ginsenoside rh2 profile

Ginsenoside Rh2 is a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside found in ginseng. It has been extensively researched for its potential pharmacological activities, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory effects. Ginsenoside Rh2 is a naturally occurring compound in ginseng and is often studied due to its potential as a therapeutic agent for a variety of diseases. Research suggests that ginsenoside Rh2 can exert its effects through various mechanisms, such as inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, reducing oxidative stress, and modulating immune responses. The compound is currently being investigated for its potential in treating various diseases, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and arthritis. Its chemical structure and potential applications continue to be a focus of research and development.'
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ginsenoside Rh2: from leaves of Panax ginseng C; structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

(20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Related Flora

Flora	Rank	Flora Definition	Family	Family Definition
Panax	genus	An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. Sometimes confused with Siberian ginseng (ELEUTHEROCOCCUS).[MeSH]	Araliaceae	The ginseng plant family of the order Apiales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. Leaves are generally alternate, large, and compound. Flowers are five-parted and arranged in compound flat-topped umbels. The fruit is a berry or (rarely) a drupe (a one-seeded fruit). It is well known for plant preparations used as adaptogens (immune support and anti-fatigue).[MeSH]
Panax ginseng	species	[no description available]	Araliaceae	The ginseng plant family of the order Apiales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. Leaves are generally alternate, large, and compound. Flowers are five-parted and arranged in compound flat-topped umbels. The fruit is a berry or (rarely) a drupe (a one-seeded fruit). It is well known for plant preparations used as adaptogens (immune support and anti-fatigue).[MeSH]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	119307
CHEMBL ID	1783834
CHEBI ID	77147
SCHEMBL ID	24209709
MeSH ID	M0155776

Synonym
(20s)-ginsenoside rh2
chebi:77147 ,
20(s)-ginsenoside
CHEMBL1783834
(20r)-ginsenoside rh2
ginsenoside rh2
78214-33-2
(2r,3r,4s,5s,6r)-2-[[(3s,5r,8r,9r,10r,12r,13r,14r,17s)-12-hydroxy-17-[(2s)-2-hydroxy-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl]-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
112246-15-8
ginsenoside-rh2
unii-0ju44a5kwg
beta-d-glucopyranoside, (3beta,12beta)-12,20-dihydroxydammar-24-en-3-yl
0ju44a5kwg ,
S9023
S9036
CS-3835
(3beta,12beta)-12,20-dihydroxydammar-24-en-3-yl beta-d-glucopyranoside
3beta-(beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy)dammar-24-ene-3beta,20beta-diol
67400-17-3
20(s)-ginsenoside rh2
AC-33940
Q-100827
HY-N0605
bdbm50023457
ginsenoside rh2, analytical standard
20(s)- ginsenoside rh2
20s-ginsenoside rh2
20(s)-rh2
(s)-(3b,12b)-12,20-dihydroxydammar-24-en-3-yl beta-d-glucopyranoside
mfcd00800712
ginsenosiderh2
AKOS037514675
Q27146703
ginsenoside rh2(s)
.beta.-d-glucopyranoside, (3.beta.,12.beta.)-12,20-dihydroxydammar-24-en-3-yl
3-o-.beta.-d-glucopyranosyl-20(s)-protopanaxadiol
ginsenoside 20-rh2
(20r)ginsenoside rh2
CCG-270261
CCG-270259
C22128
ginsenoside rh2; 20(s)-ginsenoside rh2
DTXSID70999457
SCHEMBL24209709
20s-protopanaxdiol-3-o-beta-d- glucopyranoside
20s-ginsenosiderh2

Research Excerpts

Overview

Ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2) is a saponin of medicinal ginseng, and it has attracted much attention for its pharmacological activities. Rh2 can activate the Nrf2-driven antioxidant program.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ginsenoside Rh2 was found to be a modest activator in a Neh2-luc reporter assay, suggesting that Rh2 can activate the Nrf2-driven antioxidant program."	( Probable Mechanisms of Doxorubicin Antitumor Activity Enhancement by Ginsenoside Rh2. Ahuja, M; Brown, A; Gazaryan, I; Hushpulian, D; Kaidery, N; Kazakov, S; Khristichenko, A; Klimovich, A; Osipyants, A; Poloznikov, A; Popov, A; Styshova, O; Thomas, B; Tishkov, V; Tsybulsky, A, 2022)	1.68
"The ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2) is a saponin of medicinal ginseng, and it has attracted much attention for its pharmacological activities. "	( Behavior of Triterpenoid Saponin Ginsenoside Rh2 in Ordered and Disordered Phases in Model Membranes Consisting of Sphingomyelin, Phosphatidylcholine, and Cholesterol. Garza, DL; Greimel, P; Hanashima, S; Kinoshita, M; Matsumori, N; Murata, M; Umegawa, Y, 2022)	1.56
"Ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2) is a major biological component of ginseng that exerts antitumor activities in multiple cancers including Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers (NSCLCs). "	( Ginsenoside Rh2 Improves the Cisplatin Anti-tumor Effect in Lung Adenocarcinoma A549 Cells via Superoxide and PD-L1. Chen, Y; Dong, X; Song, W; Tan, M; Zhang, Y, 2020)	3.44
"Ginsenoside Rh2 is a primary bioactive compound obtained from ginseng that indicated anticancer activities against several malignant tumors. "	( Ginsenoside Rh2 impedes proliferation and migration and induces apoptosis by regulating NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways in osteosarcoma cells. Bi, C; Feng, X; Gao, H; Li, C; Yin, J; Zhang, J, 2020)	3.44
"Ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2) is a ginseng derivative used in Chinese traditional medicine. "	( Ginsenoside Rh2 promotes nonamyloidgenic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein via a cholesterol-dependent pathway. Feng, SH; He, ZY; Li, W; Qiu, J; Wang, M, 2014)	3.29
"Ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2) is a well-characterized component in red ginseng, and has established therapeutic effects for different diseases, although whether GRh2 may have a therapeutic effect on pediatric leukemia has not been investigated."	( Ginsenoside Rh2 Mitigates Pediatric Leukemia Through Suppression of Bcl-2 in Leukemia Cells. Wang, X; Wang, Y, 2015)	2.58
"Ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2) is an active component of ginseng with anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects."	( Ginsenoside Rh2 attenuates allergic airway inflammation by modulating nuclear factor-κB activation in a murine model of asthma. Choi, YH; Li, LC; Lin, ZH; Piao, HM; Yan, GH; Zheng, MY, 2015)	2.58
"Ginsenoside Rh2 is a potential pharmacologically active metabolite of ginseng. "	( The Octyl Ester of Ginsenoside Rh2 Induces Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization via Bax Translocation. Chen, F; Deng, ZY; Hu, JN; Peng, H; Sun, Y; Xiong, ZX; Zhang, B, 2016)	2.21
"Ginsenoside Rh2, which is a main metabolite, had the most potent inhibitory activity on beta-hexosaminidase release from RBL-2H3 cells and in the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction."	( Antiallergic activity of ginsenoside Rh2. Choo, MK; Han, MJ; Kim, DH; Kim, EJ; Park, EK, 2003)	1.34
"Ginsenoside Rh2 is a "hot" natural compound with great potential as a new anti-cancer drug based on abundant pharmacological experiments. "	( Quantitative determination of ginsenoside Rh2 in rat biosamples by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Gu, Y; Jia, YW; Sun, JG; Wang, GJ; Wang, W; Xie, HT, 2006)	2.07

Effects

Ginsenoside Rh2 has well-established potent antitumor activity. Yet, the effects of G-Rh2 on immune and metabolism regulation in cancer treatment remain unclear.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ginsenoside Rh2 has been proved to inhibit the EMT."	( Ginsenoside Rh2 and its octyl ester derivative inhibited invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma via the c-Jun/COX2/PGE2 pathway. Chen, F; Deng, ZY; Hong, H; Hu, QR; Huang, QX; Li, J; Luo, T; Pan, Y, 2023)	3.07
"Ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2) has demonstrative therapeutic effects on a variety of diseases, including some tumours. "	( Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits prostate cancer cell growth through suppression of microRNA-4295 that activates CDKN1A. Gao, Q; Zheng, J, 2018)	3.37
"Ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2) has well-established potent antitumor activity; yet, the effects of G-Rh2 on immune and metabolism regulation in cancer treatment, especially non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain unclear. "	( Ginsenoside Rh2 reverses cyclophosphamide-induced immune deficiency by regulating fatty acid metabolism. Huang, R; Li, L; Li, S; Qian, B; Qian, Y; Tian, C; Wang, B; Xiang, M; Xie, R; Yang, J; Zhang, Z, 2019)	3.4
"Ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2) has been shown to induce apoptotic cell death in a variety of cancer cells. "	( Ginsenoside Rh2 induces human hepatoma cell apoptosisvia bax/bak triggered cytochrome C release and caspase-9/caspase-8 activation. Guo, Q; Guo, XX; Jin, YH; Lee, SK; Li, Y; Wei, XN, 2012)	3.26
"Ginsenoside Rh2 has been reported to have a therapeutic effect on some tumors, but its effect on glioblastoma has not been extensively evaluated."	( EGFR signaling-dependent inhibition of glioblastoma growth by ginsenoside Rh2. Cheng, T; Gao, Y; Guo, W; Li, S; Liu, Y; Ma, W; Zhou, G, 2014)	1.36
"Ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2) has been reported to have therapeutic effects on various diseases. "	( Ginsenoside Rh2 alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis via augmenting TGFβ signaling. Guo, C; Wu, Q; Ye, H; Zheng, X; Zhu, Y, 2014)	3.29
"Ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2) has been reported to have therapeutic effects on some types of cancer, but its effect on prostatic cancer has not been extensively evaluated. "	( Inhibition of prostatic cancer growth by ginsenoside Rh2. Hong, B; Niu, T; Wu, S; Zhang, Q, 2015)	2.13
"Ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2) has been reported to have a therapeutic effect on some tumors, and we recently reported its inhibitory effect on GBM growth in vitro and in vivo, possibly through an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway."	( Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits growth of glioblastoma multiforme through mTor. Gao, Y; Guo, W; Li, S; Liu, Y, 2015)	2.58
"Ginsenoside Rh2 has been reported to have therapeutic effects on some tumors, but its effect on HCC has not been extensively evaluated."	( Ginsenoside Rh2 Targets EGFR by Up-Regulation of miR-491 to Enhance Anti-tumor Activity in Hepatitis B Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Chen, W; Qiu, Y, 2015)	2.58
"Ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2) has recently been shown to significantly suppress the growth and survival of GBM through inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, whereas its effects on the invasion and metastasis have not been examined."	( Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits metastasis of glioblastoma multiforme through Akt-regulated MMP13. Guan, N; Guo, W; Huo, X; Luo, J; Zhang, S; Zhang, Z, 2015)	2.58
"Ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2) has been shown to significantly inhibit growth of some types of cancers, whereas its effects on the SCC have not been examined."	( Ginsenoside rh2 inhibits cancer stem-like cells in skin squamous cell carcinoma. Cao, L; Chang, C; Chen, M; Jia, C; Li, P; Liu, S; Liu, Z; Qiu, Y; Wu, Y, 2015)	2.58
"Ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2) has been shown to significantly inhibit growth of some types of cancer, whereas its effects on HCC have not been examined."	( Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma through β-catenin and autophagy. Liu, H; Yang, Z; Zhang, L; Zhao, T, 2016)	2.6
"Ginsenoside Rh2 has been shown to have an anti-tumor effect on a wide range of cancers. "	( JNK pathway and relative transcriptional factor were involved in ginsenoside Rh2-mediated G1 growth arrest and apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Li, S; Liu, X; Qi, X; Sun, Y; Yang, Y; Yu, H; Yue, L; Zhang, C; Zhao, H, 2016)	2.11

Actions

Ginsenoside Rh2 could inhibit the proliferation of KG1-α cell and prompt its apoptosis. It could enhance the cytotoxicity of 5-FU in drug-resistant CRC cells.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ginsenoside Rh2 plays a protective role in cardiovascular diseases."	( Ginsenoside Rh2 mitigates myocardial damage in acute myocardial infarction by regulating pyroptosis of cardiomyocytes. Chen, L; Deng, Y; Liao, X; Peng, H; Yang, Y, 2023)	3.07
"Ginsenoside Rh2 could enhance the cytotoxicity of 5-FU in drug-resistant CRC cells (LoVo/5-FU and HCT-8/5-FU)."	( The reversal effect of Ginsenoside Rh2 on drug resistance in human colorectal carcinoma cells and its mechanism. Jiang, GS; Liu, GW; Liu, YH; Ren, WD, 2018)	1.51
"Ginsenoside Rh2 could inhibit the proliferation of KG1-α cell and prompt its apoptosis."	( [Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of leukemia KG1-α cells]. Chen, D; Li, D; Li, J; Wei, Q; Xia, J; You, Z; Zhao, L, 2014)	2.76

Treatment

Ginsenoside Rh2 treatment (30 days) promoted cell survival and genesis. In rat glioma C6Bu-1 cells, apoptotic morphological changes, such as cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation and pyknosis were confirmed.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ginsenoside Rh2 treatment (30 days) promoted cell survival and genesis."	( Ginsenoside Rh2 improves learning and memory in mice. Hou, J; Lee, M; Liu, L; Sun, M; Sung, C; Xue, J; Zhang, D; Zheng, Y, 2013)	2.55
"In ginsenoside Rh2-treated rat glioma C6Bu-1 cells, apoptotic morphological changes, such as cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation and pyknosis were confirmed by means of electron microscopy. "	( Ginsenoside Rh2 induces apoptosis independently of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, or Bax in C6Bu-1 cells. Jin, SH; Kim, SI; Kim, YS; Lee, YH; Park, JD, 1999)	2.37
"Treatment with Ginsenoside Rh2 at both doses prevented memory impairment induced by SD."	( Ginsenoside Rh2 reverses sleep deprivation-induced cognitive deficit in mice. Chen, S; Fan, B; Jiang, N; Li, Y; Liu, X; Lu, C; Lv, J; Qu, L; Wang, F; Wang, Y, 2018)	2.26
"Treatment with Ginsenoside Rh2 could result in an increase of cell numbers in G0/G1 phase accompanied with a decrease in S-phase, and induced cellular apoptosis in drug-resistant CRC cells."	( The reversal effect of Ginsenoside Rh2 on drug resistance in human colorectal carcinoma cells and its mechanism. Jiang, GS; Liu, GW; Liu, YH; Ren, WD, 2018)	1.13

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The LD50 value [45 µM for Rg3(S), less than 10 µM for Rh2(S)] and gross morphological electron microscopic observation revealed more severe cellular damage in cells treated with Rh2(S) than in those treated with Rg3(S)."	( Stereoisomer-specific anticancer activities of ginsenoside Rg3 and Rh2 in HepG2 cells: disparity in cytotoxicity and autophagy-inducing effects due to 20(S)-epimers. Cheong, JH; Hong, MJ; Kim, H; Kim, HP; Kim, J; Kim, JW; Park, JH; Sung, SH; Yang, H; Yang, MH; Yoo, H, 2015)	0.42
" The combination of chemotherapy agents with natural compounds delivers greater efficacy and reduces adverse effects in recent researches for cancer treatment."	( Ginsenoside Rh2 mitigates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting apoptotic and inflammatory damage and weakening pathological remodelling in breast cancer-bearing mice. Cui, C; Hou, J; Kim, S; Yun, Y, 2022)	2.16

Pharmacokinetics

Ginsenoside Rh2 is one of the components from ginseng that shows promise of anticancer activity. The pharmacokinetic characteristics were analyzed in dogs and rats.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" This quantitation method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of Rg3 after both an oral and an intravenous administration to beagle dogs."	( Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for pharmacokinetic studies of 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 in dog. Chen, X; Li, K; Li, X; Xu, J; Zhong, D, 2005)	0.33
"To support pharmacokinetic studies of ginsenosides, a novel method to quantitatively analyze ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3), its prosapogenin ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2) and aglycone 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (ppd) in rat plasma was developed and validated."	( High performance liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of ginsenoside Rg3 and its metabolites in rat plasma using solid-phase extraction for pharmacokinetic studies. Jiang, XL; Li, H; Sun, JG; Tucker, I; Wang, GJ; Wang, R; Wang, W; Xie, HT; Xie, YY; Xu, MJ; Zhao, XC, 2005)	0.53
"In vivo metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies on rat were conducted for ginsenoside Rh2, one of the components from ginseng that shows promise of anticancer activity."	( Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis of rat samples for in vivo metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies of ginsenoside Rh2. Cai, Z; Jiang, ZH; Qian, T; Wong, RN, 2005)	0.77
" This quantitation method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of 25-OH-PPD after both an oral and an intravenous administration to rats and the absolute bioavailability is 64."	( Determination of 25-OH-PPD in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and its application in rat pharmacokinetic studies. Gu, J; Xu, J; Zhang, D; Zhang, X; Zhao, Y, 2007)	0.34
"The pharmacokinetic characteristics of ginsenoside Rh2, an anticancer nutrient, were analyzed in dogs and rats, including plasma kinetics, bioavailability, tissue distribution, plasma protein binding and excretion."	( Pharmacokinetic characterization of ginsenoside Rh2, an anticancer nutrient from ginseng, in rats and dogs. Gu, Y; Jia, YW; Lv, T; Sai, Y; Sun, JG; Wang, GJ; Wang, W; Xu, MJ; Zheng, YT, 2009)	0.9
" By using adriamycin as a probe drug in MDR cancer cells, we developed a cellular pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model to reveal the correlation between cellular pharmacokinetic properties and drug resistance."	( Cellular pharmacokinetic mechanisms of adriamycin resistance and its modulation by 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 in MCF-7/Adr cells. Chen, Y; Hao, G; Lu, M; Niu, F; Peng, Y; Sun, J; Sun, Y; Wang, G; Wu, X; Zha, BS; Zhang, J; Zhang, X; Zhou, F, 2012)	0.6
" The integrated PK-PD model mathematically revealed the pharmacokinetic mechanisms of adriamycin resistance in MCF-7/Adr cells and its reversal by 20(S)-Rh2."	( Cellular pharmacokinetic mechanisms of adriamycin resistance and its modulation by 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 in MCF-7/Adr cells. Chen, Y; Hao, G; Lu, M; Niu, F; Peng, Y; Sun, J; Sun, Y; Wang, G; Wu, X; Zha, BS; Zhang, J; Zhang, X; Zhou, F, 2012)	0.6
"P-gp, which is overexpressed and functionally active at cellular/subcellular membranes, influences the cellular pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties of adriamycin in MCF-7/Adr cells."	( Cellular pharmacokinetic mechanisms of adriamycin resistance and its modulation by 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 in MCF-7/Adr cells. Chen, Y; Hao, G; Lu, M; Niu, F; Peng, Y; Sun, J; Sun, Y; Wang, G; Wu, X; Zha, BS; Zhang, J; Zhang, X; Zhou, F, 2012)	0.6
" Further studies indicated stereoselective pharmacokinetic profiles and intestinal biotransformations of Rh2 epimers."	( Stereoselective regulations of P-glycoprotein by ginsenoside Rh2 epimers and the potential mechanisms from the view of pharmacokinetics. Lu, M; Niu, F; Sun, J; Wang, G; Wu, X; Zhang, J; Zhou, F, 2012)	0.63
"We have previously demonstrated that ginsenoside 20(S)-Rh2 is a potent ATP-binding cassette (ABC) B1 inhibitor and explored the cellular pharmacokinetic mechanisms for its synergistic effect on the cytotoxicity of adriamycin."	( Key role of nuclear factor-κB in the cellular pharmacokinetics of adriamycin in MCF-7/Adr cells: the potential mechanism for synergy with 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2. Hao, G; Lu, M; Sun, H; Wang, G; Wu, X; Zhang, J; Zhou, F, 2012)	0.58
" The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of 400 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg of BST204, a fermented ginseng extract, to rats."	( Stereoselective determination of ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 epimers in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Bae, SH; Bae, SK; Jang, MJ; Kim, JY; Kim, SO; Seo, JH; Yoo, YH; Zheng, YF, 2013)	0.39
" The aim of this study was to investigate the potential pharmacokinetic interactions between Rh2 and the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 and the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir in vitro and in vivo. Aa, JY; Cao, B; Ge, C; Gu, RR; Li, MJ; Liu, CX; Liu, LS; Ma, T; Mao, Y; Shi, J; Sun, RB; Wang, GJ; Wang, XW; Wu, XL; Xia, WJ; Xiao, WJ; Yu, XY; Zha, WB; Zheng, T; Zhou, J, 2013)	0.65
" The AUC and Cmax values of both S-Rh2 and S-Rg3 after BST204 oral administration were proportional to the administered BST204 doses ranged from 400 mg/kg to 2000 mg/kg, which suggested linear pharmacokinetic properties."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 epimers after oral administration of BST204, a purified ginseng dry extract, in rats. Bae, SH; Bae, SK; Jang, MJ; Kim, JY; Kim, SO; Oh, E; Park, JB; Yoo, YH; Yoon, KD; Zheng, YF, 2014)	0.66
" To better understand the differences of pharmacokinetic parameters and metabolism behaviors of Rg3 epimers in rat plasma, a sensitive and specific liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and fully validated."	( Stereoselective pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies of 20(S)- and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg₃ epimers in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Chen, X; Ding, Y; Le, J; Li, X; Peng, M; Yang, Y; Yi, Y; Zhang, T, 2016)	0.43

Compound-Compound Interactions

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Docetaxel is one of the few chemotherapeutic drugs that are considered highly effective when used to treat prostate cancer patients that have relapsed and/or metastatic disease, it is therefore reasonable to expect further improvements in treatment outcomes when it is combined with other therapeutic agents active in prostate cancer."	( Rh2 or its aglycone aPPD in combination with docetaxel for treatment of prostate cancer. Bally, MB; Eberding, A; Guns, ET; Jia, W; Musende, AG; Ramsay, E, 2010)	0.36
"Rh2 and aPPD can be combined with docetaxel to yield additive or synergistic activity in vitro and in vivo."	( Rh2 or its aglycone aPPD in combination with docetaxel for treatment of prostate cancer. Bally, MB; Eberding, A; Guns, ET; Jia, W; Musende, AG; Ramsay, E, 2010)	0.36
" Inhibition or induction of P-gp can cause drug-drug interactions and thus influence the effects of P-gp substrate drugs."	( 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 noncompetitively inhibits P-glycoprotein in vitro and in vivo: a case for herb-drug interactions. Ai, H; Gu, Y; Hao, G; Li, Y; Peng, Y; Sun, J; Wang, G; Wu, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, X; Zheng, Y; Zhou, F, 2010)	0.84

Bioavailability

The octyl ester derivative of ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2-O) might have a higher bioavailability than Rh2 in the Caco-2 cell line. This study assesses the combination of well tolerated and orally bioavailable formulations.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" This quantitation method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of 25-OH-PPD after both an oral and an intravenous administration to rats and the absolute bioavailability is 64."	( Determination of 25-OH-PPD in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and its application in rat pharmacokinetic studies. Gu, J; Xu, J; Zhang, D; Zhang, X; Zhao, Y, 2007)	0.34
" The bioavailability of Rh2 is about 5% in rats and 16% in dogs."	( Pharmacokinetic characterization of ginsenoside Rh2, an anticancer nutrient from ginseng, in rats and dogs. Gu, Y; Jia, YW; Lv, T; Sai, Y; Sun, JG; Wang, GJ; Wang, W; Xu, MJ; Zheng, YT, 2009)	0.63
" This study assesses the combination of well tolerated and orally bioavailable formulations of ginsenoside Rh2 or its aglycone aPPD with docetaxel."	( Rh2 or its aglycone aPPD in combination with docetaxel for treatment of prostate cancer. Bally, MB; Eberding, A; Guns, ET; Jia, W; Musende, AG; Ramsay, E, 2010)	0.58
" The goals of this study were to determine the mechanisms responsible for its poor oral absorption and to improve its bioavailability by overcoming the barrier to its absorption."	( Enhancement of oral bioavailability of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 through improved understanding of its absorption and efflux mechanisms. Gao, S; Hu, M; Jiang, Z; Teng, Y; Wang, J; Wu, B; Yang, Z; Yin, T; You, M, 2011)	0.63
" However, the extremely poor oral bioavailability induced by its low water solubility greatly limits the potency of Rh2 in clinical use."	( Sulfated derivatives of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 and their inhibitory effects on LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines and mediators. Bi, WY; Fu, BD; He, CL; Shen, HQ; Wang, DC; Wang, L; Wei, XB; Yi, PF; Zhu, W, 2013)	0.68
" However, the extremely poor oral bioavailability induced by its low water solubility greatly limits the potency of Rh2 in vivo."	( Inhibitory effects of sulfated 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 on the release of pro-inflammatory mediators in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Bai, HL; Bi, WY; Dong, HB; Fu, BD; Lv, S; Qin, QQ; Shen, HQ; Song, Z; Wei, Q; Wei, XB; Wu, SC; Yi, PF; Zhang, C; Zhang, LY, 2013)	0.66
" Meanwhile, no significant discrepancy between Rh2 and Rh2-O on their bioactivities against the oxidative damage induced by H₂O₂ was observed, which means that esterification of Rh2 might have a higher bioavailability than Rh2 in vitro without impacts on pharmaceutical actions."	( Esterification enhanced intestinal absorption of ginsenoside Rh2 in Caco-2 cells without impacts on its protective effects against H₂O₂-induced cell injury in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Deng, ZY; Hu, JN; Li, HY; Li, W; Tsao, R; Ye, H; Zhang, B; Zheng, YN; Zhu, XM, 2014)	0.66
"Our previous research had indicated that the octyl ester derivative of ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2-O) might have a higher bioavailability than Rh2 in the Caco-2 cell line."	( Esterification of Ginsenoside Rh2 Enhanced Its Cellular Uptake and Antitumor Activity in Human HepG2 Cells. Chen, F; Deng, ZY; Hu, JN; Tan, CL; Xiong, ZX; Zhang, B; Zheng, SL, 2016)	1
" Previously, we have reported that an octyl ester derivative of ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2-O), has been confirmed to possess higher bioavailability and anticancer effect than Rh2 in vitro."	( The Octyl Ester of Ginsenoside Rh2 Induces Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization via Bax Translocation. Chen, F; Deng, ZY; Hu, JN; Peng, H; Sun, Y; Xiong, ZX; Zhang, B, 2016)	1
"Due to intestinal cytochrome P450 (CYP450)-mediated metabolism and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux, poor oral bioavailability hinders ginsenoside-Rh1 (Rh1) and ginsenoside-Rh2 (Rh2) from clinical application."	( Preparation and evaluation of self-microemulsions for improved bioavailability of ginsenoside-Rh1 and Rh2. Chang, Q; Hu, X; Liao, Y; Liu, C; Liu, X; Pan, R; Yang, F; Yu, SK; Zhou, J, 2017)	0.46
" However, the oral bioavailability of Rh2 is low, with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and CYP3A4 being reported to be the main factors."	( Enhancement of oral bioavailability and immune response of Ginsenoside Rh2 by co-administration with piperine. Jiang, XH; Jin, ZH; Liu, H; Qiu, W; Wang, L, 2018)	0.72
" Rh_2 possessed variety of activities,but bioavailability of oral administration Rh_2 was extremely low due to poor absorption."	( [Synthesis and anti-tumor activity of ginsenoside Rh_2 caprylic acid monoester]. Liu, FG; Zhang, WY; Zheng, YN, 2019)	0.51
" Finally, the combination therapy of Rh2 and other medications in human diseases are summarized, apart from that, there are other problems such as the bioavailability of oral administration Rh2 to be overcome in following research."	( Ginsenoside Rh2: A shining and potential natural product in the treatment of human nonmalignant and malignant diseases in the near future. Guan, W; Qi, W, 2023)	2.35

Dosage Studied

Ginsenoside Rh2 was administered in a novel oral dosage formulation. Repeated injection of the drug into STZ-diabetic rats for 10 days made an increase of the responses to exogenous insulin.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"25% of the dosed amount was found in the feces samples collected from 0 to 48 h after oral administration at 100 mg/kg."	( Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis of rat samples for in vivo metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies of ginsenoside Rh2. Cai, Z; Jiang, ZH; Qian, T; Wong, RN, 2005)	0.54
" Repeated injection of ginsenoside Rh2 at the same dosing (1 mg/kg, 3 times daily) into STZ-diabetic rats for 10 days made an increase of the responses to exogenous insulin."	( Ginsenoside Rh2 is one of the active principles of Panax ginseng root to improve insulin sensitivity in fructose-rich chow-fed rats. Cheng, JT; Kao, ST; Lee, WK; Liu, IM, 2007)	2.09
"This study assesses the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and efficacy of ginsenoside Rh2 as a single agent administered in a novel oral dosage formulation."	( Pre-clinical evaluation of Rh2 in PC-3 human xenograft model for prostate cancer in vivo: formulation, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and efficacy. Adomat, H; Bally, MB; Eberding, A; Fazli, L; Guns, ET; Hurtado-Coll, A; Jia, W; Musende, AG; Wood, C, 2009)	0.58
"A novel oral dosage formulation of Rh2 has been described."	( Pre-clinical evaluation of Rh2 in PC-3 human xenograft model for prostate cancer in vivo: formulation, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and efficacy. Adomat, H; Bally, MB; Eberding, A; Fazli, L; Guns, ET; Hurtado-Coll, A; Jia, W; Musende, AG; Wood, C, 2009)	0.35
" The combined treatment of G-Rh(2) with adriamycin (ADR) at non-effect dosage resulted in the higher inhibition efficiencies and the increased cell-death velocity, suggesting excellent ability of G-Rh(2) for reversal of multidrug resistance in MCF-7/ADR cells."	( A dynamic study on reversal of multidrug resistance by ginsenoside Rh₂ in adriamycin-resistant human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Tan, L; Tang, H; Xiao, X; Xie, Q; Xu, L; Yao, S; Zhang, Y; Zhou, B; Zhu, L, 2012)	0.38
" Results showed that 20(S)-Rh2 enhanced the oral absorption of digoxin in rats in a dose-dependent manner; 20(R)-Rh2 at low dosage increased the oral absorption of digoxin, but this effect diminished with elevated dosage of 20(R)-Rh2."	( Stereoselective regulations of P-glycoprotein by ginsenoside Rh2 epimers and the potential mechanisms from the view of pharmacokinetics. Lu, M; Niu, F; Sun, J; Wang, G; Wu, X; Zhang, J; Zhou, F, 2012)	0.63
" After oral dosing of BST204, S-Rh2 and S-Rg3 were distributed mainly to the liver and gastrointestinal tract in rats."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 epimers after oral administration of BST204, a purified ginseng dry extract, in rats. Bae, SH; Bae, SK; Jang, MJ; Kim, JY; Kim, SO; Oh, E; Park, JB; Yoo, YH; Yoon, KD; Zheng, YF, 2014)	0.66
" Interestingly, C-K showed antidepressant-like activities similar to that of Rb3, and Rg3 displayed antidepressant-like effects at lower dosage and faster time, indicating it has better effects than Rb3, whereas Rh2 and PPD failed to show any effect."	( Antidepressant-like effects of ginsenosides: A comparison of ginsenoside Rb3 and its four deglycosylated derivatives, Rg3, Rh2, compound K, and 20(S)-protopanaxadiol in mice models of despair. Li, Z; Lou, C; Yang, H; Zhang, H; Zhong, Z; Zhou, Z, 2016)	0.43
" A sub-chronic and acute toxicity LD50 test of Rh2E2 showed no harmful reactions at the maximum oral dosage of 5000 mg/kg body weight in mice."	( Rh2E2, a novel metabolic suppressor, specifically inhibits energy-based metabolism of tumor cells. Bai, LP; Chan, KM; Chan, RW; Dong, H; Guo, J; Guo, Y; Hsiao, WW; Jiang, ZH; Kam, RK; Kong, AN; Law, BY; Leung, EL; Liang, X; Liu, L; Wang, J; Wang, R; Wong, VK; Yen, FG; Yu, Z; Zhang, W; Zhou, H, 2016)	0.43

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Role	Description
plant metabolite	Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
antineoplastic agent	A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.
apoptosis inducer	Any substance that induces the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in multi-celled organisms.
cardioprotective agent	Any protective agent that is able to prevent damage to the heart.
bone density conservation agent	An agent that inhibits bone resorption and/or favor bone mineralization and bone regeneration. Used to heal bone fractures and to treat bone diseases such as osteopenia and osteoporosis.
hepatoprotective agent	Any compound that is able to prevent damage to the liver.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
beta-D-glucoside	Any D-glucoside in which the anomeric centre has beta-configuration.
12beta-hydroxy steroid
ginsenoside	Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.
tetracyclic triterpenoid	Any triterpenoid consisting of a tetracyclic skeleton.
20-hydroxy steroid	Any hydroxy steroid that in which the steroid skeleton contains a hydroxy substituent at position 20.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
ginsenoside degradation III	0	4
ginsenosides biosynthesis	2	25
ginsenosides biosynthesis	10	32

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	147.3000	0.0010	1.1913	10.0000	AID1161379
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
retinoid metabolic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell maturation	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
renal water homeostasis	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate metabolic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin metabolic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
L-ascorbic acid biosynthetic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of urine volume	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
retinol metabolic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
daunorubicin metabolic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
doxorubicin metabolic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
fructose biosynthetic process	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular hyperosmotic salinity response	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
metanephric collecting duct development	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
retinal dehydrogenase activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
aldose reductase (NADPH) activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
electron transfer activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin H2 endoperoxidase reductase activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
glyceraldehyde oxidoreductase activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
allyl-alcohol dehydrogenase activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
L-glucuronate reductase activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
glycerol dehydrogenase [NADP+] activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
extracellular space	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (108)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1218957	Drug metabolism in human recombinant CYP2C8 mediated oxidative metabolism at 10 uM	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1218944	Drug metabolism in human liver S9 fraction assessed as epoxide metabolites at 10 uM for 60 mins by GEE/conjugate assay	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1370961	Activation of SIRT1 (unknown origin) assessed as Fluor de Lys deacetylation at 10 to 20 uM incubated for 5 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 45 mins in presence of NAD/NADH by fluorescence assay	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-01, Volume: 28, Issue:3	SIRT1 activator isolated from artificial gastric juice incubate of total saponins in stems and leaves of Panax ginseng.
AID1703455	Inhibition of intestinal dysbiosis in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as increase in abundance of Bacteroidetes in cecum at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by multiplexed 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1703420	Antitumour activity against human Jurkat cells xenografted in SCID/NOD mouse assessed as increase in body weight at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1703459	Inhibition of intestinal dysbiosis in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as decrease in ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes in cecum at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by multiplexed 16S rRNA gene sequencing anal	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1703430	In vivo inhibition of Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 residue in spleen of SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by Western blot method	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1703434	Induction of immune response in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as increase in NK cells in spleen at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by ELISA reader method	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1370960	Inhibition of SIRT1 (unknown origin) assessed as reduction in Fluor de Lys deacetylation at 10 to 20 uM incubated for 5 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 45 mins in presence of NAD/NADH by fluorescence assay	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-01, Volume: 28, Issue:3	SIRT1 activator isolated from artificial gastric juice incubate of total saponins in stems and leaves of Panax ginseng.
AID1161379	Inhibition of human recombinant aldose reductase using DL-glyceraldehyde, HRAR and beta-NADPH incubated for 10 mins by spectrophotometry	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 24, Issue:18	20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2 as aldose reductase inhibitor from Panax ginseng.
AID643579	Growth inhibition of human QSG7701 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 22, Issue:2	Structural modification of ginsenoside Rh(2) by fatty acid esterification and its detoxification property in antitumor.
AID1218985	Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as oxidative metabolism at 10 uM in presence of 60 uM chlormethiazole CYP2E1 inhibitor	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1218967	Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as epoxide metabolites at 10 uM for 60 mins by GSH/conjugate assay	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1218947	Drug metabolism in Sprague-Dawley rat liver microsomes assessed as epoxide metabolites at 10 uM for 60 mins by NAC/conjugate assay	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1218961	Drug metabolism in human recombinant CYP2E1 mediated oxidative metabolism at 10 uM	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1703451	Inhibition of intestinal inflammation in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as decrease in IL-6 level in colon at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by ELISA	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1703465	Induction of intestinal homeostasis in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as decrease in enlarged colon tissue at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by AB-PAS staining based microscopic analysis	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1218984	Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as oxidative metabolism at 10 uM in presence of 2 uM quinidine CYP2D6 inhibitor	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1218962	Drug metabolism in human recombinant CYP4A11 mediated oxidative metabolism at 10 uM	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID643643	Immunostimulatory activity in Kunming mouse xenografted with human H22 cells assessed as change in spleen mass at 5 mg/kg, po qd for 10 days (Rvb = 6.61 +/- 1.84 mg/kg)	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 22, Issue:2	Structural modification of ginsenoside Rh(2) by fatty acid esterification and its detoxification property in antitumor.
AID1674947	Binding affinity to rabbit CK-MM at 20 uM	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 09-01, Volume: 30, Issue:17	Structure-activity relationship analysis of dammarane-type natural products as muscle-type creatine kinase activators.
AID1218971	Drug metabolism in human liver S9 fraction assessed as epoxide metabolites at 10 uM for 60 mins by GSH/conjugate assay	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1703446	Inhibition of intestinal inflammation in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as decrease in TLR4 expression in colon at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by Western blot analysis	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1703456	Inhibition of intestinal dysbiosis in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as increase in abundance of Verrucomicrobia in cecum at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by multiplexed 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1703437	Induction of immune response in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as decrease in IL-10 level in spleen at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by ELISA reader method	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1218952	Drug metabolism assessed as human recombinant CYP3A5 mediated 26-hydroxy,20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2 formation at 10 uM for 60 mins by MS2 spectra	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1218943	Drug metabolism in CD-1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as epoxide metabolites at 10 uM for 60 mins by GEE/conjugate assay	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1703454	Induction of intestinal homeostasis in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as decrease in disordered arrangement of epithelial cells in the colon at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by AB-PAS staining based microsco	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1703421	Antitumour activity against human Jurkat cells xenografted in SCID/NOD mouse assessed as proportion of CD3-positive cells in peripheral blood at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by immunophenotyping based flow cytometry method (Rvb = 18.81	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1218976	Drug uptake in rat liver at 50 mg/kg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1218969	Drug metabolism in Sprague-Dawley rat liver microsomes assessed as epoxide metabolites at 10 uM for 60 mins by GSH/conjugate assay	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1218978	Drug excretion in rat feces at 50 mg/kg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1703444	Induction of intestinal homeostasis in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as increase in Reg3b expression in colon at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by Western blot analysis	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1218958	Drug metabolism in human recombinant CYP2C9 mediated oxidative metabolism at 10 uM	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1218949	Drug metabolism in human liver S9 fraction assessed as epoxide metabolites at 10 uM for 60 mins by NAC/conjugate assay	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID643633	Immunostimulatory activity in Kunming mouse xenografted with human H22 cells assessed as change in spleen mass at 10 mg/kg, po qd for 10 days (Rvb = 6.61 +/- 1.84 mg/kg)	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 22, Issue:2	Structural modification of ginsenoside Rh(2) by fatty acid esterification and its detoxification property in antitumor.
AID1703443	Induction of intestinal homeostasis in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as upregulation of secretion of IgA from B cells in colon at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by western blot analysis	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1703447	Inhibition of intestinal inflammation in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as decrease in MYD88 expression in colon at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by Western blot analysis	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1218972	Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as epoxide metabolites at 10 uM for 60 mins by GEE/conjugate assay	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1703425	Inhibition of spleen infiltration in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as reduction in spleen enlargement at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1703428	Inhibition of spleen infiltration in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as decrease in CD45 expression in spleen at 40 mg/kg, po once a day for 3 weeks by immunohistochemical staining method	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID643577	Growth inhibition of human QSG7701 cells at 50 uM after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 22, Issue:2	Structural modification of ginsenoside Rh(2) by fatty acid esterification and its detoxification property in antitumor.
AID1218974	Oral bioavailability in Wistar rat at 25 mg/kg	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1703450	Inhibition of intestinal inflammation in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as decrease in IL1beta level in colon at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by ELISA	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1703419	Antitumour activity against human Jurkat cells xenografted in SCID/NOD mouse assessed as reduction of inactivity and messy hair at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1218955	Drug metabolism in human recombinant CYP2A6 mediated oxidative metabolism at 10 uM	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1218996	Drug metabolism assessed as human recombinant CYP3A5 mediated 27-hydroxy,20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2 formation at 10 uM for 60 mins by MS2 spectra	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1218973	Drug metabolism in beagle dog liver microsomes assessed as epoxide metabolites at 10 uM for 60 mins by GEE/conjugate assay	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1703458	Inhibition of intestinal dysbiosis in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as decrease in abundance of Proteobacteria in cecum at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by multiplexed 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1218956	Drug metabolism in human recombinant CYP2B6 mediated oxidative metabolism at 10 uM	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1218979	Drug excretion in rat bile at 50 mg/kg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1703422	Antitumour activity against human Jurkat cells xenografted in SCID/NOD mouse assessed as proportion of CD45-positive cells in peripheral blood at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by immunophenotyping based flow cytometry method (Rvb = 4.88	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID643635	Immunostimulatory activity in Kunming mouse xenografted with human H22 cells assessed as change in thymus mass at 5 mg/kg, po qd for 10 days (Rvb = 1.83 +/- 0.85 mg/kg)	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 22, Issue:2	Structural modification of ginsenoside Rh(2) by fatty acid esterification and its detoxification property in antitumor.
AID1218950	Drug metabolism in cynomolgus monkey liver microsomes assessed as (2S)-2-amino-5-((2R)-1-(carboxymethylamino)-3-((6S)-2,6-dihydroxy-6-((3S,5R,8R,9R,10R,12R,13R,14R,17S)-12-hydroxy-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-3-((2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymeth	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1703433	Induction of immune response in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as increase in IFN-gamma level in spleen at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by ELISA reader method	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1703440	Induction of intestinal homeostasis in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as upregulation of ZO-1 mRNA levels in colon at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by real time RT-PCR analysis	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1703442	Induction of intestinal homeostasis in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as upregulation of claudin-1 mRNA levels in colon at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by real time RT-PCR analysis	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1703427	Inhibition of spleen infiltration in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as decrease in CD3 expression in spleen at 40 mg/kg, po once a day for 3 weeks by immunohistochemical staining method	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1703448	Inhibition of intestinal inflammation in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as decrease in LPS level in colon at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by ELISA	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID643637	Antitumor activity against human H22 cells xenografted in Kunming mouse assessed as reduction in tumor volume at 5 mg/kg, po qd for 10 days	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 22, Issue:2	Structural modification of ginsenoside Rh(2) by fatty acid esterification and its detoxification property in antitumor.
AID1703464	Inhibition of intestinal dysbiosis in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as decrease in abundance of Alistipes in cecum at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by multiplexed 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1703461	Inhibition of intestinal dysbiosis in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as increase in abundance of Lactobacillus in cecum at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by multiplexed 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID599625	Toxicity in RANKL and TNFalpha-pretreated mouse RAW264 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation incubated for 3 days by WST-1 assay	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 19, Issue:12	20(R)-ginsenoside Rh2, not 20(S), is a selective osteoclastgenesis inhibitor without any cytotoxicity.
AID1218960	Drug metabolism in human recombinant CYP2D6 mediated oxidative metabolism at 10 uM	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1703436	Induction of immune response in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as decrease in IL-6 level in spleen at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by ELISA reader method	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1703460	Inhibition of intestinal dysbiosis in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as increase in abundance of Akkermansia in cecum at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by multiplexed 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1703453	Inhibition of intestinal inflammation in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as increase in TGFbeta level in colon at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by ELISA	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1218968	Drug metabolism in beagle dog liver microsomes assessed as epoxide metabolites at 10 uM for 60 mins by GSH/conjugate assay	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1218982	Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as oxidative metabolism at 10 uM in presence of 0.4 uM ticlopidine CYP2B6/CYP2C19 inhibitor	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1703438	Induction of intestinal homeostasis in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as decrease of enlargement of epithelial cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the colon at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by Ha	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID643640	Toxicity in Kunming mouse xenografted with human H22 cells assessed as change in body weight at 20 mg/kg, po qd for 10 days (Rvb = 23.4 +/- 2.8 g)	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 22, Issue:2	Structural modification of ginsenoside Rh(2) by fatty acid esterification and its detoxification property in antitumor.
AID1218994	Drug metabolism assessed as human recombinant CYP3A5 mediated (20S,24S)-epoxy-dammarane-12,25-diol-3-beta-D-glucopyranoside formation at 10 uM for 60 mins by MS2 spectra	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID643636	Immunostimulatory activity in Kunming mouse xenografted with human H22 cells assessed as change in thymus mass at 10 mg/kg, po qd for 10 days (Rvb = 1.83 +/- 0.85 mg/kg)	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 22, Issue:2	Structural modification of ginsenoside Rh(2) by fatty acid esterification and its detoxification property in antitumor.
AID1218946	Drug metabolism in beagle dog liver microsomes assessed as epoxide metabolites at 10 uM for 60 mins by NAC/conjugate assay	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1703449	Inhibition of intestinal inflammation in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as decrease in TNFalpha level in colon at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by ELISA	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1703429	In vivo inhibition of PI3K phosphorylation at Ser249 residue in spleen of SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by Western blot method	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1218954	Drug metabolism in human recombinant CYP1B1 mediated oxidative metabolism at 10 uM	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1218981	Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as oxidative metabolism at 10 uM in presence of 0.1 uM alpha-naphthoflavone CYP1A2 inhibitor	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1218942	Drug metabolism in Sprague-Dawley rat liver microsomes assessed as epoxide metabolites at 10 uM for 60 mins by GEE/conjugate assay	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1703441	Induction of intestinal homeostasis in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as upregulation of occludin mRNA levels in colon at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by real time RT-PCR analysis	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1218975	Oral bioavailability in beagle dog at 8 mg/kg	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1703439	Induction of intestinal homeostasis in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as increase in goblet cells in the glands at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by Hand E staining based microscopic analysis	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1218959	Drug metabolism in human recombinant CYP2C19 mediated oxidative metabolism at 10 uM	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1703435	Induction of immune response in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as decrease in IL-4 level in spleen at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by ELISA reader method	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1703424	Antitumour activity against human Jurkat cells xenografted in SCID/NOD mouse assessed as decrease in expression of CD45 in bone marrow at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by immunohistochemical staining method	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1218951	Drug metabolism in cynomolgus monkey liver microsomes assessed as (24S,25)-epoxydamma-rane-12,20-diol-3-beta-D-glucopyranoside formation at 10 uM after 1 hr by LC/MS analysis in presence of GSH	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1703432	Induction of immune response in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as increase in IL-2 level in spleen at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by ELISA reader method	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1703462	Inhibition of intestinal dysbiosis in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as increase in abundance of Lachnospiraceae_ NK4A136_group in cecum at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by multiplexed 16S rRNA gene sequenci	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1703466	Induction of intestinal homeostasis in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as reduction in crypt depth in colon at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by AB-PAS staining based microscopic analysis	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID599479	Inhibition of RANKL and TNF-alpha-induced osteoclastogenesis in mouse RAW264 cells incubated for 3 days by TRAP staining based method	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 19, Issue:12	20(R)-ginsenoside Rh2, not 20(S), is a selective osteoclastgenesis inhibitor without any cytotoxicity.
AID1218986	Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as oxidative metabolism at 10 uM in presence of 10 uM ketoconazole CYP3A inhibitor	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1703423	Antitumour activity against human Jurkat cells xenografted in SCID/NOD mouse assessed as decrease in expression of CD3 in bone marrow at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by immunohistochemical staining method	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1218983	Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as oxidative metabolism at 10 uM in presence of 1 uM sulfaphenazole CYP2C9 inhibitor	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1703457	Inhibition of intestinal dysbiosis in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as decrease in abundance of Firmicutes in cecum at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by multiplexed 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1703445	Induction of intestinal homeostasis in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as increase in Reg3g expression in colon at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by Western blot analysis	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1674944	Activation of rabbit CK-MM assessed as increase in enzyme activity at 20 uM relative to control	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 09-01, Volume: 30, Issue:17	Structure-activity relationship analysis of dammarane-type natural products as muscle-type creatine kinase activators.
AID1703431	In vivo inhibition of mTOR phosphorylation at Ser2448 residue in spleen of SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by Western blot method	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1218945	Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as epoxide metabolites at 10 uM for 60 mins by NAC/conjugate assay	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1703426	Inhibition of spleen infiltration in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as reduction in spleen index at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1703452	Inhibition of intestinal inflammation in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as increase in IL-10 level in colon at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by ELISA	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID643638	Antitumor activity against human H22 cells xenografted in Kunming mouse assessed as reduction in tumor volume at 10 mg/kg, po qd for 10 days	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 22, Issue:2	Structural modification of ginsenoside Rh(2) by fatty acid esterification and its detoxification property in antitumor.
AID1218953	Drug metabolism in human recombinant CYP1A2 mediated oxidative metabolism at 10 uM	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1674945	Activation of rabbit CK-MM assessed as increase in enzyme activity at 40 uM relative to control	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 09-01, Volume: 30, Issue:17	Structure-activity relationship analysis of dammarane-type natural products as muscle-type creatine kinase activators.
AID1218977	Drug excretion in rat urine at 50 mg/kg, po	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1218970	Drug metabolism in CD-1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as epoxide metabolites at 10 uM for 60 mins by GSH/conjugate assay	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID1703463	Inhibition of intestinal dysbiosis in SCID/NOD mouse xenografted with human Jurkat cells assessed as decrease in abundance of parabacteroides in cecum at 40 mg/kg, po administered once a day for 3 weeks by multiplexed 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203	New insight into 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with the gut microbiota and the immune system.
AID1218948	Drug metabolism in CD-1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as epoxide metabolites at 10 uM for 60 mins by NAC/conjugate assay	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10	In vitro studies on the oxidative metabolism of 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 in human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, and human liver s9.
AID599480	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity at 1.6 mM after 20 mins by UV spectrophotometry	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 19, Issue:12	20(R)-ginsenoside Rh2, not 20(S), is a selective osteoclastgenesis inhibitor without any cytotoxicity.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	3 (1.03)	18.7374
1990's	19 (6.51)	18.2507
2000's	61 (20.89)	29.6817
2010's	139 (47.60)	24.3611
2020's	70 (23.97)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	1 (0.34%)	5.53%
Reviews	6 (2.03%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	288 (97.63%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	2.21	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.04	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
adenine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	2.02	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	2.25	1	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	2.17	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.17	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	2	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	2.05	1	0	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2.76	3	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	7.55	2	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.	2.05	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	2.05	1	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	7.58	2	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
kinetin Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.	2	1	0	6-aminopurines; furans	cytokinin; geroprotector
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	2.43	2	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
olomoucine olomoucine: inhibits protein P34CDC2. olomoucine : A 9H-purine that is substituted by a (2-hydroxyethyl)nitrilo, benzylnitrilo and a methyl group at positions 2,6 and 9, respectively. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.	2	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines; ethanolamines	EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
4-phenylbutyric acid 4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.	2.15	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.02	1	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	2.31	1	0
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	2.05	1	0	diarylmethane
corticosterone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
uridine diphosphate Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	2.69	2	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	2.02	1	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
pyronine Pyronine: Xanthene dye used as a bacterial and biological stain. Synonyms: Pyronin; Pyronine G; Pyronine Y. Use also for Pyronine B. which is diethyl-rather than dimethylamino-.. pyronin Y : An organic chloride salt having 6-(dimethylamino)-N,N-dimethyl-3H-xanthen-3-iminium as the cation. Used with methyl green to selectively demonstrate RNA (red) in contrast to DNA (green) with the Unna-Pappenheim method.	2.1	1	0	iminium salt; organic chloride salt	histological dye
uridine diphosphate glucose Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.. UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.	2.31	1	0	UDP-D-glucose	fundamental metabolite
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	2.13	1	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	2.08	1	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
thiazoles [no description available]	2	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.13	1	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
rhein [no description available]	3.14	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone
oleanolic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	2.5	2	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	2.13	1	0	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	7.21	1	0	zinc molecular entity
sorbitan monostearate sorbitan monostearate: Stearic Acid was the HM (74-82), no longer an active MH	2.25	1	0
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	1.99	1	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	2.05	1	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.02	1	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	2.03	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	2.25	1	0
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	7.13	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	2.46	2	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.04	1	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	2.13	1	0
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	2.93	4	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	2.75	3	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	7.6	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.	3.21	1	0	duloxetine hydrochloride	antidepressant
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	2.17	1	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2	1	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
betulinic acid [no description available]	2.52	2	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	2.13	1	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
tyloxapol tyloxapol: non-ionic detergent with surface-active properties; incompatible with metals; surfactant also used in inhalation therapy; N1 is from CA Vol 90 Form Index; N1 in Chemline is same as synonym 8. tyloxapol : A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.	2.03	1	0
4-o-methyl-12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate [no description available]	2.1	1	0
honokiol [no description available]	7.25	1	0	biphenyls
panaxadiol panaxadiol: a protopanaxadiol with the side chain cyclized into a pyran which is an artifact of acidic hydrolysis; RN refers to (3 beta,12 beta,20R)-isomer	2.25	1	0	triterpenoid saponin
corilagin corilagin: isolated from Geranii herba. corilagin : An ellagitannin with a hexahydroxydiphenoyl group bridging over the 3-O and 6-O of the glucose core.	7.17	1	0	ellagitannin; gallate ester	antihypertensive agent; antioxidant; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
panaxatriol panaxatriol: a protopanaxatriol with the side chain cyclized into a pyran which is an artifact of acidic hydrolysis	2.25	1	0	triterpenoid saponin
saikosaponin d [no description available]	1.99	1	0
parthenolide [no description available]	7.25	1	0	germacranolide
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	3.14	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
cucurbitacins [no description available]	2.25	1	0	11-oxo steroid
elacridar Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	2.21	1	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
celastrol [no description available]	7.15	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.46	2	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	2.31	1	0	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	2.25	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	2.6	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	7.08	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	1.98	1	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ginsenoside rf ginsenoside Rf: from ginseng. ginsenoside Rf : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.03	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
ginsenoside rg1 [no description available]	2.25	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.25	1	0
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	1.99	1	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	2.17	1	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
glycosides [no description available]	2.44	2	0
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	7.17	1	0	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	2.25	1	0
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	2.03	1	0
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	2.03	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	2.47	2	0	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	16.88	278	1
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.11	1	0
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	2.05	1	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
quercetin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.58	2	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
biochanin a [no description available]	7.17	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	2.31	1	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
genistein [no description available]	2.17	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
cucurbitacin b [no description available]	2.25	1	0	cucurbitacin; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
rottlerin rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.	2.42	2	0	aromatic ketone; benzenetriol; chromenol; enone; methyl ketone	anti-allergic agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; K-ATP channel agonist; metabolite
su 11248 [no description available]	2.41	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
trimethyltin trimethyltin : An organotin compound that consists of stannane in which three of the four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.	2.17	1	0
diphenylhexatriene Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.	2.05	1	0	alkatriene	fluorochrome
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	2.6	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	2.04	1	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane 1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane: fluorescent probe for phospholipids; RN & structure given in first source	2.25	1	0
beta-escin [no description available]	4.83	33	0
isoborneol isoborneol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.13	1	0	borneol
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	2.4	2	0	ammonium ion derivative
ginsenoside f1 ginsenoside F1: from ginseng. ginsenoside F1 : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.78	3	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 6alpha-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	apoptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite
ginsenoside m1 ginsenoside M1: structure in first source. ginsenoside C-K : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	3.22	5	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
ginsenoside rb1 [no description available]	2.46	2	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
ginsenoside rg3 ginsenoside Rg3: from Red ginseng; inhibits lung metastasis of tumor cells; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	10.69	29	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
protopanaxadiol, (3beta,12beta)-isomer (20S)-protopanaxadiol : A diastereomer of protopanaxadiol in which the 20-hydroxy substituent has been introduced at the pro-S position.	2.61	2	0	protopanaxadiol
protopanaxatriol protopanaxtriol: a cardioprotective agent isolated from Panax notoginseng; structure in first source	2.25	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 6alpha-hydroxy steroid; sapogenin; tetracyclic triterpenoid	metabolite
veratridine Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.	2.04	1	0
ginsenoside rd ginsenoside Rd: RN refers to (3beta,12beta)-isomer. ginsenoside Rd : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to its beta-D-glucopyranoside.	2.78	3	0	beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; apoptosis inducer; immunosuppressive agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; vulnerary
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	2.52	2	0
ginsenoside rh1 ginsenoside Rh1: RN given for (3beta,6alpha,12beta)-isomer. (20S)-ginsenoside Rh1 : A tetracyclic triterpenoid that is (20S)-protopanaxadiol which is substituted by beta-D-glucoside at the 6alpha position.	3	4	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
ginsenoside rb3 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antidepressant; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; plant metabolite
jujubogenin jujubogenin: dammarane type triterpene	2.25	1	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	3.16	5	0
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	7.03	1	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	2.21	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
ginsenoside rh3 ginsenoside Rh3: from leaves of Panax ginseng C; structure given in first source	2.38	2	0	triterpenoid saponin
sapogenins Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.	4.36	19	0
ginsenoside rg2 ginsenoside Rg2: structure in first source; RN given refers to (6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-isomer. ginsenoside Rg2 : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.44	2	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anticoagulant; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite
ginsenoside rh4 ginsenoside Rh4: isolated from Korean red ginseng Panax ginseng; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	triterpenoid saponin
technetium tc 99m sestamibi Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi: A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack.	2.02	1	0
glycolipids [no description available]	2.69	2	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	2.17	1	0
(20R)-ginsenoside Rg3 (20R)-ginsenoside Rg3 : A ginsenoside found in Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-R positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.53	2	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antioxidant; plant metabolite
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	2.8	3	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	3.18	5	0
ginsenoside rk3 ginsenoside Rk3: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2.44	2	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	2.01	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	2.06	1	0
protopanaxadiol protopanaxadiol: triterpenoid sapogenin of ginsenosides from leaves of Panax ginseng; has antineoplastic activity; acid hydrolysis results in panaxadiol. protopanaxadiol : A tetracyclic triterpenoid sapogenin (isolated from ginseng) that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 positions and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	4.26	17	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	2.1	1	0
protopanaxatriol protopanaxatriol: triterpenoid sapogenin of ginsenosides from leaves of Panax ginseng; acid hydrolysis leads to panaxatriol. protopanaxatriol : A tetracyclic triterpenoid sapogenin (isolated from ginseng and notoginseng) that is that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	3.18	5	0
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.21	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
batrachotoxinin a 20-alpha-benzoate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
25-methoxydammarane-3,12,20-triol 25-methoxydammarane-3,12,20-triol: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from Panax notoginseng; structure in first source	2.04	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	2.76	3
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell [description not available]	2.25	1
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.	2.25	1
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	6.33	21
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	6.33	21
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	6.33	21
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	6.33	21
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	4.11	10
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	4.11	10
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	3.17	5
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	3.17	5
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	2.9	2
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	2.9	2
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	2.41	1
Breast Cancer [description not available]	3.99	12
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	3.99	12
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	2.41	1
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	7.41	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	4.02	12
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	7.69	2
Anoxemia [description not available]	2.41	1
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	7.41	1
Allodynia [description not available]	2.41	1
Nerve Pain [description not available]	2.41	1
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	2.41	1
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	2.41	1
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	2.41	1
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	3.25	5
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.25	5
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	9.12	11
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	4.6	5
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	4.6	5
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	4.02	9
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	4.02	9
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	4.02	9
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	4.02	9
Aura [description not available]	4.21	9
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	4.21	9
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	3.41	5
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	3.41	5
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	7.6	1
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	2.93	3
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	3.66	8
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	4.26	16
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.93	3
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	3.66	8
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	4.26	16
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.6	1
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	2.6	1
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	2.6	1
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	7.6	1
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.96	3
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	3.27	5
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	2.96	3
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	8.27	5
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	3.14	1
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	3.14	1
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	3.14	1
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	2.82	2
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	2.82	2
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	2.6	1
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	2.6	1
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	2.6	1
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.6	1
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	2.6	1
Angiosarcoma [description not available]	2.6	1
Cancer of Spleen [description not available]	2.6	1
Hemangiosarcoma A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.6	1
Acoustic Neuroma [description not available]	2.25	1
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	2.21	1
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	2.21	1
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	3.63	8
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	2.25	1
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	8.23	5
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	3.23	5
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	2.57	2
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	2.57	2
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin [description not available]	2.25	1
Staphylococcal Skin Infections Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.25	1
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	2.25	1
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	2.25	1
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	2.25	1
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	2.25	1
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	2.82	3
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	2.82	3
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	2.69	2
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.69	2
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	3.87	11
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	3.87	11
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	2.25	1
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	2.25	1
Bone Cancer [description not available]	2.31	1
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	2.31	1
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	2.31	1
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	2.31	1
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	2.31	1
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	2.15	1
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	2.75	3
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	2.15	1
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	2.15	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	2.15	1
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	2.15	1
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	3.49	7
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	3.49	7
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	2.74	3
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	2.74	3
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	2.15	1
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	2.15	1
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	2.17	1
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	2.17	1
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	7.17	1
Corneal Angiogenesis [description not available]	2.17	1
Corneal Neovascularization New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.	7.17	1
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	2.17	1
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	2.17	1
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	2.17	1
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	2.17	1
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	7.17	1
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	3.26	6
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	3.26	6
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	2.17	1
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	7.17	1
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	2.17	1
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	2.17	1
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	2.17	1
Caries, Dental [description not available]	2.21	1
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	2.21	1
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	2.55	2
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	2.21	1
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	7.21	1
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	2.21	1
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	2.21	1
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	2.21	1
Viral Diseases [description not available]	2.1	1
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	2.1	1
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	2.8	3
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	2.8	3
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	2.47	2
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	2.47	2
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	7.1	1
Urinary Incontinence, Stress Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.	3.42	2
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	2.1	1
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	2.1	1
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	2.1	1
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	2.1	1
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.1	1
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	2.1	1
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	2.1	1
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	2.1	1
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	2.11	1
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	2.11	1
Metastase [description not available]	2.44	2
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	2.44	2
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	2.45	2
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	2.45	2
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	2.11	1
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	7.11	1
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	2.11	1
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	7.11	1
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	2.13	1
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	2.13	1
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	2.75	3
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	2.13	1
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	2.13	1
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	2.13	1
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	2.13	1
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	2.13	1
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	2.13	1
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	2.13	1
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	2.05	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.05	1
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	7.73	3
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	2.73	3
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	2.07	1
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	2.07	1
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	2.07	1
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	2.07	1
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	2.02	1
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	2.02	1
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	3.09	5
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	2.02	1
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	2.02	1
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	2.02	1
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	3.08	5
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	2.03	1
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.03	1
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	2.03	1
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	2.03	1
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	7.03	1
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	2.03	1
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	2.03	1
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	2.03	1
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	2.03	1
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	2.03	1
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	2.03	1
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	2.03	1
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	2.04	1
Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)	1.98	1
Cystadenocarcinoma A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. The neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur. Cystadenocarcinomas develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.97	1

ginsenoside rh2

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ginsenoside rh2

Description

Related Flora

Cross-References

Synonyms (46)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (6)

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Pathways (2)

Protein Targets (1)

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (15)

Molecular Functions (10)

Ceullar Components (4)

Bioassays (108)

Research

Studies (292)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 21.40

Study Types

Related Drugs (139)

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