethacridine
Ethacridine: A topically applied anti-infective agent.		2.0710acridines
4-(acetylamino)benzeneacetic acid
[no description available]		2.0710acetamides;
anilide
adiphenine
adiphenine: was heading 1963-94; use DIPHENYLACETIC ACIDS to search ADIPHENINE 1966-94		2.0710diarylmethane
ag 127
tyrphostin AG 126: inhibits development of postoperative ileus induced by surgical manipulation of murine colon		2.4420nitrophenol
ag-1296
6,7-dimethoxy-3-phenylquinoxaline: ATP-competitive inhibitor of receptor kinase		2.0310quinoxaline derivative
rtki cpd
[no description available]		2.4420aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
geroprotector
tyrphostin a23
tyrphostin A23: inhibits EGF-stimulated thymidine incorporation as well as EGF-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation & tyrosine phosphorylation & cell proliferation; structure given in first source		2.4420catechols
tyrphostin 25
[no description available]		2.4420benzenetriol
tyrphostin a1
[no description available]		2.0310methoxybenzenesgeroprotector
1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid
1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid: structure given in first source		2.0310
aklomide
aklomide: structure		2.0710carbonyl compound;
organohalogen compound
alaproclate
alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		3.2310alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole
[no description available]		4.2750aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		5.09130phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		3.56201,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		3.8630monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
alosetron
alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.		4.3960imidazoles;
pyridoindole		antiemetic;
gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic antagonist
alpha-methylserotonin
alpha-methylserotonin: potent agonist at M & D receptors of serotonin; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910tryptaminesserotonergic agonist
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		6.66161organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
alprenolol
Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.		3.91120secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		4.0740triamino-1,3,5-triazine
am 251
AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.		2.1110amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
organoiodine compound;
pyrazoles		antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
CB1 receptor antagonist
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		5.01120adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambenonium
ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ionEC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ambroxol
Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.		2.4820aromatic amine
amfonelic acid
amfonelic acid: CNS-stimulant		2.0310
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		3.8730acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		3.8430diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		3.4370dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine
pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.		2.0510guanidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		3.620N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
theophylline
[no description available]		5.4180dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		5.632301-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
dan 2163
[no description available]		15.8711916aromatic amide;
aromatic amine;
benzamides;
pyrrolidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
second generation antipsychotic;
xenobiotic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		8.51362carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlexanox
amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.		2.4520monocarboxylic acid;
pyridochromene		anti-allergic agent;
anti-ulcer drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		5.16140dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amobarbital
Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.		2.7230barbiturates
amodiaquine
Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.		2.0710aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		12.51161dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amprolium
Amprolium: A veterinary coccidiostat that interferes with THIAMINE metabolism.. amprolium : An organic chloride salt having 1-[(4-amino-2-propylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-2-methylpyridin-1-ium as the counterion. Used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.. amprolium(1+) : A pyridinium ion that is the cationic portion of amprolium, a veterinary drug which is used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.		2.0710pyridinium ioncoccidiostat
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		3.1550acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		4.2550nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anethole trithione
Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.		2.0510methoxybenzenes
aniracetam
[no description available]		2.4520N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidin-2-ones
antazoline
Antazoline: An antagonist of histamine H1 receptors.. antazoline : A member of the class of imidazolines that is 2-aminomethyl-2-imidazoline in which the exocyclic amino hydrogens are replaced by benzyl and phenyl groups. Antazoline is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.0710aromatic amine;
imidazolines;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
anthralin
Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.		2.4720anthracenesantipsoriatic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		3.98130pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid: glutamate antagonist in locust muscle; structure; do not confuse with L-AP4, which is the propionic acid version		2.0310
6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-10,11-diol
[no description available]		2.4720aporphine alkaloid
apraclonidine
apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
guanidines;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
diagnostic agent;
ophthalmology drug
arcaine
arcaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,4-diguanidinobutane : A guanidine derivative consisting of butane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 4-positions.		2.0410guanidines
arecoline
Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.		2.4920enoate ester;
methyl ester;
pyridine alkaloid;
tetrahydropyridine		metabolite;
muscarinic agonist
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		5.29160benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		4.35190benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		10.34170ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolepropionate
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolepropionate: a glutamate agonist		2.0310alpha-amino acid
aurintricarboxylic acid
Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.		2.4420monohydroxybenzoic acid;
quinomethanes;
tricarboxylic acid		fluorochrome;
histological dye;
insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
azasetron
azasetron: a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source;		2.1110benzoxazine
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		4.94110aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
azelaic acid
nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.		2.4320alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
plant metabolite
azelastine
azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.4270monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
baclofen
[no description available]		4.7590amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
barbital
5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).		2.0510barbituratesdrug allergen
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		2.4420(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		3.5920indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		3.620benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benoxathian
benoxathian: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		1.9910
benserazide
Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.		2.0710carbohydrazide;
catechols;
primary alcohol;
primary amino compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
benzamide
benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.		8.3620benzamides
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		4.42601-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		2.7630benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
benzothiazide
benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.		2.0710benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		4.17160pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
berberine
[no description available]		7.4620alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
betaxolol
[no description available]		4.7590propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		3.620carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bevantolol
bevantolol: structure given in first source. bevantolol : A propanolamine that is 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by 3-methylphenyl and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl. A beta1 adrenoceptor antagonist, it has been shown to be as effective as other beta-blockers for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.7230propanolamineanti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
calcium channel blocker
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		4.5470(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502
bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.		2.9640biphenyls;
imidazoles
biperiden
Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.		12.03132piperidines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to sarin poisoning;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		3.8830diarylmethane
bisindolylmaleimide i
bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide		2.0610
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		4.7590secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bithionol
Bithionol: Halogenated anti-infective agent that is used against trematode and cestode infestations.. bithionol : An aryl sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which each phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by hydroxy and at positions 3 and 5 by chlorine. A fungicide and anthelmintic, it was used in various topical drug products for the treatment of liver flukes, but withdrawn after being shown to be a potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders.		2.7630aryl sulfide;
bridged diphenyl antifungal drug;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
dichlorobenzene;
organochlorine pesticide;
polyphenol		antifungal agrochemical;
antiplatyhelmintic drug
bml 190
indomethacin morpholinylamide: an inverse agonist of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor		2.4420N-acylindole
bmy 7378
[no description available]		2.4220piperazines
bretylium
bretylium: RN given refers to parent cpd. bretylium : A quaternary ammonium cation having 2-bromobenzyl, ethyl and two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.0710quaternary ammonium ionadrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
brimonidine
[no description available]		2.7230imidazoles;
quinoxaline derivative;
secondary amine		adrenergic agonist;
alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent
bromazepam
Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		3.4170organic molecular entity
bromhexine
Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).		2.4820organobromine compound;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		mucolytic
bromopride
bromopride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.7530benzamides
bromisovalum
Bromisovalum: A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects.. bromisoval : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-bromisoval. It was previously used for its hypnotic and sedative properties but the use of bromides is now deprecated due to the possibility of the toxic accumulation of bromine in the body.. 2-bromo-N-carbamoyl-3-methylbutanamide : An N-acylurea that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 2-bromo-3-methybutanoyl group.		2.0510N-acylurea;
organobromine compound
seratrodast
[no description available]		2.0710organic molecular entity
bronopol
[no description available]		2.0810nitro compound
brotizolam
brotizolam: structure		2.7230organic molecular entity
bu 224
BU 224: a selective imidazoline 2-receptor blocker		2.0510quinolines
buflomedil
buflomedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym LL 1656 refers to HCl; structure		2.7430aromatic ketone
bumetanide
[no description available]		5.23150amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bunazosin
bunazosin: structure		2.4620quinazolines
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		3.6690aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		10.44315azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		5.02120methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
secbutabarbital
secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital		3.2310barbiturates
butacaine
butacaine: was MH 1965-92; BUTAPROBENZ & BUTOCAIN were see BUTACAINE 1978-92; use 4-AMINOBENZOIC ACID to search BUTACAINE 1966-92		2.0710benzoate ester
butalbital
butalbital: management of butalbital withdrawal can be simplified by using a phenobarbital-loading protocol; RN given refers to parent cpd. butalbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by an allyl group and an isobutyl group. Frequently combined with other medicines, such as aspirin, paracetamol and codeine, it is used for treatment of pain and headache.		2.0510barbituratesanalgesic;
sedative
butamben
butamben: structure. butamben : An amino acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-aminobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol. Its local anaesthetic properties have been used for surface anaesthesia of the skin and mucous membranes, and for relief of pain and itching associated with some anorectal disorders.		2.0710amino acid ester;
benzoate ester;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline		local anaesthetic
butenafine
butenafine: studied on experimental dermatophytosis. butenafine : Trimethylamine in which hydrogen atoms attached to different methyl groups are substituted by 1-naphthyl and 4-tert-butylphenyl groups. It is an inhibitor of squalene epoxidase, an enzyme responsible for the creation of sterols needed in fungal cell membranes, and is used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of dermatological fungal infections.		2.0210naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		antifungal drug;
EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor
caffeine
[no description available]		6.45320purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		13.01362aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
metrizoate
Metrizoic Acid: A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt.		2.4520monocarboxylic acidradioopaque medium
camostat
camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.		2.0810benzoate ester;
carboxylic ester;
diester;
guanidines;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifibrinolytic drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
serine protease inhibitor
candesartan cilexetil
candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects		2.0510biphenyls
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		4.4160benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamylcholine
[no description available]		2.0710
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		12.43734dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbetapentane
carbetapentane: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310benzenes
carbidopa
[no description available]		2.110benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
carbinoxamine
carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.		3.620monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		4.5470carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		3.360N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		2.4720carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
carteolol
Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.		2.7230quinolone;
secondary alcohol		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		5.16140carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
celecoxib
[no description available]		12.032111organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celiprolol
Celiprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.		2.110aromatic ketone
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		4.7590ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
cgs 12066
4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline : A pyrroloquinoxaline that is pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline bearing additional 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 4 and 7 respectively. A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (5-HT1B) full agonist, 10-fold selective over 5-HT1A and 1000-fold selective over 5-HT2C receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration.		2.0310N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
pyrroloquinoxaline		serotonergic agonist
cgs 15943
9-chloro-2-(2-furyl)-(1,2,4)triazolo(1,5-c)quinazolin-5-imine: non-xanthine triazoloquinazoline adenosine antagonist. CGS 15943 : A member of the class of triazoloquinazolines that is [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline substited at positions 2, 5 and 9 by furan-2-yl, amino and chloro groups respectively. A potent antagonist at adenosine A1 and adenosine A2A receptors.		2.4420aromatic amine;
biaryl;
furans;
organochlorine compound;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines;
triazoloquinazoline		adenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
antineoplastic agent;
central nervous system stimulant
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		2.0510aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		5.02120aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine
chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness		3.2310diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		4.93110benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		4.06401,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		5.22150aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		3.8330benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chloroxylenol
chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.		2.4720monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
molluscicide
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		5.39180monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		14.281107organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		5.02120monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		4.5270isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		4.54701,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cifenline
[no description available]		3.5580diarylmethane
ciclopirox
[no description available]		3.1550cyclic hydroxamic acid;
hydroxypyridone antifungal drug;
pyridone		antibacterial agent;
antiseborrheic
ciglitazone
ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.		3.1550aromatic ether;
thiazolidinone		antineoplastic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug
cilostamide
cilostamide: selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase & platelet aggregation; structure		2.4420quinolines
cilostazol
[no description available]		5.8261lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		6.09220aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
aricine
[no description available]		2.0710cinchona alkaloid
cinoxacin
Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.		3.360cinnolines;
oxacycle;
oxo carboxylic acid		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		3.4470cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		5.23150aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		4.18160benzamides
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		14.177692-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clebopride
clebopride: antidopaminergic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0610piperidines
clenbuterol
Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0310amino alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
ethanolamines;
primary arylamine;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.4720monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		2.94401,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		2.9640monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		4.7690aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clofilium
clofilium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4420benzenes;
organic amino compound
clomiphene
[no description available]		4.2750tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		9.12341dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		7.712811,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		8.85251clonidine;
imidazoline
4-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide
[no description available]		2.4720sulfonamide
chlorazepate
clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.		4.06401,4-benzodiazepinoneanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
clotiazepam
clotiazepam: was heading 1975-94 (see under AZEPINES 1978-90; was Y 6047 see under AZEPINES 1975-77); Y 6047 was see CLOTIAZEPAM 1978-94; use AZEPINES to search CLOTIAZEPAM 1975-94; thienodiazepine derivative with actions similar to those of benzodiazepines		2.0510organic molecular entity
clotrimazole
[no description available]		5.02120conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cloxyquin
cloxyquin: has antitubercular activity; structure in first source		2.0710organochlorine compound;
quinolines
cocaine
[no description available]		2.0610
cromolyn
cromoglycic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is the bis-chromone derivative of glycerol. It is effective as a mast cell stabilizer.		2.9740chromones;
dicarboxylic acid		anti-asthmatic drug;
calcium channel blocker
cx546
1-(1,4-benzodioxan-6-ylcarbonyl)piperidine: structure in first source		2.0310
cyclandelate
Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.		2.4720carboxylic ester;
secondary alcohol		vasodilator agent
cyclobenzaprine
cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		4.6580carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant;
muscle relaxant;
tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil
Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.		3.2310organic molecular entity
cyclothiazide
cyclothiazide: inhibits the desensitization of AMPA-type receptors; structure. cyclothiazide : 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.		2.4220benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		4.3960piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
danthron
danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.		2.0510dihydroxyanthraquinoneapoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
dantrolene
Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.		2.7230hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione		muscle relaxant;
neuroprotective agent;
ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapsone
[no description available]		4.95110substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
debrisoquin
Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.		8.8121carboxamidine;
isoquinolines		adrenergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
human metabolite;
sympatholytic agent
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		4.4130acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
dephostatin
dephostatin: from Streptomyces sp. MJ742-NF5; structure given in first source		2.0310
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		10.85290dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nordazepam
Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.		2.71301,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
human metabolite;
sedative
nonivamide
nonivamide: has effect on sensory neurons. nonivamide : A capsaicinoid that is the carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylamine with the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. It is the active ingredient in many pepper sprays.		2.0310capsaicinoid;
phenols		lachrymator
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		7.88322primary amine
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		2.4520alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
r 59022
R 59022: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source; platelet activator factor antagonist		2.4920diarylmethane
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		6.553501,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		4.85100benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
dibenzothiophene
dibenzothiophene : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a thiophene ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.		2.0710dibenzothiophenes;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent		keratolytic drug
dibucaine
Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.		2.0710aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		topical anaesthetic
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		5.35170amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		2.0510benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		3.620dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		3.620carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
diethylcarbamazine
Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.		2.4620N-carbamoylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		3.5720pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		4.7590monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dilacor xr
5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate : A lactam that is 2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one in which positions 2 and 3 are substituted by 4-methoxyphenyl and acetoxy, respectively, while the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group.		2.4720acetate ester;
aromatic ether;
benzothiazepine;
lactam;
tertiary amino compound
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		3.8630dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
dimethadione
Dimethadione: An anticonvulsant that is the active metabolite of TRIMETHADIONE.		2.0710oxazolidinone
dioctanoyl ethylene glycol
[no description available]		2.2110
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		12.56241ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
diphenyleneiodonium
diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.		2.0310organic cation
diphenylpyraline
diphenylpyraline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. allergen : A chemical compound, or part thereof, which causes the onset of an allergic reaction by interacting with any of the molecular pathways involved in an allergy.. diphenylpyraline : A member of the class of piperidines that is the benzhydryl ether derivative of 1-methyl-4-hydroxypiperidine. A sedating antihistamine, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and hay fever, and in pruritic skin disorders. It is also used as the teoclate salt (piprinhydrinate) as an ingredient in compound preparations for the symptomatic relief of coughs and the common cold.		2.0710piperidines;
tertiary amine		cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist
dipivefrin
dipivefrin: used in treatment of both primary & open angle glaucoma; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. dipivefrin : The dipivalate ester of (+-)-epinephrine (racepinephrine). A pro-drug of epinephrine, the hydrochloride is used topically as eye drops to reduce intra-ocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.		2.0210ethanolamines;
pivalate ester		adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		4.5470piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		5.45190monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		4.6680organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		18.3616640branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid: (D)-isomer active as an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate excitation of central neurons; (L)-isomer inactive; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0310
thiorphan
Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.		2.0310N-acyl-amino acid
2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
2,3-dimethoxynaphthalene-1,4-dione : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. Redox-cycling agent that induces intracellular superoxide anion formation and, depending on the concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. Used to study the role of ROS in cell toxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis.		2.44201,4-naphthoquinones
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		4.4200benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		10.72406aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
doxapram
Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.		3.8630morpholines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		4.5270aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		4.94110dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		3.620pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		5.23150aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dyclonine
[no description available]		2.4920aromatic ketone;
piperidines		topical anaesthetic
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		4.2650oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
e 4031
E 4031: class III anti-arrhythmia agent; structure given in UD		3.6490sulfonamide
ebastine
[no description available]		2.7930organic molecular entity
ebselen
ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.		2.7430benzoselenazoleanti-inflammatory drug;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor;
enzyme mimic;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
genotoxin;
hepatoprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		2.7430dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		3.2310phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ellipticine
ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.		2.4420indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
polycyclic heteroarene		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		2.4420trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
enflurane
Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.		2.4420ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anaesthetic
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		3.14501,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
epinastine
epinastine: RN given refers parent cpd. epinastine : A benzazepine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine in which the azepine ring is fused to the e side of 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine.		2.7330benzazepine;
guanidines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
ophthalmology drug
epirizole
Epirizole: 4-Methoxy-2-(5-methoxy-3-methylpyrazol-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine. A pyrimidinyl pyrazole with antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity.		2.3110aromatic ether
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		3.8530triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		4.2750aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ether
Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.		2.0410ether;
volatile organic compound		inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
profenamine
profenamine: was heading 1972-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINES 1972-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search ETHOPROPAZINE 1972-94. profenamine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is phenothiazine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)propyl group. An antimuscarinic, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.		2.0710phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic antagonist;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		4.5470dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin
ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.		3.620imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
ethoxzolamide
Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzothiazoles;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		3.85301,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etilefrine
Etilefrine: A phenylephrine-related beta-1 adrenergic and alpha adrenergic agonist used as a cardiotonic and antihypotensive agent.		2.9540phenols
etizolam
etizolam: structure given in first source		2.0510organic molecular entity
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		4.2350monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810
[no description available]		4.25502-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.		2.4620aromatic ether;
hydrazone;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound		ATP synthase inhibitor;
geroprotector;
ionophore
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		4.6680carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
4-biphenylylacetic acid
biphenyl-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is substituted by a biphenyl-4-yl group. An active metabolite of fenbufen, it is used as a topical medicine to treat muscle inflammation and arthritis.		2.0810biphenyls;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		5.08130dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fendiline
Fendiline: Coronary vasodilator; inhibits calcium function in muscle cells in excitation-contraction coupling; proposed as antiarrhythmic and antianginal agents.		2.4920diarylmethane
fenfluramine
Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.		9.0831(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
secondary amino compound		appetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		4.86100aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoldopam
Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.		3.620benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		3.620monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.7230resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fenspiride
fenspiride: was heading 1975-94 (see under SPIRO COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SPIRO COMPOUNDS to search FENSPIRIDE 1975-94; bronchodilator agent used in asthma		2.4520azaspiro compound
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		8.84110anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		4.85100piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide
fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level		3.8630benzodioxoles
flavoxate
Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
flavones;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		5.34170aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin
Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.		3.1650difluorobenzene;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinolines		antibacterial drug;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		5.15140conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		4.94110aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		2.9840aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		12.8439N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		5.28160ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flumequine
flumequine: structure. flumequine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-flumequine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, formerly used in veterinary medicine for stock breeding and treatment of aquacultures.. 9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline carrying additional carboxy, methyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2, 5 and 9 respectively.		2.1103-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
pyridoquinoline;
quinolone antibiotic
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		2.95401,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorescite
fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.		4.0840benzoic acids;
cyclic ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		5.16140nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		13.22864(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
fluphenazine depot
fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.		7.3123decanoate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
prodrug
fluphenazine enanthate
[no description available]		2.4420phenothiazines
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		4.95110fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluspirilene
Fluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.		3.5480diarylmethane
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		5.03120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		3.5920pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
formoterol fumarate
N-[2-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-{[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenyl]formamide : A phenylethanoloamine having 4-hydroxy and 3-formamido substituents on the phenyl ring and an N-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl substituent.		2.4420formamides;
phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		4.5470carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
fpl 64176
FPL 64176: an activator of L-type calcium channels; structure given in first source. FPL 64176 : 1H-Pyrrole substituted at C-2 and -5 by methyl groups, at C-3 by methoxycarbonyl and at C-4 by a 2-benzylbenzoyl group.		2.4420carboxylic ester;
pyrroles		calcium channel agonist
furafylline
[no description available]		2.0310oxopurine
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		5.45190chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
fusaric acid
Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.		2.0310aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		7.66190gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gabexate
Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.		2.0810benzoate ester
4-amino-5-hexynoic acid
4-amino-5-hexynoic acid: structure		2.0310
vanoxerine
vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.		2.0710ether;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		dopamine uptake inhibitor
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		4.7590aromatic etherantilipemic drug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		1.9910
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		4.2750aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		3.3160N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		5.02120sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		5.01120aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		2.7530piperidines
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		5.54210monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester
[no description available]		3.2310benzenes
go 6976
[no description available]		2.0310indolocarbazole;
organic heterohexacyclic compound		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
gossypol
Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.		2.0510
granisetron
[no description available]		5.09130aromatic amide;
indazoles
guaiazulene
guaiazulene: structure		2.0510sesquiterpene
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		3.620methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		3.620azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		9.02142acetamides
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)piperazine
[no description available]		2.0310isoquinolines
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.0510isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		24.37936213aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		2.9440haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
hemicholinium 3
[no description available]		2.0310morpholines
heptaminol
Heptaminol: An amino alcohol that has been used as a myocardial stimulant and vasodilator and to relieve bronchospasm. Its most common therapeutic use is in orthostatic hypotension. The mechanism of heptaminol's therapeutic actions is not well understood although it has been suggested to affect catecholamine release or calcium metabolism.		2.0710tertiary alcohol
hexachlorophene
Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.		2.7530bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
miltefosine
miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.		2.0510phosphocholines;
phospholipid		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunomodulator;
protein kinase inhibitor
4-fluorohexahydrosiladifenidol
[no description available]		2.0310
hexestrol
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
hexetidine
Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)		2.0510organic heteromonocyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		2.9540barbiturates
hexoprenaline
Hexoprenaline: Stimulant of adrenergic beta 2 receptors. It is used as a bronchodilator, antiasthmatic agent, and tocolytic agent.		2.0710
alpha-methylhistamine
alpha-methylhistamine: a histamine H3 receptor agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the alpha-position.		1.9910aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		animal metabolite;
H3-receptor agonist
hexamethylene bisacetamide
N,N'-diacetyl-1,6-diaminohexane: chemical name obtained from Acta Biol Hung 1990;41(1-3):199-208		2.0710acetamides
hycanthone
Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.		2.7530thioxanthenesmutagen;
schistosomicide drug
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		4.6580azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		4.93110benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		4.2750benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		3.5820aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		4.85100one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		4.7790hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
hypericin
[no description available]		2.0410
ibudilast
[no description available]		2.0310pyrazolopyridine
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		5.55210monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
ic 261
[no description available]		2.4420indoles
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		4.5370primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		5.55210benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
mephentermine
Mephentermine: A sympathomimetic agent with specificity for alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It is used to maintain BLOOD PRESSURE in hypotensive states such as following SPINAL ANESTHESIA.		2.110amphetamines
alverine
alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.		2.0510tertiary amineantispasmodic drug
idebenone
[no description available]		2.46201,4-benzoquinones;
primary alcohol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor
ifenprodil
ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist		2.4520piperidines
ifosfamide
[no description available]		4.7690ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		12.96361dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		4.94110bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		4.4160indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indirubin-3'-monoxime
indirubin-3'-monoxime: has antiangiogenic activity. indirubin-3'-monoxime : A member of the class of biindoles that is indirubin in which the keto group at position 3' has undergone condensation with hydroxylamine to form the corresponding oxime.		2.4420
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		10.55210aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodixanol
iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.		2.0210organoiodine compoundradioopaque medium
iodoacetamide
[no description available]		2.0310
iodoquinol
Iodoquinol: One of the halogenated 8-quinolinols widely used as an intestinal antiseptic, especially as an antiamebic agent. It is also used topically in other infections and may cause CNS and eye damage. It is known by very many similar trade names world-wide.. iodoquinol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by iodine. It is considered the drug of choice for treating asymptomatic or moderate forms of amoebiasis.		2.0710monohydroxyquinoline;
organoiodine compound		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiseptic drug
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.9640benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iopromide
iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.		2.7330dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
nephrotoxic agent;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iothalamic acid
Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.		2.0410organic molecular entity
iodipamide
Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.		2.0510benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound;
secondary carboxamide		radioopaque medium
ioversol
[no description available]		3.5620amidobenzoic acid
iproniazid
[no description available]		4.5570carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		4.94110azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		2.46203-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isocarboxazid
Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)		3.8630benzenes
isoetharine
Isoetharine: Adrenergic beta-2 agonist used as bronchodilator for emphysema, bronchitis and asthma.		2.0710catecholamine
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		7.7330organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		5.01120carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
4-piperidinecarboxylic acid
4-piperidinecarboxylic acid: structure in first source		2.4420
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.0510secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		4.5370catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		3.8730alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		4.6580benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itraconazole
[no description available]		5.02120piperazines
4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline
WHI P131: a quinazoline derivative, inhibitor of glioblastoma cell adhesion and migration		2.0310
jl 18
JL 18: a pyridobenzodiazepine derivative bioisoster of clozapine		2.4420
nsc 664704
kenpaullone: inhibits CDK1/cyclin B; structure in first source. kenpaullone : An indolobenzazepine that is paullone in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by a bromo substituent. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta).		2.4420indolobenzazepine;
lactam;
organobromine compound		cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		8.69292cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		6.55360aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		11.88201dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		5.23150benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		4.7590amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen
Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.		2.7530cyclic ketone;
olefinic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		2.0510furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
kynurenic acid
Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.		2.0310monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		G-protein-coupled receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid
2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid: metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist; do not confuse AP-3 used as an abbreviation for this with enhancer-binding protein AP-3 (a trans-activator) or clathrin assembly protein AP-3. 2-amino-3-phosphonopropanoic acid : A non-proteinogenc alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by a dihydroxy(oxido)-lambda(5)-phosphanyl group.		2.0310alanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
phosphonic acids		human metabolite;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		5.1130benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		12.224341,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		5.16140benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone
beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.		2.9640benzochromenone;
orthoquinones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		4.5570(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		4.6680nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
nordefrin
Nordefrin: A norepinephrine derivative used as a vasoconstrictor agent.		2.0610catecholamine
lidoflazine
Lidoflazine: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic action.		2.0610diarylmethane
linopirdine
linopirdine: acetylcholine releasing drug		2.4420indoles
lofepramine
Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.		2.7330aromatic ketone;
dibenzoazepine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		4.2650fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lomustine
[no description available]		3.8730N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		3.8630monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		5.08130benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		12.54488benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		4.94110biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		9.72241dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
loxoprofen
loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.		2.0310cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
ly 171883
LY 171883: structure in first source; leukotriene receptor antagonist. tomelukast : A member of the class of acetophenones that is 1-phenylethanone substituted at position 2 by a hydroxy group, a propyl group at position 3 and a 4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy group at position 4. A leukotriene antagonist, it exhibits anti-asthmatic activity.		2.0710acetophenones;
aromatic ether;
phenols;
tetrazoles		anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		2.4420chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
mabuterol
mabuterol: structure given in first source		210(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		2.0510diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate: structure in first source		2.0510isopropyl ester
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		10.09130anthracenes
mazindol
Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.		2.0510organic molecular entity
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		4.94110aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		3.8630primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		3.2310nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		4.0840diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.8530aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
meclofenamate sodium anhydrous
[no description available]		2.7430organic sodium salt
meclofenoxate
Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.5570aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
mefloquine hydrochloride
[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.		3.2960organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinolines;
secondary alcohol
memantine
[no description available]		11.2225adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.75301,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
mepenzolate
mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310diarylmethane
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		4.7590ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenesin
Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.		2.0710aromatic ether;
glycerol ether
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		9.0740imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		4.0840piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		4.2650organic molecular entity
benzoic acid [2-methyl-2-(propylamino)propyl] ester
[no description available]		2.0710benzoate ester
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		4.2550amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mescaline
Mescaline: Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.. mescaline : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.		1.9810methoxybenzenes;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
primary amino compound		hallucinogen
mesoridazine
Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.		4.5470phenothiazines;
sulfoxide;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		4.0640aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		7.41201guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		6.32111benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methapyrilene
Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.		2.9740ethylenediamine derivativeanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
methazolamide
Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.		3.2310sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
methiothepin
Methiothepin: A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.. methiothepin : A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).		4.6280aryl sulfide;
dibenzothiepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
tertiary amino compound		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		3.620aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
methoctramine
[no description available]		2.4620aromatic ether;
tetramine		muscarinic antagonist
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		3.5920aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methoxyflurane
Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.		2.0510ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		hepatotoxic agent;
inhalation anaesthetic;
nephrotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic
methoxyphenamine
methoxyphenamine: structure. methoxyphenamine : An amphetamine methylated on nitrogen and with the phenyl ring methoxylated at C-2. A beta-adrenergic receptor agonist, it is used as a bronchodilator.		2.110amphetaminesbeta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent
methyclothiazide
Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)		3.2310benzothiadiazine
nocodazole
[no description available]		3.1650aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
thiophenes		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		2.0510benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
3-Hydroxy-alpha-methyl-DL-tyrosine
[no description available]		2.4620benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		14.12598beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
methyprylon
methyprylon: was heading 1973-94 (see under HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES 1963-72); use PIPERIDONES to search METHYPRYLON 1973-94		2.0510organic molecular entity
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		10.72250benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		4.7690organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		5.45190aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		5.22150C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		3.8730aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		5.01120aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		9.26383dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.9740dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		6.11220imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		8.8230amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone
[no description available]		4.7490bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
minaprine
minaprine: Agr 1240 refers to di-HCl; short-acting type A MAO inhibitor (MAOI) of mild potency; structure		3.1210morpholines;
pyridazines;
secondary amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
cholinergic drug;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		4.6680dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		9.63423benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		4.0840diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		6.25101dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
ml 7
ML-7 : An N-sulfonyldiazepane resullting from the formal condensation of 5-iodo-1-naphthylsulfonic acid with one of the nitrogens of 1,4-diazepane. It is a selective inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.18).		2.4420N-sulfonyldiazepane;
organoiodine compound		EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor
ml 9
[no description available]		2.0510naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
moclobemide
Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.		3.93120benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		8.66113monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
mosapramine
mosapramine: structure given in first source. mosapramine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mosapramine. It is a second-generation antipsychotic used for the treatment of schizophrenia.. 1'-[3-(3-chloro-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepin-5-yl)propyl]hexahydro-2H-spiro[imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3,4'-piperidin]-2-one : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(2-oxohexahydro-2H-spiro[imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3,4'-piperidin]-1'-yl)propyl group.		4.0731azaspiro compound;
dibenzoazepine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		3.5920monoterpenoid
deet
N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.		2.0510benzamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		environmental contaminant;
insect repellent;
xenobiotic
1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine
1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine: acts as serotonin agonist; structure. 1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group at position 1. A serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug.		1.9910(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		environmental contaminant;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
n-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide
N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source. N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is 5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens of the nitrogen atom is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.		2.0310naphthalenes;
organochlorine compound;
primary amino compound;
sulfonamide
acecainide
Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.		3.4370acetamides;
benzamides		anti-arrhythmia drug
n-bromoacetamide
[no description available]		2.0310
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		2.0310maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
fg 7142
FG 7142: benzodiazepine receptor agonist		2.4420beta-carbolines
clorgyline
Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.		2.7230aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
fenamic acid
fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		2.0310aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		membrane transport modulator
n 0840
N(6)-cyclopentyl-9-methyladenine: selective, orally active A(1) adenosine receptor antagonist		2.4420
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		4.0540methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nadolol
[no description available]		4.140tetralins
nafronyl
Nafronyl: A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.		2.0710naphthalenes
naftopidil
[no description available]		2.4520piperazines
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		4.56701,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
nan 190
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-(2-phthalimido)butyl)piperazine: RN from Toxlit. NAN 190 : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of (2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine in which the amine hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(2-phthalimido)butyl group.		2.730N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
phthalimides		serotonergic antagonist
naphazoline
Naphazoline: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.		2.0710naphthalenes
naratriptan
naratriptan: structure given in first source		4.4160heteroarylpiperidine;
sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		6.34200aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nefopam
Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.		3.1550benzoxazocine;
tertiary amino compound
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		2.7630quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.94110cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		4.0740organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		5.02120benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
niceritrol
Niceritrol: An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions.		2.0510organic molecular entity
niclosamide
Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.		2.7330benzamides;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
salicylanilides;
secondary carboxamide		anthelminthic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiparasitic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
molluscicide;
piscicide;
STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		5.78270C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nifekalant
[no description available]		2.4520amine
niflumic acid
Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.4520aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
nilutamide
[no description available]		4.0640(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nilvadipine
[no description available]		2.4320dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester;
nitrile
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		4.4160aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		5.281602-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nipecotic acid
nipecotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is piperidine in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.		2.0310beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		5.02120C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		3.55801,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		3.99130C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		3.5920nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nitromide
nitromide: antibacterial agent for prevention & treatment of Salmonella pullorum infections in chickens & turkeys & for fowl typhoid & paratyphoid; used in feed; structure		2.0710
nizatidine
[no description available]		4.921101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		4.5470isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
masoprocol
nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)		2.9540catechols;
lignan;
tetrol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		4.4160fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
norfluoxetine
norfluoxetine: metabolite of fluoxetine; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0610(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		5.35170organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
6,7-dimethoxy-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-7,8-dihydro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinolin-5-yl)-3H-isobenzofuran-1-one
[no description available]		2.0710isoquinolines
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist		2.4420nitrobenzoic acid
ns 2028
NS 2028: structure in first source		2.0310
ns 1619
NS 1619: structure given in first source. NS 1619 : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced are replaced by 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. It is an opener/activator of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (Bkca).		2.4420(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
benzimidazoles;
phenols		potassium channel opener
nylidrin
Nylidrin: A beta-adrenergic agonist. Nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor.		2.0710alkylbenzene
o(6)-benzylguanine
O(6)-benzylguanine: a suicide inhibitor of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity		2.0310
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		5.231503-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
olomoucine
olomoucine: inhibits protein P34CDC2. olomoucine : A 9H-purine that is substituted by a (2-hydroxyethyl)nitrilo, benzylnitrilo and a methyl group at positions 2,6 and 9, respectively. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.		2.44202,6-diaminopurines;
ethanolamines		EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		5.15140aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		8.59191carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		4.2650ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxamniquine
Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.		2.0510aromatic primary alcohol;
C-nitro compound;
quinolines;
secondary amino compound
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.75901,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxatomide
oxatomide: structure; an anti-allergic & an anti-asthmatic. oxatomide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.		2.4420benzimidazoles;
diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		4.64801,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxethazaine
[no description available]		2.4720amino acid amide
oxibendazole
oxibendazole: structure		2.7530benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		1.9910benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
oxiracetam
oxiracetam: structure in first source		2.7330organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
oxolinic acid
quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.		2.0310aromatic carboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
enzyme inhibitor
oxotremorine
Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.		2.4420N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxprenolol
Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.		3.1450aromatic ether
oxybenzone
oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.		2.0510hydroxybenzophenone;
monomethoxybenzene		dermatologic drug;
environmental contaminant;
protective agent;
ultraviolet filter;
xenobiotic
benoxinate
benoxinate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. oxybuprocaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-amino-3-butoxybenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; an ester-based local anaesthetic (ester "caine") used especially in ophthalmology and otolaryngology.		2.0710amino acid ester;
benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
topical anaesthetic
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		4.88100acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
oxypertine
oxypertine: was heading 1975-94 (see under INDOLES 1975-90); use PIPERAZINES to search OXYPERTINE 1975-94; antipsychotic agent also used in severe depression; it has potentially dangerous side effects		1.9910organic molecular entity
oxyphenbutazone
Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.0510phenols;
pyrazolidines		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
drug metabolite;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		4.2750aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
quinone
benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).		2.03101,4-benzoquinonescofactor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fenclonine
Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.		2.0310phenylalanine derivative
palmidrol
palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.		5.5253endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticonvulsant;
antihypertensive agent;
neuroprotective agent
pamidronate
[no description available]		4.2550phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		4.6680aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		5.03120benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
4-dichlorobenzene
dichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.. 1,4-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1 and 4.		2.4620dichlorobenzeneinsecticide
1,7-dimethylxanthine
1,7-dimethylxanthine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 1 and 7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and theobromine in animals.		2.0310dimethylxanthinecentral nervous system stimulant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		2.7530aromatic amine
patulin
Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.		2.0310furopyran;
gamma-lactone;
lactol		antimicrobial agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite
pd 153035
4-((3-bromophenyl)amino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline: structure given in first source. PD-153035 : A member of the class of quinazolines carrying a 3-bromophenylamino substituent at position 4 and two methoxy substituents at positions 6 and 7.		2.0310aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
bromobenzenes;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound		EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
pd 158780
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic amine;
bromobenzenes;
diamine;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
pd 169316
2-(4-nitrophenyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-imidazole: p38 MAP kinase inhibitor		2.0510imidazoles
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.7330aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		6.04811,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		4.6680aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		4.5470barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		12.95132oxopurine
perazine
Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.. perazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position.		10.4980N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		4.85100piperidinescardiovascular drug
periciazine
periciazine: was heading 1963-94 (Prov 1963-72); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PROPERICIAZINE 1966-94. periciazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)propyl group at the nitrogen atom and a carbonitrile group at position 2. Periciazine is a first generation antipsychotic.		2.110hydroxypiperidine;
nitrile;
phenothiazines		adrenergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
sedative
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		16.038540N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacemide
phenacemide: anti-epileptic drug; structure		2.0710acetamides
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		3.5680acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		5.09130barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.		2.4320phenols
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		3.8630aromatic amine
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		3.2310primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
phenyl biguanide
phenyl biguanide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenyl biguanide : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.4420guanidinescentral nervous system drug
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		3.4370pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
phloretin
[no description available]		2.4420dihydrochalconesantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
moxonidine
moxonidine: structure given in first source		2.9640organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
1,3a,8-Trimethyl-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-yl methylcarbamate
[no description available]		2.0710pyrroloindole
picotamide
picotamide: has anticoagulant & fibrinolytic properties; structure		2.4420benzamides
pilsicainide
pilsicainide: structure given in first source. pilsicainide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline with the carboxy group of (tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-7a(5H)-yl)acetic acid. It is a sodium channel blocker which is used as an antiarrhythmic drug for the management of atrial tachyarrhythmias in Japan.		2.0610organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary carboxamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
pimobendan
pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source		2.0410benzimidazoles;
pyridazinone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
pinacidil
Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)		3.360pyridines
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		5.29160indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		11.82102aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
pipamperone
pipamperone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pipamperone : A member of the class of bipiperidines that is 1,4'-bipiperidine which is substituted at the 1' and 4' positions by 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl and carboxamide groups, respectively. A first generation antipsychotic, its properties are generally similar to those of haloperidol.		5.3672aromatic ketone;
bipiperidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
pipemidic acid
Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.		2.0510amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridopyrimidine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
piperazine
[no description available]		2.0510azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
piperidine-4-sulfonic acid
piperidine-4-sulfonic acid: specific GABA agonist		2.0310
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		4.761organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
pirbuterol
pirbuterol: structure		2.0210pyridines
pirenperone
[no description available]		2.7330aromatic ketone
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		21.5736563pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
piretanide
piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure		2.7430aromatic ether
piribedil
Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.		2.0810N-arylpiperazine
polythiazide
[no description available]		3.2310benzothiadiazine
practolol
Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		2.7530acetamides;
ethanolamines;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
duodote
duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents		3.620pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
ono 1078
pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.0810chromones
pyranoprofen
pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0810pyridochromene
prazepam
Prazepam: A benzodiazepine that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		2.0210benzodiazepine
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		4.86100isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		6.17240aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine
Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		2.4520amino acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticonvulsant;
local anaesthetic
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		4.7690aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		4.84100pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
proadifen
Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.		2.0710diarylmethane
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		11.55141benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		3.1450dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		5.34170benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		2.7630benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		3.8530benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		4.7690N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine
Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.		4.2550pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
proglumide
Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.		2.0310benzamides;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
glutamine derivative;
racemate		anti-ulcer drug;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
cholinergic antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
drug metabolite;
gastrointestinal drug;
opioid analgesic;
xenobiotic metabolite
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		4.8171phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		5.02120phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		5.34170aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		3.2310xanthenes
propentofylline
[no description available]		9.1231oxopurine
propiverine
propiverine: anticholinergic used for overactive bladder syndrome		2.0510diarylmethane
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		5.36100phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		8.19301naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protriptyline
Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.		4.0640carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
pyridinolcarbamate
Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)		2.0510pyridines
pyridostigmine
[no description available]		4.0840pyridinium ion
pyrilamine
Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.		3.1550aromatic ether;
ethylenediamine derivative		H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		4.4160aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134
quazepam: structure given in first source		3.8530benzodiazepine
quetiapine
[no description available]		7.74210dibenzothiazepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
quipazine
Quipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic.		3.5320piperazines;
pyridines
7-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-8-ol
[no description available]		2.0810benzazepine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		4.0840benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		4.39601-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine
[no description available]		4.29180aralkylamine
opc 12759
rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase		2.0510secondary carboxamide
pf 5901
alpha-pentyl-3-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)benzenemethanol: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor antagonist		2.4420quinolines
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		7.04132benzothiazoles
rimantadine
Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.		3.8530alkylamine
ritanserin
Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.		8.35373organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
thiazolopyrimidine		antidepressant;
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan
rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate		4.2550tryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone
4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.		2.0310methoxybenzenes
rofecoxib
[no description available]		3.360butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram
[no description available]		2.9740pyrrolidin-2-onesantidepressant;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
ropinirole
[no description available]		3.8530indolones;
tertiary amine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
dopamine agonist
roxarsone
Roxarsone: An arsenic derivative which has anticoccidial action and promotes growth in animals.. roxarsone : An organoarsonic acid where the organyl group is 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl.		2.07102-nitrophenols;
organoarsonic acid		agrochemical;
animal growth promotant;
antibacterial drug;
coccidiostat
saccharin
Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.		2.43201,2-benzisothiazole;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
salicylamide
salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source		2.4720phenols;
salicylamides		antirheumatic drug;
non-narcotic analgesic
salmeterol xinafoate
salmeterol : A racemate consisting of equal parts of (R)- and (S)-salmeterol. It is a potent and selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist (EC50 = 5.3 nM). Unlike other beta2 agonists, it binds to the exo-site domain of beta2 receptors, producing a slow onset of action and prolonged activation.. 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A phenol having a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 and a 1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl group at C-4; derivative of phenylethanolamine.		2.4320ether;
phenols;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.		3.620benzoate ester;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
salicylates		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
sb 206553
SB 206553: a high-affinity 5-HT(2C/2B) antagonist; structure given in first source		2.110pyrroloindole
sb 202190
4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase		2.4420imidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
phenols;
pyridines		apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		3.2310barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		2.4420ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		4.2550organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		4.94110pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sobuzoxane
sobuzoxane: used in treatment of leukemia L1210		2.0310organic molecular entity
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		4.0840pyridines
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		5.16140ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-phenylbutyric acid, sodium salt
sodium phenylbutyrate : The organic sodium salt of 4-phenylbutyric acid. A prodrug for phenylacetate, it is used to treat urea cycle disorders.		2.0510organic sodium saltEC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
orphan drug;
prodrug
spiperone
Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.		6.98231aromatic ketone;
azaspiro compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
spiroxatrine
spiroxatrine: structure		3.1250imidazolidines
sq 22536
9-(tetrahydrofuryl)adenine : A nucleoside analogue that is adenine in which the nitrogen at position 9 has been substituted by a tetrahydrofuran-2-yl group. It is an adenylate cyclase inhibitor.		2.0310nucleoside analogue;
oxolanes		EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
stearic acid
octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.		2.1110long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
imatinib
[no description available]		4.7890aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		4.0840dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
succinylsulfathiazole
succinylsulfathiazole: intestinal antimicrobial agent; structure		2.07101,3-thiazoles
sulconazole
sulconazole: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sulconazole. An antifungal agent with activity against Candida species, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-[(4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}-1H-imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-ethyl-1H-imidazole in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a (4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanediyl group while a second is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
organic sulfide
sulfabenzamide
sulfabenzamide : A sulfonamide containing a benzamido substituent on nitrogen. An antibacterial/antimicrobial, it is often used in conjunction with sulfathiazole and sulfacetamide as a topical, intravaginal antibacterial preparation.		2.4620benzenes;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial drug
sulfacetamide
Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.		2.4820N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
substituted aniline		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		2.4720aromatic ether;
pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfamerazine
[no description available]		2.4720pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen
sulfameter
Sulfameter: Long acting sulfonamide used in leprosy, urinary, and respiratory tract infections.. sulfamethoxydiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having a methoxy substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
leprostatic drug;
renal agent
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.4720pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		4.2750sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		3.5580isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		2.7530substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfanitran
[no description available]		2.0810sulfonamide
sulfaphenazole
Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.		2.4520primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
sulfapyridine
Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyridines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
dermatologic drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		4.86100
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		4.07201,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		3.4370pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		4.6480isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
sulfobromophthalein
Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.		2.05102-benzofurans;
organobromine compound;
organosulfonic acid;
phenols		dye
sulforaphane
sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.		3.6411isothiocyanate;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		3.5920alkylbenzene
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		16.2615119benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		6.08220sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen
Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.		3.4370aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antirheumatic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		2.9640naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
t0156
[no description available]		2.4420naphthyridine derivative
talipexole
talipexole: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source		2.0510azepine
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		4.12150N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene
tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.		2.4520acetylenic compound;
ethyl ester;
pyridines;
retinoid;
thiochromane		keratolytic drug;
prodrug;
teratogenic agent
1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene
1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene: potent phenobarbital-like inducer of microsomal monooxygenase activity; structure given in first source		2.0310
tegafur
[no description available]		2.0510organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
telenzepine
telenzepine: structure given in first source		2.9640benzodiazepine
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		4.2350benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		4.5870imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		4.7590furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		5.01120phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		4.69270diarylmethane
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		3.1550benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		2.0410quaternary ammonium ion
tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide
Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide: N,N',N'',N'''-Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide. A specific inhibitor of pseudocholinesterases. It is commonly used experimentally to determine whether pseudo- or acetylcholinesterases are involved in an enzymatic process.		2.4420phosphoramide
tetrahydroxy-1,4-quinone
tetrahydroxy-1,4-quinone: structure. tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone : A hydroxybenzoquinone in which all four protons of the benzoquinone structure are substituted by hydroxy groups. A systemic keratolytic, it is normally supplied as its hydrate (CHEBI:137471).		2.0710hydroxybenzoquinonekeratolytic drug
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		4.460phthalimides;
piperidones
theobromine
Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.		2.0310dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
bronchodilator agent;
food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		4.1401,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
2-thiosalicylic acid
2-thiosalicylic acid: a degradation product of thimerosal; RN given refers to parent cpd. thiosalicylic acid : A sulfanylbenzoic acid that is the 2-sulfanyl derivative of benzoic acid.		2.0710sulfanylbenzoic acidantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		11.08475phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		4.5470aziridines
thiothixene
Thiothixene: A thioxanthine used as an antipsychotic agent. Its effects are similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.		1.9910thioxanthenes
tiapride
[no description available]		2.4420benzamides
tiaprofenic acid
tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		drug allergen;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		4.4160monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilorone
Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.		2.4720aromatic ether;
diether;
fluoren-9-ones;
tertiary amino compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
interferon inducer;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		4.5470imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tioconazole
tioconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tioconazole.. 1-{2-[(2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that comprises 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylimidazole carrying an additional (2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy substituent at position 2.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
thiophenes
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		3.8530N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		4.85100benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate
8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310trihydroxybenzoic acid
nikethamide
Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)		2.0810pyridinecarboxamide
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.4160N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolazoline
Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.		2.0710imidazolesalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		5.29160N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		4.2550aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolnaftate
[no description available]		2.7430monothiocarbamic esterantifungal drug
tolperisone
Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)		2.0510aromatic ketone
(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid
(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid: a GABA-C receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0310
ici 136,753
[no description available]		2.4420pyrazolopyridine
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		5.01120aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		3.8630amino acid
trapidil
Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.		2.0710triazolopyrimidines
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		9.26291monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		4.84100pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		4.84100triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
trichlormethiazide
Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.		210benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide antibiotic		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
triclosan
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trientine
Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.		2.0210polyazaalkane;
tetramine		copper chelator
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		13.35211N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trifluperidol
Trifluperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES including MANIA and SCHIZOPHRENIA. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p621)		2.0710aromatic ketone
triflupromazine
Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.7330organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.		9.94110amine
trimebutine
Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.		2.0710trihydroxybenzoic acid
trimeprazine
Trimeprazine: A phenothiazine derivative that is used as an antipruritic.		2.4920phenothiazines
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		4.2550oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethobenzamide
trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.		3.2310benzamides;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		5.58220aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		4.0640
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		5.45110dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trioxsalen
Trioxsalen: Pigmenting photosensitizing agent obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with ultraviolet light in the treatment of vitiligo.. lactone : Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.. antipsoriatic : A drug used to treat psoriasis.. trioxsalen : 7H-Furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which positions 2, 5, and 9 are substituted by methyl groups. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division, and can lead to cell injury; recovery from the cell injury may be followed by increased melanisation of the epidermis.		2.0710psoralensdermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		4.86100chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
tropicamide
Tropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.		2.4620acetamides
thenoyltrifluoroacetone
Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.		2.0810
tulobuterol
[no description available]		2.0710organochlorine compound
tyramine
[no description available]		3.2310monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
tyrphostin a9
[no description available]		2.4420alkylbenzenegeroprotector
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.5720aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
undecylenic acid
undecylenic acid: a fatty acid with a terminal double bond. 10-undecenoic acid : An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 10-position. It is derived from castor oil and is used for the treatment of skin problems.. undecenoic acid : A C11, straight-chain fatty acid carrying a C=C double bond at any position.		2.0810undecenoic acidantifungal drug;
plant metabolite
urapidil
[no description available]		3.4470piperazines
5-methylurapidil
[no description available]		2.6830
urethane
[no description available]		2.0710carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		5.4180cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vesnarinone
[no description available]		3.1350organic molecular entity
vigabatrin
[no description available]		4.2650gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
viloxazine
Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE.		2.0410aromatic ether
n-(2-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl)ethyl)-n-(2-pyridinyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide
[no description available]		2.4420piperazines
wb 4101
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine bearing a [(2',6'-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]methyl group at position 2. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.		2.730aromatic ether;
benzodioxine;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
pirinixic acid
pirinixic acid: structure		2.7630aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidines
8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine
8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist		2.4420
xylazine
Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.		2.07101,3-thiazine;
methylbenzene;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
emetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
xylometazoline
xylometazoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710alkylbenzene
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.		2.4420aromatic primary alcohol;
furans;
indazoles		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator;
vasodilator agent
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		4.5570carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon
zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.		4.4160nitrile;
pyrazolopyrimidine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
central nervous system depressant;
sedative
zardaverine
zardaverine: structure given in first source. zardaverine : A pyridazinone derivative in which pyridazin-3(2H)-one is substituted at C-6 with a 4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl group. It is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, selective for PDE3 and 4.		2.0310organofluorine compound;
pyridazinone		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
peripheral nervous system drug
zinc chloride
zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.		2.1310inorganic chloride;
zinc molecular entity		astringent;
disinfectant;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
Lewis acid
zm 336372
N-(5-(3-dimethylaminobenzamido)-2-methylphenyl)-4-hydroxybenzamide: an inhibitor of c-Raf; activates Raf-1; structure in first source		2.0310benzamides
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		6.55141imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zomepirac
zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.7330aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrroles		cardiovascular drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		4.26501,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone
zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.		3.360monochloropyridine;
pyrrolopyrazine		central nervous system depressant;
sedative
zotepine
zotepine: structure		10.78312dibenzothiepine;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic drug
guanidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic chloride salt		protein denaturant
hydrocortisone acetate
hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.4320cortisol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		3.8530corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		3.5920mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
oxyphenonium
Oxyphenonium: A quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent with peripheral side effects similar to those of ATROPINE. It is used as an adjunct in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, and to relieve visceral spasms. The drug has also been used in the form of eye drops for mydriatic effect.		2.4620acylcholine
corticosterone
[no description available]		9.2517011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		5.2215011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		2.472016alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.		5.180ergoline alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		dopamine agonist;
hallucinogen;
serotonergic agonist
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		10.86120alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		2.9740beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		4.2250imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		4.0840glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		2.9640nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		2.4720benzodioxolespesticide synergist
procaine hydrochloride
Gerovital H3: Contains mainly procaine & small amounts of benzoic acid, potassium metabisulfite & disodium phosphate		2.0310organic molecular entity
bromouracil
Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.		2.0510nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidines		mutagen
3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid
tiratricol : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.		2.0510
isoproterenol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640catechols
histamine dihydrochloride
Ceplene: Tradename for histamine dihydrochloride.		2.4520
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		6.791022-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		7.331821-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		2.4520ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate
norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.		2.05103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		4.931103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyclobarbital
cyclobarbital: was heading 1977-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1977-90); CYCLOBARBITONE, HEXEMAL, & TETRAHYDROPHENOBARBITAL were see CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; use BARBITURATES to search CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; short to intermediate duration barbiturate used as hypnotic and sedative		2.0510barbiturates
allobarbital
allobarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ALLOBARBITONE, DIALLYLBARBITAL, DIALLYLBARBITURIC ACID, & DIALLYLMAL were see ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; a barbiturate derivative with effects of intermediate duration; at lower doses, it is used as a sedative; at higher doses, it displays hypnotic effects		2.0510barbiturates
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		4.2650non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
trichlorfon
Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0510organic phosphonate;
organochlorine compound;
phosphonic ester		agrochemical;
anthelminthic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
cysteine
[no description available]		3.2310cysteine zwitterion;
cysteine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		6.8319111-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		4.547017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methylprednisolone acetate
Methylprednisolone Acetate: Methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of ALLERGY and ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; and BURSITIS; and for the treatment of ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. methylprednisolone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid.		2.11011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
glucocorticoid;
steroid ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		3.592017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
androsterone
[no description available]		2.442017-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
C19-steroid		androgen;
anticonvulsant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
pheromone
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		2.051017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
promazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640hydrochloride
nad
[no description available]		2.0510NADgeroprotector
2-acetylaminofluorene
2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.		2.05102-acetamidofluorenesantimitotic;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope;
mutagen
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		4.6680penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
idoxuridine
[no description available]		2.4620organoiodine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
metaraminol
Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.		2.0710phenylethanolaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
pilocarpine hydrochloride
pilocarpine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of (+)-pilocarpine, a medication used to treat increased pressure inside the eye and dry mouth.		2.0310hydrochloride
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		4.5470pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide
Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.		2.4420N-arylpiperazine;
organic iodide salt;
piperazinium salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		2.4620organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		12.28622-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
isonicotinic acid
isonicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is at position 4 of the pyridine ring.		2.4820pyridinemonocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite
racepinephrine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride
(4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.		2.4420
hexamethonium bromide
[no description available]		2.0310
cystamine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.9840chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
cantharidin
Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.		2.4420cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
monoterpenoid		EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
herbicide
tetraethylammonium chloride
tetraethylammonium chloride : A quarternary ammonium chloride salt in which the cation has four ethyl substituents around the central nitrogen.		2.4420organic chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		potassium channel blocker
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		10.8168L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		5.22150C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		7.5691aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		9.2750amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		8.8821aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cetrimonium bromide
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide : The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide.		2.0510organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		detergent;
surfactant
chlorobutanol
[no description available]		2.0610tertiary alcohol
vincristine
[no description available]		4.2450acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		5.46110carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		4.8471glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		3.669017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate
Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.		2.4420steroid ester
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		2.7730bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		7.31321aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		2.0510pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		3.592017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
promethazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640hydrochlorideanti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		5.1250benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		2.0510adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		2.4520azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
uridine
[no description available]		2.0510uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		4.2650kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
ethopabate
Ethopabate: An inhibitor of folate metabolism. It is used as a coccidiostat in poultry.		2.0710amidobenzoic acid
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		2.7430pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		20.5222846monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.9440phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		7.99234amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		3.5320ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.110amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		3.8630amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride
acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.		3.8630quaternary ammonium salt
mepazine
mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.		3.2310phenothiazines
acepromazine
Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.		2.0710aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
methoxamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640dimethoxybenzene
methoxamine
Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .		2.0710amphetaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		2.4110adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
papaverine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
methicillin
Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.		2.4520penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
n,n-dimethyltryptamine
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine: An N-methylated indoleamine derivative and serotonergic hallucinogen which occurs naturally and ubiquitously in several plant species including Psychotria veridis. It also occurs in trace amounts in mammalian brain, blood, and urine, and is known to act as an agonist or antagonist of certain SEROTONIN RECEPTORS.. N,N-dimethyltryptamine : A tryptamine derivative having two N-methyl substituents on the side-chain.		2.3920tryptamine alkaloid;
tryptamines
niridazole
Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		4.0840penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
bretylium tosylate
Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.7230organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
zoxazolamine
Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.		2.0710benzoxazole
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		2.110amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
berlition
berlition: antioxidant preparation containing alpha-lipoic acid, used in the neuroprotective therapy of chronic brain ischemia for correction of free-radical processes. (R)-lipoic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of lipoic acid. A vitamin-like, C8 thia fatty acid with anti-oxidant properties.. lipoic acid : A heterocyclic thia fatty acid comprising pentanoic acid with a 1,2-dithiolan-3-yl group at the 5-position.		2.4620dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
lipoic acid;
thia fatty acid		cofactor;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		2.0310quaternary ammonium salt
calcium acetate
calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.		3.2310calcium saltchelator
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		2.4620nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		2.733017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbaryl
Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.		2.0510carbamate ester;
naphthalenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant growth retardant
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		2.7530lactose
primaquine phosphate
[no description available]		2.4620
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		4.0740aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.		2.0610
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.4920amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
Mebutamate
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		2.071020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		5.16140alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
yohimbine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
gallamine triethiodide
Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)		2.7430
mebanazine
mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310benzenes
uracil mustard
Uracil Mustard: Nitrogen mustard derivative of URACIL. It is a alkylating antineoplastic agent that is used in lymphatic malignancies, and causes mainly gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage.		2.4620aminouracil;
nitrogen mustard
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		4.0640penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		2.0310antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		2.4120diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		2.4620chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
triamcinolone diacetate
triamcinolone diacetate: lysyl oxidase antagonist; Polcortolon may also refers to triamcinolone		2.0810corticosteroid hormone
dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		2.0510formamides;
volatile organic compound		geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		3.437017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel
Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.		2.0510oxo steroid
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		8.53734-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		3.5920aromatic ketone
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.		2.442017alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
progestin
quinacrine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
chlorpromazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochloride;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		4.5470beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		4.2550mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
cytarabine
[no description available]		4.2750beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
trifluridine
Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.		2.4420nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
ornithine
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.		2.2110non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ornithine		algal metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
mouse metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		3.155020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		2.4420L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol
[no description available]		2.964017beta-hydroxy steroid;
aromatic ether;
terminal acetylenic compound		prodrug;
xenoestrogen
methaqualone
Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.		2.0510quinazolinesGABA agonist;
sedative
trypan blue
VisionBlue: A trypan blue ophthalmic solution.		2.0510
cordycepin
[no description available]		2.05103'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines		antimetabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		4.93110erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lidocaine hydrochloride
lidocaine hydrochloride : The anhydrous form of the hydrochloride salt of lidocaine.		2.4420hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		5.1680arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
ethylamine
ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		2.110primary aliphatic aminehuman metabolite
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.4420aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
nitromethane
nitromethane: structure. nitromethane : A primary nitroalkane that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replace by a nitro group. A polar solvent (b.p. 101 degreeC), it is an important starting material in organic synthesis. It is also used as a fuel for rockets and radio-controlled models.		2.0410primary nitroalkane;
volatile organic compound		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
explosive;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
perflutren
Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		3.2310fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		2.753011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone
Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
fluorinated steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
mepenzolate bromide
[no description available]		2.4620diarylmethane
allylpropymal
allylpropymal: RN given refers to parent cpd. aprobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by an isopropyl and a prop-1-en-3-yl group at position 5.		2.0510barbiturates
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		4.84320benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
butobarbital
butobarbital: Butobarbital should be distinguished from Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital)		2.0510barbiturates
methsuximide
methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.2310organic molecular entity
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		4.0940primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		2.7530chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
dichloroacetic acid
[no description available]		2.0410monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		astringent;
marine metabolite
pantothenic acid
Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.		2.0710pantothenic acid;
vitamin B5		antidote to curare poisoning;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite
sulfachlorpyridazine
Sulfachlorpyridazine: A sulfonamide antimicrobial used for urinary tract infections and in veterinary medicine.. sulfachloropyridazine : A sulfonamide antimicrobial used for urinary tract infections and in veterinary medicine.		2.0710organochlorine compound;
pyridazines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
dehydrocholic acid
Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.		2.051012-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-5beta-steroid;
7-oxo steroid;
oxo-5beta-cholanic acid		gastrointestinal drug
cyclizine
Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.		2.4620N-alkylpiperazineantiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		5.161406-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		3.360organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
diquat
Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.		2.0510organic cationdefoliant;
herbicide
brompheniramine
Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.8830organobromine compound;
pyridines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
phensuximide
phensuximide: major descriptor (73-84); on-line search SUCCINIMIDES (73-84); Index Medicus search PHENSUXIMIDE (73-84); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0710pyrrolidines
dimethisoquin
[no description available]		2.0710isoquinolines
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		4.2650penicillin allergen;
penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		4.2650glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
hexachlorobutadiene
hexachlorobutadiene: a potent nephrotoxicant in rats; structure		2.0510organochlorine compound
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		2.1110pyrrolidin-2-ones
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		3.5820phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
diethylpropion
Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
tertiary amine		appetite depressant
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		2.7130mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline
[no description available]		2.4220azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinolines
trifluoromethylphenothiazine
[no description available]		2.0510phenothiazines
phenylpiperazine
phenylpiperazine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
phenothiazine
10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.		3.8740phenothiazineferroptosis inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
2-naphthoic acid
2-naphthoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthoic acid : A naphthoic acid that is naphthalene carrying a carboxy group at position 2.		2.110naphthoic acidmouse metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
mecoprop
mecoprop: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl group.. mecoprop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mecoprop.		2.110aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes
synephrine
[no description available]		2.9840ethanolamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
plant metabolite
benzoyl peroxide
Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.		2.0510carbonyl compound
benzothiazole
benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.		2.0410benzothiazolesenvironmental contaminant;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
2-bromophenol
bromophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded bromine atoms.		2.4620bromophenolmarine metabolite
soman
Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.		2.0710phosphonic ester
1,3-ditolylguanidine
1,3-ditolylguanidine: structure given in first source; a selective ligand for the sigma binding sites in the brain		2.0210toluenes
ethyl lactate
ethyl lactate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. ethyl 2-hydroxypropanoate : The ethyl ester obtained of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid.		2.0310ethyl ester;
lactate ester;
secondary alcohol		metabolite
cumene
cumene : An alkylbenzene that is benzene carrying an isopropyl group.		2.1110alkylbenzene
acetophenone
acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.		2.4220acetophenonesanimal metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
nitrobenzene
nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.		2.0410nitroarene;
nitrobenzenes
3-dinitrobenzene
dinitrobenzene : Any member of the class of nitrobenzenes that consists of a benzene ring substituted by two nitro groups. A closed class.. 1,3-dinitrobenzene : A dinitrobenzene that is benzene disubstituted at positions 1 and 3 with nitro groups.		2.0510dinitrobenzeneneurotoxin
benzonitrile
benzonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.		2.0410benzenes;
nitrile
4-cyanopyridine
4-cyanopyridine: spectroscopic probe for cytochrome P450 BM3		2.0410
anisole
anisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.		2.0410monomethoxybenzeneplant metabolite
quinuclidines
Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.		2.0410quinuclidines;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
pyridostigmine bromide
Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.		2.9740pyridinium salt
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane : An aromatic amine that is diphenylmethane substituted at the 4-position of each benzene ring by an amino group.		2.4620aromatic amineallergen;
carcinogenic agent
phenylisothiocyanate
phenylisothiocyanate: structure. phenyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenyl group attached to the nitrogen; used for amino acid sequencing in the Edman degradation.		2.4620isothiocyanateallergen;
reagent
benzonatate
benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.		3.620benzoate ester;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anaesthetic;
antitussive
4-bromophenol
4-bromophenol : A bromophenol containing only hydroxy and bromo substituents that are para to one another.		2.4620bromophenolhuman urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
marine metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
persistent organic pollutant;
rat metabolite
2-bromoethylamine
[no description available]		2.4620
allyl alcohol
allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.		2.4620primary allylic alcohol;
propenol		antibacterial agent;
fungicide;
herbicide;
insecticide;
plant metabolite
deanol
Deanol: An antidepressive agent that has also been used in the treatment of movement disorders. The mechanism of action is not well understood.. N,N-dimethylethanolamine : A tertiary amine that is ethanolamine having two N-methyl substituents.		2.110ethanolamines;
tertiary amine		curing agent;
radical scavenger
3-chlorophenol
3-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol carrying the chloro substituent at position 3.		210monochlorophenol
bromobenzene
[no description available]		2.4620bromoarene;
bromobenzenes;
volatile organic compound		hepatotoxic agent;
mouse metabolite;
non-polar solvent
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		5.56161cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
4-methylmorpholine
[no description available]		2.110
2-chloropyridine
2-chloropyridine: structure given in first source		2.0410monochloropyridine
n-pentanoic acid
n-pentanoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. valeric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.		2.0510short-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		plant metabolite
n-butylamine
n-butylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. butan-1-amine : A primary aliphatic amine that is butane substituted by an amino group at position 1.		2.110primary aliphatic amine
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		2.4620pyrrole;
secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran
oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.		2.0410cyclic ether;
oxolanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
volatile organic compound		polar aprotic solvent
furan
furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.		2.0510furans;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene		carcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
Maillard reaction product
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		4.6880mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
piperidine
[no description available]		2.110azacycloalkane;
piperidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
secondary amine		base;
catalyst;
human metabolite;
non-polar solvent;
plant metabolite;
protic solvent;
reagent
morpholine
[no description available]		2.110morpholines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		NMR chemical shift reference compound
hexahydroazepine
hexahydroazepine: RN given refers to parent cpd. azepane : An azacycloalkane that is cycloheptane in which one of the carbon atoms is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		2.110azacycloalkane;
azepanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		4.6380peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
estradiol dipropionate
estradiol dipropionate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/83		2.0210steroid ester
methylergonovine
Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.6120ergoline alkaloid
imipramine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.1550hydrochlorideantidepressant
neostigmine bromide
neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.		3.1450bromide salt
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		2.9840biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
mephobarbital
Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.7530barbituratesanticonvulsant
edrophonium chloride
edrophonium chloride : The chloride salt of edrophonium. A reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes), it is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		2.7430chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.		2.0510aromatic fungicide;
chlorobenzenes		antifungal agrochemical;
carcinogenic agent;
persistent organic pollutant
trinitrotoluene
Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.		2.0510trinitrotolueneexplosive
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.4620aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
isoquinoline
[no description available]		2.0410azaarene;
isoquinolines;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene
n-methylpyrrolidine
N-methylpyrrolidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
triethylamine
[no description available]		2.110tertiary amine
suramin sodium
suramin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the hexasodium salt of suramin. It is an FDA approved drug for African sleeping sickness and river blindness.		2.4420organic sodium saltangiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		2.7430anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
di-n-pentyl phthalate
dipentyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the dipentyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		2.4620diester;
phthalate ester		plasticiser
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		2.4820hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		4.2750quinolines
chloroprocaine
chloroprocaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroprocaine : Procaine in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the carboxylic acid group is substituted by chlorine. It is used as its monohydrochloride salt as a local anaesthetic, particularly for oral surgery. It has the advantage over lidocaine of constricting blood vessels, so reducing bleeding.		2.4920benzoate ester;
monochlorobenzenes		central nervous system depressant;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
1-naphthylamine
1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.		2.6830naphthylaminehuman xenobiotic metabolite
methapyrilene hydrochloride
methapyrilene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of methapyrilene.		2.4420hydrochlorideanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
phenazopyridine hydrochloride
phenazopyridine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining phenazopyridine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		2.4620hydrochloridecarcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
tetrracaine hydrochloride
leocaine: a crystal beta-modification of the beta-dimethylaminoethyl ether of n-butylaminobenzoic acid hydrochloride		2.7430benzoate ester
chelidamic acid
[no description available]		2.0310
ethyl acetate
ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.		2.4720acetate ester;
ethyl ester;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor;
metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pregnenolone
[no description available]		8.531120-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
C21-steroid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		3.2960methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
2-chloroadenosine
5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source		2.4420purine nucleoside
diphenhydramine hydrochloride
Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.		2.9640hydrochloride;
organoammonium salt		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		4.2350penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		2.0710dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
mequinol
mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
aziridine
[no description available]		2.110azacycloalkane;
aziridines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		alkylating agent
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		3.8430acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
quinestrol
Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)		2.051017-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
dydrogesterone
[no description available]		2.051020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		progestin
fluocortolone
Fluocortolone: A glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity used topically for various skin disorders.		2.031021-hydroxy steroid
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		2.830catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
tripelennamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
cysteamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
cinnoline
cinnoline: structure in first source. cinnoline : An azaarene that is the 1,2-diaza analogue of naphthalene. The parent of the class of cinnolines.		2.0410azaarene;
cinnolines;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		2.0510acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
benzoxazoles
1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.		4.34411,3-benzoxazoles;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		21.71435107isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		3.36701,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		21.36254641,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
ethynodiol diacetate
Ethynodiol Diacetate: A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		2.4620steroid ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
estrogen receptor modulator;
synthetic oral contraceptive
propantheline bromide
[no description available]		2.7430xanthenes
triphenyltetrazolium
triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.		2.0310organic cation
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		4.0740phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		2.4620azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
chlormadinone acetate
Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		2.0510corticosteroid hormone
pirinitramide
Pirinitramide: A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.		2.4520nitrile
edrophonium bromide
[no description available]		2.0410
hydralazine hydrochloride
hydralazine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of hydralazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.0310hydrochlorideantihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
ethamivan
ethamivan: minor descriptor (65-72); major descriptor (73-86); on-line search BENZAMIDES (66-86); INDEX MEDICUS search BENZAMIDES (65-72); ETHAMIVAN (73-86). etamivan : Phenol substituted at C-2 and C-4 by a methoxy group and an N,N-diethylaminocarbonyl group respectively. A respiratory stimulant drug related to nikethamide, it has now fallen largely into disuse.		2.0310methoxybenzenes;
phenols
pargyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
estradiol 17 beta-cypionate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		2.0510organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
monocrotaline
Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.		2.4620pyrrolizidine alkaloid
testosterone enanthate
[no description available]		2.4420heptanoate ester;
sterol ester		androgen
dibenzepin
dibenzepin: was heading 1975-94 (see under DIBENZAZEPINES 1975-90); use DIBENZAZEPINES to search DIBENZEPIN 1975-94; tricyclic antidepressant similar in action to imipramine		2.4920dibenzodiazepine
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		4.0840mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		4.5470N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
phenyramidol
phenyramidol: considered as a drug that possibly causes hepatotoxicity		2.0510aminopyridine
carbutamide
Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)		2.0510benzenes;
sulfonamide
orphenadrine hydrochloride
orphenadrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of ophenadrine and hydrogen chloride.		2.4420hydrochlorideantiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
methylthioinosine
Methylthioinosine: 6-(Methylthio)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine. An analog of inosine with a methylthio group replacing the hydroxyl group in the 6-position.		210purine ribonucleoside;
thiopurine
pseudoephedrine hydrochloride
pseudoephedrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of pseudoephedrine.		2.4620hydrochlorideplant metabolite
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		11.24317benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.5920steroid ester
methysergide
Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.		2.6830ergoline alkaloid
bucladesine
[no description available]		2.05103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
butanamides;
butyrate ester		agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
vasodilator agent
procarbazine hydrochloride
procarbazine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining procarbazine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		2.7630hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
cuprizone
[no description available]		7.3110organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
citrulline
citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.		2.2110amino acid zwitterion;
citrulline		Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trifluoroethylamine
trifluoroethylamine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified fluorine locants		2.110
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		3.9112011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
prenylamine
Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)		2.4720diarylmethane
benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(n,n-dimethyl-n-2-propenyl-), dibromide
Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide: Proposed cholinesterase inhibitor.		2.4420
perflubron
perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.		2.0510haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
perfluorinated compound		blood substitute;
radioopaque medium
fluorometholone
Fluorometholone: A glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. It has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluorometholone : A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
cyproterone acetate
[no description available]		3.155020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester		androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
lithocholic acid
Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.		2.4620bile acid;
C24-steroid;
monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nandrolone
Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		human metabolite
2-fluoroethylamine
2-fluoroethylamine: structure in first source		2.110
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		3.9120monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		4.53701-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
ketobemidone
ketobemidone: structure		2.0410piperidines
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		4.4811calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
glycyrrhetinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510cyclic terpene ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		immunomodulator;
plant metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		4.2550bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2-bromolysergic acid diethylamide
2-bromolysergic acid diethylamide: was heading 1975-94 (see under LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE 1975-90); BROMO-LSD was see 2-BROMOLYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE 1975-94; use LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE to search 2-BROMOLYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE 1975-94; a serotonin antagonist		3.1110
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		2.4720isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
dihydralazine
Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)		2.4720phthalazines
bicuculline
Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.		2.6930benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines		agrochemical;
central nervous system stimulant;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABAA receptor antagonist;
neurotoxin
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		2.4220dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
bufotenin
Bufotenin: A hallucinogenic serotonin analog found in frog or toad skins, mushrooms, higher plants, and mammals, especially in the brains, plasma, and urine of schizophrenics. Bufotenin has been used as a tool in CNS studies and misused as a psychedelic.. bufotenin : A tertiary amine that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at position 5.		2.4220tertiary amine;
tryptamine alkaloid		coral metabolite;
hallucinogen
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		2.4720amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
dibenzylamine
10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(b,f)azepine: core structure of clomipramine		2.0510
indan
indan: structure in first source. indane : An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon consisting of a benzene ring fused to a cyclopentane ring; a high-boiling (176 (o)C) colourless liquid.		2.2110indanes;
ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon
arecaidine
[no description available]		2.110citraconoyl group
caprolactone
hexano-6-lactone : A epsilon-lactone that is oxepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.0210epsilon-lactone
4-hydroxybutyric acid
4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.23104-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		general anaesthetic;
GHB receptor agonist;
neurotoxin;
sedative
azetidine
[no description available]		2.110azacycloalkane;
azetidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		4.3960ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
podophyllotoxin
Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.		2.9540furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.05103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
psilocybin
Psilocybin: The major of two hallucinogenic components of Teonanacatl, the sacred mushroom of Mexico, the other component being psilocin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). psilocybin : A tryptamine alkaloid that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine carrying an additional phosphoryloxy substituent at position 4. The major hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from Psilocybe mushrooms (also known as Teonanacatl or "magic mushrooms").		2.0210organic phosphate;
tertiary amino compound;
tryptamine alkaloid		fungal metabolite;
hallucinogen;
prodrug;
serotonergic agonist
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		3.582017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		2.0710
tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride
tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of tetryzoline. It is used as a nasal decongestant.		2.4420hydrochloridenasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
dequalinium chloride
dequalinium chloride : An organic chloride salt that is the dichloride salt of dequalinium.		2.4420organic chloride saltantifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiseptic drug;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
dimenhydrinate
gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source		3.8830diarylmethane
flavone
flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.		2.0410flavonesmetabolite;
nematicide
gluconic acid
gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.		2.110gluconic acidchelator;
Penicillium metabolite
4-(benzoylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-(benzoylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid: Bepask is calcium salt		2.0710benzamides
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		2.9540thiazoles
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol
Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.		8.13135methoxybenzenes;
phenols
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		10.15233amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
levocarnitine
(R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.		3.5620carnitineantilipemic drug;
nootropic agent;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
decamethonium dibromide
[no description available]		2.4420
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.9940dialdehydebiomarker
sulfanilylurea
sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure		3.2310benzenes;
sulfonamide
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		2.0510organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
amitriptyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640organic tricyclic compound
naphazoline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
1-naphthylisothiocyanate
1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.		2.9840isothiocyanateinsecticide
aminopenicillanic acid
aminopenicillanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 6-aminopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid compound having a (6R)-amino substituent. The active nucleus common to all penicillins, it may be substituted at the 6-amino position to form the semisynthetic penicillins, resulting in a variety of antibacterial and pharmacologic characteristics.		2.110amino acid zwitterion;
penicillanic acids		allergen
paeonol
paeonol: structure		2.0710methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
hematoporphyrin
Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.		2.0510
lithium carbonate
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.		19.044710carbonate salt;
lithium salt		antimanic drug
glycyl-glycyl-glycine
glycyl-glycyl-glycine : A tripeptide in which three glycine units are linked via peptide bonds in a linear sequence.		2.110tripeptide zwitterion;
tripeptide
doxylamine succinate
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
carbamylhydrazine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
formestane
[no description available]		2.442017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enol;
hydroxy steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lactulose
[no description available]		3.5920glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
isoxsuprine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620alkylbenzene
debrisoquin sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310organic sulfate salt
betaine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430
bethanechol chloride
bethanechol chloride : The chloride salt of bethanechol. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		2.0310carbamate ester;
chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscarinic agonist
3,5-dichlorophenol
3,5-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol in which the two chloro substituents are located at positions 3 and 5.		210dichlorophenol
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.974020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
n,n-dimethylethylamine
[no description available]		2.110
dansyl chloride
dansyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.0610aminonaphthalene;
sulfonic acid derivative
pamabrom
[no description available]		3.2310
ferrocin c
N-methyl-2-quinolone: structure in first source		2.0410
n,n-dimethylbenzamide
[no description available]		2.0410
diethylmethylamine
[no description available]		2.110
pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid
pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid: structure in first source		2.0710
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		6.8120acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
ethyl pyruvate
[no description available]		7.4110oxo carboxylic acid
3-hydroxyacetanilide
metacetamol : A derivative of phenol which has an acetamido substituent located meta to the phenolic -OH group. It is a non-toxic regioisomer of paracetamol with analgesic properties, but has never been marketed as a drug.		2.4620acetamides;
phenols		non-narcotic analgesic
glycine ethyl ester
glycine ethyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
methoxyacetic acid
methoxyacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methoxy group.		2.4620ether;
monocarboxylic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mutagen
n-methylpiperidine
N-methylpiperidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
clopenthixol
Clopenthixol: A thioxanthene with therapeutic actions similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. It is an antagonist at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.. clopenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and an alkylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.		10.92210N-alkylpiperazine;
primary alcohol;
thioxanthenes		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
trimetozine
[no description available]		2.0710morpholines
benzydamine
Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.		2.110aromatic ether;
indazoles;
tertiary amino compound		analgesic;
central nervous system stimulant;
hallucinogen;
local anaesthetic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin stearate
[no description available]		2.0510aminoglycoside
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		10.79160cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
docosanol
Tadenan: from powdered bark of Pygaeum africanum (Rosaceae), see also heading for docosanol (a priciple ingredient of extract). docosan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is docosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It is a non-prescription medicine approved by the FDA to shorten healing time of cold sores.. docosanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twenty-two carbon atoms.		2.0710docosanol;
long-chain primary fatty alcohol		antiviral drug;
plant metabolite
hydroxychloroquine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0810
triphenylphosphine oxide
triphenylphosphine oxide: used in the extraction, separation & spectrophotometric determination of cadmium & mercury in environmental samples. triphenylphosphane oxide : A phosphine oxide in which the substituents on phosphorus are three phenyl groups.		2.0410phosphine oxideNMR chemical shift reference compound
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		4.255017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
tempidon
2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinone: structure in first source		2.110piperidones
Mecamylamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420monoterpenoid
lormetazepam
lormetazepam: RN given refers to cpd with specified locant for methyl group; structure given in first source. lormetazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position.		3.28601,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		sedative
vinblastine
[no description available]		3.360
n-methylpyrrolidone
1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one: structure in first source. N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one : A member of the class of pyrrolidine-2-ones that is pyrrolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group.		2.0310lactam;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		polar aprotic solvent
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		3.2310ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
lithium citrate
lithium citrate: RN given refers to the trilithium salt. lithium citrate (anhydrous) : A lithium salt that is the anhydrous form of the trilithium salt of citric acid. The tetrahydrate form is used as a source of lithium for the treatment of anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, and depression.		7.0110lithium salt
diphenyl sulfoxide
diphenyl sulfoxide: electron acceptor for liver aldehyde oxidase		2.0410sulfoxide
cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous)
cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : The hydrochloride salt of cyproheptadine. Note that the drug named cyproheptadine hydrochloride generally refers to cyproheptadine hydrochloride sesquihydrate.		2.9640hydrochloride
estradiol valerate
[no description available]		2.7330steroid ester
cytidine diphosphate choline
Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.		3.5611nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s;
phosphocholines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fentanyl citrate
fentanyl citrate : The citric acid salt of fentanyl, comprising equimolar amounts of citric acid and fentanyl. A mu-opioid receptor agonist, it is a potent opioid analgesic used in the management of labour pain, postoperative pain, and chronic intractable cancer pain. It is also widely used as the analgesic component of balanced anaesthesia.		210citrate saltmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
ethambutol hydrochloride
ethambutol dihydrochloride : The dihydrchloride salt of ethambutol. A bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, it is effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol dihydrochloride is used alone.		2.0810hydrochlorideantitubercular agent
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		4.3960ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-acetylpyridine
[no description available]		2.0410
tetramethylpyrazine
tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).		2.0710alkaloid;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
methyl phenyl sulfoxide
(methylsulfinyl)benzene : A sulfoxide resulting from the formal oxidation of the sulfur atom of thioanisole.		2.0410benzenes;
sulfoxide
fencamfamine
fencamfamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0110monoterpenoid
prothipendyl
prothipendyl: a neuroleptic azaphenothiazine; RN given refers to parent cpd		6.9810aromatic amine;
tertiary amino compound
phenazocine
Phenazocine: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1095)		210
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.0210alkali metal hydroxide
antimycin a
[no description available]		2.4720benzamides;
formamides;
macrodiolide;
phenols		antifungal agent;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
piscicide
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		4.93110glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		5.2360alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
pregnenolone carbonitrile
Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.		2.4720aliphatic nitrile
flurandrenolone
Flurandrenolone: A corticosteroid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream or an ointment, and is also used as a polyethylene tape with an adhesive. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p733)		2.071021-hydroxy steroid
ibufenac
ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.		3.8630monocarboxylic acidEC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metylperon
metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.2960aromatic ketone
metaxalone
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		3.5820cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
clopyralid
clopyralid : An organochlorine pesticide having a 3,6-dichlorinated picolinic acid structure.		2.110organochlorine pesticide;
pyridines		herbicide
dimethylaminopropionitrile
[no description available]		2.110
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: A mixture of isomers.		2.0510polychlorinated dibenzodioxine
stearylamine
stearylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecan-1-amine : An 18-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		2.1310primary aliphatic aminefilm-forming compound
5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol
5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol : The 5alpha-stereoisomer of androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol.		2.0310androstane-3alpha,17beta-diolDaphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		2.4620organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate
Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		6.63102tertiary amine
orange g
orange G : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 7-hydroxy-8-[(E)-phenyldiazenyl]naphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid. It is often combined with other yellow dyes in alcoholic solution to stain erythrocytes in trichrome methods, and is used for demonstrating cells in the pancreas and pituitary.		2.0410
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		5.01120benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		4.2450aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
clothiapine
clothiapine: was heading 1975-94 (was see under DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES 1975-90); CLOTIAPINE was see CLOTHIAPINE 1978-94; use DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES to search CLOTHIAPINE 1975-94; antipsychotic similar to clozapine		3.0910dibenzothiazepine
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		12.5514benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
benperidol
Benperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It has been used in the treatment of aberrant sexual behavior. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p567)		2.0410aromatic ketone
7-hydroxychlorpromazine
7-hydroxychlorpromazine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810phenothiazines
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.		2.0310azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
flumethasone
Flumethasone: An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in veterinary practice.		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone valerate
Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
5-phenylvaleric acid
5-phenylvaleric acid: from Polygonum salicifolium. 5-phenylpentanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is valeric acid substituted by a phenyl group at the delta-position.		2.110benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
muscarine
[no description available]		2.0310
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate
Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.		2.0210corticosteroid hormone;
hemisuccinate
dexbrompheniramine
dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310brompheniramineanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
flupenthixol
Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.		9.64228thioxanthenes
sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.		2.4720pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimalarial
antazoline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
acadesine
[no description available]		2.05101-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide;
aminoimidazole;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
chlordesmethyldiazepam
[no description available]		2.4320benzodiazepine
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		4.7690dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine
doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.		3.1450organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		4.6580dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cyclacillin
Cyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID.		2.4520penicillinantibacterial drug
iproclozide
iproclozide: structure		2.0510aromatic ether
megestrol
Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
10,11-dihydrocarbamazepine
[no description available]		2.0510
meclofenoxate hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
tranylcypromine
Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		7.95402-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
streptomycin
[no description available]		4.2650antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		2.0210carbon oxoanion
valnoctamide
[no description available]		4.7332fatty amide
clonidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430dichlorobenzene
cladribine
[no description available]		4.6680organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
amitriptyline n-oxide
[no description available]		2.0210organic tricyclic compound
beclomethasone
[no description available]		2.964011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug
ethylene dimethanesulfonate
ethylene dimethanesulfonate: antispermatogenic agent; structure		2.4620
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		3.8530penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
carbenicillin disodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
dehydroemetine
dehydroemetine: was MH 1991-94 (see under EMETINE 1976-90); use EMETINE to search DEHYDROEMETINE 1976-94; amebicide, derivative of emetine. dehydroemetine : A pyridoisoquinoline which was developed in response to the cardiovascular toxicity associated with emetine and results from the dehydrogenation of the heterotricylic ring of emetine. It is an antiprotozoal agent and displays antimalarial, antiamoebic, and antileishmanial properties.		2.0510aromatic ether;
isoquinolines;
pyridoisoquinoline		antileishmanial agent;
antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug
estradiol enanthate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
benorilate
benorilate: was heading 1980-94 (see under SALICYLATES 1980-90); was BENORYLATE see under SALICYLATES 1975-79; BENORYLATE was see BENORILATE 1980-94; use SALICYLATES to search BENORILATE 1980-90 & BENORYLATE 1975-79; an ester of aspirin and paracetamol with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases; it has less severe side effects than aspirin		2.0510carbonyl compound
trimetazidine
Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.		2.0510aromatic amine
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		2.4420diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
canadine, (s)-isomer
(S)-canadine : The (S)-enantiomer of canadine.		2.0810an (S)-7,8,13,14-tetrahydroprotoberberine;
canadine		plant metabolite
metocurine
metocurine: from Chinese herb Cyclea hainanensis Mrr		2.4720isoquinolines
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		3.1550penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
clomacran
clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310acridines
mexiletine hydrochloride
mexiletine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride composed of equimolar amounts of mexiletine and hydrogen chloride.		2.9640hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
beclomethasone dipropionate
beclomethasone dipropionate : A steroid ester comprising beclomethasone having propionyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.743011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
enone;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		2.7530beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate
[no description available]		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		antipsoriatic
iodinated glycerol
iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant		3.8121dioxolane
methenamine hippurate
methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action		3.2310N-acylglycine
levomethadone
levomethadone : A 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one that has (R)-configuration. It is the active enantiomer of methadone and its hydrochloride salt is used to treat adults who are addicted to drugs such as heroin and morphine.		2.03106-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-oneantitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		4.0640azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
cyclophosphamide
cyclophosphamide hydrate : The monohydrate of cyclophosphamide.		2.0310hydratealkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
suxamethonium chloride
succinylcholine chloride (anhydrous) : A chloride salt in which the negative charge of the chloride ions is balanced by succinylcholine dications.		2.0310chloride saltmuscle relaxant
cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride
cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of cyclobenzaprine. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		2.4420hydrochlorideantidepressant;
muscle relaxant
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		4.2550amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
3-deazaadenosine
3-deazaadenosine: RN given refers to parent cpd.		2.4420
tiadenol
tiadenol: structure		2.0510aliphatic sulfide
terodiline
[no description available]		3.360diarylmethane
1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene
1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
phenylethylmalonamide
Phenylethylmalonamide: A metabolite of primidone.		2.0310amine
metoclopramide hydrochloride
metoclopramide hydrochloride : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of metoclopramide monohydrochloride.		2.9640
isoetharine mesylate
[no description available]		2.4420
etidronate disodium
etidronate disodium : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of two protons from etidronic acid (one from from each of the phosphonic acid groups) by sodium ions.		2.0810organic sodium saltantineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
molindone
Molindone: An indole derivative effective in schizophrenia and other psychoses and possibly useful in the treatment of the aggressive type of undersocialized conduct disorder. Molindone has much lower affinity for D2 receptors than most antipsychotic agents and has a relatively low affinity for D1 receptors. It has only low to moderate affinity for cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors. Some electrophysiologic data from animals indicate that molindone has certain characteristics that resemble those of CLOZAPINE. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p283)		12.05148indoles
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		2.0410manganese group element atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		2.0510copper group element atom;
elemental gold
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		3.6590pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
metocurine iodide
[no description available]		2.4520aromatic ether
propionylpromazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		3.360delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		3.2310inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		2.1310diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium selenite
disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.0510inorganic sodium salt;
selenite salt		nutraceutical
nsc-145,668
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochlorideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
stanozolol
Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent;
androgen
clodronic acid
Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.		2.73301,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent
carbendazim
carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.		2.4620benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug;
metabolite;
microtubule-destabilising agent
mafenide acetate
[no description available]		2.0810carboxylic acid
ethionine
L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.		2.7430S-ethylhomocysteineantimetabolite;
carcinogenic agent
(1S,2R)-tranylcypromine
(1S,2R)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1S,2R)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		2.07102-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
apazone
Apazone: An anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout.. apazone : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine bearing a dimethylamino substitutent at position 3 and a methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the nitrogens at positions 1 and 2 are both acylated by a carboxy group of propylmalonic acid.		2.0410benzotriazinesnon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
uricosuric drug
diacerein
diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;		2.0810anthraquinone
metopimazine
metopimazine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0310phenothiazines
parbendazole
parbendazole: anthelmintic used against a variety of gastrointestinal parasites; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZIMIDAZOLES; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester
xipamide
Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.		2.0510benzamides
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		12.61142selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
selegiline hydrochloride, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4720hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		2.96406-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
benserazide hydrochloride
benserazide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of benserazide. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide hydrochloride has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.		2.4420hydrochlorideantiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
clemastine
Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		3.8330monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.7330monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
pancuronium bromide
pancuronium bromide : A bromide salt consisting of two bromide ions and one pancuronium dication.		2.7430bromide saltcholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
pizotyline
Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.		2.0510benzocycloheptathiophenehistamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		4.6580beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		3.1450glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
eedq
EEDQ: peptide coupling reagent		2.730
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		2.7530acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
ornidazole
Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound;
secondary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antitrichomonal drug;
epitope
edifenphos
edifenphos: structure. edifenphos : An organic thiophosphate that is the O-ethyl-S,S-diphenyl ester of phosphorodithioic acid. Used to control a variety of fungal diseases on rice including blast, ear blight and stem rot. Edifenphos is moderately toxic to mammals and fish but poses more of a risk to aquatic invertebrates.		2.0610organic thiophosphateantifungal agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin;
phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		4.769017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
metergoline
Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.		3.470carbamate ester;
ergoline alkaloid		dopamine agonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
fenclozic acid
fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		3.620
lisuride
Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).		2.7330monocarboxylic acid amideantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
serotonergic agonist
laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane
[no description available]		3.2310
n-n-propylnorapomorphine
N-n-propylnorapomorphine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		8.8521
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		3.8530aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
capobenic acid
[no description available]		2.0710benzamides
cephapirin
Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.4320cephalosporinantibacterial drug
diftalone
[no description available]		2.0710
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		3.6120nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
disopyramide phosphate
[no description available]		2.9640organoammonium phosphate
alclofenac
alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.		3.2310aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carbimazole
Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.47201,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
carbamate ester		antithyroid drug;
prodrug
2-bromoergocryptine mesylate
[no description available]		2.0510methanesulfonate saltantiparkinson drug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		7.1151indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
ergocristine
ergocristine: an ergot alkaloid; one of the three components of ergotoxine; has alpha blocking action, stimulates smooth muscles & antagonizes serotonin; used as oxytocic & in peripheral disorders; minor descriptor (77-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search EROLINES (77-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer). ergocristine : Ergotaman bearing benzyl, hydroxy, and isopropyl groups at the 5', 12' and 2' positions, respectively, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid.		2.0310ergot alkaloid
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		5.4860benzenes;
phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous
tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.		2.0310chloride salt;
organic chloride salt		antiseptic drug;
surfactant
pyrrolidine
[no description available]		2.110azacycloalkane;
pyrrolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
1,4-dioxane
1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.		2.0410dioxane;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
non-polar solvent
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		2.743011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		3.5920indoles
tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.		2.0510chlorocarbon;
chloroethenes		nephrotoxic agent
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		4.4160bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pregnanolone
Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.		2.71303-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid		human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
butylated hydroxytoluene
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.4620phenolsantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
food additive;
geroprotector
metipranolol
Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.		2.4520acetate ester;
aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
benzonidazole
benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antiprotozoal drug
halazepam
halazepam: structure		2.0210organic molecular entity
butachlor
butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.		2.0510aromatic amide;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
du-21220
Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.		2.7130benzyl alcohols;
polyphenol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
1-(3-chloro-5-benzo[b][1]benzoxepinyl)-4-methylpiperazine
[no description available]		1.9810N-alkylpiperazine;
organic heterotricyclic compound
rose bengal b disodium salt
[no description available]		2.4720
propamocarb
propamocarb: RN given refers to parent cpd. propamocarb : A carbamate ester that is the propyl ester of 3-(dimethylamino)propylcarbamic acid. It is a systemic fungicide, used (normally as the hydrochloride salt) for the control of soil, root and leaf diseases caused by oomycetes, particularly Phytophthora and Pythium species.		2.110carbamate ester;
carbamate fungicide;
tertiary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		9.58283glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
dexchlorpheniramine
dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer		3.2310chlorphenamine
ribostamycin
Ribostamycin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial isolated from Streptomyces ribosifidicus.. ribostamycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is 4,6-diaminocyclohexane-1,2,3-triol having a 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 1 and a beta-D-ribosyl residue attached at position 2. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ribosidificus (formerly S. thermoflavus).		2.0410amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
metabolite
clometacin
clometacin: structure		3.2310N-acylindole
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		4.6580beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		5.09130penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		5.16140timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin
Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.		3.1450tryptamines
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		2.11102-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nicergoline
Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.		2.0510organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		5.39100cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
carbidopa
carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		3.8830catechols;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
toloxatone
toloxatone: oxazolidinone derivative; psychotropic drug; structure. toloxatone : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-toloxatone. It is a reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor and antidepressant.. 5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3-methylphenyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one substituted by a 3-methylphenyl group at position 3.		2.4520oxazolidinone;
primary alcohol;
toluenes
moricizine hydrochloride
moricizine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained from equimola amounts of moricizine and hydrogen chloride.		2.4620hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		3.8230carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
s-adenosylmethionine
acylcarnitine: structure in first source. S-adenosyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-adenosyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.		2.9910sulfonium betainehuman metabolite
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		3.5920amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
bitolterol
bitolterol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bitolterol : The di-4-toluate ester of (+-)-N-tert-butylnoradrenaline (colterol). A pro-drug for colterol, a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist, bitolterol is used as its methanesulfonate salt for relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.		2.0210carboxylic ester;
diester;
ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
prodrug
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		5.08130azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
feprazone
Feprazone: A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15)		2.0810organic molecular entity
1,2-diacetylbenzene
[no description available]		3.0120
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		4.0840pyrroline
medifoxamine
medifoxamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		210aromatic ether
sisomicin
Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).		2.4520amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic;
beta-L-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative
serentil
mesoridazine besylate : The benzenesulfonate salt of mesoridazine prepared using equimolar amounts of mesoridazine and benzenesulfonic acid.		2.4620organosulfonate saltdopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
amdinocillin
Amdinocillin: An amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action.. mecillinam : A penicillin in which the 6beta substituent is [(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino; an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria.		2.0410penicillinantibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		3.4370amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		5.28160taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
buspirone hydrochloride
buspirone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of buspirone and hydrogen chloride.		2.4420hydrochlorideanxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
etoposide
[no description available]		6.56141beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
propafenone hydrochloride
propafenone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of propafenone. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		2.9640hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		4.2450catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ticarcillin
Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.		2.4520penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
phenyl-2-aminoethyl sulfide
phenyl-2-aminoethyl sulfide: dopamine-beta-hydroxylase substrate; structure given in first source		2.110
trimazosin
trimazosin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410N-arylpiperazine
etazolate hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
halofantrine
halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria		3.5480phenanthrenes
butaclamol
(+)-butaclamol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is 2,3,4,4a,8,9,13b,14-octahydro-1H-benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2,3-de]pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinoline substituted at position 3 by both hydroxy and tert-butyl groups.		2.4320organic heteropentacyclic compound
butaclamol
[no description available]		2.4320amino alcohol;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist
penbutolol
Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.		3.8230ethanolamines
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		5.091301-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
adinazolam
adinazolam: structure in first source. adinazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a dimethylaminomethyl group at the 1-position, a phenyl group at the 6-position and a chloro substituent at the 8-position.		2.7430triazolobenzodiazepineanticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
sedative
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		4.2650alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
tolamolol
[no description available]		2.7430
carbidopa
[no description available]		3.1550catechols;
hydrate;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		4.5470beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		4.0840aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
guanadrel
guanadrel: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanadrel : A spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of the keto group of cyclohexanone with the hydroxy groups of 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)guanidine. A postganglionic adrenergic blocking agent formerly used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the management of hypertension, it has been largely superseded by other drugs less likely to cause orthostatic hypotension (dizzy spells on standing up or stretching).		2.0210guanidines;
spiroketal		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		5.02120L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
tocainide
Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		3.1350monocarboxylic acid amideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic;
sodium channel blocker
sulbenicillin
Sulbenicillin: Semisynthetic penicillin-type antibiotic.. sulbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-[phenyl(sulfo)acetamido] side-chain.		2.4520penicillin
bezafibrate
[no description available]		8.1750aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		3.74100
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		5.72505-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
levobunolol
Levobunolol: The L-Isomer of bunolol.. levobunolol : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma.		2.0210aromatic ether;
cyclic ketone;
propanolamine		antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.110pyridinium ionapoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
nonachlazine
Nonachlazine: Coronary vasodilator with a novel mechanism of action; proposed as antianginal agent.		2.0510
lonidamine
lonidamine: structure. lonidamine : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole that is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by 2,4-dichlorobenzyl and carboxy groups, respectively.		2.0310dichlorobenzene;
indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		antineoplastic agent;
antispermatogenic agent;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
vecuronium bromide
Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		2.9740organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
vecuronium
vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		3.2310acetate ester;
androstane;
quaternary ammonium ion		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.0610alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
dexibuprofen
dexibuprofen: structure in first source		2.4420ibuprofennon-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		4.27501,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
permethrin
hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141		2.9640cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes		agrochemical;
ectoparasiticide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide;
scabicide
exifone
[no description available]		3.2310benzophenones
quisqualic acid
Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.		2.0310non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
pirfenidone
pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.		2.4520pyridoneantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefloquine
(-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		3.2310[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanolantimalarial
pinaverium
pinaverium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710monoterpenoid
desogestrel
Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
flecainide acetate
flecainide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining flecainide with one molar equivalent of acetic acid. An antiarrhythmic agent used to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		2.9640acetate saltanti-arrhythmia drug
meptazinol
Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.		2.9540azepanes
nicardipine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640dihydropyridinegeroprotector
muzolimine
Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.		2.0510dichlorobenzene
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		3.6120benzamides;
carboxylic ester
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		4.5370anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
acarbose
[no description available]		3.6120tetrasaccharide derivativeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		4.6680aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
medroxalol
medroxalol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410salicylamides
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		4.4160aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
cefmetazole
Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.		2.4320cephalosporinantibacterial drug
desflurane
Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.		2.4420organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
indacrinone
indacrinone: polyvalent saluretic; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.4620
prenalterol
Prenalterol: A partial adrenergic agonist with functional beta 1-receptor specificity and inotropic effect. It is effective in the treatment of acute CARDIAC FAILURE, postmyocardial infarction low-output syndrome, SHOCK, and reducing ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION in the SHY-RAGER SYNDROME.		210aromatic ether
Flamprop
[no description available]		2.110benzamides
lorcainide
[no description available]		3.2960acetamides
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		4.5370anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
laurocapram
laurocapram: enhances percutaneous absorption of different chemicals; structure given in first source		2.0510
propiconazole
Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.		2.0810conazole fungicide;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
triazole fungicide;
triazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ceforanide
ceforanide: RN given refers to (6R-(trans))-isomer. ceforanide : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with {[1-(carboxymethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and 2-(aminomethyl)phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is effective against many coliforms, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus, and most strains of Salmonella, Shigella, Hemophilus, Citrobacter and Arizona species.		2.0410cephalosporinantibacterial drug
cefonicid
Cefonicid: A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.. cefonicid : A cephalosporin bearing {[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.0210cephalosporinantibacterial drug
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		4.6680penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		11.95588aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		5.09130alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
progabide
progabide: GABA agonist; structure		2.0510diarylmethane
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		4.2550cephalosporinantibacterial drug
staurosporine
[no description available]		2.4720indolocarbazole alkaloid;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
geroprotector
terazosin hydrochloride anhydrous
[no description available]		2.4420
foscarnet sodium
trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		2.4720one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antiviral drug
lodoxamide
[no description available]		2.0210organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
indalpine
indalpine: selective 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710indoles
atracurium
Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.		3.8430diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
atracurium besylate
atracurium besylate : The bisbenzenesulfonate salt of atracurium.		2.0810organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
butoconazole nitrate
butoconazole nitrate : An organic nitrate salt obtained by reaction of equimolar amounts of butaconazole and nitric acid. An antifungal agent, it is used in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.		2.4620aryl sulfide;
conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
organic nitrate salt
butoconazole
butoconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. butoconazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl]butyl group. An antifungal agent, it is used as its nitrate salt in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.		2.0210aryl sulfide;
conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
moxalactam
Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.		2.7430cephalosporin;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
lidamidine
lidamidine: synonym WHR-1142A refers to HCl; structure		2.0710ureas
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		2.4720nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
endralazine
BQ 22-708: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4420benzamides
naftifine
naftifine: allylamine der; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. naftifine : A tertiary amine in which the nitrogen is substituted by methyl, alpha-naphthylmethyl, and (1E)-cinnamyl groups. It is used (usually as its hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.0210allylamine antifungal drug;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		6.0281diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
pergolide mesylate
pergolide mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained from pergolide by mixing eqimolar amount of pergolide and methanesulfonic acid. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		2.7430methanesulfonate saltantiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
geroprotector
ranitidine hydrochloride
label : A role played by a part of a molecular entity distinguishable by the observer but not by the system and used to identify a tracer.		2.0310
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		3.470acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
bicifadine
bicifadine: a nonopioid analgesic that modulates the monoaminergic pathways involved in pain		2.0610
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.7690cephalosporinantibacterial drug
encainide
Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.		3.4270benzamides;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
talniflumate
talniflumate: an anti-inflammatory molecule for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma		2.4820benzofurans
fluperlapine
fluperlapine: structure given in first source		2.6930benzazepine
fenoldopam mesylate
[no description available]		2.0810benzazepine
tiotidine
tiotidine: UD gives slightly different structure for this cpd; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		210thiazoles
nedocromil
Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.		2.4420dicarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fialuridine
[no description available]		3.8630
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.460cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
bucindolol
bucindolol: an indolyl-tert-butyl-phenoxypropanolamine benzonitrile derivative		2.0410
pefloxacin
Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		3.1550fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
mitoxantrone hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
pirazolac
[no description available]		2.0310
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		4.5370monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
fenoxycarb
fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.		2.0210aromatic ether;
carbamate ester		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
juvenile hormone mimic;
xenobiotic
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		3.5920piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
alo 2145
apraclonidine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of apraclonidine.		2.0310hydrochloridealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug
haloperidol decanoate
[no description available]		8.69113organic molecular entity
dazoxiben
dazoxiben: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		4.6680
recainam
recainam: structure given in first source		2.7430
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		6.48131delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
flupirtine
flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.3160aminopyridine
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		3.8730naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		3.4270aromatic ketone
stepronin
[no description available]		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
piritrexim
piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510
levocabastine
levocabastine: for the temporary relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis		2.0210piperidines
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		7.18161delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		3.6490benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride
Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.		9.82323dimethoxybenzene
quinpirole
Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.		3.97130pyrazoloquinolinedopamine agonist
balsalazide
balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.		3.2310
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		4.851003-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		5.2690N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
bambuterol
bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.		2.7430carbamate ester;
phenylethanolamines		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
atomoxetine hydrochloride
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.		6.65140hydrochlorideadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
atomoxetine
atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.		5.1130aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound;
toluenes		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		4.5470dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
alpidem
[no description available]		4.2750imidazoles
raloxifene hydrochloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.		4.9342hydrochloridebone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
eproxindine
eproxindine: structure given in first source		2.0310
gepirone
gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.4620N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		10.8613-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		8.4111aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
quinpirole hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
dopexamine
dopexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0710catecholamine
tiospirone
tiospirone: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.3770
trospectomycin
trospectomycin: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; RN refers to 2R-(2alpha,4abeta,5abeta,6beta,7beta,8beta,9beta,9alpha,9aalpha,10abeta)-(9CI)-isomer		2.0410dioxanes
imazodan
imazodan: RN & structure given in first source;		2.0310
(S)-nomifensine
(S)-nomifensine : The S enantiomer of nomifensine.		2.0310nomifensine
zaltidine
zaltidine: RN given for parent cpd; structure given in first source		210
lonapalene
RS 43179: used in treatment of psoriasis		2.0710naphthalenes;
organochlorine compound
fosphenytoin
fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source		3.5620imidazolidine-2,4-dione
salmeterol xinafoate
Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		2.4720naphthoic acid
ranolazine
Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.		3.6120aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol
ipsapirone
[no description available]		2.7230N-arylpiperazine
quinelorane
quinelorane: LY 175887 is dextrorotary isomer; LY 137157 is a racemic mixture		1.9810quinazolines
flesinoxan
[no description available]		1.9910
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		4.66803-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		2.0810imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
naxagolide
naxagolide: structure given in first source. naxagolide : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (4aR,10bR)-3,4,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro-2H-naphtho[1,2-b][1,4]oxazine substituted by propyl and hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 9, respectively. It is a potent dopamine D2-receptor agonist and its hydrochloride salt was under clinical development by Merck & Co as a potential antiparkinsonian agent (now discontinued).		3.8521organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
sematilide
sematilide: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source		2.9740
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		4.2450aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
temafloxacin
temafloxacin: structure given in first source. temafloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-temafloxacin. Both enantiomers both exhibit similar pharmacological profiles. Temafloxacin was briefly used (either as the free base or as the hydrochloride salt) as an antibacterial drug but was withdrawn worldwide in 1992 following reports of serious side effects, including severe hypoglycaemia, haemolytic anaemia, liver and kidney dysfunction, anaphylaxis, and death.. 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 1, 6, and 7 by 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluorine, and 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		2.4620amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound
(2S)-2-[[oxo-(4-propan-2-ylcyclohexyl)methyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoic acid
[no description available]		2.0310phenylalanine derivative
clinafloxacin
clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl		3.1550quinolines
sertindole
sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.		15.56788heteroarylpiperidine;
imidazolidinone;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
phenylindole		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
adapalene
Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.		2.7530adamantanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid		dermatologic drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
adefovir
adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		4.25506-aminopurines;
ether;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
loxiglumide
loxiglumide: cholecystokinin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in first source		2.4520organic molecular entity
aromasil
[no description available]		3.863017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		3.91120fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		4.54701-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
remacemide
remacemide: structure given in first source		2.0710stilbenoid
tebufelone
tebufelone: structure given in first source		2.4220
niguldipine
[no description available]		2.0210diarylmethane
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		3.5920methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		4.5470phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		11.0381beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
mibefradil dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
mibefradil
Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.		4.05140tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		4.460pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
eliprodil
1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethanol : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine substituted by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl group at position 1 and by a 4-fluorobenzyl group at position 4.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
piperidines;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		4.7690aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride;
organofluorine compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		4.0640organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ibutilide
ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt		4.7590benzenes;
organic amino compound
fananserin
fananserin: RN & structure given in first source		3.5320naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		22.8146082aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
xanomeline
xanomeline: a cholinergic agonist; used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease; structure given in first source		2.0410tetrahydropyridine;
thiadiazoles		muscarinic agonist;
serotonergic agonist
remifentanil
Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.		4.0640alpha-amino acid ester;
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidinecarboxylate ester		intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
sedative
atorvastatin calcium anhydrous
[no description available]		2.0810organic calcium salt
atorvastatin
[no description available]		4.7690aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		5.02120monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride
Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.		4.7161duloxetine hydrochlorideantidepressant
duloxetine
[no description available]		4.2750duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		4.5470carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
aptiganel hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		4.86100biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.5820
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		21.22256571,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
zanamivir
Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.		2.9640guanidinesantiviral agent;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
zolmitriptan
zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.		4.6780oxazolidinone;
tryptamines		anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.47206-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		3.8630monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tasosartan
tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source		3.8630biphenyls
saquinavir monomethanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.4620organic molecular entity
tiludronic acid
tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source		3.2310organochlorine compound
tirofiban
Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.		3.8530L-tyrosine derivative;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		3.5920carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		5.9271adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
phenelzine sulfate
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
allyl formate
[no description available]		2.4620
d-lactic acid
(R)-lactic acid : An optically active form of lactic acid having (R)-configuration.		2.1102-hydroxypropanoic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine
2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine: RN given refers to (alpha)-isomer; a serotonin agonist that interferes with Meth A tumor growth in mice by selective vasoconstrictive action		1.9910
cathinone
cathinone: alkaloid from khat shrub, Catha edulis; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. cathinone : The S stereoisomer of 2-aminopropiophenone.		3.23102-aminopropiophenone;
monoamine alkaloid		central nervous system stimulant;
psychotropic drug
octyl glucoside
octyl-beta-D-glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside : An beta-D-glucoside in which the anomeric hydrogen of beta-D-glucopyranose is substituted by an octyl group.		2.0310beta-D-glucosideplant metabolite
fluoxetine hydrochloride
fluoxetine hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.		2.4420hydrochloride;
N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine
cyamemazine
cyamemazine: phototoxic neuroleptic effects; structure in first source		7.0510phenothiazines
pipothiazine
pipothiazine: was heading 1975-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINE TRANQUILIZERS 1975-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PIPOTHIAZINE 1975-94; a member of the family of phenothiazine tranquilizers		3.620
perphenazine decanoate
[no description available]		2.0810phenothiazines
paroxetine hydrochloride
paroxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of paroxetine. It is an antidepressant drug.		2.4820hydrochlorideantidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
desferrioxamine b mesylate
desferrioxamine B mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained by reaction of desferrioxamine B with one molar equivalent of methanesulfonic acid. It is an iron-chelating medicine used to remove excess iron from the body. It binds to iron in the blood, which is then passed out in the urine.		2.4620methanesulfonate saltantidote;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator
propranolol hydrochloride
Inderex: combination of above cpds; used in treatment of hypertension		2.4420hydrochloride
bupropion hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.1550aromatic ketone
cisatracurium
cisatracurium: RN refers to (1R-(1alpha,2alpha(1'R*,2'R*)))-isomer. cisatracurium : A diester that is the (1R,1'R,2R,2'R)-diastereoisomer of atracurium, a quaternary ammonium ion consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxy functions bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups. The active species in the skeletal muscle relaxant cisatracurium besylate.		2.0410diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
halofuginone
[no description available]		2.0510quinazolines
diltiazem hydrochloride
Carex: fluoride (1.8%) containing varnish; no further information available 8/91. diltiazem hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of diltiazem and hydrogen chloride. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.7330hydrochlorideantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
venlafaxine hydrochloride
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		5.98241hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		3.1550hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fosinoprilat
fosinoprilat: active phosphinic acid metabolite of prodrug fosenopril, which is activated by esterases in vivo; structure given in first source; binds zinc with phosphinic acid group. fosinoprilat : A phosphinic acid-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. An inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), it is used as the phosphinate ester pro-drug fosinopril for treatment of hypertension and chronic heart failure.		2.0410L-proline derivative;
phosphinic acids		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ortho-cept
ethinyl estradiol-desogestrel combination: Ethinyl Estradiol and Desogestrell given in fixed proportions; has proved to be an effective & well-tolerated oral contraceptive, which improves cycle control & has a beneficial effect on acne		2.0510
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		4.5570
verapamil hydrochloride
verapamil hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil hydrochloride and (S)-verapamil hydrochloride.		3.1550
cefprozil
[no description available]		4.0640cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
doxazosin mesylate
Cardura: Trade name in United States.		2.7430methanesulfonate saltgeroprotector
ciprofloxacin hydrochloride anhydrous
[no description available]		2.4620hydrochlorideantibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
terfenadine
[no description available]		2.4420diarylmethane
sertraline hydrochloride
sertraline hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of sertraline and hydrogen chloride. A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		2.0510hydrochlorideantidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
methylprednisolone aceponate
methylprednisolone aceponate: RN given for (6alpha,11beta)-isomer		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
dexamethasone 17-valerate
dexamethasone 17-valerate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
dexamethasone dipropionate
[no description available]		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		4.4160acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		4.4460aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
amantadine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640hydrochlorideantiviral agent;
dopamine agonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
doxapram hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510hydrochloridecentral nervous system stimulant
mevastatin
mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.		2.74302-pyranones;
carboxylic ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		antifungal agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
Penicillium metabolite
bupivacaine hydrochloride
bupivacaine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine hydrochloride and levobupivacaine hydrochloride. The monohydrate form is commonly used as a local anaesthetic.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0810hydrochloride;
racemate		adrenergic antagonist;
amphiphile;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
local anaesthetic
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.4420
fenofibric acid
fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
chlorobenzophenone;
monocarboxylic acid		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
n-methylnicotinamide
N-methylnicotinamide: structure. N-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the amide hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.		2.0410pyridinecarboxamidemetabolite
1,5-anhydroglucitol
1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.		2.0510anhydro sugarhuman metabolite
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.7730organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
betulinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		3.6120azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
amprenavir
[no description available]		4.2950carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		3.5720acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
epigallocatechin gallate
epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.		2.5720flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
n-acetylaspartic acid
N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.		6.761N-acetyl-L-amino acid;
N-acyl-L-aspartic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
rat metabolite
gallocatechol
gallocatechol: structure give in first source; RN given for (trans-(+-))-omer; inhibits DNA-dependent DNA & RNA polymerases. (+)-gallocatechin : A gallocatechin that has (2R,3S)-configuration. It is found in green tea and bananas.. gallocatechin : A catechin that is a flavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7 (the trans isomer). It is isolated from Acacia mearnsii.		2.4720gallocatechinantioxidant;
metabolite;
radical scavenger
dobutamine hydrochloride
dobutamine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dobutamine. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		2.9640hydrochloridebeta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
desipramine hydrochloride
desipramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of desipramine.		2.4420hydrochloridedrug allergen
ticlopidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride
dopamine hydrochloride
P 498: structure in first source; do not confuse with dopamine chloride, also known as P 498		2.4420catecholamine
proadifen hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
epirubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		2.0510glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fenclofenac
fenclofenac: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710aromatic ether
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport; acts on ENT1		2.4420purine nucleoside
iopamidol
Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.		2.9640benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound;
pentol		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
proxicromil
proxicromil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710
sulconazole, mononitrate, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4620conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
organic nitrate salt
histamine phosphate
histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.		3.2310phosphate salthistamine agonist
imipramine n-oxide
imipramine N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410dibenzooxazepine
tilbroquinol
[no description available]		3.2310organohalogen compound;
quinolines
bendamustine
[no description available]		3.5920benzimidazoles
erdosteine
[no description available]		2.0510N-acyl-amino acid
droxicam
droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.		3.2310organic heterotricyclic compound;
pyridines		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prodrug
metrifudil
[no description available]		2.0310
rutecarpine
rutacarpine: from Evodia rutaecarpa; an ingredient in zhuyu hewei zhitong capsules		2.4420beta-carbolines
tedisamil
tedisamil : A member of the class of diazabicyclononanes that is (1s,5s)-3,7-diazaspiro[bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-9,1'-cyclopentane] in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 7 are replaced by cyclopropylmethyl groups. It is a potassium channel blocker and an antiarrhythmic agent currently currently in development for the treatment of atrial fibrillation.		2.0610
milnacipran
Milnacipran: A cyclopropanecarboxamide serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that is used in the treatment of FIBROMYALGIA.		2.4220acetamides
esreboxetine
esreboxetine: a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor		2.0510aromatic ether
ebrotidine
ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector		3.2310sulfonamide
torbafylline
torbafylline: structure given in first source		2.0710
mizolastine
[no description available]		3.4270benzimidazoles
iganidipine
[no description available]		2.0710
dexloxiglumide
dexloxiglumide: a CCK receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.7430glutamic acid derivative
terikalant
terikalant: experimental class II antiarrhythmic drug; RN gioven refers to terikalant ((S-(-))-isomer)		2.7130piperidines
intoplicine
intoplicine: structure in first source		2.4520pyridoindole
pazufloxacin
[no description available]		2.0810quinolines
repaglinide
[no description available]		4.6680piperidines
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		10.11130benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alniditan
alniditan: structure given in first source		2.420
trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420aralkylamine
thioridazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochloridefirst generation antipsychotic;
geroprotector
procainamide hydrochloride
procainamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride which has procainamide as the amino component.		2.0310hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
siquil
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochlorideanticoronaviral agent
sotalol hydrochloride
sotalol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is the monohydrochloride of sotalol. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		2.0310hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
oxymetazoline hydrochloride
oxymetazoline hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar quantities of oxymetazoline and hydrogen chloride. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used to relieve nasal congestion.		2.4420hydrochloridealpha-adrenergic agonist;
nasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		3.1450fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
alprenolol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochloride
2-methoxyestradiol
2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.		2.964017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate
ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate: RN given refers to the (17alpha)-isomer		2.0410
thiamorpholine
thiamorpholine: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiomorpholine : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is an analogue of morpholine where the oxygen atom is replaced by sulfur.		2.110saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
thiomorpholines
fluphenazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420phenothiazinesanticoronaviral agent
anthranil
2,1-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,2-oxazole ring across positions 3 and 4.		2.04102,1-benzoxazoles;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		4.55401,2,3-triazole
tryptamine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
trimethobenzamide monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
clomipramine hydrochloride
clomipramine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of clomipramine and hydrogen chloride. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		2.4420hydrochlorideanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug
amiloride hydrochloride
amiloride hydrochloride dihydrate : A hydrate that is the dihydrate of amiloride hydrochloride.		2.9640hydratediuretic;
sodium channel blocker
prazosin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochloride
mianserin hydrochloride
mianserin hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of mianserin, a tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects.		2.4420hydrochloridegeroprotector
miconazole nitrate
miconazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole nitrate. An antifungal used for the treatment of athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.0810
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate: binds to albumin at 2 sites		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
steroid sulfate		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen
econazole nitrate
econazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole nitrate. Used to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.		2.4620
medetomidine
Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.		2.0510imidazoles
setoperone
[no description available]		4.9831
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		4.89422-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		10.15404dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
lomefloxacin hydrochloride
lomefloxacin hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of lomefloxacin. It is administered by mouth to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used topically as eye drops for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis, and as ear drops for the treatment of otitis externa and otitis media.		2.9640hydrochlorideantimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
fenspiride hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
nilverm
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
sanguinarine chloride
[no description available]		2.4420
picosulfate sodium
picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure		2.0510aryl sulfate;
pyridines
centbutindole
centbutindole: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0310beta-carbolines
cefcanel
cefcanel: RN given refers to (6R-(6 alpha,7 beta(R*)))-isomer; structure		2.4520
rilmenidine
Rilmenidine: Oxazole derivative that acts as an agonist for ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION.		210isourea
ropinirole hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420indoles
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		4.26501,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
epristeride
epristeride: structure given in first source		2.7430steroid acid
talinolol
[no description available]		2.7430ureas
budipine
budipine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #6541		2.0610diarylmethane
ch 29717
CH 29717: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.1110
pirlindole
pirlindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym pyrazidol refers to mono-HCl; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2812		2.0110carbazoles
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.0810organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
plasmenylserine
plasmenylserine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. O-phospho-L-serine : The L-enantiomer of O-phosphoserine.. O-phosphoserine : A serine derivative that is serine substituted at the oxygen atom by a phosphono group.		2.0310O-phosphoserineEC 1.4.7.1 [glutamate synthase (ferredoxin)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.49 (O-acetylhomoserine aminocarboxypropyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
brinzolamide
brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent		2.0810sulfonamide;
thienothiazine		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
mesulergine
mesulergine: RN given refers to parent cpd; CU 32-085 is synonymous to mono-HCl; metabolized into dopaminergic agonists; structure given in first source. mesulergine : A member of the class of ergot alkaloids that is known to act on serotonin and dopamine receptors.		2.9340ergot alkaloid;
sulfamides		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
serotonergic antagonist
dienogest
[no description available]		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
aliphatic nitrile;
steroid hormone		progesterone receptor agonist;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
flunoxaprofen
flunoxaprofen: structure given in first source. flunoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group (the S-enantiomer). Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, the clinical use of flunoxaprofen was discontinued due to possible hepatotoxic side-effects.		2.46201,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound		antirheumatic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
tianeptine
tianeptine: structure given in first source. tianeptine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tianeptine. It is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).. 7-[(3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxido-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepin-11-yl)amino]heptanoic acid : A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.. (S)-tianeptine : The S-enantiomer of tianeptine.		2.7530dibenzothiazepine;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
drospirenone
drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source		2.46203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
steroid lactone		aldosterone antagonist;
contraceptive drug;
progestin
artemether
Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.0810artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
organic peroxide;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial
fenflumizole
fenflumizole: structure in first source		2.0310
5-aminovaleric acid hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-glycine
[no description available]		2.110
dibenzocycloheptadiene
10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cycloheptene: structure in first source		2.0510
4-methoxybenzonitrile
4-methoxybenzonitrile: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
morphazinamide
morphazinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for mono-HCL: 1473-73-0; structure in Merck Index		2.0510morpholines;
pyrazines;
secondary carboxamide
n-acetyltryptamine
N-acetyltryptamine: antagonizes the melatonin-induced inhibition of dopamine release from retina; RN given refers to parent cpd. N-acetyltryptamine : A tryptamine compound having an acetyl substituent attached to the side-chain amino function.		2.0310acetamides;
indoles
D-serine
[no description available]		2.0310D-alpha-amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
denaverine
denaverine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410diarylmethane
tropapride
tropapride: structure given in first source		210
acamprosate
Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.		3.2310acetamides;
organosulfonic acid		environmental contaminant;
neurotransmitter agent;
xenobiotic
isaxonine
isaxonine: promotes nerve growth		3.2310aminopyrimidine
dihydroergotamine mesylate
dihydroergotamine mesylate : The methanesulfonic acid salt of dihydroergotamine, a semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine. Both the mesylate and the tartrate salts are used for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		2.4420methanesulfonate saltnon-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
enrofloxacin
Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.		2.0710cyclopropanes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
tefludazine
tefludazine: RN given refers to (trans-(+-)-isomer); RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 3/88		1.9810
diprafenone
diprafenone: structure given in first source		2.7230aromatic compound
metaclazepam
Ka-2547: benzodiazepine deriv		2.0510benzodiazepine
erythromycin propionate
erythromycin propionate: form in which erythromycin estolate is principally absorbed		2.0210erythromycin derivative
ranolazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
nebivolol
2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.		4.0740chromanes;
diol;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
uk 68798
[no description available]		5.22150aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
ljc 10627
biapenem: structure given in first source. biapenem : A carbapenem antibiotic in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazolium-6-ylthio substituents respectively.		2.4520carbapenems;
organic sulfide;
pyrazolotriazole		antibacterial drug
ocaperidone
ocaperidone: structure given in first source		3.0850pyridopyrimidine
hp 873
iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.		10.531641,2-benzoxazoles;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
monoamine;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		4.2550razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
loxapine succinate
[no description available]		2.7430succinate saltgeroprotector
guanfacine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420acetamidesgeroprotector
pirenzepine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochloride
labetalol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420salicylamides
acecainide hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
loperamide hydrochloride
loperamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining loperamide with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Used for treatment of diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		2.9640hydrochlorideanticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
fenoxypropazine
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
antebate
betamethasone butyrate propionate: a topical corticosteroid		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
maprotiline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420anthracenes
protoporphyrin ix, disodium salt
[no description available]		2.0310
opipramol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		4.4160conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
betamipron
[no description available]		2.7530organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
mepindolol
mepindolol: 2-methyl deriv of pindolol; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710indoles
fpl 52791
FPL 52791: also has anti-allergic properties; related to sodium cromoglycate; structure		2.0710
bufuralol
bufuralol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.360benzofurans
carazolol
carazolol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.110carbazoles
uroxatral
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride
aceclofenac
[no description available]		3.6120amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mdl 11939
alpha-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinemethanol: class III antiarrythmic agent; structure given in first source		3.110primary amine
nitrefazole
[no description available]		3.2310imidazoles
olaquindox
olaquindox: used in prevention of swine dysentary; growth promoting additive in pig feed; structure		2.0110quinoxaline derivative
2-tetradecylglycidic acid
2-tetradecylglycidic acid: structure		2.110
epanolol
epanolol: structure given in first source		2.4320acetamides
panipenem
panipenem: synthetic cpd; structure given in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
perindoprilat
perindoprilat : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of N-[(1S)-1-carboxyethyl]-L-norvaline with the amino group of (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid. The major active metabolite of perindopril.		2.0410dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide;
L-alanine derivative;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cyclobutyrol
cyclobutyrol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclobutyrol : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid in which the hydroxy group is geminal to a 1-carboxypropyl group on a cyclohexane ring.		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acidbile therapy drug
thiocolchicoside
[no description available]		2.0810glycoside
prednisolone phosphate
prednisolone phosphate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone phosphate : A synthetic glucocorticoid resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group of prednisolone with one of the hydroxy groups of phosphoric acid. It is a prodrug for prednisolone that is activated in vivo by phosphatases.		2.031011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
steroid phosphate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glucocorticoid receptor agonist;
prodrug
terlipressin
terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.		2.0510polypeptide
(S)-flurbiprofen
[no description available]		2.0310flurbiprofen
siguazodan
[no description available]		2.0310pyridazinone
3-octadecanamido-2-ethoxypropylphosphocholine
3-octadecanamido-2-ethoxypropylphosphocholine: anti-HIV agent; RN & structure given in first source		2.0310
7-hydroxystaurosporine
[no description available]		2.0410
methotrimeprazine
Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.		12.47221phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
tetrahydropalmatine
[no description available]		2.0810an (S)-7,8,13,14-tetrahydroprotoberberine;
berberine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		adrenergic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
isoflavone
[no description available]		2.0510isoflavones
chelerythrine chloride
[no description available]		2.4420
clevudine
[no description available]		2.0510
9-aminocamptothecin
[no description available]		2.0410pyranoindolizinoquinoline
sch 34343
Sch 34343: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (5R-(5alpha,6alpha))-isomer		2.4520
grepafloxacin
grepafloxacin: structure in first source		3.5480fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
oleandomycin
[no description available]		2.110oleandomycins
squalamine
squalamine: from dogfish shark Squalus acanthias; structure given in first source		2.0410bile acid
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		2.0510bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone
[no description available]		2.4420
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		3.6120carbapenems
5-(n-methyl-n-isobutyl)amiloride
5-(N-methyl-N-isobutyl)amiloride: inhibitor of the Na+-H+ antiporter		2.4420
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from anileridine and two molar equivalents of hydrogen chloride.		2.4420hydrochlorideEC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
amperozide
amperozide : A member of the class of ureas that is urea in which three of the four hydrogens are replaced by ethyl and 4-[4,4-bis(4-fluorophenyl)butyl]piperazin-1-yl groups. An atypical antipsychotic which was in clinical development for the treatment of schizophrenia and substance-related disorders. It is a potent 5-HT2A antagonist and used in veterinary medicine because of its sedative effect on pigs.		4.3460diarylmethane;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary carboxamide;
ureas		anxiolytic drug;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
geroprotector;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
amperozide hydrochloride
amperozide hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of amperozide.		2.4420hydrochlorideanxiolytic drug;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
geroprotector;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid
[no description available]		2.4420
dauricine
dauricine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dauricine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid resulting from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 4-{[(1R)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl]methyl}phenol by attachment of the phenolic oxygen of one molecule to the benzene ring of the second (ortho to the phenolic hydroxy group of the latter).		2.0210aromatic ether;
bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		plant metabolite
agroclavine
agroclavine: structure. agroclavine : An ergot alkaloid that is ergoline which contains a double bond between positions 8 and 9, and which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 6 and 8.		2.0310ergot alkaloid
2,6-difluoropyridine
[no description available]		2.0410
oxazolidin-2-one
Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.		2.0210carbamate ester;
oxazolidinone		metabolite
2-naphthylisothiocyanate
[no description available]		2.4620
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		4.5270hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
s-methylisothiourea sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310
p-Aminobenzamidine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
phenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-phenylalanine
phenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-phenylalanine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer		2.110oligopeptide
3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)propionic acid
3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)propionic acid: a selectin inhibitor		2.110
dimethylaminopropanol
dimethylaminopropanol: dimethylamine precursor		2.110
1-benzylimidazole
1-benzylimidazole: inhibits human thromboxane synthetase		2.0410
rivastigmine
[no description available]		9.62192carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan
[no description available]		4.0840carbazoles
eletriptan
eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.		4.0740indoles;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		5.03120aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
tamiflu
[no description available]		2.0810phosphate salt
benzamidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
bexarotene
[no description available]		3.6120benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent
s20098
[no description available]		2.5720acetamides
flunisolide
flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones		2.733011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
4-phenylbutylamine
4-phenylbutylamine: used as a drug partition into lipid bilayers in a cubic liquid-crystalline phase. 4-phenylbutylamine : A phenylalkylamine that is benzene in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.		2.110benzenes;
phenylalkylamine;
primary amino compound
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.4620
orphenadrine citrate
orphenadrine citrate : A citrate salt which comprises equimolar amounts of orphenadrine and citric acid.		2.4620citrate saltH1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
ketorolac tromethamine
Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.		2.9740organoammonium saltanalgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		5.23150macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylamphetamine: A psychedelic phenyl isopropylamine derivative, commonly called DOM, whose mood-altering effects and mechanism of action may be similar to those of LSD.		1.9910
epidepride
epidepride: structure given in first source		4.8942dimethoxybenzene
6-chloroindole
[no description available]		2.0410indoles
glycinexylidide
glycinexylidide: dealkylated metabolite of lidocaine; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd with dimethylphenyl moiety in positions 2,6. glycinexylidide : A amino acid amide with 2,6-dimethylaniline and glycine components; an active metabolite of lidocaine, formed by oxidative deethylation. Used as an indicator of hepatic function.		2.110amino acid amidedrug metabolite
Trp-Trp
tryptophyltryptophan: an antigelation agent. Trp-Trp : A dipeptide formed from two L-tryptophan residues.		2.110dipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
kampirone
1-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine: metabolite of buspirone; structure given in first source		2.110N-arylpiperazine
methionine sulfoximine
L-methionine sulfoximine : A methionine sulfoximine in which the amino group has S-stereochemistry.		2.0310L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-methionine derivative;
methionine sulfoximine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 6.3.1.2 (glutamate--ammonia ligase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
tretazicar
tretazicar: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search AZIRIDINES (75-84)		2.0310
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		7.22813-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
carbetapentane citrate
[no description available]		2.4420carbonyl compound
n-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide
N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide: nephrotoxic; post-treatment enhanced induction of renal cell tumors in rats by dimethylnitrosamine, pre-treatment inhibited induction of tumors, & alone caused interstitial nephritis but no tumors		2.4620pyrrolidines
moexipril
[no description available]		3.8430peptide
tandospirone
tandospirone: structure given in first source. tandospirone : A dicarboximide that is (3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione which is substituted by a 4-[4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl group at position 2. It is a potent and selective 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist (Ki = 27 nM).		2.4420bridged compound;
dicarboximide;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyrimidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug
phentolamine mesylate
[no description available]		2.9640
mephentermine
sphinganine : A 2-aminooctadecane-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.		2.44202-aminooctadecane-1,3-diolEC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxybutynin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640hydrochloride
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.		2.0110catechols;
tetrol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		2.7730amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-hydroxypropranolol
4-hydroxypropranolol: metabolite of propanolol; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0810naphthols
1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene
[no description available]		2.0510secondary alcohol
gliquidone
gliquidone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4720isoquinolines
nimustine
nimustine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining nimustine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.		2.0310hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
cordium
bepridil hydrochloride monohydrate : The hydrochloride monohydrate of bepridril.		2.7430hydrate;
hydrochloride
sarsasapogenin
[no description available]		8.4511sapogenin
L-2-aminoadipic acid
L-2-aminoadipic acid : The L-enantiomer of 2-aminoadipic acid.		2.03102-aminoadipic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
prilocaine hydrochloride
prilocaine hydrochloride : The monohydrochloride salt of prilocaine.		2.4420hydrochloridelocal anaesthetic
levobupivacaine
Levobupivacaine: S-enantiomer of bupivacaine that is used as a local anesthetic and for regional nerve blocks, including EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA.. levobupivacaine : The (S)-(-)-enantiomer of bupivacaine.		2.06101-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamideadrenergic antagonist;
amphiphile;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
local anaesthetic
lekoptin
(S)-verapamil : A 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile that has S configuration.		2.03102-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile
tarenflurbil
tarenflurbil: R-enantiomer of flurbiprofen but not a COX inhibitor; modulates NF-kB, gamma-secretase, amyloid beta-protein;		2.0310flurbiprofen
mor-14
N-methyldeoxynojirimycin: glucosidase inhibitor		2.0310hydroxypiperidine;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
mci 9038
[no description available]		3.5820peptide
lopinavir
[no description available]		2.9840amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
corynanthine
Corynanthine: A stereoisomer of yohimbine.		2.0210yohimban alkaloid
brexanolone
brexanolone: a mixture of allopregnanolone and sulfobutylether‐beta‐cyclodextrin for treatment of postpartum depression. brexanolone : A 3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has alpha-configuration. It is a metabolite of the sex hormone progesterone and used for the treatment of postpartum depression in women.		2.44203-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-oneantidepressant;
GABA modulator;
human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
isopelletierine
isopelletierine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; synonym pelletierine refers to (-)-isomer		2.110citraconoyl group
phenylisopropyladenosine
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic amine;
benzenes;
hydrocarbyladenosine;
purine nucleoside;
secondary amino compound		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent
fenpropimorph
[no description available]		2.110alkylbenzene
levcromakalim
[no description available]		2.07101-benzopyran
hexamethonium chloride
[no description available]		2.0310
1-(2-pyridinyl)piperazine
1-(2-pyridinyl)piperazine: metabolite of buspirone & gepirone		2.110
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		2.7730D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine
6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport		2.4420
3-aminopropylphosphonic acid
3-aminopropylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. (3-aminopropyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus of phosphonic acid is substituted by a 3-aminopropyl group. It is a partial agonist of GABAB receptors.		2.0310phosphonic acids;
primary amino compound;
zwitterion		GABAB receptor agonist
5'-n-methylcarboxamideadenosine
5'-N-methylcarboxamideadenosine: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer		2.0310
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine: potent & selective in vivo antagonist of adenosine analogs		2.0310
zpck
ZPCK: alkylates histidine residue at active center of bovine chymotrypsin		2.4420
n(6)-phenyladenosine
[no description available]		2.0310purine nucleoside
fluoxydine
fluoxydine: structure		2.1710
moxifloxacin hydrochloride
moxifloxacin hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of moxifloxacin and hydrogen chloride.		2.0810hydrochlorideantibacterial drug
tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone
tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer		2.442021-hydroxy steroid
methyl mannoside, (alpha-d)-isomer
methylmannoside: RN given refers to (D)-isomer; see also record for 3-O-methylmannose. methyl alpha-D-mannoside : A methyl mannoside having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.		2.0310alpha-D-mannoside;
methyl mannoside
n-methyladenosine
N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.		2.0310methyladenosine
hexylcaine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0710
1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine
1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl group at C-1 and C-2 is stearoyl.		2.1310phosphatidylethanolamine zwitterion;
phosphatidylethanolamine		human metabolite
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		2.0410cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		3.863017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
mizoribine
[no description available]		2.4620imidazolesanticoronaviral agent
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer		2.0310
u 73122
1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.		2.0310aromatic ether;
aza-steroid;
maleimides		EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		2.7530beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
alphaxalone
alphaxalone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer; structure		2.0310corticosteroid hormone
sr141716
[no description available]		2.9740amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
s-nitrosoglutathione
[no description available]		2.0310glutathione derivative;
nitrosothio compound		bronchodilator agent;
nitric oxide donor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
signalling molecule
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		4.86100primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
cp-55,940
[no description available]		2.4420
ecgonine methyl ester
ecgonine methyl ester: major metabolite of cocaine; RN given refers to parent cpd (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer. ecgonine methyl ester : The O-debenzoyl analogue of cocaine.		2.0610methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		analgesic;
central nervous system depressant;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
way 100635
[no description available]		2.4520
vanoxerine
vanoxerine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of vanoxerine with two equivalents of hydrogen chloride. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.		2.4420hydrochloridedopamine uptake inhibitor
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.		2.0510ether;
imidazoles;
monomethoxybenzene		TRP channel blocker
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: structure given in first source		2.4420beta-carbolines
fpl 55712
FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors		2.0710aromatic ketone
selenomethionine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
selenomethionine		plant metabolite
u 69593
U 69593: selective ligand for opioid K-receptor. U69593 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid and the secodary amino group of (5R,7S,8S)-N-methyl-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine.		2.4420monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
diuretic;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist
methyllycaconitine
methyllycaconitine: natural toxin from seeds of Delphinium brownii; parasympathomimetic and mild nicotine antagonist; antagonist of alpha-conotoxin-MII sensitive presynaptic nicotinic receptors; potent insecticide; RN refers to (1alpha,4(S),6beta,14alpha,16beta)-isomer		2.0410
u 78517f
U 78517F: iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation inhibitor; structure given in first source; RN given is for diHCl		2.0510
cv 3988
CV 3988: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.4420
l-lactic acid
(S)-lactic acid : An optically active form of lactic acid having (S)-configuration.		2.110(2S)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
2-hydroxypropanoic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester: structure given in first source		2.4420beta-carbolines
sivelestat
sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source		2.0710N-acylglycine;
pivalate ester
racecadotril
racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
methoctramine
methoctramine: structure given in first source. methoctramine : A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.. methoctramine tetrahydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining methoctramine with four molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid.		2.4420hydrochloridemuscarinic antagonist
gr 127935
GR 127935: a 5-HT 1D receptor antagonist. GR 127935 : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid and the anilino group of 4-methoxy-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aniline. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.		1.99101,2,4-oxadiazole;
benzamides;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		3.5920alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
hypotaurine
[no description available]		2.0310aminosulfinic acid;
zwitterion		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
tryptoline
tryptoline: neurotoxic factor that may be involved in development of Parkinson's disease; enzymatic prep from human brain converts tryptamine to tryptoline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.1110beta-carbolines
dihydrokainate
[no description available]		2.0310dicarboxylic acid
n-monodemethyldiltiazem
N-monodemethyldiltiazem: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0810benzothiazepine
gabazine
[no description available]		2.0310
asulacrine
asulacrine: derivative of amsacrine; structure given in first source		2.0410acridines
5-hydroxypropafenone
[no description available]		2.0210phenols
cl 218872
CL 218872: shows specific action on benzodiazepine receptors; structure		2.0310pyridazines;
ring assembly
betaxolol hydrochloride
betaxolol hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of betaxolol.		2.4420hydrochlorideantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
catechin
(+)-catechin monohydrate : The monohydrate of (+)-catechin.		2.0310hydrategeroprotector
hydroxycotinine
hydroxycotinine: metabolite of nicotine; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. trans-3-hydroxycotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is cotinine substituted at position C-3 by a hydroxy group (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		2.0410N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-(2-phthalimido)butyl)piperazine
NAN 190 hydrobromide : A hydrobromide obtained by reaction of NAN 190 with one equivalent of hydrobromic acid.		2.4420hydrobromideserotonergic antagonist
s-methylthiocitrulline
S-methylthiocitrulline: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; structure in first source. S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline : An L-arginine derivative in which the guanidino NH2 group of L-arginine is replaced by a methylsufanyl group.		2.0310imidothiocarbamic ester;
L-arginine derivative;
L-ornithine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
fingolimod hydrochloride
Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).		3.9421hydrochlorideimmunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
fingolimod
fingolimod : An aminodiol that consists of propane-1,3-diol having amino and 2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl substituents at the 2-position. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A prodrug, fingolimod is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase to active metabolite fingolimod-phosphate, a structural analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate.		2.0510aminodiol;
primary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
CB1 receptor antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
dihydrocapsaicin
[no description available]		2.0310capsaicinoid
6-chloro-2-(1-piperazinyl)pyrazine
[no description available]		2.0510N-arylpiperazine
quinaprilat
quinaprilat: metabolite of quinapril. quinaprilat : A dicarboxylic acid resulting from the hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group of quinapril to give the corresponding dicarboxylic acid. The active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) of the prodrug quinapril.		2.7430dicarboxylic acid;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
3-iodo-2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-n-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)benzamide
3-iodo-2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-N-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)benzamide: a dopamine receptor imaging agent; RN refers to (S)-isomer; RN & structure given in first source		7.62164
5-methoxy 3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)1h indole
[no description available]		2.420indoles
alpha-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(5-fluoro-2-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazine butanol
alpha-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(5-fluoro-2-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazine butanol: NM refers to free form; BMY 14802-1 is the HCl; structure given in first source		1.9910N-arylpiperazine
ml 9
[no description available]		2.0310
2-hydroxyimipramine
2-hydroxyimipramine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4520dibenzoazepine
parthenolide
[no description available]		2.4420germacranolide
ecteinascidin 743
[no description available]		2.4520acetate ester;
azaspiro compound;
bridged compound;
hemiaminal;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
lactone;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
organic sulfide;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
marine metabolite
zacopride
[no description available]		3.1110benzamides
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		2.6930
tadalafil
[no description available]		4.0940benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
desmethylsertraline
desmethylsertraline: metabolite of sertraline		7.0410
3',4'-dichlorobenzamil
3',4'-dichlorobenzamil: inhibits Na-Ca exchange in membrane vesicle & papillary muscle preparations from guinea pig heart		2.4420guanidines;
pyrazines
ibuprofen, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4620ibuprofen
1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane
1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane: structure given in first source; alkylthio acetic acid, non-beta-oxidizable		2.0310straight-chain fatty acid
s 14297
7-(N,N-dipropylamino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho(2,3-b)dihydro-2,3-furan: S-11566 is the (+-)-isomer; a dopamine D3 receptor antagonist		1.9810
way 100135
WAY 100135: a selective antagonist at presynaptic & postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors; structure given in first source		2.0210piperazines
2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine
2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine: cyclic methadone metabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0610
paliperidone
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		4.69801,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary alcohol
2-iodomelatonin
[no description available]		2.0310acetamides
nitisinone
[no description available]		3.5920(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
plavix
[no description available]		2.0810azaheterocycle sulfate salt;
organoammonium sulfate salt		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
perospirone
perospirone: structure given in first source		8.61175N-arylpiperazine
arcaine, sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310
marimastat
marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
3-n-methylspiperone
3-N-methylspiperone: (11(C))-labeled cpd used in positron tomography; dopamine agonist & dopamine receptor ligand; structure given in first source		3.3811aromatic ketone
clofarabine
[no description available]		3.8730adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
u 99194a
(5,6-dimethoxyindan-2-yl)dipropylamine: has 20-fold preference for D3 versus D2 dopamine receptors		2.0310
sr 33557
fantofarone: structure given in first source		2.0710
gr 113808
GR 113808: structure given in first source; a 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist: GR 125487 is the HCl salt. GR 113808 : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 1-methylindole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of N-{2-[4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}methanesulfonamide.		2.7530indolyl carboxylate ester;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		serotonergic antagonist
n,n-dipropyl-2-(4-methoxy-3-(2-phenylethoxy)phenyl)ethylamine monohydrochloride
N,N-dipropyl-2-(4-methoxy-3-(2-phenylethoxy)phenyl)ethylamine monohydrochloride: structure given in first source; a sigma receptor ligand		2.0310
gallopamil hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
gamma-glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid
[no description available]		2.0310
buthionine sulfoximine
L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine : A 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid which has S-configuration. It is a inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis and is capable of enhancing the apoptotic effects of several chemotherapeutic agents.		2.44202-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acidEC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
pramipexole
Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.		11.5681benzothiazoles;
diamine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
radical scavenger
mosapride
4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxy-N-({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]morpholin-2-yl}methyl)benzamide : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxybenzoic acid with the amino group of 1-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]methanamine.		2.0610aromatic ether;
benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound
deramciclane
deramciclane: structure in first source; RN refers to (exo-EGYT 3886)-isomer		2.4420
valdecoxib
[no description available]		4.0940isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
293b cpd
6-cyano-4-(N-ethylsulfonyl-N-methylamino)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylchromane: RN given for (trans-(+-))-isomer		3.52201-benzopyran
sb 204070a
SB 204070A: structure given in first source; a selective 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist		2.4420
mitiglinide
mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
fpl-52694
FPL-52694: mast cell stabilizer; RN given refers to parent cpd; FPL-52694 is mono-Na salt; structure given in first source		2.0710
1-(2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl)-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine
LY 165163: structure given in first source; a serotonin agonist. LY-165163 : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl and 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl groups at positions 1 and 4, respectively. It is a selective 5-HT1A serotonin receptor agonist and 5-HT1D serotonin receptor antagonist.		2.7130(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
primary arylamine;
substituted aniline		geroprotector;
serotonergic agonist
l 655240
L 655240: thromboxane and prostaglandin endoperoxide receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given is for parent cpd		2.0310methylindole
uh 301
UH 301: structure given in first source		2.4220
san 58035
[no description available]		2.4420
ici 169369
2-((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)thio)-3-phenylquinoline: structure & RN given in first source		1.9910
5-(dimethylamino)-n-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide
5-(dimethylamino)-N-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide: structure in first source; endothelin receptor antagonist		3.1210naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
aj 76
5-methoxy-1-methyl-2-(n-propylamino)tetralin: RN given refers to cis-(+)-isomer; structure given in first source. (1S,2R)-5-methoxy-1-methyl-2-(propylamino)tetralin : A secondary amino compound that consists of tetralin bearing methyl, propylamino and methoxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 5 respectively. Dopamine receptor antagonist with preferential action at presynaptic receptors (pKi values are 6.95, 6.67, 6.37, 6.21 and 6.07 at hD3. hD4, hD2S, hD2L and rD2 receptors respectively).		2.3920secondary amino compound;
tetralins		dopaminergic antagonist
diethylaminosulfur trifluoride
diethylaminosulfur trifluoride: fluorinating agent for carbohydrates		2.1310
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		2.0510methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
almotriptan
almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.		4.0740indoles;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amine		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
tecastemizole
[no description available]		3.1250
mk 0663
[no description available]		2.7530bipyridines;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gefitinib
[no description available]		4.6680aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
mk 912
[no description available]		2.0510
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine
N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.		2.0510adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organoiodine compound		adenosine A3 receptor agonist
nnc 711
NNC 711: structure in first source		2.0310
polytrimethylene carbonate
trimethylene carbonate: structure in first source		2.0210
acetaminophen, dextropropoxyphene, drug combination
acetaminophen, dextropropoxyphene, drug combination: RN is for mixture of propoxyphene.HCl & paracetamol;		2.0310
ramatroban
[no description available]		2.0710organic molecular entity
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-n,n-diethylbenzamide
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide: a highly-selective, nonpeptide delta opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source		2.4420diarylmethane
sk&f 86466
benalfocin: RN & RR given from first source; RN not in Chemline 9/28/83; structure given in first source		2.0510benzazepine
e 64
E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)		2.4420dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
guanidines;
L-leucine derivative;
zwitterion		antimalarial;
antiparasitic agent;
protease inhibitor
desloratadine
desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.		4.1440benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: activates neuronal metabotropic receptors; RN given refers to (trans-isomer); RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 10/93		2.0310
w 7
[no description available]		2.0510
solutol hs 15
Solutol HS 15: multidrug resistance modification agent in tumor cells; polyoxyethylene esters of 12-hydroxystearic acid; previous RN 105109-85-1		2.1110aliphatic alcohol
desvenlafaxine
O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine.		3.620cyclohexanols;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
r-1-(6-(r-2-carboxypyrrolidin-1-yl)-6-oxohexanoyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
miridesap: small molecule compound that depletes serum amyloid P component (SAP)		3.1210
blonanserin
[no description available]		7.64124organic molecular entity
pre 084
2-(4-morpholino)ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate: structure given in first source		2.4420morpholines
methotrexate
[no description available]		5.28160dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
1-(2-allylphenoxy)-3-((8-bromoacetylamino-4-menthane-1-yl)amino)-1-propanol
1-(2-allylphenoxy)-3-((8-bromoacetylamino-4-menthane-1-yl)amino)-1-propanol: irreversibly inactivates the dihydroalprenolol binding site; alprenolol analog; isopropylamino group of alprenolol replaced by 8-bromoacetylamino-1-amino-p-menthane moiety in the 1 position; structure given in first source		2.4420
reboxetine
Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.		10.0331aromatic ether
fg 5893
FG 5893: a mixed serotonin agonist & antagonist; attenuates alcohol drinking in rats		1.9910
1192u90
1192U90: structure given in first source		1.9910
sr 2640
SR 2640: leukotriene D4 and E4 antagonist		2.4420quinolines
n-depropylpropafenone
N-depropylpropafenone: propafenone metabolite; structure given in first source		2.0210
xaliproden
xaliproden : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-naphthyl)ethyl group and at position 4 by a m-trifluoromethylphenyl group.		2.0710(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrahydropyridine		serotonergic agonist
tamsulosin
[no description available]		4.25505-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
rufinamide
rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source		3.2310aromatic amide;
heteroarene
ici 204448
[no description available]		2.0310
l 663581
L 663581: structure given in first source; partial agonist at the benzodiazepine receptor		2.0410
antiprimod
azaspirane: structure given in first source		2.0510
n-isobutyrylcysteine
N-isobutyrylcysteine: RN given refers to L-isomer		2.0710
sulbactam
[no description available]		2.9740penicillanic acids
nnc 112
[no description available]		2.0310benzazepine
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		3.8730biphenyls
org 9935
[no description available]		2.0110
dexpanthenol
dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid		3.620amino alcohol;
monocarboxylic acid amide		cholinergic drug;
provitamin
fosamprenavir
fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.		3.2310sulfonamideprodrug
pagoclone
RP 59037: a partial benzodiazepine receptor agonist; a cyclopyrrolone that induces hypothermia		2.0810
4-amino-1-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)piperidine hydrochloride
4-amino-1-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)piperidine hydrochloride: has high affinity and selectivity for 5-HT3 receptors; structure given in first source		2.0310
s 14671
S 14671: serotonin receptor agonist; RN from toxlit		1.9910
mdl 28133a
[no description available]		1.9910
quilostigmine
quilostigmine: RN given for (3aS,cis)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0710pyrroloindole
n,n-di-n-hexyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)indole-3-acetamide
N,N-di-n-hexyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)indole-3-acetamide: binds with high affinity to glial mitochondrial diazepam binding inhibitor receptors & increases mitochondrial steroidogenesis		2.4420phenylindole
ilomastat
CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
L-tryptophan derivative;
N-acyl-amino acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
4-(benzodioxan-5-yl)-1-(indan-2-yl)piperazine
[no description available]		2.0510
3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl n-acetyltryptophan
3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl N-acetyltryptophan: structure given in first source; substance P and neurokinin receptor antagonist		2.0310
omega-n-methylarginine
omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.		1.9810amino acid zwitterion;
arginine derivative;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
abiraterone
[no description available]		2.08103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
l 741742
L 741742: selective toward D4 receptors; structure in first source		3.5220primary amine
8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-((4-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl)oxy)propyl)-1-propylxanthine
8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-((4-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl)oxy)propyl)-1-propylxanthine: structure given in first source		2.4420
sonepiprazole
[no description available]		3.5220
imiloxan
[no description available]		2.0710benzodioxine
l 741626
3-(4-(4-chlorophenyl-4-hydroxypiperidino)methyl)indole: structure in first source		2.4420piperidines
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		8.93301,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
dilevalol
(R,R)-labetalol : A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1R,2R-configuration.		2.45202-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide
nisoxetine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
aspartame
[no description available]		4.1531carboxylic acid;
dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide;
methyl ester		apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0310hydrochlorideEC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
tilarginine acetate
[no description available]		2.0310
alpha-guanidinoglutaric acid
alpha-guanidinoglutaric acid: identified in the convulsive period of cobalt-induced seizures from cat cerebral cortex; RN given for cpd with unspecified guanidino-locant		2.0310L-glutamic acid derivative
3,4-dichloro-n-methyl-n-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-(+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
tempol
[no description available]		2.0710aminoxyls;
hydroxypiperidine		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
catalyst;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
imidazole-4-acetic acid hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
escitalopram
Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.		4.08401-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrileantidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
lexapro
Lexapro: Trade name of escitalopram, the active S-enantiomer of the racemic citalopram.		2.0810
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pteridines;
terminal acetylenic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel
[no description available]		2.9540hydrate;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.6120secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
bdp 12
1-(quinoxalin-6-ylcarbonyl)piperidine: modulates AMPA receptor desensitization ; an analog of 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylcarbonyl)piperidine		4.7421N-acylpiperidine
irofulven
irofulven: structure in first source		2.0410cyclohexenones
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		3.5920carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
ym 872
YM 872: structure in first source		2.0410
nsc-141549
[no description available]		2.9640
rec 15-2739
Rec 15-2739: an alpha-1 antagonist selective for the lower urinary tract; structure given in first source		2.0210
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		5.291609-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		3.8730azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
ertapenem
Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.		3.5820carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial drug
dx 8951
[no description available]		2.0410pyranoindolizinoquinoline
2-iodolysergic acid diethylamide
2-iodolysergic acid diethylamide: RN given refers to (8beta)-isomer		3.1110
cox 189
lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.		3.8730amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cilomilast
[no description available]		2.7430methoxybenzenes
conivaptan
conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).		4.0940benzazepineaquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
cariporide
cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0510
tezosentan
tezosentan: structure in first source		2.4520
vatalanib
[no description available]		2.0710monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
sabarubicin
sabarubicin: structure given in first source		2.0410
2-chloro-2-deoxyglucose
[no description available]		2.0310
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		5.29160aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
pralnacasan
pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source		3.2310
clevidipine
clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source		4.0940dihydropyridine
jtt 501
JTT 501: an insulin sensitizer; structure in first source		2.0510
solifenacin
[no description available]		4.2650isoquinolines
dexmethylphenidate
dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.		3.2310methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetateadrenergic agent
hyoscyamine
Hyoscyamine: The 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.. (S)-atropine : An atropine with a 2S-configuration.		2.0710tropane alkaloid
idazoxan hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
isoguvacine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
xamoterol
Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.		3.1450morpholines
desmethylastemizole
desmethylastemizole: astemizole metabolite in dog plasma; structure given in first source		2.4320benzimidazoles
8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine: inhibitor of phosphodiesterase I		2.0310oxopurine
disopyramide, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
ym 09151-2
nemonapride: structure in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation. nemonapride : A racemate composed of (2S,3S)- and (2R,3R)-enantiomers of nemonapride. Highly potent dopamine D2-like receptor antagonist; selective over D1-like receptors (Ki values are 0.1 and 740 nM for D2-like and D1-like receptors respectively). Also potent 5-HT1A receptor agonist (IC50 = 34 nM) and has affinity for sigma receptors.. (2R,3R)-nemonapride : An optically active form of nemonapride having (2R,3R)-configuration.		2.6930N-(1-benzyl-2-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-(methylamino)benzamide
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		5.11130methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		3.6220(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
lactitol
lactitol : A glycosyl alditol consisting of beta-D-galactopyranose and D-glucitol joined by a 1->4 glycosidic bond. It is used as a laxative, as an excipient, and as replacement bulk sweetener in some low-calorie foods.		2.0710glycosyl alditolcathartic;
excipient;
laxative
lubiprostone
[no description available]		3.2310
isradipine, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
olmesartan
olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866		2.4520biphenylyltetrazoleangiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
telbivudine
[no description available]		3.8930pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
mdl 74156
hydrodolasetron: active metabolite of dolasetron		2.4620
cyc 202
seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.		3.31602,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
Serotonin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310tryptamines
n-phthaloylglutamic acid
N-phthaloyl-L-glutamic acid : A glutamic acid derivative that is L-glutamic acid in which the two hydrogens on the amino group are substituted by a phthaloyl group.		2.0310L-glutamic acid derivative;
phthalimides
corydalmine
corydalmine: antagonizes dopamine receptors; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S)-isomer		2.0810
1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine
1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine: structure given in first source		2.0310
cochlioquinone a
cochlioquinone A: from Helminthosporium sativum; competitive inhibitor of ivermectin binding; RN from Chem Abstract Index Guide 1990; structure given in first source		2.2110oxanes
ag 3-5
icilin: a cooling compound that activates TRPM8		2.0310C-nitro compound
fpl 52757
FPL 52757: FPL 52758 is Na salt of FPL 52757; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710
asenapine
asenapine : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-asenapine. Used as its maleate salt for the acute treatment of schizophrenia and acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder with or without psychotic features.. (S,S)-asenapine : A 5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole in which both of the stereocentres have S configuration.		9.891735-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole
opc 4392
OPC 4392: agonist of presynaptic dopamine D(2) receptor; structure given in first source		2.0210
1-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamino)propane
[no description available]		2.0210
zalospirone
zalospirone: a partial 5-HT1A receptor agonist; RN given refers to (3aalpha,4alpha,4abeta,6abeta,7alpha,7aalpha)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 4/91		1.9910
abanoquil
[no description available]		2.0410
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		3.8730amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
anidulafungin
Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.		3.5820antibiotic antifungal drug;
azamacrocycle;
echinocandin;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
semisynthetic derivative
avasimibe
[no description available]		2.0510monoterpenoid
org 4428
[no description available]		2.0410
n-n-propylnorapomorphine
[no description available]		2.0310aporphine alkaloid
urapidil monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
aminopterin
Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.		2.4420dicarboxylic acidEC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
mutagen
azepexole, dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
varenicline
Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.		3.6320
2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		2.7530biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
abt 980
[no description available]		2.4420
fiduxosin
fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source		3.2310
fpl 59257
FPL 59257: abolishes cough response & partly inhibits bronchoconstriction produced by leukotrienes C & D		2.0710
sk&f 75670
SK&F 75670: RN refers to HBr; N-methyl derivative of SK&F 38393		2.4420
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		5.45190
ly 97241
LY 97241: clofilium analog; blocks heart potassium channels; structure given in first source		2.4420
esatenolol
esatenolol : The (S)-enantiomer of atenolol.		2.0310atenololbeta-adrenergic antagonist
ropivacaine
Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.		2.9640piperidinecarboxamide;
ropivacaine		local anaesthetic
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.0310imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
nbi 27914
[no description available]		2.4420dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
sb 216763
[no description available]		2.4420indoles;
maleimides
erlotinib
[no description available]		3.8830aromatic ether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
protein kinase inhibitor
zeneca zd 6169
Zeneca ZD 6169: an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener; structure given in first source		2.0710
dizocilpine
[no description available]		2.0510secondary amino compound;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
ketoprofen
[no description available]		2.0310
(R)-atenolol
(R)-atenolol : The (R)-enantiomer of atenolol.		2.0310atenolol
memantine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochlorideantidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
melagatran
[no description available]		2.9640azetidines;
carboxamidine;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
secondary amino compound		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
sibenadet
sibenadet: structure in first source		2.0710
pefabloc
[no description available]		2.0310
aflatoxin b1
Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		2.4620aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite
emd 60263
EMD 60263: a thiadiazinone derivative; a Ca+2 sensitizer devoid of any phosphorodiesterase inhibiting properties; EMD 60264 is an enantiomer of EMD 60263; structure given in second source		2.0610
ru 43044
RU 43044: antagonist of adrenal cortex hormone receptors		2.1110
ngd 94-1
NGD 94-1: D(4) receptor antagonist; structure in first source		3.110
pongidae
[no description available]		2.4420
etravirine
[no description available]		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
dinitrile;
organobromine compound		antiviral agent;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
succinylproline
[no description available]		2.0310N-acyl-amino acid
nantenine
nantenine: from Nandina domestica Thundberg; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0210oxoaporphine alkaloidmetabolite
latrepirdine
latrepirdine: structure		3.8621methylpyridines;
pyridoindole		geroprotector
sb 205384
SB 205384: structure in first source		2.4420thienopyridine
hydrastine
[no description available]		2.4420isoquinolinesmetabolite
gabaculine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
osemozotan
osemozotan: 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist		2.0110
etiron monohydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0310
troleandomycin
Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.7530acetate ester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyketide;
semisynthetic derivative		EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor;
xenobiotic
dronedarone
Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.85301-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tesaglitazar
tesaglitazar: structure in first source		2.7430
ramelteon
ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist		9.4660indanes
lapatinib
[no description available]		4.0940furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bifeprunox
bifeprunox: an antipsychotic agent		4.1131biphenyls
bmy 7378
[no description available]		2.0310
vesamicol
[no description available]		2.0310
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		3.2310carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		4.1340benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
bms204352
BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source		2.7530
fosfluconazole
fosfluconazole: prodrug of fluconazole		2.0410conazole antifungal drug;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		prodrug
dabigatran
Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. dabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.		2.0810aromatic amide;
benzimidazoles;
beta-alanine derivative;
carboxamidine;
pyridines		anticoagulant;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		3.8730benzodioxoles
tolvaptan
[no description available]		3.6120benzazepine;
benzenedicarboxamide		aquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib
[no description available]		3.8730(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide
[no description available]		3.9330aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
regadenoson
[no description available]		3.2310purine nucleoside
lacosamide
Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.		3.6120N-acyl-amino acid
cp 101,606
traxoprodil mesylate: a selective NMDA antagonist; structure given in first source		2.4520
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer
Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.		2.05103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
C29-steroid;
phytosterols;
stigmastane sterol		anticholesteremic drug;
antioxidant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
estradiol 3-benzoate
17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.		2.021017beta-hydroxy steroid;
benzoate ester		estrogen receptor agonist;
xenoestrogen
cortisone
[no description available]		2.753011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fludrocortisone acetate
fludrocortisone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the primary hydroxy group of fludrocortisone with acetic acid. A synthetic corticosteroid, it has glucocorticoid actions about 10 times as potent as hydrocortisone, while its mineralocorticoid actions are over 100 times as potent. It is used in partial replacement therapy for primary and secondary adrenocortical insufficiency in Addison's disease and for the treatment of salt-losing adrenal hyperplasia.		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
exaltolide
exaltolide: synthetic musk odor; structure		2.1310macrolide
vincaleukoblastine
[no description available]		3.8730acetate ester;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite
vincristine sulfate
[no description available]		3.1550organic sulfate saltantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		2.4320
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		3.59201-benzofurans
nsc-89199
estramustine phosphate : A steroid phosphate which is the 17-O-phospho derivative of estramustine.		2.4520carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
steroid phosphate
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		3.853017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
n-methylserotonin oxalate salt
[no description available]		2.0310
nsc 95397
[no description available]		2.44201,4-naphthoquinones
phenethicillin
phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.		2.7630penicillin allergen;
penicillin
noscapine
Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.		2.4720aromatic ether;
benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
cyclic acetal;
isobenzofuranone;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antitussive;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
homoharringtonine
Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.		2.0510alkaloid ester;
enol ether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
protein synthesis inhibitor
acivicin
[no description available]		2.7430isoxazoles;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		antileishmanial agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist;
metabolite
pnu 120596
1-(5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)urea: an alpha7nAChR agonist; structure in first source		2.1110ureas
wortmannin
[no description available]		3.1450acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		1.9910
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol
O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.		2.0510carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid;
spiro-epoxide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor;
retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
bortezomib
[no description available]		4.0840amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		5.021201,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
nexavar
[no description available]		2.0510organosulfonate salt
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		2.0310
rimiterol
rimiterol: was heading 1977-94 (see under CATECHOLS 1977-90); use CATECHOLS to search RIMITEROL 1977-94; predominantly a beta 2 stimulant, therefore affects the cardiovascular system less than isoproterenol, but its action is of shorter duration than that of albuterol		210catechols
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		4.3141inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
canavanine
L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		2.9740D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
carnosine
polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth		4.5322amino acid zwitterion;
dipeptide		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
5-hydroxytryptophan
hydroxytryptophan : A hydroxy-amino acid that is tryptophan substituted by at least one hydroxy group at unspecified position.. 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan : The L-enantiomer of 5-hydroxytryptophan.		2.03105-hydroxytryptophan;
amino acid zwitterion;
hydroxy-L-tryptophan;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		11.8171heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
theanine
theanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; precursor of ethylamine; found in green tea. N(5)-ethyl-L-glutamine : A N(5)-alkylglutamine where the alkyl group is ethyl. It has been isolated from green tea.		8.9911amino acid zwitterion;
N(5)-alkyl-L-glutamine		geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		2.743011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
salicin
[no description available]		2.0710aromatic primary alcohol;
aryl beta-D-glucoside;
benzyl alcohols		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
puromycin
[no description available]		2.4620puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone
Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.		2.0310alpha-chloroketone;
sulfonamide		alkylating agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor
discretamine
(S)-scoulerine : A berberine alkaloid isolated from Corydalis saxicola.		2.0810berberine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		3.8530coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
monoiodotyrosine
Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
L-tyrosine derivative;
monoiodotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
taurolithocholic acid
Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.		2.0510bile acid taurine conjugate;
monocarboxylic acid amide		human metabolite
nitroarginine
Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.		2.0310guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
N-nitro compound;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
willardiine
willardiine: isolated from seeds of Acacia willariana; structure. 3-(uracil-1-yl)-L-alanine : The 3-(uracil-1-yl) derivative of L-alanine.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
L-alanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
tetrahydrocolumbamine
tetrahydrocolumbamine: a dopamine receptor ligand; from Polygala tenuifolia; structure given in first source. (S)-tetrahydrocolumbamine : A berberine alkaloid consisting of columbamine having four extra hydrogens at positions 5, 8, 13 and 13a and (S)-configuration.		2.0810berberine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
cortodoxone
Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.		2.4420deoxycortisol;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
(+)-limonene
(4R)-limonene : An optically active form of limonene having (4R)-configuration.		2.4620limoneneplant metabolite
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		2.1310monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		6.43310cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		9.5570alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		4.53701-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		4.2550beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		3.1550cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
moxalactam disodium
[no description available]		2.4620
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		4.87100L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
pancuronium
Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.		3.8530acetate ester;
steroid ester		cholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
rocuronium
Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.04103alpha-hydroxy steroid;
acetate ester;
androstane;
morpholines;
quaternary ammonium ion;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		4.41602,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		2.9540
trimethaphan camsylate
trimethaphan camsylate : The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.		2.0510
perindopril erbumine
[no description available]		2.0810addition compoundantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
miglitol
[no description available]		4.2650piperidines
amiodarone hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420aromatic ketone
mometasone furoate
Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
2-furoate ester;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
organochlorine compound;
steroid ester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
dicyclomine hydrochloride
dicyclomine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dicyclomine. An anticholinergic, it is used to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		2.4420hydrochlorideantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
metyrosine
alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.		3.8430L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
rocuronium bromide
rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.4520organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
nortriptyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640organic tricyclic compoundgeroprotector
mefloquine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0110
erythromycin estolate
Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.		2.9740aminoglycoside sulfate salt;
erythromycin derivative		enzyme inhibitor
kanamycin sulfate
[no description available]		2.4620aminoglycoside sulfate saltantibacterial drug;
geroprotector
paromomycin sulfate
paromomycin sulfate : An aminoglycoside sulfate salt resulting from the treatment of paromomycin with sulfuric acid. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		2.7430
terconazole
terconazole: structure & RN for (cis)-isomer from first source. terconazole : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-terconazole. It has broad-spectrum antifungal activitiy and is used for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections (Candida).. (2R,4S)-terconazole : A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have R and S configuration, respectively.		2.02101-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine
bacampicillin
bacampicillin: ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bacampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.		2.0210penicillanic acid esterprodrug
linezolid
[no description available]		4.7690acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
(S)-bicalutamide
(S)-bicalutamide : A N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide that is the (S)-enantiomer of bicalutamide.		2.0710N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide
norpseudoephedrine
norpseudoephedrine: major metabolite of diethylpropion in man under acidic urine conditions; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation;. cathine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1S,2S-stereoisomer).		2.110amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		central nervous system stimulant;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug
Dubinidine
[no description available]		2.0310organic heterotricyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle
cyclopamine
[no description available]		2.4520piperidinesglioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal: a proteasome inhibitor. acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal : A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and norleucinal residues joined in sequence.		2.0310aldehyde;
tripeptide		cysteine protease inhibitor
s-(4-azidophenacyl)glutathione
S-(4-azidophenacyl)glutathione: photoaffinity label deriv of glutathione; inhibits glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5)		2.0310peptide
hydroxylamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
devazepide
Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.		2.47201,4-benzodiazepinone;
indolecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
gastrointestinal drug
chloramphenicol palmitate
chloramphenicol palmitate: RN given refers to ((R-(R*,R*))-isomer)		2.7430hexadecanoate ester
clindamycin phosphate
[no description available]		3.2310
sb 228357
SB 228357: a neuroleptic with equivalent or higher antagonist affinity for 5-HT2 than for dopamine D2 receptor		2.4420indolyl carboxylic acid
canadine, (r)-isomer
(R)-canadine : A canadine which has R configuration.		2.0810canadine
3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine
(S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine : A glycine derivative that is L-alpha-phenylglycine substituted at positions 3 and 5 on the phenyl ring by hydroxy groups.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
resorcinols
actinonin
actinonin: natural hydroxamic acid, pseudopeptide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces species; structure		2.4420
calcium pantothenate
[no description available]		2.4620polymer
pemirolast potassium salt
[no description available]		2.0810
mepirodipine
mepirodipine: RN & structure given in first source; RN refers to (S,S)-isomer		2.0710dihydropyridine
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		3.61203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
tolterodine
[no description available]		4.86100tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
doxorubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7530anthracycline
halcinonide
Halcinonide: A glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of DERMATITIS; ECZEMA; or PSORIASIS. It may cause skin irritation.		2.0710organic molecular entitySMO receptor agonist
metrizamide
Metrizamide: A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.		2.0710amino sugar
dironyl
dironyl: pronounced antifertility agent in rats; lactation suppressor in other species; serotonin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4220organic molecular entity
erythromycin ethylsuccinate
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.		2.4420cyclic ketone;
erythromycin derivative;
ethyl ester;
succinate ester
vinpocetine
vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.7530alkaloidgeroprotector
amcinonide
amcinonide: structure		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
spiroketal		anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone acetate
[no description available]		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
fluorinated steroid;
steroid ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
tibolone
tibolone: used in prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. tibolone : Estran-3-one with a double bond between positions 5 and 10, and bearing both an ethynyl group and a hydroxy group at position 17 (R-configuration). A synthetic steroid hormone drug which acts as an agonist at all five type I steroid hormone receptors, it is used in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for treatment of endometriosis.		2.081017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		bone density conservation agent;
hormone agonist
ao 128
AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.4720organic molecular entity
loteprednol etabonate
Loteprednol Etabonate: An androstadiene derivative corticosteroid that is used as an ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic eye conditions.		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
etabonate ester;
organochlorine compound;
steroid acid ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
darifenacin
darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.		3.87301-benzofurans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidines		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
dihydroergocristine monomesylate
dihydroergocristine mesylate : The methanesulfonic acid salt of dihydroergocristine. It has been used as the for the symptomatic treatment of mental deterioration associated with cerebrovascular insufficiency and in peripheral vascular disease. It is also a component of ergoloid mesylate (codergocrine mesilate), a mixture of ergot alkaloid derivatives that is used as a vasodilator and has shown mild benefits in the treatment of vascular dementia.		2.4420methanesulfonate saltalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
fluticasone propionate
fluticasone propionate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity.		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester;
thioester		adrenergic agent;
anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
dermatologic drug
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		3.6180cyclodextrin
acarbose
[no description available]		3.1450amino cyclitol;
glycoside
maleic acid
maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.		2.4620butenedioic acidalgal metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid
cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid		2.110cinnamic acidplant metabolite
trichostatin a
trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES		2.0310antibiotic antifungal agent;
hydroxamic acid;
trichostatin		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		4.94110retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		3.1450icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		10.3262resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		3.5920retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
cyanoginosin lr
cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.		2.4620microcystinbacterial metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.0510D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
docosahexaenoate
efalex: a mixture of fish oil and primrose oil; used as a high-docosahexaenoic acid fatty acid supplement. docosahexaenoic acid : Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.. docosahexaenoate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of docosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.. all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid : A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.		2.0510docosahexaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.9940octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		9.7890macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
cerivastatin
cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		8.75100dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines;
statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		4.460dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		9.49273benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid
icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.		4.1831icosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		anticholesteremic drug;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		2.4420butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		4.06402-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		2.4520alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		9.5470
brivudine
brivudine: anti-herpes agent		2.0310
5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene-2,8-diol
5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene-2,8-diol: estrogen receptor ligand; structure in first source. (R,R)-5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydro-2,8-chrysenediol : A carbotetracyclic compound that is 5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 8 and by ethyl groups at positions 5 and 11 (the 5R,11R-stereoisomer). It is an agonist of ER-alpha and antagonist of ER-beta receptors.		2.4420carbotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol		estrogen receptor agonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		4.460epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		4.85100macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid
2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid: structure in first source		2.0310
drf 2725
ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma		2.7530
y 27632
Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.		2.0310aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide)
Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.		2.0310adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
benzoylecgonine
benzoylecgonine: cocaine is benzoyl methyl ecgonine; RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer; structure. ecgonine benzoate : A benzoate ester metabolite of cocaine formed by hydrolysis of the methyl ester group, catalysed by carboxylesterases.		5.7632benzoate ester;
tropane alkaloid		epitope;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		2.4320olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
bms 214662
7-cyano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-3-(phenylmethyl)-4-(2-thienylsulfonyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine: a farnesyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source. BMS-214662 : A member of the class of benzodiazepines that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine substituted by (1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl, benzyl, (thiophen-2-yl)sulfonyl, and cyano groups at positions 1, 3R, 4 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of farnesyltransferase (IC50 = 1.35nM) which was under clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors.		2.0410benzenes;
benzodiazepine;
imidazoles;
nitrile;
sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
octreotide
[no description available]		3.2310
epothilone a
Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).		2.0310epothilone;
epoxide		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
eptifibatide
[no description available]		3.5820homodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
organic disulfide		anticoagulant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime
6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime: structure in first source. 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime : A member of the class of biindoles that is indirubin substituted at position 6 by a bromo group and in which the keto group at position 3' has undergone condensation with hydroxylamine to form the corresponding oxime.		2.0510
alitretinoin
Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.		2.0510retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
metabolite;
retinoid X receptor agonist
L-cycloserine
L-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has S configuration. An antibiotic isolated from Erwinia uredovora.		2.03104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-oneanti-HIV agent;
anticonvulsant;
EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor
h 89
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.7630N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
gs 4071
GS 4071: The acid form.. oseltamivir acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 5 by pentan-3-yloxy, acetamido, and amino groups, respectively (the 3R,4R,5S enantiomer). An antiviral drug, it is used as the corresponding ethyl ester prodrug, oseltamivir, to slow the spread of influenza.		2.7430acetate ester;
amino acid;
cyclohexenecarboxylic acid;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
decitabine
[no description available]		4.26502'-deoxyribonucleoside
1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-d-arabinitol
[no description available]		2.0310
sm 8668
Sch 39304: Sch 42427 is the active entantiomer of the antifungal agent Sch 39304 which consists of Sch 42426 & Sch 42427; Sch 42426, the (S,S)-isomer, is inactive		2.4520
teniposide
[no description available]		4.4160aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
troxacitabine
troxacitabine: shows good anti-HIV activity without cytotoxicity		2.0410carbohydrate derivative;
nucleobase-containing molecular entity
valrubicin
[no description available]		2.0810anthracycline;
trifluoroacetamide
purvalanol a
6-((3-chloro)anilino)-2-(isopropyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-9-isopropylpurine: purvalanol A is the (1R)-isomer;		2.0310purvalanol
cefamandole
Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.		2.9640cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		4.2550actinomycinmutagen
tiazofurin
tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).		2.45201,3-thiazoles;
C-glycosyl compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
azaserine
Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.		2.4620carboxylic ester;
diazo compound;
L-serine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glutamine antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		4.85100L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
sitafloxacin
[no description available]		2.7430fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.		1.9910pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.		2.0310amino aldehyde;
carbamate ester;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.0840nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole
[no description available]		3.6120aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
dibekacin
Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.		2.0410kanamycinsantibacterial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
rubitecan
rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.		2.4720C-nitro compound;
delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		3.8630antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		3.5920flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		3.8630one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous
Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.		2.0510organic sodium saltNMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate
Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.		2.0510organic sodium saltalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
arsenic trioxide
Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.		3.8630arsenic oxideantineoplastic agent;
insecticide
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		2.0510organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
ditiocarb sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
amiridine
amiridine: do not confuse with neuromedin		3.4311aminoquinoline
ar-c239
AR-C239: structure given in first source; alpha(2B)-selective adrenoreceptor		2.0210piperazines
artemisin
[no description available]		2.0610
idarubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620anthracycline
sch 22219
alclometasone dipropionate : A prednisolone compound having an alpha-chloro substituent at the 7-position, an alpha-methyl substituent at the 16-position and O-propanoyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
sr 90107
fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux.		3.2310
carbenoxolone sodium
Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.		2.4620triterpenoid
carbenoxolone
[no description available]		2.0510
meglumine iodipamide
[no description available]		3.2310organoammonium saltradioopaque medium
isoliquiritigenin
[no description available]		2.4420chalconesantineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
GABA modulator;
geroprotector;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor antagonist
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.		3.2310peptide hormone;
tripeptide		human metabolite
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.0310chloroquine
sorbic acid
Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.		2.110alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
sorbic acid
rauwolscine
Rauwolscine: A stereoisomer of yohimbine.		2.7530methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate
discodermolide
[no description available]		2.0510diterpenoid
dextromethadone
D-methadone: an NMDA receptor antagonist analgesic that lacks opioid activity. dextromethadone : A 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one that has (S)-configuration. It is the less active enantiomer of methadone and has very little activity on opioid receptors and mainly responsible for the inhibition of hERG K+ channels and thus for cardiac toxicity. The drug is currently under clinical development for the treatment of major depressive disorder.		2.03106-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-oneNMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
cannabidiol
Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		5.3741olefinic compound;
phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite
malonyl coenzyme a
Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid.		2.9910malonyl-CoAsEC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		3.8630vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
gw9662
2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding		2.4420benzamides
s 1033
[no description available]		3.6120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
imidazoles;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
calmidazolium
calmidazolium chloride : The organic choride salt of calmidazolium.		2.4420organic chloride saltapoptosis inducer;
calmodulin antagonist
mezlocillin
Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.7330penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
trilostane
trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.		2.081017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
epoxy steroid;
nitrile		abortifacient;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
cholinophyllin
[no description available]		2.0210
tropisetron hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
tropisetron
Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.		6.7161indolyl carboxylic acid
Reactive blue 2
[no description available]		2.0310anthraquinone
5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2h-benzimidazol-2-one
5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one: stimulates Cl- secretion in the mouse jejunum		2.0310dichlorobenzene
quinidine sulfate
[no description available]		2.4420
leuprolide acetate
leuprolide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining the nonapeptide leuprolide with acetic acid. A long lasting GnRH analog, LH-Rh agonist. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		2.0810acetate saltantineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		2.4920oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
fludarabine
[no description available]		2.4320purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		4.6580pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
ipratropium bromide anhydrous
[no description available]		2.4320
methamilane methiodide
[no description available]		2.0310
pilocarpine nitrate
[no description available]		2.0310
r 59949
R 59949: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor		2.7630diarylmethane
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine
[no description available]		2.4420
methylatropine nitrate
[no description available]		2.0310
prothionamide
Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.		2.0510pyridines
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		3.4211
chlorprothixene
Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.		4.460chlorprothixene
doxepin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.110
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		4.2550ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		4.7590aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
methylthiouracil
Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.0710pyrimidone
dexketoprofen
dexketoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is (S)-hydratropic acid substituted at position 3 on the phenyl ring by a benzoyl group. A cyclooxygenase inhibitor, it is used to relieve short-term pain, such as muscular pain, dental pain and dysmenorrhoea.		2.0310benzophenones;
monocarboxylic acid		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sb 366791
N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-chlorocinnamanilide: a TRPV1 antagonist; structure in first source		2.4420
ag-213
tyrphostin 47: inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase activity of EGF-R both in vitro and in living cells;		2.4420
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.		2.4420catechols;
polyphenol;
resorcinols;
stilbenol		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bemesetron
[no description available]		2.7130
1-methyltryptophan
1-methyltryptophan: an immunomodulator. 1-methyltryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan carrying a single methyl substituent at position 1 on the indole.		2.1510indolyl carboxylic acid
crotamiton
[no description available]		2.0710
(S)-(-)-pindolol
[no description available]		2.0310pindolol
levosulpiride
(S)-(-)-sulpiride : An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).		2.7130sulpirideantidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		2.0310caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
ondansetron, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
pyrantel
Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.		3.23101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
thiophenes		antinematodal drug
4-fluorophenyl-L-alanine
4-fluorophenyl-L-alanine : A L-phenylalanine derivative that is L-phenylalanine in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a fluoro group.		2.44204-fluorophenylalanine;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
phenylthiazolylthiourea
Phenylthiazolylthiourea: A dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor.		2.0510
urocanic acid
Urocanic Acid: 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.. urocanic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine.. trans-urocanic acid : A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration.		2.0310urocanic acidhuman metabolite
(2'-(4-aminophenyl)-(2,5'-bi-1h-benzimidazol)-5-amine)
[no description available]		2.0510benzimidazoles
cotinine
Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.		8.2960N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid		antidepressant;
biomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
flunarizine
Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.		2.4720diarylmethane
thiothixene
[no description available]		5.3260N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone
Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.		3.8630zopiclonecentral nervous system depressant;
sedative
tetrahydropalmatine
[no description available]		2.0810
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		2.1710aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		6.87112diarylmethane
6-thioxanthine
6-thioxanthine: gpt/6-TXenzyme/prodrug pair is a promising alternative to the thymidine kinase gene and ganciclovir combination in the gene therapy of cancer		3.1210
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		4.77901,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
cinnarizine
Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.		3.360diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine;
olefinic compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		4.95110monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		2.9740capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene
Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.		2.0210
zuclomiphene
Zuclomiphene: The cis or (Z)-isomer of clomiphene.		2.0610stilbenoid
levocetirizine
[no description available]		3.3110diarylmethane
terbinafine
[no description available]		4.460acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
cysteine sulfinic acid
3-sulfino-L-alanine : The organosulfinic acid arising from oxidation of the sulfhydryl group of L-cysteine.		2.0310organosulfinic acid;
S-substituted L-cysteine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist;
mouse metabolite
epalrestat
epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid;
thiazolidines		EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
d-ap7
[no description available]		2.0310
drotaverin
drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.1550isoquinolines
tg 003
TG 003: a Clk inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0510
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		4.25502-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
(1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride
(1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.9640hydrochloride
tacrine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430
sodium propionate
sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.		2.0510organic sodium saltantifungal drug;
food preservative
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		12.13224cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		2.4620thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
4-bromotetramisole, oxalate (1:1), salt(s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		3.5620dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		5.03120cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
4-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester, hydrochloride, (dl)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
streptozocin
[no description available]		4.2550
capsazepine
capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.		2.4420benzazepine;
catechols;
monochlorobenzenes;
thioureas		capsaicin receptor antagonist
diphenyleneiodium chloride
dibenziodolium chloride : An organic chloride salt having dibenziodolium as the counterion.		2.4420organic chloride saltEC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
G-protein-coupled receptor agonist
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, (cis)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
tamoxifen citrate
[no description available]		2.4420citrate saltangiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent
tamoxifen
[no description available]		11.16160stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
4-methylumbelliferyl glucoside
4-methylumbelliferyl glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-glucoside : A beta-D-glucoside having a 4-methylumbelliferyl substituent at the anomeric position.		2.110beta-D-glucoside;
coumarins;
monosaccharide derivative		chromogenic compound
pimagedine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		2.1310
Betaine Aldehyde Chloride
[no description available]		2.0310quaternary ammonium salt
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		4.0740pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
cancidas
[no description available]		3.5820
eskazine
[no description available]		2.4420
3-(n,n-dimethylsulfonamido)-4-methyl-nitrobenzene
BRL-50481 : A C-nitro compound that is benzene substituted by N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl, methyl and nitro groups at positions 1, 2 and 5, respectively. It is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor selective for the PDE7 subtype (Ki = 180 nM).		2.0510C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		bone density conservation agent;
EC 3.1.4.53 (3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
monastrol
monastrol: stops mitosis by fostering formation of monopolar spindles; structure in first source. (S)-monastrol : An ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate that has S configuration.. monastrol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-monastrol.. ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate : A member of the class of thioureas that is 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1)-thione substituted by a 3-hydroxyphenyl group at position 4, an ethoxycarbonyl group at position 5, and a methyl group at position 6.		2.0310enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
phenols;
racemate;
thioureas		antileishmanial agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		2.763011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
scopolamine
[no description available]		2.07103-hydroxy carboxylic acid
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		3.8530carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
valinomycin
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.		2.4720cyclodepsipeptide;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
antiviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.7430barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
estrone sulfate
estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.051017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		4.0840C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
aplaviroc
aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source		3.2310
hmr 3647
[no description available]		4.7690
latoconazole
latoconazole: RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation; latoconazole is (E)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug
maraviroc
[no description available]		4.140tropane alkaloid
toremifene citrate
[no description available]		2.0810stilbenoidanticoronaviral agent
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		3.8530aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.4420aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
telaprevir
[no description available]		2.0510cyclopentapyrrole;
cyclopropanes;
oligopeptide;
pyrazines		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
nelarabine
nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).		3.8730beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
pica
Pica: The persistent eating of non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month.		2.1310
4-diphenylacetoxy-n-methylpiperidine methiodide
4-DAMP methiodide : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by combining equimolar amounts of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine and iodomethane.		2.7530iodide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		cholinergic antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
2-[(2-ethoxyphenoxy)-phenylmethyl]morpholine
[no description available]		2.9640aromatic ether
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine: an mGlu5 antagonist. 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine : A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.		2.0310acetylenic compound;
methylpyridines		anxiolytic drug;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		14.325013alkali metal atom
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		3.2310amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
dezocine
dezocine: potent analgesic; RN given refers to ((5R-(5alpha,11alpha,13S*)))-isomer (dezocin); structure. dezocine : (7S,8S)-7-Amino-8-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogen at position 8 and one of the hydrogens at position 6 are substituted by each end of a tetramethylene bridge. A synthetic opioid analgesic, it has mixed opiod agonist and antagonist properties. Although it is used for pain management, it can produce opioid withdrawal syndrome in patients already dependent on other opioids, and its clinical application is limited by side effects such as dizziness.		2.0210phenols;
primary amino compound		opioid analgesic
dapiprazole
[no description available]		2.0210N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
miotic;
ophthalmology drug
droloxifene
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
raclopride
Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.		14.64408salicylamides
dolasetron
[no description available]		4.7590indolyl carboxylic acid
or 1259
[no description available]		2.4520hydrazone;
nitrile;
pyridazinone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
almokalant
almokalant: structure given in first source		2.4420
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		2.7530steroidestrogen
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		3.8730beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
idoxifene
idoxifene: structure given in first source		2.0510stilbenoid
quinine
[no description available]		5.17140cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
zofenoprilate
zofenoprilate: RN given refers to ((1(R*),2alpha,4alpha)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 9/90. zofenoprilat : A proline derivative that is 4-(phenylsulfanyl)-L-proline in which the amine proton is replaced by a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. The active metabolite of zofenopril.		210aryl sulfide;
L-proline derivative;
N-acyl-L-amino acid;
thiol		anticonvulsant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester
[no description available]		1.9810
1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole-2-thiol
1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole-2-thiol: RN & structure given in first source; RN not in Chemline 3/87		2.0310
glyceryl nonivamide
N-(4-O-glycerol-3-methoxybenzyl)nonivamide: structure given in first source		2.0610
2-chloro-n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-n-methyluronamide
2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide: structure given in first source		2.4420
thioperamide
thioperamide: structure given in first source; histamine H3 receptor antagonist		2.4220primary aliphatic amine
cystine
[no description available]		4.9921
sch 23390
SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.		2.9940benzazepine
isepamicin
[no description available]		2.0410
ifetroban
ifetroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; a 7-oxabicyclo(2.2.1)heptane derivative		2.0410benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
lamifiban
lamifiban: a nonpeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist; prevents platelet loss during experimental cardiopulmonary bypass		2.0410N-acylglycine
bp 897
BP 897: a dopamine D3 receptor agonist; structure in first source		3.8230naphthalenecarboxamide
fospropofol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
vx-745
[no description available]		2.0710aryl sulfide;
dichlorobenzene;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidopyridazine		anti-inflammatory drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
azilect
[no description available]		2.0810
rasagiline
[no description available]		3.2310indanes;
secondary amine;
terminal acetylenic compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
deracoxib
SC 046: structure in first source. deracoxib : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3, and 5 by 4-sulfamoylphenyl, difluoromethyl and 3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl groups, respectively. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it is used in veterinary medicine for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs.		2.0710organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
trequinsin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		4.31501,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
neboglamine
neboglamine: potential memory enhancer		2.0310
2-aminohippuric acid
[no description available]		2.0710N-acylglycine
tocainide, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
zd 6474
CH 331: structure in first source		2.0510aromatic ether;
organobromine compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines;
secondary amine		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
telavancin
telavancin: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. telavancin : A glycopeptide that is vancomycin substituted at position N-3'' by a 2-(decylamino)ethyl group and at position C-29 by a (phosphonomethyl)aminomethyl group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of adults with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by bacteria.		2.0410glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
benzyltetrahydropalmatine
[no description available]		2.0210
silybin
[no description available]		2.0510
benzatropine methanesulfonate
benzatropine mesylate : The methanesulfonate salt of benzatropine. An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		2.4420
sb 203186
[no description available]		2.0310indolyl carboxylic acid
n-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-n'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea
N-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-N'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea: a 5-HT(2B) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. 1-(1-methylindol-5-yl)-3-(3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl)urea : A member of ther class of ureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens has been replaced by an N-methylindol-5-yl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen has been replaced by a 3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl group. It is a potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B (5-HT2B) receptor.		2.44201,2-thiazoles;
indoles;
ureas		receptor modulator;
serotonergic antagonist
rs-130830
RS-130830: orally-active broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor		2.0710
gw 7647
GW 7647: a PPAR-alpha agonist; structure in first source. GW 7647 : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-(phenylsulfanyl)isobutyric acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para- position by a 3-aza-7-cyclohexylhept-1-yl group in which the nitrogen is acylated by a (cyclohexylamino)carbonyl group.		2.4420aryl sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
ureas		PPARalpha agonist
nafadotride
nafadotride: structure given in first source. nafadotride : A naphthalenecarboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 4-cyano-1-methoxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 1-(1-butylpyrrolidin-2-yl]methanamine. It is a highly potent, competitive, preferential dopamine D3 receptor antagonist, centrally active upon systemic administration.		3.7930aromatic ether;
naphthalenecarboxamide;
nitrile;
pyrrolidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		2.0510organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
ro 41-0960
[no description available]		2.4420
n-desmethylvenlafaxine
N-desmethylvenlafaxine: structure in first source. N-desmethylvenlafaxine : A monomethoxybenzene that is the N-desmethyl derivative of venlafaxine.		2.520cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
secondary amino compound		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
cgp 13501
CGP 13501: structure in first source		2.0310alkylbenzene
rs 100329
RS 100329: an alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0210piperazines
n-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-3-methoxybenzamide
N-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-3-methoxybenzamide: dopamine D4 ligand; structure in first source		2.4420
chloramine-t
chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.		2.0510organic sodium saltallergen;
antifouling biocide;
disinfectant
2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine
2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine: activates mGlu(5) receptors; structure in first source		2.0310
l 663536
MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.		2.0510aryl sulfide;
indoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist
brl 15572
3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1-diphenylpropan-2-ol : An N-alkylpiperazine that is 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine carrying a 3,3-diphenyl-2-hydroxyprop-1-yl group at position 4. A selective h5-HT1D antagonist, displaying 60-fold selectivity over h5-HT1B, and exhibiting little or no affinity for a range of other receptor types.		2.4420monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol		geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
mrs 1523
2,3-diethyl-4,5-dipropyl-6-phenylpyridine-3-thiocarboxylate-5-carboxylate: adenosine A3 receptor antagonist		2.4420
rs 102221
[no description available]		2.110aromatic ketone
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.		2.420quinoxaline derivative
or486
OR486: structure given in first source		2.0310
rs 17053
[no description available]		2.0210indoles
fg 9041
FG 9041: structure given in first source		2.4420quinoxaline derivative
iik7
IIK7: structure in first source		2.0310
sb 415286
3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylamino)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: a glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.4420C-nitro compound;
maleimides;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
dm 235
DM 235: structure in first source		2.4420
jhw 015
[no description available]		2.4420indolecarboxamide
bw 723c86
[no description available]		2.4420tryptamines
sc 560
SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.		2.7330aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sc-19220
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic ether
le 300
[no description available]		2.4420indoles
sitagliptin
sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		4.6780triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
osteoprotegerin
Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.		2.2110long-chain fatty acid
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol: (-)-CP-55,940 and (+)-CP-56,667 are enantiomers; RN refers to CP-55,940		2.0510alkylbenzene;
ring assembly
flosequinan
[no description available]		2.4420quinolines
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		2.4420organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
ly 367265
LY 367265: a 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter inhibitor; a 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist; structure in first source. LY-367,265 : A fluoroindole that is 1H-indole in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 6 are replaced by 1-[2-(2,2-dioxo-5,6-dihydro-4H-2lambda(6)-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[4,3,2-ij]quinolin-1(2H)-yl)ethyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of the 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (Ki = 2.3 nM) and an antagonist of 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptor (Ki = 0.81 nM).		2.4420dihydropyridine;
fluoroindole;
tertiary amino compound;
thiadiazoloquinoline		antidepressant;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		4.861002-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
diclofenac sodium
Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of DICLOFENAC. It is used for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.. diclofenac sodium : The sodium salt of diclofenac.		2.0310organic sodium salt
cgp 7930
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl)phenol: structure in first source		2.4420alkylbenzene
1,3,5-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-propyl-1h-pyrazole
4,4',4''-(4-propylpyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)trisphenol : A pyrazole that is 1H-pyrazole bearing three 4-hydroxyphenyl substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5 as well as a propyl substituent at position 4. Potent, subtype-selective estrogen receptor agonist (EC50 ~ 200 pM); displays 410-fold selectivity for ERalpha over ERbeta. Prevents ovariectomy-induced weight gain and loss of bone mineral density, and induces gene expression in the hypothalamus following systemic administration in vivo.		2.4420phenols;
pyrazoles		estrogen receptor agonist
sib 1757
SIB 1757: a selective mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source		2.4420
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		2.4520sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		2.75307-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		4.1231biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		2.9940prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
tylosin
[no description available]		2.110aldehyde;
disaccharide derivative;
enone;
leucomycin;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative		allergen;
bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		2.7330trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		2.03103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		4.2550D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		2.0710
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		2.4720carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
retinol palmitate
retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.		2.4620all-trans-retinyl ester;
retinyl palmitate		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
daphnetin
[no description available]		2.4420hydroxycoumarin
alprostadil
[no description available]		2.9740prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		4.0940hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		5.131D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid
linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.		2.0510linolenic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
genistein
[no description available]		2.73307-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		4.5470antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		3.1450oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		4.9411011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		3.8730
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		4.6680dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		4.87100aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium
Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.		3.5820isoquinolines
timolol maleate
(S)-timolol maleate : The maleic acid salt of the active (S)-enantiomer of timolol, comprising equimolar amounts of (S)-timolol and maleic acid.		2.9640maleate saltanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
brompheniramine maleate
brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.1550maleate saltanti-allergic agent
chlorpheniramine maleate
[no description available]		2.9640organic molecular entity
clemastine fumarate
clemastine fumarate : The fumaric acid salt of clemastine. An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		2.9640fumarate saltanti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
dexchlorpheniramine maleate
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
olopatadine
[no description available]		2.0210
methylergonovine maleate
[no description available]		2.9640ergoline alkaloidgeroprotector
hemabate
carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		3.2310
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.8730carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
bw b1090u
[no description available]		2.0210isoquinolines
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		4.66802-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol
[no description available]		4.0840hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane		antiparathyroid drug
astaxanthine
astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.		2.7430carotenol;
carotenone		animal metabolite;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
food colouring;
plant metabolite
harman
harman: a beta-carboline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. harman : An indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.		2.4420harmala alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid		anti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
humulene
humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.		5.5431alpha-humulene
diosmin
[no description available]		2.0510dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone;
rutinoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant
morin
morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.		2.48207-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
myricetin
[no description available]		2.44207-hydroxyflavonol;
hexahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
food component;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
daidzein
[no description available]		2.46207-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
cynarine
cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent		2.0510alkyl caffeate ester;
quinic acid		plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester
phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.		2.4420alkyl caffeate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
rottlerin
rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.		2.4420aromatic ketone;
benzenetriol;
chromenol;
enone;
methyl ketone		anti-allergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
K-ATP channel agonist;
metabolite
flupenthixol
cis-flupenthixol : A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration.		2.9640flupenthixoldopaminergic antagonist
sdz psc 833
valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215		2.9640homodetic cyclic peptide
estradiol-17 beta-glucuronide
17beta-estradiol 17-glucosiduronic acid : A steroid glucosiduronic acid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having a beta-glucuronyl residue attached at position 17 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.46203-hydroxy steroid;
steroid glucosiduronic acid
l 660,711
[no description available]		2.4720quinolines
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		7.4920ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
n-oleoyldopamine
N-oleoyldopamine: putative capsaicin receptor ligand; produces hyperalgesia; isolated from the brain. N-oleoyldopamine : A fatty amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of oleic acid with the amino group of dopamine. Synthesised in catecholaminergic neurons, it crosses the blood-brain barrier and might be considered as a carrier of dopamine into the brain. It is a transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor agonist.		2.4420catechols;
fatty amide;
N-(fatty acyl)-dopamine;
secondary carboxamide		TRPV1 agonist
cilnidipine
[no description available]		2.07102-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug
pheniramine maleate
Naphcon A: tradename; contains above compounds; ophthalmic solution		2.7430organic molecular entity
travoprost
Travoprost: A cloprostenol derivative that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.. travoprost : The isopropyl ester of prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of travoprost are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a pro-drug; the isopropyl ester group is hydrolysed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active free acid, fluprostenol.		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
prostaglandin receptor agonist
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		2.9740amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		3.5620cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
trimipramine maleate
[no description available]		2.4420maleate saltantidepressant
imipenem
[no description available]		2.0810carbapenems
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		2.7430enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		4.85100retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		2.4420
xylometazoline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
flunarizine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420diarylmethane
ketotifen fumarate
ketotifen fumarate : An organoammonium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of ketotifen(1+) and fumarate(1-) ions. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is a non-bronchodilator anti-asthmatic drug.		2.7430organoammonium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
epoprostenol
[no description available]		3.5620prostaglandins Imouse metabolite
indocyanine green
[no description available]		3.58201,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
dinoprost tromethamine
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
dothiepin hydrochloride
Dothiepin: A tricyclic antidepressant with some tranquilizing action.		7.0410dothiepin
ozagrel
ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer		2.0510cinnamic acids
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		4.0940N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		3.5920cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
rosuvastatin calcium
S 4522: structure in first source		2.0810N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphoethanolamine;
organic calcium salt		anti-inflammatory agent;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor
terbinafine hydrochloride
terbinafine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of terbinafine with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride.		2.0810allylamine antifungal drug;
hydrochloride		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
cis-flupenthixol dihydrochloride
cis-flupenthixol dihydrochloride : The dihydrochloride salt of cis-flupenthixol.		2.7430hydrochloridegeroprotector
ethamolin
monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma		3.2310long-chain fatty acid
betamethasone benzoate
[no description available]		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		3.5920
homatropine
[no description available]		2.0710tropane alkaloid
9,11-linoleic acid
9,11-linoleic acid: a conjugated dienoic linoleate (CLA); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation in Chemline. (9E,11E)-octadecadienoic acid : An octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid having 9-trans,11-trans-stereochemistry.		2.1510octadeca-9,11-dienoic acidanti-inflammatory agent;
antiatherogenic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
human metabolite
n-arachidonylglycine
N-arachidonylglycine: structure in first source. N-arachidonoylglycine : Biologically active derivative of anandamide		2.4420fatty amide;
N-acylglycine
n-oleoylethanolamine
N-oleoylethanolamine: ceramidase inhibitor. oleoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of oleic acid. The monounsaturated analogue of the endocannabinoid anandamide.		2.4420endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-acylethanolamine 18:1		EC 3.5.1.23 (ceramidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol
Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.		2.21101-acylglycerol 18:1;
monooleoylglycerol		plant metabolite
codeine
[no description available]		5.16140morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		5.17140homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640organic molecular entity
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		3.5820hydrochloride
natamycin
[no description available]		2.4720antibiotic antifungal drug;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
ophthalmology drug
mepyramine maleate
histosol: proprietary mixture of synthetic aromatic hydrocarbons forming an extremely nonpolar organic solvent		2.4420
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		4.2750acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
cyproterone
Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.		2.041017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		androgen antagonist
dihydrocodeine
dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.110morphinane alkaloid
dorzolamide
dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.0210sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
dothiepin
[no description available]		2.0510dothiepin
estropipate
estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients		3.2310piperazinium salt;
steroid sulfate
granisetron
Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.		9.9821aromatic amide;
indazoles
hydrocodone
Hydrocodone: Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant.. hydrocodone : A morphinane-like compound that is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from codeine.		2.4620morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		4.2450morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		4.4260pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		4.0740carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
nabilone
nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		3.360morphinane alkaloid
nalorphine
Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.		2.0510morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		5.1130morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		4.4160organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		3.5920morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		3.5920phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
proscillaridin
Proscillaridin: A cardiotonic glycoside isolated from Scilla maritima var. alba (Squill).		2.0310organic molecular entity
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		4.2550antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		12.5294cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride
trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.2310
brefeldin a
[no description available]		2.7330macrolide antibioticPenicillium metabolite
alvocidib
alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.		2.7830dihydroxyflavone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
seocalcitol
seocalcitol: structure given in first source		2.0510
fenretinide
Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.		2.7430monocarboxylic acid amide;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant
geldanamycin
[no description available]		2.44201,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
cysteine protease inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor
calcipotriene
[no description available]		2.0210cyclopropanes;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antipsoriatic;
drug allergen
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		5.34170morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
demycarosylturimycin h
[no description available]		2.4720
su 9516
[no description available]		2.0510
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. arotinoid acid : A retinoid that consists of benzoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a synthetic retinoid that acts as a selective agonist for the retinoic acid receptors (RAR).		2.4420benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
teratogenic agent
ar c67085mx
PSB-0413: a selective antagonist radioligand for platelet P2Y12 receptors		2.0710
l-2-(carboxypropyl)glycine
[no description available]		2.0310
trans-metanicotine
metanicotine: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.1310
ar-r 17779
AR-R 17779: structure in first source		210
3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)anabaseine
3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)anabaseine: an alpha7nAChR nicotinic receptor agonist		2.4420dimethoxybenzene
4-aminocrotonic acid
[no description available]		2.0310
acipimox
acipimox: lipolysis inhibitor		2.0810pyrazinecarboxylic acid
atosiban
[no description available]		2.0810oligopeptide
benzphetamine
Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.		3.2310amphetamines;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
appetite depressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
sympathomimetic agent
bimatoprost
Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid amideantiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent
(endo-n-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo-(3.2.1)oct-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-3-isopropyl-2-oxo-1h-benzimidazol-1-carboxamide
(endo-N-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo-(3.2.1)oct-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-3-isopropyl-2-oxo-1H-benzimidazol-1-carboxamide: potent agonist at the 5-HT(4) receptor positively coupled to adenylate cyclase in brain; structure given in first source		2.1110
cicaprost
cicaprost: RN given refers to (3aS-(2E,3aalpha,4alpha(3R*,4R*),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer		2.0410monoterpenoid
clobetasol
Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
SMO receptor agonist
denopamine
denopamine: structure given in first source		2.4420dimethoxybenzene
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		642heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
desoximetasone
Desoximetasone: A topical anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in DERMATOSES, skin allergies, PSORIASIS, etc.. desoximetasone : Dexamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position is substituted by hydrogen. A synthetic corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic in the treatment of various skin disorders, including skin allergies and psoriasis.		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		6.0650medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		2.432011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
goserelin
Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.		3.5620organic molecular entity
halobetasol
halobetasol: used in ointment to treat psoriasis; Ulobetasol cream contains 0.05% 6-fluoroclobetasol 17-propionate		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.4520carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
preclamol
preclamol: centrally acting dopamine receptor agonist with selectivity for autoreceptors		2.0210
l 745870
3-((4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo(2,3-b)pyridine: selective for D(4) receptors; structure in first source		3.110piperazines
l 365260
L 365260: a CCK-B antagonist; structure given in first source; potent & selective CCK-B & gastrin receptor ligand; L 365260 and L 365346 are (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers, respectively		2.0210benzodiazepine
l 655,708
[no description available]		2.4420
latanoprost
Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.4520isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha;
triol		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
prodrug
lysophosphatidic acid
lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.		2.03101-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
mdl 100907
Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.		7.27301
ml 10302
2-piperidinoethyl 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoate: structure in first source		2.0510
nalbuphine
Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.		4.3960organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
ro 41-1049
Ro 41-1049: structure given in first source		2.0310
nateglinide
Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.2650phenylalanine derivative
rimexolone
[no description available]		2.021020-oxo steroid
sb 200646a
[no description available]		2.4420
sb 223412
SB 223412: SB-223412 is the (S)-(-)-isomer; RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0710
seglitide
seglitide: more potent than somatostatin for inhibition of insulin, glucagon & growth hormone release; used experimentally in treatment of Alzheimer's disease; somatostatin receptor antagonist		2.0310
sib 1893
SIB 1893: a selective mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source		2.0310
vinorelbine
[no description available]		4.2550acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
zuclopenthixol
zuclopenthixol : The (Z)-isomer of clopenthixol.		210clopenthixolalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
silodosin
silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source		3.5620indolecarboxamide
su 6656
SU 6656: a c-Src kinase inhibitor; used to probe growth signaling; structure in first source. SU6656 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which the hydrogeh at position 5 has been replaced by a dimethylaminosulfonyl group and in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group has been replaced by a 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-indol-2-yl group. It is a specific inhibitor of Src family kinase.		2.4420
ro 63-0563
4-amino-N-(2,6 bis-methylamino-pyridin-4-yl)-benzene sulfonamide: structure in first source		3.1110
ro 4-6790
Ro 4-6790: structure in first source		3.1110benzenes;
sulfonamide
sb 258719
[no description available]		3.5120
sb 271046
SB 271046: 5-HT(6) receptor antagonist; structure in first source		4.0640
furazolidone
[no description available]		2.7530
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		12.24578(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
ag 538
AG 538: an IGF-1 receptor kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0510
tyrphostin ag 555
[no description available]		2.4420
tyrphostin ag-494
AG 494: tyrphostin that blocks Cdk2 activation; structure in first source		2.0310
tyrphostin b44
tyrphostin B44: inhibits protein kinases; an analog of tyrphostin B46; B44(+) is B50, and is the stereoisomer of B44(-)		2.4420
ag-490
[no description available]		2.4420catechols;
enamide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
STAT3 inhibitor
ag 112
[no description available]		2.4420
ag 183
AG 183: structure given in first source		2.4420
semaxinib
semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.		2.7430olefinic compound;
oxindoles;
pyrroles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
orantinib
orantinib: an antiangiogenic agent. orantinib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrrol-3-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.		2.0510
su 11248
[no description available]		4.1340monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
romidepsin
depsipeptide : A natural or synthetic compound having a sequence of amino and hydroxy carboxylic acid residues (usually alpha-amino and alpha-hydroxy acids), commonly but not necessarily regularly alternating.		2.0410cyclodepsipeptide;
heterocyclic antibiotic;
organic disulfide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine: adenosine antagonist. 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine : Caffeine substituted at its 8-position by an (E)-3-chlorostyryl group.		2.4420monochlorobenzenes;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
bay 11-7082
(E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.		2.0310nitrile;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
bay 11-7085
BAY11-7085 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [(E)-2-cyanoethenyl]sulfonyl and tert-butyl groups at position 1 and 4, respectively. It is an irreversible inhibitor of IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells (IC50 = 10 muM) and prevents the activation of NF-kappaB.		2.4420benzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
bw b70c
BW B70C: arachidonic acid antagonist. BW B70C : A hydroxamic acid that is urea in which both the hydrogens attached to one of the nitrogens are replaced by a hydroxy and a (1E)-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)phenyl]but-1-en-3-yl group. A selective inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase, it can be used for the treatment of asthma.		2.0510aromatic ether;
hydroxamic acid;
organofluorine compound;
ureas		EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		5.09130dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
molsidomine
[no description available]		2.7530ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
diamide
Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.		2.03101,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
desmethyldoxepin
desmethyldoxepin: active metabolite if doxepin; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. desmethyldoxepin : A dibenzooxepine resulting from the demethylation of the antidepressant doxepin. It is the active metabolite of doxepin.. (Z)-desmethyldoxepin : The (Z)-isomer of desmethyldoxepin.		2.2110desmethyldoxepin
oxiconazole
oxiconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer; structure given in first source. oxiconazole : An oxime O-ether that is the 2,4-dichlorobenzyl ether of the oxime obtained by formal condensation of hydroxylamine with the carbonyl group of acetopnenone in which the phenyl group is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 4, and in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group. An antifungal agent, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) in creams and powders for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.0210conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
oxime O-ether		antiinfective agent
octylmethoxycinnamate
[no description available]		2.4620cinnamate ester
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		2.1310alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
nomifensine maleate
[no description available]		2.4420
codeine phosphate
[no description available]		2.110
levorphanol
Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
dihydromorphine
Dihydromorphine: A semisynthetic analgesic used in the study of narcotic receptors.		2.110morphinane alkaloid
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		11.69180cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
morphine-6-glucuronide
morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.4720morphinane alkaloid
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		8.05826-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
nalbuphine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochloride
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		4.7690morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
cefodizime
cefodizime: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefodizime : A cephalosporin compound having 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.04101,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
methylnaltrexone
methylnaltrexone: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha)-isomer		2.0410phenanthrenes
cefixime
[no description available]		4.86100cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		4.85100dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		4.0740benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		4.0840azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
verteporfin
(2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.		3.2310
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		4.85100dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
glyceryl behenate
1-behenoylglycerol : A fatty acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group at position-1 of glycerol with the carboxy group of docosanoic acid.		2.05101-monoglyceride;
fatty acid ester		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
methylazoxymethanol acetate
Methylazoxymethanol Acetate: The aglycone of CYCASIN. It acts as a potent carcinogen and neurotoxin and inhibits hepatic DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.		2.9430azoxy compound
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		3.620styrenes
isoalloxazine
isoalloxazine: structure		2.0310benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione
enalapril maleate
enalapril maleate : The maleic acid salt of enalapril. It contains one molecule of maleic acid for each molecule of enalapril. Following oral administration, the ethyl ester group of enalapril is hydrolysed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid, enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalapril is thus a prodrug for enalaprilat (which, unlike enalapril, is not absorbed by mouth), and its maleate is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients.		2.0810maleate saltantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		4.6680dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
vinblastine sulfate
[no description available]		2.9640
nitrofurazone
Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.		2.4320
trientine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.8630
n-methylscopolamine bromide
scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.		3.5720
bleomycin
[no description available]		3.5920bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		2.0510cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
heroin
Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.		7.4920morphinane alkaloidmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
prodrug
dextromethorphan hydrobromide
dextromethorphan hydrobromide : The hydrobromide and monohydrate of the antitussive drug dextromethorphan.		2.9640hydrate;
hydrobromide
indinavir sulfate
[no description available]		2.0510azaheterocycle sulfate salt
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		4.6780dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
normorphine
normorphine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer		2.110morphinane alkaloid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source		2.0510
naloxone hydrochloride
naloxone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of naloxone and hydrogen chloride. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		2.0310hydrochlorideantidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
imidapril
imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.		2.0510dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
imidazolidines;
N-acylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
s-trans,trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid
farnesylthiosalicylic acid: structure in first source		2.4420sesquiterpenoid
sulindac sulfone
sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.		2.4520monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		3.8630amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime
[no description available]		4.25503-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether		drug allergen
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		4.66801,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.2550cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
hr 810
cefpirome: structure in first source. cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.0410cephalosporin;
cyclopentapyridine
pafuramidine
pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine		3.2310
ceftazidime
[no description available]		4.460cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		4.2550dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
morphine-3-glucuronide
morphine-3-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.110morphinane alkaloid
naltrexone hydrochloride
naltrexone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of oxycodone with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid. it is a mu-opioid receptor antagonist that is used to treat alcohol dependence.		2.4420hydrochlorideantidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		3.9430gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
cp 135807
CP 135807: a 5-HT(1D) agonist; RN given for (R)-isomer		210
tiotropium bromide
Tiotropium Bromide: A scopolamine derivative and CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONIST that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR AGENT. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.. tiotropium bromide : An organic bromide salt having (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane as the counterion. Used (in the form of the hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.		2.0810
tiotropium
tiotropium : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by methylation of the tertiary amino group of (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9-methyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane. Used (in the form of the bromide hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.		2.0710
cefetamet
cefetamet: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; structure given in first source. cefetamet : A cephalosporin compound having methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a cephalosporin antibiotic active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.		2.7430cephalosporin
alvimopan anhydrous
alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain		3.6120peptide
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
docosapentaenoic acid
docosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C22 fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoic acid : The all-cis-isomer of a C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five double bonds in the 7-, 10-, 13-, 16- and 19-positions.		2.0510docosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
human metabolite
guanabenz acetate
[no description available]		2.7430dichlorobenzenegeroprotector
guanabenz
Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.4420dichlorobenzene
1-[4-[4-[[(2R)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1-imidazolylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]-1-piperazinyl]ethanone
[no description available]		2.0110piperazines
nylidrin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420alkylbenzene
triprolidine hydrochloride anhydrous
triprolidine hydrochloride (anh.) : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of triprolidine and hydrogen chloride. Its monohydrate is used for the symptomatic relief of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		2.4420hydrochlorideH1-receptor antagonist
famotidine
[no description available]		5.161401,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
fenoterol
fenoterol hydrobromide : The hydrobromide salt of fenoterol. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.7430hydrobromidebeta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
tiapridex
Tiapride Hydrochloride: A benzamide derivative that is used as a dopamine antagonist.		4.9560benzamides
quipazine maleate
[no description available]		2.4420
n-(2-aminoethyl)-4-chlorobenzamide hydrochloride
Ro 16-6491: structure given in first source		2.0310
tulobuterol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
hp 029
[no description available]		2.4420
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		4.52701,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		4.7690beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
nw 1029
Ralfinamide: Sodium Channel Blocker; structure in first source		2.0710
n,n,n-trimethyl-1-(4-stilbenoxy)-2-propylammonium iodide
[no description available]		2.0310
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer; member of a class of cationic lipid formulations called cytofectins		2.110
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2h-pyran-2-one
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2H-pyran-2-one: structure given in first source; potent irreversible, mechanism-based inhibitor of myocardial calcium-independent phospholipase A2		2.4420naphthalenes
nf023
[no description available]		2.0310
nf 449
[no description available]		2.4420
(R)-citalopram
(R)-citalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has R-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the inactive enantiomer of citalopram.		2.03101-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile
7-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-phenyl-1,8-naphthyridine
[no description available]		2.4420
gr 46611
GR 46611: known to lower body temperature in guinea pigs		2.0310
proguanil
Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.		2.0510biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
cci 15641
[no description available]		2.4520cephalosporin
rifamycin sv
rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.		2.0510acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol;
rifamycins		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
bacterial metabolite
ginkgolide b
[no description available]		2.4520
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		7.4520chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
cefpodoxime
[no description available]		3.5620carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
palonosetron
Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.		3.5820azabicycloalkane;
delta-lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antiemetic;
serotonergic antagonist
epoprostenol sodium
[no description available]		2.0510prostanoid
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate : A fumarate salt prepared from equimolar amounts of tenofovir disoproxil and fumaric acid. It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.0810fumarate saltantiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
diacetylmonoxime
diacetylmonoxime: used diagnostically for determining urea in blood; structure; myosin ATPase antagonist. diacetylmonoxime : A ketoxime obtained via formal condensation of butane-2,3-dione with hydroxylamine. It is a reversible myosin ATPase inhibitor.		2.0310
cefatrizine
Cefatrizine: Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.. cefatrizine : A cephalosporin compound having (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]acetamido side-groups. An antibacterial drug first prepared in the 1970s, it has more recently been found to be an inhibitor of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K), which is known to regulate apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in many types of human cancers.		2.7430amino acid amide;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
phenols;
semisynthetic derivative;
triazoles		antibacterial drug;
EC 2.7.11.20 (elongation factor 2 kinase) inhibitor
homatropine hydrobromide, (endo-(+-)-isomer)
[no description available]		2.4420
enclomiphene citrate
[no description available]		2.0510
vancomycin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
moxisylyte hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310monoterpenoid
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		4.93350maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
10-hydroxynortriptyline
10-hydroxynortriptyline: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0210
ciproxifan
[no description available]		2.4220aromatic ketone
diphenoxylate hydrochloride
diphenoxylate hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenoxylate.		2.4620hydrochlorideantidiarrhoeal drug
eniporide
eniporide: inhibits NHE-1 isoform; structure in first source		2.0410
beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate
beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate: RN given refers to unspecified fumarate		2.0310
methylazoxymethanol
methylazoxymethanol: a neuroteratogen; reacts with guanine residues of DNA & RNA forming 7-methylguanine adduct products; carcinogenicity probably related to biological decomposition into methyldiazonium ion, the ultimate methylating agent; structure in first source		2.2510azoxy compound
dexbrompheniramine maleate
dexbrompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of the (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.0810brompheniramine maleateanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
mg 624
triethyl-(beta-4-stilbenoxyethyl)ammonium: inhibits alpha7 nicotinic receptors; structure in first source		2.0510
flupenthixol decanoate
flupenthixol decanoate: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		5.2743
flupirtine
[no description available]		2.4420
cilastatin
[no description available]		2.4520carboxamide;
L-cysteine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organic sulfide		EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
zimelidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
rifaximin
[no description available]		3.6120acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative		antimicrobial agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
orphan drug
clopenthixol acetate ester
clopenthixol acetate ester: structure given in first source		2.4120thioxanthenes
4-oxoretinoic acid
4-oxoretinoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. all-trans-4-oxoretinoic acid : A retinoid that consists of all-trans-retinoic acid bearing an oxo substituent at position 4 on the cyclohexenyl ring.		2.0210enone;
retinoid		human xenobiotic metabolite
ergonovine maleate
ergometrine maleate : A maleate salt resulting form the reaction of equimolar amounts of maleic acid and ergometrine. It is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.		2.4620maleate saltdiagnostic agent;
oxytocic
lumefantrine
Lumefantrine: A fluorene derivative that is used in combination with ARTEMETHER for the treatment of MALARIA (see ARTEMETHER-LUMEFANTRINE DRUG COMBINATION).. lumefantrine : A member of the class of fluorenes that is 9-(p-chlorobenzylidene)-9H-fluorene which is substitutec by chlorine at positions 2 and 7, and by a 2-(dibutylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group at position 4. An antimalarial drug used in combination with artemether for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.4420fluorenes;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amine		antimalarial
ici d1542
ICI D1542: redirects arachidonic acid metabolism; an inhibitor of thromboxane A2 synthetase and of thromboxane receptors		2.0710
stemphone
stemphone: structure given in first source		2.2110
everolimus
[no description available]		3.6120cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
ixabepilone
[no description available]		3.86301,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione, (17z)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
clopenthixol decanoate
[no description available]		3.8421
gavestinel
[no description available]		2.0710
su 4312
SU4312 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group has been replaced by a p-(dimethylamino)phenyl group. SU 4312 is a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor protein tyrosine kinase 1/2 and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor inhibitor. It also inhibits the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and exhibits neuroprotection against NO-mediated neurotoxicity.		2.4420
dirithromycin
[no description available]		2.0210macrolide antibioticprodrug
nifuroxime
5-nitro-2-furaldehyde oxime: structure in first source		210
azlocillin
Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.		2.7430penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
tanespimycin
CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A		2.03101,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
Hsp90 inhibitor
verlukast
verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist		2.0410
gw 1929
GW 1929: activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; structure in first source		2.7330benzophenones
cefpodoxime proxetil
cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.		2.4520carboxylic acid;
carboxylic ester;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug;
prodrug
ceftizoxime
[no description available]		4.0640cephalosporinantibacterial drug
rosaramicin
rosaramicin: RN given refers to parent cpd. rosaramicin : A macrolide antibiotic with activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis.		2.110aldehyde;
enone;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative		bacterial metabolite
2-[(3-iodophenyl)methylthio]-5-pyridin-4-yl-1,3,4-oxadiazole
[no description available]		2.0310aryl sulfide
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide
[no description available]		4.0940ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide		serotonergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
carumonam
carumonam: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,3alpha(Z))-isomer. carumonam : An N-sulfonated monobactam antibiotic.		2.0410monobactamantibacterial drug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		2.0810
protriptyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochlorideantidepressant
n(4)-chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside
[no description available]		2.0310
n-(3-(cyclohexylidene-(1h-imidazol-4-ylmethyl))phenyl)ethanesulfonamide
[no description available]		2.7330
n-(4-amino-2-chlorophenyl)phthalimide
N-(4-amino-2-chlorophenyl)phthalimide: has anticonvulsant activity; structure in first source		2.0310
cb 34
CB 34: ligand for peripheral benzodiazepine receptors; structure in first source		2.0310
b 43
RK-24466 : A member of the class of pyrrolopyrimidines that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted by amino, 4-phenoxyphenyl, and cyclopentyl groups at positions 4, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of Lck that inhibits Lck (64-509) and LckCD isoforms (IC50 of less than 1 and 2 nM, respectively).		2.4420aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
cyclopentanes;
primary amino compound;
pyrrolopyrimidine		EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
(8R)-7-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-2,13,14-triol
[no description available]		2.0310aporphine alkaloid
(8R)-7-propyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-2,13,14-triol
[no description available]		2.0310aporphine alkaloid
3-(6-chloro-3-pyridazinyl)-3,8-diazabicyclo(3.2.1)octane
3-(6-chloro-3-pyridazinyl)-3,8-diazabicyclo(3.2.1)octane: structure in first source		2.0310
2-(3,3-diphenylpropylamino)acetamide
[no description available]		2.4420diarylmethane
4-(2-(phenylsulfonylamino)ethylthio)-2,6-difluorophenoxyacetamide
4-(2-(phenylsulfonylamino)ethylthio)-2,6-difluorophenoxyacetamide: structure given in first source		2.0310
gw2974
GW2974: quinazoline derivative, which is able to block the activation of both the EGFR and erbB2		2.0310pyridopyrimidine
l 162313
L 162313: a biphenylimidazole derivative; a non-peptide angiotensin agonist; no further information available 2/95		2.4420
l-165041
4-(3-(2-propyl-3-hydroxy-4-acetyl)phenoxy)propyloxyphenoxy acetic acid: a PPAR-delta agonist has regulatory effects on a variety of adipokines, and these effects might explain some of their metabolic function.		2.0310aromatic ketone
mrs 1754
[no description available]		2.0310oxopurine
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.		2.0310nitroso compound;
nitrosothio compound		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
pd 404182
[no description available]		2.0310
5-(4-phenylbutoxy)psoralen
5-(4-phenylbutoxy)psoralen: structure in first source. psora 4 : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a 4-phenylbutoxy group at position 5. It is a potent inhibitor of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 (EC50 = 3 nM).		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzenes;
psoralens		geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
potassium channel blocker
sb 222200
[no description available]		2.4420quinolines
dantrolene sodium
dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene.		3.1550
cr 2945
CR 2945: a member of non-peptide CCKB receptor antagonist		2.4420
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		4.94110imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
sb 218795
SB 218795: structure in first source		2.4420quinolines
6-cyano-4-(n-ethylsulfonyl-n-methylamino)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylchromane, (trans-(+))-isomer
[no description available]		3.1210
sb 269970
SB 269970: a 5-HT(7) antagonist; structure in first source		3.5520sulfonamide
sb 334867-a
1-(2-methylbenzoxazol-6-yl)-3-(1,5)naphthyridin-4-yl urea: selective OX1 receptor antagonist		2.0310naphthyridine derivative
dihydroceramide
N-acetylsphinganine : A dihydroceramide in which the ceramide acyl group is specified as acetyl.		2.0310N-acylsphinganine
nifurtimox
Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.		2.4320nitrofuran antibiotic
epinephrine bitartrate
[no description available]		2.4420
bicuculline methobromide
[no description available]		2.4420
butylscopolammonium bromide
Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.		2.0310
butaclamol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
ergoline
Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.		4.6280diamine;
ergoline alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
eritoran
eritoran : A lipid A derivative used for the treatment of severe sepsis.		2.0410lipid As
dantrolene
[no description available]		4.0740
roxithromycin
(E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.		2.7730roxithromycinenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cefdinir
[no description available]		3.8930cephalosporin;
ketoxime		antibacterial drug
etonogestrel
[no description available]		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin
a 38503
[no description available]		2.4420
bisoprolol, fumarate (1:1) salt
[no description available]		2.4720
tiapamil hydrochloride
Tiapamil Hydrochloride: A phenylethylamine derivative that acts as a calcium antagonist showing hemodynamic effects in patients with acute myocardial infarction.		2.0310
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0310
sk&f 89976-a
[no description available]		2.0310
cv 1808
2-phenylaminoadenosine: has coronary & cardiohemodynamic effects		2.4420purine nucleoside
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510
artesunate
artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether		2.4620artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
ferroptosis inducer
ci 940
leptomycin : A complex, very long chain, polyunsaturated fatty acid whose core structure comprises 8-oxononadeca-2,10,12,16,18-pentaenoic acid having methyl substituents at positions 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 15 and a 3,6-dihydropyran-6-one-2-yl group at position 19.		2.0310hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
leptomycin		antifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite
tipredane
[no description available]		2.07103-hydroxy steroidandrogen
beraprost
beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.		2.0510enyne;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
stepholidine
stepholidine: protoberberine alkaloid isolated from opium; dual D1 receptor agonist and D2 receptor antagonist		2.0810
lanreotide
[no description available]		2.0510
etoposide phosphate
[no description available]		2.0810furonaphthodioxole
dexniguldipine
niguldipine: structure given in first source; clinical modulator of multidrug resistance		2.0410diarylmethane
ciclesonide
ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis		2.0810organic molecular entity
napsagatran
napsagatran: structure given in first source		2.0410
temsirolimus
[no description available]		3.8730macrolide lactam
dutasteride
Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.		4.140(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
tekturna
[no description available]		2.0810fumarate saltantihypertensive agent
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		3.5920diarylmethane
bms188797
[no description available]		2.0410
bibx 1382bs
BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001		3.2310substituted aniline
2-ethyl-5-methoxy-n,n-dimethyltryptamine
2-ethyl-5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: a 5-HT(6) receptor agonist; structure in first source		3.1110
5-methoxy-2-phenyl-n,n-dimethyltryptamine
[no description available]		3.1110
vildagliptin
[no description available]		2.0810amino acid amide
ms-245
N,N-dimethyl-2-(1-(benzenesulfonyl)-5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethylamine: a 5-HT(6) receptor ligand; structure in first source		3.1110
n-(2,5-dibromo-3-fluorophenyl)-4-methoxy-3-piperazin-1-ylbenzenesulfonamide
N-(2,5-dibromo-3-fluorophenyl)-4-methoxy-3-piperazin-1-ylbenzenesulfonamide: structure in first source		3.1110
indacaterol
indacaterol: a beta2 adrenoceptor agonist; indacaterol is the (R)-isomer; structure in first source. indacaterol : A monohydroxyquinoline that consists of 5-[(1R)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl]-8-hydroxyquinolin-2-one having a 5,6-diethylindan-2-yl group attached to the amino function. Used as the maleate salt for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.		2.0810indanes;
monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent
fesoterodine
fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder		3.2310diarylmethane
sb 399885
SB 399885: 5-HT6 receptor antagonist		2.7730
bentiromide
bentiromide: chymotrypsin labile peptide used diagnostically as an index of exocrine pancreas function. bentiromide : The dipeptide obtained by condensation of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine with 4-aminobenzoic acid. Used as a noninvasive screening test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and to monitor the adequacy of supplemental pancreatic therapy, it is given by mouth: the amount of 4-aminobenzoic acid and its metabolites excreted in the urine is taken as a measure of the chymotrypsin-secreting activity of the pancreas.		2.0710dipeptidediagnostic agent;
indicator;
reagent
phenylalanylphenylalanine
Phe-Phe : A dipeptide formed from two L-phenylalanine residues.		2.110dipeptide;
L-aminoacyl-L-amino acid zwitterion		human blood serum metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
acetylcarnitine
O-acetyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is acetyl. It facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.		2.0510O-acetylcarnitine;
saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hypericum
Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.		210penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.		210phosphagen;
phosphoamino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		2.0810biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
sgd 301-76
[no description available]		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
organic nitrate salt		antiinfective agent
fluvoxamine maleate
[no description available]		2.7430(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
thioacetazone
Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.		2.0810
azimilide
azimilide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrochloride		3.4270imidazolidine-2,4-dione
nifurtoinol
nifurtoinol : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group.		2.0510hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		3.86301,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
sabcomeline
sabcomeline: selective for M1 receptors; RN refers to (R,S)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0410quinuclidines
dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.		3.6120benzimidazoles;
sulfoxide
gemifloxacin mesylate
gemifloxacin mesylate : The mesylate salt of gemifloxacin.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltantimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
naloxone benzoylhydrazone
[no description available]		2.4420
fosinopril
[no description available]		3.8530
armodafinil
armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.		3.23102-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamidecentral nervous system stimulant;
eugeroic
2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride
2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained by reaction of 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.		2.4420hydrochlorideanxiolytic drug;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
pridopidine
pridopidine: a dopamine stabilizer; structure in first source		2.0710
osu 6162
OSU 6162: reduces levodopa-induced dyskinesias without inducing akinesia		2.0710
amiprilose
[no description available]		2.0310
(R)-fluoxetine hydrochloride
(R)-fluoxetine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of (R)-fluoxetine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.4420hydrochlorideantidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
ro 8-4304
[no description available]		2.0510
desvenlafaxine succinate
Desvenlafaxine Succinate: A cyclohexanol and phenol derivative and metabolite of venlafaxine that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		2.9740
utibapril
utibapril: structure given in first source; prodrug for FPL 63547 diacid		2.0710
eflucimibe
eflucimibe: a powerful and systemic acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor		2.0510
tomopenem
[no description available]		2.4520
ave 0118
[no description available]		2.0610
norfenfluramine
Dexnorfenfluramine: D-isomer of Norfenfluramine		2.0310amphetamines
benzonitrile, 4-(2-(2-((2r)-2-methyl-1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl)-5-benzofuranyl)-
[no description available]		2.0210
cp 293019
CP 293019: structure given in first source		3.110
davunetide
davunetide: AL-108 is a nasal systemic formulation; AL-208 is an intravenous formulation; associated with glial proteins regulated by vasoactive intestinal peptide, are shown now to provide protective intervention in a model of fetal alcohol syndrome		2.1110oligopeptide
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		3.6220oligopeptide
tapentadol
Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.		3.2310alkylbenzene
etomoxir
[no description available]		2.4820aromatic ether
zd 9379
ZD 9379: structure given in first source		2.0710
bms 193884
[no description available]		3.1210
ly 450139
[no description available]		2.0710peptide
ursodoxicoltaurine
tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.		2.0510bile acid taurine conjugateanti-inflammatory agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bone density conservation agent;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
bb-83698
BB-83698: peptide deformylase inhibitor		2.0410
paliperidone palmitate
Paliperidone Palmitate: A benzisoxazole derivative and active metabolite of RISPERIDONE that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. It is an ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-methyl-4-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-9-yl hexadecanoate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the hydroxy group of 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one.. paliperidone palmitate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone palmitate. A long-acting injectable formulation of paliperidone (the major active metabolite of risperidone) that is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		20.71377761,2-benzoxazoles;
fatty acid ester;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		3.5920organic molecular entity
cangrelor
cangrelor: platelet P(2T) receptor antagonist. cangrelor : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.		2.0710adenosine 5'-phosphate;
aryl sulfide;
nucleoside triphosphate analogue;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
desmethylselegiline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
3-morpholino-sydnonimine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
sb258741
[no description available]		3.1110
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.110aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
sch 527123
[no description available]		2.0710
cefditoren
cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
ticagrelor
Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.. ticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.		2.0810aryl sulfide;
hydroxyether;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
triazolopyrimidines		P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
ro 70-0004
[no description available]		2.0210
t 1032
T 1032: a cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.4420
rivaroxaban
Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.		2.0810aromatic amide;
lactam;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
thiophenes		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
zotarolimus
zotarolimus: synthetic analog of rapamycin; structure in first source		2.0410lactam;
macrolide
molindone hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620indoles
qx-314 bromide
[no description available]		2.0310
(S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride
(S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of (S)-fluoxetine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.4420hydrochlorideantidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
slv 313
[no description available]		2.4420
hmr 1556
HMR 1556: an I(Ks) channel blocker; structure in first source		3.5220
sr 59230a
3-(2-ethylphenoxy)-1-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-ylamino)-2-propanol oxalate: structure given in first source		2.4420
u 74389g
[no description available]		2.4420
gentamicin sulfate
[no description available]		3.1550
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
y 27632, dihydrochloride, (4(r)-trans)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
4-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)butan-1-one
4-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)butan-1-one: structure in first source		2.0410
flb 457
FLB 457: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source		3.8221
l 838,417
L 838,417: structure in first source		2.0710
bn 52020
[no description available]		2.4520
hki 272
[no description available]		2.0810nitrile;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
dextromethorphan - quinidine combination
dextromethorphan - quinidine combination: for the treatment of pseudobulbar affect in ALS, the combination of 30 mg DM and 30 mg Q is referred to as AVP-923, Note: Neurodex is a multimeaning Tradename		3.2710
norcodeine
norcodeine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer. norcodeine : A morphinane-like compound that is the N-demethylated derivative of codeine.		2.110morphinane alkaloid
sb 203186
[no description available]		2.0510
tofacitinib
tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0810N-acylpiperidine;
nitrile;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		antirheumatic drug;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
ac 260584
4-(3-(4-butylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)-7-fluoro-4H-benzo(1,4)oxazin-3-one: structure in first source		2.4420
pifithrin-alpha
[no description available]		2.0310
n-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2h)-carboxamide
N-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2H)-carboxamide: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist and analgesic; structure in first source		2.0610piperazines;
pyridines
noscapine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
4-n-butyl-1-(4-(2-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-butyl)-piperidine hydrogen chloride
[no description available]		2.110
a 77636
(1R,3S)-3-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained by mixing equimolar amounts of (1R,3S)-3-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol with hydrochloric acid. Potent and selective dopamine D1-like receptor agonist (pEC50 values are 8.97 and < 5 for D1-like and D2-like receptors respectively). Displays anti-Parkinsonian activity following oral administration in vivo.		2.4420hydrochlorideantiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
linaprazan
linaprazan: structure in first source		2.0710
vortioxetine
Vortioxetine: A piperazine derivative that acts as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, as a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, and 5-HT1A receptor agonist. It is used for the treatment of anxiety and depression.. vortioxetine : An N-arylpiperazine in which the aryl group is specified as 2-[(2,4-dimethylphenyl)sulfanyl]phenyl. Used (as its hydrobromide salt) for treatment of major depressive disorder.		8.6411aryl sulfide;
N-arylpiperazine		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cgp 20712a
CGP 20712A: structure given in first source; CGP 26505, a beta1-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, is the (S)-isomer of CGP 20712A		2.4420
n-((1-allyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-5-(3-fluoropropyl)-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide
N-((1-allyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-5-(3-fluoropropyl)-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide: structure in first source		3.8521
sb-656104-a
SB-656104-A: structure in first source		3.1110
org 24461
Org 24461: structure in first source		2.0510
2-carbomethoxy-8-(3-fluoropropyl)-3-(4-iodophenyl)tropane
2-carbomethoxy-8-(3-fluoropropyl)-3-(4-iodophenyl)tropane: used in PET and SPECT imaging of dopamine transporters; structure in first source		3.8121
pimavanserin
pimavanserin: A 5-HT(2A) inverse agonist; ACP-103 is the dihydroxybutanedioate (2:1) salt. It is used to treat hallucinations and delusions associated with PARKINSON DISEASE; structure in first source.. pimavanserin : A member of the class of ureas in which three of the four hydrogens are replaced by 4-fluorobenzyl, 1-methylpiperidin-4-yl, and 4-(isopropyloxy)benzyl groups. An atypical antipsychotic that is used (in the form of its tartrate salt) for treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease.		10.2531aromatic ether;
monofluorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound;
ureas		5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor inverse agonist;
antipsychotic agent;
serotonergic antagonist
snap 6201
[no description available]		2.0210
pazopanib
pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.		3.6120aminopyrimidine;
indazoles;
sulfonamide		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
opc-14857
OPC-14857: metabolite of aripiprazole; structure in first source		2.4920
lecozotan
lecozotan: structure in first source		2.0710
azd 6244
AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor		2.0510benzimidazoles;
bromobenzenes;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
phenobarbital sodium
2-(phosphonomethyl)pentanedioic acid: an N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase (NAALADase) antagonist		2.0710
levodopa methyl ester hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
prasugrel hydrochloride
Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.		3.2310
heptakis(2,6-o-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin
heptakis(2,6-O-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin: stimulant for Bordetella pertussis Phase I		2.2510
gsk215083
GSK215083: a PET radioligand for 5-HT6 receptor; structure in first source		2.2510
apixaban
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic ether;
lactam;
piperidones;
pyrazolopyridine		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
ly 379268
LY 379268: group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; structure in first source. LY 379268 : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is (1R,5S)-2-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane carrying amino, carboxy, and carboxy groups at positions 4R, 4R and 6R, respectively. It is a potent agonist of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR2 and mGluR3 (EC50 = 2.69 nM and 4.48 nM, respectively) that exhibits antipsychotic-like action in animal models of schizophrenia.		2.7130amino dicarboxylic acid;
bridged compound;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent
benalfocin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
ar c155858
AR C155858: an MCT1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0710
decanoylcarnitine
decanoylcarnitine: therapeutic agent for diabetic acidosis; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. O-decanoylcarnitine : An O-acylcarnitine compound having decanoyl as the acyl substituent.		2.110decanoate ester;
O-acylcarnitine		human urinary metabolite
lu 19005
[no description available]		2.4420
benoxathian hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
((2-n-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1h-inden-5-yl)oxy)acetic acid, (+)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
n-cyclopropyl adenosine-5'-carboxamide
[no description available]		2.0310
cj 033466
CJ 033466: structure in first source		2.0610
amg 009
AMG 009: an anti-inflammatory agent; structure in first source		2.0810
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		3.8921
vinflunine
vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.		2.0510acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent
cefotaxime sodium
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
1-(2,4-difluorophenethyl)-4-(4-fluorophenylsulfonyl)piperidine
1-(2,4-difluorophenethyl)-4-(4-fluorophenylsulfonyl)piperidine: a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0510
baci-im
[no description available]		4.0840homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		2.0610
cobalt thiocyanate
[no description available]		2.0410
cariprazine
cariprazine: Structure in first source. cariprazine : An N-alkylpiperazine that is N,N-dimethyl-N'-{trans-4-[2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl]cyclohexyl}urea substituted at position 4 on the piperazine ring by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group. Used (as the hydrochloride salt) for treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.		9.19145
regorafenib
[no description available]		2.1110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
calpain inhibitor iii
calpain inhibitor III: potential anticataract drug		2.4420
6-[[5-fluoro-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyanilino)-4-pyrimidinyl]amino]-2,2-dimethyl-4H-pyrido[3,2-b][1,4]oxazin-3-one
[no description available]		2.0710methoxybenzenes;
substituted aniline
n-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(3-cyanophenyl)-1-methylpropyl)-2-methyl-2-((5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)propanamide
N-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(3-cyanophenyl)-1-methylpropyl)-2-methyl-2-((5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)propanamide: MK-0364 is the (1S,2S)-isomer; a cannabinoid-1 receptor inverse agonist; structure in first source		2.0810stilbenoid
brimonidine tartrate
Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		2.0110
lurasidone hydrochloride
Lurasidone Hydrochloride: A thiazole derivative and atypical ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, serotonin 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, and antagonist of the adrenergic α2A and α2C receptors, as well as a partial SEROTONIN 5-HT1A RECEPTOR AGONIST. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER.. lurasidone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of lurasidone with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An atypical antipsychotic agent used for the treatment of schizophrenia.		12.25197hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
pnu-282987
[no description available]		2.5320
bms 477118
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
azabicycloalkane;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
sb 742457
3-benzenesulfonyl-8-piperazin-1-ylquinoline: a 5-HT6 receptor antagonist		2.0810
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		3.8430nystatins
naluzotan
naluzotan: an antidepressant and anti-anxiety agent; structure in first source		2.0510
GR 127935 hydrochloride
GR 127935 hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of GR 127935 with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.		2.4420hydrochlorideserotonergic antagonist
mrs 1845
[no description available]		2.4420
apremilast
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic ether;
N-acetylarylamine;
phthalimides;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
pf-2545920
[no description available]		2.4920
cytidine diphosphate choline
[no description available]		2.4620nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s;
phosphocholines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
milnacipran
[no description available]		4.0840acetamides
crizotinib
Crizotinib: A piperidine and aminopyridine derivative that acts as an inhibitor of RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES, including ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE (ALK) and HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (HGFR; c-Met). It is used in the treatment of NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. crizotinib : A 3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)		2.31103-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amineantineoplastic agent;
biomarker;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
vindesine
[no description available]		2.0410
zj43
ZJ43: N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) peptidase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0710
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		2.0810
technetium tc 99m exametazime
Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime: A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.		2.0510
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
alaproclate hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
ubenimex
[no description available]		2.4420peptide
3-chloroalanine hydrochloride, (l-ala)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
dsp 4 hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		2.4420benzoxazole
(2-(2',6'-dimethoxy)phenoxyethylamino)methylbenzodioxan hydrochloride
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine with one equivalent of hydrogen chloride. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.		2.4420hydrochloridealpha-adrenergic antagonist
2-cyclooctyl-2-hydroxyethylamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
cirazoline monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
adtn
[no description available]		2.4420
apocodeine hydrochloride, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
2-hydroxyapomorphine, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0510
Dihydro-beta-erythroidine hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0310indoles
lilly 78335
[no description available]		2.4420
efaroxan hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
fenoldopam hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.4420
1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride
1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of 1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine with two equivalents of hydrogen chloride. Potent and selective inhibitor of dopamine uptake (KD = 5.5 nM in rat striatal membranes).		2.4420hydrochloridedopamine uptake inhibitor
guvacine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.4420
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin hydrobromide, (r)-isomer,
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
1-(2-(4-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-piperidin-1-yl)-ethyl)-3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dihydro-indol-2-one
LY-310762 hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reation of equimolar amount of LY-310762 with hydrogen chloride. A potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 1D (5-HT1D) receptor.		2.4420hydrochloridereceptor modulator;
serotonergic antagonist
4-iodoclonidine
[no description available]		2.4420
4-methylpyrazole monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
tele-methylhistamine
[no description available]		2.0310
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester, monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
octoclothepine maleate
[no description available]		2.4420
2-(n-phenethyl-n-propyl)amino-5-hydroxytetralin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
du 24565
[no description available]		2.4420
2-methoxyidazoxan hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
N-methyl-6-chloro-1-(3-methylphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrobromide
N-methyl-6-chloro-1-(3-methylphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrobromide : A hydrobromide salt prepared from N-methyl-6-chloro-1-(3-methylphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol and one equivalent of hydrogen bromide. Dopamine D1-like receptor partial agonist (Ki values are 1.18, 7.56, 920 and 399 nM for rat D1, D5, D2 and D3 receptors respectively). May act as an antagonist in vivo, producing anti-Parkinsonian effects and antagonising the behavioral effects of cocaine.		2.0510hydrobromidedopamine agonist;
prodrug
ro 25-6981
[no description available]		2.4420
sk&f 77434
N-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrobromide : A hydrobromide salt prepared from N-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol and one equivalent of hydrogen bromide. Selective dopamine D1-like receptor partial agonist (IC50 values are 19.7 and 2425 nM for binding to D1-like and D2-like receptors respectively). Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo.		2.4420hydrobromidedopamine agonist;
prodrug
3-[(6aR,9R,10aR)-7-methyl-6,6a,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-4H-indolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-yl]-1,1-diethylurea
[no description available]		2.4420organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		4.84100
dactolisib
dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.		2.0810imidazoquinoline;
nitrile;
quinolines;
ring assembly;
ureas		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
mTOR inhibitor
brexpiprazole
brexpiprazole: a serotonin agent; structure in first source		4.8240N-arylpiperazine
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		2.0510
rm-493
setmelanotide: an anti-obesity agent		2.3110
pf 03491390
[no description available]		2.0510
n-monoacetylcystine
N-monoacetylcystine: antidote for paracetamol poisoning		4.9921
demethylcantharidin
demethylcantharidin: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		2.4420
atropine sulfate
[no description available]		2.4420
mefloquine
Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		7.9940
1-deoxynojirimycin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
org 26576
Org 26576: AMPA receptor potentiator		2.0710
id
Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual.. Ile-Asp : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-isoleucine with the amino group of L-aspartic acid.		2.1510dipeptide
rabeprazole sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
jaw
[no description available]		1.9910indolecarboxamide
win 62577
[no description available]		2.4420
amodiaquine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510
morphine sulfate
[no description available]		210alkaloid sulfate salt
clindamycin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620S-glycosyl compound
bisaramil
[no description available]		2.0410
cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.		2.1110
bivalirudin
bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.		3.6120polypeptideanticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
somatostatin
[no description available]		2.0810heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone
teicoplanin
teicoplanin A2-1 : A teicoplanin A2 that has (4Z)-dec-4-enoyl as the variable N-acyl group.		2.4520
tannins
gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).		2.0510tannin
enfuvirtide
Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.		3.2310
ganirelix
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		2.0310peptide hormone
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		4.9581
teriparatide
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
salmon calcitonin
[no description available]		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone;
polypeptide		bone density conservation agent;
metabolite
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		2.610
ly-146032
[no description available]		4.0840heterodetic cyclic peptide;
lipopeptide antibiotic;
lipopeptide;
macrocycle;
macrolide		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
calcium-dependent antibiotics
dalbavancin
[no description available]		2.0410carbohydrate acid derivative;
glycopeptide;
monosaccharide derivative;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt		3.2310polypeptide
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		4.6732
exenatide
[no description available]		3.2310
warfarin sodium
warfarin sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin sodium. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.		2.0810
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.8130glycoside
quinine sulfate
[no description available]		2.9640hydrate
quercetin
[no description available]		2.4420
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		2.06101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
rv 538, (r-(r*,r*))-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
3,4-dichloro-n-methyl-n-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (1s-cis)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
azd 7545
AZD 7545: an anilide tertiary carbinol; a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 inhibitor. AZD7545 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [4-(dimethylcarbamoyl)phenyl]sulfonyl, chloro and [(2R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl]amino groups at positions 1, 3 and 4, respectively. It is a potent and non-ATP-competitive inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 (PDHK2) with IC50 of 6.4 nM and exhibits glucose-lowering activity. Also inhibits PDHK1 at higher levels (IC50 = 36.8 nM).		2.0710benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary carboxamide		EC 2.7.11.2 - [pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
dihydroceramide
dihydroceramide: lacks the 4-5 trans double bond of the sphingosine moiety of ceramides; structure in first source. N-acylsphinganine : A ceramide consisting of sphinganine in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a fatty acyl group.. dihydroceramide : An N-acylsphingoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any fatty acid with the amino group of any dihydrosphingoid base.		7.3110
pravastatin sodium
pravastatin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of pravastatin. A reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), it is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		2.0810organic sodium salt;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug
alendronate sodium
[no description available]		2.0810
valproate sodium
Epilim: oral sodium valproate used as antidepressive agent. sodium valproate : The sodium salt of valproic acid.. valproate : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valproic acid.		2.0310organic sodium saltgeroprotector
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		2.1310
sl 80.0750
[no description available]		2.0810
cefotiam hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
chitosan
[no description available]		2.7930
butaclamol
Butaclamol: A benzocycloheptapyridoisoquinolinol that has been used as an antipsychotic, especially in schizophrenia.		2.7130
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		4.0840organosulfonic acid
potassium aminobenzoate
[no description available]		2.4620
sodium oxybate
Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.		2.1510
u 63557a
[no description available]		2.0310
ampicillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
cerivastatin sodium
cerivastatin sodium : The sodium salt of cerivastatin. Formerly used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
statin (synthetic)
clavulanate potassium
potassium clavulanate : A potassium salt having clavulanate as the counterion. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and has only weak anitbiotic activity when administered alone. However it can be used in combination with amoxicillin trihydrate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, where it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamases.		2.4820potassium saltantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
osteum
[no description available]		2.1510organic molecular entity
cefamandole nafate
[no description available]		2.0210organic sodium saltantibacterial drug;
prodrug
cytomel
liothyronine sodium : The sodium salt of liothyronine. Thought to be more active than levothyroxine and with a rapid (few hours) onset and short duration of action, liothyronine sodium is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism, particularly in cases of hypothyroid coma.		2.0710organic sodium salt
taurocholic acid, monosodium salt
[no description available]		2.7330bile salt
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		3.2310lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
cefmetazole sodium
cefmetazole sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of cefmetazole.		2.0310organic sodium saltantimicrobial agent
piperacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
monensin
[no description available]		2.0510
sodium iothalamate
[no description available]		3.2310
methicillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
nafcillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
oxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4720organic sodium salt
penicillin g sodium
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
cefamandole nafate
cefamandole sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of cefamandole.		2.4620organic sodium saltantibacterial drug
sodium diatrizoate
histopaque: used for separating mononuclear & other cells. sodium amidotrizoate : The sodium salt of a benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, often as a mixture with the meglumine salt, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
fusidate sodium
[no description available]		2.4420
cephapirin sodium
cephapirin sodium : The sodium salt of cephapirin. A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, it is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Being more resistant to beta-lactamases than penicillins, it is effective agains most staphylococci, though not methicillin-resistant staphylococci.		2.7430cephalosporin;
organic sodium salt		antibacterial drug
sodium cephalothin
[no description available]		2.7430organic sodium salt
cefazolin sodium
cefazolin sodium : A cephalosporin organic sodium salt having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups.		2.7430organic sodium salt
dicloxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4620hydrate
5-hydroxydecanoic acid, monosodium salt
[no description available]		2.0310
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		2.0310
phenytoin sodium
[no description available]		2.0310
cr 1409
lorglumide sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-lorglumide sodium.		2.0310
azlocillin sodium
[no description available]		2.7630organic sodium salt
cortisol succinate, sodium salt
hydrocortisone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; Synonyms Solu-Cortef & sopolcort H refer to Na salt		2.4420organic molecular entity
ethyl cellulose
[no description available]		2.5320glycoside
rg 1678
(4-(3-fluoro-5-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)(5-methanesulfonyl-2-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-methylethoxy)phenyl)methanone: a GlyT1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.110
quetiapine fumarate
Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.		24.77711142fumarate salt
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		3.110
trelstar
Triptorelin Pamoate: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.		2.1110
cetrorelix
cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.		3.5820oligopeptideantineoplastic agent;
GnRH antagonist
neurotensin
neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91		3.1150peptide hormonehuman metabolite;
mitogen;
neurotransmitter;
vulnerary
incb-018424
[no description available]		2.0810nitrile;
pyrazoles;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
tolterodine tartrate
Tolterodine Tartrate: An ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENT selective for the MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS of the BLADDER that is used in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE and URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE.		2.0710tartrate salt
a 967079
A 967079: a TRPA1 channel antagonist; structure in first source		2.0710
glycolipids
[no description available]		2.0610
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		19.2926856
pht 427
4-dodecyl-N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source		2.0710
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		6.4652
sk&f 10047
[no description available]		3.110
pf-4778574
PF-4778574: structure in first source		2.0710
aripiprazole lauroxil
[no description available]		3.3510aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
dodecanoate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		H1-receptor antagonist;
prodrug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		2.0610
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		2.0810polypeptide
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		4.2650ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
raltegravir
[no description available]		3.61201,2,4-oxadiazole;
dicarboxylic acid amide;
hydroxypyrimidine;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidone;
secondary carboxamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		2.7530carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		5.1130
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.9740
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		4.2550
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		9.86177
methacycline
Methacycline: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic related to TETRACYCLINE but excreted more slowly and maintaining effective blood levels for a more extended period.. methacycline : A tetracycline that is the 6-methylene analogue of oxytetracycline, obtained by formal dehydration at position 6.		2.0310
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		2.4720hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam
[no description available]		4.94110benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
roquinimex
roquinimex: structure in first source		2.7530aromatic amide
acenocoumarol
Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.		2.7530C-nitro compound;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
meclocycline
[no description available]		2.0210
lfm a13
LFM-A13 : An enamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2Z)-2-cyano-3-hydroxybut-2-enoic acid with the amino group of 2,5-dibromoaniline. It is a dual-function inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and Polo-like kinases (PLK) that exhibits anticancer properties.		2.0310aromatic amide;
dibromobenzene;
enamide;
enol;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.21 (polo kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		4.78901,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		3.4370heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam
isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		3.3160benzothiazine;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antirheumatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		5.16140benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		3.5820
phenprocoumon
Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.		2.0510hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
tipranavir
tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.		3.2310sulfonamideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
chlortetracycline hydrochloride
Alexomycin: a thiopeptide; a cyclic peptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces arginensis isolated from the soil		2.4620
l 701324
L 701324: a glycine/NMDA receptor antagonist		2.0310quinolines
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		2.4520
sudoxicam
sudoxicam: proposed ant-inflammatory agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZINES (75-86)		2.0510
methacycline monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
hispidin
hispidin: metabolite of Basidiomycete Polyporus hispidus. hispidin : Fungal metabolite first found in basidiomycete Inonotus hispidus (formerly Polyporus hispidus).		2.44202-pyranones;
catechols		antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite
minocycline hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.1550
demeclocycline hydrochloride
demeclocycline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of demeclocycline. A tetracycline antibiotic, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		2.9640
tigecycline
[no description available]		4.0840
(S)-warfarin
(S)-warfarin : A 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one that has (S)-configuration (the racemate is warfarin, an anticoagulant drug and rodenticide).		2.75304-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		2.4720heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
2'-hydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-2-allyl-6,7-benzomorphan
SK&F 10047: pharmacologic action of cpd may depend on (L)- or (D)-isomerism; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		210
fluticasone propionate, salmeterol xinafoate drug combination
Fluticasone-Salmeterol Drug Combination: A drug combination of fluticasone and salmeterol that is used as an inhaler formulation to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		2.1710
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		9.1531
2-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
2-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone: structure in first source. 2-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone : A phylloquinone that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing a phytyl group at position 2.		2.0510phylloquinones
ajmaline
[no description available]		2.9640
1,12-diamino-3,6,9-triazadodecane
1,12-diamino-3,6,9-triazadodecane: a copper-chelating agent		2.1110
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		4.0420
ly 2140023
LY 2140023: prodrug of LY-404039		5.3622
fertinex
[no description available]		3.2310
daptomycin
[no description available]		2.1110
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		5.0440
aconitine
Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.		2.0410
lysergic acid
lysergic acid : An ergoline alkaloid comprising 6-methylergoline having additional unsaturation at the 9,10-position and a carboxy group at the 8-position.		3.3220
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		2.7430
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55)
[no description available]		2.110
amyloid beta-peptides
amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined		3.5311
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		2.0310
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		3.87302-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		5.021202-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		1.98103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sepiapterin
sepiapterin: A substrate of sepiapterin reductase		2.0310sepiapterin
guanosine diphosphate
Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.1310guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine
[no description available]		2.04102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		2.0510inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		4.6680folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.		2.9210nucleoside triphosphate analogue
isoxanthopterin
[no description available]		2.0310dihydroxypteridine
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		7.11142cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		24.0194986benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		4.5570dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		4.7690purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		4.941102-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valtrex
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		3.5620L-valyl esterantiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		5.22150piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		27.771,600391benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir
penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.		3.14502-aminopurines;
propane-1,3-diols		antiviral drug
oxypurinol
Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.		2.0510pyrazolopyrimidinedrug metabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
zaprinast
zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure		2.4420triazolopyrimidines
raltitrexed
[no description available]		2.4720N-acyl-amino acid
vardenafil
vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.		4.460imidazotriazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		5.21150nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
citrovorum factor
[no description available]		4.0940tetrahydrofolic acid
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		4.4160formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
rifapentine
rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin		3.6120N-alkylpiperazine;
N-iminopiperazine;
rifamycins		antitubercular agent;
leprostatic drug
thiolactomycin
thiolactomycin: from actinomycetes; structure given in first source		2.0310
2,4-diaminohypoxanthine
2,4-diaminohypoxanthine: do not confuse abbreviation DAHP with various dehydro-deoxy-arabino-heptulosonic acid phosphates which also use DAHP; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0310hydroxypyrimidine
alanosine
[no description available]		2.0510
bl 4162a
anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.		3.2310imidazoquinazolineanticoagulant;
antifibrinolytic drug;
cardiovascular drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		4.0840carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
norclozapine
norclozapine: structure given in first source. N-desmethylclozapine : A dibenzodoazepine substituted with chloro and piperazino groups which is a major metabolite of clozapine; a potent and selective 5-HT2C serotonin receptor antagonist.		5.58161dibenzodiazepine;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		delta-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
serotonergic antagonist
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate)
[no description available]		2.1310nucleoside diphosphate analogue
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
tirapazamine
Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.		2.4520aromatic amine;
benzotriazines;
N-oxide		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		4.9142citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
valganciclovir
Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.		3.2310L-valyl ester;
purines		antiviral drug;
prodrug
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		4.0840(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant
fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
phosphoramide;
triazoles		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
prodrug
tegaserod maleate
[no description available]		2.0810maleate saltserotonergic agonist
ceftobiprole
ceftobiprole: BAL5788 is Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium. ceftobiprole : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (E)-[(3'R)-2-oxo[1,3'-bipyrrolidin]-3-ylidene]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).		2.0410cephalosporin;
thiadiazoles		antimicrobial agent
rifabutin
[no description available]		4.86100
quazinone
[no description available]		2.0310
8-bromocyclic gmp, sodium salt
sodium 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : An organic sodium salt having 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate as the counterion. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.		2.4420organic sodium saltmuscle relaxant;
protein kinase G agonist
ag-879
AG-879: structure given in first source		2.4420
clozapine n-oxide
clozapine N-oxide: structure given in first source		2.4620dibenzodiazepine
desmethylolanzapine
desmethylolanzapine: structure in first source		2.4620benzodiazepine
carbadox
Carbadox: An antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. However, its use has been prohibited in the UK following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125)		2.0710quinoxaline derivative
levomefolate calcium
levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.		3.2310organic calcium saltantidepressant
fenobam
fenobam: in USAN fenobam refers to monohydrate		2.0710ureas
eye
[no description available]		3.3811
carbidopa
Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		3.8421
technetium tc 99m bicisate
[no description available]		2.0510
preproenkephalin
preproenkephalin: initial enkephalin precursor		1.9910
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		8.66256
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		5.5361
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Anochlesia
[description not available]		05.19460
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		03.4170
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		01.9910
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		08.4170
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		01.9910
Basal Ganglia Diseases
Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		020.6823480
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		03.8340
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		011.611321
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		030.312,9441,116
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		132.312,9441,116
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		010.492910
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		010.492910
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		022.75372179
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		012.14456
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		012.14456
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		06.3572
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		06.3572
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		011.3337
Hyperprolactinaemia
[description not available]		016.213935
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		09.23134
Hyperprolactinemia
Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)		016.213935
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		09.23134
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		022.09401110
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		126.85802220
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		08.55132
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		08.55132
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		05.99250
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		05.99250
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		010.39215
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		010.39215
Torsade de Pointes
[description not available]		06.78131
Encephalitis, Polio
[description not available]		02.0610
Poliomyelitis
An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)		02.0610
Psychoses
[description not available]		025.11901279
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		129.881,802558
Amentia
[description not available]		017.718629
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		119.718629
Ache
[description not available]		07.07113
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		07.07113
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		010.4548
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.1310
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		02.1310
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		016.0211546
Duncan Disease
[description not available]		02.2110
Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.		02.2110
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		015.978217
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		117.978217
Autism
[description not available]		020.320494
Autistic Disorder
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)		122.320494
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		015.318626
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		117.318626
Dystonia
An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)		09.89464
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		07.16175
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		07.16175
Hypomania
[description not available]		07.76102
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		013.746211
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		013.746211
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		06.85340
Apoplexy
[description not available]		06.46290
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		018.214047
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		120.214047
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		06.46290
ADDH
[description not available]		017.5712325
Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder
[description not available]		014.385410
Childhood Tic Disorders
[description not available]		014.05383
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)		017.5712325
Tourette Syndrome
A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)		116.385410
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia
[description not available]		013.013210
Dementia, Vascular
An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)		115.013210
Adolescent Gynecomastia
[description not available]		06.8221
Gynecomastia
Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.		06.8221
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)		014.616210
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		03.450
Tauopathies
Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.		02.4110
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		05.48220
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		010.62682
Delirium of Mixed Origin
[description not available]		015.648712
Delirium
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)		015.648712
Anankastic Personality
[description not available]		018.3414532
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.		120.3414532
Anxiety Neuroses
[description not available]		013.443112
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.		018.443112
Granulomatous Mastitis
A rare, benign, inflammatory breast disease occurring in premenopausal women shortly after a recent pregnancy. The origin is unknown but it is commonly mistaken for malignancy and sometimes associated with BREAST FEEDING and the use of ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.		02.8830
Stammering
[description not available]		07.2381
Stuttering
A disturbance in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech that is inappropriate for the individual's age. This disturbance is characterized by frequent repetitions or prolongations of sounds or syllables. Various other types of speech dysfluencies may also be involved including interjections, broken words, audible or silent blocking, circumlocutions, words produced with an excess of physical tension, and monosyllabic whole word repetitions. Stuttering may occur as a developmental condition in childhood or as an acquired disorder which may be associated with BRAIN INFARCTIONS and other BRAIN DISEASES. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		07.2381
Appetite Disorders
[description not available]		05.14100
ARFID
[description not available]		08.620
Feeding and Eating Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.		05.14100
Sex Disorders
[description not available]		011.7399
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological
Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.		011.7399
Callous-Unemotional Traits
[description not available]		013.333315
Conduct Disorder
A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonaggressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The onset is before age 18. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		115.333315
Recrudescence
[description not available]		017.1111037
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		05.5290
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		010.5290
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavioral Disorders
[description not available]		016.597528
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		122.220981
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Includes two similar disorders: oppositional defiant disorder and CONDUCT DISORDERS. Symptoms occurring in children with these disorders include: defiance of authority figures, angry outbursts, and other antisocial behaviors.		118.597528
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		07.57305
Adult-Onset Dystonias
[description not available]		04.69100
Dystonic Disorders
Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.		04.69100
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		04.4140
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		04.4140
Catatonia
A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		06.1280
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72)		09.98981
Drug Refractory Epilepsy
[description not available]		04.2510
Aura
[description not available]		08.42201
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		08.42201
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		016.228730
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		03.6690
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		02.7930
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		03.6690
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		02.7930
Tardive Dystonia
[description not available]		03.3150
Tardive Dyskinesia
Drug-related movement disorder characterized by uncontrollable movements in certain muscles. It is associated with a long-term exposure to certain neuroleptic medications (e.g., METOCLOPRAMIDE).		08.3150
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		010.4375
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		010.4375
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		024.6621551
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		024.6621551
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		03.9721
Exanthem
[description not available]		02.4110
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		02.4110
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		09.9167
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		09.9167
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		06.5292
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		018.8214870
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		06.5292
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		07.71213
Lassitude
[description not available]		07.32133
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		07.32133
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		07.71213
Hyperammonemia
Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.		08.3450
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		08181
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		110181
Habit Chorea
[description not available]		09.31152
Tics
Habitual, repeated, rapid contraction of certain muscles, resulting in stereotyped individualized actions that can be voluntarily suppressed for only brief periods. They often involve the face, vocal cords, neck, and less often the extremities. Examples include repetitive throat clearing, vocalizations, sniffing, pursing the lips, and excessive blinking. Tics tend to be aggravated by emotional stress. When frequent they may interfere with speech and INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS. Conditions which feature frequent and prominent tics as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as TIC DISORDERS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp109-10)		014.31152
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		010.27222
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
[description not available]		017.296217
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.		119.296217
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		012.954714
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		012.954714
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		03.0940
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		03.0940
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		07.6891
Impotence
[description not available]		08.58133
Galactorrhea
Excessive or inappropriate LACTATION in females or males, and not necessarily related to PREGNANCY. Galactorrhea can occur either unilaterally or bilaterally, and be profuse or sparse. Its most common cause is HYPERPROLACTINEMIA.		07.85263
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		013.58133
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		06.45151
Agitation, Psychomotor
[description not available]		016.9711240
Psychomotor Agitation
A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.		016.9711240
Hallucination of Body Sensation
[description not available]		012.79737
Hallucinations
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.		012.79737
Addison's Disease
[description not available]		02.610
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction
[description not available]		02.610
Addison Disease
An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.		02.610
Adrenal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.		02.610
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		08.4152
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		08.4152
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.7620
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		02.7620
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		07.7430
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		02.7430
Allodynia
[description not available]		02.610
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.610
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.610
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		05.61160
Anasarca
[description not available]		04.81120
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		04.81120
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		03.4470
Agitated Emergence
[description not available]		02.610
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		03.4470
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		03.1750
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		03.1750
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		010.54349
Cannabis Abuse
[description not available]		07.1794
Marijuana Abuse
Use of marijuana associated with abnormal psychological, social, and or occupational functioning.		07.1794
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		112.54349
Medically Unexplained Symptoms
Persistent health symptoms which remain unexplained after a complete medical evaluation. A cluster of symptoms that consistently appear together but without a known cause are referred to as a MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYNDROME (MUS).		02.610
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		021.38271189
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		021.38271189
Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by a cycle of binge eating (BULIMIA or bingeing) followed by inappropriate acts (purging) to avert weight gain. Purging methods often include self-induced VOMITING, use of LAXATIVES or DIURETICS, excessive exercise, and FASTING.		03.1210
Binge-Eating Disorder
A disorder associated with three or more of the following: eating until feeling uncomfortably full; eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry; eating much more rapidly than normal; eating alone due to embarrassment; feeling of disgust, DEPRESSION, or guilt after overeating. Criteria includes occurrence on average, at least 2 days a week for 6 months. The binge eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behavior (i.e. purging, excessive exercise, etc.) and does not co-occur exclusively with BULIMIA NERVOSA or ANOREXIA NERVOSA. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		03.1210
Fra(X) Syndrome
[description not available]		03.7530
Fragile X Syndrome
A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226)		08.7530
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		019.2417987
Femoral Fractures
Fractures of the femur.		02.2110
Intertrochanteric Fractures
[description not available]		03.140
Hip Fractures
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).		03.140
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		03.5911
Toxoplasmosis
The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.		03.5911
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		05.4982
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		08.4470
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		04.69100
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		03.4470
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		04.69100
Fractures, Closed
Fractures in which the break in bone is not accompanied by an external wound.		02.2510
Osteoporotic Fractures
Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.		02.2510
Brown Tendon Sheath Syndrome
[description not available]		05.6261
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		013.684812
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		013.684812
Priapism
A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.		07.13321
Folie a Deux
[description not available]		03.1550
Delusional Parasitosis
A delusional disorder of belief in infestation by insects or other parasites. This FORMICATION is typically accompanied by dermatological manifestation such as PRURITUS that may lead to self-mutilation in order to remove the perceived parasites. It can be either primary or secondary to a somatic or psychiatric condition.		03.4360
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		04.3941
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.3941
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		011.82259
Familial Hyperpotassemia and Hypertension
[description not available]		03.1210
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders
[description not available]		07.175
Pseudohypoaldosteronism
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by renal electrolyte transport dysfunctions. Congenital forms are rare autosomal disorders characterized by neonatal hypertension, HYPERKALEMIA, increased RENIN activity and ALDOSTERONE concentration. The Type I features HYPERKALEMIA with sodium wasting; Type II, HYPERKALEMIA without sodium wasting. Pseudohypoaldosteronism can be the result of a defective renal electrolyte transport protein or acquired after KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		03.1210
Malnourishment
[description not available]		02.2510
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		02.2510
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.2510
Hypovolemic
[description not available]		02.2510
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		02.7530
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		07.12121
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		02.7530
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		07.12121
Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic
Ischemic injury to the OPTIC NERVE which usually affects the OPTIC DISK (optic neuropathy, anterior ischemic) and less frequently the retrobulbar portion of the nerve (optic neuropathy, posterior ischemic). The injury results from occlusion of arterial blood supply which may result from TEMPORAL ARTERITIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; COLLAGEN DISEASES; EMBOLISM; DIABETES MELLITUS; and other conditions. The disease primarily occurs in the sixth decade or later and presents with the sudden onset of painless and usually severe monocular visual loss. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy also features optic disk edema with microhemorrhages. The optic disk appears normal in posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. (Glaser, Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, p135)		02.2510
Hypovolemia
An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).		02.2510
Altered Level of Consciousness
[description not available]		03.520
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		012.5367
Auditory Processing Disorder, Central
[description not available]		06.6120
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		017.5367
Affective Disorders
[description not available]		011.453110
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic
[description not available]		03.8921
Absence Seizure Disorder
[description not available]		02.2510
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		02.2510
Deficiency, Vitamin D
[description not available]		02.9940
Epilepsy, Absence
A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)		02.2510
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		02.2510
Vitamin D Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)		02.9940
Mood Disorders
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.		016.453110
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		114.394111
Acute Symptom Flare
[description not available]		04.5511
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		08.84173
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		08.84173
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		04.09150
Agenesis of Hemidiaphragm
[description not available]		02.2510
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		09.86402
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		09.86402
Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital
Protrusion of abdominal structures into the THORAX as a result of embryologic defects in the DIAPHRAGM often present in the neonatal period. It can be isolated, syndromic, non-syndromic or be a part of chromosome abnormality. Associated pulmonary hypoplasia and PULMONARY HYPERTENSION can further complicate stabilization and surgical intervention.		02.2510
Child Mental Disorders
[description not available]		03.2850
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).		15.2850
Late Onset Diseases
[description not available]		02.2510
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		010.54157
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		010.54157
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		08.98203
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		08.98203
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		02.2510
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		03.3160
Chorea Disorders
[description not available]		03.99130
Athetoid Movements
[description not available]		02.2510
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		02.2510
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		03.3160
Chorea
Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.		03.99130
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		08.1650
Asystole
[description not available]		03.2860
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		03.1650
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		03.2860
Laryngeal Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.		03.7330
Hakim Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2110
Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure
A form of compensated hydrocephalus characterized clinically by a slowly progressive gait disorder (see GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC), progressive intellectual decline, and URINARY INCONTINENCE. Spinal fluid pressure tends to be in the high normal range. This condition may result from processes which interfere with the absorption of CSF including SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, chronic MENINGITIS, and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp631-3)		02.2110
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden
[description not available]		04.6861
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)		04.6861
Delusional Disorder
Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.		016.6947
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		04.7561
Hyperthermia
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of inability to regulate core body temperature due to non-pathologic factors.		07.2510
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		05.0842
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		05.0842
Anemia, Megaloblastic
A disorder characterized by the presence of ANEMIA, abnormally large red blood cells (megalocytes or macrocytes), and MEGALOBLASTS.		02.2510
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		02.2510
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12
[description not available]		02.5520
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		07.2510
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)		02.5520
Hiccough
[description not available]		02.5220
Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, Posterior
[description not available]		02.2510
Absence Status
[description not available]		02.4920
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		02.4920
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		03.4770
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		08.4770
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		09.21400
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		08.58132
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		08.58132
Adenoma, beta-Cell
[description not available]		02.2510
Insulinoma
A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.		02.2510
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		02.3110
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		03.0340
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		08.0340
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		02.3110
Paranoia
[description not available]		05.36131
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		04.4841
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic
Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.		02.2510
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		04.4841
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		02.9940
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		07.9940
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		016.588314
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		121.3116628
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		015.167015
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		07.9940
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		02.9940
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		02.3110
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3110
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		02.3110
Hyperparathyroidism, Primary
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.		02.3110
Antisocial Behavior
Behavior that sharply deviates from social norms and violates rights of others		02.4720
Autotomy Human
[description not available]		03.1150
Hyperphagia
Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.		02.7730
Acute-Phase Reaction
An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.		02.3110
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		02.3110
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		02.3110
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		03.0240
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		03.0240
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		02.7630
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		07.7630
Genetic Diseases
[description not available]		02.3110
Hypogalactia
A condition of less than normal MILK secretion.		02.3110
Genetic Diseases, Inborn
Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.		02.3110
Diathesis
[description not available]		05.5861
Urinary Retention
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).		04.0450
Serotonin Syndrome
An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor.		05.09160
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma
[description not available]		02.1510
Oligodendroglioma
A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655)		02.1510
Dissociative Identity Disorder
A dissociative disorder in which the individual adopts two or more distinct personalities. Each personality is a fully integrated and complex unit with memories, behavior patterns and social friendships. Transition from one personality to another is sudden.		07.5120
Polydipsia, Primary
[description not available]		02.520
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		07.32171
Water Intoxication
A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion.		010.0552
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		05.8381
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		07.32171
Acathisia, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		015.446223
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced
[description not available]		019.0220456
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)		121.0220456
Morgellon's
[description not available]		03.520
Nasal Bleeding
[description not available]		08.1450
Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose.		03.1450
Adolescent Obesity
[description not available]		02.1510
Academic Disorder, Developmental
[description not available]		04.77110
Gelineau Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4920
Inadequate Sleep
[description not available]		02.7530
Compulsive Eating
[description not available]		02.1510
Learning Disabilities
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.		04.77110
Narcolepsy
A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)		02.4920
Suicidal Ideation
A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.		06.453
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		02.8130
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		07.12170
Puerperal Disorders
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.		0340
Porphyria
[description not available]		03.0610
Porphyrias
A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.		03.0610
Pyrexia
[description not available]		04.16160
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		04.16160
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		03.1650
Rubeola
[description not available]		02.1510
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		03.1650
Measles
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.		02.1510
Arsenic Encephalopathy
[description not available]		02.1510
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		04.3441
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		04.3441
Binge Alcohol Consumption
[description not available]		02.1510
Alcoholic Intoxication
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.		02.8130
Infusion Site Adverse Event
[description not available]		03.5611
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		03.77100
Central Nervous System Cysts
Congenital or acquired cysts of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges which may remain stable in size or undergo progressive enlargement.		02.1710
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		03.77100
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		011.4294
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		011.4294
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		08.74304
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		08.74304
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		03.4720
Anhidrosis
[description not available]		07.1710
Pain, Intractable
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.		02.1710
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		03.4720
Child Behavior Disorders
Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.		013.875324
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		07.4920
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.4920
Parasitic Skin Diseases
[description not available]		04.6940
Dysphagia
[description not available]		08.1650
Acid Aspiration Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4920
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		03.1650
Pneumonia, Aspiration
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		02.4920
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		09.5590
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		04.5590
Asperger Disease
[description not available]		011.28232
Asperger Syndrome
A disorder beginning in childhood whose essential features are persistent impairment in reciprocal social communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. These symptoms may limit or impair everyday functioning. (From DSM-5)		118.28232
Facies
The appearance of the face that is often characteristic of a disease or pathological condition, as the elfin facies of WILLIAMS SYNDROME or the mongoloid facies of DOWN SYNDROME. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		03.420
Hyperventilation
A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.		02.1710
CACH Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1710
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.		07.1710
Anoxia, Brain
[description not available]		02.4620
Sinus Tachycardia
[description not available]		07.1710
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		02.9640
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.1710
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		02.1710
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		02.9640
Encephalitis, JC Polyomavirus
[description not available]		03.3160
Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal
An opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system associated with conditions that impair cell-mediated immunity (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; and COLLAGEN DISEASES). The causative organism is JC Polyomavirus (JC VIRUS) which primarily affects oligodendrocytes, resulting in multiple areas of demyelination. Clinical manifestations include DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; visual disturbances; and other focal neurologic deficits, generally progressing to a vegetative state within 6 months. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp36-7)		03.3160
Hypomenorrhea
[description not available]		06.2972
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		02.4420
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		02.4420
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational
[description not available]		03.7330
Diabetes, Gestational
Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.		03.7330
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		02.1710
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		02.1710
Abnormal Movements
[description not available]		04.3570
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid
[description not available]		02.5320
Cerebral Palsy
A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)		07.5320
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		010.9791
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		012.3463
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		012.3463
Allergic Rhinitis
[description not available]		02.1710
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.4620
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		02.4620
Rhinitis, Allergic
An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.		02.1710
Stress Disorders, Traumatic
Anxiety disorders manifested by the development of characteristic symptoms following a psychologically traumatic event that is outside the normal range of usual human experience. Symptoms include re-experiencing the traumatic event, increased arousal, and numbing of responsiveness to or reduced involvement with the external world. Traumatic stress disorders can be further classified by the time of onset and the duration of these symptoms.		02.1710
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism
[description not available]		04.5251
Hypogonadism
Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).		04.5251
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous
[description not available]		03.0940
Pneumothorax
An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.		03.0940
Sleepiness
Compelling urge to sleep.		02.2110
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		08.1350
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		03.1350
Coronary Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		02.1710
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		02.1710
Coronary Stenosis
Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.		02.1710
Body-Weight Trajectory
A general pattern of body weight gain or loss over many years. Weight change trajectory is influenced by several determinants in children and adults.		03.5911
Emesis, Postoperative
[description not available]		02.2510
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.		02.2510
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		010.78174
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis
[description not available]		02.2110
Neurofibromatosis 1
An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).		02.2110
Infection, Wound
[description not available]		03.0910
Atypical Lipomatous Tumor
[description not available]		02.2110
Liposarcoma
A malignant tumor derived from primitive or embryonal lipoblastic cells. It may be composed of well-differentiated fat cells or may be dedifferentiated: myxoid (LIPOSARCOMA, MYXOID), round-celled, or pleomorphic, usually in association with a rich network of capillaries. Recurrences are common and dedifferentiated liposarcomas metastasize to the lungs or serosal surfaces. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		02.2110
Visceral Pain
Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.		07.2110
Prodromal Characteristics
[description not available]		02.2110
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid
[description not available]		02.5320
Macular Edema
Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)		07.5320
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion
[description not available]		02.9540
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome
A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.		02.9540
Amphetamine Abuse
[description not available]		07.5662
Amphetamine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.		19.5662
Hyperactivity, Motor
[description not available]		06.66191
Post-Natal Depression
[description not available]		03.2960
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		05.54110
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		03.8740
Blood Clot
[description not available]		03.6730
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		05.54110
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		03.8740
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		03.6730
Depression, Postpartum
Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)		03.2960
Incipient Schizophrenia
[description not available]		010.81916
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia.		112.81916
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		04.3441
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		04.3441
Bilirubinemia
[description not available]		02.0810
Ectoparasitic Infestations
Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.		03.2860
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		02.7730
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		02.7730
Thromboembolism, Venous
[description not available]		0310
Venous Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		0310
Granulomas
[description not available]		02.4920
Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.7430
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		07.4920
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		02.7430
Compartment Syndromes
Conditions in which increased pressure within a limited space compromises the BLOOD CIRCULATION and function of tissue within that space. Some of the causes of increased pressure are TRAUMA, tight dressings, HEMORRHAGE, and exercise. Sequelae include nerve compression (NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES); PARALYSIS; and ISCHEMIC CONTRACTURE. FASCIOTOMY is often used to decompress increased pressure and eliminate pain associated with compartment syndromes.		02.4520
Refractory Depression
[description not available]		012.411817
Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
Failure to respond to two or more trials of antidepressant monotherapy or failure to respond to four or more trials of different antidepressant therapies. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 9th ed.)		012.411817
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		02.520
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		02.520
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		02.4820
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		02.0810
Pervasive Child Development Disorders
[description not available]		018.4810433
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive
Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.		120.4810433
Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis
Disorder characterized by symptoms of CATATONIA; HYPOVENTILATION; DYSKINESIAS; ENCEPHALITIS; and SEIZURES followed by a reduced CONSCIOUSNESS. It is often followed by a viral-like prodrome. Many cases are self-limiting and respond well to IMMUNOMODULATORY THERAPIES against the NMDA RECEPTORS antibodies.		03.0310
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		07.49160
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		07.49160
Emesis
[description not available]		06.8151
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		010.9631
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		011.8151
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		04.3911
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		04.3911
Frigidity
[description not available]		09.47176
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological
Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)		09.47176
Hemisensory Neglect
[description not available]		05.0291
Catatonic Schizophrenia
[description not available]		03.9120
Perceptual Disorders
Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.		05.0291
Abdominal Epilepsy
[description not available]		02.4620
Epilepsies, Partial
Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)		02.4620
Hyperuricemia
Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.		04.3911
Catatonic Rigidity
[description not available]		06.8693
Muscle Rigidity
Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)		06.8693
Hypochondriacal Neuroses
[description not available]		03.6330
Ataxia of Gait
[description not available]		02.0810
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.4720
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		02.4420
Hyperkinetic Dysphonia
[description not available]		02.0810
Dysphonia
Difficulty and/or pain in PHONATION or speaking.		02.0810
Cerebrovascular Moyamoya Disease
[description not available]		02.0810
Diseases in Twins
Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.		03.3420
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		02.0810
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		02.0810
Paranoid Personality
[description not available]		02.4520
17p11.2 Monosomy
[description not available]		02.110
Smith-Magenis Syndrome
Complex neurobehavioral disorder characterized by distinctive facial features (FACIES), developmental delay and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Behavioral phenotypes include sleep disturbance, maladaptive, self-injurious and attention-seeking behaviors. The sleep disturbance is linked to an abnormal circadian secretion pattern of MELATONIN. The syndrome is associated with de novo deletion or mutation and HAPLOINSUFFICIENCY of the retinoic acid-induced 1 protein on chromosome 17p11.2.		02.110
Cocaine Abuse
[description not available]		011.64219
Cocaine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.		113.64219
Nanism
[description not available]		02.110
Diseases of Endocrine System
[description not available]		03.3620
Familial Precocious Puberty
[description not available]		02.520
Chromosome Deletion
Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.		04.2260
Dwarfism
A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.		02.110
Endocrine System Diseases
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.		03.3620
Puberty, Precocious
Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.		02.520
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		02.110
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		02.110
Joint Pain
[description not available]		02.110
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		07.110
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.7330
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		03.4670
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.7330
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		03.4670
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		05.1450
Trichotillomania
Compulsion to pull out one's hair.		04.3141
Combat Disorders
Neurotic reactions to unusual, severe, or overwhelming military stress.		09.22117
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		02.9440
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.0810
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.		02.0810
Foreign-Body Granuloma
[description not available]		02.1110
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		07.9240
Gastritis, Atrophic
GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.		02.110
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.110
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		02.110
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.110
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		02.7530
Cancer of Muscle
[description not available]		02.110
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		02.7530
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular
An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.110
Musculoskeletal Pain
Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.		02.110
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.110
Bowel Incontinence
[description not available]		02.9640
Fecal Incontinence
Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.		07.9640
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		02.9640
Myoclonic Jerk
[description not available]		02.7630
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome
[description not available]		02.110
Antiphospholipid Syndrome
The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).		02.110
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		03.72100
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		03.72100
Diffuse Neurofibrillary Tangles with Calcification
A form of presenile DEMENTIA characterized by cortical dementia, NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES without SENILE PLAQUES, Fahr's type CALCINOSIS, and ATROPHY in frontotemporal or TEMPORAL LOBE.		02.1110
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		05.9591
Dizzyness
[description not available]		06.0765
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		06.0765
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		05.4651
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		05.4651
Alcohol Withdrawal Associated Autonomic Hyperactivity
[description not available]		02.4620
Closed Head Injuries
[description not available]		02.4720
Cranial Epidural Hematoma
[description not available]		02.1110
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		05.2860
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		08.98106
Benign Intracranial Hypertension
[description not available]		07.4920
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		08.98106
Pseudotumor Cerebri
A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).		02.4920
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		02.9640
Affective Disorders, Psychotic
Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.		05.56160
Anticholinergic Syndrome
Adverse drug effects associated with CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONISTS. Clinical features include TACHYCARDIA; HYPERTHERMIA; MYDRIASIS, dry skin and dry mucous membranes, decreased bowel sounds and urinary retention in peripheral anticholinergic syndrome; and HALLUCINATIONS; PSYCHOSES; SEIZURES; and COMA in central anticholinergic syndrome.		02.1110
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		07.7430
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		02.520
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis
[description not available]		02.7430
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		02.520
Hashimoto Disease
Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.		02.7430
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		04.4580
Acidosis, Diabetic
[description not available]		05.13100
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		02.1110
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		09.4580
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		02.4520
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.		05.13100
Bilateral Periventricular Nodular Heterotopia
[description not available]		02.1110
Low Bone Density
[description not available]		02.1110
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.		02.1110
Cancer, Embryonal
[description not available]		02.1110
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		02.1110
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		02.1110
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal
Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.		02.1110
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		02.1110
Anomalous Ventricular Excitation Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1110
Accessory Atrioventricular Bundle
Extra impulse-conducting tissue in the heart that creates abnormal impulse-conducting connections between HEART ATRIA and HEART VENTRICLES.		02.1110
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
A form of ventricular pre-excitation characterized by a short PR interval and a long QRS interval with a delta wave. In this syndrome, atrial impulses are abnormally conducted to the HEART VENTRICLES via an ACCESSORY CONDUCTING PATHWAY that is located between the wall of the right or left atria and the ventricles, also known as a BUNDLE OF KENT. The inherited form can be caused by mutation of PRKAG2 gene encoding a gamma-2 regulatory subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase.		02.1110
Daytime Sleepiness
[description not available]		08.4683
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence
Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)		08.4683
Adenoma Sebaceum
Facial ANGIOFIBROMA in tuberous sclerosis		02.1110
Tuberous Sclerosis
Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION; EPILEPSY; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. It is also associated with cortical tuber and HAMARTOMAS formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in two loci TSC1 and TSC2 that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease.		02.1110
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		05.6340
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.1110
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.1110
Aprosodia
[description not available]		02.5220
Pyomyositis
An intramuscular suppuration of the large skeletal muscle groups. It is associated with INFECTION such as STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS and PYODERMA. It was known as a tropical disease but is increasing among the immunocompromised (IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST). Symptoms include muscle pain, FEVER, and leucocytosis. It has been diagnosed by MRI SCANS.		02.1110
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.4820
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		02.1110
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		02.1110
Enuresis
Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis).		06.1262
Teratogenesis
The formation of CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES.		02.1110
Iron Metabolism Disorders
Disorders in the processing of iron in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization. (From Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary, 4th ed)		03.0310
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		02.1110
Anterior Urethral Stricture
[description not available]		02.1110
Urethral Stricture
Narrowing of any part of the URETHRA. It is characterized by decreased urinary stream and often other obstructive voiding symptoms.		02.1110
Drop Attack
[description not available]		02.4820
Syncope
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)		07.4820
Labhart-Willi Syndrome
[description not available]		06.381
Prader-Willi Syndrome
An autosomal dominant disorder caused by deletion of the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) or by inheritance of both of the pair of chromosomes 15 from the mother (UNIPARENTAL DISOMY) which are imprinted (GENETIC IMPRINTING) and hence silenced. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION; MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA; HYPERPHAGIA; OBESITY; short stature; HYPOGONADISM; STRABISMUS; and HYPERSOMNOLENCE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229)		06.381
Atrial Ectopic Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.4420
Angioneurotic Edema
[description not available]		03.1350
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		04.3241
Angioedema
Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.		03.1350
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		04.3241
Addiction, Opioid
[description not available]		04.131
Opioid-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.		16.131
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		03.8940
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		03.8220
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		03.8220
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		02.1310
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		02.1310
Constitutional Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.1310
Adjustment Sleep Disorder
[description not available]		03.3820
Achromatopsia
Severely deficient color perception, typically with monochromacy and reduced visual acuity. The atypical form can include normal visual acuity with pseudomonochromacy.		02.1310
Color Vision Defects
Defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the CONES (RETINA). Severity of hereditary defects of color vision depends on the degree of mutation of the ROD OPSINS genes (on X CHROMOSOME and CHROMOSOME 3) that code the photopigments for red, green and blue.		02.1310
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
[description not available]		02.1310
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.		02.1310
Panic Attacks
[description not available]		08.4184
Panic Disorder
A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.		08.4184
Childhood Schizophrenia
[description not available]		08.3870
Child Development Deviations
[description not available]		08.42113
Developmental Disabilities
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)		110.42113
Bewilderment
[description not available]		04.980
Allotriophagy
An unusual desire or craving for abnormal foods.		02.1310
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4920
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		02.4920
Atrioventricular Conduction Block
[description not available]		02.830
Atrioventricular Block
Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction.		02.830
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.4920
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		02.4920
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		04.4222
Meningitis, Tuberculous
[description not available]		02.1310
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
A neurobehavioral syndrome associated with bilateral medial temporal lobe dysfunction. Clinical manifestations include oral exploratory behavior; tactile exploratory behavior; hypersexuality; BULIMIA; MEMORY DISORDERS; placidity; and an inability to recognize objects or faces. This disorder may result from a variety of conditions, including CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; infections; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PICK DISEASE OF THE BRAIN; and CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.		02.4620
Tuberculosis, Meningeal
A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)		02.1310
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		02.1310
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		02.1310
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		03.1250
Atopic Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.1510
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		03.1250
Hypotension, Postural
[description not available]		07.0572
Hypotension, Orthostatic
A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.		07.0572
Blepharospasm-Oromandibular Dyskinesia
[description not available]		05.2441
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		03.0410
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		03.0410
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		03.0410
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		03.0410
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		03.1550
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		08.1550
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.4820
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.1510
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		07.4820
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.1510
Central Pontine Myelinolysis
[description not available]		02.4820
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		02.1510
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital
A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.		02.1510
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1510
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn
A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.		02.1510
Atrophy, Muscular, Peroneal
[description not available]		02.0410
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)		02.0410
Amnesia-Memory Loss
[description not available]		03.6130
Capgras Syndrome
A psychotic disorder characterized by the patient's belief that acquaintances or closely related persons have been replaced by doubles or imposters.		02.9440
Amnesia
Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)		03.6130
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		02.9340
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		02.9340
Rib Fractures
Fractures of any of the RIBS.		02.0410
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		02.7130
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		02.0510
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders
Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification or release of tension at the time of committing the act.		06.2872
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		02.9610
Bonnevie-Ullrich Syndrome
This syndrome that was originally observed by Ullrich, and designated as identical to TURNER SYNDROME, related the webbing of the neck, loose skin and other anomalies of the syndrome to accumulation of fluid in the embryo starting at the head and dispersing to the extremities (as observed by Bonnevie in mice). Commonly observed at birth in Turner Syndrome and NOONAN SYNDROME; EDEMA of the extremities usually recedes by one year and is an early sign of Turner syndrome, especially in female neonates.		02.9610
Turner Syndrome
A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.		02.9610
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Choline Deficiency
A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)		02.0510
Familial Hibernation (Kleine-Levin) Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4420
Clerambault Syndrome
[description not available]		012.8113
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.		02.9610
Korsakoff Psychosis
[description not available]		03.3620
Polyomavirus Infections
Infections with POLYOMAVIRUS, which are often cultured from the urine of kidney transplant patients. Excretion of BK VIRUS is associated with ureteral strictures and CYSTITIS, and that of JC VIRUS with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL).		02.7330
Eyelid Diseases
Diseases involving the EYELIDS.		02.0410
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		02.0510
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular
Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		02.0510
Endomyocardial Fibrosis
A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).		02.0510
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		02.0510
Breathlessness
[description not available]		04.1131
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		04.1131
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		03.4311
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		02.0410
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		02.0410
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		09.67115
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		09.67115
Hypertriglyceridemia
A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.		03.1450
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		02.9540
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		07.9540
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.0410
Auditory Hyperesthesia
[description not available]		02.0510
Parasite Infections
[description not available]		04.4680
Acetyl-CoA:alpha-Glucosaminide N-Acetyltransferase Deficiency
[description not available]		03.8421
Mucopolysaccharidosis III
Mucopolysaccharidosis characterized by heparitin sulfate in the urine, progressive mental retardation, mild dwarfism, and other skeletal disorders. There are four clinically indistinguishable but biochemically distinct forms, each due to a deficiency of a different enzyme.		03.8421
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
DiGeorge Syndrome
Congenital syndrome characterized by a wide spectrum of characteristics including the absence of the THYMUS and PARATHYROID GLANDS resulting in T-cell immunodeficiency, HYPOCALCEMIA, defects in the outflow tract of the heart, and craniofacial anomalies.		02.0510
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		02.7230
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		02.7230
Periapical Cyst
[description not available]		02.0510
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)		02.0510
Hebephrenic Schizophrenia
[description not available]		04.551
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing
ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.		02.0510
Hyperamylasemia
A condition with abnormally elevated level of AMYLASES in the serum. Hyperamylasemia due to PANCREATITIS or other causes may be differentiated by identifying the amylase isoenzymes.		07.0510
Personality Disorder, Schizoid
[description not available]		03.8221
Luft Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Mitochondrial Myopathies
A group of muscle diseases associated with abnormal mitochondria function.		02.0510
Drooling
[description not available]		06.1971
Sialorrhea
Increased salivary flow.		06.1971
Paralysis, Sleep
[description not available]		02.0510
Cataleptic Attacks
[description not available]		02.4420
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		02.0510
Arteriovenous Malformations, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.0510
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.4420
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations
Congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. The locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including HEADACHES; SEIZURES; STROKE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; mass effect; and vascular steal effect.		02.0510
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		02.4420
Argentaffinoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		02.0510
Carcinoid Tumor
A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)		02.0510
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		02.0510
Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome
A symptom complex associated with CARCINOID TUMOR and characterized by attacks of severe flushing of the skin, diarrheal watery stools, bronchoconstriction, sudden drops in blood pressure, edema, and ascites. The carcinoid tumors are usually located in the gastrointestinal tract and metastasize to the liver. Symptoms are caused by tumor secretion of serotonin, prostaglandins, and other biologically active substances. Cardiac manifestations constitute CARCINOID HEART DISEASE. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0510
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		03.6330
Bedwetting
[description not available]		03.4470
Nocturnal Enuresis
Involuntary discharge of URINE during sleep at night after expected age of completed development of urinary control.		08.4470
HbS Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		02.0510
Bruise
[description not available]		02.0510
Contusions
Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.		02.0510
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		02.0510
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		02.0510
Beuren Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		02.0510
Esophagitis
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.		02.0510
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.0510
Postpartum Amenorrhea
[description not available]		06.18123
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation.		06.18123
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		03.8220
Carditis
[description not available]		02.9610
Pleuropericarditis
Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.		02.9610
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		03.8220
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		02.9610
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.		02.9610
As If Personality
[description not available]		08.9584
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		06.3653
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		06.3653
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		02.4520
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell
[description not available]		02.0510
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell
[description not available]		02.0510
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.		02.0510
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		02.4520
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.		02.0510
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		02.4320
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4320
Lipid Metabolism Disorders
Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.		04.3611
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		02.4320
Acoustic Perceptual Disorder
[description not available]		02.0510
Infarct
[description not available]		02.0510
Acetonemia
[description not available]		02.0510
Starvation
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0510
Break-Bone Fever
[description not available]		02.0510
Dengue
An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.		02.0510
Anhedonia
Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA).		02.0610
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		08.45105
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		013.45105
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency
[description not available]		02.0710
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.		02.0710
Adipocere
[description not available]		02.7530
Nicotine Addiction
[description not available]		02.4520
Tobacco Use Disorder
Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.		02.4520
Hypocalcemia
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.4520
Dysthymia
[description not available]		05.2341
Dysthymic Disorder
Chronically depressed mood that occurs for most of the day more days than not for at least 2 years. The required minimum duration in children to make this diagnosis is 1 year. During periods of depressed mood, at least 2 of the following additional symptoms are present: poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness. (DSM-IV)		05.2341
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.9740
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.9740
Alcohol Problem
[description not available]		02.0710
Alcohol-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.		02.0710
Fecal Impaction
Formation of a firm impassable mass of stool in the RECTUM or distal COLON.		02.0610
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		04.7970
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0610
46, XY Disorders of Sex Development
[description not available]		02.0610
Granulomatosis, Wegener's
[description not available]		02.0610
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.		02.0610
Convulsions, Grand Mal
[description not available]		02.4420
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)		02.4420
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked
[description not available]		02.0610
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		02.9440
Enlarged Liver
[description not available]		02.0610
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		02.0610
Itching
[description not available]		02.7230
Enlarged Spleen
[description not available]		02.0610
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		02.7230
Claustrophobia
[description not available]		06.532
Phobic Disorders
Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.		06.532
Leanness
[description not available]		03.4511
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		02.4520
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		07.4520
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		02.0710
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		02.0710
Body Weight, Fetal
[description not available]		02.0710
Stillbirth
The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.		02.0710
Body Dysmorphic Disorders
Preoccupations with appearance or self-image causing significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning.		02.9810
Gambling, Pathologic
[description not available]		04.3341
Gambling
An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money.		09.3341
Metaplasia
A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.		02.0710
Neoplasms, Sweat Gland
[description not available]		02.0710
Histrionic Personality Disorder
A personality disorder characterized by overly reactive and intensely expressed or overly dramatic behavior, proneness to exaggeration, emotional excitability, and disturbances in interpersonal relationships.		02.0710
Agoraphobia
Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places.		02.0710
Inferior Dislocation
[description not available]		02.4620
Temporomandibular Disorders
[description not available]		02.0710
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)		02.0710
Infarct, Lacunar
[description not available]		02.0810
Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0810
Factitious Disorders
Disorders characterized by physical or psychological symptoms that are not real, genuine, or natural.		02.0710
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		02.0710
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		02.0810
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		02.0810
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		02.0610
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		02.0610
Acquired Communication Disorders
[description not available]		04.3922
Communication Disorders
Disorders of verbal and nonverbal communication caused by receptive or expressive LANGUAGE DISORDERS, cognitive dysfunction (e.g., MENTAL RETARDATION), psychiatric conditions, and HEARING DISORDERS.		04.3922
Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome
[description not available]		05.8464
Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm
Dyssomnias associated with disruption of the normal 24 hour sleep wake cycle secondary to travel (e.g., JET LAG SYNDROME), shift work, or other causes.		05.8464
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		02.0710
Action Tremor
[description not available]		04.6561
Asialia
[description not available]		04.1131
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		02.0710
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		04.6561
Xerostomia
Decreased salivary flow.		04.1131
BCECTS
[description not available]		02.9910
Disorder, Borderline Personality
[description not available]		012.722418
Borderline Personality Disorder
A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV)		012.722418
Lymphocytopenia
[description not available]		07.4220
Lymphopenia
Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.		07.4220
Cervical Dystonia
A common form of DYSTONIA due to involuntary sustained or spasmodic, repetitive muscle contractions in the neck region. According to the position of the twisted neck and head, cervical dystonia can be categorized as torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and a combination of these abnormal postures.		02.4520
Kussmaul Aphasia
[description not available]		02.4420
Torticollis
A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors.		02.4520
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		02.7230
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		02.7230
Hereditary Optic Neuroretinopathy
[description not available]		02.0710
Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber
A maternally linked genetic disorder that presents in mid-life as acute or subacute central vision loss leading to central scotoma and blindness. The disease has been associated with missense mutations in the mtDNA, in genes for Complex I, III, and IV polypeptides, that can act autonomously or in association with each other to cause the disease. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/, MIM#535000 (April 17, 2001))		02.0710
Acquired Language Disorders
[description not available]		02.0710
Language Disorders
Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders.		02.0710
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		03.3720
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		08.3720
Dysembryoma
[description not available]		02.0810
Astroblastoma
[description not available]		02.0810
Teratoma
A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)		02.0810
Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial
Neoplasms composed of neuroepithelial cells, which have the capacity to differentiate into NEURONS, oligodendrocytes, and ASTROCYTES. The majority of craniospinal tumors are of neuroepithelial origin. (From Dev Biol 1998 Aug 1;200(1):1-5)		02.0810
Heroin Abuse
[description not available]		04.6832
Heroin Dependence
Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.		04.6832
Complex Partial Epilepsy
[description not available]		02.4420
Epilepsy, Complex Partial
A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)		02.4420
Chromosomal Translocation
[description not available]		0310
Autism-Dementia-Ataxia-Loss of Purposeful Hand Use Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0110
Rett Syndrome
An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199)		14.0110
Back Ache
[description not available]		02.0110
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		02.0110
Cortical Lewy Body Disease
[description not available]		05.4680
Lewy Body Disease
A neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, mild parkinsonism, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. The neuropsychiatric manifestations tend to precede the onset of bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY, and other extrapyramidal signs. DELUSIONS and visual HALLUCINATIONS are relatively frequent in this condition. Histologic examination reveals LEWY BODIES in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and BRAIN STEM. SENILE PLAQUES and other pathologic features characteristic of ALZHEIMER DISEASE may also be present. (From Neurology 1997;48:376-380; Neurology 1996;47:1113-1124)		05.4680
Coffin Syndrome
[description not available]		04.3111
Mastitis
INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.		02.0110
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		02.0110
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		04.0831
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.0110
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		04.0831
Complications, Labor
[description not available]		02.0110
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		07.4320
Megacolon
Dilatation of the COLON, often to alarming dimensions. There are various types of megacolon including congenital megacolon in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, idiopathic megacolon in CONSTIPATION, and TOXIC MEGACOLON.		07.0110
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		02.4120
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.		02.0110
Bone Marrow Diseases
Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.		02.9310
Urination Disorders
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.		02.420
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		02.420
Dissociation
[description not available]		02.0110
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		02.4120
Bacterial Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.0110
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.		02.0110
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder
[description not available]		02.4120
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0110
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		02.0110
Ganglioglioma
Rare indolent tumors comprised of neoplastic glial and neuronal cells which occur primarily in children and young adults. Benign lesions tend to be associated with long survival unless the tumor degenerates into a histologically malignant form. They tend to occur in the optic nerve and white matter of the brain and spinal cord.		02.0110
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		02.0110
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		02.0110
Adult Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis
[description not available]		03.821
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses
A group of severe neurodegenerative diseases characterized by intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent wax-like lipid materials (CEROID; LIPOFUSCIN) in neurons. There are several subtypes based on mutations of the various genes, time of disease onset, and severity of the neurological defects such as progressive DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; and visual failure.		03.821
Cerebromeningitis
[description not available]		02.9310
Psychoses, Alcoholic
A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol.		03.3220
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		02.4120
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		02.4120
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia
A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.		03.8121
Hyperinsulinism
A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.		03.8121
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary
[description not available]		02.0210
Blepharospasm
Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle.		02.730
Neurologic Voice Disorder
[description not available]		02.0210
Voice Disorders
Pathological processes that affect voice production, usually involving VOCAL CORDS and the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA. Voice disorders can be caused by organic (anatomical), or functional (emotional or psychological) factors leading to DYSPHONIA; APHONIA; and defects in VOICE QUALITY, loudness, and pitch.		02.0210
Nocturnal Wandering
[description not available]		03.8121
Prediabetes
[description not available]		02.4320
Prediabetic State
The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		02.4320
Restless Leg Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4220
Restless Legs Syndrome
A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.		07.4220
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.9310
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		02.9310
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		03.1150
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		03.1150
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		05.7622
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		02.0210
B. burgdorferi Infection
[description not available]		02.0210
Sore Throat
[description not available]		02.0210
Psychophysiologic Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)		02.9340
Lyme Disease
An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.		02.0210
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		02.0210
Ptosis, Eyelid
[description not available]		02.0210
Blepharoptosis
Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.		02.0210
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		02.9310
Choriocarcinoma
A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).		02.9310
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		02.9310
Briquet Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4320
Somatoform Disorders
Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)		02.4320
Drug Abuse, Intravenous
[description not available]		03.4111
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		02.9340
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		02.9340
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		02.0210
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		02.0210
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		02.0210
Day Blindness
[description not available]		02.4220
Paraphilias
[description not available]		02.4320
Childhood Eating and Feeding Disorders
[description not available]		02.0210
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		03.4111
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.0210
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis
[description not available]		02.0210
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic
[description not available]		02.0210
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic
Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).		02.0210
Hepatitis, Autoimmune
A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.		02.0210
Dry Eye
[description not available]		02.9410
Dry Eye Syndromes
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.		02.9410
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive
[description not available]		02.0210
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).		02.0210
Body Rocking
[description not available]		03.4111
Dejerine-Thomas Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0210
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial
[description not available]		02.0210
Mitochondrial Diseases
Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.		02.0210
Brain Hemorrhage, Traumatic
Bleeding within the brain as a result of penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Traumatically induced hemorrhages may occur in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRUM; BRAIN STEM (see BRAIN STEM HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC); and CEREBELLUM.		02.0210
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		02.0310
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		02.0310
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		02.0210
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		02.0210
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex
[description not available]		03.3970
AIDS Dementia Complex
A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)		03.3970
Hypersomnia, Post-Traumatic
[description not available]		02.0310
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		07.4544
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		07.4544
Acute Necrotizing Encephalitis, Herpetic
[description not available]		02.4420
Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex
An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)		02.4420
Mitral Incompetence
[description not available]		02.0310
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.		02.0310
Erythema Multiforme
A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.		07.0310
A-V Dissociation
[description not available]		02.4220
Absence of Corpus Callosum
[description not available]		02.0310
Binge Eating
[description not available]		02.4120
Bulimia
Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger.		07.4120
Microglossia
[description not available]		02.0310
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		02.0310
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		02.0310
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		02.7130
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		02.0310
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.0310
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		02.0310
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		02.0310
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		02.0310
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
[description not available]		02.0310
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.0310
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)		02.0310
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		02.0310
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion
[description not available]		02.0310
Hypopituitarism
Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.		02.0310
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.0310
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		02.0310
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		02.9510
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		02.9510
Moniliasis, Oral
[description not available]		02.0310
Candidiasis, Oral
Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0310
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction
[description not available]		03.4211
Nasal Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.		03.4211
Bleeding
[description not available]		02.4220
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		02.4220
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		02.0310
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		02.0310
Direct Hyperbilirubinemia, Neonatal
[description not available]		02.0310
Infant, Small for Gestational Age
An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.		02.0310
Carcinoma, Papillary
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0310
Flaccid Quadriplegia
[description not available]		02.0310
Acute Stress Disorders
[description not available]		02.0310
Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute
A class of traumatic stress disorders that is characterized by the significant dissociative states seen immediately after overwhelming trauma. By definition it cannot last longer than 1 month, if it persists, a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC) is more appropriate.		02.0310
Anemia, Hypochromic
Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)		02.0310
Anemia, Cooley's
[description not available]		02.0310
beta-Thalassemia
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.		02.0310
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		03.821
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		02.7130
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		07.7130
Foot Diseases
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.		02.0310
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		02.0310
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion
[description not available]		07.0310
Retinal Artery Occlusion
Sudden ISCHEMIA in the RETINA due to blocked blood flow through the CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY or its branches leading to sudden complete or partial loss of vision, respectively, in the eye.		07.0310
Glucose Metabolic Disorder
[description not available]		02.9510
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain
[description not available]		02.0310
Daytime Urinary Incontinence
[description not available]		02.0310
Menstruation, Painful
[description not available]		03.4211
Dysmenorrhea
Painful menstruation.		03.4211
Dementia Multi-Infarct
[description not available]		02.0310
Angiospasm, Intracranial
[description not available]		02.0310
Amnesia, Anterograde
Loss of the ability to form new memories beyond a certain point in time. This condition may be organic or psychogenic in origin. Organically induced anterograde amnesia may follow CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; SEIZURES; ANOXIA; and other conditions which adversely affect neural structures associated with memory formation (e.g., the HIPPOCAMPUS; FORNIX (BRAIN); MAMMILLARY BODIES; and ANTERIOR THALAMIC NUCLEI). (From Memory 1997 Jan-Mar;5(1-2):49-71)		02.0310
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.0310
Rupture, Spontaneous
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.		02.0310
Intracranial Aneurysm
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (		02.0310
Vasospasm, Intracranial
Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).		02.0310
AIRE Deficiency
[description not available]		02.0410
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		02.9510
Belching
[description not available]		02.0410
Aerophagy
Spasmodic swallowing of air.		02.0410
Narcosis
A state of depressed CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM marked by stupor or insensibility.		02.0410
Craniofacial Abnormalities
Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.		02.9610
Gigantism
The condition of accelerated and excessive GROWTH in children or adolescents who are exposed to excess HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE before the closure of EPIPHYSES. It is usually caused by somatotroph hyperplasia or a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. These patients are of abnormally tall stature, more than 3 standard deviations above normal mean height for age.		02.9610
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		02.9610
Bacterial Skin Diseases
[description not available]		02.0410
Skin Diseases, Bacterial
Skin diseases caused by bacteria.		02.0410
Oligomenorrhea
Abnormally infrequent menstruation.		03.4311
Anemia, Hypoplastic
[description not available]		01.9810
Anemia, Aplastic
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.		01.9810
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		03.7721
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		03.7721
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		01.9810
Grippe
[description not available]		01.9810
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		01.9810
Pemphigoid
[description not available]		06.9910
Pemphigoid, Bullous
A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.		01.9910
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
[description not available]		01.9910
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic
Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.		01.9910
Pederasty
[description not available]		01.9910
Penile Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.		01.9910
Choreoathetosis Self-Mutilation Hyperuricemia Syndrome
[description not available]		02.6930
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
An inherited disorder transmitted as a sex-linked trait and caused by a deficiency of an enzyme of purine metabolism; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE. Affected individuals are normal in the first year of life and then develop psychomotor retardation, extrapyramidal movement disorders, progressive spasticity, and seizures. Self-destructive behaviors such as biting of fingers and lips are seen frequently. Intellectual impairment may also occur but is typically not severe. Elevation of uric acid in the serum leads to the development of renal calculi and gouty arthritis. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp127)		02.6930
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		01.9910
Hyperandrogenism
A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.		01.9910
Laryngeal Spasm
[description not available]		01.9910
Laryngismus
A disorder in which the adductor muscles of the VOCAL CORDS exhibit increased activity leading to laryngeal spasm. Laryngismus causes closure of the VOCAL FOLDS and airflow obstruction during inspiration.		01.9910
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		04.341
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		04.341
Acne
[description not available]		01.9910
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		01.9910
Multiple Neurofibromas
[description not available]		01.9910
Neurofibroma
A moderately firm, benign, encapsulated tumor resulting from proliferation of SCHWANN CELLS and FIBROBLASTS that includes portions of nerve fibers. The tumors usually develop along peripheral or cranial nerves and are a central feature of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1, where they may occur intracranially or involve spinal roots. Pathologic features include fusiform enlargement of the involved nerve. Microscopic examination reveals a disorganized and loose cellular pattern with elongated nuclei intermixed with fibrous strands. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016)		06.9910
Neurofibromatoses
A group of disorders characterized by an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with high rates of spontaneous mutation and multiple neurofibromas or neurilemmomas. NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1 (generalized neurofibromatosis) accounts for approximately 95% of cases, although multiple additional subtypes (e.g., NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2, neurofibromatosis 3, etc.) have been described. (From Neurochirurgie 1998 Nov;44(4):267-72)		01.9910
Bruxism
A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth.		01.9910
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		01.9910
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		01.9910
Breathing Sounds
[description not available]		01.9910
Respiratory Sounds
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.		01.9910
Cognitive Manifestations
[description not available]		01.9910
Neurobehavioral Manifestations
Signs and symptoms of higher cortical dysfunction caused by organic conditions. These include certain behavioral alterations and impairments of skills involved in the acquisition, processing, and utilization of knowledge or information.		01.9910
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		01.9910
HPV Infection
[description not available]		02.9110
Genital Warts
[description not available]		02.9110
Cot Death
[description not available]		02.9110
Condylomata Acuminata
Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses.		02.9110
Papillomavirus Infections
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.		02.9110
AIDS Wasting Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
HIV Wasting Syndrome
Involuntary weight loss of greater than 10 percent associated with intermittent or constant fever and chronic diarrhea or fatigue for more than 30 days in the absence of a defined cause other than HIV infection. A constant feature is major muscle wasting with scattered myofiber degeneration. A variety of etiologies, which vary among patients, contributes to this syndrome. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, p1611).		0210
Sexual and Gender Disorders
Mental disorders related to sexual dysfunction, paraphilias, and gender identity disorders.		0210
Apnea, Sleep
[description not available]		0210
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.		0210
Adult Refsum Disease
[description not available]		0210
Friedreich Disease
[description not available]		0210
Friedreich Ataxia
An autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. Clinical manifestations include GAIT ATAXIA, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. Most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1081; N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) The severity of Friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (From Durr et al, N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75)		0210
Autokinetic Effect
[description not available]		0210
Brain Atrophy, Circumscribed Lobar
[description not available]		0210
Pick Disease of the Brain
A rare form of DEMENTIA that is sometimes familial. Clinical features include APHASIA; APRAXIA; CONFUSION; ANOMIA; memory loss; and personality deterioration. This pattern is consistent with the pathologic findings of circumscribed atrophy of the poles of the FRONTAL LOBE and TEMPORAL LOBE. Neuronal loss is maximal in the HIPPOCAMPUS, entorhinal cortex, and AMYGDALA. Some ballooned cortical neurons contain argentophylic (Pick) bodies. (From Brain Pathol 1998 Apr;8(2):339-54; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1057-9)		0210
Jet Lag
[description not available]		0210
Foot Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the foot.		0210
Injuries, Neck
[description not available]		0210
Arm Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the UPPER ARM and the FOREARM.		0210
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		01.9910
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		06.9910
Acantholytic Dyskeratotic Epidermal Nevi
[description not available]		0210
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		0210
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		0210
Autosomal Hemophilia A
[description not available]		02.4120
Hemophilia A
The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.		02.4120
Cerebellar Diseases
Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		0210
Genital Diseases, Male
Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).		0210
Mixed Pineocytoma-Pineoblastoma
[description not available]		0210
Pinealoma
Neoplasms which originate from pineal parenchymal cells that tend to enlarge the gland and be locally invasive. The two major forms are pineocytoma and the more malignant pineoblastoma. Pineocytomas have moderate cellularity and tend to form rosette patterns. Pineoblastomas are highly cellular tumors containing small, poorly differentiated cells. These tumors occasionally seed the neuroaxis or cause obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS or Parinaud's syndrome. GERMINOMA; CARCINOMA, EMBRYONAL; GLIOMA; and other neoplasms may arise in the pineal region with germinoma being the most common pineal region tumor. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2064; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p670)		0210
Eulenburg Disease
[description not available]		0210
Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia
[description not available]		0210
Myotonic Disorders
Diseases characterized by MYOTONIA, which may be inherited or acquired. Myotonia may be restricted to certain muscles (e.g., intrinsic hand muscles) or occur as a generalized condition.		0210
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		0210
Pigmentary Retinopathy
[description not available]		0210
Vestibular Diseases
Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.		0210
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		0210
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.		0210
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis
[description not available]		0210
Hepatolenticular Degeneration
A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.		0210
Constricted Pupil
[description not available]		02.4120
Miosis
Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.		02.4120
Orbital Diseases
Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.		0210
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		02.0110
Allergic Angiitis
[description not available]		02.0110
Churg-Strauss Syndrome
Widespread necrotizing angiitis with granulomas. Pulmonary involvement is frequent. Asthma or other respiratory infection may precede evidence of vasculitis. Eosinophilia and lung involvement differentiate this disease from POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.		02.0110
Arachnoid Cysts
Intracranial or spinal cavities containing a cerebrospinal-like fluid, the wall of which is composed of arachnoidal cells. They are most often developmental or related to trauma. Intracranial arachnoid cysts usually occur adjacent to arachnoidal cistern and may present with HYDROCEPHALUS; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; and focal neurologic signs. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch44, pp105-115)		02.0110
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		02.0110
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.0110
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		02.0110
Myxedema
A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.		02.0110
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		03.3611